Architecture & Organization

Computer Organization & Architecture (EE-215)

Aftab Alam

Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer

Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

Organization is how features are implemented

Monday, August 18, 2008

Lecture 3

The operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture 2

Computer Generations

Moores Law
Increased density of components on chip Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel Number of transistors on a chip will double every year Since 1970s development has slowed a little Number of transistors doubles every 18 months Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance Smaller size gives increased flexibility Reduced power and cooling requirements Fewer interconnections increases reliability
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Technological and Economic Forces

Moore Moores law predicts a 6060-percent annual increase in the number of transistors that can be put on a chip. The data points given in this figure are memory sizes, in bits.
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Intel Computer Family

Moores law for (Intel) CPU chips.

Intel Computer Family

Clock speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz) where 1 MHZ is 1 million cycles/sec.

Computer Evolution
First Generation: Vacuum Tubes
ENVIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
Designed at University of Pennsylvania (completed in 1946) Initiated because of World War II 5000 additions per second Used till 1955 30 tons weight 1500 sq. ft. floor space 18000 vacuum tubes 140 KW power Manually programmed by switches and plugging cables

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

At Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) Stored Program Concept idea by J. von Neumann (completed in 9 1952)

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ENIAC

Structure of von Neumann machine

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The IAS Computer, 1952

Contemporary Multilevel Machines

A six-level computer.

The support method for each level is indicated below it .

http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/comphist/objects/ias.htm
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Levels of Representation
temp = v[k]; High Level Language Program Compiler Assembly Language Program Assembler Machine Language Program
0000 1010 1100 0101

Levels of Abstraction
An important concept in computer architecture is the use of various levels of abstractions. Each level of abstraction consists of an interface (outside view of what it does), and an implementation (inside view of how it works) Levels of abstraction are useful to manage designs.
1000 0110 1001 1111

v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp;

lw lw sw sw
1001 1111 0110 1000 1100 0101 1010 0000

$15,0($2) $16,4($2) $16,0($2) $15,4($2)

0110 1000 1111 1001 1010 0000 0101 1100 1111 1001 1000 0110 0101 1100 0000 1010

A B

A 2 x 1 Mux Y NAND NAND B S S NAND Y

Machine Interpretation Control Signal Specification

ALUOP[0:3] <= InstReg[8:11] & MASK

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Interface

Implementation

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Components of a Computer
A computer has five basic parts:
Processor Input Control Memory

Function of different parts

datapath - performs arithmetic and logic operations on data in registers

e.g., adders, multipliers, shifters

memory - holds data and instructions

e.g., cache, main memory, disk

input - sends data to the computer
Output

Datapath

e.g., keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone

output - gets data from the computer

e.g., screen, sound card, printer

control - gives directions to the other components
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e.g., bus controller, memory interface unit

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Personal Computer 1. Pentium 4 socket

2. 875P Support chip 3.Memory sockets 4. AGP connector 5. Disk interface 6. Gigabit Ethernet 7. Five PCI slots 8. USB 2.0 ports 9. Cooling technology
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External Interface of a hypothetical P

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10. BIOS

Internal Organization of a hypothetical P

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Microprogramming
an alternative to hardwired control programming the Control Unit of a computer system a technique for implementing the control function of a processor in a systematic and flexible manner. a microprogram is held in a highhigh-speed storage unit known as control ROM microprogrammer's job is to write a program to control the machine's registers, buses, ALUs, ALUs, memories, and other hardware components.
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How does a Processor work?

Fetch Instruction Decode Instruction Determine Operand Address Fetch Operand(s) Operand(s) Execute Instrution Store the result
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X-tics of a Hypothetical Machine

Example of Program Execution

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Instruction Cycle - State Diagram

Interrupts
Mechanism by which other modules (e.g. I/O) may interrupt normal sequence of processing Program
e.g. overflow, division by zero

Timer
Generated by internal processor timer Used in prepre-emptive multimulti-tasking

I/O
from I/O controller

Hardware failure
e.g. memory parity error
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Program Flow Control

Interrupt Cycle
Added to instruction cycle Processor checks for interrupt
Indicated by an interrupt signal

If no interrupt, fetch next instruction If interrupt pending

Suspend execution of current program Save context Set PC to start address of interrupt handler routine Process interrupt Restore context and continue interrupted program
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Transfer of Control via Interrupts

Instruction Cycle with Interrupts

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