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= = = + = .
Usually
,
1
k n
n
= , providing a partition of the unit time interval. ( ) z is the continuous arc
from z to ( ) G z that results as n (Eulers Method is a special case of a Zeno contour).
When ( , ) z t is well-behaved an equivalent closed form of the contours , ( ) z t , has the
property ( , )
dz
z t
dt
= , with vector field ( , ) ( , ) f z t z t z = + . Siamese contours are streamlines
or pathlines joined at their origin and arising from different vector fields.
Contours will be abbreviated, using the iterative algorithm, as
(i)
( )
1 , 1, , 1 1, 1,
: ( , )
k
k n k n k n k n k n n
z z f z z
= + and
( )
2 , 1, , 2 1, 1,
: ( , )
k
k n k n k n k n k n n
z z f z z
= +
Or
1
1 1 1
: ( , )
d
t
dt
= and
2
2 2 2
: ( , )
d
t
dt
=
A parametric form of ( )
m
z : ( ) z z t = , exists when the equation ( , )
m
dz
z t
dt
= admits a
closed solution. For example
2
2
1 1 0 1
: ( ) ( , ) (1 4 )
t it
z t z e z t z it
+
= = + .
If a point in the plane is moved simultaneously by infinitesimal actions of two vector fields -
such as two force fields acting on a particle - the combined action is given by the following, in
which contours represent vector fields:
A commutative Contour Sum:
1 2
=
where
(ii)
( )
, 1, , 1, 1,
: ( , )
k
k n k n k n k n k n n
z z F z z
= + ,
1 2
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) F z t f z t f z t z = + .
Or
1 2
: ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
d
t t t
dt
.
How do we find
1 2
=
.
Rather, we first find the vector fields
1
f ,
2
f in which these contours are embedded:
1
1 1
( 2)
( , ) ( , )
1
dz z it t
z t f z t z
dt t
+ +
= = =
+
and
2
2
2 2
( , ) ( , )
dz
z z t f z t z
dt
= = = ,
then solve
2
1 2
( 1) ( 2)
( , ) ( , )
1
dz t z z it t
z t z t
dt t
+ + + +
= + =
+
, or apply the algorithm:
( )
, 1, , 1 1, 2 1,
2
1,
1, ,
2
1,
1, ,
: ( , ) ( , )
( 1) ( 2)
1
( ) ( 2 )
k k
k n k n k n k n k n n n
k k k
n n n k n
k n k n
k
n
k
n k n
k n k n
z z z z
z z i
z
z k n z n i k n
z
k n
= + +
+ + + +
= +
+
+ + + +
= +
+
The two vector fields are shown in red (time-dependent VF) and green (normal VF), and the
contour sum is in purple:
0
1 z i = + .
As seen above, it may be that
1
( , )
dz
z t
dt
= and
2
( , )
dz
z t
dt
= each have simple closed
solutions
1
( ) z t and
2
( ) z t , whereas
1 2
( , ) ( , )
dz
z t z t
dt
= + is intractable.
Example 2 (Both VFs are time-dependent)
2
2
1 1 0 1
: ( ) ( , ) (1 4 )
t it
z t z e z t z it
+
= = + and
2
0
2 2 2 2
0
2
: ( ) ( , )
2
z
z t z t z it
z it
= =
. Here
2
( , ) (1 4 )
dz
z t z it z it
dt
= = + + admits no easy
solution. However, as seen in Example 1, the corresponding Zeno contour provides a
constructive approach:
( )
2
, 1, 1, 1,
1
: (1 4 )
k k
k n k n k n k n n n
z z z i z i
n
= + + + ,
The TDVF of the sum (shown) is
2
( , ) 2 4 F z t z zit z it = + + . It is tempting to assume the
resultant contour (in green) is somehow an average or a sum of the two parametric curves (in
red), but that is not, in general, the case. The sum
1 2
=
, with
2
2
/2
0 0
0
/2
0
0
( ) ,
2
1 2
it
it
i e z
z t
z i
e
= =
+
.
Tedious algebra reveals:
( )
( )
2
1 2
2 2
2 1 1
( ) 1 ( )
( )
( ) 2 2 ( ) 2 ( )
iz t t z t
z t
z t it t z t i z t
+
=
+ +
.
1
( ) z t is red,
2
( ) z t is blue, and the contour ( ) z t is in green.
Continuing with algebraic analogies, we define a Scalar Product:
1
= :
1
( , )
d
t
dt
= ,
That provides a distributive feature:
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) = =
:
1 2 1 2
( ( , ) ( , )) ( , ) ( , )
d
t t t t
dt
= + = +
Example 4
0 1
: ( ) (1+it) ( , )
1
iz
z t z z t
it
= =
+
. Thus
0
: ( ) (1+it) z t z
=
For =2 ,
0
1 z i = + . The - TDVF is
1 (1 )
( , )
1
i t
f z t z
it
+ +
=
+
. is green and is red.
A Contour Product is defined:
1 2
=
:
1 2
( , ) ( , )
d
t t
dt
= =
+ +
and
0
0
1 1
: ( ) , ( )
1 ( ) 2 1
z i it
z t t z Ln
t t
+
= =
+ +
.
0
2 z i = + . Contour (1) is green, contour (2) is red, the product contour is purple.
Another concept is the Projection Product of two contours: Suppose a point is moving along a
particular pathline arising from a TDVF
1
( , ) f z t and a secondary vector or force field
2
( , ) f z t is
applied to the point in such a way that only the projection of infinitesimal vectors from the
secondary field apply to the point. Let
1
and
2
be two contours (primary and secondary):
1 1, , , 1 , 2 1, , , 2 ,
: ( , ) , : ( , )
k k
k n k n k n k n k n k n k n k n n n
z z z z z z
+ +
= + = +
Define a non-commutative Projection Product:
( )
1 2 1, , , 1 , ,
: ( , ) 1 ( , )
k k
k n k n k n k n k n n n
z z z z
+
= = + +
,where
1 2
,
2 2
( , )
k
k n n
z
=
i
i
. Thus
( )
1
( , ) 1 ( , )
dz
z t z t
dt
= + . . . rarely solvable in closed form.
Example 6 Suppose
1 1
: ( ): ( , ) ( ( ) 1) ( ( ) 1) z t f z t x Cos x yt iy Sin y xt = + + + + + and
2 2
: ( ): ( , ) (2 ) ( ) z t f z t xt x y i x yt y = + + + ,
0
4 3 z i = + , defined by Zeno contours.
(Purple rings around initial point, green contour is primary, red contour is the projection
product contour ending in yellow rings. The green vector clusters are primary VF, red clusters
are secondary VF.)
The first image is of the paths in the TDVFs The second image is of the stable VFs, t=1
In a stable VF the projection product contour lies on a streamline, but the pathlines diverge in a
TDVF. If one has control over the secondary VF - an on-off switch, say then a simple
adjustment assures only a positive boost: Set
, 1 , 2 ,
( , ) 0 if ( , ) ( , ) 0
k k k
k n k n k n n n n
z z z = < :
Define Contour Composition:
1 2 1, , , 1 2
: ( ( , ), )
k n k n k n
z z z t t
+
= = + or
1 2
dz
dt
=
Example 7
1 0 1
: ( ) (1 )
1
iz
z t z it
it
= + =
+
,
2 0 2
: ( )
it
z t z e iz = = ,
1 2
1
z
it
= =
+
. Therefore
( )
tan( ) 2 tan( ) 2
1 2
: ( ) ( 1 ) ( 1 )
Arc t Arc t
o
z t z e Cos Ln t ie Sin Ln t
= = + + +
1
is green,
2
is red, and
1 2
= is purple. 4 2
o
z i = +
The relation between a contour ( ) z z t = and its vector field : ( , ) f z t F has been discussed.
Here are a few simple correspondences. (0) 0 = and (0) 0 = .
(1)
0
( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) z t z t f z t z t = + = +
(2) ( )
( )
0
( ) ( , ) 1 ( )
t
z t z e f z t z t
= = +
(3) ( ) ( )
0
( ) 1 ( ) ( , ) 1 ( ) ( )
1 ( )
z
z t z t f z t t z t
t
= + = + +
+
(4)
( )
2
0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( , )
1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( )
z t z t t t t t
z t
z t f z t z
z t t t
+ +
+
= = +
+
(5)
( )
2 2
0
2
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( , )
1 ( ) ( )
z t t z t t t
z t
z t f z t
z t t
+ +
= =
, (0) 1 =
Example 8
( )
2
2
0
2
0
(1 )
( , ) ( 1) ( )
1 1
z z t
f z t z t z t
t z t
+
= + + =
+
.
The floating vessel problem: given a target point (1) z , find an initial point (0) z for
(1) 3 2 z i = + . Thus
7 4
(0)
5 5
z i = + from (5)
A norm of a contour in a
0
z - based space can be formulated as
0
[0,1]
( , )
t
Sup z t
= ,
giving rise to a metric: ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ( 1) d = =
.
Example 9
1 1 0
: ( , ) (2 ) (2 ), 1.5 f z t x yt i y xt z i = + + = + ,
2 2
2 2 0
: ( , ) (1 ( )) ( (1 ( )) ), 1.5 f z t x Cos t i y Cos t t z i = + + + + = +