Chapter 9

Sinusoids and Phasors

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Thus far our analysis only concentrates
on dc circuits.

Now we begin the analysis in which the
source is time varying.
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Sinusoids
Sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the
sine and cosine function.





V
m
= the amplitude of the sinusoid
= the angular frequency of the sinusoid
t = the argument of the sinusoid
t V t v
m
e sin ) ( = Sinusoidal voltage
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Sinusoids
Period of the sinusoid (T)
T= 2/ Measured in seconds.

Cyclic frequency (f)
f = 1/T Measured in Hertz.
= /2

Thus: = 2f
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Sinusoids
General expression for the sinusoid:






) sin( ) ( u
m
V t v =
u Argument of the sinusoid
| phase
| e u + = t where
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Sinusoids
i.e. two sinusoids:







v
2
starts first in time.
v
2
leads v
1
by
v
2
and v
1
are out of
phase

) sin( ) (
2
| e + = t V t v
m
) sin( ) (
1
t V t v
m
e =
|( ) 0 = |
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Sinusoids
Sinusoid can be expressed as sine or
cosine form.

When comparing sinusoids, better to
express both in sine or both in cosine
form.

This can be achieved by Trigonometric
identities.



B A B A B A
B A B A B A
sin sin cos cos ) cos(
sin cos cos sin ) sin(
=
=
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Sinusoids
From these identities, it can be shown
that:





t t
t t
t t
t t
e e
e e
e e
e e
sin ) 90 cos(
cos ) 90 sin(
cos ) 180 cos(
sin ) 180 sin(
=
=
=
=
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Sinusoids
Graphical approach @ alternative approach to
trigonometric identities.






t t e e sin ) 90 cos( = t t e e sin ) 180 sin( = +
Angle:
-ve :: clockwise
+ve :: counterclockwise
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Sinusoids
Graphical technique can be used to add two
sinusoids of the same frequency when one in
sine and the other in cosine forms:


Where:



) cos( sin cos u e e e = + t C t B t A
2 2
B A C + =
) / ( tan
1
x y

= u
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Sinusoids
i.e. add the two sinusoids.




Thus:





t t e e sin 4 cos 3
5 4 3
2 2
= + = C
o
u 1 . 53 ) 3 / 4 ( tan
1
= =

) 13 . 53 cos( 5 + t e
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Sinusoids
Example 1:
Given the sinusoid, calculate its amplitude,
phase,, period and frequency.
) 75 4 sin( 30 t t
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Sinusoids
Example 2:
Calculate the phase angle between i
1
and i
2
.
State which sinusoid is leading.







Note: When comparing sinusoid, express them in the same form.
) 55 377 sin( 4
1
+ = t i
( ) 65 377 cos 5
2
= t i
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Phasors
Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of
phasors.

A phasor is a complex number that
represents the amplitude and phase of the
sinusoid.

Phasors are written in bold face.

Before completely define and apply phasors
to circuit analysis, we have to be familiar with
complex numbers.
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Phasors
Complex number can be written in
rectangular form:
z = x +jy
Where:

x = real part of z
y = imaginary part of z
Also can be written as:
u
|
j
re r z = Z =
1 = j
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Phasors
Thus z can be represented in three ways:

u
|
j
re z
r z
jy x z
=
Z =
+ = Rectangular form
Polar form
Exponential form
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Phasors
Given x and y;


Or given r and
x=rcos and y=rsin






Operations on complex #s: refer page 376 and 377 in text book
2 2
y x r + =
) / ( tan
1
x y

= u
) sin (cos | | | + = Z = + = r r jy x z
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Phasors
Given:


Thus, phasor representation of the
sinusoid is:


) cos( ) ( | e + = t V t v
m
| Z =
m
V V
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Phasors
For example, given:
and

Thus; the phasor diagram is:





| Z =
m
V V
| Z =
m
I I
Make sure to convert sine to
cosine form so that the sinusoid can
be written as the real part of the
complex number.

Sinusoid phasor transformation
refer table 9.1 page 379.

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Phasors
Differentiation and integration:

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Phasors
Practice Problem 9.3:
Evaluate the following complex numbers:
5 30 10 )] 4 3 /( ) 40 3 5 10 .[(
* ] 60 5 ) 4 1 )( 2 5 .[(
j j j b
j j a
o o
o
+ Z + + Z + +
Z + +
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Phasors
Practice Problem 9.4:
Express these sinusoids as phasors:
) 10 10 sin( 4 )
) 40 2 cos( 7 )
o
o
t i b
t v a
+ =
+ =
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Phasors
Example 3:
Find the sinusoids corresponding to these
phasors:
) 12 5 ( )
30 10 )
j j I b
V a
o
=
Z =
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Phasors
Example 4:
If v
1
= -10sin(t+30
o
) and v
2
= 20cos( t-
45
o
), find v=v
1
+v
2
:
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Phasors
Example 5:
Find the voltage v(t) in a circuit described
by the integrodifferential equation using
phasor approach.
) 30 5 cos( 20 10 5 / 2
0
= + +
}
t vdt v dt dv
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Phasor Relationship for Circuit
Elements - Resistor
Resistor:
Given current through resistor is:



and V=IR (Ohms Law); in phasor form:


But; phasor representation of the current
is:

Hence: V=RI
|
| e
Z =
+ =
m
m
I I
t I i ) cos(
| Z =
m
RI V
| Z
m
I
I =
Phasor domain
Ohms Law in phasor form
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Phasor Relationship for Circuit
Elements - Resistor
Time domain Phasor domain
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Phasor Relationship for Circuit
Elements - Inductor
Inductor:
Given current through an inductor:

In time domain; v = L(di/dt)



but;
Thus:
Where I =
) cos( | e + = t I i
m
) 90 cos( ) sin( + + = + = | e e | e e t LI t LI v
m m
90 + Z = | e
m
LI V
90 1Z = j
LI j LI j V
m
e | e = Z =
| Z
m
I
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Phasor Relationship for Circuit
Elements - Inductor
The current and voltage are 90
o
out of
phase (voltage leads current by 90
o
)
Time domain Phasor domain
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Phasor Relationship for Circuit
Elements - Capacitor
Capacitor:
Given voltage through an inductor:

In time domain; i = C(dv/dt)



but;
Thus: Where V =
And

) cos( | e + = t V v
m
) 90 cos( ) sin( + + = + = | e e | e e t CV t CV i
m m
90 + Z = | e
m
CV I
90 1Z = j
CV j CV j I
m
e | e = Z =
| Z
m
V
) /( C j I V e =
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Phasor Relationship for Circuit
Elements - Capacitor
The current and voltage are 90
o
out of
phase (current leads voltage by 90
o
)
Time domain Phasor domain
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Phasor Relationship for Circuit
Elements
Element
Time
Domain
Phasor
Domain
R v=iR V=IR
L v=L(di/dt) V=jLI
C i=C(dv/dt) V=I/(jC)
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Phasor Relationship for Circuit
Elements
Example 1:
If voltage v=6cos(100t-30) is applied to a
50F capacitor, calculate the current
through the capacitor.
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Impedance and Admittance
Previously:
V=RI V=jLI V=I/(jC)

Or; V/I = R, V/I=jL, V/I=1/(jC)

Ohms Law in phasor form:
Z=V/I = R, =jL, =1/(jC)

Z: frequency dependent quantity.
Known as impedance.
Measured in Ohms ()
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Impedance and Admittance
Element Impedance Admittance
R Z=R Y=1/R
L Z
L
=jL Y
L
=1/(jL)
C Z
C
=1/jC Y
C
=jC
Two cases to consider:
= 0
Z
L
=0 short circuit
Z
C
= open circuit

Z
L
= open circuit
Z
C
=0 short circuit

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Impedance
Impedance can also be expressed in rectangular form as:
Z=R+jX
Where:
R = Real Z (resistance)
X = Imaginary Z (reactance)
all measured in ohms
In polar form:


Where: and

Or: and

u Z = + = | | Z jX R Z
2 2
| | X R Z + =
) / ( tan
1
R X

= u
u cos | | Z R = u sin | | Z X =
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Admittance
Reciprocal of impedance and are measured in Siemens (S).
Y = 1/Z = I/V
In rectangular form:
Y = G+jB
Where:
G = Re Y conductance (S)
B = Im Y susceptance (s)
and:
G+jB = 1/(R+jX)
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Impedance and Admittance
Example 1:
Determine v(t) and i(t) for the following circuit.
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Kirchoffs Laws in the Frequency
Domain
KCL and KVL both holds true in frequency
(phasor) domain.

Series Configurations:
Impedance:
Z
eq
=Z
1
+Z
2
Admittance:
1/Y
eq
=1/Y
1
+1/Y
2

Voltage Division Rule:
V
1
=Z
1
V/(Z
1
+Z
2
)
V
2
=Z
2
V/(Z
1
+Z
2
)
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Kirchoffs Laws in the Frequency
Domain
Parallel Configurations:
Impedance:
1/Z
eq
=1/Z
1
+1/Z
2
Admittance:
Y
eq
=Y
1
+Y
2

Current Division Rule:
I
1
=Z
2
I/(Z
1
+Z
2
)
I
2
=Z
1
I/(Z
1
+Z
2
)
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Kirchoffs Laws in the Frequency
Domain
DeltaY Transformation
to y conversion ::
Z
1
= Z
bZc
/(Z
a
+Z
b
+Z
c
)
Z
2
= Z
a
Z
c
/(Z
a
+Z
b
+Z
c
)
Z
3
= Z
a
Z
b
/(Z
a
+Z
b
+Z
c
)

Y to conversions::
Z
a
= (Z
1
Z
2
+Z
2
Z
3
+Z
1
Z
3
)/Z
1
Z
b
= (Z
1
Z
2
+Z
2
Z
3
+Z
1
Z
3
)/Z
2
Z
c
= (Z
1
Z
2
+Z
2
Z
3
+Z
1
Z
3
)/Z
3


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Kirchoffs Laws in the Frequency
Domain
Example 1:
Determine the input impedance of the circuit at
=10rad/s.
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Kirchoffs Laws in the Frequency
Domain
Example 2:
Determine v
0
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Kirchoffs Laws in the Frequency
Domain
Example 3:
Find I.