MEAN

1. 2002 total = 60, mean = 15, in 2003, total = 72, mean = 18, from 15 to 18, increase =
20%
2. A 200% increase over 2,000 products per month ould !e 6,000 products per month.
"#ecall that 100% = 2,000, 200% = $,000, and %200% over% means $,000 & 2,000 =
6,000.' (n order to avera)e 6,000 products per month over the $ *ear period from 2005
throu)h 2008, the compan* ould need to produce 6,000 products per month + 12
months + $ *ears = 288,000 total products durin) that period. ,e are told that durin)
2005 the compan* avera)ed 2,000 products per month. -hus, it produced 2,000 + 12 =
2$,000 products durin) 2005. -his means that from 2006 to 2008, the compan* ill need
to produce an additional 26$,000 products "288,000 . 2$,000'. -he correct anser is /.
3. A
$. 0
5. 1
6. /
7. 1
8. 1
2. /
10. 0
11. -his 3uestion deals ith ei)hted avera)es. A ei)hted avera)e is used to com!ine the
avera)es of to or more su!)roups and to compute the overall avera)e of a )roup. -he
to su!)roups in this 3uestion are the men and omen. 0ach su!)roup has an avera)e
ei)ht "the omen4s is )iven in the 3uestion5 the men4s is )iven in the first statement'.
-o calculate the overall avera)e ei)ht of the )roup, e ould need the avera)es of
each su!)roup alon) ith the ratio of men to omen. -he ratio of men to omen ould
determine the ei)ht to )ive to each su!)roup4s avera)e. 6oever, this 3uestion is not
as7in) for the ei)hted avera)e, !ut is simpl* as7in) for the ratio of omen to men "i.e.
hat percenta)e of the competitors ere omen'.
"1' (89:;;(1(08-< -his statement merel* provides us ith the avera)e of the other
su!)roup . the men. ,e don4t 7no hat ei)ht to )ive to either su!)roup5 therefore e
don4t 7no the ratio of the omen to men.
"2' 9:;;(1(08-< (f the avera)e ei)ht of the entire )roup as tice as close to the
avera)e ei)ht of the men as it as to the avera)e ei)ht of the omen, there must !e
tice as man* men as omen. ,ith a 2<1 ratio of men to omen of, 33 1=3% "i.e. 1=3' of
the competitors must have !een omen. 1onsider the folloin) rule and its proof.
#:>0< -he ratio that determines ho to ei)ht the avera)es of to or more su!)roups in
a ei)hted avera)e A>9? #0;>01-9 the ratio of the distances from the ei)hted
avera)e to each su!)roup4s avera)e.
>et4s use this 3uestion to understand hat this rule means. (f e start from the solution,
e ill see h* this rule holds true. -he avera)e ei)ht of the men here is 150 l!s, and
the avera)e ei)ht of the omen is 120 l!s. -here are tice as man* men as omen in
the )roup "from the solution' so to calculate the ei)hted avera)e, e ould use the
formula @1"120' & 2"150'A = 3. (f e do the math, the overall ei)hted avera)e comes to
1$0.
8o let4s loo7 at the distance from the ei)hted avera)e to the avera)e of each
su!)roup.
/istance from the ei)hted av). to the av). ei)ht of the men is 150 . 1$0 = 10.
/istance from the ei)hted av). to the av). ei)ht of the omen is 1$0 . 120 = 20.
8otice that the ei)hted avera)e is tice as close to the men4s avera)e as it is to the
omen4s avera)e, and notice that this reflects the fact that there ere tice as man*
men as omen. (n )eneral, the ratio of these distances ill ala*s reflect the relative
ratio of the su!)roups.
-he correct anser is "B', 9tatement "2' A>?80 is sufficient to anser the 3uestion, !ut
statement "1' alone is not.
12. ,e can simplif* this pro!lem !* usin) varia!les instead of num!ers. x = 5$,820,
x & 2 = 5$,822. -he avera)e of "5$,820'
2
and "5$,822'
2
=
8o, factor x
2
& 2x &2. -his e3uals x
2
& 2x &1 & 1, hich e3uals "x & 1'
2
& 1.
9u!stitute our ori)inal num!er !ac7 in for x as follos<
"x & 1'
2
& 1 = "5$,820 & 1'
2
& 1 = "5$,821'
2
& 1.
-he correct anser is /.
13. ;irst, let4s use the avera)e formula to find the current mean of set S< 1urrent mean of set S =
"sum of the terms'="num!er of terms'< "sum of the terms' = "7 & 8 & 10 & 12 & 13' = 50
"num!er of terms' = 5 50=5 = 10
Cean of set S after inte)er n is added = 10 + 1.2 = 12 8eDt, e can use the ne
avera)e to find the sum of the elements in the ne set and compute the value of inte)er n. Eust
ma7e sure that *ou remem!er that after inte)er n is added to the set, it ill contain 6 rather than 5
elements. 9um of all elements in the ne set = "avera)e' + "num!er of terms' = 12 + 6 = 72
Falue of inte)er n = sum of all elements in the ne set . sum of all elements in the
ori)inal set = 72 . 50 = 22 -he correct anser is /.
1$. >et x = the num!er of 20 oG. !ottles $8 . x = the num!er of $0 oG. !ottles -he avera)e
volume of the $8 !ottles in stoc7 can !e calculated as a ei)hted avera)e<
x = 12
-herefore there are 12 tent* oG. !ottles and $8 . 12 = 36 fort* oG. !ottles in stoc7. (f no tent*
oG. !ottles are to !e sold, e can calculate the num!er of fort* oG. !ottles it ould ta7e to *ield an
avera)e volume of 25 oG<
>et n = num!er of $0 oG. !ottles
"12'"20' & $0n = 25n & "12'"25'
15n = "12'"25' . "12'"20'
15n = "12'"25 . 20'
15n = "12'"5'
15n = 60
n = $
9ince it ould ta7e $ fort* oG. !ottles alon) ith 12 tent* oG. !ottles to *ield an avera)e volume
of 25 oG, 36 . $ = 32 fort* oG. !ottles must !e sold. -he correct anser is /.
15. -he avera)e num!er of vacation da*s ta7en this *ear can !e calculated !* dividin) the total
num!er of vacation da*s !* the num!er of emplo*ees. 9ince e 7no the total num!er of
x"20' & "$8 . x'"$0'
$8
= 35
"12'"20' & "n'"$0'
n & 12
= 25
emplo*ees, e can rephrase the 3uestion as< 6o man* total vacation da*s did the emplo*ees of
1ompan* H ta7e this *earI
"1' (89:;;(1(08-< 9ince e donJt 7no the specific details of ho man* vacation da*s each
emplo*ee too7 the *ear !efore, e cannot determine the actual num!ers that a 50% increase or
a 50% decrease represent. ;or eDample, a 50% increase for someone ho too7 $0 vacation
da*s last *ear is )oin) to affect the overall avera)e more than the same percenta)e increase for
someone ho too7 onl* $ da*s of vacation last *ear.
"2' 9:;;(1(08-< (f three emplo*ees too7 10 more vacation da*s each, and to emplo*ees too7
5 feer vacation da*s each, then e can calculate ho the num!er of vacation da*s ta7en this
*ear differs from the num!er ta7en last *ear<
"10 more da*s=emplo*ee'"3 emplo*ees' . "5 feer da*s=emplo*ee'"2 emplo*ees' = 30 da*s . 10
da*s = 20 da*s
20 additional vacation days were taken this year.
(n order to determine the total num!er of vacation da*s ta7en this *ear "i.e., in order to anser
the rephrased 3uestion', e need to determine the num!er of vacation da*s ta7en last *ear. -he
5 emplo*ees too7 an avera)e of 16 vacation da*s each last *ear, so the total num!er of vacation
da*s ta7en last *ear can !e determine !* ta7in) the product of the to<
"5 emplo*ees'"16 da*s=emplo*ee' = 80 da*s
80 vacation days were taken last year. 6ence, the total number of vacation days taken this
year was 100 days.
8ote< (t is not necessar* to ma7e the a!ove calculations KK it is simpl* enou)h to 7no that *ou
have enou)h information in order to do so "i.e., the information )iven is sufficient'L -he correct
anser is B.
16. -he 3uestion is as7in) us for the weighted avera)e of the set of men and the set of omen. -o
find the ei)hted avera)e of to or more sets, *ou need to 7no the avera)e of each set and the
ratio of the num!er of mem!ers in each set. 9ince e are told the avera)e of each set, this
3uestion is reall* as7in) for the ratio of the num!er of mem!ers in each set. "1' 9:;;(1(08-<
-his tells us that there are tice as man* men as omen. (f m represents the num!er of men and
w represents the num!er of omen, this statement tells us that m = 2f. -o find the ei)hted
avera)e, e can sum the total ei)ht of all the men and the total ei)ht of all the omen, and
divide !* the total num!er of people. ,e have an e3uation as follos<
C M 150 & ; M 120 = C & ;
9ince this statement tells us that m = 2f, e can su!stitute for m in
the avera)e e3uation and
avera)e no = 1$0.
8otice that e donJt need the actual num!er of men and omen in each set
!ut Nust the ratio of the 3uantities of men to omen.
"2' (89:;;(1(08-< -his tells us that there are a total of 120 people in the room !ut e have no
idea ho man* men and omen. -his )ives us no indication of ho to ei)ht the avera)es. -he
correct anser is A.
17. -he mean or avera)e of a set of consecutive inte)ers can !e found !* ta7in) the avera)e of
the first and last mem!ers of the set. Cean = "K5' & "K1' = 2 = K3.
-he correct anser is B.
18. -he formula for calculatin) the avera)e "arithmetic mean' home sale price is as follos<

A suita!le rephrase of this 3uestion is O,hat as the sum of the homes sale prices, and ho
man* homes ere soldIP
Avera)e =
sum of home sale
prices
num!er of homes sold
"1' 9:;;(1(08-< -his statement tells us the sum of the home sale prices and the num!er of
homes sold. -hus, the avera)e home price is Q51,000,000=100 = Q510,000.
"2' (89:;;(1(08-< -his statement tells us the avera)e condominium price, !ut not all of the
homes sold in Rreenville last Eul* ere condominiums. ;rom this statement, e don4t 7no
an*thin) a!out the other $0% of homes sold in Rreenville, so e cannot calculate the avera)e
home sale price. Cathematicall*<
,e have some information a!out the ratio of num!er of condominiums to nonKcondominiums
sold, 60%<$0%, or 6<$, or 3<2, hich could !e used to pic7 or7in) num!ers for the total num!er
of homes sold. 6oever, the avera)e still cannot !e calculated !ecause e don4t have an*
information a!out the nonKcondominium prices.
-he correct anser is A.
12. ,e 7no that the avera)e of x, y, and z is 11. ,e can therefore set the up the folloin)
e3uation<
"x & y & z'=3 = 11
1rossKmultipl*in) *ields
x + y + z = 33
9ince z is to more than x, e can replace z<
x + y + x & 2 = 33
2x & y & 2 = 33
2x & y = 31
9ince 2x must !e even and 31 is odd, y must also !e odd "onl* odd & even = odd'. x and z can
!e either odd or even. -herefore, onl* statement (( "y is odd' must !e true.
-he correct anser is B.
20. (t helps to reco)niGe this pro!lem as a consecutive inte)ers 3uestion. -he median of a set of
consective inte)ers is e3uidistant from the eDtreme values of the set. ;or eDample, in the set S1,
2, 3, $, 5T, the median is 3, hich is 2 aa* from 1 "the smallest value' and 2 aa* from 5 "the
lar)est value'. -herefore, the median of 9et A must !e e3uidistant from the eDtreme values of
that set, hich are x and y. 9o the distance from x to 75 must !e the same as the distance from
75 to y. ,e can eDpress this al)e!raicall*< 75 . x = y . 75 150 . x = y 150 = y & x
,e are as7ed to find the value of 3x & 3y. -his is e3uivalent to 3"x & y'. 9ince x & y =
150, e 7no that 3"x & y' = 3"150' = $50. Alternativel*, the median of a set of consecutive
inte)ers is e3ual to the avera)e of the eDtreme values of the set. ;or eDample, in the set S1, 2, 3,
$, 5T, the median is 3, hich is also the avera)e of 1 and 5. -herefore, the median of set A ill
!e the avera)e of x and y. ,e can eDpress this al)e!raicall*< "x & y'=2 = 75 x & y = 150
3"x & y' = 3"150' 3x & 3y = $50 -he correct anser is /.
21.
>et the total avera)e !e t, percenta)e of director is d. -hen,
tM100="tK5000'"100Kd'&"t&15000'd
d can !e solve out.
Anser is 1
22.
-his 3uestion ta7es profit anal*sis don to the level of per unit anal*sis.
>et P = profit
R = revenue
C = cost
q = 3uantit*
Avera)e =
sum of condominium sale prices & sum of nonKcondominium sale prices
num!er of condominiums sold & num!er of nonKcondominiums sold
s = sale price per unit
m = cost per unit
Renerall* e can eDpress profit as P = R . C
(n this pro!lem e can eDpress profit as P = qs . qm
,e are told that the avera)e dail* profit for a 7 da* ee7 is Q530$, so
"qs . qm' = 7 = 530$ q"s . m) = 7 = 530$ q"s . m' = "7'"530$'.
-o consider possi!le value for the difference !eteen the sale price and the cost per unit, s .
m, let4s loo7 at the prime factoriGation of "7'"530$'<
"7'"530$' = 7 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 13 + 17
9ince q and "s . m' must !e multiplied to)ether to )et this num!er and q is an inte)er "i.e. U
of units', s . m must !e a multiple of the prime factors listed a!ove.
;rom the anser choices, onl* 11 cannot !e formed usin) the prime factors a!ove.
-he correct anser is /.
23.
9ince 9tatement 2 is less compleD than 9tatement 1, !e)in ith 9tatement 2 and a B/=A10
)rid.
"1' (89:;;(1(08-< ,hen the avera)e assets under mana)ement "A:C' per customer of
each of the 10 !ranches are added up and the result is divided !* 10, the value that is
o!tained is the simple avera)e of the 10 !ranches4 avera)e A:C per customer. Cultipl*in)
this num!er !* the total num!er of customers ill not )ive us the total amount of assets under
mana)ement. -he reason is that hat is needed here is a ei)hted avera)e of the avera)e
A:C per customer for the 10 !an7s. 0ach !ranch4s avera)e A:C per customer needs to !e
ei)hted according to the number of customers at that branch hen computin) the overall
avera)e A:C per customer for the hole !an7.
>et4s loo7 at a simple eDample to illustrate<
(f e ta7e a simple avera)e of the avera)e num!er of apples per person from the to rooms,
e ill come up ith "2 & 3' = 2 = 2.5 apples=person. -his value has no relationship to the
actual total avera)e of the to rooms, hich in this case is 2.6 apples. (f e too7 the simple
avera)e "2.5' and multiplied it !* the num!er of people in the room "10' e ould 8?- come
up ith the num!er of apples in the to rooms. -he onl* a* to calculate the actual total
Apples
Veopl
e
Av) U of Apples per Verson
#oom
A
8 $ 8=$ = 2 apples=person
#oom
B
18 6 18=6 = 3 apples=person
-otal 26 10 26=10 = 2.6 apples=person
avera)e "short of 7noin) the total num!er of apples and people' is to ei)ht the to
avera)es in the folloin) manner< $"2' & 6"3' = 10.
9:;;(1(08-< -he avera)e of Q160 million in assets under mana)ement per !ranch
spo7en a!out here as 8?- calculated as a simple avera)e of the 10 !ranches4
avera)e A:C per customer as in statement 1. -his avera)e as found !* addin) up
the assets in each !an7 and dividin) !* 10, the num!er of !ranches "Othe total assets
per !ranch ere added upWP'. -o re)enerate that ori)inal total, e simpl* need to
multipl* the Q160 million !* the num!er of !ranches, 10. "-his is accordin) to the
simple avera)e formula< avera)e = sum = num!er of terms'
-he correct anser is B.
2.
,eJre as7ed to determine hether the avera)e num!er of runs, per pla*er, is )reater than 22.
,e are )iven one piece of information in the 3uestion stem< the ratio of the num!er of pla*ers
on the three teams.
-he simple avera)e formula is Nust A = S= here A is the avera)e, S is the total num!er of
runs and is the total num!er of pla*ers. ,e have some information a!out < the ratio of
the num!er of pla*ers. ,e have no information a!out S.
9:;;(1(08-. Because e are )iven the individual avera)es for the team, e do not
need to 7no the actual num!er of mem!ers on each team. (nstead, e can use the
ratio as a proD* for the actual num!er of pla*ers. "(n other ords, e donJt need the
actual num!er5 the ratio is sufficient !ecause it is in the same proportion as the actual
num!ers.' (f e 7no !oth the avera)e num!er of runs scored and the ratio of the
num!er of pla*ers, e can use the data to calculate<
U #:89 #0>A-(F0 U V>AX0#9 #MV
30 2 60
17 5 85
25 3 75
-he S, or total num!er of runs, is 60 & 85 & 75 = 220. -he , or num!er of pla*ers, is 2 & 5 &
3 = 10. A = 220=10 = 22. -he collective, or ei)hted, avera)e is 22, so e can definitivel*
anser the 3uestion< 8o. "#emem!er that %no% is a sufficient anser. ?nl* %ma*!e% is
insufficient.'
(89:;;(1(08-. -his statement provides us ith partial information a!out S, the sum,
!ut e need to determine hether it is sufficient to anser the 3uestion definitivel*.
%(s at least% means S is )reater than or e3ual to 220. ,e 7no that the minimum
num!er of pla*ers, or , is 10 "since e canJt have half a pla*er'. (f is 10 and S is
220, then A is 220=10 = 22 and e can anser the 3uestion 8o< 22 is not )reater
than 22. (f is 10 and S is 221, then A is 221=10 = 22.1 and e can anser the
3uestion Xes< 22.1 is )reater than 22. ,e cannot anser the 3uestion definitivel*
ith this information.
-he correct anser is A.
2!.
,e can rephrase this 3uestion !* representin) it in mathematical terms. (f x num!er of
eDams have an avera)e of y, the sum of the eDams must !e xy "avera)e = sum = num!er of
items'. ,hen an additional eDam of score z is added in, the ne sum ill !e xy & z.
-he ne avera)e can !e eDpressed as the ne sum divided !* x & 1, since there is no one
more eDam in the lot. 8e avera)e = "xy & z'="x & 1'.
-he 3uestion as7s us if the ne avera)e represents an increase in 50% over the old avera)e,
y. ,e can rerite this 3uestion as< /oes "xy & z'="x & 1' = 1.5y I
(f e multipl* !oth sides of the e3uation !* 2"x & 1', !oth to )et rid of the denominator
eDpression "x & 1' and the decimal "1.5', e )et< 2xy & 2z = 3y"x & 1'
;urther simplified, 2xy & 2z = 3xy &3y ?# 2z = xy & 3y I
9tatement "1' provides us ith a ratio of x to y, !ut )ives us no information a!out z! (t is
(89:;;(1(08-.
9tatement "2' can !e rearran)ed to provide us ith the same information needed in the
simplified 3uestion, in fact 2z = xy & 3y. 9tatement "2' is 9:;;(1(08- and the correct
anser is "B'.
,e can solve this 3uestion ith a sli)htl* more sophisticated method, involvin) an
understandin) of ho avera)es chan)e. An avera)e can !e thou)ht of as the collective
identit* of a )roup. -a7e for eDample a )roup of 5 mem!ers ith an avera)e of 5. -he
identit* of the )roup is 5. ;or all intents and purposes each mem!er of the )roup can actuall*
!e considered 5, even thou)h there is li7el* variance in the )roup mem!ers. 6o does the
avera)e Oidentit*P of the )roup then chan)e hen an additional siDth mem!er Noins the
)roupI -his chan)e in the avera)e can !e loo7ed out ,(-6?:- thin7in) of a chan)e to the
sum of the )roup. ;or a siDth mem!er to Noin the )roup and there to !e no chan)e to the
avera)e of the )roup, that siDth mem!er ould have to have a value identical to the eDistin)
avera)e, in this case 5. (f it has a value of let4s sa* 17 thou)h, the avera)e chan)es. B*
ho much thou)hI
5 of the 17 satisf* the needs of the )roup, li7e a po7er ante if *ou ill. -he spoils that are left
over are 12, hich is the difference !eteen the value of the siDth term and the avera)e.
,hat happens to these spoilsI -he* )et divided up e3uall* amon) the no siD mem!ers of
the )roup and the amount that each mem!er receives ill !e e3ual to the net chan)e in the
overall avera)e. (n this case the eDtra 12 ill increase the avera)e !* 12=6 = 2.
Vut mathematicall*, chan)e in avera)e = "the ne term . eDistin) avera)e' = "the ne U of
terms'
,e could have used this formula to rephrase the 3uestion a!ove< "z . y' = "x & 1' = 0.5y
A)ain if e multipl* !oth sides of the eDpression !* 2"x & 1', e )et 2z . 2y = xy & y ?#
2z = xy & 3y. 9ometimes this method of dealin) ith avera)e chan)es is more useful than
dealin) ith sums, especiall* hen the sum is difficult or cum!ersome to find.
26.
-o solve this pro!lem, use hat *ou 7no a!out avera)es. (f e are to compare EodieJs
avera)e monthl* usa)e to BrandonJs, e can simplif* the pro!lem !* dealin) ith each
personJs total usa)e for the *ear. 9ince BrandonJs avera)e monthl* usa)e in 2001 as q
minutes, his total usa)e in 2001 as 12q minutes. -herefore, e can rephrase the pro!lem
as follos<
,as EodieJs total usa)e for the *ear less than, )reater than, or e3ual to 12qI
9tatement "1' is insufficient. (f EodieJs avera)e monthl* usa)e from Eanuar* to Au)ust as
1.5q minutes, her total *earl* usa)e must have !een at least 12q. 6oever, it certainl* could
have !een more. -herefore, e cannot determine hether EodieJs total *earl* use as e3ual
to or more than BrandonJs.
9tatement "2' is sufficient. (f EodieJs avera)e monthl* usa)e from April to /ecem!er as
1.5q minutes, her total *earl* usa)e must have !een at least 13.5q. -herefore, her total
*earl* usa)e as )reater than BrandonJs.
-he correct anser is B< 9tatement "2' alone is sufficient, !ut statement "1' alone is not
sufficient.
27.
Before she made the pa*ment, the avera)e dail* !alance as Q600, from the da*, !alance
as Q300. ,hen e find in hich da* she made the pa*ment, e can )et it.
9tatement 1 is sufficient.
;or statement 2, let the !alance in D da*s is Q600, in * da*s is Q300.
H&X=25
"600H&300X'=25=5$0
D=20, *=5 can !e solved out.
,e 7no that on the 21 da*, she made the pa*ment.
Anser is /
28.
1om!ine 1 and 2, e can solve out price for 1 and /, 1=Q0.3, /=Q0.$
-o fulfill the total cost Q6.00, num!er of 1 and / have more than one com!ination, for
eDample< $1 and 12/, 81 and 2/W
Anser is 0
22.

and z e3ual. 6oever, the 3uestion stem also tells us that x, y and z are consecutive inte)ers,
ith x as the smallest of the three, y as the middle value, and z as the lar)est of the three. 9o, if
e can determine the value of x, y, or z, e ill 7no the value of all three. -hus a suita!le
rephrase of this 3uestion is Ohat is the value of x, y, or zIP
"1' 9:;;(1(08-< -his statement tells us that x is 11. -his definitivel* ansers the rephrased
3uestion Ohat is the value of x, y, or zIP -o illustrate that this sufficientl* ansers the ori)inal
3uestion< since x, y and z are consecutive inte)ers, and x is the smallest of the three, then x, y
36=3 = 12.

Cultipl* !oth sides of the e3uation !* 2 to find that y & z = 25. 9ince y and z are consecutive
inte)ers, and y Y z, e can eDpress z in terms of y< z = y & 1. 9o y & z = y & "y & 1' = 2y & 1 = 25,
or y = 12. -his definitivel* ansers the rephrased 3uestion Ohat is the value of x, y, or zIP -o
illustrate that this sufficientl* ansers the ori)inal 3uestion< since x, y and z are consecutive
inte)ers, and y is the middle value, then x, y and z must !e 11, 12 and 13, respectivel*. -hus the
avera)e of D, *, and G is 11 & 12 & 13 = 3 = 36=3 = 12.
-he correct anser is /.
ME"#AN
1. $
2. 0
3. 0
$. A

5.
-he avera)e of x, y and z is
x & y & z
3
. (n order to anser the 3uestion, e need to 7no hat x, y,
and z must !e 11, 12 and 13, respectivel*. -hus the avera)e of x, y, and z is
11 & 12 & 13
3
=
"2' 9:;;(1(08-< -his statement tells us that the avera)e of y and z is 12.5, or
y & z
2
= 12.5.
?ne approach to this pro!lem is to tr* to create a 9et " that consists of up to 6
inte)ers and has a median e3ual to a particular anser choice. -he set S.1, 0, $'
*ields a median of 0. Anser choice A can !e eliminated. -he set S1, 2, 3T has an
avera)e of 2. -hus, x = 2. -he median of this set is also 2. 9o the median = x.
Anser choice B can !e eliminated. -he set S.$, .2, 12T has an avera)e of 2.
-hus, x = 2. -he median of this set is .2. 9o the median = .x. Anser choice 1
can !e eliminated. -he set S0, 1, 2T has 3 inte)ers. -hus, y = 3. -he median of
this set is 1. 9o the median of the set is "1=3'y. Anser choice / can !e
eliminated. As for anser choice 0, there is no possi!le a* to create 9et " ith
a median of "2=7'y. ,h*I ,e 7no that y is either 1, 2, 3, $, 5, or 6. -hus, "2=7'y
ill *ield a value that is some fraction ith denominator of 7.
-he possi!le values of "2=7'y are as follos<
2
7
,
$
7
,
6
7
, 1
1
7
, 1
3
7
, 1
5
7
6oever, the median of a set of inte)ers must ala*s !e either an inte)er or a fraction
ith a denominator of 2 "e.). 2.5, or 5=2'. 9o "2=7'y cannot !e the median of 9et ". -he
correct anser is 0.
6. 9ince S contains onl* consecutive inte)ers, its median is the avera)e of the eDtreme
values a and b. ,e also 7no that the median of S is . ,e can set up and simplif*
the folloin) e3uation<
9ince set # contains onl* consecutive inte)ers, its median is also the avera)e of the
eDtreme values, in this case b and c. ,e also 7no that the median of # is . ,e
can set up and simplif* the folloin) e3uation<
,e can find the ratio of a to c as follos< -a7in) the first e3uation,
and the second e3uation, and settin) them e3ual to each other, *ields the
folloin)<
. 9ince set R contains onl* consecutive inte)ers, its median is the
avera)e of the eDtreme values a and c< . ,e can use the ratio to su!stitute
for a<
-hus the median of set R is . -he correct anser is 1.
7. 9ince a re)ular *ear consists of 52 ee7s and Eim ta7es eDactl* to ee7s of unpaid
vacation, he or7s for a total of 50 ee7s per *ear. 6is flat salar* for a 50Kee7 period
e3uals 50 + Q200 = Q10,000 per *ear. Because the num!er of *ears in a 5K*ear period is
odd, Eim4s median income ill coincide ith his annual income in one of the 5 *ears.
9ince in each of the past 5 *ears the num!er of 3uestions Eim rote as an odd num!er
)reater than 20, his commission compensation a!ove the flat salar* must !e an odd
multiple of 2. 9u!tractin) the Q10,000 flat salar* from each of the anser choices, ill
result in the amount of commission. -he onl* odd values are Q15,673, Q18,$23 and
Q21,227 for anser choices B, /, and 0, respectivel*. 9ince the total amount of
commission must !e divisi!le !* 2, e can anal*Ge each of these commission amounts
for divisi!ilit* !* 2. ?ne eas* a* to determine hether a num!er is divisi!le !* 2 is to
sum the di)its of the num!er and see if this sum is divisi!le !* 2. -his anal*sis *ields
that onl* Q18,$23 "sum of the di)its = 18' is divisi!le !* 2 and can !e Eim4s commission.
6ence, Q28,$23 could !e Eim4s median annual income. -he correct anser is choice /.
8. ;rom the 3uestion stem, e 7no that 9et A is composed entirel* of all the mem!ers of
9et B plus all the mem!ers of 9et 1. -he 3uestion as7s us to compare the median of
9et A "the com!ined set' and the median of 9et B "one of the smaller sets'. 9tatement
"1' tells us that the mean of $et A is %reater than the median of $et &. -his )ives us
no useful information to compare the medians of the to sets. -o see this, consider the
folloin)< 9et B< ' 1, 1, 2 () 9et 1< ' $, 7 () 9et A< ' 1, 1, 2, $, 7 (. (n the eDample a!ove,
the mean of 9et A "3' is )reater than the median of 9et B "1' and the median of 9et A
"2' is *+EA,E+ than the median of 9et B "1'. 6oever, consider the folloin) eDample<
9et B< ' $, 5, 6 () 9et 1< ' 1, 2, 3, 21 () 9et A< ' 1, 2, 3, $, 5, 6, 21 () 6ere the mean of
9et A "6' is )reater than the median of 9et B "5' and the median of 9et A "$' is -E$$
than the median of 9et B "5'. -his demonstrates that 9tatement "1' alone does is not
sufficient to anser the 3uestion. >etJs consider 9tatement "2' alone< ,he median of $et
A is %reater than the median of $et .. B* definition, the median of the com!ined set
"A' must !e an* value at or !eteen the medians of the to smaller sets "B and 1'. -est
this out and *ouJll see that it is ala*s true. -hus, !efore considerin) 9tatement "2', e
have three possi!ilities< Vossi!ilit* 1< -he median of 9et A is )reater than the median of
9et B !ut less than the median of 9et 1.
Vossi!ilit* 2< -he median of 9et A is )reater than the median of 9et 1 !ut less than the median
of 9et B.
Vossi!ilit* 3< -he median of 9et A is e3ual to the median of 9et B or the median of 9et 1.
9tatement "2' tells us that the median of 9et A is )reater than the median of 9et 1. -his
eliminates Vossi!ilit* 1, !ut e are still left ith Vossi!ilit* 2 and Vossi!ilit* 3. -he median of
9et B ma* !e )reater than ?# e3ual to the median of 9et A. -hus, usin) 9tatement "2' e
cannot determine hether the median of 9et B is )reater than the median of 9et A. 1om!inin)
9tatements "1' and "2' still does not *ield an anser to the 3uestion, since 9tatement "1' )ives
no relevant information that compares the to medians and 9tatement "2' leaves open more
than one possi!ilit*. -herefore, the correct anser is 1hoice /E01 $tatements /10 and /20
,2*E,3E+ are N2, sufficient.
2. -o find the mean of the set S6, 7, 1, 5, x, yT, use the avera)e formula< here A =
the avera)e, S = the sum of the terms, and n = the num!er of terms in the set. :sin) the
information )iven in statement "1' that x & y = 7, e can find the mean<
. #e)ardless of the values of x and y, the
mean of the set is !ecause the sum of x and y does not chan)e. -o find the
median, list the possi!le values for x and y such that x & y = 7. ;or each case, e can
calculate the median.
x y /A-A 90- C0/(A8
1 6 1, 1, 5, 6, 6, 7 5.5
2 5 1, 2, 5, 5, 6, 7 5
3 $ 1, 3, $, 5, 6, 7 $.5
$ 3 1, 3, $, 5, 6, 7 $.5
5 2 1, 2, 5, 5, 6, 7 5
6 1 1, 1, 5, 6, 6, 7 5.5
#e)ardless of the values of x and y, the median "$.5, 5, or 5.5' is ala*s )reater than the mean
" '. -herefore, statement "1' alone is sufficient to anser the 3uestion. 8o consider
statement "2'. Because the sum of x and y is not fiDed, the mean of the set ill var*.
Additionall*, since there are man* possi!le values for x and y, there are numerous possi!le
medians. -he folloin) ta!le illustrates that e can construct a data set for hich x $ y % 3 and
the mean is )reater than the median. -he ta!le A>9? shos that e can construct a data set
for hich x $ y % 3 and the median is )reater than the mean.
x * /A-A 90- C0/(A8 C0A8
22 12 1, 5, 6, 7, 12, 22 6.5 10
$ 1 1, 1, $, 5, 6, 7 $.5 $
-hus, statement "2' alone is not sufficient to determine hether the mean is )reater than the
median. -he correct anser is "A'< 9tatement "1' alone is sufficient, !ut statement "2' alone is
not sufficient.
10. Cedian Z Cean
11. 13
12.
9ince an* poer of 7 is odd, the product of this poer and 3 ill ala*s !e odd. Addin) this odd
num!er to the dou!led a)e of the student "an even num!er, since it is the product of 2 and some
inte)er' ill ala*s *ield an odd inte)er. -herefore, all luc7* num!ers in the class ill !e odd.
-he results of the eDperiment ill *ield a set of 28 odd inte)ers, hose median ill !e the
avera)e of the 1$th and 15th )reatest inte)ers in the set. 9ince !oth of these inte)ers ill !e odd,
their sum ill ala*s !e even and their avera)e ill ala*s !e an inte)er. -herefore, the
pro!a!ilit* that the median luc7* num!er ill !e a nonKinte)er is 0%.
13. 9ince the set Sa& b& c& d& e& fT has an even num!er of terms, there is no one middle term, and thus
the median is the avera)e of the to middle terms, c and d. -herefore the 3uestion can !e
rephrased in the folloin) manner<
(s "c & d'=2 Z "a & b & c & d & e & f'=6 I
(s 3"c & d' Z a & b & c & d & e & f I
(s 3c & 3d Z a & b & c & d & e & f I
(s 2c & 2d Z a & b & e & f I
"1' (89:;;(1(08-< ,e can su!stitute the statement into the 3uestion and continue rephrasin) as
follos<
(s 2c & 2d Z "3=$'"c & d' & b & f I(s "5=$'"c & d) Z b & f I
;rom the 3uestion stem, e 7no c Z b and d Y f5 hoever, since these ine3ualities do not point
the same a* as in the 3uestion "and since e have a coefficient of 5=$ on the left side of the
3uestion', e cannot anser the 3uestion. ,e can ma7e the anser to the 3uestion %Xes% !*
relativel* pic7in) small b and f "compared to c and d' KK for instance, b = 2, c = 7, d = 2 and f = 12
"still leavin) room for a and e, hich in this case ould e3ual 1 and 11, respectivel*'. ?n the
other hand, e can ma7e the anser %8o% !* chan)in) f to a ver* lar)e num!er, such as 1000.
"2' (89:;;(1(08-< Roin) throu)h the same ar)ument as a!ove, e can su!stitute the
statement into the 3uestion<
(s 2c & 2d Z a & e & "$=3'"c & d' I
(s "2=3'"c & d) Z a & e I
-his is also insufficient. (t is true that e 7no that a & e Y "$=3'"c & d'. -he reason e 7no this
is that the set of inte)ers is ascendin), so a Y ! and e Y f. -herefore a & e Y ! & f, and ! & f =
"$=3'"c & d' accordin) to this statement. 6oever, e donJt 7no hether a & e Y "2=3'"c & d'.
"1' A8/ "2' 9:;;(1(08-< (f e su!stitute !oth statements into the rephrased ine3ualit*, e )et a
definitive anser.
(s 2c & 2d Z a & b & e & f I
(s 2"c & d' Z "3=$'"c & d' & "$=3'"c & d'I
(s 2"c & d' Z "25=2$'"c & d'I
8o, e can divide !* c & d, a 3uantit* e 7no to !e positive, so the direction of the ine3ualit*
s*m!ol does not chan)e.
(s 2 Z 25=2$ I
2 is 8?- )reater than 13=8, so the anser is a definite %8o.% #ecall that a definite %8o% is
sufficient. -he correct anser is 1.
1$. -he mean of a set is e3ual to the sum of terms divided !* the num!er of terms in the set.
-herefore,
x "y & 3' = 6 "y & 3'
x = 6. Riven that y Z 6 and su!stitutin) x = 6, the terms of the set can no !e ordered from least
to )reatest<
6 . $y, 6, y, y & 6, 2y, 6y! -he median of a set of siD terms is the mean of the third and fourth
terms "the to middle terms'. -he mean of the terms y and y & 6 is
-he correct anser is B.
15. -he set Rn % Rn.1 + 3 descri!es an evenl* spaced set< each value is three more than the previous.
;or eDample the set could !e 3, 6, 2, 12 . . . ;or an* evenl* spaced set, the mean of the set is
ala*s e3ual to the median. A set of consecutive inte)ers is an eDample of an evenl* spaced set.
(f e find the mean of this set, e ill !e a!le to find the median !ecause the* are the same. "1'
(89:;;(1(08-< -his does not )ive us an* information a!out the value of the mean. -he onl*
other a* to find the median of a set is to 7no ever* term of the set. "2' 9:;;(1(08-< -he
mean must !e the median of the set since this is an evenl* spaced set. -his statement tells us
that mean is 36. -herefore, the median must !e 36. -he correct anser is B.
16. -his 3uestion is as7in) us to find the median of the three scores. (t ma* seem that the onl* a* to
do this is to find the value of each of the three scores, ith the middle value ta7en as the median.
:sin) !oth statements, e ould have to of the three scores, alon) ith the mean )iven in the
3uestion, so e ould !e a!le to find the value of the third score. (t ould seem then that the
anser is 1. ?n RCA- data sufficienc*, ala*s !e suspicious, hoever, of such an o!vious 1. (n
such cases, one or !oth of the statements is often sufficient. "1' (89:;;(1(08-< ,ith an
arithmetic mean of 78, the sum of the three scores is 3 + 78 = 23$. (f Veter scored 73, the other
to scores must sum to 23$ . 73 = 161. ,e could come up ith hundreds of sets of scores that
fit these conditions and that have different medians. An eDample of Nust to sets are<
73, 80, 81 median = 80 61, 73, 100 median = 73 "2' 9:;;(1(08-< ?n
the surface, this statement seems parallel to statement "1' and should therefore also !e
insufficient. 6oever, e aren4t Nust )iven one of the three scores in this statement. ,e
are )iven a score ith a value that is -60 9AC0 A9 -60 C0A8. 1onceptuall*, the mean
is the point here the deviations of all the data net Gero. -his means that the sum of the
differences from the mean to each of the points of data must net to Gero. ;or a simple eDample,
consider 11, hich is the mean of 7, 10 and 16. 7 . 11 = K$ "defined as ne)ative !ecause it is left
of the mean on the num!er line' 10 . 11 = K1 16 . 11 = &5 "defined as
positive !ecause it is ri)ht of the mean on the num!er line' -he positive and ne)ative
deviations "differences from the mean' net to Gero. (n the 3uestion, e are told that the mean
score is 78 and that Car* scored a 78. Car*4s deviation then is 78 . 78 = 0. ;or the deviations to
net to Gero, Veter and Vaul4s deviations must !e Kx and &x "not necessaril* in that order'.
Car*4s deviation = 78 . 78 = 0 Veter4s "or Vaul4s' deviation = Kx Vaul4s "or Veter4s'
deviation = &x
,e can then list the data in order< 78 . x, 78, 78 & x -his means that the median must !e 78.
"x & y & x & y & x . $y & xy & 2y'
6
= y & 3
"3x & xy'
6
= y & 3
x "y & 3'
6
% y & 3
"2y & 6'
2
% y & 3
8?-0< x could !e 0, hich ould simpl* mean that all three students scored a 78. 6oever, the
median ould remain 78.
-he correct anser is B.
17. 9ince each set has an even num!er of terms, the median of each set ill !e e3ual to the
avera)e of the to middle terms of that set. 9o, the median of 9et A ill !e e3ual to the
avera)e of x and 8. -he median of 9et B ill !e e3ual to the avera)e of y and 2. -he
3uestion tells us that the median of 9et A is e3ual to the median of 9et B. ,e can
eDpress this al)e!raicall* as
,e can multipl* !oth sides !* 2<
x & 8 = y & 2
,e can su!tract x from !oth sides "remem!er, e are loo7in) for y . x'<
8 = y . x & 2
,e can su!tract 2 from !oth sides to isolate y . x<
y . x % 8 . 2 = K1
-he correct anser is B.
18. -o find the maDimum possi!le value of x, eJll first consider that the setJs mean is 7, and
then that its median is 5.5.
;or an* set, the sum of the elements e3uals the mean times the num!er of elements. (n
this case, the mean is 7 and the num!er of elements is 6, so the sum of the elements
e3uals $2.
$2 = 8 & 2 & 11 & x & 3 & y
$2 = 2$ & x & y
18 = x & y
8o consider that the median is 5.5. >ettin) x = 1 and y = 17 such that the* sum to 18,
e can arran)e the values in increasin) order as follos<
x, 2, 3, 8, 11, y
9ince 3 and 8 are the middle values, the median e3uals 5.5 as re3uired. -he 3uestion
as7s for the maDimal value of x, so letJs increase x as far as possi!le ithout chan)in)
the median. As x increases to 3 "and y decreases to 15', the middle values of 3 and 8
donJt chan)e, so the median remains at 5.5. 6oever, as x increases !e*ond 3, the
median also increases, so the maDimal value of x that leaves the median at 5.5 is 3.
-he correct anser is /.
14.
;rom 1, e 7no that nY5I2, 1, n, 5, 8
;rom 2, e 7no that nZ1I2, 1, n, 5, 8
1om!ined to, e can 7no that 1YnY5
-he anser is 1
20.
9et 9< sK25sK15s5s&15s&2, set -< tK35tK25tK15t5t&15t&25t&3
Accordin) to 2, 5s=7t, insufficient. 9 could !e 7, t could !e 5.
Accordin) to 1, s=0.
' & 8
2
%
y & 2
2
1om!inin) 1 and 2, s=t=0
Anser is 1
21. ;irst, e arran)e the 10,5,K2,K1,K5 and 15 at se3uence< K5, K2, K1, 5, 10, 15. 9o, the
median is "K1&5'=2=2
22.
Cedian< the middle measurement after the measurements are ordered !* siGe"or the avera)e of
the to middle measurements if the num!er of measurements is even'
(n this 3uestion, the median is the avera)e of the amount in 10th and 11th da* after ordered !*
siGe.
Both the 10th and 11th amounts are Q8$, so, the median is Q8$
25.
-here are 73 scores, so, "73&1'=2=37, the 37th num!er is the median. (t is contained !* interval
80K82.
Anser is 1
2.
(n order to solve the 3uestion easier, e simplif* the num!ers such as 150, 000 to 15, 130,000 to
13, and so on.
(. Cedian is 13, so, the )reatest possi!le value of sum of ei)ht prices that no more than median is
13M8=10$. -herefore, the least value of sum of other seven homes that )reater than median is
"15M15K10$'=7=17.3Z16.5. (tJs true.
((. Accordin) the anal*sis a!ove, the price could !e, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,13,13,13, 17.3, 17.3,
17.3... 9o, (( is false.
(((. Also false.
Anser< onl* ( must !e true.
2!.
-o )et the maDimum len)th of the shortest piece, e must let other values as little as possi!le.
-hat is, the values after the median should e3ual the median, and the value !efore the median
should !e e3ual to each other.
>et the shortest one !e D<
D&D&1$0M3=12$M5
D=100
26.
Am* as the 20th percentile of the 80 )rades for her class, therefore, 10% are hi)her than Am*Js,
10%M80=8.
12 of the other class as hi)her than Am*. -otall*, 8&12=27
-hen, the percentile is<
"180K27'=180=85=100
Anser is /
27.
AnnJs actual sale is $50KD, 1alJs 120&D, after corrected, Ann still hi)her than 1al, so Ann is the
median.
?r e can eDplain it in another a*<
$50KD=330, so D=120
AnnJs actual sale is $50KD 1alJs 120&D,
9uppose that either Ann or 1al can !e the median, if Ann is the median, than e )et the previous
anser5 hoever, if 1al is median "330', e ill have 120&D=330, D=1$0, then Ann"$50K
1$0=310' ill less than 1al"330', that is incorrect.
-his can eDplain h* 1al can not !e the median and Ann must
M2"E
1. K8
2.
9tatement 1 tells us that the difference !eteen an* to inte)ers in the set is less than
3. -his information alone *ields a variet* of possi!le sets. ;or eDample, one possi!le set
"in hich the difference !eteen an* to inte)ers is less than 3' mi)ht !e< "x, x, x, x & 1,
x & 1, x & 2, x & 2'. Code = x "as stated in 3uestion stem'. Cedian = x & 1. /ifference
!eteen median and mode = 1.
Alternatel*, another set "in hich the difference !eteen an* to inte)ers is less than 3'
mi)ht loo7 li7e this< "x . 1, x, x, x & 1'. Code = x "as stated in the 3uestion stem'. Cedian
= x! /ifference !eteen median and mode = 0. ,e can see that statement "1' is not
sufficient to determine the difference !eteen the median and the mode. 9tatement "2'
tells us that the avera)e of the set of inte)ers is x. -his information alone also *ields a
variet* of possi!le sets. ;or eDample, one possi!le set "ith an avera)e of x' mi)ht !e<
"x . 10, x, x, x & 1, x & 2, x & 3, x & $'. Code = x "as stated in the 3uestion stem'.
Cedian = x & 1. /ifference !eteen median and mode = 1. Alternatel*, another set "ith
an avera)e of x' mi)ht loo7 li7e this< "x . 20, x, x, x & 15, x & 20, x & 25, x & 30'. Code =
x "as stated in the 3uestion stem'. Cedian = x & 15. /ifference !eteen median and
mode = 15. ,e can see that statement "2' is not sufficient to determine the difference
!eteen the median and the mode. Both statements ta7en to)ether impl* that the onl*
possi!le mem!ers of the set are x $ 1, x, and x & 1 "from the fact that the difference
!eteen an* to inte)ers in the set is less than 3' and that ever* x $ 1 ill !e !alanced
!* an x & 1 "from the fact that the avera)e of the set is x'. -hus, x ill lie in the middle of
an* such set and therefore x ill !e the median of an* such set. (f x is the mode and x is
also the median, the difference !eteen these to measures ill ala*s !e 0. -he
correct anser is 1< B?-6 statements -?R0-60# are sufficient, !ut 80(-60#
statement A>?80 is sufficient.
+AN*E
1. 0
2. 1
3. 0
$. A
5. /
6. 1
7. 1
8. B
2. B
10. 0
11. Before anal*Gin) the statements, let4s consider different scenarios for the ran)e and the
median of set A. 9ince e have an even num!er of inte)ers in the set, the median of the
set ill !e e3ual to the avera)e of the to middle num!ers. ;urther, note that inte)er 2 is
the onl* even prime and it cannot !e one of the to middle num!ers, since it is the
smallest of all primes. -herefore, !oth of the middle primes ill !e odd, their sum ill !e
even, and their avera)e "i.e. the median of the set' ill !e an inte)er. 6oever, hile e
7no that the median ill !e an inte)er, it is un7non hether this inte)er ill !e even or
odd. ;or eDample, the avera)e of 7 and 17 is 12 "even', hile the avera)e of 5 and 17 is
11 "odd'. 8eDt, let4s consider the possi!le scenarios ith the ran)e. #emem!er that the
ran)e is the difference !eteen the )reatest and the smallest num!er in the set. 9ince
e are dealin) ith prime num!ers, the )reatest prime in the set ill ala*s !e odd,
hile the smallest one can !e either odd or even "i.e. 2'. (f the smallest prime in the set is
2, then the ran)e ill !e odd, otherise, the ran)e ill !e even. 8o, let4s consider these
scenarios in li)ht of each of the statements. "1' 9:;;(1(08-< (f the smallest prime in the
set is 5, the ran)e of the set, i.e. the difference !eteen to odd primes in this case, ill
!e even. 9ince the median of the set ill ala*s !e an inte)er, the product of the median
and the ran)e ill ala*s !e even. "2' (89:;;(1(08-< (f the lar)est inte)er in the set is
101, the ran)e of the set can !e odd or even "for eDample, 101 . 3 = 28 or 101 . 2 = 22'.
-he median of the set can also !e odd or even, as e discussed. -herefore, the product
of the median and the ran)e can !e either odd or even. -he correct anser is A.
12. "1' (89:;;(1(08-< 9tatement "1' tells us that the ran)e of S is less than 2. -he ran)e of
a set is the positive difference !eteen the smallest term and the lar)est term of the set.
(n this case, 7noin) that the ran)e of set S is less than 2, e can anser onl* CAXB0
to the 3uestion %(s "x & y' Y 18%. 1onsider the folloin) to eDamples< >et x = 7 and y = 7.
-he ran)e of S is less than 2 and x & y Y 18, so e conclude X09. >et x = 10 and y = 10.
-he ran)e of S is less than 2 and x & y Z 18, so e conclude 8?. Because this statement
does not allo us to anser definitivel* Xes or 8o, it is insufficient. "2' 9:;;(1(08-<
9tatement "2' tells us that the avera)e of x and y is less than the avera)e of the set S.
,ritin) this as an ine3ualit*< "x & y'=2 Y "7 & 8 & 2 & 12 & x & y'=65 "x & y'=2 Y "36 & x &
y'=65
3"x & y' Y 36 & "x & y'5 2"x & y' Y 365 x & y Y 18. -herefore, statement "2' is
9:;;(1(08- to determine hether x & y Y 18.
13. 9ince the RCA- is scored in 10Kpoint increments, e 7no from statement "1' that there
are a maDimum of 12 distinct RCA- scores amon) the students in the firstK*ear
class "600, 610 . . . 770, 780'. ,e also 7no that are there are 12 months in a *ear,
*ieldin) 12 distinct possi!ilities for the !irth month of a student. ;inall*, there are 2
possi!ilities for student )ender. -herefore, the num!er of distinct com!inations
consistin) of a RCA- score, the month of !irth, and )ender is 12 + 12 + 2 = $56.
Because the total num!er of students is )reater than the maDimum num!er of distinct
com!inations of RCA- score=month of !irth=)ender, some students must share the
same com!ination. -hat is, some students must have the same )ender, !e !orn in the
same month. and have the same RCA- score. -hus, statement "1' is sufficient to
anser the 3uestion.
9tatement "2' provides no information a!out the ran)e of student RCA- scores in the
firstK*ear class. 9ince there are 61 distinct RCA- scores !eteen 200 and 800, the
total num!er of distinct com!inations of RCA- score=month of !irth=)ender on the !asis
of statement "2' is 61 + 12 + 2 = 1,$6$. 9ince this num!er is )reater than the firstK*ear
enrolment, there are potentiall* enou)h uni3ue com!inations to cover all of the students,
impl*in) that there ma* or ma* not !e some students sharin) the same 3 parameters.
9ince e cannot )ive a conclusive anser to the 3uestion, statement "2' is insufficient.
-he correct anser is A.
1$.
;rom 9tatement "1' alone, e can conclude that the ran)e of the terms of 9 is either 3 or 7.
"-hese are the prime num!ers less than 11, eDcludin) 2 and 5, hich are !oth factors of 10.'
9ince the 3uestion states that the ran)e of 9 is e3ual to the avera)e of 9, e 7no that the
avera)e of the terms in 9 must also !e either 3 or 7. -his alone is not sufficient to anser the
3uestion. ;rom 9tatement "2' alone, e 7no that 9 is composed of eDactl* 5 different inte)ers.
this means that the smallest possi!le ran)e of the terms in 9 is $. "-his ould occur if the 5
different inte)ers are consecutive.' -his is not sufficient to anser the 3uestion.
;rom 9tatements "1' and "2' to)ether, e 7no that the ran)e of the terms in 9 must !e 7. -his
means that the avera)e of the terms in 9 is also 7. (t ma* !e temptin) to conclude form this that
the sum of the terms in 9 is e3ual to the avera)e "7' multiplied !* the num!er of terms "5' = 7 +
5 = 35. 6oever, hile 9tatement "2' sa*s that 9 is composed of 5 different inte)ers, this does
not mean that 9 is composed of eDactl* 5 inte)ers since each inte)er ma* occur in 9 more than
once. -o contrastin) eDamples help to illustrate this point< 9 could !e the set S3, 6, 7, 2, 10T.
6ere, the ran)e of 9 = the avera)e of 9 = 7. Additionall*, 9 is composed of 5 different inte)ers
and the sum of all the inte)ers in 9 is 35. 9 could also !e the set S3, 6, 7, 7, 2, 10T. 6ere, the
ran)e of 9 = the avera)e of 9 = 7. A)ain, 9 is composed of 5 different inte)ers. 6oever, here
the sum of 9 is $2 "since one of the inte)ers, 7, appears tice.'. -he correct anser is 0<
9tatements "1' and "2' -?R0-60# are 8?- sufficient.
15. (n a set consistin) of an odd num!er of terms, the median is the num!er in the middle hen the
terms are arran)ed in ascendin) order. (n a set consistin) of an even num!er of terms, the
median is the avera)e of the to middle num!ers. (f S has an odd num!er of terms, e 7no
that the median must !e the middle num!er, and thus the median must !e even "!ecause it is a
set of even inte)ers'. (f S has an even num!er of terms, e 7no that the median must !e the
avera)e of the to middle num!ers, hich are !oth even, and the avera)e of to consecutive
even inte)ers must !e odd, and so therefore the median must !e odd. -he 3uestion can !e
rephrased< OAre there an even num!er of terms in the setIP
"1' 9:;;(1(08-< >et H1 !e the first term in the set and let its value e3ual x. 9ince 9 is a set of
consecutive even inte)ers, H2 = H1 & 2, H3 = H1 & $, H$ = H1 & 6, and so on. #ecall that the mean
of a set of evenl* spaced inte)ers is simpl* the avera)e of the first and last term. 1onstruct a
ta!le as follos<
7n 8alue Ave n ,erms +esult 2 or E
H1 x x x 0ven
H2 x & 2 2x + 2
2
x & 1 ?dd
H3 x & $ 3x + 6
3
x & 2 0ven
H$ x & 6 $x + 12
$
x & 3 ?dd
H5 x & 8 5x + 20
5
x & $ 0ven
8ote that hen there is an even num!er of terms, the mean is odd and hen there are an odd
num!er of terms, the mean is even. 6ence, since "1' states that the mean is even, it follos that
the num!er of terms must !e odd. -his is sufficient to anser the 3uestion "the anser is OnoP'.
8ote of caution< it doesn4t matter hether the anser to the 3uestion is O*esP or OnoP5 it is onl*
important to determine hether it is possible to anser the 3uestion )iven the information in the
statement.
Alternativel*, e can reco)niGe that, in a set of consecutive num!ers, the median is e3ual to the
mean, and so the median must !e even.
"2' (89:;;(1(08-< >et H1 !e the first term in the set and let its value = x. -he ran)e of a set is
defined as the difference !eteen the lar)est value and the smallest value. 1onstruct a ta!le as
follos<
,erm 8alue +an%e n ,erms "iv by 69
H1 x
H2 x & 2 2 8o
H3 x & $ $ 8o
7 x : 6 6 ;es
H5 x & 8 8 8o
H6 x & 10 10 8o
77 x : 12 12 ;es
8ote that if there are $ terms in the set, the ran)e of the set is divisi!le !* 6, hile if there are 7
terms in the set, the ran)e of the set is still divisi!le !* 6. 6ence, it cannot !e determined
hether the num!er of terms in the set is even or odd !ased on hether the ran)e of the set is
divisi!le !* 6. -he correct anser is A.
16. -he median of a set of num!ers is the middle num!er hen the num!ers are arran)ed
in increasin) order. ;or a set of 5 scores, the median is the 3rd score. ,e ill call the set of
scores A = SA1, A2, A3, A$, A5T and ( = S(1, (2, (3, ($, (5T for /r. Adams4 and /r. Bron4s students,
respectivel*, here the scores are arran)ed in increasin) order ithin each set. #ephrasin) the
3uestion usin) this notation *ields O(s A3 Z (3IP "1' (89:;;(1(08-< -his statement tells us onl*
the hi)hest and loest score for each set of students, !ut the onl* thin) e 7no a!out the
scores in !eteen is that the* are somehere in that ran)e. 9ince the median is one of the
scores in !eteen, this uncertaint* means that the statement is insufficient.
-o illustrate, A3 could !e )reater than (3, ma7in) the anser to the 3uestion O*esP< A = S$0, 50,
60, 70, 80T
( = S50, 55, !!, 80, 20T 6oever, A3 could !e less than or e3ual to (3, ma7in) the anser to the
3uestion OnoP<
A = S$0, 50, 60, 70, 80T ( = S50, 60, 70, 80, 20T "2' 9:;;(1(08-< -his statement tells us that for
ever* student pair, the ( student scored hi)her than the A student, or (n Z An. -his statement
can !e considered 3ualitativel*. 0ver* student in set ( scored hi)her than at least one student in
set A. -he students in set ( not onl* scored hi)her individuall*, !ut also as a )roup, so one can
reason that the median score for set ( is hi)her than the median score for set A. -herefore, (3 Z
A3, and the anser to the 3uestion is Ono.P But let4s prove conclusivel* that the anser cannot !e
O*es.P 1onstrain A3 to !e )reater than (3, then tr* to pair the students accordin) to the restriction
that (n Z An. ;or eDample, pic7 an* num!er x !eteen 0 and 100, and let4s sa* that A3 Z x, or hi)h
")', and that (3 Y x, or lo "*'. 9ince the scores are increasin) order, the 1st and 2nd scores
must !e less than or e3ual to the 3rd, hile the $th and 5th scores must !e )reater than or e3ual
to the 3rd. -hus e 7no hether all the other scores are hi)h or lo. A = SA1, A2, H, A$, A5T = S*,
*, H, ), )T
( = S(1, (2, L, ($, (5T = S*, *, L, ), )T
(n order to meet the restriction that (n Z An, each of the 3 hi)h scorers ")' in set A must !e paired
ith a hi)h"er' scorer, !ut there are onl* 2 hi)h scorers ")' in set B[not enou)h to )o aroundL
1onversel*, the 3 lo scorers "*' in set ( cannot !e paired ith a hi)h scorer ")' from set A,
leavin) onl* 2 potential stud* partners for them from set A[not enou)h to )o aroundL -here is
no a* for A3 to !e )reater than (3 and still meet the restriction that (n Z An , so A3 Y (3. -hus,
the anser can never !e O*es,P it is ala*s Ono,P and this statement is sufficient. -he correct
anser is B.
17.
(n order to determine the median of a set of inte)ers, e need to find the %middle% value. "1'
9:;;(1(08-< 9tatement one tells us that avera)e of the set of inte)ers from 1 to x inclusive is
11. 9ince this is a set of consecutive inte)ers, the %avera)e% term is ala*s the eDact middle of
the set. -hus, in order to have an avera)e of 11, the set must !e the inte)ers from 1 to 21
inclusive. -he middle or median term is also is 11.
"2' 9:;;(1(08-< 9tatement to states that the ran)e of the set of inte)ers from 1 to x inclusive is
20. (n order for the ran)e of inte)ers to !e 20, the set must !e the inte)ers from 1 to 21 inclusive.
-he median term in this set is 11. -he correct anser is /.
18.
#an)e !efore transaction<
112K$5=67
#an)e after transaction<
"2$&2$'K"56K20'=118K36=82
-he difference is< 82K67=15
Anser is /
14.
#an)e< the difference !eteen the )reatest measurement and the smallest measurement.
(n the 3uestion, com!ine 1 and 2, e still cannot 7no the value of 3, then, e cannot determine
hich num!er of is the )reatest measurement.
Anser is 0
20.
Vrior to median 25, there are 7 num!ers.
-o ma7e the )reatest num!er as )reater as possi!le, these 7 num!ers should cost the ran)e as
little as possi!le. -he* ill !e, 2$, 23, 22, 21, 20, 12, 18.
9o, the )reatest value that can fulfill the ran)e is< 18&25=$3
$,AN"A+" "E8#A,#2N
1. 1.12 approD
2. 0
3. /
$. 0
5. 0
6. 1
7. (f ' . + Z 0, then ' Z + and the median of A is )reater than the mean of set A. (f * $ , =
0, then * % , and the median of set ( is e3ual to the mean of set (.

(. 8?- 801099A#(>X< Accordin) to the ta!le, - Z means that the standard deviation
of set A is )reater than that of set (. 9tandard deviation is a measure of ho close the
terms of a )iven set are to the mean of the set. (f a set has a hi)h standard deviation, its
terms are relativel* far from the mean. (f a set has a lo standard deviation, its terms are
relativel* close to the mean.

#ecall that a median separates the set into to as far as the num!er of terms. -here is
an e3ual num!er of terms !oth a!ove and !elo the median. (f the median of a set is
)reater than the mean, hoever, the terms !elo the median must collectivel* !e farther
from the median than the terms a!ove the median. ;or eDample, in the set S1, 82, 20T,
the median is 82 and the mean is 60. -he median is much )reater than the mean
!ecause 1 is much farther from 82 than 20 is.

\noin) that the median of set A is )reater than the mean of set A Nust tells us that the
terms !elo set A4s median are further from the median than the terms a!ove set A4s
median. -his does not necessaril* impl* that the terms, overall, are further aa* from the
mean than in set (, here the terms !elo the median are the same distance from the
median as the terms a!ove it. (n fact, a set in hich the mean and median are e3ual can
have a ver* hi)h standard deviation if the terms are !oth far !elo the mean and far
a!ove it.

((. 8?- 801099A#(>X< Accordin) to the ta!le, R . , implies that the mean of set @A &
(A is )reater than the mean of set (. -his is not necessaril* true. <hen two sets are
combined to form a com=osite set) the mean of the com=osite set must either be
between the means of the individual sets or be e>ual to the mean of both of the
individual sets. -o prove this, consider the simple eDample of one mem!er sets< A =
@3A, ( = @5A, A & ( = @3, 5A. (n this case the mean of A & ( is )reater than the mean of A
and less than the mean of (. ,e could easil* have reversed this result !* reversin) the
mem!ers of sets A and (.

(((. 8?- 801099A#(>X< Accordin) to the ta!le, # . R implies that the median of the set
@A & (A is )reater than the mean of set @A & (A. ,e can eDtend the rule )iven in
statement (( to medians as ell< when two sets are combined to form a com=osite
set) the median of the com=osite set must either be between the medians of the
individual sets or be e>ual to the median of one or both of the individual sets.
,hile the median of set A is )reater than the mean of set A and the median of set ( is
e3ual to the mean of set (, set @A & (A mi)ht have a median that is )reater or less than
the mean of set @A & (A. 9ee the to ta!les for illustration<

9et Cedian Cean #esult
A 1, 3, $ 3 2.67 Cedian Z Cean
( $, 5, 6 5 5 Cedian = Cean
A & ( 1, 3, $, $, 5, 6 $ 3.83 Cedian Z Cean

9et Cedian Cean #esult
A 1, 3, 3, $ 3 2.75 Cedian Z Cean
( 10, 11, 12 11 11 Cedian = Cean
A & ( 1, 3, 3, $, 10, 11, 12 $ 6.22 Cedian Y Cean
-herefore none of the statements are necessaril* true and the correct anser is 0.
8. 65, 85
2. 30
10. a9
11. ]a=!] + "9'
12. 9
15.
;irst, set up each coin in a column and compute the sum of each possi!le trial as follos<
.oin A .oin & .oin . $um
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
1 1 0 2
1 0 1 2
0 1 1 2
1 1 1 3
8o compute the avera)e "mean' of the sums usin) one of the folloin) methods<
Cethod 1< :se the Avera)e #ule "Avera)e = 9um = 8um!er of num!ers'.
"0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 3' ^ 8 = 12 ^ 8 = 3=2
Cethod 2< Cultipl* each possi!le sum !* its pro!a!ilit* and add.
"0 + 1=8' & "1 + 3=8' & "2 + 3=8' & "3 + 1=8' = 12=8 = 3=2
Cethod 3< 9ince the sums have a s*mmetrical form, spot immediatel* that the mean must !e
ri)ht in the middle. Xou have one 0, three 14s, three 24s and one 3 . so the mean must !e eDactl*
in the middle = 1.5 or 3=2.
-hen, to )et the standard deviation, do the folloin)<
"a' 1ompute the difference of each trial from the avera)e of 3=2 that as
Nust determined. "-echnicall* it4s Oavera)e minus trialP !ut the si)n does not matter since the
result ill !e s3uared in the neDt step.'
"!' 93uare each of those differences.
"c' ;ind the avera)e "mean' of those s3uared differences.
"d' -a7e the s3uare root of this avera)e.
Avera%e of $ums $um of Each ,rial "ifference $>uared "ifference
3=2 0 3=2 2=$
3=2 1 _ `
3=2 1 _ `
3=2 1 _ `
3=2 2 . _ `
3=2 2 . _ `
3=2 2 . _ `
3=2 3 . 3=2 2=$
-he avera)e of the s3uared differences = "2=$ & ` & ` & ` & ` & ` & ` & 2=$' ^ 8 = 6 ^ 8 = a.

;inall*, the s3uare root of this avera)e = .
-he correct anser is 1.
8ote< ,hen *ou compute avera)es, !e careful to count all trials "or e3uivalentl*, to ta7e
pro!a!ilities into account'. ;or instance, if *ou simpl* ta7e each uni3ue difference that *ou find
"3=2, _, .1=2 and .3=2', s3uare those and avera)e them, *ou ill )et 5=$, and the standard
deviation as .
-his is incorrect !ecause it implies that the 3=2 and .3=2 differences are as common as the
_ and .1=2 differences. -his is not true since the _ and .1=2 differences occur three times as
fre3uentl* as the 3=2 and .3=2 differences.
1$. 9tandard deviation is a measure of ho far the data points in a set fall from the mean. ;or
eDample, S5, 5, 6, 7, 7T has a small standard deviation relative to S1, $, 6, 7, 10T. -he values in
the second set are much further from the mean than the values in the first set. (n )eneral, a value
that drasticall* increases the ran)e of a set ill also have a lar)e impact on the standard
deviation. (n this case, 1$ creates the lar)est spread of the five anser choices, and ill
therefore !e the value that most increases the standard deviation of 9et ". -he correct anser is
0.
15. -he procedure for findin) the standard deviation for a set is as follos< 1' ;ind the difference
!eteen each term in the set and the mean of the set. 2' Avera)e the s3uared %differences.% 3'
-a7e the s3uare root of that avera)e. 8otice that the standard deviation hin)es on step 1< findin)
the difference between each term in the set and the mean of the set. ?nce this is done, the
remainin) steps are Nust calculations !ased on these %differences.% -hus, e can rephrase the
3uestion as follos< %,hat is the difference !eteen each term in the set and the mean of the
setI% "1' 9:;;(1(08-< ;rom the 3uestion, e 7no that b is a set of consecutive inte)ers.
9tatement 1 tells us that there are 21 terms in the set. 9ince, in an* consecutive set ith an odd
num!er of terms, the middle value is the mean of the set, e can represent the set as 10 terms
on either side of the middle term x< @x . 10, x . 2, x . 8, x . 7, x . 6, x . 5, x . $, x . 3, x . 2, x .
1, x, x & 1, x & 2, x & 3, x & $, x & 5, x & 6, x & 7, x & 8, x & 2, x + 10A . 8otice that the difference
!eteen the mean "x' and the first term in the set "x . 10' is 10. -he difference !eteen the
mean "x' and the second term in the set "x . 2' is 2. As *ou can see, e can actuall* find the
difference !eteen each term in the set and the mean of the set ithout 7noin) the specific
value of each term in the setL "-he onl* reason e are a!le to do this is !ecause e 7no that
the set a!ides !* a specified consecutive pattern and !ecause e are told the num!er of terms in
this set.' 9ince e are a!le to find the %differences,% e can use these to calculate the standard
deviation of the set. Althou)h *ou do not need to do this, here is the actual calculation< 9um of
the s3uared differences< 10
2
& 2
2
& 8
2
& 7
2
& 6
2
& 5
2
& $
2
& 3
2
& 2
2
& 1
2
& 0
2
& "K1'
2
& "K2'
2
"K3'
2
& "K$'
2
&
"K5'
2
& "K6'
2
"K7'
2
& "K8'
2
& "K2'
2
& "K10'
2
= 770.



-he s3uare root of this avera)e is the standard deviation< c 6.06
"2' 8?- 9:;;(1(08-< 9ince the set is consecutive, e 7no that the median is e3ual to the
mean. -hus, e 7no that the mean is 20. 6oever, e do not 7no ho !i) the set is so e
cannot identif* the difference !eteen each term and the mean. -herefore, the correct anser is
A.
16.
"1' 9:;;(1(08-< -he avera)e of data set ( = S1, 2, 3T is 2. 9o in data set A = S1, 2, xT as x
increases a!ove 3, it )ets further and further from the avera)e. -his necessaril* increases its
standard deviation, so A necessaril* has a )reater standard deviation than (.
"2' (89:;;(1(08-< 9tatement "2' is insufficient since there are to different values of x less than
1 that )ive different ansers to the 3uestion. ;or eDample, let x = 0 so A = S0, 1, 2T. -hen A has
the same standard deviation as (.
8o let x = K100, so A = SK100, 1, 2T. 1learl* A has a lar)er standard deviation than ( since its
data is much more spread out. 9ince e have found to different values of x that )ive different
ansers to the 3uestion, statement "2' is insufficient.
-he correct anser is A.
17.
10K0.3=2.7 10&0.3=10.3 the num!er ithin 1 standard deviation should !e !eteen 2.7K10.3 so
there are siD num!ers ithin 1 standard deviation 6=8=75%
Anser is /
18.
Avera)e=100
1 standard deviation !elo the mean< less than 100K22.$=77.6
?!viousl*, 70 and 75 can fulfill the re3uirements.
Anser is B
14.
1 and 2 standard deviations !elo the mean=Znum!er of the hours at most is 21K6=15, at least is
21K2M6=2.
Anser is /
20.
Avera)e of the sum of the s3uared differences<
770
21
= 36
2
3
Cean 8.1
9tandard deviation 0.3
,ithin 1.5 standard deviations of the mean=@8.1K0.3M1.5,8.1&0.3M1.5A=@7.65,8.55A
All the num!ers eDcept 7.51 fall ithin such interval
Anser is 11
21.
dd2=@"a1Ka'd2&"a2Ka'd2&....&"anKa'd2 A=n
,hen e added 6 and 6, the numerator remained unchan)ed !ut the denominator increased, so,
the ne deviation is less than d.
Anser is 0
22.
;or statement 1, e 7no that 68% are ithin @mKd, m&dA, so, the percent )reater than m&d ill
!e "1K0.68'=2.
;or statement 2, e 7no that 16% is less than mKd, considerin) the distri!ution is s*mmetric
a!out the mean m, e can )et, 16% is )reater than m&d.
Anser is /