History of marriage

Ancient world
While the institution of marriage pre-dates recorded history[citation needed], many cultures have
legends concerning the origins of marriage. The way in which a marriage is conducted and its rules and
ramifications has changed over time, as has the institution itself, depending on the culture or
demographic of the time.[24]
A wife was seen as !eing of high value, and was therefore, usually, carefully loo"ed after.[2##][2#4]
$arly nomadic communities in the middle east practised a form of marriage "nown as !eena, in which a
wife would own a tent of her own, within which she retains complete independence from her
hus!and%[2&'] this principle appears to survive in parts of early (sraelite society, as some early
passages of the )i!le appear to portray certain wives as each owning a tent as a personal
possession[2&'] *specifically, +ael,[2&,] -arah,[2&2] and +aco!.s wives[2&#]/. (n later times, the )i!le
descri!es wives as !eing given the innermost room*s/ of the hus!and.s house, as her own private area
to which men were not permitted%[2&4][2&&] in the case of wealthy hus!ands, the )i!le descri!es their
wives as having each !een given an entire house for this purpose.[2&0][2&1]
(t was not, however, a life of complete freedom. The descriptions of the )i!le suggest that a wife was
e2pected to perform certain household tas"s3 spinning, sewing, weaving, manufacture of clothing,
fetching of water, !a"ing of !read, and animal hus!andry.[2&4][2&][20'][20,] The )oo" of 5rover!s
contains an entire acrostic a!out the duties which would !e performed !y a virtuous wife.[202]
The hus!and too, is indirectly implied to have some responsi!ilities to his wife. The 6ovenant 6ode
orders men who have two wives *polygynously/ to not deprive the first wife of food, of clothing, nor of
se2ual activity%[20#] if the hus!and does not provide the first wife with these things, she is to !e
divorced, without cost to her.[204] The Talmud interprets this as a re7uirement for a man to provide
food and clothing to, and have se2 with, each of his wives.[20&][clarification needed]
As a polygynous society, the (sraelites did not have any laws which imposed marital fidelity on
men.[200][201] 8owever, the prophet 9alachi states that none should !e faithless to the wife of his
youth and that :od hates divorce.[204] Adulterous married women and adulterous !etrothed women,
however, were su!;ect to the death penalty !y the !i!lical laws against adultery, as were men who slept
with married women.[20][21'][21,] According to the 5riestly 6ode of the )oo" of <um!ers, if a
pregnant[212] woman was suspected of adultery, she was to !e su!;ected to the =rdeal of )itter
Water,[21#] a form of trial !y ordeal, !ut one that too" a miracle to convict. The literary prophets
indicate that adultery was a fre7uent occurrence, despite their strong protests against
it,[214][21&][210][211] and these legal strictnesses.[200]
(n Ancient :reece, no specific civil ceremony was re7uired for the creation of a marriage > only mutual
agreement and the fact that the couple must regard each other as hus!and and wife accordingly.[citation
needed] 9en usually married when they were in their 2's[citation needed] and women in their teens. (t
has !een suggested that these ages made sense for the :ree"s !ecause men were generally done with
military service or financially esta!lished !y their late 2's, and marrying a young girl ensured ample
time for her to !ear children, as life e2pectancies were significantly lower during this period.[citation
needed] 9arried :ree" women had few rights in ancient :ree" society and were e2pected to ta"e care
of the house and children.[citation needed] Time was an important factor in :ree" marriage. ?or
e2ample, there were superstitions that !eing married during a full moon was good luc" and, according
to @o!ert ?laceliAre, :ree"s married in the winter.[citation needed] (nheritance was more important
than feelings3 a woman whose father dies without male heirs could !e forced to marry her nearest male
relative > even if she had to divorce her hus!and first.[214]
There were several types of marriages in ancient @oman society. The traditional *BconventionalB/ form
called conventio in manum re7uired a ceremony with witnesses and was also dissolved with a
ceremony.[21] (n this type of marriage, a woman lost her family rights of inheritance of her old family
and gained them with her new one. -he now was su!;ect to the authority of her hus!and.[citation
needed] There was the free marriage "nown as sine manu. (n this arrangement, the wife remained a
mem!er of her original family% she stayed under the authority of her father, "ept her family rights of
inheritance with her old family and did not gain any with the new family.[24'] The minimum age of
marriage for girls was ,2.[24,]
Among ancient :ermanic tri!es, the !ride and groom were roughly the same age and generally older
than their @oman counterparts, according to Tacitus3
The youths parta"e late of the pleasures of love, and hence pass the age of pu!erty une2hausted3 nor are
the virgins hurried into marriage% the same maturity, the same full growth is re7uired3 the se2es unite
e7ually matched and ro!ust% and the children inherit the vigor of their parents.[242]
Where Aristotle had set the prime of life at #1 years for men and ,4 for women, the Cisigothic 6ode of
law in the 1th century placed the prime of life at twenty years for !oth men and women, after which
!oth presuma!ly married. (t can !e presumed that ancient :ermanic !rides were on average in their
early twenties and were roughly the same age as their hus!ands.
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