Chapter 11

Complex Power
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Complex Power
Given two signals:


In phasor form:
V= I=

Complex Power:
S = VI*/2 =

) cos( ) (
) cos( ) (
i m
v m
t I t i
t V t v




v m
V
i m
I
2 / ) (
i v m m
I V
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Complex Power
Complex power (in terms of root mean square
- rms):
S =V
rms
I
rms
*

Where:
V
rms
= and I
rms
=

Note:

Thus:
S =V
rms
I
rms
* =

i v rms rms
I V
v rms
V
i rms
I
2 / m
rms
X X
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Complex Power
Thus complex power can be written as:

S
jQ P
I jV I V
I V
i v rms rms i v rms rms
i v rms rms



) sin( ) cos(

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Complex Power
Also can be expressed in terms of load
impedance:

Z = V/I=V
rms
/I
rms
=

Since V
rms
= Z I
rms


Thus:

S = V
rms
I*
rms
= I
2
rms
Z = V
2
rms
/Z*
rms i v rms
I V / ) (
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Complex Power
Since Z=R+jX;

S = I
2
rms
(R+jX) = P+jQ
where:
P = I
2
rms
R
= known as average or real power and is measured in watts.
Q = I
2
rms
X
= known as reactive or quadrature power and is measured in
volt-ampere-power (VAR).
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Complex Power
Note that:

power factor (pf)=

or Q=0 for resistance load (unity pf).

or Q<0 for capacitive loads (leading pf)

or Q>0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).

) cos(
i v
cos
0
ve
ve
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Complex Power
Complex Power (S) =
=P+jQ = VI*/2
=V
rms
I
rms
Apparent Power (S) =|S| = V
rms
I
rms
=
Real Power (P) = Re(S) = S cos
=I
2
rms
R
Reactive Power (Q) =Im(S) = S sin
= I
2
rms
X
Power Factor (pf) =P/S = cos
=cosine of the angle of load impedance or
=cosine of the phase difference between
voltage and current.
i v

2 2
Q P
) (
i v

) (
i v

) (
i v

) sin( ) cos(
i v rms rms i v rms rms
I jV I V
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Complex Power
Power (a) and Impedance (b) Triangle:
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Complex Power
Power Triangle:
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Complex Power
Example 1:
Given:


Determine:
The complex and apparent powers.
The real and reactive powers.
The power factor and the load impedance.

A I
V V
rms
rms
15 4 . 0
85 110


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Complex Power
Example 2:
Calculate the power
factor of the entire
circuit as seen by the
source.
State whether the
power factor is
leading or lagging.
What is:
The apparent power.
The real and reactive
powers.
The complex power.