Hindi Sahitya Ka Etihas

V{V df H$bm
[hXr Zn H$.4
qhXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg
S>m. amOZ doiyH$a

Hw$cJw$
_w~B {dd{dmc`, _w~B.
S>m. YZoda h[aMXZ

m`mnH$ Ed gMmcH$
Xa Ed _wV A``Z gWm,
H$mH$ gdH$ Ed$ - S>m. gm Eg. JO}

gnmXH$
gdH$, {hXr {df
Xa Ed _wV A``Z gWm
Amg coIH$
- S>m. nr. Ho$. Ywmi

H$bm, dm{U Ama {dkmZ hm{dmb,
{edbo, Vm. wa~mS>.
- S>m. Xmm w$H$a
Bm hm{dmb,
mQy>Jm, _w~B - 400 019.
- S>m. ~mbmOr JmH$dmS>
{gmW hm{dmb,
AmZX ^dZ, $moQ>, _w~B - 400 001.

{S>g|~a, 2010 V{V df H$cm- qhXr - Zn-4 qhXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg
H$meH$
- m`mnH$ Ed gMmcH$, Xa Ed _w$ A``Z gWm

_w~B {dd{dmc`, _w~B - 400 098.
Aja OwiUr
- Vr Jm\$sg
amYm{Zdmg, {$amoOehm ohVm amoS>,
{dconmc} (nyd), _w~B - 400 057
-
N>nmB
AZwH$_{UH$m
H$_mH$
{df`
1. {hXr gm{h : H$mb-{d^mOZ Ed ZmH$aU

{hXr gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb{d^mOZ
2. Am{XH$mc
3. ^{V H$m CX^d Ama {dH$mg
1.
^pVH$mc
3-A gV H$m
3-Am gy$s H$m
3-B am ^pV H$m
3-B H$U ^pV H$m
4. ar{VH$mb
5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb
5-A ^maVoXw - wJrZ H$m
5-Am {doXr `wJrZ- H$m`
6. N>m`mdmX
7. J{VdmX
8. `moJdmX
9. ZB H${dVm
10.ZdJrV
11.Cn`mg
12.{hXr H$hmZr CX^d Ama {dH$mgboIH$
13.{hXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg
14.{hXr {Z~Y gm{h` H$m {dH$mg
n>. H$mH$
1
11
40
43
47
58
66
74
85
102
115
127
139
163
186
210
235
257
287
297
311
T.Y.B.A. HIND PART - IV

qhXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg
(History of Hindi Literature)
nmR>H$ Ho$ {bE {ZYm[aV {df 1. {hXr gm{h

H$mc-{d^mOZ Ed ZmH$aU
2. Am{XH$mb
{g gm{h, ZmW gm{h, OZ gm{h, bm{H$H$ gm{h Ama amgmo gm{h H$s
gmm {deofVmE
3. ^pVH$mb
gV H$m, gy$s H$m, am ^pV H$m Ama H$U ^pV H$m H$s wI {deofVmE
4. ar{VH$mb
ar{V ~, ar{V {g Ama ar{V wV H$m H$s wI d{mm
5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb
(H$) AmYw{ZH$ {hXr H$[dVm H$m {dH$mg
(^maVoX wJ, {doXr wJ, N>mmdmX, J{VdmX, moJdmX, Zr H${dVm VWm ZdJrV H$s
wI d{mm)
(I) {hXr J H$s {dYmE
([hXr Cnmg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ Ama {Z~Y gm{h H$m H${H$ {dH$mg)
({hXr J {dYmAm| Ho$ IS> go wJ-{d^mOZ AWdm wJ {deof g~Yr Z Ano{jV Zht
h&)
{deof gyMZm - Bg Zn | Mma Z {dH$n g{hV nyN>o OmE& nmMdo Z | "H$' Ama
"I' Xmo IS> hm|& IS> "H$' | Xmo {Q>n{Um nyN>r OmE {OZ| go {H$gr EH$ H$m Cma Ano{jV hmo
Ama IS> "I' Ho$ AVJV Xg dVw{Z> Z {ZYm[aV Z gyMr | nyN>o OmE& g^r Zm| Ho$
{bE 20 AH$ {ZYm[aV h&
{ZYm[aV dVw{Z> Zm| H$s gyMr

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{hXr gm{h Ho$ Ama{^H$ wJ H$mo "Am{XH$mc' Ho$ Zm go {H$gZo A{^{hV {H$m h?
- hOmar gmX {doXr
{hXr H$m W H${d {H$go mZm Jm h? - gahnmX
"drgbXod amgmo' Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm {b{IE& - Zan{V Zmh
"nS> M[aC' {H$gH$s aMZm h? - d^y
Am{XH$mb | IS>r ~mocr H$mo H$m-^mfm ~ZmZodmbo W H${d H$m Zm {b{IE&
- Ara Iwgamo
{H$g H${d H$mo "{Wb H$mo{H$b' H$hm Jm h? - {dmn{V
gahnmX H$s gdm{YH$ {g aMZm H$mZ-gr h? - XmohmH$mof
{hXr gm{h Ho$ {H$g H$mb H$mo "{hXr gm{h H$m dU-wJ' H$hm Jm h?
- ^pVH$mb
"MXmZ' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE& - wm XmD$X
"XmX' ^pVH$mb H$s {H$g Ymam Ho$ H${d h? - {ZJwU
"H${dVmdbr' Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm {b{IE& - VwbgrXmg
"âJrV' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE& - gyaXmg
VwbgrXmg Zo {H$g hmH$m H$s aMZm H$s? - amM[aV mZg
"ewmVdmX' H$m g~Y {hXr gm{h H$s {H$g Ymam go h? - H$U ^pV emIm
(d^mMm)
am ^pV H$m na {H$g XeZ H$m ^md nS>m h?- {d{e>m VdmX
(ammZwOmMm)
nwf YmZ gmVr nanam H$mo {H$g wJrZ H$d{r Zo MwZmVr Xr Wr? - ram
AmMm amM ewb Zo "Cma H$mb' H$mo H$mZ-gm Zm {Xm h? - ar{VH$mb
ar{VH$mb H$mo H$m H$s {> go {H$VZo ^mJm| | ~mQ>m Jm h? - VrZ
ar{V {g H$mYmam Ho$ wI H${d H$mZ h? - {~hmar
ar{VH$mb Ho$ {H$g H${d Zo draag YmZ aMZmE H$s h? - ^yfU
KZmZX {H$g H$m-Ymam Ho$ H${d h? - ar{VwV
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb | {bIm Jm IS>r ~mobr H$m W hmH$m H$mZ-gm h?
- { dmg
"gmHo$V' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE& - {Wbr eaU Jw
"nwn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m H${d H$mZ h? - mIZbmb MVwd}Xr
N>mmdmX H$mo "Wyb Ho$ {V gy H$m [dmoh' {H$g AmbmoMH$ Zo H$hm h? - S>m. ZJ|
H$mmZr | {H$g XeZ H$s A{^{$ hB h? - ed XeZ
27. "gamoO {V' ZmH$ aMZm {H$g H${d Zo H$s h? - {Zambm

28. "gadVr' n{H$m Zo {Zambm H$s {H$g aMZm H$mo AdrH$V H$a {Xm Wm?
- Oyhr H$s H$br
29. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ram {H$go H$hm OmVm h? - hmXodr dm
30. "agdVr' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE& -"{XZH$a' amYm[a qgh {XZH$a
31. "Ywembm' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE& - h[adeam ~Z
32. H${V H$m gwHw$ma H${d {H$go H$hm Jm h? - gw{mZXZ nV
33. "MmX H$m wh Q>oT>m h' H$m gJh Ho$ H${d H$mZ h?- "wpV~moY' JOmZZ mYd
wpV~moY
34. "AYoao |' H${dVm H$m aMZmH$ma H$mZ h? - wpV~moY
35. "AmJZ Ho$ nma ma' H$mgJh H$mo {H$g H${d Zo {bIm h? - Ako
36. "ggX go gS>H$ VH$' H$m gJh H$mo {H$gZo {bIm h? - Yw{b
37. {hXr H$m {V{Z{Y JObH$ma {H$go mZm OmVm h? - XV Hw$ma
38. "e~ar' ZmH$ H${V Ho$ aM{Vm H$mZ h? - OJXre Jw
39. "{ddmg ~T>Vm hr Jm' H${dVm {H$gZo {bIr h? - {edJb qgh 'gwZ'
40. "~mXb H$mo {KaVo XoIm h' H${dVm Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm {b{IE& - ZmJmOwZ
41. "{MVm{U' {H$gHo$ {Z~Ym| H$m gH$bZ h? - AmMm amM ewb
42. "AmJZ H$m nN>r Ama ~ZOmam Z' {Z~Y gJh Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm {b{IE&
- {dm{Zdmg {l
43. "CgZo H$hm Wm' H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ H$mZ Wo? - MYa em "Jwcoar'
44. "mZgamoda' {H$gH$s H$hm{Zm| H$m gJh h? - oMX
45. "{V H$s aoImE' ZmH$ gJh {H$gZo {bIm h? - hmXodr dm
46. "AYoaZJar' ZmQ>H$ H$m boIH$ H$mZ h? - ^maVoX h[aM
47. "EH$ Ama moUmMm' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm {b{IE& - eH$a eof
48. "Ob Qy>Q>Vm hAm' Cnmg {H$gZo {bIm h? - amXmg {l
49. "~oVdm ~hVr ahr' Cnmg H$s bo{IH$m H$m Zm {b{IE& - or nwm
50. "Xgar nanam H$s ImoO' {H$gH$s aMZm h? - S>m. Zmda qgh
51. "namb amgmo' Ho$ H${d H$m m Zm h?
(1) MX~aXmB (2) Zan{V Zmh (3) OJ{ZH$ (4) XbnV [dO&
52. {hXr gm{h Ho$ Am{XH$mb H$mo "{g gmV H$mb' {H$gZo H$hm h?
(1) amM ewb (2) amHw$ma dm (3) amhb gmH$mZ (4) S>m. ZJo&
53. AmMm amM ewb Zo {hXr H$m W hmH$m {H$go mZm h?
(1) H$s{VnVmH$m (2) nXmdV (3) ndramO amgmo (4) {dmg&
54. "{hXr gm{h H$m Xgam B{Vhmg' {H$gZo {bIm h?
(1) {l~Yw (2) amOHw$ma em (3) JUn{VM Jw (4) ~Z qgh&
55. "~rOH$' Ho$ aM{Vm H$m m Zm h?

(1) gyaXmg (2) H$~raXmg (3) Omgr (4) Xmb&
56. {ZZ{b{IV | go H$mZ-gr aMZm Omgr H$s Zht h?
(1) nXmdV (2) AIamdQ> (3) MXmZ (4) Am{Iar H$bm&
57. ^maV | ^pV H$m mooV H$hm go w${Q>V hmoH$a Cma ^maV | Amm?
(1) nyd (2) npM (3) qgY (4) X{jU&
58. "gVZ H$moo H$hm grH$ar gmo H$mO' {H$gH$s npV h?
(1) gyaXmg (2) Hw$^ZXmg (3) MVw^wOXmg (4) VwbgrXmg&
59. ZmZH$ {H$g H$m-Ymam Ho$ H${d h?
(1) gy$s H$m (2) am H$m (3) gV H$m (4) H$U H$m&
60. "mZwg o ^C ~Hw$R>r' {H$g H${d H$s npV h?
(1) XmX (2) wm XmCX (3) Hw$Vw~Z (4) Omgr&
61. "âJrV' Ho$ aM{Vm H$mZ h?
(1) VwbgrXmg (2) gyaXmg (3) {~hmar (4) H$~raXmg&
62. gX B~m{h Zo H$U ^pV Ho$ ^mde AnZm Zm aI {bm?
(1) H$UXmg (2) amXmg (3) agImZ (4) oXmg&
63. "nw{>mJ' H$m OhmO [H$g H${d H$mo H$hm Jm h?
(1) H$~raXmg (2) gyaXmg (3) VwbgrXmg (4) Ho$edXmg&
64. AH$~a Ho$ Xa~ma Ho$ {H$g gX Zo "Xmoohmdbr' H$s aMZm H$s?
(1) ~ra~b (2) ahr (3) VmZgoZ (4) BZ| go {H$gr Zo Zht&
65. {ddZmW gmX {l Zo ar{VH$mb H$mo m Zm {Xm h?
(1) ar{VH$mb (2) lJmaH$mb (3) AbH$V H$mb (4) Cma H$mb&
66. ar{VwV H$m-Ymam Ho$ wI H${d BZo go H$mZ h?
(1) {~hmar (2) Xod (3) KZmZX (4) nXmH$a&
67. "amM{H$m' Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm m h?
(1) ZmnmXmg (2) VwbgrXmg (3) Ho$edXmg (4) {ÎmarXmg&
68. nXmH$a ar{VH$mb H$s {H$g H$mYmam Ho$ H${d h?
(1) ar{V~ (2) ar{V{g (3) ar{VwV (4) BZ| go H$mooB Zht&
69. {ZZ{b{IV | go H$mZ-gr aMZm {WbreaU Jw H$s h?
(1) {dmg (2) gmHo$V (3) bha (4) Cder&
70. H$mZ-gm H${d "EH$ ^maVr Amm' Ho$ Zm go {g h?
(1) amZaoe {nmR>r (2) Za| em (3) mIZbmb MVwd}Xr (4) Yy{b&
71. BZ| go H$mZ-gm H${d N>mmdmXr h?
(1) h[adeam ~Z (2) OeH$a gmX (3) Ako (4) Yy{b&
72. ^maV | J{Verb boIH$ gK H$s WmnZm H$~ hB Wr?
(1) 1936 (2) 1935 (3) 1938 (4) 1950&
73. J{VdmX {H$g XeZ go ^m{dV h?

(1) ApVddmX (2) mgdmX (3) JmYrdmX (4) Zmo{dbofUdmX&
74. moJdmXr H$mYmam H$m ma^ {H$g nwVH$ Ho$ H$meZ go mZm OmVm h?
(1) VmagH$ (2) Xgam gH$ (3) Vrgam gH$ (4) MmWm gH$&
75. Ako Ho$ Cnmmg H$m erfH$ h (1) {Xm (2) eoIa EH$ OrdZr (3) JZZr (4) {MboIm&
76. "AYm wJ' {H$gH$s aMZm h?
(1) ^maVoX (2) Zaoe ohVm (3) Ydra ^maVr (4) Yy{b&
77. wpV~moY Ho$ H$mgJh H$m Zm h?
(1) ~mK (2) ggX Ho$ gS>H$ VH$ (3) MmX H$m wh Q>oT>m (4) Hw$AmZmoZXr&
78. "nhmS> na bmbQ>oZ' {H$gH$m H$m-gJh h?
(1) CX H$me (2) Jboe S>~amb (3) AU H$b (4) amOoe Omoer&
79. "gmo | Yyn' Ho$ aMZmH$ma h?
(1) Hw$ma {dH$b (2) {dZmoX Hw$ma (3) XV H$ma (4) amOoe Omoer&
80. ^maVoX h[aM Ho$ ZmQ>H$ H$m erfH$ h?
(1) AYoaZJar (2) ~H$ar (3) eHw$Vbm (4) gmo{JVm dda&
81. "gadVr' Ho$ gnmXH$ BZ| go H$mZ Wo?
(1) VmnZmamU {l (2) hmdra gmX {doXr (3) hOmar gmX {doXr
(4) h[aAmY&
82. AmMm amM ewb H$m {Z~Y-gH$bZ BZ| go H$mZ-gm h?
(1) AemoH$ Ho$ y$b (2) qMVm{U (3) {dMma Ama {dVH$ (4) agkaOZ&
83. "nJS>{S>m| H$m OmZm' {H$g H$ma H$m -gJh h?
(1) Jwbm~am (2) eaX Omoer (3) h[aeH$a nagmB (4) Za| H$mohbr&
84. ~J {hbm H$s H$hmZr H$m Zm h?
(1) {H$gm VmoVm-Zm (2) CgZo H$hm Wm (3) hma H$s OrV (4) XbmBdmbr&
85. "gmVa H$hmZr' Ho$ dVH$ H$mZ h?
(1) oMX (2) mohZ amHo$e (3) amO| mXd (4) H$boda&
86. BZ| go H$mZ-gm ZmQ>H$ gmXOr H$m Zhr h?
(1) H$XJw (2) MJw (3) Ywddm{Zr (4) ^maV XXem&
87. "AmfmT> H$m EH$ {XZ' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m Zm m h?
(1) eH$a eof (2) mohZ amHo$e (3) brZmamU bmb (4) CX eH$a ^>&
88. "AmR>dm gJ' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm {b{IE?
(1) ^r gmhZr (2) gwa| dm (3) JmoqdX MmVH$ (4) mohZ amHo$e&
89. "~H$ar' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m Zm {b{IE?
(1) OJXreM mWwa (2) mohZ amHo$e (3) gd}da Xmb ggoZm
(4) AgJa dOmhV&
90. {hXr H$m nhbm Cnmg {H$go mZm OmVm h?

(1) ZyVZ ~Mmar (2) narjm Jw (3) R>oR> {hXr H$m R>mR> (4) MH$mVm&
91. BZ| go H$mZ-gm Cnmg oMX H$m Zht h?
(1) H$^y{ (2) aJ^y{ (3) {VVbr (4) JmoXmZ&
92. "mJn' Cnmg Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm ~VmBE?
(1) enmb (2) AVbmb ZmJa (3) OeH$a gmX (4) OZo Hw$ma&
93. gyaXmg Ho$ OrdZ na AmYm[aV Cnmg H$m Zm ~VmBE?
(1) mZg H$m hg (2) godm gXZ (3) IOZ ZZ (4) ^mdVr&
94. BZ| go H$mZ-gm Cnmg Ako H$m Zht h?
(1) XmXm H$maoS> (2) eoIa EH$ OrdZr (3) ZXr Ho$ rn
(4) AnZo-AnZo AOZ~r&
95. "H$moJr Zht am{YH$m' H$s bo{IH$m H$mZ h?
(1) Xbm JJ (2) y ^S>mar (3) Cfm {dXm (4) H$Um gmo~Vr&
96. "MmH$' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE?
(1) or nwnm (2) Owb ^JV (3) gy~mbm (4) Vm H$m{bm&
97. "{Zambm H$s gm{h gmYZm' {H$gH$s H${V h?
(1) Zmda qgh (2) ZJ| (3) am{dbmg em (4) hmXodr dm&
98. "{~ogwa ~H$[ahm' {H$gH$m gaUmH$ aoIm{M h?
(1) OeH$a gmX (2) {Zambm (3) nV (4) hmXodr dm&
99. {hXr H$m nhbm AmH$Wm boIH$ H$mZ h?
(1) {dmoJr h[a (2) CnoZmW AH$ (3) ~ZmagrXmg MVwd}Xr
(4) ~ZmagrXmg OZ&
100. "Kw$S>em' Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm m h?
(1) amJo amKd (2) Ako (3) amhb gmH$mZ (4) enmb&
gX^ JW
1.
{hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg
AmMm amM ewb
2.
g. S>m. ZJo
3.
{hXr gm{h H$m Am{XH$mb
Am. hOmar gmX {doXr
4.
{hXr gm{h : CX^d Ama {dH$mg
Am. hOmar gmX {doXr
5.
{hXr gm{h : wJ Ama d{mm
S>m. {edHw$ma em
6.
{hXr gm{h H$m AmbmoMZmH$ B{Vhmg
S>m. amHw$ma dm
7.
{hXr gm{h H$m dkm{ZH$ B{Vhmg
S>m. JUn{V M Jw
8.
S>m. brgmJa dmU}
9.
S>m. {dOo ZmVH$
10.
{hXr gm{h H$m Xgam B{Vhmg
S>m. ~Z qgh
11.
{hXr gm{h VWm gm{ho{Vhmg:

AVamZwemgZm| H$m AZwerbZ
S>m. Xodoe R>mHw$a
12.
dmVmoma {hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg
S>m. brgmJa dmU}
13.
AmYw{ZH$ {hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg
S>m. ~Z qgh
14.
g. S>m. amgOZ nmS>o
15.
gmR>moma {hXr H${dVm
S>m. aVZ Hw$ma nmS>o
16.
H$mbrZ H$m d^d
S>m. erVb gmX X~o
{hXr gm{h : H$mb-{d^mOZ Ed ZmH$aU

Am{XH$mc
boIH$ - S>m. nr. Ho$. Ywmi
{hXr gm{h : H$mb-{d^mOZ Ed ZmH$aU

BH$mB H$s $naoIm
1.1. Co
1.2 VmdZm
1.3 {hXr gm{h H$mb {d^mOZ Ed ZmH$aU
1.4 ~moY Z
1.1. Co
VwV IS> H$s nhbr BH$mB | {hXr gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m AZ {H$m OmEJm&
BgHo$ A{V[aV {hXr gm{h H$m H$mb {d^mOZ ZmH$aU na {dVV MMm Bg Am |
H$s Jr h& H$mb {d^mOZ Ama ZmH$aU Ho$ g~Y | {d{^ {dmZm| Ama AmMmm] Ho$ V ^r
Bg Am | {Xo Jo h& Vm{H$ Bg BH$mB H$m AZ H$a {dmWu ~moY Zm| H$m Cma
AmgmZr go m H$a gH|$Jo&
1.2 VmdZm
gm{h ZXr Ho$ dmh H$s Vah hmoVm h& Omo {ZaVa AmJo ~T>Vm h& Cg| Z H$moB
H$mdQ> AmVr h& Ama Z hr H$moB Cgo ^J H$aVm h& hm g Ho$ gmW gmW Cg| n[adVZ
AmVo ahVo h Ama n[adVZ Ho$ AZw$n gm{h H$mo Zr d{mm, Zr {XemE {bVr h&
{H$gr ^r gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb-{d^mOZ H$aZo H$s gdm{YH$ Cnw$ Umcr
Cg gm{h | dm{hV gm{h YmamAmo, {d{dY d{mmo|Ho$ AmYma na Cgo {d^m{OV H$aZm
h& wJ H$s n[apW{Vm| Ho$ AZwHy$c gm{h H$s {df VWm ebrJV d{Vm n[ad{VV hmoVr
ahVr h& {hXr gm{h Ho$ {df | ^r hr ~mV wpVwV VrV hmoVr h& EH$ {deof H$mc |
gmO H$s {deof n{apW{Vm Ed Vg~Yr {dMmaYmamE ahr h Ama Cht Ho$ AZwn
gm{hpH$ aMZmE VwV hB h& AndmX aho Ad naVw JmU d{m Ho$ n |& H$mb{d^mOZ H$aVo g d AmMm ewbOr Zo {d^mOZ Ho$ AmYma Ho$ g~Y | AnZm V
n> H$a {Xm h& Chm|Zo H$hm h- ""O~{H$ oH$ Xoe H$m gm{h dhm H$s OZVm H$s
{Mmd{m H$m g{MV {V{~~ hmoVm h V~ h {ZpMV h {H$ OZVm H$s {Mmd{m Ho$ n[adVZ
Ho$ gmW-gmW gm{h Ho$ d$n | ^r n[adVZ hmoVm Mcm OmVm h& Am{X go AV VH$ Bhr
{Mmd{mm|H$s nanam H$mo naIVo hE gm{h nanam Ho$ gmW CZH$m gmO {XImZm hr
gm{h H$m B{Vhmg H$hcmVm h&''
3
{hXr gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s gmJr "^Vmc', "Mmamer dUdZ H$s dmVm' Ama
"Xmo gm ~mdZ dUdZ H$s dmVm' Am{X JWm| | {cVr h qH$Vw H$mc{d^mOZ Ama ZmH$aU
H$s Amoa H$moB {> Zhr H$s JB Wr& {hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg gdW {cIZo H$m lo EH$
|$M {dmZ Jmgm X Vmgr H$mo {Xm OmVm h& Bhm|Zo o$M ^mfm | "Bgdma X cm {gVaowa
ahB E {hXVmZr' ZmH$ JW | AJoOr dU H$mZwgma {hXr Ama CX ^mfm Ho$ AZoH$
H$qdm| H$m n[aM {Xm h& naVw Chm|Zo ^r H$b{d^mOZ Ama ZmH$aU H$s Amoa mZ Zht
{Xm Wm& Bg nanam H$m Xgam hdnyU JW {hXr {dmZ {edqgh g|Ja H$m "{edqgh
gamoO' h& Bg| cJ^J EH$ hOma ^mfm-H${dm| Ho$ OrdZ M[a Ama BZH$s H${dVmAm| Ho$
CXmhaU gJ{hV {H$o h qH$Vw H$mc {d^mOZ H$m Bg| H$moB gHo$V Zht h&
Bg g~Y | g~go nhcm mg H$aZo H$m lo OmO {VgZ H$mo h& na Ogm {H$
Chm|Zo d AnZo JW H$s ^y{H$m | drH$ma {H$m h, CZHo$ gmZo AZoH$ Eogr H${R>ZmBm
Wr {Oggo do H$mc-H$ Ed H$mc {d^mOZ Ho$ {Zdmh | nyUV: g$c Zht hmo gHo$& Chmo|Zo
{cIm h - ""gmJr H$mo Wm g^d H$mcH$mZwgma VwV H$aZo H$m mg {H$m Jm h& h
gd gac Zht ahm h Ama H${Vn Wcm| na Vmo h Ag^d {g hAm h& Bhm|Zo {hXr
gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo {ZZ{c{IV mah erfH$m| Ho$ AVJV {d^m{OV {H$m h& - (1)
MmaU-H$mc 1702 -1300 B.) (2) nhdt eVr H$m Ym{H$ nwZOmJaU (3) Omgr H$s
o H${dVm (4) ~O H$m H$U-gXm, (5) wJc Xa~ma (6) VwcgrXmg (7) ar{V H$m
(8) VwcgrXmg Ho$ A nadVu (9) AQ>R>mahdt eVmXr (10) H$nZr Ho$ emgZ |
{hXVmZ Ama (1) hmamZr phQ>mo[am Ho$ emgZ | {hXVmZ& S>m. {VgZ Ho$ {d^mOZ
| AZoH$ AgJ{Vm, yZVm Ed w{Q>m hmoVo hE ^r W mg hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BgH$m AnZm
hd h&
AmJo McH$a {l ~YwAm| Zo AnZo "{l ~Yw-{dZmoX' (1913) | H$mc-{d^mOZ
H$m Zm mg {H$m Omo oH$ {> g| {VgZ Ho$ mg go ~hV A{YH$ mT> Ed {dH${gV
H$hm Om gH$Vm h& BZH$m {d^mOZ BgH$ma h1 Amap^H$ H$mc / nydmap^H$ H$mc
(600 - 1343 {d.)
Cmamap^H$ H$mc
(1344 - 1444 {d.)
2. m{H$ H$mc / nyd m{H$ H$mc
mT> m{H$ H$mc
(1445 - 1560 {d.)

(1561 - 1580 {d.)
3. AcH$V H$mc / nydmcH$V H$mc

CmamcH$V H$mc
(1681 - 1790 {d.)

(1791 - 1889 {d.)
4. n[adVZ H$mc -
(1890 - 1925 {d.)
5. dVmZ H$mc -
(1926 {d. go A~ VH$)
{l ~YwAmo Ho$ nMmV AmMm amM ewcOr Zo gZ 1929 | "{hXr gm{h H$m
B{Vhmg' VwV H$aVo hE H$mc-{d^mOZ H$m Zm mg {H$m& BZHo$ H$mc-{d^mOZ |
A{YH$ gacVm, n>Vm Ed gw~mooYVm h& AnZr Bgr {deofVm Ho$ H$maU dh AmO VH$
4
gdm Ed gd M{cV h& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ BgH$ma h 1. Am{XH$mc (draJmWm H$mc) gdV 1050 go 1375
2. nyd H$mc (^{$H$mc) gdV 1375 go 1700
3. Cma H$mc (ar{VH$c) gdV 1700 Vo 1900
4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (JH$mc) gdV 1900 go A~ VH$&
Am. ewcOr Ho$ nMmV S>m. amHw$ma dm H$m Zm Bg gJ | CoIZr h, {Ohm|Zo
AnZm Zm- H$mc {d^mOZ VwV {H$m Omo BgH$ma h 1. gpYH$mc (750 - 100 {d.)
2. MmaU H$mc (1000 - 1375 {d.)
3. ^{$H$mc
(1375 - 1700 {d.)
4. ar{VH$mc
(1700 - 1900 {d.)
5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (1900 go A~ VH$)
S>m. dm Ho$ {d^mOZ Ho$ A{V VrZ H$mc-{d^mOZ AmMm ewcOr Ho$ hr {d^mOZ Ho$
AZw$n h, Ho$dc "draJmWmH$mc' Ho$ WmZ na "MmaUH$mc' Ed "gpYH$mc' Zm XoH$a
AnZm ZmnU Wm{nV {H$m h&
Bg nanam | ~m~y mgwXa Xmg mam {H$m hAm H$mc-{d^mOZ ^r CoIZr h&
CZHo$ H$mc-{d^mOZ | Am. ewcOr go H$moB A{YH$ {^Vm Zht h& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ
BgH$ma h 1. Am{XH$mc
(draJmWm H$m wJ gdV 1000 go gdV 1400 VH$)
2. nyd wJ (^{$ H$m wJ, gdV 1400 go gdV 1700 VH$)
3. Cma wJ (ar{V JWm| H$m wJ, gdV 1700 go, gdV 1900 VH$)
4. AmYw{ZH$ wJ (ZdrZ {dH$mg H$m wJ, gdV 1900 go A~ VH$)
Cnw$ H$mc-{d^mOZ H$s nanam | Am. ewcOr Ho$ ~mX Hw$N> {dmZmo| Zo WmoS>m-~hV
n[adVZ H$aHo$ AnZm H$mc-{d^mOZ VwV H$aZo H$m mg {H$m h& naVw ewcOr H$m
B{Vhmg coIZ H$m AmYma hr A{YH$ dkm{ZH$, VH$gJV Ama CnwV VrV hmoVm h& S>m.
JUn{VM Jw Zo AnZo JW "{hXr gm{h H$m dkm{ZH$ B{Vhmg' | CgH$m AZwmoXZ
{H$m h& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ BgH$ma h 1. map^H$ H$mc
(1184 - 1350 B.)
2. nyd H$mc
(1350 - 1600 B.)
3. Cma H$mc
(1600 - 1857 B.)
4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc
(1857 B. A~ VH$)
Bg nanam o S>m. ZJo H$m Zm ^r CoIZr h& Chm|Zo {hXr gm{h H$m H$mc{d^mOZ VWm ZmH$aU BgH$ma {H$m h 1. Am{XH$mc
7 dt eVr Ho$ go 14 dt eVr Ho$ VH$&
2. ^pVH$mc 14 dt eVr Ho$ go 17 dt eVr Ho$ VH$&
3. ar{VH$mc
17 dt eVr Ho$ go 19 dt eVr Ho$ VH$&
4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc 19 dt eVr Ho$ go A~ VH$&
5
A) nwZOmJaU H$mc (^maVoX H$mc) g. 1877 - 1900 B.
~) OmJaU-gwYma H$mc ({doXr H$mc) g. 1900 - 1918 B.
H$) N>mmdmX H$mc g. 1918 - 1938 B.
S>) N>mmdmXmoma H$mc
1. J{V-moJ H$mc - g. 1938 - 1953 B.
2. ZdcoIZ H$mc g. 1953 B. go A~ VH$&
CnwV g^r {dmZm| Ho$ H$mc-{d^mOZ | Am. ewcOr H$m H$mc-{d^mOZ hr
gdgV Ed CnwV mZm Jm h&
1.3 {hXr gm{h H$m ZmH$aU

{hXr gm{h Ho$ H$mc-{d^mOZ H$mo coH$a {dmZmo | A{YH$ VôX Zhr h, Ho$dc
{hXr gm{h Ho$ Ama^ H$mo coH$a VôX h& Cg| ^r wV: Xm|o dJ h - EH$ dJ {hXr
gm{h H$m ma^ gmVdt eVmXr go mZVm h, Ama Xgam dJ Xgdt eVmXr go& dmVd |
gmVdr eVmXr go Xgdr eVmXr Ho$ H$mcIS> H$mo {hXr gm[h H$s n>^y{ Ho$ n |
drH$ma H$a {cm Om Vmo h VôX ^r gm hmo OmVm h m|{H$ Bg H$mcIS> H$s aMZmE
Anê | h Ama Anê go hr {hXr ^mfm H$m O hAm h& {hXr ^mfm Ed gm{h H$s yc
MoVZm H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE Bg H$mcIS> H$s ^mfm Ho$ dn Ed gm{h-Ymam H$mo gPZm
A{V AmdH$ h&
{hXr gm{h Ho$ {d{^ H$mcIS>mo Ho$ ZmH$aU H$mo coH$a {dmZm| | VôX h&
wV: Xgdt eVmXr go MmXhdt eVmXr VH$ Ho$ Amap^H$ H$mcIS> (Am{XH$mc) Ama
ghdr eVmXr go Crgdt eVmXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIS> (ar{VH$mc) Ho$ ZmH$aU H$mo coH$a hr
A{YH$ VôX h&
A) Xgdt eVmXr go MmXhdt eVmXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIS> H$m {d{^ {dmZm| mam {H$m
Jm ZmH$aU BgH$ma h MmaUH$mc - {JgZ
map^H$ H$mc - {l~Yw
draJmWmH$mc - Am. amM ewc
{ggmV H$mc - amhc gmH$mZ
~rOdnZ H$mc - hmdragmX {doXr
draH$mc - {ddZmWgmX {l
Am{XH$mc - hOmargmX {doXr
g{YH$mc Ed MmaUH$mc - S>m. amHw$ma dm
MmaUH$mc - {JgZ Zo gdW {hXr gm{ho{Vhmg Ho$ Amap^H$ H$mc H$m
ZmH$aU "MmaUH$mc' {H$m h, qH$Vw Bg ZmH$aU H$m H$moB R>mog mU do VwV Zhr H$a
gHo$ h& Chm|Zo MmaUH$mc 643 Bgdr go mZm h O~{H$ 1000 Bgdr VH$ MmaU H${dm|
6
mam {c{IV H$moB aMZm CncY Zhr hmoVr& V: h ZmH$aU CnwV Zht h&
map^H$ H$mc - {l~YwAm| Zo 643 Bgdr go 1387 Bgdr VH$ Ho$ H$mc H$mo
"map^H$ H$mc' Zm go A{^{hV {H$m h& h Zm {H$gr gm{hpH$ d{m H$m moVH$ Zhr
h& h EH$ gmm gkm h Omo {hXr ^mfm Ho$ ma^ H$mo ~VmVr h& AV: h Zm ^r
VH$gJV Zhr h&
draJmWmH$mc - Am. amM ewc Zo AnZo {hXr gm[h Ho$ B{Vhmg | gdV
1050 go coH$a 1375 Bgdr VH$ H$s H$mcmd{Y H$mo "draJmWm H$mc' Zm {Xm h& AnZo V
Ho$ gWZ | Chm|Zo H$hm h - ""Am{XH$mc H$s XrK nanam Ho$ ~rM W S>oT>-Xmo gm dfm} Ho$
^rVa Vmo aMZm H$s {H$gr {deof d{m H$m {ZM Zhr hmo nmVm h - Y, Zr{V, lJma, dra
g~ H$ma H$s aMZmE Xmohmo | {cVr h& Bg A{Z{X> cmoH$-d{m Ho$ CnamV O~ go
wgcmZm| H$s MT>mBm Ama^ hmoVr h V~ go h {hXr gm{h H$r d{m {deof $n | ~YVr
hB nmVo h& amOm{lV H${d Ama MmaU {Og H$ma ar{V, lJma Am{X Ho$ w$Q>H$c Xmoho
amOg^mAm| | gwZmm H$aVo Wo, Cgr H$ma AnZo AmlXmVm amOmAm| Ho$ namH$ nyU M[aVm|
m JmWmAm| H$m ^r dUZ {H$m H$aVo Wo& h ~Y nanam "amgmo' Ho$ Zm go nmB OmVr h,
{Ogo c H$aHo$ Bg H$mc H$mo hZo "draJmWm H$mc' H$hm h& ewcOr Zo Bg wJ H$m
ZmH$aU H$aZo Ho$ {cE {OZ ~mah JWm| H$mo AmYma ~Zmm do JW h 1. {dOnmc amgmo 7. ndramO amgmo
2. hra amgmo
8. OMX H$me
3. H$s{VcVm
9. OH$ OgMpH$m
4. H$s{VnVmH$m
10. namc amgmo
5. IwmZ amgmo
11. Iwgamo H$s nho{cm
6.~rgcXod amgmo
12. {dmn{V H$s nXmdcr
{OZ ~mah aMZmAmo H$moo ewc Or Zo ZmH$aU H$m AmYma mZm. AmMm hOmargmX
{doXr Or Zo CZ aMZmAm| H$mo Amm{UH$ {g H$aVo hE "draJmWmH$mc' ZmH$aU H$mo
{ZaWH$ {g {H$m h& Ogo ~rgcXod amgmo Ama IwmZ amgmo Zo emoY n[aUmm| Ho$ AmYma na
gmochdt eVmXr | a{MV mZo JE h& hra amgmo, OMH$me Ama OH$
OgMpH$m Zmo{Q>g m h& BgrH$ma {g hmH$m ndramO amgmo H$moo ^r AY
mm{UH$ mZ {cm Jm h& namc amgmo m AmhmIS> Ho$ yc H$m AmO H$hr nVm Zhr
cJVm Ama Iwgamo H$s nho{cm VWm {dmn{V H$s nXmdcr ^r draJmWmH$ Zhr h& BgHo$
A{V[a$ Bg H$mc | Ho$dc draH$m hr Zhr {cIo Jo A{nVw Ym{H$, lJm[aH$ Ama
cm{H$H$ gm{h H$s ^r aMZmE hB h&
{ggmV H$mc - amhc gmH$mZ Zo Bg H$mc H$m ZmH$aU "{g gmV
H$mc' {H$m h& BZHo$ VmZwgma Bg H$mcIS> Ho$ gmO OrdZ na {gm| H$m Ama amOZr{V
na gmVm| H$m EH$m{YH$ma Wm& Bg wJ Ho$ H${dm| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| | gmVmo H$m emoJmZ
hr wI $n go {H$m h& Bg wJ H$s AV~m d{mmo H$m AZ H$aZo na nVm McVm h
{H$ dhm {gm| Ama gmVm| H$m hr dMd Wm&
7
Bg ZmH$aU go VH$mcrZ gmVr dmVmdaU H$m Vmo nVm McVm h naVw {H$gr
gm{hpH$ d{m H$m CXKmQ>Z Zht hmo nmVm& Bg ZmH$aU go ZmW nWr Ama T> moJr
H${dm| VWm Iwgamo Am{X H$s H$m d{mm| H$m gmdoe Zhr hmo nmVm&
~rOdnZ H$mc - Am. hmdra gmX {doXr Or Zo Bg H$mc H$m ZmH$aU "~rOdnZ
H$mc' {H$m h& naVw h Zm ^r CnwV Zht h& ^mfm H$s {> go h H$mc ^co hr ~rOdnZ
H$m H$mc hmo, naVw gm{hpH$ d{m H$s {> go pW{V Eogr Zhr Wr& Bg Zm go h A^mg
hmooVm h {H$ Cg g gm{hpH$ nd{mm eed | Wr, O~{H$ Eogm Zhr h& gm{h Cg wJ o
^r mT>Vm H$mo m m AV: h Zm C{MV Zhr h&
draH$mc - Am. {ddZmW gmX { Or Zo Bg H$mc H$m Zm "draH$mc' {H$m h&
h Zm Am. amM ewc mam {Xo Jo Zm "dra JmWm H$mc' H$m nmVa m h, {H$gr
ZdrZ V H$mo VwV H$aZo dmcm Zht h& AV: h ZmH$aU ^r grMrZ Zhr h&
gpY Ed MmaUH$mc - S>m. amHw$ma dm Zo Am{XH$mc H$mo Xmo IS>m| o {d^m{OV
H$a "gpYH$mc' Ed "MmaUH$mc' Zm {Xm h& gpYH$mc ^mfm H$s Amoa gHo$V H$aVm h Ama
MmaUH$mc go EH$ dJ {deof H$m ~mooY hmooVm h& Bg ZmH$aU | ^r h w{Q> h {H$ Bg| {H$gr
gm{h{H$ d{m H$mo AmYma Zht ~Zmm Jm& {H$gr Om{V {deof Ho$ Zm na gm{h | Cg
H$mc H$m ZmH$aU C{MV Zht& AV: h ZmH$aU ^r R>rH$ Zht h&
Am{XH$mc - Am. hOmargmX {doXr Or Zo Bg H$mc Ho$ gm{h H$mo A{YH$meV:
g{XY Ama Amm{UH$ mZVo hE ^r Cg| Xmo {deofVmAm| H$mo aoIm{H$V {H$m& ZdrZ VmOJr
Ama Anyd VoOpdVm& BZ XmoZm| {deofVmAm| H$mo mZ | aIVo hwE Bg H$mc H$m Zm Chm|Zo
"Am{XH$mc' aIm& AnZo Bg V H$mo n> H$aVo hE Chm|Zo H$hm h {H$- dVwV: {hXr H$m
Am{XH$mc eX EH$ H$ma H$s ^mH$ YmaUm H$s g{> H$aVm h Ama lmoVm Ho$ {Mm | h ^md
nXm H$aVm h {H$ h H$mc H$moB Am{X Zmo^mdmnZ nanam{d{Zw$ H$m ${T>m| go AN>yVo
gm{h H$m H$mc h& h R>rH$ Zht h& h H$mc ~hV A{YH$ nanam or, ${T>JV Ama
gMoV H${dm| H$m H$mc h&''
Bg H$ma dmVd | "Am{XH$mc' ma^ H$m Z hmoH$a nanam Ho$ {dH$mg H$m gyMH$ h&
Bg Zm go gmVdr-AmR>dt eVmXr Ho$ ~m, {g, ZmWmo{Jm| Ho$ gmW dra JmWm H$mm|
Ama AXahmZ, {dmn{V VWm Iwgamo Am{X H$mo EH$ gyVm | goQ>m Om gH$Vm h Ama
w$Q>H$a H${dm| Ho$ Zm {JZmZo go ~Mm Om gH$Vm h& Am{XH$mc Zm | {hXr H$mnm| Ed
^mfm Ho$ AHw$[aV hmoZo H$m ^md ^r Am OmVm h& AV: hr Zm CnwV R>haVm h& A{YH$me
{dmZm| mam ^r "Am{XH$mc' Zm hr m ahm h&
~) MmXhdt eVmXr go ghdt eVmXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIS> H$m ZmH$aU Am. amM ewc Or Zo gdV 1375 go coH$a 1700 B. VH$ Ho$ H$mcIS>
H$mo nydH$mc H$s gkm go A{^{hV {H$m h& Bg wJ Ho$ gm{h | ^pV H$s w d{m
H$mo XoIVo hE Bg H$mcmd{Y H$m ZmH$aU "^pVH$mc' {H$m h& Bgo nadVu g^r {dmZm| Zo
8
drH$ma {H$m h Ama AmO ^r "^pVH$mc' ZmH$aU gdm h&
H$) ghdt eVmXr go Crgdt eVmXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIS> (ar{VH$mc) Ho$
ZmH$aU {dfH$ VôX Am. ewcOr Zo gdV 1700 go coH$a 1900 B. VH$ Ho$ g H$mo Cma
H$mc Zm {Xm h& Bg wJ Ho$ gm{h | ar{V (cjU) JWm| Ho$ coIZ H$s nanam H$mo
XoIVo hwE Bgo "ar{VH$mc' H$hZm VH$gJV mZm h& Bg H$mc Ho$ ZmH$aU H$moo coH$a ^r
{dmZm| | VôX hAcH$VH$mc - {l~Yw
ar{VH$mc - Am. amM ewc
H$cmH$mc - ameH$a ewc "agmc'
lJma H$mc - n. {ddZmW gmX {l
AcH$VH$mc - {l~YwAm| Zo Bg wJ H$m ZmH$aU "AcH$V H$mc' H$aVo hE H$hm
h {H$ - ""ar{VH$mcrZ H${dmo'' Zo {OVZo AmJh Ho$ gmW aMZm ecr H$mo AcH$V H$aZo H$m
mg {H$m h. CVZm A {H$gr ^r H$mc Ho$ H${dm| Zo Zht& Bg d{m Ho$ H$maU h
AcH$VH$mc h& Bg H$mc H$mo AcH$VH$mc H$hZo H$m Xgam H$maU h h {H$ Bg H$mc Ho$
H${dm| Zo AcH$ma {Z$nH$ JWm| Ho$ coIZ | {deof ${M X{eV H$s& hmamOm OgdVqgh
H$m "^mfm ^yfU', {Vam H$m "c{cV ccm', Ho$ed H$s "H${d{m', "a{gH${m' VWm
gya{V {l H$s "AcH$ma mcm' Am{X JW hdnyU h&
naVw Bg H$mc H$mo "AcH$VH$mc' Zm XoZm C{MV Zht h m|{H$ AcH$aU H$s d{m
Bg H$mc H$s {deof d{m Zht h& h d{m Vmo {hXr Ho$ Am{XH$mc go coH$a AmO VH$ Mcr
Am ahr h& Xygao h ZmH$aU H${dVm Ho$ Ho$dc ~{haJ nj H$m gyMH$ h& Bggo H${dVm Ho$
AVaJ nj ^md Ed ag H$s AdhocZm hmoVr h VWm {~hmar Ama {Vam Ogo ag{g H${d,
{OZH$s H${dVm | ^md H$s YmZVm h, CZH$s H${dVm Ho$ gmW m Zht hmo nmVm& BgHo$
A{V[a$ AcH$VH$mc Zm H$mo drH$ma H$a coZo go Bg H$mc H$s {deof d{m lJma Ama
emrVm H$s nyU Cnojm hmo OmVr h&
H$cmH$mc -ameH$a ewc "agmc' Zo Bg H$mc H$mo "H$cmH$mc' Zm {Xm h&
CZH$m H$hZm h {H$ ""wJc gmQ> emhOhm H$m gnyU emgZ H$mc H$cm do{>V Wm& Bg wJ |
EH$ Amoa Wmn H$cm H$m Ma {~X VmOhc Ho$ $n | "H$mc Ho$ Jmc H$m Aly' ~ZH$a
H$Q> hAm Vmo Xgar Amoa {hXr H${dVm ^r H$cmH$Vm go gw$ hB& Bg H$mc Ho$ H${dm| Zo
{df H$s Anojm ecr H$s Amoa A[YH$ mZ {Xm& CZH$s H${dVm | {MH$cm H$m ^r moJ hE
{~Zm Z ah gH$m& AV:Ed h H$cmH$mc h&''
H$cmH$mc Zm go ^r dVwV: H${dVm Ho$ ~m nj H$s {deofVm H$m hr ~moY hmoVm h&
H${dVm H$m AmV[aH$ nj Cno{jV ah OmVm h& gmW hr Bg wJ H$s mnH$ lJm[aH$ MoVZm H$s
AdmZZm hmo OmVr h&
9
lJma H$mc - n. {ddZmWgmX {l Zo Bg H$mc H$mo "lJma H$mc' H$hZm A{YH$
CnwV gPm h& CZHo$ mam {Xm Jm h ZmH$aU Bg H$mc | wV lJma ag H$s
YmZVm H$moo c H$a {Xm Jm h& naVw h Zm ^r wpVgJV Zhr h mo{H$ ar{VH$mcrZ
H${dm| Zo lJma Ho$ A{V[aV dra ag H$r H${dVm ^r {cIr h& gmW hr ^pVnaH$,
Zr{VnaH$ aMZmE ^r Bg wJ | {cIr JB h& ar{VH$mcrZ H${dm| H$m yc da lJma H$^r
Zht ahm& CZH$m Co Vmoo AnZo AmlXmVmAm| H$mo g H$a AWm}nmOZ H$aZm Wm&
AmlXmVm {dcmgr d{m Ho$ Wo& lJma | CZH$s ${M H$mo XoIVo hE Bhm|Zo lJmanaH$ H${dVmE
{cIr& {n Bg H$mc | lJma ag H$s YmZVm h, naVw dh dV Z hmoH$a gd ar[V na
Am{lV h& AV: h ZmH$aU C{MV Zht h&
ar{VH$mc - Am. amM ewcOr Zo Bg wJ H$m ZmH$aU "ar{VH$mc' {H$m h&
CZH$m V h {H$- ""BZ ar{VJWmo'' Ho$ H$Vm ^mdwH$, gX Ama {ZnwU H${d Wo& CZH$m
Co H${dVm H$aZm Wm, Z {H$ H$mmJmo H$m emr n{V na {ZnU H$aZm& AV: CZHo$
mam ~S>m ^mar H$m h hAm {H$ agm| ({deofV: lJma ag) Ama AcH$mam| Ho$ ~hV hr gag
Ama XJmhr CXmhaU AV Mwa n[aUm | m hE&'' ewcOr Ho$ Bg ZmH$aU H$m
AmYma Bg H$mc | ar{VJWm| Ama ar{VJWH$mam| H$s gwXrK nanam h& Bg Zm H$moo g^r
{dmZm| Zo cJ^J EH$V go drH$ma {H$m h& Am. hOmar gmX {doXr, S>m. ZJo Am{X
{dmZm| Zo ^r ewcOr mam {Xo Jo Bg Zm H$mo drH$ma {H$m h& S>m. ^JraW {l Or Zo Bg
wJ Ho$ "ar{VH$mc' Zm H$s gmWH$Vm H$mo n> H$aVo hE H$hm h - ""H$cmH$mc H$hZo go
H${dm| H$s a{gH$Vm H$s Cnojm hmoVr h& lJma H$mc H$hZo go dra ag Ama amO egm H$s,
qH$Vw ar{VH$mc H$aZo go m: H$moB ^r hdnyU dVwJV {deofVm Cno{jV Zht hmoVr Ama
wI d{m gmZo Am OmVr h& h wJ ar{V-n{V H$m wJ Wm, h YmaUm dmV{dH$ $n
go ghr h&'' BgH$ma "ar{VH$mc' ZmH$aU A{YH$ VH$gJV Ed dkm{ZH$ VrV hmoVm h&
S>) 19 dt eVmXr go A~VH$ Ho$ H$mcIS> H$m ZmH$aU gdV 1900 go Ama^ hE AmYw{ZH$ H$mc H$mo Am. amM ewcOr Zo J
Ho$ nyU {dH$mg Ed YmZVm H$moo XoIVo hE "JH$mc' Zm {Xm h& Am. hOmargmX {doXr
og Ho$ CX^d H$mo hr AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m dmhZ mZVo h& mgwXa Xmg Bgo "ZdrZ {dH$mg H$m
wJ' H$hVo h& J H$m {dH$mg Bg H$mc H$s g~go hdnyU KQ>Zm h& {n Bg H$mc |
H${dVm Ho$ jo | ^r {d{dY ZdrZ d{mm| H$m {dH$mg hAm h, qH$Vw Ogm {dH$mg J Ho$
{d{^ AJm| H$m hAm h, dgm H${dVm H$m Zht hmo gH$m h&
"AmYw{ZH$ H$mc' H$mo Am. ewcOr Zo VrZ MaUm| | {d^V {H$m h Ama Bho W
CWmZ, {Vr CWmZ VWm VVr CWmZ H$hm h& A[YH$me AmYw{ZH$ {dmZ Bh|
"^maVoX wJ' AWdm "nwZOmJaU H$mc', "{doXr wJ' AWdm "OmJaU-gwYma H$mc',
"N>mmdmXr wJ' VWm "N>mmdmXmoma wJ' | J{V, moJ H$mc, ZdcoIZ H$mc mZVo h&
{doXr wJ VH$ Vmo AmYw{ZH$ wJ H$s Ymam grYr ahr qH$Vw N>mmdmX Ho$ O Ho$ gmW hr Cg|
ZmZm dmXm| Ama d{mm| H$s ~mT> gr Am JB h& AmYw{ZH$ H$mc H$s J{V BVZr {demc Ama
~hwIr h {H$ Cgo {H$gr {d{e> dmX m d{m H$s gHw${MV grm | Zht ~mYm Om gH$Vm&
10
Bgr H$maU Am{XH$mc Ho$ gmZ Bg H$mc H$mo ^r "AmYw{ZH$ H$mc' H$hZm hr A{YH$ VH$gJV
VrV hmoVm h&
1.4 ~moY Z 1. {hXr gm{h Ho$ H$mb {d^mOZ na {dVV boI {b{IE?
2. {d{^ {dmZm| Zo {hXr gm{h H$m H$mb {d^mOZ {H$g H$ma {H$m h?
11
Am{XH$mc
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

Co
VmdZm
Am{XH$mcrZ gm{h H$m {dVV AZ
~moY Z
2.1 Co
Bg BH$mB Ho$ AVJV Am{XH$mcrZ {dmWu gm{h H$m {dVV AZ H$a gH|$Jo&
Am{XH$mcrZ H$m | VrZ H$ma H$s gm{h aMZm wI $n g| hB h- Ym{H$ gm{h,
cm{H$H$ gm{h Ama amgmo gm{h Bg BH$mB Ho$ AZ g| {dmWum| H$mo {g gm{h,
ZmW gm{h Ama amgmo gm{h H$s gnyU OmZH$mar {c gHo$Jr Ama {deofVmAm| H$m ^r
{dVV AZ {dmWu H$a gH|$Jo&
2.2 VmdZm
{hXr gm{h Ho$ Ama{^H$ H$mc H$mo Am{XH$mc H$hm OmVm h& {hXr gm{h Ho$
Ama{^H$ g H$s aMZmE gm{h Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ AZ Ho$ {cE AV AmdH$ h& naVw
A{YH$me Am{XH$mcrZ JWm| H$m CncY Z hmoZm, m{UH$Vm | g{XYVm, H$mc{ZYmaU |
gmO Z ~R>Zm Am{X H${R>ZmBm| Ho$ gmW gm{h Ho$ {dmZm|, AmMmm] mam dpWV
YmaUm ~Zm coZm ~hV hr Hw$ecVm H$m H$m h&
{hXr gm{h H$m Am{XH$mc {Ogo draJmWm H$mc, MmaUH$mc, {g gmV wJ,
~rOdnZ H$mc, draH$mc Am{U AZoH$ gkmAm| go {d^w{fV {H$m h, {hXr H$m g~go
{ddmXJV H$mc ahm h& Bg H$mc | EH$ Va$ gH$V Ho$ Eogo ~S>o-~S>o H${d Cn hE
{OZH$s aMZmE gH$V H$m-nanam H$s Ma grm na nhM Jr Wr Vmo Xgar Amoa Anê
Ho$ H${d Cn hE Omo AV gac Ed ghO ^mfm | AV g{j eXm| | AnZo m{H$
^md H$Q> H$a aho Wo& dVwV: Bg H$mc | Ohm EH$ Amoa {g, ZmW Ama OZ gm{h H$m
{ZmU hAm {Ogo Yml m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh y$cVm-$cVm ahm. dhm Xgar Amoa
amOWmZ Ho$ MmaU H${dm| mam M[aV H$m ^r aMo Jo, {Oh| amOml {cZo Ho$ H$maU dh
egm H$m {df ~Zm& naVw Bg H$mc | BZ XmoZm| H$m-YmamAm| go {^ cmoH$ gm{h H$r
^r aMZm hB, dh cmoH$m{lV hmoZo go gwa{jV Z ah gH$m& AZoH$ H$maUm| go h gm{h cw gm
hmo Jm& Cggo BVZm Ad kmV hmoVm h {H$ Am{XH$mc | cmoH$ gm{h ^r cmoH$ M{cV
ahm h& CnwV Am{XH$mcrZ g^r gm{h H$mo d{mmo| Ho$ AmYma na {ZZ n | dJuH$V
12
{H$m Om gH$Vm h Am{XH$mcrZ gm{h
Ym{H$ gm{h
cm{H$H$ gm{h
1) {g gm{h,
2) ZmW gm{h
3) OZ gm{h&
1) T>mocm m am Xhm
2) ~rgcXod amgmo
3) dgV {dcmg
4) amCc doc
5) CpV-pV H$aU
6) dU - aZmH$a
7) Iwgamo H$m H$m
8) {dmn{V nXmdcr&
amgmo gm{h (dra H$m)

1) IwmZ amgmo
2) namc amgmo
3) hra amgmo
4) {dOnmc amgmo
5) ~rgcXod amgmo
6) ndmamO amgmo&
(1) {g gm{h ^maVr gmYZm Ho$ B{Vhmg | 8 dt eVr | {gm| H$s gmm XoIr Om gH$Vr h&
{g nanam H$m O ~m Y H$s Kmoa {dH${V Ho$ $cd$n mZm OmVm h& ~w H$m {ZdmU
483 B. nyd | hAm& CZHo$ {ZdmU Ho$ cJ^J 45 df VH$ ~m Y Ho$ {gmVm| H$m Iy~ Mma
hAm& Bg Y H$s {dO-XX{^ Xoe VWm {dXoem| | ~OVr ahr& ~m Y H$m CX d{XH$
H$H$mS> H$s O{Q>cVm Ed qhgm H$s {V{H$m Ho$ $n | hAm Wm& h Y ghmZw^y{V Ama
gXmMma Ho$ yc Vdm| na AmYm[aV Wm& naVw AmJo McH$a Bg Y Ho$ AZwm{m| | H${Vn
gmpVH$ Ama gmYZmH$ Zm| H$mo coH$a VôX Ama^ hmo Jm& Bgm H$s W eVmXr o
~m hmmZ VWm {hZmZ Xmo emImAm| | {d^m{OV hmo Jm& hmmZ ~S>o aWm| Ho$ Amamohr Wo
Ama {hZmZr N>moQ>o aWm| Ho$ Amamohr& hmmZ | dhm[aH$Vm H$m mYm ahm O~{H$ hrZmZ
| {gmV nj H$m mYm ahm& BZ| hmmZr cmoH$ {ZdmU Ho$ gWH$ Wo Ama hrZmZr
$sJV gmYZm Ho$ gWH$& hmmZ dmco AnZo aW | CMo-ZrMo, N>moQ>o-~S>o, JhWrgmgr g~H$mo ~R>mH$a {ZdmU VH$ nhMmZo H$m Xmdm H$aVo W|& hrZmZ Ho$dc {daV Ama
gm{gm| H$mo Aml XoVm Wm& BZH$m OrdZ gac Wm, {H$Vw hmm{Zm| Zo R>m| Ama {dhmam|
Ho$ {ZmU na Omoa {Xm& CgZo {m| Ed JhWm| Ho$ {cE moj H$m ma Imoc {Xm& Bgr H$maU
A{YH$mA{YH$ cmoJ CgH$s Amoa AmH$> hmoZo cJo& dU Ama gwXar ho moJ go Cg| ^>mMma
H$m doe hmo Jm& OmX-Q>moUm Ama mMma ~T>Zo cJm& mo Ho$ Bg hd Ed Mma Ho$ H$maU
hmmZ mZ ~Z Jm&
gmVdt eVmXr Ho$ Amgnmg mZ> go EH$ A CnmZ {ZH$cm, {Ogo dOmZ m
ghOmZ H$hVo h& H$MZ-H$m{Zr Ho$ moJ go mZ H$s cmoH${Vm ~T> MwH$s Wr Ama Cg|
{^Mma ^r ~T> ahm Wm& Yrao Yrao H$mnaH$ ^mdZmAm| H$mo gmpVH$ Ama Xme{ZH$ $n XoZo
13
H$s Mo>m H$s JB& dOmZ nMH$mam| o ~Y Jm& ,Y, WwZ, mg Ama wm dOmZ Ho$
yc AmYma ~Z Jo& Bg H$ma dOmZ | mZ g~Ym| H$s dN>XVm H$mo ~T>mdm {Xm&
gmO na BgH$m X{fV ^md nS>m& BgVah ~m Y hmmZ, mZ, dOmZ Am{X |
{d^V hmoVm hAm H$e: nVZmowI hmoVm Jm&
Vm| momam {g{ MmhZodmco {g H$hcmo& o {g dOmZr AWdm ghOmZr hr
Wo& dOmZr {gm| Zo AnZo V-Mma Ho$ {cE Omo gm{h {cIm, dh Am{XH$mcrZ {ggm{h H$hcmVm h& {gm| H$s gm 84 mZr OmVr h {OZ| go 23 {gm| H$s aMZmE
CncY hmoVr h& oH$ {g Ho$ Zm Ho$ nrN>o "m' eX IS>m hAm h& gahm {hXr Ho$ W
{g mZo OmVo h& CZH$m "XohmH$moe' JW {dmV h& BZHo$ Acmdm e~am, cwP, S>mo{~,
H$i, Hw$Hw$[anm, wS>[a,em{Vnm Ama dmUmnm Am{X {g H${dm| o ^r Am{XH$mcrZ {g
gm{h H$mo g ~ZmZo | AnZm moJXmZ {Xm h&
BZ {gm| Zo JhW OrdZ na ~c {Xm& BgHo$ {cE r H$m godZ, ggma n {df go
~MZo Ho$ {cE Wm& OrdZ Ho$ dm^m{dH$ ^moJm| | d{m Ho$ H$maU {g gm{h | ^moJ o
{ZdmU H$s ^mdZm {cVr h& OrdZ H$s dm^m{dH$ d{mm| | {ddmg Ho$ H$maU BZ {gm|
H$m {gmV nj ghO mJ H$hcmm&
{g m: A{e{jV Ama hrZ Om{V go g~Y aIVo Wo, AV: CZH$s gmYZm H$s
gmYZ^yV wm| H$mnmcr, S>mo~r Am{X Zm{H$m| ^r {ZZ Om{V H$s Wr m{H$ BZHo$ {cE o
gwc^ Wr& Chm|Zo Y Ama Amm H$s AmS> | OZ-OrdZ Ho$ gmW {dS>~Zm H$aVo Zmar
H$m Cn^moJ {H$m& CZHo$ H$c Ama H${ce mo{Z Ama {eZ Ho$ VrH$ m h& {gm| Zo gac
m ghO OrdZ na Omoa {Xm h& gV ~m AZw>mZm| Ed fQ>XeZ H$m {damoY {H$m h, Jw$H$nm H$s H$mZm H$s h, nwVH$s kmZ go ~ gmjmH$ma | gXoh $ {H$m h& eara H$mo
gV gmYZmAm| H$m Ho$ VWm n{d VrW ~Vmm h, Amm-namm H$s EH$Vm | {ddmg
$ {H$m h, gma ^md VWm hmgwI H$s MMm H$s h Ama nmn-nw XmoZm| H$mo ~YZ H$m
H$maU ~Vmm h& {g gm{h H$m ymH$Z H$aVo hE S>m. amHw$ma dm {cIVo h- ""{g
gm{h H$m hd Bg ~mV | ~hV A{YH$ h {H$ Cggo hmao gm{h Ho$ Am{X$n H$s gmJr
mm{UH$ T>J go m hmoVr h& MmaUH$mcrZ gm{h Vmo Ho$dc m VH$mcrZ amOZr{VH$
OrdZ H$s {VN>mm h& h {g gm{h eVmpXmo go AmZodmcr Ym{H$ Ama gmH${VH$
{dMmaYmam H$m n> n h& gjon | Omo OZVm Zaoem| H$s doN>mMm[aVm namO m nVZ go
V hmoH$a {ZamemdmX Ho$ JV | {Jar hwB Wr, CgHo$ {cE BZ {gmo| H$s dmUr Zo gOrdZr H$m
H$m {H$m&''
{g gm{h H$s {deofVmE {g gm{h AnZr d{m Ama ^md Ho$ H$maU {hXr gm{h | {deof hd
aIVm h& BZ {gm|Zo AnZo gXm Ho$ {gmVmo H$m {XXeZ H$aZodmco gmYZmnaH$ gm{h
H$m {ZmU {H$m& {g-gm{h H$s gmm d{mm BgH$ma h -
14
1) OrdZ H$s ghOVm Ama dm^m{dH$Vm o T> {ddmg {g H$[dm| Zo OrdZ H$s ghOVm Ama dm^m{dH$Vm | T>{ddmg V
{H$m h& A Y Ho$ AZwm{m| Zo OrdZ na H$B {V~Y cJmH$a OrdZ H$mo H${ ~Zmm
Wm& {deofH$a H$ZH$ H$m{Zr H$mo gmYZm mJ H$s ~mYmE mZr Wr& {d{^ H$H$mS>m| go
gmYZm mJ H$mo ^r H${ ~Zmm Wm& {gm| Zo BZ g^r H${VmAm| H$m {damoY H$a OrdZ H$s
ghOVm Ama dm^m{dH$Vm na ~c {Xm& CZHo$ VmZwgma ghO gwI go hr hmgwI H$s m{
hmoVr h& Bg{cE {gm| Zo ghO mJ H$m Mma {H$m& ghO mJ Ho$ AZwgma oH$ Zmar km
Ama oH$ Za H$$Um (Cnm) H$m VrH$ h, Bg{cE Za-Zmar {cZ km Ama H$$Um
{Zd{m Ama d{m H$m {cZ h, XmoZm| H$mo AôXVm hr "hmgwI' H$s pW{V h&
2) Jw$ {hm H$m {VnmXZ {gm|Zo Jw$-{hm H$m nm dUZ {H$m h& {gm| Ho$ AZwgma Jw$ H$m WmZ
doX Ama emm| go ^r D$Mm h& gahm go H$hm h {H$ Jw$ H$s H$nm go hr ghOmZX H$s m{
hmoVr h& Jw$ Ho$ {~Zm Hw$N> ^r m Zht hmoJm& {OgZo Jw$nXoe H$m AVnmZ Zht {H$m, dh
emm| H$s $^y{ | mg go mHw$c hmoH$a J OmEJm& ""Jw$ CdE{g A{ag YmdU nrES> Oo hr&
~h g $ Wc{h {V{g [aS> Vo hr&&
3) ~mmS>~am| nmIS>m| H$s H$Qw> AmcmoMZm {gm| Zo nwamZr ${T>m| nanamAm| Ama ~m AmS>~am|, nmIS>mo H$m OH$a
{damoY {H$m h& B{g{cE Bhm|Zo doXm|, nwamUm|, emm| H$s IwcH$a {ZXm H$s h& dU dWm,
D$M-ZrM Ama ~mU Ym] Ho$ H$H$mS>m| na hma H$aVo hE gahm Zo H$hm h - ""~mU
~m Ho$ wI go V~ nXm hE Wo, A~ Vmo do ^r dgo hr nXm hmoVo h, Ogo A cmoJ& Vmo {$a
~mUd H$hm ahm? {X H$hm {H$ gH$mam| go ~mUd hmoVm h Vmo MmS>mc H$mo AN>o gH$ma
XoH$a ~mU H$m| ZXr ~Zm XoVo? {X AmJ | Kr S>mcZo go wpV {cVr h Vmo g~H$mo m| Zht
S>mcZo XoVo? hmo H$aZo go wpV {cVr h h nVm Zht co{H$Z YwAm cJZo go AmIm| H$mo H$>
O$a hmoVm h&''
{XJ~a gmYwAm| H$mo c H$aVo hE gahm H$hVo h {H$ ""{X ZJo ahZo go
wpV hmoo OmE Vmo {gma, Hw$mm| H$mo ^r w{$ Ad hmoZr Mm{hE& Ho$e ~T>mZo go {X wpV hmoo
gHo$ Vmo wa CgHo$ g~go ~S>o A{YH$mar h& {X H$Y ^moOZ go wpV hmo Vmo hmWr, KmoS>mo H$mo
wpV nhco hmoZr Mm{hE&'' BgVah BZ {gm| Zo doX, nwamU Ama npS>Vm| H$s H$Qw> AmcmoMZm
H$s h&
4) VH$mcrZ OrdZ | AmemdmXr gMma {g gm{h H$m wmH$Z H$aVo hE S>m. hOmargmX {doXrOr Zo {cIm h ""Omo OZVm Zaoem| H$s dN>mMm[aVm, namO m nVZ go V hmoH$a {ZamemdmX Ho$ JV |
{Jar hB Wr, CgHo$ {cE BZ {gm| H$s dmUr Zo gOrdZr H$m H$m {H$m& ... OrdZ H$s ^mZH$
15
dmV{dH$Vm H$s A{ go {ZH$mcH$a Zw H$mo hmgwI Ho$ erVc gamoda | AdJmhZ H$amZo
H$m hdnyU H$m Bhm|Zo {H$m&'' AmJo McH$a {gm|| damMma $c Jm, {OgH$m ~yam
Aga OZ-OrdZ na nS> Jm&
5) ahmH$ AZw^y{V {gm| Zoo km Ama Cnm (H$$Um) Ho$ {cZmonamV m hmgwI H$m dUZ
Ama {ddoMZ AZoH$ nH$m| Ho$ m go {H$m h& ZmH$m, drUm, Myhm, [haU Am{X $nH$m| H$m
moJ Bhm|Zo ahmZw^y{V H$s mm Ho$ [cE [H$m h& a{d, e{e, H$c, Hw${ce, mU,
AdYyV Am{X Vm{H$ eXm| H$m mooJ ^r Bgr mm Ho$ {cE hAm h& S>m. Ydra ^maVr Zo
AnZo emoY JW "{g gm{h' | {gm| H$s eXmdcr H$s Xme{ZH$ mm H$a CgHo$
AmmpH$ nj H$mo n> {H$m h&
6) lJma Ama emV ag {g H${dm| H$s aMZm | lJma Ama emV ag H$m gwXa moJ hAm h& H$ht
H$ht na CWmZ lJma {MU {cVm h& Acm{H$H$ AmZX H$s m{ H$m dUZ H$aVo g
Eogm hAm h&
7) OZ^mfm H$m moJ {gm| H$s aMZmAmo | gH$V VWm Anê {{lV Xoer ^mfm H$m moJ
{cVm h& S>m. amHw$ma dm BZH$s ^mfm H$mo OZ gwXm H$s ^mfm mZVo h& OZ^mfm H$mo
AnZmZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Ohm do AnZr ghO gmYZm H$s mm H$aVo h, dhm CZH$s ^mfm pc>
~Z OmVr h& {gm| H$s ^mfm H$mo hargmX emr Zo "gYm-^mfm' H$hm h& gmP Ho$ g {Og
H$ma MrO| Hw$N> n> Ama Hw$N> An> {XImB XoVr h, Cgr H$ma h ^mfm Hw$N> nQ> Ama
Hw$N> An> AW-~mooY XoVr h& hr V A{YH$ M{cV h&
8) N>X moJ {gm| H$s A{YH$me aMZm Mm JrVmo | hB h, VWm{n Bgo Xmohm, MmnmB Ogo
cmoH${ N>X ^r wV hE h& {gm| Ho$ {cE Xmohm ~hV hr { N>X ahm h& CZH$s aMZmAmo
o H$ht H$ht gmoaR>m Ama N>n H$m ^r moJ nmm OmVm h&
9) gm{h Ho$ Am{X $n H$s mm{UH$ gmJr {g gm{h H$m hd Bg ~mV | ~hV A{YH$ h {H$ Cggo hmao gm{h Ho$
Am{X $n H$s gmJr mm{UH$ T>J go mV hmooVr h& MmaU H$mcrZ gm{h Vmo Ho$dc
VH$mcrZ amOZr{VH$ OrdZ H$s {VN>mm h& co{H$Z {g gm{h eVmpXm| go AmZodmcr
Y{H$ Ama gmH${VH$ {dMmaYmam H$m EH$ ghr XVmdoO h&
16
ZmW gm{h
{g gm{h | Am JB {dH${Vm| Ho$ {damoY | ZmW gm{h H$m O hAm&
{n BZH$m yc ^r ~mm| H$s dOmZ emIm hr h& {gm| Zo "moJ-gmYZm' H$mo Zrao WyZ H$m
d$n XoH$a gmO | AnZo damMma H$mo "dmmJ' H$s eaU Xr Wr& ZmW-gXm Zo
moJ-gmYZm H$mo EH$ dW gmYZm Ho$ $n | AnZmm Ama Am{XH$mcrZ Ym{H$, gmm{OH$
OrdZ | m AZmMma H$mo I H$aZo H$m mg {H$m& {n ZmW cmoJ Bg V Ho$ OZH$
"Am{XZmW {ed' H$mo mZVo h, co{H$Z ghr AW | Bg V H$mo EH$ gwdpWV n XoZo H$m
lo JmoaIZmW H$mo {Xm OmVm h& JmooaIZmW Zo AnZo Bg gXm H$mo {g gXm go
AcJ H$a {Xm Ama BgH$m Zm "ZmW gXm' aIm&
"ZmW' eX | go "Zm' H$m AW h "AZm{X $n' Ama "W' H$m AW h "^ydZ
| Wm{nV hmoZm& BgH$ma "ZmW' eX H$m AW h- dh AZm{X Y, Omo ^ydZ H$s pW{V
H$m H$maU h& Xgar mm Ho$ AZwgma - "ZmW' dh Vd h, Omo moj XmZ H$aVm h& ZmW
~ H$m CX~moYZ H$aVm h, VWm AkmZ H$m XZ H$aVm h& ZmW gXm CZ gmYH$m| H$m
gXm h Omoo "ZmW' H$moo naVd drH$ma H$a CgH$s m[ Ho$ {cE moJ gmYZm H$aVo Wo
VWm Bg gXm | Xr{jV hmoH$a AnZo Zm Ho$ AV | "ZmW' Cnm{Y OmoS>Vo Wo& ZmW eX
H$m mooJ ~ Ho$ {cE ^r hAm h Ama gXJw$ Ho$ {cE ^r& BZ mo{Jm| H$s EH$ {d{e> doe^yfm
hmooVr h& oH$ moJr EH$ {ZpMV {V{W H$mo H$mZ {MaIm H$a Hw$S>c YmaU H$aVm h {Ogo wm
H$hVo h& BZHo$ hmW | qH$H$ar {ga na OQ>m, eara na ^, H$R> | $mj H$s mcm, hmW |
H$S>c, H$Yo na mKM Ama ~Jc o Ina ahVm h&
ZmW gXmg | Zm ZmW AmVo h, {OZHo$ Zm h - (1) Am{XZmW (d
{ed), (2) ZmW, (3) JmoaIZmW, (4) J{hUrZmW, (5) MnQ>ZmW, (6)
MmaJrZmW, (7) OmcYaZmW, (8) ^VZmW (âWarZmW) Ama (9) JmonrMX ZmW& BZ
ZmWm|Zo AnZo gXm | ^moJ H$m {VaH$ma, Bp g, Z:gmYZm, mUgmYZm,
Hw$S>{cZr OmJaU, moJ gmYZm H$mo A{YH$ hd {Xm h& BZH$r gmYZm H$m yc da erc,
g Ama ewVmdmXr Wm& Bg gXm | Bp {ZJh na {deof ~c {Xm Jm h& Bpm|
Ho$ {cE g~go ~S>m AmH$fU Zmar h, AV: Zmar go Xa ahZm H$s âgH$ {ejm Xr JB h& g^d
h {H$ JmoaIZmW Zo ~m {dhmam| | {^jw{Zm| Ho$ doe H$m n[aUm Ama CZH$m M[a{H$ nVZ
XoIm hmo& Bg gXm | {Zd{m Ama wpV Jw$ Ho$ gmX go hr g^d mZr JB h& AV: Jw$
H$m {deof hd h& ZmW n{Wm| Ho$ w {gmV BpX -gJ, Z:gmYZm, hR>moJ
gmYZm Am{X H$m ^md H$~ra Ed A gVm| H$s aMZmAm| o XoIm Om gH$Vm h& JmoaIZmW
Am{X Zo {OZ VrH$m| H$mo nm[a^m{fH$ eXm| H$mo, IS>Z - S>ZmH$ ecr H$mo AnZmm
CgH$m {dH$mg gV gm{h | {cVm h&
ZmWm| H$s gmYZm-Umcr "hR>moJ' na AmYm[aV h& "h' H$m AW gy Ama
"R>' H$m AW M ~Vcmm Jm h& gy Ama M Ho$ moJm| H$mo hR>moJ H$hVo h& hm gy BS>m
ZmS>r H$m Ama M qnJcm ZmS>r H$m VrH$ h& Bg gmYZm n{V Ho$ AZwgma oH$ {$
Hw$S>[cZr Ama mUe{$ coH$a nXm hmoVm h& gmm Vm Hw$S>{cZr e{$ gwfw ahVr h&
17
gmYH$ mUmm Ho$ mam Hw$S>{cZr H$mo OmJV H$a D$dwI H$aVm h& eara | N>h MH$m| Ama
VrZ Zm{S>m| H$s ~mV H$hr Jr h& O~ moJr UmZ Ho$ mam BS>m qnJcm ZmH$ dmg mJm] H$mo
amoH$ coVm h& V~ BZHo$ | pWV gwfwZm ZmS>r H$m ma IwcVm h& Hw$S>{cZr epV Bgr
ZmS>r Ho$ mJ go AmJo ~T>Vr h Ama N>.MH$m| H$mo nma H$a {VH$ Ho$ {ZH$Q> pWV eyMH$ |
nhMVr h& hr na Ordmm H$mo nhMm XoZm moJr H$m Ma c hmoVm h& hr namZX VWm
~mZw^y{V H$s AdWm h& hr hR>moJ gmYZm h&
ZmW gm{h H$s {deofVmE ZmW V H$m Xme{ZH$ nj ed V go Ama mdhm[aH$ nj hR>moJ go
g~pYV h& BZ ZmWm| H$s aMZmAm| | Z{VH$ AmMaU, dam ^md, Bp {ZJh, mUgmYZm, Z gmYZm Ama Jw$ {hm H$m CnXoe {cVm h& BZ {dfm| | Zr{V Ama gmYZm H$s
mnH$Vm h Ama CgHo$ gmW hr OrdZ H$s AZw^y{Vm| H$m gYZ {MU ^r h& Bg {> go ZmW
gm{h H$s {ZZ{c{IV {deofVmE H$hm Om gH$Vm h 1) {Mm ew{ Ama gXmMma | {ddmg ZmWm| Zo {gm| mam Y Ama gmO | $mcmB hB Aqhgm H$s, {dfdo{c H$mo
H$mQ>H$a Mm[a{H$ T>Vm Ama mZ{gH$ n{dVm na â {Xm& Bhm|Zo Z{VH$ AmMaU Ama Z
H$s ewVm na A{YH$ ~c {Xm h& AnZo VmZwm{fm| Ho$ ercdmZ hmoZo H$m CnXoe {Xm h&
^mJ YVyam Am{X mXH$ dVwAm| Ho$ godZ H$m n[amJ mo{Jm| Ho$ {cE A{Zdm mZm Jm
h& moJ-gmYZm | Zmar H$m AmH$fU g~go ~S>r ~mYm hmoVr h, Bg{cE Zmar go Xa ahZo H$m
CnXoe {Xm Jm h&
2) nanamJV ${T>mo Ed ~mS>~am| H$m {damoY ZmWm| Zo Y {UV ~mS>~a Ama {T>m| H$m IwcH$a {damoY {H$m h& CZHo$
AZwgma {nS> | ~mS> h Bg{cE naVd H$mo ~mha ImoOZm W h& Z H$s ewVm Ama
T>Vm Ho$ gmW hR>moJ Ho$ mam Cg naVd H$m AZw^d [H$m Om gH$Vm h& Y Ho$ jo |
~mS>~a Ho$ {cE H$moB WmZ Zht h& Bgr{cE ZmWm| Zo y{VnyOm, wS>Z {d{e> d nhZZm,
CM ZrM, doX nwamU nT>Zm Am{X H$m [damoY {H$m h&
3) Jw$ {hm ZmW gXm | Jw$ H$m WmZ gdm}n[a mZm h& Bg{cE Jw$-{e nanam
H$mo ZmW gXm | Am{YH$ hd {Xm OmVm h& CZH$s mVm h {H$ dam^md H$m
T>rH$aU Ama {{dY gmYZm Jw$ kmZ go hr g^d hmo nmVr h& JmoaIZmW Zo H$hm h {H$ Jw$ hr
Amm~ go AdJV H$amVo h& Jw$ go m kmZ Ho$ H$me | VrZm| cmoH$ H$m ah H$Q> hmo
gH$Vm h&
18
4) CcQ>dm[gm ZmWm| H$s gmYZm H$m H$ Bp {ZJh Ho$ ~mX mU gmYZm VWm CgHo$
nMmV Z:gmYZm h& Z:gmYZm go Vmn h Z H$mo ggma Ho$ ItM H$a AV:H$aU H$s
Amoa CwI H$a XoZm& Z H$s dm^m{dH$ J{V h ~mhar OJV H$s Amoa ahZm Cgo ncQ>H$a
AVa OJV H$s Amoa H$aZodmcr Bg {H$m H$mo CcQ>dmgr H$hVo h& ZmWm| Zo CcQ>dm{gm| H$m
moJ AnZr gmYZm H$s A{^pV Ho$ {cE {H$m h& CcQ>dm{gm H$ht-H$ht pc> O$a
h, co{H$Z AX^yV ag go AmoV-moV h&
5) OZ^mfm H$m n[aH$ma Am{XH$mcrZ {hXr H$mo g H$amZo | ZmW gm{h H$m hdnyU moJXmZ
ahm h& {n ZmWm| Zo gH$V ^mfm | ^r {dnwc mm | aMZmE {cIr h, co{H$Z gmm
OZm| Ho$ {cE Chm|Zo AnZo {dMma OZ-^mfm | hr A{^V {H$o h& {Og H$ma CZHo$
{dMma nanamJV T>r {dMmam| go AcJ h Cgr Vah CZH$s ^mfm ^r& Am. ewcOrZo BZH$s
^mfm H$mo IS>r~mocr Ho$ {cE amOWmZr mZm h&
Hw$c {cmH$a h H$h gH$Vo h {H$ ZmW gm{h | dN>X ^md Ama {dMmam|
H$s mm{UH$ A{^pV hB h& ZmW gm{h H$s XoZ H$mo n> H$aVo hE S>m. amHw$ma dm
{cIVo h - ""JmoaIZmW Zo ZmW gXm H$mo {Og AmXmocZ H$m $n {Xm dh ^maVr
Zmod{m Ho$ gdWm AZwHy$c {g hAm h& Cg| Ohm EH$ Amoa BadmX H$s {ZpMV YmaUm
CnpWV H$s JB dhm Xgar Amoa {dH$V H$aZo dmcr gV nanamJV ${T>m| na ^r AmKmV
{H$m& OrdZ H$mo A{YH$ go A{YH$ g Ama gXmMma Ho$ AZwemgZ | aIH$a Am{H$
AZw^y{Vm| Ho$ {cE ghO mJ H$s dWm H$aZo H$m e{$emcr moJ JmoaIZmW Zo {H$m&''
19
OZ gm{h
Am{XH$mc H$s CncY gmJr | g~go A{YH$ JWmo H$s gm OZ JWm| H$s h& OZ
Y Ho$ dVH$ hmdra dmr h& BZH$m g N>R>r eVmXr mZm OmVm h& ~mm| H$s Vah
Bhm|Zo ^r ggma Ho$ X:Imo H$s Amoa ~hV mZ {Xm& gwI-X:I Ho$ ~YZm| na Bhm|Zo OrV
nmB {Oggo o "{O' H$hcmo& {O eX go hr OZ eX H$s Cn{m hB h& Bhm|Zo 30 df
VH$ AnZo CnXoe {Xo& hmdra OZ Zo Aqhgm na A{YH$ ~c {Xm Ama Xod nyOm H$m {damoY
{H$m& OZ Y Ho$ yc {gmV Mma ~mVm| na AmYm[aV h - Aqhgm, g ^mfU , AVo
Ama AZmg{$& ~mX | ~mM ^r Bg| gm{c H$a {cm Jm& Bg Y | ~hV go AmMm
Ama VrWH$ma hE. {OZH$s gm 24 mZr OmVr h& Bhm|Zo Bg Y H$mo $cmZo H$m mg
{H$m& AmJo McH$a OZ Y Xmo emImAm| {XJ~a Ama doVm~a | ~Q> Jm& OZ Y H$s BZ Xmo
emImAm| Zo Y gma Ho$ {cE Omo gm{h {cIm dh OZ gm{h Ho$ Zm go OmZm OmVm h&
{XJ~a OZ gmYwAm| Ama H${dm| H$m jo X{jU ^maV Ama Xoe ahm h Ama doVm~a
OZ gmYwAm| VWm H${dm| H$m jo A{YH$Va amOWmZ Ama JwOamV ahm h&
BZ OZ w{Zm| mam Anê | {c{IV OZ gm{h Ym{H$ X{> go hr Zhr gm{hpH$
Ama ^mfm dkm{ZH$ X{> go ^r ~S>m hd aIVm h& hmdra dmr H$m OZ Y {hX Y Ho$
A{YH$ grn h& OZm| Ho$ hm ^r namm h naVw dh g{> H$m {ZmH$ Z hmoH$a {Mm Ama
AmZX H$m moV h& CgH$m ggma go H$moB g~Y Zht& oH$ Zw AnZr gmYZm Ama
nm$f go namm ~Z gH$Vm h& Cgo namm go {cZo H$s H$moB AmdH$Vm Zht& Bhm|Zo
OrdZ Ho$ {V lm OJmB Ama Cg| AmMma H$s gwXT> {^{V H$s WmnZm H$s& Aqhgm,
H$Um, Xm Ama mJ H$m OrdZ | hdnyU WmZ ~Vmm& mJ Bpm| Ho$ AZwemgZ |
Zhr H$> ghZo | h& Chm|Zo Cndmg VWm dVm{X H$ na AmYm[aV gmYZm na A{YH$ ~c
{Xm Ama H$H$mS> H$s O{Q>cVm H$mo hQ>mH$a ~mU VWm ey XmoZm| H$mo w{$ H$m gmZ ^mJr
R>hamm& OZ H${dm| Zo OZgmm VH$ gXmMma Ho$ {gmVmo H$mo nhMmZo Ho$ {cE M[aV
H$m, H$WmH$ H$m, amg, JW, CnXoe YmZ AmmpH$ JWm| H$s aMZm H$s& H$WmAm|
Ho$ m go ecmH$m nw$fm| Ho$ AmXe M[a H$mo VwV H$aZm, OZgmYmaU H$m Ym{H$ Ed
Mm[a{H$ {dH$mg H$aZm, gXmMma, Aqhgm, g Am{X JwUm| H$s hmm ~VmZm Ama Ch|
OrdZ | YmaU H$aZo Ho$ {cE o[aV H$aZm H${dmo| H$m w Co Wm&
OZ H${dm| Zo AmMma, amg, nme, M[aV Am{X {d{^ e{cm| | gm{h {cIm h,
co{H$Z OZ gm{h H$m g~go A{YH$ cmooH${ n "amg' JW mZo OmVo h& h amg JW
draJmWm amgmo go AcJ h& amg EH$ Vah go JonH$ h& OZ {Xam| | lmdH$ cmoJ amr Ho$
g Vmc XoH$a amg H$m JmZ H$aVo Wo& Bg amg | OZ VrWH$mam| Ho$ OrdZM[aV, dUd
AdVmam| H$s H$WmE VWm OZ AmXem] H$m {VnmXZ hAm H$aVm Wm& AmJo McH$a "amg H$m'
EH$ Eogo H$m n Ho$ n | {ZpMV hmo Jm Omo Jo hmo& {hXr | Bg nanam H$m dVZ OZ
gmYw em{c^ gy[a mam {c{IV ""âVoda ~mh~cr amg'' go mZm OmVm h&
OZ H${dm| Zo ammU Ama hm^maV Ho$ H$WmZH$m| Ama H$WmZmH$m| H$mo AnZo {ddmg
Ama mVmAm| Ho$ gmMo | T>mcH$a VwV [H$m h& Bhmoo|Zo nmam{UH$ nwfm| Ho$ A{V[a$ AnZo
20
gXm Ho$ hmnwfm| Ho$ OrdZ H$mo ^r H$m~ {H$m& BgHo$ gmW-gmW M{cV
cmooH$H$WmAm| H$mo ^r H$mmH$ l {Xm& w{Z amqgh (nmhS> Xmohm) Ama mo{JX
(namm H$me) Am{X H${dm| Zo ahmH$ H$mm| H$s ^r aMZm H$s& OZ Anê gm{h
H$s aMZm H$aZodmco VrZ {g H${d h - d^y nwnXV Ama YZnmc& Bhm|Zo CH$>
H$mmo| H$s aMZm H$s& BZHo$ A{V[a$ XodgoZ, {OZXm gw[a, hoM, h[a^ gy[a, gmo^y
gy[a, Agam H${d, {OZ Y gy[a, {dnZM gy[a Am{X Bg gXm Ho$ m{V aMZmH$ma
mZo OmVo h&
hmH${d d^y Anê Ho$ gdlo> H${d h& BZH$m g AmR>dt eVr mZm OmVm h&
BZHo$ mam a{MV Mma H${Vm mZr OmVr h& nXM[a (nXM[aV) m amM[aV),
[aQ>Uo{M[aV (A[a>Zo{M[aV AWdm h[adenwamU), nMmoM[aV (ZmJHw$ma M[aV) Ama
d^y N>X& BZH$s H$s{V H$m AYmaV^ nXM[aV' h& Bg| am H$Wm h& Bg JW Ho$
H$maU d^y H$mo Anê H$m dmrH$s H$hm OmVm h& d^y Zo AnZr amH$Wm H$mo nmM
IS>mo | aIm h Omo dmr{H$ ammU Ho$ H$mS>mo go {cVm h& Bhm|Zo ~mcH$mS> H$m Zm
{dmYa H$mS> aIm h Ama Aa VWm {H${H$Ym H$mS> H$mo EH$X hQ>m {Xm h& OZ Y
H$s {V>m Ho$ {cE Chm|Zo am-H$Wm | -V n[adVZ H$a {XE h VWm Hw$N> ZE gJ ^r
OmoS> {XE h& d^y Ho$ am dmr{H$ Ho$ am H$s Vah AnZr gnyU mZdr Xw~cVmAm| Ama
mZdr epV Ho$ {V{Z{Y ~ZH$a AmVo h& Zmar Ho$ {V nw$f m H$m X{>H$mooU m Wm, h
grVm Ho$ "Arnarjm' dmco gJ | am Ama grVm Ho$ H$WZmo go H$Q> hmoVm h& grVm Ho$ M[a
H$mo CXmaVm {XImZo | H${d Zo H$mc H$a {Xm h & H${d Zo amH$Wm H$m AV emV ag go {H$m
h VWm am grVm OZH$ Am{X g^r nmm| H$mo OZ Y | Xrjm coVo hE {XImm h&
"A[a>Zo{M[aV' (h[adenwamU) | OZ nanam Ho$ ~mBgd| VrWH$ma A[a>Zo{ VWm H$U
Ama H$mad. nmS>dm| H$s H$Wm d{UV h& Bg| H${d Zo mnXr Ho$ M[a H$mo EH$X {ZIma {Xm
h& Zmar M[am| Ho$ {V H${d H$s AmVrH$ ghmZw^y{V nQ> gmZo AmVr h&
OZ gm{h H$s gmm {deofVmE

Anê gm{h H$mo OZ gm{h H$hm OmVm h, m|{H$ Anê gm{h Ho$
aM{Vm OZ AmMm Wo& OZ H${dmo| H$s aMZmAm| | Y Ama gm{h H$m {UH$mMZ moJ
{XImB XoVm h& OZ H${d O~ gm{h {ZmU | OwQ> OmVm h Vmo Cg g CgH$s aMZm gag
H$m H$m $n YmaU H$a coVr h Ama O~ dh Ym}nXoe H$s Amoa PwH$ OmVm h Vmo dh n ~
Y CnXoemH$ aMZm ~Z OmVr h& Bg CnXoe YmZ gm{h | ^r ^maVr OZOrdZ Ho$
gmm{OH$ Ama gmH${VH$ nj Ho$ XeZ hmooVo h& Bg gm{h H$s gmm {deofVmE BgH$ma
h 1) CnXoe ycH$Vm - CnXoemH$Vm OZ gm{h H$s w d{m h, {OgHo$ yc |
OZ Y Ho$ {V T> AmWm Ama CgH$m Mma h& BgHo$ {cE OZ H${dm| Zo X{ZH$ OrdZ H$s
^mdmonmXH$ KQ>ZmE, Amm Ho$ nmofH$ Vd, M[aV ZmH$m|, ecmH$m nw$fm|, AmXe
21
lmdH$m|, Vnpdm| VWm nmm| Ho$ OrdZ H$m dUZ {H$m h& Bgr{cE Bg gm{h |
CnXoemH$Vm H$m da w ~Z Jm h&
2) {df H$s {d{dYVm - OZ gm{h Ym{H$ gm{h hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX gmm{OH$,
Ym{H$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dfm| Ho$ gmW hr cmoH$-AmmZ H$s H$B H$WmAm| H$mo AnZmVm h&
ammU, hm^maV g~Yr H$WmAm| H$moo ^r OZ H${dm| Zo Am{YH$ XjVm Ho$ gmW
AnZmm h& Ohm VH$ gmm{OH$ {dfm| H$m g~Y h, OZ aMZmAm| | cJ^J g^r H$ma Ho$
{dfmo H$m gmdoe hmo Jm h&
3) VH$mcrZ pW{Vm| H$m WmW {MU - OZ H${d amOm{lV Zht Wo, AV:
amOml H$m X~md Ama Xa~mar A{VaOZm go BZH$s aMZmE w$ h& hr H$maU h {H$ BZH$s
aMZmAm| | VH$mcrZ pW{Vm| H$m WmW AH$Z hAm h& Am{XH$mcrZ AmMma-{dMma,
gmO, Y, amOZr{V Am{X H$s ghr pW{Vm| H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE h aMZmE nm $n |
ghmH$ {g hmoVr h&
4) H$H$mS> ${T>m| VWm nanamAm| H$m {damoY - OZ Anê H${dm| Zo ~m
CnmgZm, nyOm-nmR>, emr kmZ, ${T>m| Ama nanamAm| H$m Kmoa {damoY {H$m h, {H$Vw
BZHo$ da | H$Qw>Vm m naIS>Vm Zhr {cVr& {Xa, VrW emr kmZ, y{V, dof, Om{V,
dU, , V, moJ Am{X {H$gr ^r gWm H$mo h Zhr mZVo& Mm[a{H$ AWdm Z H$s ewVm
H$mo o ha pV Ho$ {cE EH$ AmdH$ dVw mZVo h& YZ-gn{m H$s j{UH$Vm, {dfm| H$s
{ZXm, mZd Xoh H$s ZdaVm, ggma Ho$ g~Ym| H$m {mnZ Am{X H$m dUZ H$aVo hE BZ
H${dm| Zo ew Amm na ~c {Xm h&
5) AmmZw^y{V na {ddmg - AmmZw^d H$mo OZ H${dm| Zo Ma m H$hm h
Ama h eara | ahVm h& Amm H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE ew^mew^ H$m] H$m j H$aZm AmdH$ h&
Amm namm EH$ hr h& Amm H$mo OmZ coZo Ho$ nMmV Hw$N> OmZZo Ho$ {cE Zht ahVm&
AmmZX hr gagr^md m ghOmZX h& AnZo gmYZ-nW H$s mm H$aZo Ho$ {cE
Bhm|Zo Ohm-Vhm o-^mdZm Ho$ mooVH$ {-{V H$s H$nZm H$m Aml {cm h&
BgH$ma BZ OZ H${dm| Zo ^moJ go mJ H$s, emkmZ go AmkmZ H$s Ama H$H$mS> go
AmmZw^y{V H$s lo>Vm {g H$s h&
6) ahdmXr {dMmaYmam H$m gmdoe - OZ H${dm| H$s Hw$N> aMZmE ahdmXr
{dMma ^mdZm go AmoV moV h& mo{J w{Z amqgh, gw^mMm, hmZpX hM Am{X Bg
H$mo{Q> Ho$ H${d h& BZH$mo ahdmXr aMZmAm| | ~m AmMma, H$H$mS>, VrWdV, y{V H$m
~{hH$ma, Xoh$nr Xodmc | hr Ba H$s pW{V ~VmZm, VWm AnZo eara | pWV namm
H$s AZw^y{V nmH$a na gm{Y nr AmZX m H$aZm Am{X BZH$s gmYZm H$m w da h&
h AmZX eara | pWV namm Jw$ ({OZ Jw$) H$s H$nm go m hmooVm h, h BZH$s
22
YmaZm h&
7) H$m $nm| | {d{dYVm - H$m $nm| Ho$ jo | OZ gm{h {d{dY $nm| go gn
h& Bg| amg, $mJw, N>n, MVwn{XH$m, ~Y, JmWm, OZar, Jwdmdcr, JrV, Vw{V,
mhm, Cgmh Am{X H$ma nmo OmVo h& Anê Ho$ H$B H$m-nm| H$m moJ OZ H${dm|
Zo {H$m h co{H$Z A{YH$me H$m n Eogo ^r h, {OZHo$ {ZmU H$m lo OZ gm{h H$mo
OmVm h&
8) emV m {Zd}X ag H$m mYm - OZ gm{h | H$U, dra, lJma, emV Am{X
g^r agm| H$m g$c {Zdmh hAm h& "Zo{MX MCnB' | H$U, "âVoda ~mh~cr amg' |
dra VWm "lrWy{c^ $mJw | lJma Bg H$s g$c {Zn{m nmr OmVr h, {H$Vw BZ g^r
H${Vm| Ho$ AV | emV m {Zd}X g^r agmo na hmdr hmo OmVm h& Bgr{cE h H$hZm AgJV
Zht hmoJm {H$ OZ gm{h | agamO emV m {Zd}X h&
9) o Ho$ {d{dY nm| H$m {MU - OZ Anê gm{h | o Ho$ nmM $n {cVo
h- {ddmh Ho$ {cE o, {ddmh Ho$ ~mX o, Agmm{OH$ o, amompQ>H$ o Ama {df o&
W H$ma Ho$ o H$m {MU "H$aH$Sw>M[aC' | hAm h& Xgao H$ma Ho$ o H$m CXmhaU
"nCm{g[aM[aC>' | gw Ama nXlr Ho$ onydH$ {ddmh | {cVm h& "OhgaM[aC>' |
amZr AVr H$m Hw$~S>o go Omo o Wm, dh Agmm{OH$ H$s H$mo{Q> | AmVm h& o H$s
{dfVm H$m dcV CXmhaU "nCM[aC' | amdU H$m o h, qH$Vw amompQ>H$ o H$m hr
Bg gm{h | A{YH$ w$Q>V hAm h& BgHo$ Xmo H$maU h - W, gmVdmXr Bg wJ |
~hnZr Wm Wr, Xgam, Y H$s {hm ~VmZo Ho$ {cE&
1 0) JrV Vd H$s YmZVm - OZ H$[dm| H$s aMZmE ecr, d$n Ama c H$s
{> go JrV H$m Ho$ A{YH$ {ZH$Q> h& h dm^m{dH$ ^r h, mo|{H$ JoVm Bg wJ H$s wI
{deofVm Wr& OZ H${dm| mam wV N>Xm| | c Ama JoVm H$m mZ aIm Jm h&
JcmMaU Ho$ A{V[aV Vw{V Ama dXZm Bg H$m H$m AmdH$ AJ h& N>Xm| | gJrV H$m
nwQ> nwnXV Ama d^y Zo {Xm h& H$S>dH$ Ho$ N>Xmo H$s J{V H$e: gJrV Ho$ da Ama
dmmo| Ho$ c na hr McVr h&
11) AcH$ma -moOZm - OZ gm{h | AWmcH$ma Ama eXmcH$ma XmoZm| w$
hE h, naVw wIVm AWmcH$mam| H$s hr h& AWmcH$mam| | Cnm, $nH$, Cojm,
pVaoH$, CoI, AZd, {ZXeZm, {damoYm^mg, d^mdmopV, ^mpV, gXoh Am{X H$m
moJ g$cVmnydH$ hAm h& A{YH$me OZ H${d CnmZ Ho$ MwZmd | {deof n[aM XoVo h&
eXmcH$mam| | cof, H$, Ama AZwmg H$s ~hcVm h&
23
12) N>X-{dYmZ - OZ H$m N>X H$s {> go g h& d^y H$V "d^yN>X'
Ama hoM {da{MV "N>Xmo@ZwemgZ' JWm| | nm gm | N>Xmo H$s {d{e> {ddoMZm H$s
JB h& OZ H$m | H$S>dH$, nQ>nXr, MVwnXr, Ymm ~XVH$, A{h, {~c{gZr, H$XH$,
X~B, amgm, Xmohm, Cmcm, gmoaR>m, MCn Am{X N>Xmo H$m moJ {cVm h&
13) cmoH$^mfm H$s {V>m - OZ gmYw Jm, ZJa-ZJa KyH$a Y-Mma H$aVo Wo,
Bgr{cE Chm|Zo AnZr A{^pV Ho$ {cE cmoH$^mfm H$m moJ {H$m Ama Cgo {V>m XmZ
H$s&
24
Am{XH$mcrZ cm{H$H$ gm{h

{hXr gm{h Ho$ Am{XH$mc o OZ Ed {g gm{h Y{lV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
VWm amgmo gm{h amO{lV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gwa{jV ah Jm. naVw Bg H$mc | BZ XmoZm| H$m
YmamAm| go {^ cmoH$ gm{h H$s ^r aMZm hB co[H$Z dh cmoH$m{lV hmoZo go gwa{jV Z ah
gH$m& AZoH$ H$maUm| go dh gm{h cw hmo Jm& {d{^ cmoH$JrVmo Ho$ m go cmoH$ | Omo
WmoS>m-~hV eof ah Jm Cgg| BVZm Ad kmV hmoVm h {H$ Am{XH$mc | cm{H$H$ gm{h
^r cmoH$ M{cV ahm h& CncY cmoH$ gm{h | ""T>mocm m$ am Xhm'', ""~rgcXod
amgmo'', ""~gV [dcmg'' ""amCcdoc'', ""CpV pV H$aU'', ""dU aZmH$a'',
""Ara Iwgamo H$s aMZmE'' VWm ""{dmn{V H$s nXmdcr'' H$mo XoIH$a VH$mcrZ cmoH$
gm{h Ho$ {df | AZwmZ cJmm Om gH$Vm h&
T>mocm m$ am Xhm amOWmZ | OZ-OZ H$m H$>hma ""T>mocm m$ am Xhm'' h {Og| H$N>dmhm
de Ho$ amOm Zc Ho$ nw T>mocm Ama nyJc Ho$ amOm qnJc H$s $ndVr H$m madmS>r H$s
oH$Wm h& {n yc H$Wm H$m g~Y Eo{Vhm{gH$ pVm| go h, {H$Vw amOWmZ Ho$ cmoH$
OrdZ go OwS>Zo Ho$ H$maU h H$m H${V npMr amOWmZ | A{V cmoH${ h& h EH$
cmoH$JmWm H$m h Omo amOWmZ | AV {g h& amOWmZ | T>mocm Ama madUr H$mo
o Ho$ {VH$ Ho$ $n | aU {H$m OmVm h& ""gXoe amgH$'' Ed ""~rgcXod amgmo'' H$s
^m{V h ^r EH$ {dahH$m h {OgH$m H$Wmgma BgH$ma h- ~MnZ | hr T>mocm Ama
madUr H$m {ddmh hmo OmVm h& wdm hmoZo na madUr AnZo ~MnZ Ho$ n{V T>mocm H$s MMm
gwZVr h Vmo CgHo$ {dah | mHw$c hmo OmVr h& dh AnZo n{V H$m nVm cJmZo Ho$ {cE H$B
gXoedmhH$ ôOVr h co{H$Z H$moB cmQ>H$a Zht AmVm& g^r gXoe dmhH$m| H$mo madUr H$s gmV
mcdUr adm XoVr h Ama T>mocm VH$ gXoe nhMZo Zht XoVr& AV | madUr cmoH$JrV Ho$
JmH$ T>mT>r H$mo gXoe XoH$a ôOVr h& dh T>mocm VH$ nhMZo | g$c hmo OmVr h& T>mT>r Ho$
Z go T>mocm Ama madUr H$m nwZ{cZ hmoVm h&
""T>mocm m$ am Xhm"" | nanamJV ~mahmgm H$m dUZ Zht {cVm& Bg|
Ho$dc nmdg F$Vw H$m dUZ h Ama dh ^r {dVma go& ""T>mocm m$ am Xhm'' | madmS> H$m
dmV{dH$ OrdZ {V{~p~V hmo CR>m h& Bg| amOWmZr OZOrdZ, H${V, gmO,
dmVmdaU, cmoH$mMma Ed cmoH${ddmgm| H$m Ogm gag gOrd Ama dm^m{dH$ {M Câm h,
dgm A Xcj h& ecr H$s {> go ""T>mocm m$ am Xhm'' cmoH$JrV H$s loUr | AmVm h&
1) ~rgcXod amgmo {hXr Ho$ Am{XH$mc H$s Bg lo> aMZm Ho$ aMZmH$ma Za n[V Zmh h& h EH$
o H$m h, {Og| gmoJ-{dmoJ Ho$ JrV Jmo JE h& Bg H${V | AOoa Ho$ MmhmZ amOm
{dJhamO (~rgcXod) VWm ^moO nama H$s nwr amOVr Ho$ {ddmh, {dmoJ Ed nwZ{cZ H$s
H$Wm gac Ed gag ecr | VwV H$s JB h& amOm ~rgcXod AnZr Zd{ddm{hVm amZr
25
amOVr Ho$ ~mUm| go $> hmoH$a C{S>gm am Mcm OmVm h VWm ~mah df VH$ cmQ>H$a
Zht AmVm& n{V Ho$ {dmoJ go AV X:{IV amZr EH$ n{S>V mam AnZo n{V ~rgcXod H$mo
gXoe ôOVr h& AV | ~rgcXod Ho$ cmQ> AmZo na XmoZm| H$m nwZ{cZ hmo OmVm h& gnyU
H$Wm 120 N>Xmo Ama Mma IS>m| | {d^$ h&
~rgcXod amgmo | lJma ag Ho$ gmoJ Ama {dmoJ XmoZm| njm| H$m ~S>m hr
gwXa Ed XJmhr dUZ H${d Zo VwV {H$m h& o{fVn{VH$m H$s {dah OZm ~S>r m{H$
~Z JB h& ~mahmgm dUZ Ho$ AVJV H${V H$m {MU ~T>m hr gOrd ~Z Jm h& {dah
H$m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~rgcXod amgmo | gmoJ Ho$ gcVm nyU {Mmm| H$m m: A^md h& Bg
H$m H$s Zm{H$m amOVr H$s Amm {dmo{hUrZ A{^mZr Ama O~mZ Ia h& CZH$m
M[a ~S>m hr gOrd VWm {dcjU ~Z nS>m h& ""wJ Ho$ gyMo {hXr gm{h | O~mZ H$s
BVZr VoO Ama Z H$s BVZr Iar Zm{H$m Zht XrI nS>Vr h& ""A{^pV H$s VmOJr Ama
^mJm| H$s VrdVm Ho$ H$maU h aMZm cmoH$mZg | AnZm Ajw^ WmZ ~ZmE hB h&
2) ~gV {dcmg S>m. mVmgmX Jw Zo {d{^ mU XoH$a ""~gV {dcmg'' H$m aMZm-H$mc
13 dr 14dr eVr Ho$ H$m mZm h& Bg H${V Ho$ aM{Vm H$m nVm Zht Mc nmm h& ""h
EH$ A{YH$ gag gm{hpH$ H${V h Ama AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr Am-^mfm-gm{h Ho$
Am{XH$mc Ho$ B{Vhmg | ~oOmoS> h&'' Bg aMZm | Mmamgr Xmoohm| | ~gV F$Vw Ama {m| na
CgHo$ {dcmgnyU ^md H$m Zmohmar dUZ hAm h& Bg H$m | H${V Ama Zmar XmoZm| H$m
Xmom $n lJma ag H$s Vrd Ymam dm{hV H$aVm h& S>m. amJmonmc em "{XZoe' Ho$ eXm|
|- "r-nw$f-H${V-VrZm| | AO ~hVr XmomVm H$m Bg H$m | Ogm dUZ
{cVm h, dgm ar{VH$mcrZ {hXr H${d ^r Zht H$a gHo$& BgH$s ^mfm gag ~O^mfm h
{OgH$m {dH$mg nadVu ^{$H$mcrZ H$UH$m | Ama ar{VH$m | {XImB XoVm h&''
3) amS>cdoc dh J-n {{lV Mny-H$m H$s mMrZV {hXr H${V h& BgH$m
aM{Vm amoT>m ZmH$ H${d mZm OmVm h& {dmZm| Zo BgH$m aMZm-H$mc Xgdt eVmXr mZm
h& BgH$s aMZm ""amCc'' Zm{H$m Ho$ ZI{eI dUZ Ho$ gJ | hB h& Ama^ | H${d Zo
amCc Ho$ gmX H$m dUZ n | {H$m h Ama {$a J H$m moJ {H$m Jm h& Bg H${V go hr
{hXr | ZI{eI dUZ nanam Ama^ hmoVr h& BgH$s ^mfm | {hXr H$s gmV ~mo{cm| Ho$
eX {cVo h, {OZ| amOWmZr YmZ h& H${d Zo {df dUZ ~S>r VVm go {H$m h&
Zm{H$m amCc H$m lJma AmH$fU go âm hAm h& dh ghO $n | {OVZr gwXa h CVZr hr
ghO-gwXa CgH$s gmm ^r h& Bg gmX Ho$ AZwHy$c hr CgH$s ^md-Xem ^r h&
3) C{$-{$ H$aU Bg JW H$s aMZm XmmoXa em Zo H$s h& 12 dt eVmXr H$m h EH$
hdnyU ""mH$aU JW'' mZm OmVm h, Bg| ~Zmag Ama Amgnmg Ho$ Xoem| H$r
VH$mcrZ gH${V Ama ^mfm Am{X na nm H$me S>mcm Jm h& BgH$s ^mfm Ho$ AZ
26
go VH$mcrZ J Ama n XmoZmo| e{cm| H$s {hXr ^mfm | Vg nXmdcr Ho$ moJ H$s ~T>Vr
hB d{m H$m nVm McVm h& AV: {hXr ^mfm Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ AZ | h JW AV
ghmH$ {g hAm h&
4) dUaZmH$a {Wcr {hXr | a{MV J H$m h EH$ hdnyU JW h& BgH$m coIH$
mo{VeoIa R>mHw$a ZmH$ {Wc H${d Wm& S>m. hOmargmX {doXr Ho$ VmZwgma BgH$s aMZm
MmXhdr eVmXr | hB hmoJr& h EH$ eXH$moeZwm JW h, naVw gmX Jm{hUr {V^m ^r
Cg| {Z{hV h& CgH$s ^mfm | H${dd, AcH$m[aH$Vm, VWm eXm| H$s VgVm H$s d{mm
{cVr h& {hXr J Ho$ {dH$mg | "amS>cdoc' Ho$ nMmV ""dUaZmH$a'' H$m moJXmZ ^r H$
Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm&
5) Ara Iwgamo H$s aMZmE Am{XH$mc | {e> hm VWm {dZmoX ycH$ aMmZmE IS>r ~mocr | VwV H$aZo
H$m lo Ara Iwgamo H$mo h& BZH$m dmV{dH$ Zm A~wc hgZ Wm& Am{XH$mc | IS>r~mocr
H$mo H$m H$s ^mfm ~ZmZo dmco Ara Iwgamo W H${d h& Bhm|Zo {hX-wpcm| Ho$ ~rM
EH$Vm Wm{nV H$aZo H$m gdW mg {H$m Wm& Iwgam| AZoH$ ^mfmAm| Ho$ {dmZ Wo&
VwH$s, Aa~r, $magr ~O Ama IS>r~mocr na Bh| gmZ A{YH$ma m Wm& ZmoaOZ Ho$
m go cmoH$-dhma H$s {ejm XoZm hr CZHo$ gm{h H$m Co Wm& H${dVm Ho$ amOml
| ncZo Ho$ H$maU gmm OZVm go CgH$m g~Y Qy>Q> MwH$m Wm& Iwgamo Ho$ Z go dh {$a
go OZgmm Ho$ grn Am Jr& BZHo$ {df | S>m. amHw$ma dm H$m H$WZ gQ>rH$ OmZ
nS>Vm h- ""MmaUH$mcrZ a$a{OV B{Vhmg | O~ npM Ho$ MmaUm| H$s qS>Jc H$[dVm CV
dam| o JyO ahr Wr Ama {Vd{Z Ama ^r CJ Wr& nyd | JmoaIZmW H$s J^ra Ym{H$ d{m
AmemgZ H$s {ejm Xo ahr Wr, Cg H$mc | Ara Iwgamo H$s {dZmoXnyU d{m {hXr
gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s EH$ hmZ {Z{Y h& ZmoaOZ Ama a{gH$Vm H$m AdVma h H${d
Ara Iwgamo AnZr m{cH$Vm Ho$ H$maU aUr ahoJm&''
Iwgamo mam a{MV gm Ho$ cJ^J aMZmE mZr OmVr h, {H$Vw CncY
aMZmAm| H$s gm ~rg-~mBg go A{YH$ Zht h& {OZ| y$Q>H$a nho{cm, wH$[am, Xmo
gwIZo T>H$mogcm Am{X {g h& BZHo$ Hw$N> CXmhaU VwV h nho{cm - 1) ""EH$ Ymc mo{cm| go âm, g~Ho$ Cna AmYm Yam&
Mmam| Va$ dh Wmc {$a, EH$ ^r moVr ZrMo Z {Jao &&'' (AmH$me)
2) ""EH$ H$hmZr ~h, gwZ co Vy oao nwV&
{~Zm nam| Ho$ dh CS> Jm, ~mY Jco | gyV&&'' (nVJ)
wI[am - 1) ""dh Amdo V~ emXr hmo, Cg {~Z XOm Ama Z H$mo&
rR>o cmJo ~mHo$ ~moc, m| g{I gmOZ Z g{I T>moc&&''
2) ""O~ oao pXa | Amdo, gmoVo wPH$mo AmZ OJmdo&
nT>V {$aV dh {dah Ho$ AN>a g{I gmOZ Zm g{I N>a&&''
27
Xmo gwIZo - 1) nmZ gS>m m|? KmoS>m AS>m mo|? (o$am Z Wm)
2) ~mU mgm m|? JYm CXmgm m|? (cmoQ>m Z Wm)
T>H$mogcm - ""Ira nH$mB OVZ go, MIm {Xm Mcm&
Amm Hw$mm Im Jm Vw ~R>r T>moc ~Om&&''
6) {dmn{V H$s nXmdcr {~hma Ho$ Xa^Jm {Oco | {dgnr Jmd | Oo {dmn{V {hXr Ho$ Am{XJr{VH$ma mZo OmVo h& Ywa JrVm| Ho$ aM{Vm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bh| A{^Zd OXod Ho$ Zm go ^r
OmZm OmVm h& {dmn{V hmZ npS>V Wo& Chm|Zo AnZr aMZmE gH$V, Adh> Ama {Wcr
^mfm | {cIr& {hXr gm{h | {dmn{V H$s AewU H$s{V H$m AmYma CZHo$ VrZ JW hH$s{VcVm, H$s{VnVmH$m Ama nXmdcr& {dmn{V nXmdcr | Chm|Zo amYm-H$U UcrcmAm| H$m AV Xhmar dUZ {H$m h& Bg g~Y | BZHo$ AmXe H${d OXod aho h&
OXod Ho$ JrV-Jmo{dX go ^m{dV hmoH$a Chm|Zo nXmdcr H$m UZ {H$m h& nXmdcr |
BZH$m lJmar $n nyUV: Câ Amm h& dgo Vmo lJma Ho$ XmoZmo njm|-gmoJ Ama {dmooJ H$m
dUZ Bg JW | CncY hmoVm h na Omo VVm gmoJ lJma Ho$ {MU | {XImB XoVr h,
dh {dmoJ nj | Zht& dVwV: {dmn{V gmoJ nj Ho$ g$c JmH$ h Ama o Ho$ na
nmaIr h& {dmn{V AnZo amYm-H$U g~Yr Ywa JrVm| Ho$ {cE {hXr gm{h | gXd
Aa ah|Jo&
cm{H$H$ gm{h H$s gmm {deofVmE Am{XH$mcrZ gm{h | amgmo gm{h VWm Ym{H$ gm{h Ho$ gmW-gmW
gm{h H$s EH$ A Ymam ^r dm{hV hmoVr {XImB XoVr h, {Ogo cm{H$H$ gm{h Ho$ Zm go
OmZm OmVm h& amOml Ama Yml go gdWm {dwI h gm{h cmoH$ml | nwpV Ed
n{dV hAm h& Bg gm{h H$s gmm {deofVmE {ZZ{c{IV h 1) dmV:gwIm gOZ Am{XH$mc H$m cm{H$H$ gm{h Z Vmo amgmo gm{h Ho$ gmZ amOmAm|,
gmVm| H$s draVm H$m dUZ H$aZo Ho$ {cE {cIm Jm h, Z Ym{H$ gm{h Ho$ gmZ {H$gr
{d{e> Y-V Ho$ Mma Ho$ {cE {cIm Jm h& h H${d Ho$ ^mdm| H$m ghO A{dH$ma h& Mmho
dh amoS>m H${d H$m "amCcdoc' hmo m {dmn{V Ogo amO{lV H${d H$m nXmdcr gm{h hmo m
"T>mocm mam am Xhm', "~gV [dcmg' Ogo JwZm H$[dm| H$m gm{h hmo BgH$s A{^pV
na H$moB ~m-moOZ H$m ~mooP Zhr h& h gm{h BZ H${dm| H$m ImV:gwIm gOZ h&
2) cmoH$mZg go Amc{dV gm{h cmoH$Vd Ho$ gne go ImV: gwIm cm{H$H$ gm{h Am{YH$ gag Ama
^mdH$mar ~Z Jm h& amgmo gm{h | Ohm amOmAm|-gmVm| Ho$ Z Ho$ hmg-Cmg H$m
{MU h, dhm Bg H$m | cmoH$-mZg | CR>Zo dmcr hmg-Cmg H$s VaJo h& hm H$s
28
amOVr T>mocm, m amYm | gmm Zmar AnZo ^mdm| H$mo {V{~p~V nmVr h& Mmho dh ^md
gmooJ Ho$ hmo m {dmoJ Ho$& $R>o n{V Ho$ C[S>gm Mco OmZo Ho$ ~mX amOVr O~ h H$hZo cJVr
h {H$ - ""ho hoe! wPo r H$m O VwZo m| {Xm? XoZo Ho$ {cE Vmo Vwhmao nmg Ama ^r
AZoH$ O Wo&'' Vmo Cg| Ho$dc amOVr H$s hm doXZm H$s A{^pV Zhr hmooVr, ~pH$
dmgZm{^^yV nw$f Ho$ dmW Ama H$mwH$Vmr a{gH$Vm H$s {eH$ma VH$mcrZ ha Zmar H$s
Amm H$m H$$U H$XZ Ed {MH$ma A{^$ hmoVm h& "T>mocm m$ am Xhm' H$s "m$' H$s
doXZm ^r VH$mcrZ Zmar doXZm H$m hr EH$ Ama Wa h& BZ H${Vm| | d{UV o hO EH$
earamH${fV dmgZm Zhr h Ama Aearar H$mn{ZH$ ^r Zht h, dh EH$ cm{H$H$ ^md h {Og|
Z Ama eara A{^ h& amgmo Ama Ym{H$ gm{h VH$mcrZ amOZ{VH$ Ym{H$ n[adoe H$s
CnO h Ama cm{H$H$ gm{h VH$mcrZ OZ-gmO H$s gmH${VH$ J[am H$mo A{^V
H$aVm h&
3) gmooJ Ama {dmoJ H$m gag {MU Am{XH$mcrZ cm{H$H$ gm{h | lJma Ho$ XmoZmo njmo - gmoJ Ama {dmoJ H$m
gag {MU hAm h& "dgV-{dcmg' Ama "{dmn{V H$s nXmdcr' H$m gmoJ lJma m
Bg H$mc H$mo hr ^m{dV Zht H$aVm ~pH$ nadVu H$m H$mo ^r nm mm | ^m{dV H$aVm
h& "dgV {dcmg' | dgV Ama {m| na CgHo$ {dcmgnyU ^md H$m Zmohar {MU hAm h
dh A Xcj h& {dmn{V H$s nXmdcr | gmoJ lJma H$s g^r H$sS>mAm| -^mdm| H$m
AZwnZ {MU hAm h& {dmn{V gmoJ lJma Ho$ H${d h& gmooJ lJma H$m BVZm ~oOmoS> {MU
ar{VH$mc | ^r Xc^ h&
cm{H$H$ gm{h H$m gmoJ lJma {OVZm nw> h, Cggo H$ht A{YH$ {dmoJ
lJma g h& ~rgcXod amgmo, T>mocm m$ am Xhm {dah-doXZm Ho$ ghO Ama dm^m{dH$
CN>dmg h&
4) ZI-{eI dUZ - nanam H$m UZ "amS>cdoc' Am{XH$mcrZ cm{H$H$ gm{h H$s EH$ hdnyU aMZm mZr OmVr
h Omo J-n {{lV Mny H$m h& Bgr aMZm go {hXr | ZI-{eI dUZ H$s nanam H$m
Ama^ hmoVm h& ~rgcXod amgmo, dgV {dcmg, T>mocm m$ am Xhm Ama {dmn{V H$s
nXmdcr | Bg nanam H$m {dH$mg XoIm Om gH$Vm h& hm EH$ ~mV {deof a{U h {H$
amCc, amO{V Ama m$ H$m ZI-{eI dUZ H$ht ^r Cm $n | Zht hAm h& BZ
Zm{H$mAm| Ho$ gmX dUZ | Hw$crZm JhUr H$s mXm H$mo A~m{YV aIm Jm h&
5) H${V {MU Am{XH$mcrZ cm{H$H$ gm{h | H${V H$m {MU Amc~Z Ama CrnZ
XmoZm| $nm| | nm mm | nmm OmVm h& lJma Ama H${V H$m [aVm AQy>Q> h& "~rgcXod
amgmo' | ~mah mgm| VWm F$VwAm| Ho$ mH${VH$ {M gmoJ Ama {dmoJ | CrnZ H$m H$m
H$aVo h& {dah H$s {d{^ XemAm| Ho$ dUZ | {~O{cm, ~mXc {{d{hV Zm{H$m H$s {dmoJ
Xem Ho$ dUZ | Mma MmX cJm XoVo h& "~gV {dcmg' | H${V Ama Zmar XmoZm| H$m Xmom
29
d$n lJma ag H$s Vrd Ymam dm{hV H$aVm h&
6) JoVm Ed gJrVmH$Vm ^md-dUVm d Jo hmoVr h& Bgr{cE Bg Ymam H$s cJ^J g^r aMZmAm|
| JoVm Ama gJrVmH$Vm nmr OmVr h& Zmar Ho$ ghO lJma go coH$a CgHo$ mZ{gH$
gmX VH$ nhMZo H$s d{m Am{XH$mcrZ cm{H$H$ gm{h | w${Q>V hB h& ZI-{eI
dUZ, {dah Ho$ {d{^ $n, {da{hUr Zm{H$m mam {V Ho$ nmg gXoe ofU o cm{H$H$
gm{h Ho$ {d{^ Amm h& BgrH$maU JoVm Ama gJrVmH$Vm H$m gmdoe Bg gm{h
| hAm h&
7) ~mocr ^mfm H$m n[aH$ma Am{XH$mcrZ cm{H$H$ gm{h | VH$mcrZ H$m-^mfm H$s Anojm OZ~mo{cm| H$m moJ hAm h& Bg Ymam H$s mMrZV H${V "amS>cdoc' go m cm{H$H$ gm{h
H$s nanam hr ew$ Zhr hmoVr ~pH$ ~mocMmc H$s ^mfm H$m gm{h Ho$ {cE moJ H$aZo H$s
EH$ nanam ^r ew$ hmo OmVr h& ~rgcXod amgmo, T>mocm m$ am Xhm Ama {dmn{V H$s
nXmdcr | ^r VH$mcrZ drH$V H$m-^mfm go hQ>H$a ~moc-Mmc H$s ^mfm H$m gag Ama
ge$ moJ hAm h&
30
amgmo H$m`
{hXr gm{h` Ho$ Amap^H$ H$mb _| mV JWm| Ho$ A``Z go `h ~mV
n> hmo OmVr h {H$ Bg `wJ Ho$ A{YH$me JWm| _| 'amgmo' eX Zm_ Ho$ AV _| OwS>m hAm h,
Omo 'H$m`' eX H$m n`m`dmMr h& 'amgmo' eX H$s `wn{m Ho$ g~Y _| {dmZm| _| _VôX
h& W_ \|$M B{VhmgH$ma Jmgm X Vmgr Zo Bg eX H$s `wn{m 'amOgy`' `k go _mZr h&
Am. am_M ewb Bg eX H$s `wn{m 'agmÙ' go _mZVo h& CZH$m H$hZm h {H$- ''Hw$N>
bmoJ Bg eX H$m g~Y 'ah`' go OmoS>Vo h& na '~rgbXod amgmo' _| H$m` Ho$ AW _|
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'amgmo' hmo J`m h& S>m. _moVrbmb _oZ[a`m Zo Bg eX H$m g~Y 'ah`' go _mZm h& lr
Zamom_ dm_r Bg eX H$s `wn{m 'a{gH$' go _mZVo h& mMrZ amOWmZr _| 'a{gH$' H$m
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'amgH$', 'amgmo' eX H$m `moJ hmoVm Am`m h& Hw$N> {dmZ Bg eX H$m g~Y 'amg' `m
'amgH$' go OmoS>Vo hE BgH$m AW-d{Z, H$sS>m, {dbmg, Z`, JOZ Ama lIbm Am{X
XoVo h& Am. hOmargmX {doXr amgH$ H$mo EH$ eX ^r _mZVo h Ama H$m`-ôX ^r& CZHo$
AZwgma Omo H$m` amgH$ N>X _| {bIo OmVo Wo, do hr {hXr _| 'amgmo' H$hbmZo bJo&
Eogm VrV hmoVm h {H$ Cg H$mb H$s H${dVm Ho$ g~Y _| AZoH$ H$ma Ho$
N>Xm| H$m `moJ hAm H$aVm Wm& ò H$m` M[aYmZ h& BZ M[am| H$mo H$m` _| ~mYZo Ho$ {bE
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Anê _| CZVrg _mm H$m EH$ amgm `m amg N>X Mm{bV Wm& Eogo AZoH$ N>Xm| Ho$ JmZ H$s
nanam H$Xm{MV bmoH$JrVm| _| ahr hmoJr& EH$agVm Z aho, Bg{bE ~rM ~rM _| Xygao N>X
OmoS>Zo Ama JmZo H$s Wm ^r Cg g_` go Mbr hmoJr& 'gXoeamgH$' BgH$m gwXa Z_yZm h&
nhbo amgmo H$m` N>X _| {bIo Jò& H$mbmVa _| BZ_| ~Xbmd Am`m hmoJm {OZHo$ \$bdn
Jo` _wVH$ N>Xm| H$m Cn^moJ {H$`m OmZo bJm& '~rgbXod amgmo' EH$ Eogm hr o_ YmZ H$m`
h {Og_| amgHo$Va N>X H$m `moJ hAm h& AmJo MbH$a H$m` H$m `h n H$mo_b ^mdZmAm|
Ho$ A{V[aV A` ^mdm| H$s A{^`{V H$m dmhH$ ~Zm& o_ ^md Ho$ gmW BZ_| dram| H$s
JmWm_H$ MoVZmAm| H$mo WmZ {_bm& Bg Vah Bg H$mb Ho$ amgmo H$m` _| EH$ gmW {damo{MV
Ama lJmamo{MV ^mdZmAm| Ho$ dUZ gwb^VmnydH$ {_b OmVo h&
amgmo gm{h` _ybV: gm_Vr-`dWm, H${V Ama gH$ma go CnOm hAm
gm{h` h, {Ogo 'Xoer^mfm H$m`' Ho$ Zm_ go ^r OmZm OmVm h& Bg gm{h` Ho$ aMZmH$ma
{hXy amOnyV amOml` _| ahZodmbo MmaU `m ^mQ> Wo& g_mO _| CZH$m WmZ Ama g_mZ Wm,
`m|{H$ CZH$m OwS>md grYo amOm go hmoVm Wm& ò MmaU `m ^mQ> H$bmnmaIr Ama H$bmaMZm _|
{ZnwU hmoVo Wo& ò Hw$ebVm go `wX H$aZm ^r OmZVo Wo Ama `wX ew hmoZo na AnZr goZm H$s
AJwdmB {dXmdbr Jm- JmH$a {H$`m H$aVo Wo& ò amOmAm|, Aml`XmVmAm|, dra nwfm| VWm
g{ZH$m| Ho$ dramo{MV `wX KQ>ZmAm| H$mo Ho$db ~T>m> MT>mH$a hr Zht, CgH$s `WmWnaH$
pW{V`m| Ed gX^m] H$mo ^r ~marH$s Ho$ gmW {M{V H$aVo Wo& dramo{MV ^mdZmAm| Ho$ dUZ Ho$
31
{bE Bhm|Zo 'amgH$ `m amgmo' N>X H$m `moJ {H$`m Wm, `m|{H$ `h N>X Bg ^mdZm H$mo
go{fV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b Wm& Bg{bE BZHo$ mam a{MV H$m` H$mo 'amgmo H$m`' H$hm
J`m& amgmo H$m` nanam Ho$ {V{Z{Y JW Bg H$ma h1. Iw_mU amgmo :amgmo H$m` nanam H$s map^H$ aMZmAmo _| 'Iw_mUamgmo' H$m WmZ
gdm}n[a h& BgH$m gdW_ CboI {edqgh g|Ja H$s H${V '{edqgh gamoO' _| {_bVm h&
BgHo$ aM{`Vm Xbn{V {dO` h& Am. am_M ewb BgH$mo Zdt eVmXr (gZ 812 B.) H$s
aMZm _mZVo h& Bg_| amOWmZ Ho$ {MVmS>-Zaoe Iw_U (Iw_mU) {Vr` Ho$ `wXm| H$m
gOrd dUZ {H$`m J`m h& Bg JW ^r m_m{UH$ hV{b{IV {V nyZm-gJhmb` _|
gya{jV h& Iw_mU amgmo 'nmM hOma N>Xmo H$m EH$ {demb JW h& Bg_| g_H$mbrZ amOmAmo
Ho$ Amngr {ddmXm| Ho$ ~mX hE EH$Vm Ho$ gmW A~m{g`m de Amb_m_y Ibr\$m Ama Iw_mU Ho$
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H$aZm h CZHo$ M[a Ho$ Xmo WmZ {~Xw h-EH$ `wX Ama Xygam o_& Iw_mU Ho$ o_ H$mo
XemZo Ho$ {bE hr H${VH$ma Zo {ddmh, Zm{`H$m ôX, fQ>F$VwdUZ H$m {dVV dUZ {H$`m h Omo
a_Ur` h& A` amgmo JWm| Ho$ g_mZ Bg_| ^r lJma Ama dra -XmoZm| ag YmZ aho h& Bg_|
Xmohm, gd`m, H${dm Am{X {d{dY N>Xm| H$m gwMmI `moJ hAm h& BgH$s ^mfm amOWmZr
{hXr ahr h H$m` gmX ^mfmebr H$s {>g| h EH$ gab Ama g$b H$m _mZm OmVm
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gXogmo {nC gm{h~m, nmN>mo {\$[a` Z Xoh&
nN>r Km`m qnOa|, Ny>Q>U amo gXoh&&''
2. na_mb amgmo :amgmo H$m` nanam H$s _wI H${V Ho$ n _| 'na_mb amgmo' H$m Zm_ ^r
{b`m OmVm h& Bgo 'AmhmIS>' ^r H$hVo h& Am. am_M ewb Zo Bgo '~boS>' VWm S>m.
am_Hw$_ma d_m Zo Bgo 'draJmWm' H$m` H$hm h& Hw$N> {dmZ Bgo '{dH$gZerb bmoH$
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dV_mZ `wJ H$m gdm{YH$ bmoH${` _hmH$m` _mZm Wm& A^r VH$ BgH$s m_m{UH$ {V
CnbY Zht hB h& BgHo$ aM{`Vm OJ{ZH$ h, Omo _hmo~m Ho$ Zaoe na_{X Xod do Am{lV Wo&
aMZmH$ma Zo Bg H$m` _| _hmo~m Xoe Ho$ Xmo bmoH$-{gX dram|- Amhm Ama D$Xb Ho$ dra
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g_mO _| hr A{YH$ bmoH${` ahm h& `h gXd Jm`H$m| H$s nanam mam hr {dH${gV hmoVm ahm
h& `h EH$ Jo`-H$m` h& BgH$s _yb oaUm d`{VH$ dra ^mdZm, dm{^_mZ, XX Ama
32
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h& Anê Ho$ 'mH$V nJb_' Zm_H$ EH$ gJh-JW _| gJhrV h_ra {df`H$ 8 N>Xm| H$mo
XoI Am. ewbOr Zo Bgo EH$ dV JW _mZ {b`m Wm& M{bV YmaUm Ho$ AZwgma Bg H${V
Ho$ aM{`Vm emS>J:Ya _mZo OmVo h& naVw Hw$N> nXm| _| 'OOb Ûh' dm`me XoI n. amhb
mmH$`m`Z Zo Bg_| OOb Zm_H$ {H$gr H${d H$s aMZm _mZm h& Am. hOmargmX {doXr
H$m H$hZm h {H$ 'mH$V nJb_' H$s Q>rH$m _| ^r Bh| OOb H$s hr C{V _mZm J`m h; AV:
BgHo$ aM{`Vm emS>J:Ya Z hmoH$a OOb h& Bg H${d _| h_ra Xod Ama AbmCrZ Ho$
`wX H$m dUZ {H$`m J`m h& BgH$m aMZmH$mb 13 dt eVr _mZm OmVm h, `m|{H$ h_ra Xod
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draVm H$m dUZ H$aZm h&
4. {dO`nmb amgmo :{_l~YwAm| Zo AnZo JW '{_l~Yw {dZmoX' _| Bg nanam H$s EH$ aMZm
'{dO`nmb amgmo' H$m CboI {H$`m h& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Zhqgh ^mQ> _mZo OmVo h& BgH$m
aMZmH$mb gZ 1298 B. _mZm OmVm h& S>m. amOZmW e_m Ho$ AZwgma Bg H${V _| {dO`nmb
qgh Ama ~J amOm Ho$ `wX H$m dUZ {H$`m J`m h& S>m. amO~br nmS>o` Ho$ AZwgma Bg aMZm
_| aMZmH$ma Zo amOm {dO`nmb qgh Ama ~J amOm Ho$ ~rM hE `wXm| H$mo gOrd n _| {M{V
{H$`m h& Bg H${V _| Ho$db 42 N>X hr CnbY h&
5. ~rgbXod amgmo :'~rgbXod amgmo' Bg H$m`-nanam H$s nmMdr H${V h& BgH$s aMZm''~mah go ~amomam _Pm[a& OoR> ~Xr Zd_r ~w{Ydmar'' Ho$ AZwgma Oo> dXr Zd_r, {XZ ~wYdma
gZ 1155 B. (gdb 1212) _| hB Wr& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Zan{V Zmh _mZo OmVo h, Omo
AO_oa Ho$ MmhmU amOm ~rgbXod ({dJhamO MVwW) Ho$ g_H$mbrZ Wo& Bg_| AO_oa Zaoe
{dJhamO, CnZm_ ~rgbXod Ama CZH$s nZr, amOm ^moO H$s nwr amO_Vr Ho$ {ddmh,
H$bh, {dah Ama {_bZ Ho$ _m{_H$ {M A{H$V {H$ò Jò h& Bg JW H$s g~go {Zambr
{deofVm `h h {H$ `h {hXr Ho$ A` amgm| JWm| Ho$ g_mZ draVm H$m epVJm`Z Z hmoH$a
H$mo_b o_ Ho$ _Ywa, _m{_H$ Ama gdoXZerb n H$m A_a {M h& {db^-lJma BgH$m
YmZ d` {df` h& Mma IS>m| _| {d^m{OV gdm gm N>Xm| H$m `h N>moQ>m gm H$m` U`
gdoXZm H$m dUerb, X`Jmhr n VwV H$aVm h& BgHo$ W_ IS> _| ~rgbXod Ama
33
_mbdm Ho$ ^moO na_ma H$s H$`m amO_Vr H$m {ddmh dUZ, Xygao IS> _| ~rgbXod H$m amZr
go T>H$a C{S>gm OmZm VWm dhm ~mah dfm] VH$ ahZm, Vrgao IS> _| amO_Vr H$m {dah dUZ
VWm ~rgbXod H$m CS>rgm go bmQ>Zm Ama MmWo IS> _| ^moO H$m AnZr nwr H$mo AnZo Ka bo
AmZo H$s H$Wm VWm ~rgbXod H$m Cgo nwZ: {MmmS> bmQ>m bmZo H$m gJ d{UV h& `h gmar
H$Wm b{bV _wVH$m| _| H$hr JB h&
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JW {dah Ho$ dm^m{dH$ {M, g`moJ Ama {db^ lJma H$s g\$b CX^mdZm Ama gmW
hr H${V Ho$ n {Mm| go n[anyU h& Bg JW H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h {H$ {d{dY
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amOH$s` A{^_mZ H$s am _| H$hm {H$ _oao g_mZ Xygam ^ynmb Zht& amZr amO_Vr go `h
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X` drXrU hmo OmVm h, Cgo AnZo r-OrdZ na amoZm AmVm h& _hoe (na_oda) H$mo
CbmhZm XoVr hB dh H$hVr h {H$""Ar` OZ_ H$mB XrKC> _hoe
Ada OZ_ YmaB KZm ao Zaoe,
am{Z Z {gaOr` amoPS>r,
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amOamUr H$m O_ Z XoH$a `{X dZ IS> H$s H$mbr H$mo`b ^r ~Zm`m hmoVm Vmo Am_ Ama Mnm
H$s S>mbr na Vmo ~R>Vr, AJya Ama ~rOmoar Ho$ \$b Vmo ImVr& dmVd _| amO_Vr H$m `h H$WZ
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amZr H$s H$Mr Ogr O~mZ Zo {\$a ~ma H$a {X`m, CgZo amOm H$mo VmZm _ma hr {X`m {H$'dm_r Kr {dUmOo `h ZB Or{V`S> Vob'& AWmV ho dm_r! Vw_Zo dm{U` Vmo Kr H$m Oa
{H$`m {H$Vw d` Im`m Vob hr& BVZr gwXa Zmar go {ddmh Vmo {H$`m, {H$Vw CgHo$ Cn`moJ
H$aZo H$m gm^m` Vwh| Z {_b gH$m& A{^`{V H$s VmOJr Ama ^mdm| H$s VrdVm Ho$ H$maU
~rgbXod amgmo bmoH$OrdZ Ho$ aJ _| A{YH$ aJm hAm h& amO_Vr Ho$ {d`moJ dUZ Ho$ {bE H${d
Zo Omo ~mah_mgm {X`m h dh AnZo T>J H$m AHo$bm h&
6. ndramO amgmo :amgmo H$m` nanam H$m gdlo> Ed {V{Z{Y JW ndramO amgmo h& Am.
ewbOr Zo Bgo {hXr H$m W_ _hmH$m` Ama BgHo$ aM{`Vm MXdaXmB H$mo {hXr H$m W_
34
H${d _mZm h& MXdaXmB {Xbr Zaoe ndramO MmhmU Ho$ _wI gm_V gbmhH$ma, {_ Ama
amO H${d Wo& BZHo$ {df` _| {gX h {H$ ndramO Ama MXdaXmB XmoZm| H$m O_ EH$ hr {XZ
Ama _`w ^r EH$ hr {XZ hB Wr& H${d MX Ho$ Mma nw Wo, {OZ_| go MVwW nw OhU Wm&
{Og g_` ndramO H$mo _wh_X Jmar ~Xr ~ZmH$a JOZr bo J`m Vmo Cg g_` MXdaXmB
^r CgHo$ nrN>o JE Ama AnZo nw OhU H$mo AnZr AYyar aMZm 'ndramO amgmo' gmn JE
Wo& Bg g~Y _| `h C{V {gX h'nwVH$ OhU hmW X, M{b JOZ Zn H$mO& ' ~mX _| OhU Zo Bg
AYyar aMZm H$mo nyam {H$`m Wm&
ndramO amgmo Ho$ ~hV, _`_, bKw Ama bKwV_ Mma gH$aU {gX
h& BZ Mmam| gH$aUm| H$mo XoIH$a ndramO amgmo H$s m_m{UH$Vm H$mo boH$a {dmZm| Ho$ VrZ
dJ h& {dmZm| H$m EH$ dJ ndramO amgmo H$mo nyUV`m Ombr Ed Am_m{UH$ _mZZo dmbm| H$m
h {Og_| S>m. ~yba, JmareH$a hramMX AmoPm, _wer XodrgmX, Am. am_M ewb Am{X
{dmZ _wI h& Xygam dJ ndramO amgmo H$mo m_m{UH$ aMZm _mZZo dmbo {dmZm| H$m h& Bg
dJ _| S>m. `m_gwXaXmg, _mohZbmb {dUwbmb nS>`m, {_l ~Yw, H$Zb Q>mS> Am{X {dmZ
AmVo h& {dmZm| H$m Vrgam dJ ndramO amgmo H$mo AXm_m{UH$ aMZm _mZZo dmbm| H$m h&
Bg dJ _| Am. hOmargmX {doXr, S>m. gwZr{VHw$_ma MQ>Ou Am{X. {dmZ h&
ndramO amgmo H$s m_m{UH$Vm ^bo hr g{XY hmo, naVw H$m`-gmX` H$s
{> go `h ~oOmoS> h& Bgo _hm^maV Ho$ g_mZ {dH$gZerb _hmH$m` _mZm OmVm h& ag H$s
{> go Bg_| lJma Ama dra ag XmoZm| H$m gwXa n[anmH$ hAm h& ò XmoZm| ag ndramO
MmhmU Ho$ `{Vd Ho$ Xmo nhbwAm| H$mo CXKm{Q>V H$aVo h& dra Ama lJma ag XmoZm| agm| H$s
n>^y{_ _| Zmar h& Cgo nmZo Ho$ {bE `wX hmoVo h Ama nm boZo na OrdZ H$m {dbmg nj AnZr
nyar a_Ur`Vm Ho$ gmW CâVm h& `wX dUZ _| Ohm H${d Zo em` Ed draVm Ho$ XeZ _|
AnZr H$b_ H$s e{V {XImB h dhm lJma ag Ho$ gag dUZm| _| ^r AnZr AX^yV
H$nZm-e{V H$m n[aM` {X`m h& dra ag H$m dUZ hmo AWdm lJma ag H$m, H${d Zo
Z{VH$Vm H$s gr_m H$m CbKZ Zht {H$`m h, {Oggo XmoZm| agm| H$m {Zdmh gVw{bV Ed
gmpdH$ hAm h& ehm~wrZ H$s goZm Ho$ gmW hE ndramO Ho$ `wX H$m dUZ H$aVo hE H${d
ndramO Ho$ `wX- H$meb H$s {deofVm ~VmVo hE H$hVo h''W{H$ aho gya H$m{VH$ {JJZ, aJZ-_JZ ^B lmoZ Ya&
h{X haUo dra OJo hbg, haoS> a{J Zdam da&&''
AWmV ndramO MmhmZ Ho$ `wX, H$meb Ed draVm H$mo XoIH$a gy` ^r V{^V hmoH$a R>ha
J`m& Bg `wX _| hE Zaghma go gmar YaVr aV go â JB& Eogo `wX H$mo XoIH$a dra `moXm
Cbmg go â CR>o VWm CZHo$ Moham| na gZVm go aV H$s bm{b_m N>m JB&
BpN>Zr, g`mo{JVm Ama e{edVm Ho$ {ddmh gJm| _|, Zm{`H$m Ho$ gmX`dUZ _|, {ddmhmonamV W_ a{V Ho$ `m| _o lJma ag H$m gag dUZ H${d Zo {H$`m h& H${d
Zo BpN>Zr H$s gmX` emo^m H$m, W_ g_mJ_ H$s C_J Ho$ gmW hr ^`, H$nZ Am{X H$m ~S>m
gwXa dUZ {H$`m h& dh gdmJ _| H$m_ H$s VaJ Ho$ ahVo hE ^r W_ Ho${b Ho$ g_` Eogo
H$mnVr h, Ogo _X dm`w Ho$ hbHo$ PH$moao go bVm-
35
''hb hb bVm H$Nw> _X dm`. Zd dYy Ho${b ^` H$n nm`&
Cn_m Ca H$pd H${h` Vm_, OwdZ VaJ A{J A{J H$m_&&''
dra Ama lJma ag Ho$ A{V[aV A` agm| H$U, am, ~r^g Am{X
H$s ^r g`H$ `moOZm H$s h& ndramO O~ e{edVm H$mo IrMH$a KmoS>o H$s nrR> na ~R>m boVm
h, Vmo Cg g_` {VamoY Ho$ H$maU ndramO _| am, e{edVm _| H$U, gm_Vm| _| dra,
g{I`m| _| hm`, ewAm| _| dr^g Ama H$_YO draMX _| ^`mZH$ ag EH$ gmW {XImB
nS>Vo h&
dVw-dUZ H$s {> go ^r amgmo H$m gmX` AVwbZr` h& Bg_| ZJa,
CndZ, dZ, goZm, `wX Ho$ dUZm| Ho$ A{V[aV F$VwdUZ, ZI-{eI gmX` dUZ ^r A{V
gag h& ndramO amgmo _| `wX dUZ Ho$ {bE qS>Jb ^mfm VWm lJma dUZm| _| qnJb ^mfm
H$m `moJ hAm h& amgmo-H$m` nanam _| `h EH$ A{Vr` H$m` h Ama Am{XH$mbrZ H$m`
H$s d{m`m| H$m {ddoMZ _w`V: Bg H$m` H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a hr {H$`m OmVm h {Oggo BgH$m
_hd dV: {gX hmo OmVm h&
amgmo gm{h`/ H$m` H$s gm_m` {deofVmE

amgmo gm{h` _ybV: gm_Vr `dWm, H${V Ama gH$ma go CnOm hAm
gm{h` h {OgH$m _w` da drad H$m ahm h& Bg gm{h` Ho$ aMZmH$ma {hXy amOnyV
amOml` _| ahZo dmbo MmaU `m ^mQ> Wo& g_mO _| CZH$m WmZ g_mZ H$m Wm, `m|{H$ CZH$m
OwS>md grYo amOm go hmoVm Wm& ò MmaU `m ^mQ> H$bmnmaIr Ama H$bm- aMZm _| {ZnwU hmoVo
Wo& ò `wX H$bm ^r OmZVo Wo, Omo `wX hmoZo na AnZr goZm H$s AJwdmB {dXmdbr Jm-JmH$a
{H$`m H$aVo Wo& ò amOmAm|, Aml`XmVmAm|, dra nwfm| VWm g{ZH$m| Ho$ dramo{MV `wX
KQ>ZmAm| H$mo Ho$db ~T>m-MT>mH$a hr Zhr, CgH$s `WmWnaH$ pW{VAm| Ed gX^m] H$mo ^r
~marH$s Ho$ gmW {M{V H$aVo Wo& dramo{MV ^mdZmAm| Ho$ dUZ Ho$ {bE Bhm|Zo ''amgH$ `m
amgmo'' N>X H$m `moJ {H$`m Wm, `m|{H$ `h N>X Bg ^mdZm H$mo go{fV H$aZo Ho$ {bE
AZwHy$b Wm& Bgr{bE BZHo$ mam a{MV gm{h` H$mo 'amgmo gm{h`' H$hm J`m& Bg H$m` H$s
gm_m` {deofVmE Bg H$ma h:1. g{XY aMZmE :Bg H$mb _| CnbY hmoZodmbr m` g^r amgmo aMZmE Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$s
{> go g{XY _mZr OmVr h& Bg H$mb _| a{MV Mma H$m` JW mV hE h - 'Iw_mZ amgmo',
'{~gbXod amgmo' 'ndramO amgmo' VWm 'na_mb amgmo'& ^mfm ebr Ama {df` gm_Jr H$s
{> go BZ JWm| Ho$ g~Y _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h {H$ BZ_| {ZaVa H$B eVmpX`m| VH$
n[adVZ Ama n[adYZ hmoVo aho h& `h n[adVZ Ama n[adYZ BVZo Mwa _mm _| hE h {H$
BZH$m _y` n hr X~ J`m h& `h ^r {ZpMV Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm {H$ ò JW Aml`XmVmAm|
Ho$ g_` _| hr {bIo Jò hmo&
36
2. Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$m A^md :Am{XH$mbrZ amgmo aMZmAm| _| B{Vhmg {gX M[a Zm`H$m| H$mo {b`m J`m
h {H$Vw CZH$m dUZ `wX B{Vhmg H$s H$gmQ>r na Iam Zht CVaVm& BZ H${d`m| mam {Xò
JE gdV Ama {V{W`m B{Vhmg go _ob Zht aIVr& BZ H$m`m| _| B{Vhmg H$s Anojm H$nZm
H$m ~mh` h& B{Vhmg Ho$ {df` H$mo boH$a MbZodmbo H${d`m| _o Omo gmdYZVm Ano{jV hmoVr
h, dh BZ H$m` {Z_mVmAmo _| Zhr& BZ H${d`m| Zo B{Vhmg H$mo A{Ve`mo{V Ama H$nZm na
ZmN>mH$a H$a {X`m h& `hm VH$ {H$ ndramO amgmo _| ndramO H$mo CZ amOmAm| H$m ^r {dO`r
_mZm J`m h Omo CZgo H$hr eVmpX`m| nyd AWdm nMmV {d_mZ Wo&
3. `wXm| H$m gOrd dUZ :`wXm| H$m gOrd dUZ BZ JWm| H$m _wI {df` h Ama `h dUZ BVZm
gOrd ~Z nS>m h {H$ H$Xm{MV gH$V gm{h` ^r Bg {Xem _| BZ H$m`m| H$s AmoS> Zht H$a
gH$Vm& BZ H${d`m| H$m `wX dUZ AV gOrd ~Z nS>m h, H$maU MmaU H${d Ho$db
_{gOrdr hr Zht Wm g_` AmZo na hmW _| Vbdma boH$a bT>Zm ^r OmZVm Wm& XmoZm| Amoa H$s
goZmAm| H$mo bT>Vo g_` `wX _| `wV AmH$_U H$s ar{V`m| H$m Ogm gOrd {MU Bg `wJ Ho$
H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h dgm n[adVu H${d`m| _| Zht {XImB XoVm& CZH$s dra aMZmdbr _| em| H$s
PZH$ma n> {XImB nS>Vr h Ama CZHo$ `wX dUZ Ho$ gOrd {MU dra X` _| AmO ^r
draVm nXm H$aVo h& `h g_` AV[aH$ H$bhmo' Ama ~mhar AmH$_Um| H$m g_` Wm, AV:
AnZo AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$mo `wX Ho$ {bE Cmo{OV H$aZm Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d H$m _wI
H$V`-gm ~Z J`m Wm&
4. `wXm| H$m _yb H$ZH$, H$m{_Zr Ama ^y{_ :draJmWm H$mb H$m A``Z H$aZo Ho$ nMmV `h ~mV n> n go {XImB
XoVr h {H$ Bg `wJ _| `wX {ZaVa hAm H$aZo Wo& `wX Ho$ _yb _| H$ZH$, H$m{_Zr AWdm ^y{_
_| go H$moB EH$ _w` H$maU Ho$ n _| H$m` H$aVo hE {XImB XoVr h& A{YH$Va Zm[a`m hr `wX
H$m _wI H$maU hAm H$aVr Wr& gmW hr gmW dra JmWm H$m` _| Hw$N> Eogo ^r Zaoe Wo Omo
AnZm gm_m` {dVma H$aZm MmhVo Wo& H$^r-H$^r amOH$mO MbmZo Ho$ {bE YZ H$s
Amd`H$Vm nS>Vr Wr& Vmn`, `wX Ho$ _yb _| `h VrZm| MrO| H$màV Wr& amgmo H$m` BgH$m
_mU h&
5. gHw${MV am>r`Vm :Am{XH$mbrZ amOm d`_ ewadra nmf go n[anyU Wo bo{H$Z CZ_| gHw${MV
am>r`Vm Wr& Cg g_` Ho$ amOmAm| Zo AnZo nMmg gm Jmdm| H$mo hr am> g_P aI Wm, CZ_|
`mnH$ am>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m A^md Wm& AO_oa Ama {Xbr Ho$ amOmAm| H$mo H$ZmoO Ama
H$qbJ Ho$ g_X hmoZo AWdm COmS> OmZo na H$moB hf `m {dfmX (XwI) Zht hmoVm Wm& BgH$m
^md BZ MmaU H${d`m| na ^r nS>m Wm& BZ H${d`m| Zo Or{dH$m m{V Ho$ {bE AnZo
Aml`XmVmAm| H$s Vw{V _wV H$R> go H$s h& Xoemohr O`MX H$mo ^r Xoeo_r H$hbmZo dmbo
37
dra MmaU Cg g_` Wo& Vmn` `h h {H$ `{X Cg g_` am> H$m AW `mnH$ n _| {b`m
J`m hmoVm, Vmo {ZpMV n go h_mao Xoe H$m _mZ{M AmO Hw$N> Ama hmoVm, na Cg g_` Ho$
amOmAmo Zo Bg ~mV na H$moB {deof `mZ Zht {X`m& `h h_mao Xoe H$m _hmXw^m` Wm&
6. dra Ama lJma ag :BZ amgmo JWm| _| dra VWm lJma ag H$m AX^yV gp_lU h& Cg g_`
`wX H$m ~mOma Mmam| Amoa J_ Wm& dra ag H$m {OVZm gwXa n[anmH$ Bg H$m` _| {_bVm h,
CVZm {hXr gm{h` Ho$ {H$gr ^r H$mb _| Zhr {_bVm& Cg g_` H$s draVm H$m AmXe {ZZ
npV`m| _| n> hmoVm h :''~mah ~ag b Hw$H$a {Oò Ama Voah b {Oò {g`ma&
~ag AR>mah jr {Oò AmJo OrdZ H$mo {YH$ma&&''
Am{XH$mbrZ `wXm| H$m EH$_m H$maU Zmar {bgm h& `wXm| H$m _yb H$maU Zmar H$mo H$pnV
{H$`m J`m h, AV lJma ag H$m ^r Bg gm{h` _| O_H$a gOrd dUZ hAm h&
7. Zmar Ho$ dra n H$m dUZ :draJmWmH$mbrZ H${d`m| Zo Zmar Ho$ dra n H$m {MU {H$`m h& Cg O_mZo
_| Zm[a`m dra nwf H$mo n{V AWdm nw Ho$ n _| nmZm AnZm gm^m` g_PVr Wr& AnZo Y_
Ama H$V` H$m nmbZ H$aVo hE draJ{V H$mo mV H$aZo dmbo AnZo n{V H$m g_mMma mV
H$aHo$ (nmH$a) amOnyV a_{U`m gZVm H$m AZw^d H$aVr Wr& Zmar AnZo n{V H$mo ha n go
dra n _| XoIZoHo$ {bò AmVwa ahVr Wr& dh `h Zhr MmhVr Wr {H$ CgH$m n{V `wX ^y{_ go
_wh _moS> H$a namO` H$mo drH$ma H$a Ho$ dmng AmE& Eogm hmoZo na dh IwX H$mo b{mV g_PVr
Wr& draJmWmH$mbrZ Zmar H$m dra n {ZZ n{V`m| _| n> hmo OmVm h '' ^bm hAm Oy _m[a`m ~{h{Z hdmam H$Vw,
bOoO Vw d`m{gAh O ^Jm Y$ EVw&
(ho ~{hZ ! ^bm hAm Omo _oam n{V `wX _| _mam J`m `{X dh ^mJH$a Am OmVm Vmo _wPo AnZr
g{I`m| go b{OV hmoZm nS>Vm&)
8. Aml`XmVmAm| H$s A{Vm`mo{VnyU egm :draJmWmH$mbrZ MmaU `m ^mQ> H${d`m| Zo AnZo AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$s
_wVH$R> go PyR>r egm H$s h& BZ H${d`m| Zo AnZo amOmAm| H$mo ~, B Am{X XodVmAm| go
^r ~T>H$a eya VWm dra ~Vm`m h& Cg g_` gm_VdmX H$m ~mob~mbm Wm& amOm H$mo gdm}n[a
_mZm OmVm Wm& Cg g_` Omo N>moQ>o N>moQ>o amOm Wo do h_oem gm_m` {dVma Ho$ {bE Amng _|
bT>Vo Wo& CZ_| Ho$p` gmm H$mo hm{W`mZo H$s EH$ AmoT> gr bJr hB Wr& BZ amOm{lV H${d`m|
Zo AnZo AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$s IwbH$a egm H$s h, Omo dmV{dH$Vm go CnZ
A{Ve`mo{V go n[anyU h&
38
9. OZ-OrdZ go gnH$ Zhr :MmaU H${d AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$s Vw{V _| bJo hE Wo, AV BZH$s
aMZmAm| _| amOmAm| VWm gm_Vm| H$m OrdZ hr Câ H$a gm_Zo Am`m h& BZ H${d`m| Zo
'dm{_Z gwIm`' H$m` H$s aMZm H$s h, 'gm_m` OZ gwIm` ' H$s Zht& AV BZH$s
aMZmAm| _| gm_m` OZ OrdZ Ho$ KmV-{VKmVm| H$m A^md h& amOmAm| H$m JwUJmZ H$aZm hr
BZ H${d`m| H$m Co` Wm& n[aUm_V gmYmaU OZVm Ho$ {V BZH$m pQ>H$moZ AnojmH$V
hrZ hr ahm& Cg H$mb _| OZ g_wXm` H$s pW{V gmYaU Wr& BgH$m dUZ H$aZo Ho$ {bò
Am{XH$mb Ho$ H${d`m| Ho$ nmg AdH$me Zht Wm& MmaU H${d`m| H$s {dVma âr A{^`{V _|
_ybV amOm, gm_V, `moXm Ama `wX Ho$ dU {df` aho h, g_mO H$s m` Cnojm hB h&
10 H${V-{MU :Bg gm{h` _| H${V H$m Amb~Z Ama CrnZ XmoZm| nm| _| {MU {H$`m
h& ZJa, ZXr,ndV Am{X H$m dVwdUZ ^r gwXa ~Z nS>m h& A{YH$Va BZ H${d`m| Zo H${V
H$m {MU CrnZ n _| hr {H$`m h& H${V H$m dV n _| {MU {H$ò hE WmZ BZ
H$m`m| _| WmoS>o hmo {_bVo h& H${V {MU H$s Omo CXmm ebr N>m`mdmXr H$m` _| {_bVr h,
dh Bg H$mb Ho$ H$m` _| Zht& H$ht H$ht Vmo BZ H${d`m| Zo H${V {MU _| Zm_ n[aJV ebr
H$mo AnZm`m h, Ohm agmooH$ Ho$ WmZ na {ZagVm Am JB h&
11 H$m` Ho$ Xmo n :Am{XH$mbrZ amgmo aMZmE _wVH$ Ama ~Y XmoZm| nm| _| {_bVr h&
_wVH$ H$m` H$m mMrZ CnbY JW '~rgbXod amgmo' h VWm ~Y H$m` H$m mMrZ
CnbY JW {Ogo _hmH$m` H$hm OmVm h 'ndramO amgmo ' h& BZ Xmo H$m` nm| Ho$
A{V[aV Bg gm{h` _| Ama Xygam H$m` H$m H$moB n Zhr {_bVm h& BZ_| H$m` nm| H$s
{d{dYVm H$m A^md h& Z Vmo Bg g_` ` H$m` {bIm J`m Ama Z hr J {bIZo H$m
`Z {H$gr Zo {H$`m& Bg g_` H$s Hw$N> aMZmE Am_m{UH$ Ama Hw$N> Zmo{Q>g _m h&
'O`MX H$me' VWm 'O`_`H$ OgM{H$m' Bg H$mo{Q> Ho$ JW h&
12 amgmo JW :Am{XH$mbrZ gm{hp`H$ JWm| Ho$ gmW 'amgmo' eX OwS>m hAm h& Omo {H$
H$m` eX H$m n`m`dmMr h& 'amgmo' eX H$s mwn{m {d{^Z {dmZ AnZo-AnZo T>J go
AbJ AbJ _mZVo h& Am. ewbOr 'amgmo' eX H$m g~Y ah` go _mZVo h, bo{H$Z
'drgbXod amgmo' | BgH$m AW agm`Z H$m n[aMm`H$ h {OgH$m g~Y _yb H$WmZH$ go h&
_yb n _| amgmo eX EH$ N>X Ho$ {bò `wV hAm h, {OgH$m Cn`moJ Anê gm{h` _|
hAm h&
13 N>Xmo H$m {d{dY _wIr `moJ :draJmWmH$mbrZ amgmo gm{h` _| N>X Ho$ jo _| Vmo _mZm| EH$ H$mpV hr hmo
J`r h& N>Xm| H$m {OVZm {d{dY_wIr `moJ Cg gm{h` _| hAm h CVZm CgHo$ nyddVu
gm{h` _| Zht hAm& Xmohm, moQ>H$,gmoaR>m, N>n`, JmWm, gQ>H$, amobm, Cbmbm Ama
39
Hw$S>{b`m Am{X N>Xm| H$m `moJ ~S>r H$bm_H$Vm Ho$ gmW {H$`m J`m h& 'ndramO amgmo' _|
N>Xm| H$m n[adVZ Ama `moJ ~hV A{YH$ _mm _| hAm h, bo{H$Z H$ht ^r _yb H$WmZH$ _|
~mYm CnZ Zht hmoVr& S>m.hOmargmX {doXr ndramO amgmo Ho$ g~Y _| {bIVo h""amgmo Ho$ N>X O~ ~XbVo h, Vmo lmoVm Ho$ X` _| gJmZwHy$b H$nZ CnZ H$aVo h&''
14 AbH$ma :draJmWmH$mbrZ MmaU H${d`m| Zo AbH$mam| na {deof `mZ Zht {X`m,
{\$a ^r Cn_m, nH$, Cojm Am{X AbH$mam| H$m WmZ-WmZ na gwXa `moJ XoIm Om
gH$Vm h& ndramO amgmo _| ~hV gmao AbH$mam| H$m {MU Z hmoVo hE ^r Hw$N> AbH$mam| H$m
`moJ gwXa n _| hAm h, Omo gOrd Ed gwXa h& Cojm VWm A{Ve`mo{V AbH$mam| H$m
gwXa dUZ Xo{Iò '' _Zh H$V g{g_mZ H$bm gmobh gmo ~ph_m&
~mh dg g{OVm g{_n A_V ag {nZrnm&&''
Bg Vah Bg gm{h` _| AbH$mam| H$m `moJ Mmho H$_ g`m _| hAm h, bo{H$Z {OVZo ^r
AbH$mam| H$m `moJ hAm h, dh gOrd Ed gwXa h&
15 qS>Jb Ama qnJb ^mfm :draJmWmH$mbrZ amgmo H$m` H$s EH$ A` CboI{Z` {deofVm h qS>Jb
Ama qnJb ^mfm H$m `moJ& Cg g_` H$s gm{hp`H$ amOWmZr ^mfm H$mo AmO Ho$ {dmZ
{S>Jb Zm_ go OmZVo h& `h ^mfm drad Ho$ da Ho$ {bò ~hV Cn`wV ^mfm h& draJmWmAm|
Ho$ aM{`Vm MmaU H${d AnZr H${dVm amOXa~ma _| D$Mo da _| JmVo `m nT>Vo Wo& qS>Jb ^mfm
CgHo$ Cn`wV Wr& m` BgH$m `moJ `wX dUZ Ho$ {bE hr hAm h& qnJb ^mfm H$m `moJ
m` {ddmh Ama o_ Ho$ gJmo Ho$ dUZ Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm Wm& Bg Vah `wX dUZ Ho$ {bò
{S>Jb Ama o_ `m {ddmh dUZ Ho$ {bò qnJb ^mfm H$m `moJ hmoVm Wm&
2.4 ~moY Z 1. Am{XH$mc-ZmH$aU na {d{^ {dmZmo Ho$ V Ho$ gmW Am{XH$mcrZ gm{h na
{dVV coI {c[IE&
2. cm{H$H$ gm{h H$s wI {deofVmE {c{IE?
3. {ZZ {c{IV na {Q>nUr {c{IE&
A. {g gm{h
Am. ZmW gm{h
B. OZ gm{h
B. amgmo gm{h
40
^{V H$m CX^d Ama {dH$mg

^pVH$mc
boIH$ - S>m. ~mbmOr JmH$dmS>
41
^{V H$m CX^d Ama {dH$mg

^maVr` Y_ gmYZm o_ ^{V H$mo {d{e> WmZ h& ^{V Ho$ CX^d Ho$ gX^ _| H$B
{dX>dmZm| Zo AnZo-AnZo _V `V {H$E h& _mo{Zà {d{b`g Ho$ AZwgma ^{V eX H$s
Cn{m "Ô' eX go hB h {Og H$m AW hmoVm h- "^mJ boZm'& ^{V Ho$ W_ CboI Ho$
g~Y _| Am. naewam_ MVwd}Xr {bIVo h- ''^{VH$m gdW_ CboI 'doVmdoVa
Cn{ZfX' (6/33) _| {_bVm h& `h ^r CboI{Z` h {H$ Am`m] Ho$ ^maV AmZo na Ch| `hm
H$s `j, {H$Za, JYd, Agwa, dm`, {dmYa Am{X Om{V`m| H$s ZmJa gH${VH$m n[aM`
{_bm Wm& Am` bmoJ _w`V g{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ A`mgr Wo Ama CZH$m OmVr` OrdZ Jm_rU
gH${V na AmYm[aV Wm& BZ XmoZm| Ho$ {_bZ Ama nman[aH$ AmXmZ-XmZ go ^maVr`
gH${V H$m {dH$mg hAm, {OgH$s N> N>m`m _| ^{V nanam H$m ~rO {dH${gV hAm&''
Hw$N> {dXdmZm| H$m {dMma h {H$ ^{V`wJ H$m Am{d^md amOZr{VH$ nam^d VWm A{d{NZ
Ym{_H$, gmH${VH$ Ama gm_m{OH$ ^mdZm H$m n[aUm_ _mZm h& '' Xoe _| _wgb_mZm| H$s
gmm Ho$ XmamZ {hXy Xod_y{V`m VmoS>r Om ahr Wr Ama {hXy OZVm hVme hmo JB Wr& Am.
am_M ewbOr {bIVo h- ''amOZr{VH$ CbQ> \o$a Ho$ nrN>o {hXy OZg_wXm` na ~hV {XZmo
VH$ CXmgr N>mB ahr& AnZo nmf go hVme Om{V Ho$ {bE ^JdmZ H$s e{V Ama H$Um H$s
Amoa `mZ bo OmZo Ho$ A{V[aV Xygam _mJ hr `m Wm?''> ~m~y Jwbm~ am` H$m _V h- ''
_Zmodkm{ZH$ V` Ho$ AZwgma hma H$s _Zmod{m _| Xmo ~mVo g^d h `m Vmo AnZr A`mp_H$
lo>Vm {XImZm `m ^moJ{dbmg _o nS>H$a hma H$mo ^yb OmZm& ^{VH$mb _o bmoJmo _| nhbo
H$ma H$s d{m nmB JB&''
nmMm` {dXdmZm| Zo ^maVr` Y_ gmYZm _| ^{V H$m CX` Ho$ gX^ _| nmMm`
{dXdmZ doda, H$sW, {J`gZ VWm {dgZ Am{X Zo ^{V H$mo BgmB Y_ H$s XoZ ~Vm`m h&
{J`gZ H$m H$hZm h {H$ Bgm H$s Xygar-Vrgar eVr _| Hw$N> BgmB _mg AmH$a ~go Wo
{OZHo$ ^md go ^{V H$m {dH$mg hAm& Hw$N> {dXdmZm| Zo H$hm {H$ ^maVr` ^{V AmXmobZ
_wpb_ gH${V Ho$ gnH$ H$s XoZ h Ama eH$amMm`, {Z~mH$, am_mZwO, am_mZX,
db^mMm`, Ambdma gV VWm draed Ama qbJm`V Am{X ed gXm`m| H$s Xme{ZH$
_m`VmAm| na _wpb_ ^md h&' h_mao ^maVr` {dXdmZm| Zo nmMm` {dXdmZm| Ho$ CV _Vm|
H$m IS>U H$a ^{V H$m _yb CXJ_ mMrZ ^maVr` moVm| go {gX {H$`m h&
Am. hOmar gmX {doXrZo {hXr gm{h` _o ^{V Ho$ CX` Ho$ g~Y _| {bIm h'' `h ~mV A`V CnhmnX h {H$ O~ _wgb_mZ bmoJ Cma ^maV Ho$ _{Xa VmoS> aho Wo Vmo
Cgr g_` AnojmH$V {ZamnX X{jU _o ^V bmoJm| Zo ^JdmZ H$s eaUmJ{V H$s mWZm H$s&
_wgb_mZm| Ho$ A`mMma go `{X ^{V H$s ^md Ymam H$mo C_S>Zm Wm Vmo nhbo Cgo {gY _|
Ama {\$a Cgo Cma ^maV _| H$Q> hmoZm Mm{hE Wm, na hB X{jU _|&''
S>m. gò ^{VH$m CX` m{dS>m| go _mZVo hE {bIVo h- ''^{V m{dS>r CnOr
bmò am_mZX&'' Bg C{V Ho$ AZwgma ^{V H$m A{d^md m{dS>mo _| hAm& C{V H$Vm
g^dV Zht OmZVm Wm {H$ dh BZ eXm| na {H$VZo Jhao g` H$mo H$Q> H$a ahm h& CgH$m
m{dS> go A{^m` g^dV X{jU Xoe go hr Wm, {H$Vw Ogm gHo$V {H$`m Om MwH$m h, ZB
42
mJ{Vhm{gH$ ImoOm| _| `h {gX-gm hmoVm h {H$ ^{V H$m _yb m{dS>m| _| h Ama X{jU Ho$
m{dS>m| _o hr Zht, CZHo$ _hmZ nydO "_mohZOmoXS>mo' Ama "hS>nm'Ho$ m{dS>m| _| ^r& A^r
ggma H$mo {OVZo ^r _mU mV h CZgo `h {gX hmoVm h {H$ _mohZ OmoXS>mo Ama hS>nm Ho$
m{dS,> AWdm dm` EHo$dadmXr Wo& CZHo$ Bda H$m Zm_ {ed Wm& ... Am`m} Zo ^{V H$m
^md X{jU go mV {H$`m Wm&'' ^{V H$m {VnmXZ _hm^maV Ama JrVm _| mV hmoVm h&
Cg_o dmgwXod H$s CnmgZm-nX{V H$m {ZnU {H$`m J`m h, dh ^{V ^mdZm H$m ma{^H$
dn h&
ZmaX^{V gy _| ^r ^{V H$m {ddoMZ {H$`m J`m h& ^{V Ho$ mV hmoZo na
_Zw` Z {H$gr dVw H$s BN>m H$aVm h Z emoH$ H$aVm h, Z of H$aVm h Z {H$gr dVw _|
AmgV hmoVm h& ZmaX Zo ^{V H$mo H$_-kmZ Ama `moJ H$s Anojm lo>ma ~Vm`m h&
Ambdma gXm` Ho$ n _| X{jU _| ^{V H$s nanam ~hV hr mMrZ Wr& Ambdma ^{V
gXm` _| O{V Ho$ ~YZ Zht Wo& AS>mb Zm_H$ ^{VZ hB Omo H$U H$mo AnZm n{V _mZVr
Wr&
~mahdr eVmr _| AmMm` _dmMm` Zo eH$a Ho$ AVdmX H$m ~b {damoY H$a VdmX H$s
WmnZm H$s& ChmoZo _m`mdmX H$m IS>U H$aHo$ {dUwH$s ^{V H$m Mma {H$`m VmV dmX
Ho$ gWmnH$ {Z~mH$mMm` Zo b_r Ama {dUw H$s ^{V Ho$ WmZ na amYmH$U H$s ^{V
H$m Mma {H$`m gwXm VdmX Ho$ {V>mnH$ db^mMm` Zo ~mbH$U H$s CnmgZm na ~b
{X`m Ama nw{> _mJ H$m dVZ {H$`m& nhdr-gmobhdr eVmXr _o ^{V AmXmobZ ~S>o
Cgmh Ho$ gmW ^maV _| \$bZo bJm& MV` gXm`, gIr gXm`, amYm db^
gXm` Zo H$U H$s _mYw` ^{V H$m Mma {H$`m& H$~ra, XmXy, ZmZH$ Am{X gVm| Zo Bda
Ho$ gJwU-{ZJwU {_{lV n H$s CnmgZm na ~b {X`m& gw{\$`m| Zo o_ H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ _m`_ go
Bda Ho$ o_ dn H$m Mma {H$`m& Bg ^{V gm{h` H$m dUZ H$aVo hE hOmar gmX
{doXr {bIVo h- "" Z`m gm{h` _Zw` OrdZ Ho$ EH$ {ZpMV bj Ama AmXe H$mo boH$a
Mbm& `h b` h ^JdX^{V; AmXe h ewX gmpdH$ OrdZ Ama gmYZ h ^JdmZ Ho$
{Z_b M[a Ama gab brbmAm| H$m JmZ& Bg gm{h` H$mo oaUm XoZodmbm Vd ^{V h
Bg{bE `h gm{h` AnZo nyddVu gm{h` go g~ H$ma go {^Z h&''
{hXr ^{VH$mb H$m gm{h`
^{VH$mb H$m Ama^ A{YH$me {dXdmZ gZ 1350 _mZVo h {H$Vw Am. ewbOr gZ
1318(g 1375) _mZVo h& Bg H$mb H$mo ^{V H$m gwdU `wJ H$hm J`m h `m|{H$ Bg H$mb
_| gV H$~ra, Om`gr, VwbgrXmg, gyaXmg BZ g_H$mbrZ H${d`m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| H$m
{Z_mU {H$`m& CnmgZm ôX H$s {> go Bg H$mb Ho$ gm{h` H$mo Xmo ^mJm| _| ~mQ>m J`m h& EH$
gJwU ^{V Ama Xygam {ZJwU ^{V& {ZJwU Ho$ Xmo ôX {H$E JE h& gVmo H$s {ZJwU CnmgZm
AWmV kmZ_mJu emIm VWm gy{\$`m| H$s {ZJwU CnmgZm AWmV o__mJu emIm& gJwU _|
{dUw Ho$ Xmo AdVma am_ Ama H$U H$s CnmgZm gm{h` g{OV h&
43
^pVH$mc
(g.1375-1700)
2. ^pV H$mb H$s n[apW{Vm

{hXr gm{h Ho$ nyd H$mc H$mo ^{$ H$mc H$hm OmVm h& Bg H$mc | ^pV
H$m Ymam Ho$ gmW H$m H$s A nanamE ^r ahr h& ^maV | H$mc | ^mJdV nwamU
^pV wIVm go ahr ? ^mJdV ^pV X{jU go hmoH$a Cmar ^maV ^pV nanam go
EH$$n hmoH$a nyao ^maV df | m hmo JB& H$mcrZ ^maVr gm{h H$m yc da ^pV
ahr h& ^JdmZ H$s {ZJwU Ed gJwU ^pV na ~c {Xm Jm Wm& VH$mcrZ ^maV H$s g^r
wI amR>r, JwOamVr, nOm~r, ~Jcm, V{c, mc Ama H$S> Am{X ^mfmAm| | ^{$
H$m gm{h {cIm Jm& ewcOr Zo kmZmlr, omlr, am ^pV H$m, H$U ^pV
H$m Am{X ^pV H$s YmamAm| H$m CboI {H$m h& ^pVH$mcrZ gm{h Ho$ CX^d Ama
{dH$mg H$mo gw{MV n | AdJV H$aZo Ho$ {cE VH$mcrZ n[apWVrm OmZZm A{Zdm h&
AV VH$mcrZ {d{^ n[apWVrm| H$m {ddoMZ {H$m Om ahm h&
1) amOZ{VH$ n[apW{Vm
{hXr gm{h | ^pVH$mc VH$ Cmar ^maV | w{c gmm H$s WmnZm hmo
MwH$s Wr& {H$Vw BZ {XZm| wJcm| Ama A$JmZm| | nana gKf Omar hAm& Bg g wpcm|
Z| {hXAm| go g~Y Wm{nV H$a AnZm emgZ T> H$aZm ew {H$m&
^pVH$mc H$m g g. 1375 go 1700 VH$ Ho$ H$mbIS> | mZm OmVm h& Bg
H$mbIS> H$mo Xmo ^mJm| o {d^m{OV {H$m Om gH$Vm h& W ^mJ g 1375 go 1583 VH$
Ama Xgam g. 1583 go 1700 VH$& W ^mJ | {Xr na VwJbH$ Ama bmoYr de H$m
emgZ Wm& Xgao ^mJ | wJbde Ho$ ~m~a, hmw, AH$~a, OhmJra Ama emhOhm H$m emgZ
ahm h& wJbde H$mc amOZr{VH$ >r go m h H$mb AemV Ama gKf ahm Wm&
1295 | AmCrZ {IcOr {Xr H$s Jr na ~R>m& CgZo mbdm mV Ama
hmam> H$mo OrV {cm& JwOamV OrVH$a amOnwVmZo KamZo H$m| Koa {cm Ama X{jU ^maV |
w[c emgZ nhMm& AmCrZ {IcOr H$s w Ho$ nMmV {Xr H$m emgZ ~chrZ hAm&
gZ 1320 | JmgwrZ VwJbH$ Zo Cg | e{$ XmZ H$s& Hw$N> H$mc Ho$ CnamV mpVH$
emgH$m| | dV ApVd ~ZmZo | cJ| ah|& odmS> | hra {ggmo{Xm 1326 | dV hmo
Jm& Bht {XZm| {dOZJa | {hX am H$s WmnZm hB& Xam Ama ~Jmc | {Xr gVZV
Ho$ gw~oXma dV gwVmZ ~Z JE& X{jU | ~hmZr am H$s WmnZm hB& H$ra |
emhra Zo AnZm dV am Wm{nV {H$m&
15 dr eVmXr mVr emgH$m| H$m wJ ahm h& Bg H$mc | amOWmZ Ama odmS>
H$s C{V hB& hmamUm cmIm, MyS>m Ama Hw$^m Ho$ emgZ H$mc | dh EH$ wI e{$ ~Zm&
mcdm, JwOamV,~Jmc Ama H$ra Ho$ emgH$ dV ApVd ~ZmE hE Wo& ~wXoc IS> |
44
JhS>dmc deO ~wXoc gaXma am H$aZo cJm Wm& CS>rgm | gwder H${nco Zo dV
am H$s WmnZm H$s& ~m~a Zo 1526 | nm{ZnV Ho$ XmZ | ZdrZ CnH$aUm| Ho$ moJ go
B~m{h cmoYr H$mo nam{OV {H$m& ~m~a Zo amUm gmJm H$mo ^r nam{OV {H$m& naVw ~m~a Ho$
nw hmw H$mo eoaemh gwar Zo nam{OV {H$m& eoaemh Ho$ g | hr {hXr H$m AaH$m
"nXmdV' [cIm Jm& eoaemh gwar Ho$ Cmam{YH$mar Amo {ZH$co n[aUmV wJcm| |
AH$~a Ogm emgH$ hAm& VH$mcrZ N>moQ>o N>moQ>o amOmAm| Zo AH$~a H$m A{YZd drH$ma H$a
{cm& odmS> Ho$ hmamUm Vmn AHo$co ah H$a AV VH$ gKfaV aho& hmamUm Vmn H$m nw
Aaqgh OhmJra go 16 df cS>m na AV | CgZo AYrZVm mZ cr& emhOhm Ho$ ApV
{XZm| | ~wXocIS> | MnVam d hmam> | N>n{V {edmOr hmamO H$s gmm Wm{nV hB&
^pVH$mc H$m gm{h amOZr{VH$ dmVmdaU Ho$ {VHw b h& H$~ra, Omgr,
Vwbgr Ama gya BZ H${dm| H$mo Z Vmo grH$ar go H$m Wm Ama Z mH$V OZ JwU-JmZ go
gamoH$ma Wm&
gmm{OH$ n[apW{Vm
15dr eVmXr VH$ AmVo AmVo {hX Ama w{bm| Ho$ ~rM gmO H$s ^mdZm
{ZmU hB Wr& OrdZ Ho$ H$B jo | AmXmZ-XmZ H$a aho Wo& Hw$N> n[adma nwddV {hX ~ZZo
Ho$ {cE Zerc Wo& BZHo$ ~rM {ddmh g~Y ^r hmoZo cJo Wo& H$ra gwbVmZ emh ra Ho$
nydO {hX Wo& Chm|Zo AnZr bS>{H$m| H$m {ddmh {hX gmmVm| go H$a {Xm Wm& bS>Ho$
Coeoa H$m {ddmh {hXy goZmn{V H$s bS>H$s go hAm& bS>H$s n{V Y drH$ma H$a boVr Wr&
h ddm{hH$ g~Y gmV dJ VH$ gr{V Wo& OZgmm | Om{V-nm{V H$s ^mdZm
A{YH$ T> Wr& Bg H$mb | gV H$~ra Zo Om{V-nm{V ôX, AY{ddmg H$m Ia {damoY
{H$m& ImZ-nmZ Ho$ H$moB ~YZ Zht Wo& MmXhdr eVmXr VH$ h ~YZ H$S>o Zht Wo& {H$Vw
AmJo Nw>AmNy>V Ama ImZ-nmZ Ho$ ~YZ A{YH$ H$S>o hmoVo JE&
eoaemh Zo OtXmar Wm H$mo ~X {H$m Wm& {H$Vw wJbm| Zo Bgo {$a go ew$
{H$m& ~mXemh d OmJraXmam| H$m OrdZ ^moJ {dbmg VWm EdnyU Wm& ~mXemh H$mo Om H$s
gwI-XI H$s Amoa mZ Z Wm& JwOamV, ImZXoe, Ama X{jU | AH$mb nS>Zo na bJmZ |
Ny>Q> XoH$a AZmO ~Q>dmm Jm Wm& {dbmgr wpb A{YH$marm| H$s gVr a{gH$Vm go ajm
nmZo Ho$ {bE {hX gmO | nXmWm Ama ~mb {ddmh H$m MbZ hAm& Hw$N> wpb emgH$m|
| n-{bgm Ama H$m-{nnmgm ^r H$ Zht Wr& AmCrZ Zo 50 {VeV ^mJ H$a Ho$ n
| ~S>r H$R>moaVm go CJmhm Wm& {hX Ama wpbm| Ho$ ~rM em{gV Ama emgH$ H$m ôX Wm dhm
Yrao Yrao EH$ Xgao Ho$ {V CXma ^r hmoZo bJo Wo&
Ym{H$ n[apWVrm
Bg H$mb H$s Ym{H$ n[apWVr ~S>r emoMZr Wr& {d{dY Y Ama gXmm| H$m
MbZ Wm& BZ Ym} Z| nana gd H$s ^mdZm Zht Wr& Bg H$mb | dUd Y nanam
H$s OS>o O~yV H$a ahm Wm& ~mX Y H$m {dH$V $n Câm Wm& gy$s Y ^r AnZr OS>o
O~yV ~Zm ahm Wm&
45
1) ~mX Y - ~mX Y Ho$ gWmnH$ VWmJV ^JdmZ JmV ~wX h& ^JdmZ ~wX Ho$
hm{ZdmU Ho$ nMmV Y H$m hmmZ Ama hrZmZ BZ Xmo ^mJm| | {d^mOZ hAm& hrZmZ |
{gXmV nj H$s Xme{ZH$ OQ>rbVm Wr& n[aUmV H$ bmoJm| H$r AmWm Cg gXm Ho$
{V ~Zr ahr& hmmZ | {gXmVm| H$s Anojm dhma nj H$mo YmZVm Xr Jr Wr& H$mbmVa
| hrZ mZ | H$>aVm Ed gH$sUVm AmB& hrZmZ A{YH$ H$>aVm Ho$ H$maU gHw${MV hmoVm
Mbm Jm Ama hmmZ A{YH$ CXmaVm Ho$ H$maU {dH$V& ~mX Y H$s Bg pW{V H$m nwam
$mXm eH$amMm Ama Hw$m[ab ^> Zo CR>mm Ama d{XH$ {hX Y H$m nwZXma {H$m&
gwgH$V OZVm eH$amMm H$s Amoa AmH$> hB& hmmZ gXm Ho$ H$maU AgH$V dJ |
V- VWm {^Mma~mOr go der^yV {H$o aIm& Bgr{bE BgH$m H$mbmVa | mZ Zm
nS>m& mZ Zo dm mJ H$s , mg, WyZ,wm Am{X AZoH$ wmAm| H$mo AnZm {bm&
Zmar Ho$ {V dmgZm d{m H$mo gmYZm H$m AmdH$ AJ mZm Jm& mZ go dOmZ {ZH$bm
Ama Cg| Mmamgr {gX hE& BZ | JmoaIZmW wI aho& Bhm| Zo {gX Ed ZmW gXm
Mbmm&
2) dUd Y - eH$amMm Ho$ nyd X{jU go AmE Abdma gVm| Zo ^pV H$m Mma Ed
gma {H$m& Bg g AZoH$ Ym{H$ gXm {ZmU hE& {OZ | {dUy ^pV H$mo A{YH$
hd {Xm Jm& {dUy Ho$ AdVmam| | am Ama H$U H$s WmnZm hB& ammmX Zo ^pV Ho$
ma g~ Ho$ {bE Imobo Ama OZ^mfm | AnZo {gXmVm| H$m Mma {H$m& BZHo$ nyd ammZwO,
dmMm, {Z~mH$ Am{X Zo gH$V | AnZo {gXmVmo H$m Mma {H$m& {dUw Ho$ AdVma
^JdmZ lr H$U H$s CnmgZm Ho$ {d{dY ôX {ZmU hE& ^JdmZ H$U H$mo ^mJdV nwamU Ho$
Xe H$Y | d{UV H$U Ho$ n | AnZm Amam mZm Jm& H$mbmVa | ^{$ nXVr |
{dbm{gVm d ^moJ H$s YmZVm ~Zr aht&
3) gy$s Y - ^maV na wpbm| Ho$ AmH$U nyd hr gy$s gV H${dm| Zo Bbmr
dmVmdaU Vma {H$m Wm& Hw$N> gXm M{bV aho& gy$s H${dm| Zo ^maVr Am[H$
Ama AV H$mo AnZo T>J go drH$ma {H$m Ama odn {ZamH$ma, {ZJwU Bda H$m Mma
gma {H$m& gy$s gV H${d g[aV, {dmZ Ama ghZerb Wo& {hX Y Ho$ {V CZH$s
AmWm Ed {ddmg Wm& BgHo$ $bd$n gy{$m| Zo ^maVr OZVm Ho$ Z H$mo OrVm h& ZmW
gXm Ho$ ^md Ho$ H$maU gy{$m| Zo CZHo$ {dMma d EHo$dadmXr {dMmam| H$mo AnZmVo hE
Bbm Ho$ gmW gd H$aZo H$m mg {H$m& AV Bhm|Z| {hX-wpb Ho$ AOZ~rnZ
H$mo {Q>mm&
gm[hpH$ n[apWVrm ^{$H$mb Ho$ {dMmaH$m| Zo J | AnZo {dMma V Z H$aHo Ch| N>X-~Xn
| V {H$m& gH$V | Bg g~Y | {Q>H$mAm|, mmAm| H$s g>r hmoVr ahr& {H$gr ZdrZ
m{bH$ CX^mdZmAm| go H$m Zht {bm Jm& {gXmV {VnmXZ VWm ^pV Mma H$s ^mdZm
Cg g Ho$ gV gm{h | H$m H$a ahr h& H$~ra, Omgr, gya, Vwbgr Ogo ^mdwH$
46
H$dr ^r Bg Zmodmr go ANw>Vo Zht ah|& Bg wJ | {hXAm| H$m C dJ gH$V ^mfm dhma
| CnmoJ H$a ahm Wm& wgbmZ ^r wV wJbgmm Ho$ H$maU amO H$mO | $magr H$mo
drH$V {H$m Jm Wm& $bV B{Vhmg Ho$ AZoH$ JWmo H$m {ZmU $magr | {H$m Jm& Bg
H$mb | J H$m moJ amOWmZ H$s ^mfmAm| | Ama Hw$N> ~O ^mfm H$s dM{ZH$mAm| | hAm&
~mXemhm| VWm amOmAm| Ho$ Am{lV H${dm| Z| empV, lwJma, ar{V, Zr{V Am{X go g~{YV
w$ Ama ~Y XmoZm| H$ma H$s aMZmE H$s h&
gmH${VH$ n[apW{Vm
gdmH$Vm ^maVr gH${V H$s yb^yV {deofVm h& gmH${VH$ MoVZm H$s
gdlo> A{^{$ gmd^m g Ho$ AmYma na {V{>V Ym{H$ ^mdZm Ama Xme{ZH$
{MVmYma Ho$ m go hB h& H$bm, {en, gm{h Ama gJrV Bhr H$s XoZ h& ed, em$,
^mJdV Ama JmUn Ogo wI Ym} | kmZ moJV Ama ^{$ H$s d{mm| H$m gd hmoZo
bJm& moJ H$m ^md Cg g BVZm ~T>m {H$ ^{$ kmZ Ama H$ Ho$ gmW ^r moJ eX H$mo
OmoS>m OmZm AmdH$ gPm OmZo bJm& gdmH$Vm H$s d{m Y Ho$ gmZ w{V Ed
dmVwH$bmAm| | ^r XoIr Om gH$Vr h& IOwamhm| Ho$ dZmW pXa Ho$ {ebmboI | ~h,
{OZ, ~wX VWm dmZ H$mo {ed H$m n H$hm Jm h& ^{$ AmXmobZ Bgr gdmH$ d{m
H$m n[aUm h&
Bgr H$mb | {hX Ama wpb gH${Vm EH$ Xgao Ho$ {ZH$Q> Amr& gJrV, {M
VWm ^dZ {ZmU | gd Ama^ hAm& gm{h ^r EH$ Xgao go ^m{dV ahm& ZmH$
Zm{H$mAm| Ho ZZm{âm {Mm| VWm {d{dY H$bmAm| Ho$ $n | XmoZm| H$s {MH$bmAm| H$m
gmJ XeZr h& H$mm| | ^r amJ-am{J{Zm| H$m moJ {H$m OmZo bJm&
^pVH$mb H$mo gm{h H$s >r go gwdU wJ H$hm Jm h& Bg H$mb | ^maV H$s
bJ^J g^r ^mfmAm| H$m gm{h gOZ hAm h& ^pVH$mb Z| {hXr H$mo gwa, Vwbgr, H$~ra,
Omgr, ram, ahr, agImZ Ogo {V^m gn gm{hH$ma {XE h& ^pV gm{h EH$
gmW X, Z Ama Amm H$s ^yI H$mo jVm h&
47
3-A
gV H$m
3A. 1
3A. 2
3A. 3
3A. 4
VmdZm
wI gV H${d
gV H$m H$s {deofVmE
Amg
3A.1 VmdZm
{hXr gm{h Ho$ ^pVH$mb | ^pV H$s gJwU Ama {ZJwU h Xmo YmamE
{dH${gV hB& gJwU ^pVYmam Ho$ AVJV am Ama H$U H$m ^pV H$m AmVm h, {ZJwU Ho$
AVJV gV H$m VWm gy$s H$m AmVm h& gV H$m Ho$ dVH$ gV H$~ra h& gV H$m
H$mo {dmZm|Zo H$B Zmm| go g~mo{YV {H$m h& AmMm amM ewb gV H$m H$mo "{ZJwU
kmZmlr emIm', S>m. hOmar gmX {doXr Zo Bgo {ZJwU ^pVH$m' VWm amHw$ma dm Zo
Bgo "gV H$m nanam' Zm go A{^{hV {H$m h&
lr nrVm~a Xm ~S>dmb Zo gV eX H$s Cn{m emV eX go mZr h Ama
BgH$m AW {Zd{V mJ m damJr mZm h& Bg g~Y | naewam MVwd}Xr Zo {bIm h - ""gV
eX Cg {$ H$s Amoa gHo$V H$aVm h {OgZo "gV' $nr na Vd H$m AZw^d H$a {bm hmo
Ama Omo Bg H$ma AnZo pVd go D$na CR>H$a CgHo$ gmW VX$n hmo Jm hmo, Omo gV
dn {Z {g dVw H$m gmjmH$ma H$a MwH$m hmo AWdm Anamoj H$s CnbpY Ho$ $b
dn AIS> g | {V{>V hmo Jm hmo dhr gV h&'' AV: {ZJwUmonmgH$m| Ho$ {bE "gV'
VWm gJwUmonmgH$m| Ho$ {bE "^V' eX moJ {H$m Jm h&
S>m. {bmoH$sZmW Xr{jV Zo gVH$m Ymam H$m Xme{ZH$ gmH${VH$ AmYma
Cn{ZfX eH$amMm H$m AV XeZ ZmW-nW, BbmY VWm gy$s XeZ Am{X H$mo mZm
h& S>m. Xr{jV Zo {ZJwU ^pV {dH$mg Ho$ nMVd H$mo Co{IV {H$m h - ""{ZJwU ^pV H$m
yb Vd h - {ZJwU gJwU go nao AZm{X, AZV, AZm, AOmV ~ H$m Zm On& gVm| Zo
Zm On H$mo gmYZm H$m AmYma mZm h& "Zm' gV gem| Ama ~YZmo H$mo {d{N> H$a
XoVm h& "Zm' hr ^pV Ama wpV H$m XmVm h& {Vr ybVd mZ{gH$ ^pV& VVr yb
Vd h - o Ho$ m go H$H$mS> H$s AZno{jV XhVmAm| H$mo Xa H$aZm& MVwW Vd hmZd H$s Eogo {ddmnr Y Ho$ gym| | {Z~ H$aZm Ohm Om{V, dJ Ama dU g~Yr ôX Z
hmo& nM Vd h - ghO gmYZm& BZ Vdm| go {ZJwU ^pV H$m {dH$mg hAm h&
3A.2 gV H$m Ho$ wI H${d

gV H$m Ho$ dVH$ gV H$~ra mZo OmVo h& Bg {dMmaYmam Ho$ ~rO Am{XH$mb
Ho$ ZmW H${dm| VWm gV ZmXod H$s aMZmAm| | {bVo h& ^pV H$mbrZ {ZJwU gV H${dm|
| H$~ra, XmX, ZmZH$, aXmg, gwXaXmg, byH$Xmg Am{X gVmo Zo Bg Ymam Ho$ Mma-gma
48
VWm {dH$mg | AnZm ~hV ~S>m mooJXmZ {Xm h& hm g^r wI gV H${dmo H$m n[aM
g{jV $n | {Xm Om ahm h&
kmZ_mJu {ZJwU Ymam Ho$ _wI gV H$~ra
gV H$~raXmg Ho$ O_ g~Y _| AZoH$ dmX h& AVagm` Ama H$~ra M[aV
~moY Ho$ AmYma na BZH$m O_ gZ 1398 _mZm J`m h& bha Vmbm~ Ho$ Vmb Ho$ nmg {_bo
~mbH$ H$mo Zr Zm_ Ho$ OwbmhmZo AnZo Ka bo OmH$a CgH$m nmbZ {H$`m Zr H$s nZr Zr_m
Zo _mVm H$m Zoh {X`m& n[aUm_ dn H$~ra Xmg H$s Om{V Owbmhm Wr& H$~ra Zo AnZo
OrdZ _| Xmo {ddmh {H$E Wo& CZH$s nZr H$m Zm_ 'bmoB' Wm, {Oggo Ch| H$_mb Ama H$_mbr
Zm_H$ gVmZ mV hB Wr& BZ H$m XohmdgmZ H$mb gZ 1518 B. _mZm J`m h&
H$~raXmgOr Ho$ Jw Ho$ g~Y _| AZoH$ {dXdmZm| Zo "am_mZX' H$mo drH$mam h&
VH$mbrZ {hXr ^{V gm{h` AmXmobZ _| am_mZXOr H$m ~hV ~S>m `moJXmZ h& am_mZXOr
Zo XeXm^{V Ho$ gmW hr kmZ _mJ H$m CnXoe XoH$a gm_m{OH$ hrZVm H$s ^mdZm H$mo g_yb
Z> H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m Ama gmYZm Ed ^{V H$mo g^r dJm] VH$ VWm g^r dUm] Ho$ {bE
Iwbm H$a {X`m& `hr Jw _ boH$a H$~ra Zo VH$m{bZ gm_m{OH$ {T>, nanam Hw$ar{V`m,
Ym{_H$-gm_m{OH$ {dgJ{V`m| na H$amam AmKmV {H$`m h& ''_{gH$mJX YwAm| Zht, H$bm_
Jh`m| Zht hmW&'' Bg ~mV H$mo drH$maZo dmbo H$~ra Zo AnZr dmUr Ho$ _m`_ go g_mO OZ
OmJaU H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m& Chm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| H$mo {b{n~X Zht {H$`m& CZHo$
nadVu {e`m Zo OZ _mZg _| Mm{bV aMZmAm| H$mo {b{n~X {H$`m& H$~ra H$s aMZmAm| _|
"~rOH$' H$mo m_m{UH$ _mZm J`m h& Bg_| H$~ra Ho$ CnXoem| H$mo {e`m| Zo gH${bV {H$`m h&
gmIr, g~X, a_Zr ~r `h ~rOH$ Ho$ VrZ ^mJ h& H$~ra Ho$ JWm| H$s g`m bJ-^J gmR>
_mZr OmVr h&
H$~ra Ho$ H$m` H$s {dahmZw^y{V CM H$moQ>r H$s Wr& dh AnZo am_ Ho$ AZ`
{dahr Wo& Ch| {dah H$s {d{^ XemAm| H$s doXZm ghZr nS>r Wr& {dahmZw^y{V Ho$ {~Zm
gmYH$ _| {`-{_bZ H$s CH$R>m OmJV hr Zht hmo gH$Vr& H$~ra H$hVo h"{dahm H$h H$~ra gy, Vy {OZ N>mS>o _mo{h&
nmn ~h Ho$ VoO _| Vhm b amImo Vmo{h&&'
H$~ra H$m` _| ZmaXr ^{V H$mo _mZm h& H$~ra H$m _mZZm h {H$, {Z_b _Z go ^{V na hr
'am_' {_b gH$Vo hH$_ H$aV ~Xo Ah_od& nmWa H$mo H$aqh god&&
H$h H$~ra ^J{V H$a nm`m& ^mobo ^m` {_bo aKwam`m&&
H$~ra gm{h` Ho$ A``Z Ho$ ~mX `h nVm MbVm h {H$ Chm|Zo {d{^ Y_ Ama
gm_m{OH$ {dgJ{V AY{ddmg na H$amam AKmV {H$`m h& Chm|Zo {H$gr ^r Y_ H$mo ~em
Zht h& Chm|Zo {hXwAm| H$s _w{VnyOm, VrW `mm, dV d$`, AdVmadmX, nmoWr nwamZ, nR>Z
Am{X na AmKmV {H$`m h Ama _wpb_ Y_ _| `mV nmIS>m| amoOm, Z_mO, hO`mm Am{X
49
na hma {H$`m h& S>m. hOmar gmX Ho$ eXmo _|- "H$~ra Eogo hr {_bZ q~Xy na IS>o Wo, Ohm
go EH$ Amoa {hXwd {ZH$b OmVm h Ama Xygar Amoa _wgb_mZd, Ohm go EH$ Amoa kmZ
{ZH$b OmVm h Ama Xygar Amoa A{ejm, Ohm EH$ Amoa ^{V _mJ {ZH$b OmVm h Ama Xygar
Amoa `moJ _mJ, Ohm go EH$ Amoa {ZJwU ^mdZm {ZH$b OmVr h Ama Xygar Amoa gJwU gmYZm,
eV Mmamho na do IS>o XmoZm| Amoa XoI gH$Vo Wo Ama nana {dX {Xem_| Jò hE _mJm] Ho$
Xmof, JwU Ch| n> {XImB Xo aho Wo& H$~ra H$m `h gm^m` Wm& Chm|Zo BgH$m Iy~ Cn`moJ
^r {H$`m&' gV H$~ra Xmg Or do Om{V, Y_, gXm` {da{hV g_mO H$m {Z_mU H$aZm
MmhVo h&
"Om{V-nm{V nyN>o Zqh H$moB, h[a H$mo Ôo gmo h[a H$m hmoB&'
do qhXy Y_ H$s {dgJ{V na hma H$aVo hE H$hVo h'Xw{Z`m Eogr ~mdar nmWa nyOZ Om`&
Ka H$s M{H$`m H$moB Z nyO Oo{hH$m nrgm Im`&'
Cgr H$ma _wpb_ Y_ H$s {dgJ{V na hma H$aVo hE do H$hVo h'H$mH$a nmWa Omo[a H$ _pOX bB MwZm`&
Vmna _wbm ~mJ Xo `m ~{ham hAm IwXm`&&'
'{XZ â amoOm ahV h am{V hZV h Jm`&
`h Vmo IyZ dh ~XJr, H$go Iwgr IwXm`&&'
gV H$~ra `mo{J`m| Ama O{Z`m| H$mo bVmS>Vo hE H$hVo h"ZmJo {\$ao OmoJ Oo hmoB ~Z H$m _J _wH$Vr J`m H$moB&
_yS> _wS>mò Omo {g{Y hmoB, dJ hr ôS>Z nhMr H$moB&&'
do {gXm| Ho$ ôX ImobVo hE H$hVo h""ZmarH$s PmB naV AYm hmo` ^wOJ&
H$~ram {VZ H$mo H$mZ J{V Omo {ZV Zmar Ho$ gJ&&'
Om{V, Y_, gXm`, {T>, nanamdmXr ~mAmS>~a na hma H$a EH$ _mZdVm
dmXr g_mO H$m {Z_mU gV H$~raXmg H$aZm MmhVo Wo&
gV H$~ra H$s ^mfm _| nOm~r, ^moOnyar, ~Jbm, _{Wbr, amOWmZr, bhXm,
IS>r ~mobr, Am{X H$m `moJ {_bVm h& Bg gX^ _| S>m. JmoqdX {JwUm`V Zo {bIm h''_oam Vmo AZw_mZ h H$~ra H$s ^mfm _| `{X XoIm OmE Ama ImoO H$s Om` Vmo ^maV
H$s òH$ ^mfm H$m Hw$N> Z Hw$N> ^md {XImB XoJm&'' (H$~ra H$s {dMmaYmam- JmoqdX
{JwUm`V- n 297) do Am_OZm| H$mo OZ ~mo{b`mo _|, do npS>Vm| H$mo ewX {hXr _|, _wgb_mZ
H$mo \$magr {_{lV CXy H$m `moJ H$a AnZr ~mV g_PmVo h&
S>m. hOmargmX Ho$ eXmo _|- ''^mfm na H$~ra H$m O~aXV A{YH$ma Wm& do
dmUr Ho$ {S>Q>oQ>a Wo& {Og ~mV H$mo Chm|Zo {Og n _o H$Q> H$aZm Mmhm, Cgo Cgr n _|
^mfm go H$hbdm {X`m&'' H$~ra H$s ^mfm lJma agnyU h 'Xwb{hZ Jmdh _JbmMma' Bg nX
go n> hmoVm h& H$~ra Ho$ H$m` _| ghO n go N>Xm| H$m `moJ hAm h& gmIr, g~X, a_Ur,
~gV {hS>m|bm, MmMa ~o{b, Am{X N>Xm| H$m `moJ CZH$s aMZm _| nm`m OmVm h& CZH$s
aMZmAm| _| nH$ Ama Cn_m AbH$ma H$m A{YH$ `moJ hAm h& AV: H$~ra H$s {V^m _|
H$moB gXoh Zhr h&
50
aXmg (a{dXmg)
aXmg am_mZX H$s {e` nanam Ama H$~ra Ho$ g_H$mbrZ H${d Wo& aXmg H$m
O_ gZ 1299 B. _| H$mer _| hAm h& aXmg {ddm{hV Wo CZH$s nZr H$m Zm_ bmoZm Wm&
Bhm|Zo d` AnZr Om{V H$m CboI {H$`m h- ''H$h aXmg Ibmg M_mam'' gV aXmg nT>o
{bIo Zht Wo& Bhm|Zo `mJ, _Wwam, dXmdZ, âVnwa, {MVmS> Am{X WmZm| H$m ^_U H$a
{ZJwU ~h H$m OZgmYmaU H$s ^mfm_| Mma-gma {H$`m& {MmmS> H$s amZr Ama _ram~mB
BZH$s {e`m Wr&
aXmg _| gVm| H$s ghOVm, {ZnhVm, CXmaVm, {ddo_, T> {ddmg Ama
gmpdH$ OrdZ Ho$ ^md BZH$s aMZmAm| _| {_bVo h& BZH$s aMZmE gV_Z H$s, {d{^ gJhm|
_| gH${bV {_bVr h& BZHo$ \w$Q>H$a nX '~mZr' Ho$ Zm_ go 'gV~mZr grarO' _| gJ{hV
{_bVo h& BZHo$ '' Am{X Jw JW gm{h~'' _| bJ^J Mmbrg nX {_bVo h& Bhm|Zo gV H$~ra
Ho$ g_mZ _y{VnyOm, VrW`mm Am{X ~mAmS>~amo H$m {damoY {H$`m h& Hw$N> nX ZrMo CV h''VraW ~aV Z H$am AXoem& Vwhmao MaU H$_b âmogm&&
Oh Vh OmAmo Vwhar nyOm & Vw_gm Xod Ama Zht XyOm&&''
gV aXmg Zo O{V-Wm na ^r hma {H$`m h AnZo An_mZ Ama AmoN>o nZ H$mo boH$a Chm|Zo
{bIm h'OmVr AmoN>m nmVr AmoN>m, AmoN>m OZ_w h_mam&
am_ amO H$s godm H$sht, H${h a{dXmg M_mam&
gV aXmg Zo VH$mbrZ Om{VdUJZ ôX ^md H$mo ^r d{UV H$aVo h'OmHo$ Hw$Qw>~ g~ T>moa XmodV
{\$ahr AOh ~Zmagr Amgnmg
AmMma g{hV {d H$aht S>S>S>{V
{VZ dZ a{dXmg XmgmZwXmg&&'
AnZo ^mdm|, Ama {dMmam| H$s A{^`{V Ho$ {bE gab `mdhm[aH$ ~O^mfm H$mo
AnZm`m h {Og_| AdYr, amOWmZr IS>r ~mobr H$m `moJ {H$`m h& gmW hr BZ_| H$htH$hr CXy, \$magr Ho$ eXm| H$m ^r {_lU {_bVm h&
ZmZH$ nW : ZmZH$ Xod (1469-1538)
ZmZH$ nW Ho$ dVH$ VWm {gI _V Ho$ dVH$ Jw ZmZH$ Xod Am Jw _mZo
OmVo h& Jw ZmZH$ H$m O_ gdV 1526 _| VbdS>r Zm_H$ Jmd _| hAm& BZHo$ _mVm-{nVm
H$m Zm_ Vm d H$mbyam_ Wm& BZ H$m {ddmh JwXmg nya Ho$ _ybMIr H$s ~oQ>r gwbjUr go
gh df H$s Am`w_| hAm Wm& BZ H$m Xmo nw Wo- lrMX Ama b_rMX& ~m`mdWm _| hr
Cho gH$V, nOm~r, \$magr Ed {hXr H$s {ejm m hB Wr& do Ama^ go hr gV godm,
Bda ^{V, Am_ qMVZ H$s Amoa C_wI aho& Ch| {T>, nanamJV Om{V ~YZ,
AZmMma, Ho$ {V {damoY Wm& CZH$m `{Vd AgmYmaU Wm& CZ_| JhW, `mJr,
51
Y_gwYmaH$, g_mOgwYmaH$, Xoe^V Am{X JwU Wo&
Jw ZmZH$ Xod Ho$ ~hV go nX, gm{I`m VWm ÔZ {bIo h& CZH$m gH$bZ
{gIm| Ho$ N>Q>o Jw AOwZ XodZo gZ 1604 _| 'Jw JW gm{h~' _| gH${bV {H$ò h&
ZmZH$ Xod H$s H$m` ^mfm {hXr, \$magr Ama nOm~r h& CZH$s ^mfm _| ghOVm h& Am. h.
{doXr {bIVo h- ''{OZ dm{U`m| go _Zw` Ho$ AXa BVZm ~S>m AnamOo` Am_~b Ama
H$^r g_m Z hmoZodmbm gmhg m hmo gH$Vm h, CZH$s _{h_m
{Z:gXoh AVwbZr` h& gdo hX` go {ZH$bo hE ^V Ho$ A`V grYo CXJma Ama g` Ho$
{V T> ahZo Ho$ CnXoe {H$VZo e{Vembr hmo gH$Vo h, `h ZmZH$ H$s dm{U`m| Zo n> H$a
{X`m h&''
BZ _hmZ gVm| Ho$ A{V[aV gV-gm{h` Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg _| H${d`m| H$m
`moJXmZ ahm h& CZ_| gXm` WmnH$ H${d ^r h& {dZmoB gXm` Ho$ O^ZXmg, gmY
gXm` Ho$ dra^mZ Ama OmoJrXmg, bmb nW Ho$ bmbXmg, XmXy nW Ho$ XmXyX`mb, _byH$
nW Ho$ _byH$Xmg, dmaH$ar gXm` Ho$ kmZoda, Zm_Xod, VwH$mam_, EH$ZmW Am{X gXm`
Ed g` _wIm| Zo gV gm{h` Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg _| `moJXmZ {X`m h&
3A. 3 gV H$m H$s gmm {deofVmE

{hXr gm{h Ho$ ^pVH$mb H$mo {ZJwU Ama gJwU ^pV H$mYmam BZ Xmo ^mJm||
{d^m{OV {H$m OmVm h & Bg H$mb | {ZJwU ^pV n{V Am{YH$ ^mdr ahr h& {ZJwU
^pVYmam | Xmo emImE {dH${gV hB EH$ kmZmlr emIm Ama Xgar omJu emIm&
kmZmlr emIm H$mo gV H$m Zm go g~mo{YV {H$m OmVm h& AV {ZJwU ^pV, kmZmlr
emIm VWm gV H$m Am{X Zm g~moYZ ^pVH$mb Ho$ EH$ {d{m> H$m Ymam H$mo hr {XE JE
h& BgHo$ dVH$ gV H$~ra mZo OmVo h& Bg H$m H$s h {deofVm mZr OmVr h {H$ Bg|
H$ht na ^r H${Vm Zht {XImB XoVr h& Bg| ghO mH${VH$ gmX h Omo Z pVH$ H$mo
EH$ gmW ha boVm h& gV gm{h | A{YH$ Va AmmpH$ {dfm| H$s A{^pV hB h&
{ZJwU gV H$m Zo AZoH$ Ym{H$ gXmm| Ho$ ^mdm| H$mo JhU {H$m h& h gmYZm VWm
H$md^d XmoZmo {> go ~hV hr gn h& gV H${dm| H$s {dMmaYmam ZrOr kmZ Ama
AZw^y{Vm na AmYm[aV h& Bg H$m Ymam H$s gmm d{mm Ed gmm {deofVmAm| H$mo
{ddoMZ {ZZ H$ma {Xm Om ahm h &
{ZJwU Bda | {ddmg
g^r gV H${dm| Zo Bda Ho$ g~Y o AnZo {dMma V {H$E h & g^r dUm}
Ama gwMr Om{Vm| Ho$ {bE dh {ZJwU EH$ m kmZJ h & dh A{dJV h & doX nwamU VWm
{Vm Ohm VH$ Zhr nhM gH$Vr "{ZJwU am Onhao ^mB, A{dJV H$s J{V bIr Z OmB &'
o gV H${d gya Ama Vwbgr Ho$ gmZ gJwU Ama {ZJwU Ho$ gddmXr Zhr h &
52
Bhm|Zo Bda Ho$ gJwU n H$m {damoY {H$m h & H${d H$m H$hZm h XeaW gwV {Vh bmoH$ ~ImZm,
am Zm H$m a h OmZm &
{ZJwU ~h Ho$ g~Y | gV H$~raXmgOr Zo CH$> CXmhaU XoH$a gPmm
h "Om H$mo wh mWm Zhr, Zmhr n Hw$n &
nwn JY Vo nmVam, Eogm n AZwn &&'
gV H$~ra Ed gV H${dm| Ho$ AZwgma Bda H$m AV gy n h dh {XImB
Zhr XoVm & {Og H$ma H$moB nwn h naVw Cg| gm{hV JY {XImB Zhr XoVr Cgr H$ma
Bda Ka Ka| {damOmZ h & dh oH$ Zw Ho$ X | dmg H$aVm h &
~hXod dmX VWm AdVmadmX H$m {damoY
^pVH$mbrZ {ZJwU gV H${dm|Zo ~hXoddmX VWm AdVmadmX H$m {damoY {H$m h&
Chm|Zo Bg ^mdZm H$m {Z{^H$Vm nwdH$ IS>Z {H$m h& BgH$m H$maU amOZr{VH$Vm H$m
n[aUm VWm eH$amMm Ho$ AXdV H$m ^md Wm& emgH$ dJ wgbmZ EHo$da dmXr Wm&
{hX-wpb Ym} | {dofm{H$mo emV H$a EH$Vm H$s WmnZm Ho$ {bE BZ H${dm| Zo EHo$da
dmX H$m gXoe XoH$a ~hXoddmX VWm AdVma H$m {damoY H$a ~hm, {dUy, hoe H$mo mmJV
H$hm Ama CZH$s qZXm H$s h& CZH$m {ddmg Wm {H$ g[> H$m H$Vm {ZamH$ma ~h h& MaUXmg
Z| ~h Ho$ g~Y | {bIm h "h {ga Zdo Z am X, Zmhr {Jarmo Qy>Q> &
AmZ Xod Zhr na{go, h VZ Omo Ny>Q> &&'
gXJw H$m hd
gV H${dm| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| | Jw$ H$mo A{YH$ hd {Xm h & CZHo$ AZwgma
Jw$ hr gdlo> h & Chm|Zo Jw H$mo kmZr ~VmVo hE Bda go ^r A{YH$ hd {Xm h & Jw H$m
hd H$mo n> H$aVo hE H$~raXmg Or Zo {bIm h "Jw$ Jmo{dX XmoD$ IS>o H$mHo$ bmJw nmB &
~{bhmar Jw AmnZo {OZ Jmo{dX {Xmo ~VmB &&'
BZ H${dm| H$m {ddmg h {H$ am H$s H$nm ^r V^r hmoVr h O~ Jw H$s H$nm hmoVr
h & {~Zm Jw H$s H$nm namm H$s H$nm g^d Zhr h & B{g{bE gV H${dm| Zo Jw H$mo
gmjmV namm mZm h & AV {ZJwU ^V H${d gJwU ^V H${dm| H$s Anojm Jw H$mo
A{YH$ d XoVo h&
53
Om{V-nm{V H$m {damoY
{ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo Om{V-nm{V H$m {damoY {H$m h & wJ H$mbrZ gmO |
dU ôX Ama dJ ôX VWm Om{V ôX H$m A{YH$ m~ Wm, {$a gV H$~ra Zo BZH$m H$gH$a
{damoY {H$m & gV H$~ra ~wX H$s gVmdmXr >r Ho$ nwaH$Vm Wo & CZHo$ AZwgma Z H$moB
N>moQ>m h Z H$moB ~S>m h, Bda H$s nyOm VWm AmamYZm H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma oH$ Zwm
H$mo h & Bg >r| ^JdV ^pV | g~H$mo gmZ A{YH$ma h & H$~ra Ho$ AZwgma "Om{V-nm{V nwN>o Zht H$moB ,
h[a H$mo Ôo gmo h[a H$m hmoB &'
BZ gVm| H$mo {hX-wgbmZm| o EH$Vm Wm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gmm ^pV
mJ H$s {VR>m ^r H$aZr Wr & Bg ôX Ho$ {ZdmaUmW BZHo$ da | IaVm Ama H$Qw>Vm AmB
Aao BZ XmCZ amhZ nmB &
{hXAZ H$s {hXAmB XoIr, VwaH$Z H$s VwaH$mB &&
H$~ra XmgOr Bgr H$ma H$hVo h ""Vy ~mhU H$mer H$m Owbmhm Mrh Z moa {JmZm &
Vy Omo ~mU ~mUr Omm Ama amh h m| Zhr Amm &&''
[T>m| Ama AmS>~am| H$m {damoY
g^r {ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo {T>m|, {m AmS>~am| VWm AY{ddmgm| H$s H$Qy>
AmbmoMZm H$s h & BZ H${dm| Zo VH$mbrZ gmO | nmB OmZodmbr BZ Hw$d{mm| H$m S>Q>H$a
{damoY {H$m h & Bhm|Zo y{VnyOm, Y Ho$ Zm na H$s OmZodmbr qhgm, VrW, dV, amoOm,
ZmO, hOmm Am{X ~mS>~am| H$m S>Ho$ H$s MmoQ> na {damoY {H$m & Bhm|Zo {Z^Vm go
VH$mbrZ gmO H$mo ghr amVm {XImZo H$m mg {H$m VWm VH$mbrZ Y Ama gXmm|
| Zr{hV PyR>r mVmAm| H$m {damoY {H$m & n[aUmV gV H${dm| H$mo {hX VWm wgbmZ
XmoZm| H$s Amoa go VmS>Zm ghZr nS>r & m Bhm| Zo AnZo wJ Ho$ dUd gXm H$mo N>moS>H$a
eof g^r Y gXm H$s H$Qw> AmbmoMZm H$s h "~H$ar nmVr ImV h, VmH$s H$mT>r Imb &
Oo OZ ~H$ar ImV h, {VZ H$mo H$mZ hdmb &&'
H$~ra wpb Y gXm H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo hE H$hVo h "H$mH$a nmWa Omo[aHo$, pOX bB ~Zm &
Vm M{T> wm ~mJ Xo, ~{ham hAm IwXm &&'
{hX Y H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo hE H$hVo h "nWa nwO h[a {b|, Vmo nwOw nhma &
VmVo dh M$s ^br nrg Im ggma &&'
54
ahdmX
{ZJwU gV H${dm| o| ahdmX H$s ^mdZm w n | {XImB XoVr h & ah H$s
>r go BZH$m gm{h AZwn h & gV gXm | omgpV Ama ahVm H$s d{mm
{d>b gXm go Amr h & Um^y{V Ho$ jo | nhMH$a o IS>Z-S>Z H$s H${V H$mo
^yb OmVo h Ama BZH$m Xb-X Vab hmo OmVm h & {dahmZw^y{V H$s A{^pV | Bh|
nm g$bVm {br h & gV H$m | wV Abm{H$H$ o H$s A{ÔZm hB {Ogo
ahdmX H$s ^r gkm Xr JB h & gmYZm Ho$ jo | Omo ~h h, gm{h Ho$ jo | dhr
ahdmX h & gVm| H$m ahdmX eH$a Ho$ AVdmX go ^m{dV h "Ob | Hw$^ Hw$^ | Ob h ^rVa ~mha nmZr &
y$Q>m Hw$^ Ob Obqh gmZm, h VV H$Wm JmZr &&'
gV H${dm| Ho$ ahdmX na moJ H$m n> ^md h Ohm H$s BJbm,qnJbm Ama
ghXb H$b Am{X VrH$m| H$m moJ h & AV XmoZm| H$ma H$s ~hmZw^y{V moJmH$
ahdmX Ho$ AVJV AmoJr & BZ| {dewX ^mdmH$ ahdmX ^r {bVm h, Ohm
UmZw^y{V H$s {ZMb A{^pV hB h "Amr Z gH$m VwP n, gHw$ Z VwP ~wbmB &
{Oam m| hr boh|Jo {dah VnmB VnmB &&'
gV H${dm| H$m ahdmX ^maVr nanam Ho$ AZwHw$b h Ama Cg na doXm| H$m
^md h &
ÔZ VWm ZmaU
{ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo ÔZ VWm ZmaU H$mo A{YH$ hd {Xm h & ÔZ VWm
ZmaU Ho$ g~Y | CZH$s h YmaUm h {H$ ÔZ, {H$VZ m ZmaU Z hr Z | hmoZm
Mm{hE & Cg| {H$gr ^r H$ma H$m {XImdm m T>m|J Z hmo & ÔZ VWm ZmaU go naoda
H$s m{ hmoVr h & ha {$ H$mo ÔZ, {H$VZ VWm ZmaU H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma h dh AJa
go Z go Bda H$m aU H$aVm h Vmo Cgo CgH$s m{ g^d h & Bg g~Y | H$~ra H$m
H$hZm h ""ghOmo gw{aZ H$s{Oo {haX mhr {N>nmB &
hmoR> hmoR> gyZm {hb, gH$ Zhr H$moB nmB &''
o H$s AmdH$Vm H$mo hd XoVo hE H$~ra H$hVo h ""nmoWr n{T> n{T> OJwAm, n{S>V ^m Z H$moB,
T>mB AmIa o Ho$, nT> gmo n{S>V hmoB &&''
bmoH$gJh H$s ^mdZm
{ZJwU gV H${d nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ OrZodmbo pV aho h & do ZmW n{Wm| Ho$
gmZ Ho$db moJr Zhr Wo & hr H$maU h {H$ BZH$s dmUr | OrdZJV AZw^d H$s gdmJrUVm
h, gVm| H$s gmYZm | dpVH$Vm H$r Anojm gmm{OH$ A{YH$ h & gVm| Zo AmewpX na
55
A{YH$ ~b {Xm h & o bmoJ gV, H${d Ama ^pV AmXmobZ Ho$ CmH$ h, dhm do gmO
gwYmaH$ ^r h & hr H$maU h {H$ {hXr Ho$ AZoH$ {dMmaH$m| Zo H$~ra H$mo H$m{VH$mar gmm{OH$
ZoVm ^r mZm h & H$U Ymam Ho$ H${dm| Ho$ gmZ gV H${dm| Zo gmO go AnZr AmIo Zht
{$am br Wr & gV H$m | Cg g H$m gmO {V{~p~V h & BZH$s gV dmUr H$m
gma hr H$Vm h &
lJma dUZ Ed {dah dUZ H$s m{H$ C{$m
gnyU gV gm{h | lJma Ed emV ag H$m {MU A{YH$ n | hAm h & BZ
H${dm| Zo gmoJ Ama {dmoJ Bg U H$s XmoZm| AdWmAm| H$m AV H$bmH$ Ed Zmohmar
{MU {H$m h & CnXoe naH$ gypVm| | emV ag H$s OZm hB h & H$ht-H$ht BZH$m da
H$H$e hAm h {H$Vw dhm bmoH$ H$mU H$s ^mdZm ahr h & gV dm{Um| H$m H$m nj CZH$s
UmopVm| | hr WmW ngo {ZIa nmm h & ZrMo Hw$N> n{$m > h "{da{hZ C^r nW {ga nWr ~wP YmB &
EH$ ewX H${h nrd H$m H$~ao {b|Jo AmB &&'
gV gm{h | gmoJ nj Ho$ AVJV nmH$fZ, {m{bZ, W gmJ,
hfm}mg, {bZmoH$R>m, Pwbm-PwbZm Am{X H$m dUZ {bVm h & Bg H$m | {dmoJ nj |
{ H$mo {dXoe OmZo go amoH$Zm, {dah-O{ZV H$m-XemAm| H$m dUZ, H$m Am{X Ho$ mam
{V H$m gXoe ofU Am{X dUZ {H$m h & gV H${dm| H$m lJma ag Mmho bm{H$H$ hmo m
Abm{H$H$, Cg| EH$ AZwn mYw ag h & dh bm{H$H$ n| {OVZm AmhmXXmH$ h,
Abm{H$H$ n | CVZm hr AmZXXmH$ h & gV H${dm| H$m lJma dUZ ^r BZHo$ pVd
Y Ama XeZ Ho$ gmZ Hw$N> {dbjU VWm {Zambm h & BZHo$ lJma | {X ag H$s AmVm h
- dmgZm H$s A{dbVm Zht &
Zmar Ho$ {V >rH$moU
{ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo Zmar g~Yr AnZo {dMmam| H$mo IwbH$a V {H$m h & BZ
H${dm| Zo EH$ Amoa Zmar H$s qZXm-ZmbVr H$s h, Vmo Xgar Amoa n{VdVm Zmar H$s wV H$R>
go egm ^r H$s h & gV H${dm| Zo Zmar H$mo mm H$m VrH$ mZm h & Bhm|Zo H$ZH$ Ama
H$m{Zr H$mo XJ Km{Q>m mZm h & H$~ra H$m H$hZm h "Zmar H$s PmB naV AYm hmoV ^wOJ &
H${~am {VZH$s H$hm J{V {ZV Zmar Ho$ gJ &&'
n[VdVm Zmar H$s egm H$aVo hE H$~ra H$hVo h "n{VdVm br ^br, H$mZr Hw${MV Hw$n &
n{VdVm Ho$ n na dmam| H$moQ>r gn &&'
H$~ra H$m h >rH$moU CXmaVm H$m n[aMmH$ h & CZH$s >r | n{VdVm H$m
AmXe CZHo$ gmYZm Ho$ {ZH$Q> nS>Vm h & g{V Ama n{VdVm Zmar o EH$ Ho$ {V {Z>mdmZ,
56
AmgpV, A{g o gmhg Ama mJ ^mdZm go do ^m{dV Wo & H$~ra mm Ho$ Xmo n gV
mm VWm AgV mm mZVo h & gV H${dm| Zo gV H$mo drH$ma H$a AgV H$mo AdrH$ma H$a
CgH$s KUm H$s h &
mm go gmdYmZVm
{ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo mmgo gmdYmZ ahZo H$m CnXoe {Xm h & m| {H$ am H$s
XhZ Zo g~H$mo ~mOma | bwQ> {bm h Ama ~h, {dUw Ama hoe ^r Cgr Ho$ der^yV h & h
^JdmZ go {bZo H$m mJ | ~hV ~S>r ~mYm h & h mm hm R>{JZr h & BgZo Ywa dmUr
~mobH$a AnZr {VaJwU $mg | g~H$mo gm {bm h &
"mm hm R>{JZr h OmZr
{VaJwZ $mg {bE dh S>mobo, ~mobo mYwar ~mZr'
^mfm Ed ebr
{ZJwU gV H${dm|H$s ^mfm OZ gmm H$s ^mfm h & BZHo$ H$m | wV
JowVH$ ebrH$m moJ hAm h & g^r H${d A{e{jV Wo & Bhm|Zo ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm H$mo hr
AnZo A{^pV H$m gmYZ mZm & gV H${d AnZo V H$m Mma H$aZo hoVw Û H$aVo Wo,
AV BZH$s ^mfm {IMS>r m gmYw$S>r Wr & Bg| AdYr, ~O IS>r ~mobr, nydu {hXr,
$magr, Aa~r, amOWmZr, nOm~r ^mfmAm| Ho$ eXm| H$m gplU hmo Jm h &
gV H${dm| H$s ^mfm | nm[a^m{fH$ eXm| H$m moJ ^r {bVm h Omo {H$ Bhm|Zo
AnZo nwddVr gXm go {bE hE h& Ogo-ew, AZhX, {ZJwU, gJwU Ama AdYwV Am{X&
ZmW n{Wmo mam wV BJbm,qnJbm, Am{X eXm| H$m ^r Bhm|Zo WmdV moJ {H$m h&
S>m. {edHw$ma em BZH$s ^mfm Ho$ g~Y | {bIVo h - ""BZH$s ^mfm AmS>~a {dhrZ gab
h& Bhm| Zo Cgo H$ht ^r AmbH$m[aVm go bmXZo H$m Z Zhr {H$m h {H$Vw AZw^y{V H$s
VrdVm Ho$ H$maU Cg| H$mmo{MV g^r JwU Am Jo h&''
ebr
gV H$m | Jo wVH$ ebr H$m moJ hAm h & ar{V H$m Ho$ g^r Vd,
^mdmH$Vm, gyVm, gJrVmH$Vm, dpVH$Vm Ama H$mobVm Am{X BZH$s dmUr |
{bVo h &
AbH$ma
{ZJwU gV H${dm| H$s H$m aMZmAm| | nH$, Cnm, >mV, gmgmopV,
AmopV, dH$mopV, Cojm {VaoH$, {damoYm^mg Am{X AbH$mam| H$m moJ hAm h &
57
N>X
{ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo AnZo {dMmam| H$s A{^pV "gmIr Ama g~X' Ho$ m
go H$s h & gm{Im|H$s aMZm Xmohm, N>X | hB h & gmW hr MmnmB, H${dVm, hg nX Am{X N>Xmo
H$m moJ hAm h &
3A. 4 Amg
. 1. gV H$m H$s wI {deofVmE {b{IE&
. 2. kmZmJu emIm H$s wI d{mm|H$m n[aM Xr{OE&
. 3. {ZZ{b{IV na {Q>nUr {b{IE&
A) gV H$~ra
58
3-Am
gy$s H$m
3Am. 1
3Am. 2
3Am. 3
3Am. 4
VmdZm
wI gy$s H${d
gy$s H$m H$s {deofVmE
Amg
3Am. 1 VmdZm
^pVH$mb Ho$ {ZJwU gV H$m Ho$ AVJV gy$s H$m H$mo {dmZm| Zo H$B Zmm| go
g~moo{YV {H$m h& AmMm amM ewb Zo Bgo "omJu gy$s emIm' Bg Zm go g~mo{YV
{H$m h& A Zmm| | ommZ H$m, o H$m, Am{X wI h& Bg H$m nanam H$mo
gy$s gVmo H$s XoZ mZm OmVm h&
gy$s eX H$s Cn{m Ho$ g~Y | {dmZmo | {d{^ V h& Hw$N> {dmZ "gy$' H$mo
g$ eX go {ZH$bm hAm mZVo h {OgH$m AW h, Omo A{J n{$ | IS>o hm|Jo, do gy$s hm|Jo&
Hw$N> EH$ {dmZ XrZm H$s pOX Ho$ gj gw$m-M~wVao na ~R>Zo dmbo $H$sam| H$mo gy$s
H$hVo h& gy$s eXm| H$mo gmo{$m H$m nmVa mZm Jm h& Hw$N> {dmZm| Zo gy$s eX H$m
g~Y g$m go OmoS>m h {OgH$m AW n{d Ama eVm h& Hw$N> Zo VH$ gJ{V Ho$ AmYma na
gy$s eX H$m g~Y gy$ AWmV "CZ' H$nS>o go mZm Jm h&
AmMm ewb Zo ^pVH$mbrZ {hXr H$s Bg ommZ nanam H$mo $magrgZ{dm| go o[aV mZm h& Bg H$m Ymam Ho$ wI dVH$ {bH$ whX Omgr h&
3Am. 2 gy$s H$m Ho$ wI H${d

gy$s H$m Ho$ dVH$ {bH$ whX Omgr mZo OmVo h& h {ZJwUmonmgH$
H${dm| H$s Xgar emIm h& gy$s H${dm| Zo o H$WmAm| Ho$ bm{H$H$ o Ho$ m go
Abm{H$H$ Bda ^pV H$s h& ^pV H$mbrZ {ZJwU gy$s H${dm| | Omgr, Hw$Vw~Z, PZ,
eoI Z~r, H$m{g emh, Zya whX Am{X wI H${dm| Zo "omJu H$m' H$mo {dH${gV
H$aZo | AnZm ~hV ~S>m moJXmZ {Xm h& hm g^r wI gy$s H${dm| H$m n[aM {Xm Om
ahm h&
{cH$ whX Omgr
^pVH$mbrZ ommZ H$m Ho$ wI H${d Omgr h& CZHo$ O Ho$ g~Y |
{dmZm| | VôX h& AV:gm Ho$ AmYmana Omgr H$m O gZ 1495 mZm Jm h,
am~aobr | Omg ZJa | BZH$m O hAm Wm& Omg ZJa | O boZo Ho$ H$maU hr o
59
Omgr H$hbmo& BZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm {bH$ eoI aoO m {bH$ amOo Aea$ Wm& mVm{nVm H$s ~MnZ | hr w hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU o $H$samo| Ama gmYwgJ{V | ahZo bJo& Hw$N>
{dmZm| H$m H$hZm h {H$, Omgr H$m {ddmh hAm Wm, Ch| nw ^r Wo {H$Vw do {H$gr XKQ>Zm |
a Jo& AV:gm Ho$ AmYma na Omgr XoIZo | Hw$n Wo& do EH$ AmI VWm H$mZ go a{hV
Wo& EH$ ~ma eoa emh Zo CZH$s Hw$nVm H$m Cnhmg CS>mm V~ Chm|Zo Cma {Xm, ""mo{h H$m
hgo{g {H$ H$moha{hV' eoaemh b{mV hE Ama BZH$m Am{YH$ gmZ {H$m& Bht Ho$ H$mb
| BZHo$ H$B {e ~Z JE Wo {e nXmdV Ho$ n Jm JmH$a {^jmQ>Z H$aVo Wo& EH$ {XZ Eogm
hr EH$ Mobm AoR>r | ZmJVr H$m ~mahmgm JmVm {$a ahm Wm"H$db Omo {dJgm mZ{ga, {~ZwOb JEC gwImB&
gy{I ~o{b nw{Z nbwh, Omo {nC gtMo AmB&&'
amOm h Xmohm gwZ H$a Omgr H$mo ~S>o AmXa^md go AoR>r bo AmE& Ama do AV g VH$
dht ah|& Omgr H$s w dht na AoR>r Ho$ OJb | ~ho{bE Ho$ Vra go hB& AoR>r Zaoe Zo
Omgr H$s ht na EH$ gm{Y ~Zdm Xr, Omo A~ ^r mOyX h&
Omgr H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ gX^ | {dmZm| mam bJ^J 21 aMZmAm| H$m CoI {bVm
h& nmdV, AIamdQ> Ama Am{Iar H$bm o VrZ aMmZmE H$m{eV hmo MyH$s h& A
aMZmAm| | MnmdV, BamdV, gIamdV, aH$mdV, {MmdV, moamB-Zmm, wH$hamZmm,
nmVrZmm, gwdmZmm, ZZmdV, H$haZmm, oIamdQ>Zmm, YZmdV, gmoaR>, namW OnZr
Ama w$Q N>X Am{X H$m CoI {H$m OmVm h& CZH$s "nXmdV' | aZgoZ Ama nXmdVr
H$s bm{H$H$ o H$hmZr mam Abm{H$H$ o H$s A{ÔZm H$s JB h& "AIamdQ>' |
dUmbm Ho$ EH$ EH$ AYma H$mo boH$a {gmV g~Yr Vdm| go âr MmnmBm H$hr JB h Ama
gmW hr Bda, g{>, Ord, Bda o Am{X {dfm| na [dMma H$Q> {H$E h& "Am{Iar H$bm'
| H$mV Ho$ dUZ Ho$ gmW Omgr H$s Aj H$s{V H$m AmYma h&
Omgr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| | R>oR> AdYr Ho$ nydunZ H$mo AnZmm h& Omgr H$s ^mfm
gmX Ama mYwJwU go n[anyU h& Omgr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| | Xmohm, MmnmB N>Xm| H$m mooJ
H$a AdYr ^mfm | g$b moJ {H$m h& AbH$mam| | Cnm, nH$, Cojm, d^mdmo{$,
Amo{$, {VaoH$, {d^mdZm, gXoh AZwmg, {ZXeZm Am{X H$m g$b moJ {H$m h&
{Z:gXoh Omgr H$m gm{h | {deof WmZ h& ~m~y Jwbm~am Ho$ eXm|| - ""Omgr EH$
hmZ H${d h& CZ| H${d Ho$ ghO JwU {dmZ h& CgZo gmm{H$ gm Ho$ {bE o H$s
nra H$mo XoZ Xr& Cgnra H$mo AnZo epVembr hmH$m Ho$ mam CnpWV {H$m& dh Aa
H${d h&''
A gy{$ H${d
Hw$Vw~Z H$m A{d^md g gZ 1493 B. Wm& do eoI ~wahmZ Ho$ {e Wo& Chm|Zo
"JmdVr' ommZ H$s aMZm H$s& Bg| MZJa H$m amOHw$ma Ama H$MZ nwa H$s "JmdVr'
H$s o H$Wm d{UV h& H${d "PZ' Zo gZ 1545 B. | "YwmbVr' {bIm h& Bg| H$Zoga
60
ZJa Ho$ amOHw$ma Ama hmagZJa H$s amOHw$mar "YwmbVr' H$s o H$Wm h&
H${d "CgmZ' OhmJra H$mbrZ H${d Wo& hmOr ~m~m BZHo$ Jw$ Wo& Chm|Zo "{Mmdbr'
ZmH$ ommZ {bIm h& Bg| Zonmb amOHw$ma gwOmZ Ama nZJa H$s amOHw$mar
{MmdVr H$s oH$Wm d{UV h& H${d eoI Z~r Zo gZ 1619 B. | "kmZrn' H$s aMZm H$s
Wr& Bg| amOHw$ma kmZrn Ama amOHw$mar XodmZr H$s o H$Wm {M{V h& H${d
"wmdOhr' Zo gZ 1609 B. | "Hw$~ wVar' ommZ H$m h& Bg| JmobHw$S>m Ho$
amOnw whX Hw$br Hw$~emh Ama ~Jmb H$s gwXar wVar H$s o-H$Wm d{UV h& H${d
"ZwVr' Zo gZ 1658 B. H$mo "JwbeZo BH$' ommZ H$m {bIm& Bg| H$ZH${J[a Ho$
amOHw$ma Zha Ama YamO H$s nwr XmbVr H$s oH$Wm d{UV h& H${d "wH$sr' Zo
"MXa~XZ d hma' ommZ {bIm& Bg| gwXanQ>Z Ho$ {hX amOm H$s nwr
"MXa~XZ' Ama wpb mnmar nw hama H$s Xw:ImV o H$hmZr h& H${d "ramhmer'
Zo gZ 1688 B. | "wgy$-OwboIm' ommZ {bIm&
BZ ommZm| Ho$ Abmdm gy{$ gVm| Zo Xmohm|, JObm|, w$Q> nXm|, H$s aMZmE m
hmoVr&
3Am. 3 gy$s H$m H$s {deofVmE

^pVH$mbrZ {ZJwU Ymam H$s h omJu emIm H$hbmr OmVr h & Bg H$m
Ymam Ho$ wI H${d "Omgr' h & omJu gy$s H${dm| Zo H$pnV H$hm{Zm| Ho$ m go
omJ H$m hd {VnmXZ {H$m h & BZ H${dm| Zo bm{H$H$ o Ho$ ~hmZo Cg o Vd H$m
A^mg {Xm h & BZ H$m | a{MV o H$hm{Zm| H$m {df Vmo gmYmaU hmoVm h & {H$gr
amOHw$ma H$m {H$gr amOHw$mar Ho$ o | nmJb hmoZm Ama Ka ~ma N>moS>H$a {ZH$b nS>Zm&
AnZr o{H$m H$mo nmZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ H$> Ama Amn{mm PobH$a AV | Cg o{H$m
amOHw$mar H$mo m H$aZm & gy$s H${dm| Zo Omo o H$hm{Zm br h do g~ {hX n[admapWV
H$B {XZm| go MbVr Amr o H$hm{Zm h & AV H$hm{Zm| H$m AmYma {hX h & gy$s o
H$m H$s wI d{mm Ed {deofVmE {ZZ H$ma h &
H$m oaUm Ed moOZ
omJu emIm Ho$ gy$s H$mYmam Ho$ H${dm| Zo gy$s V H$m Mma gma AnZr
H$m H$s aMZm Ho$ m go H$aZo H$m mg {H$m h & Bg nanam| {hX H${d ^r Wo ChmoZo
H$mma^ | {hX Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s dXZm ^r H$s h & {H$Vw wpb H${dm| Zo gy$s V H$m
Mma H$aZo H$m mg {H$m Wm & gmW hr BZH$m H$m-moOZ e m{, H$m H$bm H$m
XeZ Ama wdmAm| H$m ZmoaOZ ahm h & BZ H${dm| Zo ^maVr emm| H$m AmYma boH$a
aMZmAm| H$m {ZmU {H$m h &
61
H$WmdVw
ommZm| | Mma moVm|go m gmJr H$m H$WmdVw Ho$ n | CnmoJ {H$m h &
1) hm^maV, h[adenwamU, {dUwnwamU Am{X & 2) mH$V - gH$V Ho$ nanamJV H$WmZH$
3) CXZ, {dH$, aZgoZ Am{X Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmm| H$s JmWmE & 4) bmoH$ M{bV oH$WmE
BZ | H$nZm e{$ H$m moJ ^r {H$m h & AV BZH$m AmYma ^maVr gm{h H$mo mZZm
Mm{hE &
~Y H$nZm
gy$s H${dm| Zo bm{H$H$ o H$hm{Zm| Ho$ m go Abm{H$H$ o H$s
A{ÔZm H$s h& BZ H$s h o H$hm{Zm ~Y H$m H$s H$mo{Q> | AmVr h& BZ H${dm|
H$m Coe H$moar o H$hmZr Z hmoH$a oVd H$m [ZnU H$aZm VWm CgH$m hd {ZYm[aV
H$aZm h& gy$s H${dm| Zo AnZo o nm Ho$ gmX H$mo mo{V nwO Ho$ n | {M{V {H$m
h, {H$ oH$ Ord CgH$s Amoa AmH${fV hmoH$a AnZm gdd Cg na moN>mda H$aZo Ho$ {bE
Vma hmo OmVm h& Bg H$m H$s o{H$mE Ama or nW na AmZodmbr ~mYmAm|H$mo nmaH$a
{gpXnW na MT>Vo OmVo h& BZ H$WmAm| | n{jm|, Xodm|, Ama AgamAm| H$m CoI {H$m
Jm h&
~Y H$mmo{MV dVw Ed KQ>Zm dUZ | Omo dmh J{V Ano{jV h, m BZ
H$mm| | CgH$m A^md h & H$WmdVw Ho$ dVw dUZ | g~ Zo ~Y {T>m| H$s eaU br h &
ommZm| m gd gw, Vy$mZ, w$bdm[am, dZ Ama H$mZ Ogo h & BZ H$mm| H$s
H$ moOZm m EH$ Ogr h & gdW JbmMaU | Bda H$s gdepVmm H$m dUZ,
VnMmV hOaV whX Ama CZHo$ ghmo{Jm| H$s egm H$s OmVr h & gXm Ho$ CoI Ho$
~mX H$Wma^ amJmg{$ Ama ZmH$-Zm{H$m H$s m{ Ho$ {bE gdd mJH$a AmYr Vw$mZ
H$m gmZm H$aZo {ZH$bVm h& or o{H$m Ho$ {bZ Ho$ nMmV A{YH$Va ommZm| H$m
AV XImV hmoVm h&
^md nj
o mJu gy$s H${dm| H$m w {df o h & o Ho$ {dmoJ nj H$mo A{YH$ hd
BZ H${dm| Zo {Xm h & {OVZm mZ or Ama o{H$mAm| Ho$ {dmoJ, CgH$s Ad{Y | Pobo
OmZodmbo H$>m| VWm CZH$m AV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$E Jo {d{dY Zm| H$mo dUZ H$aZo | {Xm
h CVZm CZHo$ ApV {bZ na Zhr {Xm Jm & Bhm|Zo ~mah-mg H$mo hd {Xm h Ama
^maVr n{V H$m dhma {H$m h & H$ht-H$ht ^maVr ^md n> n go {XImB XoVm h &
gy{$m| Zo dUdm| H$s Aqhgm H$mo {H$mH$ n go AnZmm h & Cn{ZfXm| Ho$ {V[~~ dmX Ho$
AZwgma ZmZm nmH$ OJV ~h H$m {V{~~ h & Omgr Zo AZoH$ Wbm|na Ogo ""ZZ
Omo XoIm H$b ^m ......'' | {V {~~dmX Ho$ gmW hr {dMma gm {XImm h & g{> H$s
Cn{m Ho$ g~Y | nMhm^yVm| | go AmH$me N>moS>H$a A H$mo drH$mam h & hR>moJ H$m
62
^md BZ na n> hr h & BZHo$ lJma H$m ZI-{eI dUZ H$mem go ^m{dV h & CZH$s
U ^mdZm $magr go Zht H$a ^maVr lJma ag H$s nanam go AmVr h &
H$m n
H$m H$ma H$s >r go gy$s H$m ^maVr H$Wm H$m nanam | AmVo h &
BgH$s nw>r AZoH$ bjUm| go hmo OmVr h & AZoH$ H${dm| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| H$mo H$Wm H$s gkm
Xr h & Ogo XmmoXa a{MV bIZgoZ nmdVr H$Wm, BdaXmg-gdVr H$Wm, OmZH${dH$Wm aZmdVr, H$Wm H$mbVm, H$WmH$ZH$mdVr, mg-Zb XVr H$Wm Am{X & Hw$N>
H${dm| Zo H$Wm eX moJ {efH$ | ZmH$a H$m Ho$ AVJV {H$m h - Omgr - o H$Wm
Eht ^m{V {~Mma h, PZ- H$Wm OJV Oo Vr H${d AmB, CgmZ - OmH$s ~wpX hmoB
A{YH$mB, Amb - H$hm ~mV gwZm| g~ bmoJ& H$Wm-H$Wm qgJma {dmoJ & naewam MVwd}Xr
Zo gy{$m| Ho$ H$m H$mam| H$mo A{YH$ n> H$aVo hE {bIm h - ""gy$s ommZ VH$ Egr
aMZm h, {Og| {H$gr ~Y H$m Ho$ m g^r Vd dVmZ h, {H$Vw {Og| BgHo$ gmW
hr H$Wm Amm{H$m, OZ M[aV H$m, Ed gZdr H$s ^r {deofVmAm| H$m ^r gd hmo
Jm h, Ama hr BgH$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm h&''
$magr {T>m| H$m ^md {bVm h & H$B gJmo | aV H$s A{Va{OVVm {~^g
bJZo bJVr h & H$B Wbm| na gmoJ AdWm H$m dUZ Abrb bJZo bJVm h & BZ H${dm|
Zo gmoJ AdWmAm| H$mo ^moJ {dbmg Ho$ {bE CnwV dmVmdaU mZ {bm Vmo H$^r CgH$m
ahmH$ AW ^r H$a S>mbm & m gy$s H${dm| Zo o Vd H$s mm H$aVo hE gmX Ho$
dn Ed ^md na ~hV Hw$N> H$h S>mbm h &
M[a-{MU
gy$s H$m Ho$ M[a-{MU | H$moB d{d Zht h & BZHo$ ZmH$ m gmV
m amOHw$ma aho h, Ama Zm{H$mE amOHw$mar Ho$ n| Xemr Jr h Omo{H$ gH$V gm{h
H$s Zm{H$mAm| Ho$ gmZ EH$ hr T>mMo | T>br hB h & ZmH$ H$m d$n m nhbo go hr
{ZpMV gm >r JmoMa hmoVm h& amOHw$mar AV gwXar, nJ{dVm {XImB JB h & Zm{H$mE
^maVr nanam Ho$ AZwgma n{VdV Y H$m nmbZ H$aVr hB AV | gVr hmo OmVr h& ZmH$
H$m {damoY Zm{H$m Ho$ {nVm m gajH$ mam hr hmoVm h& A H$mn{ZH$ nm h, CZH$m WmZ
JmU h& H$B Wbm| na Eo{Vhm{gH$ M[am| H$m {MU ^mdr hAm h& BZ g^r M[am| na
^maVrVm H$m Jham ^md h &
bmoH$ nj Ed {hX gH${V
omJu gy$s H${dm| Zo bmoH$ OrdZ H$m ghO {MU {H$m h & Ogo - AY
{ddmg, Zm{Vm, -V moJ, OmX Q>moZm, S>mZm| H$s H$aVyVo, {d{^ bmoH$mogd, bmoH$
dhma, VrW, dV gmH${VH$ dmVmdaU ~S>r g$bVm go A{H$V {H$m Jm h &
63
o H$mm| Ho$ aM{VmAm| Z| {hX KamZm| H$s o H$hm{Zm boH$a CZH$m VXZwn
dUZ {H$m h & gmmV g^r gy$s H${dm| H$mo {hX gH${V, nanam Ama Y H$m
WmdV n[aM Wm & Bg H$maU {hX Y Ho$ {gXmVm| Ama AmMma-{dMma H$m gwXa dUZ
{H$m h& {hX M[am| | {hXw AmXe H$s WmnZm H$s h & gy$s H${dm| H$m ZI{eI dUZ ^r
gH$V Ho$ H$memm| Ho$ JWmona AmYm[aV h& gJmZwn BZ H${dm| Zo ^maVr mo{Vf,
agmZ em, Amwd}X H$m ^r dUZ {H$m h& H${d Omgr H$m kmZ H$ht na AYwam Wm Ogo
AbH$mnwar H$mo Hw$~oa ZJar H$hm VWm ZmaX H$mo eVmZ Ho$ n | ~Vmm h & Chm|Zo dJ H$mo
AmgmZ H$hm h Ama aZgoZ H$s Cnm amdU go Xr h & Bg H$ma H$s Jb{Vm gy$s H$mm||
ImoOr Om gH$Vr h &
eVmZ
{ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo {Ogo mm dn mZm h, Cgo hr gy$s H${dm| Zo eVmZ
H$hm h& mm Ho$ gmZ eVmZ H$mo gmYZm mJ go ^> H$aZodmbm mZVo h & eVmZ mam {ZmU
gH$Q>m| go wpV - EH$ gmYH$ H$mo Jw Ho$ AmerdmX go {bVr h & H${d H$s >r | eVmZ H$m
AgmYmaU hd h & nmdV H$m | amKd MoVZ eVmZ Ho$ n | {M{V h & gy$sm| Z|
eVmZ H$mo mJZo mo Zhr mZm h, m| {H$ eVmZ Ho$ mam CnpWV dYmZm| go gmYH$ H$s
A{narjm hmoVr h Ama CgHo$ o | T>Vm Ama CdbVm AmVr h&
S>ZmH$Vm
gV H${dm| Z| {hX-wpbm| Ho$ ~rM Ym{H$ EH$Vm Wm{nV H$aZo H$m mg
{H$m Wm {H$Vw Ch| CVZr g$bVm Zht {br {OVZr gy$s H$mm| H$mo {br h & gV H${dm|
| IS>ZmH$Vm Wr {Oggo {hX Ama wgbmZ XmoZm| H$mo{YV hmoVo Wo & gy$s H${dm| Zo m
Hw$ebVm go H$m {bm & Chm| Zo XmoZm| H$m {damoY VWm {deof IS>Z Zht {H$m & BZ H${dm|
Zo XmoZm| H$mo Bda H$m gmZ n | XeZ H$am H$a XmoZm| gXm Ho$ ôX^md {Q>mZo H$m mg
{H$m & XmoZm| H$mo Zw Ho$ gmm n | {XImm & gy$sm| Zo XyaX{eVm go H$m {bm h &
{Oggo Ch| XmoZmo Ym} H$s Amoa go C{MV {VgmX {bm h & ^maV | wgbmZ Y Ho$ Mma
Ama gma | Bgr S>ZmH$ ebr Ho$ H$maU Ch| A^yVnyd g$bVm m hB h &
Zmar-{MU
gy$s H$mm| H$s h ~S>r {deofVm h {H$, CZ| o H$m wI WmZ Zmar nm H$mo
R>hamm h & Zmar H$mo namm H$m VrH$ mZm h & dVwV gy$s H${dm| Zo o gmYZm | Zmar
H$mo ghmH$ $n o drH$ma {H$m h & $bdn hm na Zmar gmYH$m| H$s >r | d EH$
{gXr ~ZH$a AmVr h & Bgr H$maU gy$s H${dm| Zo Zmar gmYH$m| H$mo AZoH$ Abm{H$H$ JwUm| go
wV ~Zmm h & gy$s H${dm| Zo Zmar H$mo H$hr d{H$m Vmo H$^r na{H$m Ho$ n | {M{V
{H$m h & naVw XmoZm| nm| | dh ny d gm{YH$m h &
64
VrH$ {dYmZ
gy$s H${dm| H$mo bm{H$H$ o H$hm{Zm| mam Abm{H$H$ o H$s A{ÔZm H$aVo
hE AV gmm H$m Am^mg XoZm hr Coe Wm & Bg agmH$Vm H$s A{^pV Ho$ {bE
gmHo${VH$ {dYmZ m VrH$m| H$m CnmoJ H$aZm A{Zdm hmo OmVm h & hr H$maU h {H$, Bhm|Zo
AnZr aMZmAm| | wV H$m{ZnV eXm|H$mo gmHo${VH$ n Xo {Xm h & Ohm Eogm Zht {H$m
Jm dhm Cg aMZm Ho$ AV | H$Wm Ho$ dmV{dH$ ah H$mo gPm {Xm Jm h & Bgr Coe
H$s ny{V H$aVr hB Omgr H$s n{$ ""VZ {MVCa Z amCZ H$shm'' {XImB XoVr h & H$htH$ht na Bhm|Zo H${V Ho$ m go ^r A$ gmm H$s gd mnH$Vm H$m gHo$V {H$m h &
Ogo nmdV | ""a{d g{g ZI {XnV Amo{h OmoVr &'' dVwV gy$s H${dm| | ^mdmH$
ahdmX H$s Zmohmar g{> hB h &
{d{dY ^md
gy$s V na Mma ^ma {d{e> n go nS>o h - Amm] H$m AVdmX VWm {d{eR>m
VdmX, Bbm H$s Jw {dm, ZdA$bmVyZr V VWm {dMma dmV & BZ na
ebr
gy$s H$m | H${dm| | ebr H$s [Q> go AVa h& Omgr H$s ebr | mT>Vm Ed
J^raVm h {H$Vw Hw$N> H${dm| | An[an$Vm {>JmoMa hmoVr h& BZH$s aMZmAm| Z| H$Wm Vd
H$s YmZVm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bhm| Zo B{VdmmH$ ebr H$m moJ {H$m h, Hw$N> H${dm| Zo
AmopV, gmgmopV, nH$ VrH$ Am{XHo$ AmmoOZ mam AnZr ebr | OZm H$m d^d
gMm[aV H$a {Xm h& BZ H${dm| Z| ~Y ebr Ho$ A{V[a$ wVH$ ebr H$m ^r moJ {H$m
h&
^mfm
gy$s ommZm| H$s ^mfm m gd AdYr h & CgmZ Ama Zgra na ^moOnwar
H$m ^md h & Zya whX Zo H$ht-H$ht ~O^mfm H$m ^r moJ {H$m h & BZ H${dm| Zo Ad{Y
^mfm | VX^d eXm| H$m moJ {H$m h, Ad{Y H$s bmoH$mopVm Ama whmdam| H$m ^r AN>m
moJ {H$m h &
ag
BZ ommZm| | YmZV lJmaag H$s OZm hB h & gdW ZmH$ Zm{H$m
H$s Amoa AmH${fV hmoVm h Ama {dah doXZm Ama H$B gH$Q>m| H$m gmZm H$aZm nS>Vm h &
CrnZ {d^md Ho$ AVJV gy$sm| Zo gIm-gIr, dZ, CndZ, F$Vw n[adVZ VWm ^maVr
gm{h | d{UV A CnH$aUm| H$m CoI {H$m h & ZmH$ Ho$ gmh{gH$ H$m Ho$ g dra
65
ag H$m ^r moJ hAm h & H$ht-H$ht H$U, emV Ed ~r^g agm| H$s ^r A{^pV hB h &
N>X
gy$sm| Zo AnZo ommZm| | Anê Ho$ M[aV H$mm| Ho$ gmZ Xmohm-MmnmB
ebr H$mo AnZmm h & Xmohm, MmnmBm Ho$ A{V[aV gy$s H${dm| Zo gmoaR>o, gdo,
bdJ,~ad, Hw$S>{bm Ama H${dVm Am{X H$m ^r moJ {H$m h & H$ht-H$ht na Hw$N>oH$
H${d Zo $magr ^mfm Ho$ ~ha N>X H$s ^r moJ {H$m h &
AbH$ma
gy$s H${dm| Zo M{bV nanam Ho$ AZwgma AbH$mam| H$m moJ {H$m h& $magr
gm{h go ^m{dV ahZo na ^r ^maVr jo go CnmZm{X H$m JhU {H$m h& Bhm|Zo
gmgm|pV H$m moJ ~hV gwXa VarHo$ go {H$m h& gy$s H${dm| | gmgmopV Ho$ g~go
A{YH$ g$b moVm Omgr h& Cnm, Cojm, nH$ Ama A{VemopV Am{X AbH$mam|
H$m moJ BZ H${dm| Zo {H$m h&
gy$s o H$m Ymam H$mbrZ {hXr gm{h H$s mnH$ nanam mZr Om
gH$Vr h& H$mbrZ gH${V Ed bmoH$ OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY njm| H$m ghO {MU Bg| hAm
h& Chm|Zo o H$s nrS>m Ho$ gwYwa JrV JmE h& BZ o H$WmAm| | {d, Xdr Ed Abm{H$H$
Vd gmZ n go {bVo h& BZHo$ H$m | gmhg Ama em H$m {MU hAm h& BZ| ^maVr
dmVmdaU H$m ^md h& ^maVr lJma nanamAm| H$m g^r Zo nmbZ {H$m h& g~| gmZ
ngo H$WmZH$ {T>m| H$m MbZ ahm h& Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ama H$mn{ZH$ o H$WmAm| H$s Anojm
bmoH$JmWmAm| na AmYm[aV oH$WmAm| | bmoH$ Vd H$s mm A{YH$ h&
3Am. 4 Amg
. 1. omJu emIm H$s {deofVmE {b{IE&
. 2. Omgr Ho$ oH$m H$s d{mm| H$m n[aM Xr{OE&
A) gy$s gV H${d Omgr
66
3-B
am ^pV H$m
3B. 1
3B. 2
3B. 3
3B. 4
VmdZm
am ^pV H$m Ho$ wI H${d
am ^pV H$m H$s {deofVmE
Amg
3B. 1 VmdZm
^pVH$mb H$s gJwU ^pV Ymam| am^pV H$m H$s b~r nanam ahr h& doXm|
| Hw$N> Wbm| na "am' eX H$m moJ hAm h& "am'Ho$ OrdZ go g~{YV nhbm hmH$m
"dmrH$s ammU' H$mo drH$ma {H$m OmVm h& Bg oaUm go hr am H$m H$s nanam ew$
hB dmrH$s ammU Zo Ho$db Xoe | hr Zhr ~pH$ {dXoe H$m| ^r ^m{dV {H$m, Ama am
gm{h aMm OmZo bJm& dmrH$s H$s Ho$ am mXm nwfmom Wo& Cg| AdVmadmX Zht Wm&
Cn{ZfX | am H$mo AdVma drH$ma H$a {bm Jm Wm& nwamUm| | ^r am H$m Ho$ gJ
{XImB XoVo h& S>m. gmoZQ>o$OrHo$ AZwgma ""AJV-gwVrjU-gdmX g{hVm | am Ho$ AZoH$
Abm{H$H$ JwUm| H$m gmdoe H$a Ch| {deof hd {Xm Jm& Am ammU, AmZX
ammU, AX^yV ammU, wewpS> ammU, hUw g{hVm, amKdmomg Am{X JWm| | am
H$Wm H$s Ym{H$ Ed Xme{ZH$ mm VwV H$s JB& damh, A{, qbJ, dmZ, ~h, JS>,
H$X, nXddV Am{X nwamUm| | am H$Wm Ho$ AZoH$ gJ {>JmoMa hmoVo h& ""~m, OZ
JWm| | ^r am H$Wm H$m moJ hAm h& Ym{H$ JWm| Ho$ A{V[aV A gH$V, mH$V,
Anê gm{h | ^r am H$m H$s gwXrK nanam ahr h&
am H$m H$m CX^d dmrH$s ammU go ew$ hAm h& nMmV am^pV
ammZX mam {dH${gV hmoH$a Vwbgr Ho$ "amM[aV mZg' Ho$ mam {hXr ^pV gm{h |
dm{hV hB& Vwbgr nyd {dUwXmg, AJXmg, BdaXmg Am{X Zo amH$Wm {bIr h {H$Vw am
H$m Ho$ w dVH$ Vwbgr hr aho h&
3B. 2 am ^pV H$m Ho$ wI H${d

^pVH$mbrZ {hXr gJwU ^pV H$m Ho$ AVJV am ^pV H$m Ho$ wI
dVH$ VwbgrXmgOr h& am^pV H$s {V>m ammZX mam hB ammZX H$s ^pV Ama
{dMma Ymam go VwbgrXmg ^m{dV Wo& am ^pV H$m {dH$mg | H$B H${dm| Zo AnZm
moJXmZ {Xm h CZ| wI h - AJXmg, BdaXmg, VwbgrXmg, OZ OgdV, Zm^mXmg,
Ho$edXmg, mUMX MmhmU Am{X h& hm g^r H$m gjon | n[aM XoZm grMrZ hmoJm&
67
am_ gm{h` Ho$ dVH$- _hmH${d VwbgrXmg
VwbgrXmg Ho$ O_ g~Y _| A{YH$me {dXdmZmo _| _VôX h& AV: gm Ho$
AmYma na BZH$s O_{V{W g. 1589 (gZ 1532) A{YH$ `w{VgJV VrV hmoVr h&
BZH$m O_WmZ amOmnwa ~Vm`m OmVm h& OZlw{V Ho$ AmYmana VwbgrXmgOr Ho$ {nVm H$m
Zm_ Am_mam_ Xw~o Ama _mVm H$m Zm_ hbgr Wm& BZH$m {ddmh XrZ~Yw nmR>H$ H$s H$`m
aZmdbr go hAm Wm& BZH$m ~MnZ {dnmdWm _| JwOa MyH$m Wm& _mVm-{nVm Ho$ mam N>moS>
{Xò OmZo na ~m~m Zah[aXmg Zo BZH$m nmbZ-nmofU {H$`m Ama kmZ-^{V H$s {ejm ^r
Xr& {ddmh nMmV Ch| gVmZ m{V hB Wr {H$Vw Anm`w _| hr CgH$s _`w hB& nZr Ho$
{V A`m{YH$ Amg{V Wr& EH$ ~ma nZr mam ^gZm- ""bmO Z AmB AmnH$mo Xmao AmEh
gmW'' {_br V~ do Xmn` OrdZ go {d_wI hmoH$a ^wo_ H$s Amoa C_wI hE& Chm|Zo H$B
OJh H$s VrW`mm H$s& AVV: H$mer _| hr AnZm Wm`r {Zdmg ~Zm`m& Bgr AdWm _|
gm{h` gOZm Ama^ hB& BZHo$ Jw Zah[a _mZo OmVo h& BZHo$ Jw Zo hr am_-H$Wm gwZmH$a
am_-^{V H$s Amoa dV {H$`m Wm& CZH$s _`w A`V nrS>mXm`r AdWm _| hB&
VwbgrXmg mam a{MV JWm| H$s g`m ~mah h Omo m_m{UH$ _mZr OmVr h, dh
H$_mZwgma Bg H$ma h- dam` gXrnZr, am_mkm Z, am_bbm ZhNy>, OmZH$s _Jb,
am_M[aV_mZg, nmdVr _Jb, H$U JrVmdbr, JrVmdbr, {dZ`n{H$m, Xmohmdbr,
dadam_mÙ Ama H${dVmdbr Am{X&
"dam` gXrnZr _| gV _{h_m H$m dUZ {H$`m J`m h& "OmZH$s _Jb' _| am_-OmZH$s {ddmh
dUZ h& "nmdVr _Jb' _| nmdVr Ho$ O_ Ama {ddmhmogd H$m dUZ h& 'H$UJrVmdbr' _|
H$U H$s ~mb brbm Ed Jmo{n`m| H$m {dah dUZ h& "{dZ`nm{H$m' _| am_ Ho$ {V H${d H$m
{dZ`^md A{^`V h& "H${dVmdbr' _| H${dm ebr _| {bIm J`m gJh h& "am_M[aV
_mZg' _| _`mXm nwfmom_ am_ Ho$ M[amZwHy$b gJm| H$mo {ddo{MV {H$`m h&
VwbgrXmg Ho$ boIZ na VH$m{bZ n[apW{V`m| H$m ^md {XImB XoVm h&
VwbgrXmg H$mbrZ g_` H$m g_mO Z{VH$, Ym{_H$, gmH${VH$ Ama Am{WH$ {> go
hmgmowI Wm& AnZo`w{JZ amOZr{VH$ pW{V H$s AmbmoMZm Bg H$ma H$s h'Jm|S> Jdma Znmb _{h, `dZ _hm _{hnmb&
gm_ Z Xm_ Z ôX H${b Ho$db XS> H$amb&&'
emgH$ A{YH$mar Ho$ {bE {bIm h"OmgwamO {` Om XwImar& gmo Zn Ad{g ZaH$ A{YH$mar'
Vwbgr g_H$mbrZ g_mO _| CM dJ _| {dbm{gVm, Om{V-nm{V H$s Wm A{YH$
H$R>moa hmo ahr Wr& _wpb_ emgH$m| Ho$ A`mMma ~T> aho Wo& Ym{_H$ hmg hmo ahm Wm& Am{WH$
{dnZVm Wr& VwbgrXmgZo d` H$hm h"IoVr Z {H$gmZ H$mo, {Îmar H$mo Z ^rI ~{b,
~{ZH$ H$mo Z ~{ZO Z MmH$a H$mo MmH$ar'
Vwbgr H$s _m`Vm `h h {H$ EH$ AN>o g_mO Ed am> {Z_mU Ho$ {bE dU
`dWm H$m hmoZm Oar h-
68
'~aZml_ {ZO {ZO Ya_, {ZaV doX nW bmoJ&
Vb {h gXm nmd{h gwI, Oqh ^` emoH$ Z amoJ&'
Vwbgr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| Ho$ {bE bmoH$ ^mfm H$mo MyZm& nydu d npM_r AdYr na
g_mO A{YH$ma Wm& H$ht-H$ht ~O ^mfm H$m ^r `moJ {H$`m h& BZH$s ^mfm gH$V Ho$
npS>V hmoZo H$maU gH$V H$s H$mo_bH$mV nXmdbr H$s gw_Ywa PH$a h& Chm|Zo AnZr
aMZm ebr _| _hmH$m`, _wVH$, Jr{V BZ VrZm| H$m `moJ g\$bVm nydH$ {H$`m&
Vwbgr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| _| H$U, hm`, dra, ^`mZH$ ~r^g Am{X agmo H$m
n[anmH$ {_bVm h& Chm|Zo Cn_m, Cojm, nH$, gXoh, `{VaoH$, AZwmg Am{X AbH$mam|
H$m `moJ {H$`m h& gmWhr Chm|Zo N>n`, Xmoho, MmnmB, Hw$S>{b`m, gd`m, Vmo_a, {^Jr
Am{X N>Xm| H$m g\$bVm nydH$ `moJ {H$`m h&
VwbgrXmg Ho$ g_yMo gm{h` _| g_d` ^mdZm {>JmoMa hmoVr h& Bg Amoa gHo$V
H$aVo hE S>m. hOmargmX {doXr {bIVo h- ""CZH$m gmam H$m` g_d` H$s {damoh Mo>m h&
bmoH$ Ama em H$m g_d`, JmhW Ama dam` H$m g_d`, ^{V Ama kmZ H$m g_d`,
^mfm Ama gH$V H$m g_d`, {ZJwU Ama gJwU H$m g_d`, H$Wm Ama VdkmZ H$m
g_d`, ~mh` Ama MS>mb H$m g_d`, nmpS>V Ama nmpS>`- am_M[aV _mZg ew go
Am{Ia VH$ g_d` H$m H$m` h& '' AV: Vwbgr OZMoVZmdmXr Zm`H$ Wo&
dm_r am_mZX
dm_r am_mZXOr H$m O_ 1400 go 1470 B. _mZm J`m h& BZH$m O_ H$mer
_| hAm Wm Ama Bhm|Zo dUd gXm` Ho$ AmMm` amKdmZX go Xrjm JhU H$s Wr& dUml_
_| AmWm aIZo dmbo am_mZXOr ^{V _mJ _| Chm|Zo g^r H$mo g_mZ _mZVo hE {ZZ dJ Ho$
^Vm| H$mo AnZm {e`d XmZ {H$`m& BZHo$ {e`m| _| H$~ra, aXmg, YZm, nrnm Am{X Wo&
dm_r am_mZXOr gH$V Ho$ n{S>V Wo& Bhm|Zo "dUd _VmX ^mH$a' Ama
'lram_mOwZ-nX{V' `h _wI JW {bIo h& am_mZXOr H$s ^{V-nX{V H$m ^md
am_-^{V nanam na b{jV hmoVm h& Jmodm_r VwbgrXmg ^r BZH$s {dMmaYmam go ^m{dV
Wo&
am_mZX Or H$m {hXr _| hZw_mZ H$s Vw{V H$m nX Bg H$ma h "AmaVr H$sO hZw_mZ bbm H$s& Xw>XbZ aKwZmW H$bm H$s&
OmHo$ ~b âVo _{h H$mn& amoJ gmoJ OmH$s {g`mZ `mn&
AOZrgwV _hm~bXm`H$& gmYw gV na gXmghm`H$ &&
JmT> na H${d gw{_am| Vmohr& hmoh> X`mb Xoh Og _m|{h&&'
dm_r AJXmg
dm_r am_mZX H$s {e` nanam Ho$ am_-^V H${d dm_r AJXmg Wo& Bhm|Zo
H$UXmg n`har go Xrjm boH$a {e`d mV {H$`m Wm& Bht AJXmg Ho$ {e` ^V _mb
Ho$ aM{`Vm Zm^mXmgOr Wo& H$UXmg n`hmar Zo O`nwa Ho$ g_rn JbVm Zm_H$ WmZ _|
69
AnZr Jr Wm{nV H$s Wr& AJXmgOr JbVm Jr na 1566 B. _| {d_mZ Wo& BZHo$ _wI
JW "`mZ _Oar', "A>`m_', "{hVmonXoe CnImUm ~mdZr,' 'am_ÔZ _Oar', 'CnmgZm~mdZr', 'Hw$S>{b`m' Am{X h& BZH$s nX-aMZm nT>Zo na nVm Mb h {H$, Bh| emr`
gm{h` H$m kmZ Wm& EH$ CXmhaU >` h Hw$S>b b{bV H$nmob OwJb Ag na_ gwXogm&
{VZH$mo {Za{I H$me bOV amHo$g {XZogm&
_oMH$ Hw${Q>b {dgmb gamoh ZZ ghmE&
_wI nH$O Ho$ {ZH$Q> _Zmo A{b N>mZm AmE&&
BZH$m nX ^r Bg H$ma hnhao am_ Vwhmao gmodV& _ _{V_X AY Zqh OmodV&&
An_maJ _maJ _{hOm`mo& Br nmo{f nwfmaW _m`mo&&
Ama{Z Ho$ ~b AZV H$ma& AJaXmg Ho$ am_AYma &&
AJXmgOr Zo "AJAbr' Zm_ go d` H$mo OmZH$s gIr _mZ H$a H$m` aMZm`| H$s
h& BZH$s "am_m>`m`' _| grVm db^ am_ H$s X{ZH$ brbmAm| H$m {MU h&
Zm^mXmg
`h VwbgrXmg H$mbrZ am_^V H${d Wo& gdV 1657 Ho$ bJ^J dV_mZ Wo&
Zm^mXmg AJXmg Ho$ {e` Wo& BZH$m {gX JW '^V _mb' gdV 1642 Ho$ nrN>o ~Zm
Ama {`XmgOr Zo CgH$s Q>rH$m {bIr& BZH$s 'A>`m_' H$s aMZm a{gH$-^mdZm H$mo boH$a
hB h {Og_| am_ H$s brbmAm| H$m dUZ {H$`m J`m h&
BdaXmg
BdaXmgOr H$m O_ 1480 B. _mZm OmVm h& CZH$s gw{gX H${V 'g`dVr
H$Wm' h BgH$m aMZm H$mb 1501 B. h& am_H$Wm go g~{YV BZH$s 'âV {_bmn' Ama
'AJX nO' `h Xmo aMZmE M{bV h& 'âV {_bmn' _| am_ Ho$ dZJ_Z Ho$ CnamV 'âVam_' ôQ> Ho$ H$U-H$mo_b gJ H$mo Bg H$m`-H${V _| n~X {H$`m J`m h& BdaXmg H$s
Xygar aMZm 'AJX nO' _| amdU H$s g^m _| AJX Ho$ na O_mH$a S>Q> OmZo H$m draagnyU
dUZ {_bVm h&
Ho$edXmg
Ho$edXmg H$m O_ 1555 B _| Ama _`y 1617 B. _mZm OmVm h& BZHo$ mam
{bIo JE _wI JW H${d{`m, a{gH${`m, am_M{H$m, draqghM[aV, {dkmZJrVm,
aVZ~mdZr, Ama OhmJra OgM{H$m Am{X h& BZ_| go am_MpH$m 1601 B. am_H$m`
nanam AVJV _wI H${V h&
70
BZ H${d`m| Ho$ A{V[aV am_H$m` {bIZodmbo A` H${d mUMX MmhmZ H$V
'am_mÙ _hmZmQ>H$', goZmn{H$V H${dm aZmH$a, H$nyaMH$V 'am_mÙ' Am{X aMZmE
CboIZr` h&
3B. 3 am^pV gm{h H$s gmm {deofVmE

^pVH$mb | ^pV H$s AZoH$ YmamE M{bV Wr & H$~ra H$s {ZJwU kmZmJu
emIm Ama gy{$m| H$s onyU ^pV Bgr H$mb | dm{hV ahr & o XmoZm| emImE {ZamH$ma
{ZJwU ~h H$m Mma-gma H$aVr h & BZHo$ A{V[aV gJwU ^pVYmam ^r dm{hV ahr&
gJwU ^pVYmam | Bda Ho$ n | am Ama H$U mZo Jo & am^pV Ho$ w dVH$
ammZwOmMm Ama ~mX | ammmX mZo OmVo h & Bhm| Zo am Ho$ gJwU Ama {ZJwU XmoZm| nm|
H$s CnmgZm H$m {dYmZ {H$m & Vwbgr Zo Xm^md H$s ^pV H$s {Vm H$a am^pV H$mo
EH$ {Z[V {Xem H$s Amoa CwI H$a {Xm Wm & am^pV$ emIm Ho$ AZoH$ H${d hE, {H$Vw
am^pV H$m Ymam H$m gm{hpH$ hd hmH$m VwbgrXmg Ho$ H$maU h & CZHo$ hr
H$m H$s d{mm am H$m H$s d{mm h & CZH$m {ddoMZ {ZZ H$ma h &
am H$m d$n
am^V H${dm| Ho$ CnmXod ^JdmZ {dUw Ho$ AdVma lram h& do na~h
dn h& am nmn H$m Zme H$aZo hoVw Ama Ym}Xma Ho$ {bE wJ | AdVrU hmoVo h& am {dUw
H$m AdVma h Ama ^V H${d mZd n | CZH$m gmYH$ h&
am^pV Ho$ AZwn lram | erb, epV Ama gmX H$m gd h& AnZr
epV$go do X>m|H$m Imm H$aVo h Ama ^Vm| H$mo gH$Q>m| go wV H$aVo h& do AnZr
H$UmVm go n{VVm| Ama AYm} H$m CXma H$aVo h& Bg H$ma ^JdmZ lr am H$m
bmoH$ajH$ n YmZ h& do AmXe Ho$ {V>mnH$ h, hr H$maU hmo gH$Vm h, ^JdmZ amgrVm Ho$ Zm na o H$m {MU Zht hAm h& H$mcmVa | am ^pV nanam | a{gH$Vm H$m
CX hAm Ama Cg | gIr gXm H$s WmnZm hB naVw h g~ H$U ^pV gm{h Ho$
AZwH$aU na hr hAm&
gdmH$Vm
gJwU ^pVYmam Ho$ am H$m H$m dn A{YH$ mnH$ h& am H$m | EH$
{damQ> gd H$s ^mdZm h& Bg | Z Ho$db am H$s CnmgZm h ~pH$ H$U, {ed, JUoe
Am{X XodVmAm| H$s Vw{V H$s JB h& h H$m {hX Y Ho$ {d{^ gXmm| H$m gd
H$aZo H$m g$b mg H$aVm h& hm H${d VwbgrXmg Zo goVw~Y Ho$ Adga na lram ma
{edOr H$s nyOm H$admB h "{ed mohr Xmg H$hmdm&
gmoa Za mo{h gnZohw Zht ^mdm&&'
71
{n am^pV H$m | am ^pV H$mo lo> mZm h Vmo ^r CgH$s ^pV ^mdZm
AV CXma h& am ^Vm| Zo ^pV H$mo gwgm mZm h {$a ^r Chm|Zo kmZ,^pV Ama H$
Ho$ ~rM gd Wm{nV H$aZo H$m gwXa mg {H$m h& Bg H$m | gJwUdmX VWm
{ZJwUdmX | EH$nVm ~VmB JB h& am ^Vm| H$m Anam gJwU ^r h Ama {ZJwU ^r Vmo ^r
^JdmZ H$m gJwU n ^pVgwb^ h&
bmoH$gJh H$s ^mdZm
am H$m bmoH$ H$mU H$s ^mdZm H$s {> go ^r h gm{h AV hdnyU
h& OZ gmYmaU Ho$ {cE h AV {ZH$Q> H$m hgyg hmoVm h& Bhm|Zo JhW OrdZ H$s Cnojm
Zht H$s h& am Ama grVm Ho$ m go OrdZ Va H$mo CMm CR>mZo H$m mg {H$m h& am
H$m H$m AmXe nj AV C h& ^JdmZ lram AmXe nw h& AmXe amOm ^r h& grVm
AmXe nZr h,H$mem AmXe mVm h, bU Ama âV AmXe ^mB h, hZwmZ AmXe
godH$ h Ama gwJrd AmXe gIm h& am H$m | OrdZ H$m ymH$Z AmMma dhma H$s
H$gmQ>r na {H$m Jm h& d ^JdmZ lram mXm nwfmom h& AmXe H$s {V>m CZH$s
AW Ama B{V h&
^pV H$m dn
am ^V H${dm| Zo ^pV Ho$ dn na {dVma go H$me S>mbm h& BZHo$ AZwgma
^JdmZ am H$m M[a {bmoH$m{Vemr h& am ^V H${d am Ho$ erb, epV Ama gmX na
wY h& ht H$maU h {H$ am ^V H${dm| Z| AnZo Ama am Ho$ ~rM godH$-go ^md H$mo
drH$ma {H$m h & Vwbgr Ho$ AZwgma "godH$ go ^md {~Zw, ^d Zo V[aM CaJm[a&'
am ^V H${dm| H$m ^pV g~Yr {>H$moU AnojmH$V A{YH$ CXma h& BZ
H${dm| Zo am ^pV Ho$ gmW-gmW A Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s ^r Vw{V H$s JB h& am^V
H${d kmZ Ama H$ H$s AbJ-AbJ hd drH$ma H$aVo h& am^V H${dm| H$s ^pV |
ZdYm ^pV Ho$ g^r AJmo H$m {dYmZ h& o ^V H${d {d{e> VdmX go ^m{dV h& Bg
^pV -Umbr | Ord ^r g h - m| {H$ dh ~hm H$m Ae h&
nm VWm M[a {MU
am H$m Ho$ nm AmMma Ama bmoH$ mXm H$m AmXe VwV H$aVo h& BZH$m
M[a hmZ Ed AZwH$aUr h& BZ| OrdZ H$s g^r H${Vm| H$m {MU {H$m Jm h AV
BZ| gdm{JUVm h& am H$m | aO, V Ama gV VrZm| JwUm| H$s A{^pV hB h& am H$s
amdU na {dO AWmV gV H$s V na {dO h& Vwbgr Ho$ H$m | am ZmZm n | brbm
H$aVo hE nyU ~h h& hmH${d VwbgrXmg Ho$ H$m | am ZmZm n | brbm H$a ah| h& {ZJwU
gVmo | am Eo{Vhm{gH$ Z hmoH$a ~h h,{H$Vw gJwU ^pV H$m | Eo{Vhm{gH$ hmoVo hE ^r
H$mbmVrV h &
72
H$mebr
gJwU am^pV nanam Ho$ H${d m Vmo d {dmZ Wo AWdm {dmZm| H$s gJ{V go
gm{h Ho$ Ym} Ho$ g~Ym| | nm kmZ m H$a MwHo$ Wo& BZHo$ mam AbH$ma em H$s
AdhobZm hB h& BZH$m AZoH$ H$m e{bm| na A{YH$ma Wm& hr H$maU h {H$ am H$m |
g^r e{bm| H$s aMZmE {bVr h& Bg | ~Y Ama w$H$, XmoZm| H$s H$mnm|H$m moJ
{H$m Jm h& amM[aV mZg | hmH$m, nmdVrJb d OmZH$s Jb | IS>H$m,
H${dVmdbr d Xmohmdbr | wVH$, [dZ n{H$m | ~Y wV H$m {lU, ambbmZhNw> |
Jr{V H$m Ho$ m g^r Vd {dmZ h &
nmonmgZm
gJwU ^pV nX{V | nmonmgZm H$m {d{e> WmZ h& Am{X eH$amMm Zo Zm
Ama n H$mo mm O mZm h& eVnW ~mhU | ~h H$mo An Ama AZm H$hm Jm h,
naVw gJwU gmYZm | ^JdmZ Ho$ Zm Ama n AmZX H$s Aj {Z{Y h& Zm Ama n hr
^pV H$m Ama^ mZm Jm h& am^V H$mo ^JdmZ H$m Zm Ama n BVZm {dwY H$a boVm
h, {H$ bm{H$H$ N>{d Cg| ~mYH$ Zhr ~Z gH$Vr& Ama^ | gJwU CnmgH$ Zmn wV y{V
gj AmH$a CnmgZm H$aVm h, naVw {ZaVa ^mdZm, qMVZ Ed JwU {H$VZgo dh AnZo
Amam | Eogm g{Z{d> hmo OmVm h, {H$ Cgo {H$gr ^m{VH$ CnH$aU H$s AmdH$Vm hr Zhr
ahVr&
Jw H$s {hm
am^pV emIm| {ZJwU gV H${dm| Ho$ gmZ gJwU H${dm| Zo ^r Jw H$s {hm
JmB h & am ^pV Ho$ AZwn Jw ~h H$m {V{ZYr h & hmH${d VwbgrXmg Ho$ VmZwgma
Jw Ho$ {~Zm kmZ H$s m{ Ag^d h Ama kmZ Ho$ A^md | moj H$s m{ Zht hmoVr &
ag
am ^{$ gm{h | amH$Wm AV mnH$ h & Cg| OrdZ H$s {d{dYVmAm| H$m
ghO g{doe h & Cg| g^r agm| H$m gmdoe h {H$Vw godH$-go^md H$s ^pV hmoZo Ho$
H$maU {Zd}XO emV ag H$s YmZVm h & am mXm nwfmom h Ama ^V H${d ^r
mXmdmXr h & hmoZo Ho$ H$maU lJma ag H$m {MU {g{V hAm h & hmH${d VwbgrXmg |
g^r agm| H$m gwXa n[anmH$ hAm h & CZHo$ H$m | lJma Ama em{V ag Ho$ gmW gmW dra
ag H$m ^r ^mdr {ZnU hAm h & {d{^ wX {MU | dra agHo$ gmW hr am,
H$U, ^mZH$ Ama H$ht H$ht ~r^g ag H$s {Zn{m hB h & ZmaX mohHo$ gJ | hm ag
H$m gJ {M{V hAm h & AZoH$ Wbm| na AX^yV ag H$m {ZnU hAm h &
73
N>X
amH$m | aMZm ôX, ^mfm ôX, {dMma ôX, AbH$ma ôX Ho$ gmW-gmW N>X
ôX ^r nmm OmVm h& dra JmWmAm| Ho$ N>n, gV H$m Ho$ Xmoho, o H$m Ho$ Xmoho, MmnmB
Ama BZHo$ A{V[aV Hw$S>{bm, gmoaR>m, gdm, KZmjar, Vmoa, {^Jr Am{X N>X wV
hE h& am H$m | wV Xmohm,MmnmB H$m moJ hAm h& VwbgrXmgOr Zo BZH$m moJ
A{YH$manydH$ {H$m h&
AbH$ma
am^V H${d n{S>V hmoZo hoVw Chm|Z| AbH$ma em H$s AdhobZm Zht H$s h&
Ohm BZ H${dm| Z| {d{dY N>Xmo H$m moJ ~S>r Hw$ebVm go {H$m h dhm AbH$ma Ho$ moJ |
AV {dXYVm X{eV H$s h& H${d Ho$ed Z| ~S>r mm | eXmbH$mamo H$m moJ {H$m h&
Vwbgr H$m o g^r AbH$ma {bVo h {H$Vw d| Cnm Ama nH$ Ho {bE {deof {gX h&
^mfm
amH$m H$s ^mfm AdYr h& H${d Ho$ed Zo AnZr aMZm am-MpH$m | ~O
^mfm H$m moJ {H$m h& ~mX Ho$ a{gH$ gXm Ho$ H${dm| Zo ~O ^mfm H$m moJ {H$m h&
VwbgrXmg o AnZr aMZmAm| o AdYr VWm ~O XmoZm| ^mfmAm| H$m g$b moJ {H$m h& am
H$m | ^moOnwar, ~wXobIS>r, amOWmZr, gH$V Ama $magr ^mfmAm| Ho$ eX ^r wV
hE h& Vwbgr Zo ^mfm H$m n[aH$V n VwV {H$m h&
gjon | CnamoV {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na h H$hm Om gH$Vm h, {H$ am^pV
emIm Ho$ H${dm| Zo g, n[apWVr Ama H$mb Ho$ AZwn AnZm H$m gOZ {H$m h& BZ
H${dm| Zo CH$> H$m gOZ H$m n[aM {Xm h& H${dVm BZH$s gm Zht gmYZ h& BZH$m
gm am^$ h& AnZo gm VH$ nhMZo Ho$ {bE BZ H${dm| Zo {Og gmYZ H$mo drH$ma
{H$m h Cgo BVZm gW Ama nyU ~Zm {Xm h, CgH$m mZg OZmZg hmo Jm& Bg H$m |
mZd OrdZ H$s {d{dY XemAm| H$m ghO, gab, dm^m{dH$ Ama ^mdr {MU hAm h& BZ
H${dm| Zo EH$ Amoa Yajm, bmoH$ {hV Ed gmO Ho$ CWmZ | moJ {Xm h Vmo Xgar Amoa
H$m H$mo CXmm, CH$> Ed bmoH$ JbH$mar n XmZ H$aZo H$m Vw H$m {H$m h&
3B. 4 Amg
. 1. am ^pV-H$m H$s wI [deofVmE {b{IE&
. 2. am ^pV-H$m H$s d{mm| H$m n[aM Xr{OE&
A) H${d VwbgrXmg
74
3-B
H$U ^pV H$m

3B. 1
3B. 2
3B. 3
3B. 4
VmdZm
H$U ^pV H$m Ho$ wI H${d
H$U ^pV H$m H$s {deofVmE
Amg
3B. 1 VmdZm
^pVH$mbrZ gJwU ^pVYmam | H$U ^pV H$m | H$U ^pV H$mo A{YH$
hd {Xm Jm h& F$doX | H$m CoI EH$ lmoVm F${f Ho$ n | hAm h& N>Xmoomon{ZfX |
H$U H$m CoI XodH$s nw Ho$ $n | hAm h& hm^maV | H$U H$m M[a {dVV $n |
{M{V hAm h& S>m. ^mS>maH$a Zo h {g {H$m h {H$ d{XH$ F${f H$U H$m hm^maV Ho$
H$U go H$moB g~Y Zht h&
hm^maV | H$U H$m Omo dUZ {H$m Jm h dh H$U gmm mZd H$m n h&
nMmV H$U H$mo ZmamU, {dUw, na~ Ho$ n | {V{>V hE& H$U M[a Ho$ gX^ | S>m.
{dOo dmVH$ {bIVo h - ""dVwV: Y WmnZ CZHo$ AdVma H$m wI Ama EH$m
Coe h& {X "JrVm' Ho$ AmYma na H$U-M[a H$m AmH$bZ {H$m Omo, Vmo CZHo$ Xme{ZH$
pVd H$m nyar Vah CXKmQ>Z hmoVm h& doX-doXmJkmVm H$U Zo mdhm[aH$ Va na XeZ
H$mo "JrVm' | nhbr ~ma {V{>V {H$m h, {OgHo$ AZw{ebZ go h n> hmo OmVm h {H$ {Og
n | H$U hm d{UV h dh CZHo$ naXodd H$m n[aMmH$ n h&''
nwamUm| o H$U H$m Omo n {dH${gV hAm h CgHo$ gX^ | nmMm {dmZm| Zo
H$U H$s ~mb-brbmAm| H$mo H$mBQ> Ho$ ~mbM[a H$m AZwH$aU H$hm h& lrH$U Ho$ nyUmdVma
Ho$ gX^ | nhbr ~ma nwamUm| | hr H$hm Jm h& "^mJdV nwamU' | H$U H$s {hm Jmr JB
h& nwamUm| | H$U H$mo moJoda, g{MXmZX, AwV, A{dZmer, Am{X H$hm Jm h& h[ade
nwamU, {dUw nwamU, nXnwamU, Am{X | H$U {hm JmZ {dVma go hAm h& gH$V H$m |
H$U-brbmAm| H$m g~go nhbo CoI AdKmof Ho$ "~M[aV' H$m | {bVm h& "hmb'
a{MV "JmXm-gVgB' | H$U, amYm, Jmonr, emoXm Am{X H$m dUZ h& ZmQ>XnZ, AbH$maH$mVw^, H$Xd Oar, lrH$UbrbmV Am{X gH$V JWm| | H$U Ho$ {d{dY gJm| H$m
{MU hAm h& "JrV JmoqdX' | H$U lJma ag H$m {MU hAm h& H$U H$m Ho$ {dH$mg |
{d{^ gXmm| H$m moJXmZ ahm h& CZ| wI h - {Z~mH$, MV, amYmd^ Am{X d^ gXmm| Ho$ gyaXmg Zo gdW {Vm XmZ H$s h& Ch| hr {hXr ^V gm{h H$m
UoVm mZm Jm h& AV: H$U ^pV {dH$mg | gH$V-nwamU hm^maV, gXm Am{X
H$m hdnyU mooJXmZ ahm h&
75
3B. 2 H$U ^pV H$m Ho$ wI H${d

^pVH$mb Ho$ gJwU ^pV H$mYmam | H$U ^pV H$m Ho$ wI dVH$
gyaXmgOr h& gmW hr H$U ^pV gm{h UZ {d{^ H$UmonmgH$ gXmm| | {Z~mH$,
MV, d^ Ama amYmd^ Am{X | {H$m h& Bg Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg | gyaXmg H$m AbJ
WmZ XmZ {H$m h& Bg Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg | A H$U ^V H${dm|Zo ^r AnZm Aw
moJXmZ {Xm h& CZ| wI h - gyaXmg, ZXXmg, namZXXmg, {hV h[ade, YwdXmg,
lr^>, dmr h[aXmg, JXmYa ^>, ram~mB, agImZ Am{X& AV: CZH$m g{j n[aM
{hXr H$U^{$ gm{h {dH$mg H$m| gPZo | ghmH$ hmoJm&
H$U ^pV gm{h Ho$ UoVm "gyaXmg'
"gyaXmg' H$U ^pV emIm Ho$ wI H${d h& gyaXmgOrHo$ OrdZ dV H$mo boH$a
{dXdmZm| | H$m$s VôX h& gyaXmg H$m O gZ 1478 B. mZm OmVm h& {d{^ aMZm Ho$
AmYma na O "grhr' ZmH$ Jmd Ama | gmadV ~mU Ama OmQ> Om{V | Cn H$hm
Jm h& CZHo$ {nVm Ho$ n | AH$~a Xa~mar JmH$ "amXmg' H$m CoI {H$m OmVm h&
"Mmamgr dUd H$s dmVm' | gya Ho$ OrdZ dm na H$me S>mbm Jm h& dh Bg H$ma h"gyaXmg ~S>o JmH$ Wo& do JD$KmQ> na {Zdmg H$aVo Wo Ama {dZnX JmVo Wo&
hm^w d^mMm Zo Ch| nw{>mJ | Xr{jV {H$m Ama H$U brbm JmZo H$s oaUm Xr&
Chm|Zo H$U brbm Ho$ "ghmd{Y' nX {bIo, {OZH$s {g{ gwZH$a Xoem{Yn{V (AH$~a)
CZgo {bo& gyaXmg AYo Wo& do Bda Ama Jw$ | H$moB AVa Zht mZVo Wo& Chmo|Zo namgmobr
| mU-mJ {Xo& gya Ho$ w H$mb Ho$ gX^ | ^r {dmZm| | VôX h& bo{H$Z A{YH$me
gya {dmZ gya H$m w gZ 1583 drH$ma H$aVo h& CZHo$ XohmdgZ g na {d>bZmW Zo
emoH$mV hmoH$a H$hm Wm""nw{>maJ H$moo OhmO OmV h gmo OmH$mo H$Nw> boZm hmo gmo boS>&''
gyaXmg H$s {ejm Ho$ g~Y o H$moB CoI Zht {bVm; do Jmd go Mma H$mog Xa ah
H$a nX aMZm | brZ ahVo Wo Ama JmZ-[dm | drU Wo& gyaXmg d^mMm Ho$ gnH$ |
AmZo na g, dmg Ama mYw ^md H$s nX-aMZm H$aZo bJo& gyaXmg Zo lrX ^mJdV
Ho$ AmYma na H$U g~Yr a{MV nXm| H$s gm gdmbmI ~VmB OmVr h&
"S>m. XrZXmbw Jw Zo CZHo$ mam a{MV nrg nwVH$m| H$s gyMZm Xr h& {OZ|
gyagmJa, gyagmamdbr, gm{h bhar, gyanMrgr, gyaammU, gyagmR>r Ama amYmagHo${b
H$m{eV hmo MwH$s h& "gyagmJa' Ama "gm{h bhar' CZH$s wI H${Vm h& "gyagmJa'
H$m AmYma lrX ^mJdV h& ^mJdV Ho$ gmZ BZ| ^r ~mah H$X h& W H$X |
{dZnX, ^mm, A{dYm, VUm ^pV-{hm go âm hAm h& gya gmJa Ho$ Xe H$X Ho$
nydmY | H$UO, ~mbbrbm, Ama â JrV H$s aMZm 4160 nXm| | H$s h& Xe H$X Ho$
CVamY | OamgY w, maH$m {ZmU, pUr haU, {eewnmb dY, gw^m-AOwZ {ddmh
Am{X H$m AH$Z 149 nXm| | {H$m Jm h& gyaXmg H$m JW "gya gmamdbr' | ~OdUZ,
H$U-O, nyVZm-dY, gH$Q>-ÔZ, âJrV Am{X gJ h&
76
gya H$s ^pV n{V nw{>mJu ^pV h& Ama Bg ^pV H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ ~mX ^w
d AnZo ^V H$m mZ aIVo h& ^JdmZ H$m AZwJh hr ^V H$m H$mU H$aHo$ Cgo Bg
bmoH$ go wV H$aZo | g$b hmoVm h "Om na XrZmZmW T>a&
gmoB Hw$brZ ~S>m gwXa gmooB Om na H$nm H$a&
gya n{VV V[a Om VZH$ | Omo ^w ZoH$ T>a&&'
gya H$s aMZmAm| H$m VH$mbrZ gmO OrdZ go H$VB g~Y Zht Wm& do nhbo
^V Ama ~mX | H${d Wo& Vwbgr Ho$ gmZ gya | bmoH$ gJh H$s ^mdZm Zht {bVr h& do
dVwV: H$U | hr brZ hmo MwHo$ Wo& "gyaXmg Zo o Ama {dah Ho$ mam gJwU mJ go H$U H$mo
gm mZm h& CZHo$ H$U gIm n | ^r gdepVmZ naoda h& {dUw, h[a, am Am{X
g~ H$U hr Ho$ Zm h& {ZJwU ~ Ho$ o gJwU Zm h&' dmg dUZ Ho$ W H$[d gyaXmg
h& gyaXmg Zo dmg H$m H$moZm-H$moZm PmH$m h& dmg Ho$ AVJV Xem H$m dUZ gyaXmg
Zo dUZ {H$m h& VmooVbr ~mobr, mIZ Mmoar, m H$m ~Mm| Ho$ {bE bmoar JmZm, Am{X&
m N>moQ>o H$U H$mo PyR>-wR> Ho$ bmoo^Z {XImH$a XY {nbmVr h, V~ H$U m H$mo
nyN>Vo h ""m, H$~{h ~T>Jr MmoQ>r&
{H$Vr ~ma mo{h XY {nV ^B, h AO h h N>moQ>r&''
~bXod mam N>oS>-N>mS> hmoZo na m H$mo {eH$mV H$aVo hE ~mbH$U""m mo{h XmD$ ~hV {IPmm&
m|gm| H$hV mob H$s brhZm| Vy O gw{V H$~ Omm&''
AV: gyaXmg dmg dUZ | hmZmH$ h& AmMm {doXr {bIVo h - "ggma
Ho$ gm{h H$s ~mV H$hZm Vmo H${R>Z h m|{H$ dh ~hV ~S>m h Ama CgH$m EH$ Ae m
hmam OmZm h& naVw hmao OmZo hE gm{h | BVZr VnaVm, Zmohm[aVm Ama gagVm Ho$
gmW {b{I hB ~mbbrbm Ab h&'
gya Ho$ lJma ag | a{V Wmr ^md H$m nyU Ama Abm{H$H$ n[anmH$ hAm h& gya
H$s Jmo{nm| | o Ho$ gH$ma no$ h& "do ^mdZm YmZ h, ZXXmg H$s Jmo{nm| Ho$ gmZ dH$sb
Zht& dmVd | gyaXmg H$s am{YH$m ew$ go Am{Ia VH$ gab ~m{bH$m h& CZHo$ o |
MmES>rXmg H$s am{YH$m H$s Vah gmg ZZX H$m S>a ht h& Ama {dmn{V H$s {H$emoar am{YH$m Ho$
gmZ XZ | hmg Ama hmg | XZ H$s MmVwar ^r Zht h& gya Zo ~S>r gmB Ho$ gmW or
X | a{V H$s Cn{m, { {bZ H$s bmbgm, [ {bZ H$m hf Ama Mmn, gmhg Ama
CmX H$m Eogm ^mdmonmXH$ {MU {H$m h {H$, EH$mJrnZ IQ>H$Vm Zht& amYm Ama H$U
H$s wJb brbmAm| Ho$ dUZ | gya Zo AnZr gV {V^m Ama gH$b H$m H$meb H$m
CnmoJ {H$m h& h gmar o H$hmZr AmpH$ ^y{ na {V{>V h& Cg| Amm H$m
Cdb H$me h Ama gd ^pV ag h&'
amYm Ama H$U Ho$ A{V gmX na g^r Jmo{nm wY h& o H$s Cn{m AmIm|
| hmoVr h -
77
"AmMH$ hr XoIr amYm, ZZ {~gmb ^mb {XE eoar&
Zrb ~gZ $[am H${Q> n{hao, ~oZr nr{R> b{V AH$ emar&
gya m XoIZ hr arPo ZZ-ZZ {br nar R>Jmoar&'
gyaXmg Zo AnZr aMZmAm| Ho$ {bE ~O ^mfm H$m moJ {H$m h, Omo bmoH$M{bV Wr& H$U gm{h Ho$ H$maU ~O^mfm Am{YH$ {dH${gV hB& Cg| gya Ama
ZXXmg H$m moJXmZ hdnyU h - S>m. JUn{VM H$hVo h - ""gyaXmg Ama ZXXmg Ogo
{V^membr H${dm| Ho$ hmW | nS> H$a ~O^mfm MH$ CR>r, CgH$m eX ^S>ma Vg Ed
VX^d eXm|go n[anyU hmo Jm VWm Cg| OH$Vm Ama dmh{ebVm Ho$ JwU Am Jo& CZHo$
X H$s ^mdYmam go Ambm{dV hmoH$a Cg| Eogr YwaVm, H$mobVm Ed pZYVm Am Jr
{H$ dh nadVu H${dm| Ho$ {bE AZwH$aUr hmo JB&'' N>Xm| | gyaXmg H$s aMZm "gyagmJa' |
Hw$N> WmZm| na amobm Ed MmnmB H$m moJ hAm h& AbH$mam| H$m g~go mXm moJ gya H$s
aMZmAm| | hAm h& "gyagmJa' | nH$, Cnm, Cojm, A{VemopV Am{X VWm
"gm{hbhar' | ^r AbH$mam| H$m moJ {H$m Jm h&
ZXXmg
A>N>mn H${dm| | gya Ho$ ~mX H$m WmZ ZXXmg H$m Wm& do ~hwIr {V^m
gn H${d Wo& "ZXXmg H$m O 1533 B. | hAm Wm& Ama MmMm Ammam& Bhr
Ammam Ho$ nw VwbgrXmg Wo& VwbgrXmg Ama ZXXmg Zo eed | gmoam| | ah H$a hr
Zqgh n{S>V go gH$V ^mfm H$m kmZ A{OV {H$m Wm&' ZXXmg ^r Vwbgr Ho$ gmW H$mer
Mbo Jo Ama dhm emm| H$m AZ {H$m& JmoHw$b | {d>bZmW g| Xrjm br "Ama Bhr {XZm|
gya Ho$ gnH$ | AmZo na go H$U ^V ~Z Jo& OrdZ Ho$ A{V {XZm| | do AnZo Jmd
JmodYZ Am Jo Wo& Bht g CZH$m 1583 B. | XohmdgZ hAm&
BZHo$ mam a{MV JWm| H$s gm nh ~VmB OmVr h& BZ JWmo Ho$ Zm Bg
H$ma h - AZoH$mW Oar, mZOar, agOar, nOar, {dahOar, o ~mahIS>r,
m gJmB, gwXmm M[a, pUr Jb, ^daJrV, amg nMmmr, {gmV nMmmr,
XeH$X^mfm, JmodYZXmgbrbm, ZXXmg-nXmdbr Am{X& BZ| go amg nMmmr,
^daJrV Ama {gmV nMmmr BZHo$ hdnyU JW h& ZXXmg Ho$ g^r JW ~O ^mfm |
{bIo Jo h&
Jmodmr {hV h[ade
Jmodmr {hV h[ade H$m O 1559 B. o Wwam grn X{jU~mX Jmd | hAm& do
amYm d^ gXm Ho$ dVH$ Wo& {nVm H$m Zm Ho$edXod {l Ama mVm H$m Zm VmamdVr
Wm& o Om{V Ho$ JmS> ~mU Wo&
{hV h[ade Zo Ho$db Mmamgr nXm| H$s aMZm ~O^mfm | AV gag n | H$s h&
78
ram~mB
ram~mB Ho$ OrdZdm, VWm Jw$ Ho$ g~Y | {dmZm| | VôX h& AZwgYmZ Ho$
AmYma na h {ZpMV h {H$ CZH$m O 1504 B. | Ama oS>Vm Ho$ grndVu Jmd "Hw$S>H$s'
| hAm& amR>ma de H$s oS>{Vm emIm Ho$ dVH$ amd XXm Wo& Cht Ho$ MVwW nw aZ qgh H$s
nwr Wr& amd XXm ^r H$U ^V Wo, ram H$mo ^r ^pV Ho$ gH$ma Cht go m hE Wo&
"nm[adm[aH$ dmVmdaU, gmO | M{bV bmooH$JrV Ed Xm-H$Xm amOhbm| | AmZodmbo
{g gm{gm| m aVo Omo{Jm| Ho$ ^pV CnXoe hr ram H$s nmR>embm ~Zo& bmoJ JrVm|
H$s YwaVm Ed amOgr H$bm{Vm Zo Ch| AZmmg gJrV-o{H$m ~Zm {Xm, Vmo gmYwgJ{V
Ho$ ^md de CZH$m X ^pV Ed dam H$s Amoa AmH$> hAm, {OgH$s AZwJyO CZH$s
aMZmAm| | gd {dmZ h&' ram H$m {ddmh {MVmS> Ho$ amUmgmJm Ho$ o> nw ^moOamO go
hAm& ram Ho$ {ddmh Ho$ gmV df nMmV n{V ^moOamO H$m dJdmg hmo Jm& {dYdm hmo OmZo
na dh AnZo Aam H$U H$s ^pV | brZ hmo Jr& Hw$b H$s mXm H$moo bmKH$a ggJ |
OmZm Xoda {dH$qgh H$mo ram H$m h ~Vmd ngX Zht Wm& ram H$mo H$> {Xm OmZo bJm&
ram Zo ggwamb H$mo mJ {Xm Ama VrWWmZmo| H$s mm H$aVo hE dh dXmdZ nhMr& Hw$N>
{XZ R>haH$a maH$m Mbr OmVr h dhm H$sVZ H$aVo hE ram Zo eof OrdZ VrV {H$m&
ram H$s nyU-AnyU JW gm ~mah h& dh BgH$ma h - JrVJmoqdX, Zagr Or
H$m mam, amJ gmooaR> H$m nX, amJ JmoqdX, g^mmUw gU, ram H$s Jar~r, pUr
Jb, Zagr ohVm H$s hS>r, M[aV, y$Q>nX Am{X&
H$U^V gm{h H$s ram Ho$ gm{h | AZw^y{V H$s VrdVm A{YH$ [XImB XoVr
h& H$U ^Vm| Zo amYm-Jmo{nm| Ho$ m go AnZo ^pV^md H$mo A{^V {H$m h& {H$Vw
ram H$U H$mo g~mo{YV H$aVr h dh Cgo n{V Ho$ n | XoIVr h& H$U Ho$ Abmdm CgHo$
OrdZ | A {H$gr H$mo WmZ Zht h& dh H$U Ho$ {dmoJ H$m XaX PobVr ahVr h "{~ahZr ~mdar gr ^B&
CMr M{T> AnZo ^dZ | Q>oaV hm XB&
bo AMam wI AgwdZ nm|N>V CKao JmV ghr&
ram Ho$ ^w {JaYa ZmJa {~Nw>aV H$Nw> Z H$hr&&'
ram H$s aMZmAm| | {dah ag Ho$ gmW-gmW emV ag H$m ^r moJ {bVm h&
ram Ho$ H$m H$s ^mfm amOWmZr ~O h& CZHo$ nXm| | JwOamVr H$m nwQ> VWm IS>r ~moobr Ama
nOm~r H$m ^r ^md {XImr XoVm h& N>Xmo H$m ^r moJ VWm AbH$mam| | Cnm, nH$,
Cojm Am{X H$m moJ CZH$s H$m aMZmAm| | {bVm h&
79
agImZ
agImZ Ho$ O Ho$ g~Y | {dmZm| | VôX h {H$Vw {dmZm| Ho$ AdofU Ho$
AmYmana CZH$m O 1533 B. mZm OmVm h& agImZ Zo Jmodmr {d>bZmW go Xrjm br
Wr& CZH$m gZ 1614 B. | {bIm Jm H$m "odm{Q>H$m' h A{V H${V h& BgH$s aMZm
Ho$ Hw$N> hr df ~mX 1618 B. Ho$ Amg-nmg CZH$m XohmdgZ hmo Jm&
agImZ H$s wI Mma aMZmE mm{UH$ mZr OmVr h- gwOmZ agImZ,
odm{Q>H$m, XmZbrbm, A>m Am{X& CZH$m "gwOmZ agImZ' | 272 H${dV gdm Xmoho h
{Og| ^{$, o, amYm H$U H$s n mYwar, der-mo{hZr, Ed H$U-brbm g~Yr A
gag gJ h& "odm{Q>H$m' Ho$ 53 Xmohm| | Chm|Zo amYm-H$U H$mo omomZ Ho$ m{bZ-mbr
mZH$a o Ho$ JyT> Vd H$m gy {ZnU {H$m h& "XmZbrbm' | Jmonr-H$U gdmX h&
"A>m' Ho$ 26 Xmohm| | lrH$U Ho$ mV:OmJaU go am{-eZ nV CZH$s {XZMm Ed
{d{^ {H$S>mAm| H$m dUZ h&
agImZ H$s JUZm ^V H${dmo| | H$s OmVr h& Chmo|Zo lrH$U Ho$ n na wY
Jmo{nH$m, amYm H$s Z:pW{V Ho$ m go agImZ Zo lJma H$s Ywa A{ÔZm H$s h&
Chm|Zo lrH$U Ho$ ~mb-n H$s mYwar H$m dUZ BgH$ma {H$m hYy[aâo A{V gmo{V m Oy dgr ~Zr {ga gwXa MmoQ>r&
IobV ImV {$a AJZm nJ nO{Z ~mO{V nrar H$N>moQ>r&
dm N>{dH$mo agIm{Z {dbmoH$V dmaV H$m H$bm{Z{Y H$moQ>r&
H$mJ Ho$ ^mJ ~S>o gOZr h[a hmW gm| b Jmo mIZ amoQ>r&
agImZ H$s ^mfm gm{hpH$ ~O h& mYw Ama gmX JwUm| Ho$ H$maU H$m^mfm H$mo gag Ed gOrd ~Zm {Xm Jm h& CZHo$ H$m | H${dV, gdm N>Xm| H$m g$b
moJ {H$m h&
3B. 3 H$U^pV emIm H$s gmm d{mm

H$U ^pV g~Yr AZoH$ gXmm| H$m {ZmU Bg H$mb o hAm Ogo dmMm
H$m VdmX, {dUwdmr H$m ewXmV, {Z~mH$ H$m {Z~mH$ gXm, nw{> gXm, MV
Jm{S> gXm, Jmodmr {hV h[ade H$m amYm d^r gXm, dmr h[aXmg H$m gIr
gXm Am{X H$U ^pV g~Yr gXm M{bV h& BZ | lrH$U H$mo mZdrH$aU
{H$m Jm h&
{hXr | H$U ^pV H$m H$m Ama^ gmmVm {dmn{V go mZm Jm h&
{dmn{V Ho$ {MU | mXH$ lJmar {M A{YH$ h& {Og| ^pV H$m A^md h& H$U H$m |
mU H$m gMma âZo H$m lo hmH${d gyaXmgOr H$mo OmVm h& gyaXmg Ho$ mam hr H$U H$m
H$mo Am{YH$ bmoH${Vm m hB& gyaXmg Ho$ A{V[aV A>N>mn Ho$ A H${dm| Zo ^r
80
H$U ^pV emIm Ho$ {dH$mg | moJXmZ {Xm h& H$U ^pV H$m H$s gmm d{mm
VWm {deofVmE {ZZH$ma h &
lrH$U brbm dUZ
H$U ^V H${dm| Zo AnZr H$m aMZmAm| | H$U H$s brbmAm| H$m JmZ {H$m
h& ^JdmZ lrH$U Ho$ VrZ n M{bV h - Ym}nXo>m F${f, Zr{V{demaX j{ Zaoe VWm
JmonmbH$U Ed Jmonrd^ n hr YmZ hmo Jm& H$U ^V H${dm| Zo bmoH$aOZH$mar H$U
H$s brbmAm| H$m CwV JmZ brbmZX Ho$ {bE {H$m h& brbm H$m yb Coe AIS> AmZX
| OrdZ H$s AmmpH$ n[anyUVm H$s A{ÔZm H$aZm h& Chm| Zo ~mbJmonmb H$s
dmgnyU brbm|, gn | brbmo VWm mYw^md nyU brbro hr gV H$mbrZ
{hXr-H$U ^pV H$m | m h& H${dm| Zo Cg AIS> AmZX H$m Ma n r-nw$f
Ho$ a{V^md | H$pnV {H$m& {Z~mH$, MV, h[ade Ama h[aXmg BZ g^r H$U ^pV
gXmm| | mYw^md H$m gdm{YH$ hd h& Jmonr-H$U H$s obrbmAm| H$m JmZ, ldU,
aU, Ed {MVZ hr H${dH$ H$s B{Vlr ~Z Jm& gyaXmg Zo lrH$U brbmAm| H$m dUZ
AV gy Am ^mdZm, mZ{gH$ {damJd Ed AV g go {H$m h& Am.h..
{doXr {bIVo h - ""brbmJmZ | ^r gyaXmg H$m { {df Wm o& mVm H$m o, nw H$m
o, Jmon-Jmo{nm|H$m o, { Ama {m H$m o, n{V Ama nZr H$m o, BZ ~mVm|go hr
gyagmJa âm h&'' AV H$U^V H${d gJwU brbm ^pV | {ddmg H$aV| h &
{df dVw | m{bH$ CX^mdZm
H$U ^pV H$m H$s yb oaUm ^mJdV nwamU mZm OmVm h & H$U ^V H${dm|
Zo ^mJdV Ho$ Xe H$Y H$m AmYma boH$a hr H$U H$s brbmAm| H$m JmZ {H$m h & H$mb
| ^mJdV nwamU ~hV bmoH${ Wm & H$U^V H${dm| Zo Ho$db AZwdmX Z H$a m{bH$
CX^mdZm go H$m {bm h & ^mJdVr H$U {Z{b h O~ {H$ {hXr H${dm| Ho$ H$U Jmo{nm|
H$s Amoa d CwI hmoVo h Ama AnZm XH$mar brbmAm| go CZHo$ X H$mo OrVVo h &
^mJdV | lrH$U ~hd h & {hXr H${dm| Ho$ H$U H$ Abm{H$H$ h & do ~mb$n | ~mb
brbmE Ama wdmn | U brbmE H$aVo h & ^mJdV | amYm H$m H$moB CoI Zht {H$Vw
{hXr H${dm| Zo amYm H$s H$nZm mam U {MU | EH$ Abm{H$H$ ^Vm bmr h Ama
Jmo{nm ^r EH${Z>Vm H$m ^md aIZodmbr h & BZ H${dm| Zo OXod Ama {dmn{V H$m AmYma
boH$a Wo> H$nZm epV go H$m {bm h & {dmn{V | amYm Ama H$U Ho$ o dUZ | Ohm
WybVm Ama CmVm h dhm BZgo ZdrZ n-aJ âH$a Cgo {ZIma {Xm h & Bhm|Zo
bmoH$M{bV H$U brbmAm| H$m gXnmoJ H$aHo$ H$U ^pV H$s A{^dXr | EH$ ZdrZ
moJXmZ {Xm & BZ H${dm| Zo AnZo wJ VWm gmO Ho$ dmVmdaU Ho$ AZwgma AZoH$ ZdrZ
gJmo H$s CX^mdZm H$s h &
81
gmm{OH$ nj
H$U ^pV H$m brbm hmoVo hE ^r VH$mbrZ gmm{OH$, Ym{H$ Ed
gmH${VH$ Xem H$m WmW dUZ H$U ^pV H$m | {bVm h& gya Zo ^mJdV Ho$ Hw$N> A
gJm| H$mo MwZH$a VH$mbrZ OrdZ H$s Co hrZVm Ed Bp namUVm H$s AmbmoMZm H$s
h& H${bwJ Ho$ ^md H$m dUZ H$aVo hE BZ H${dm| Zo dUml Y-nVZ, gmm{OH$
Hw$ar{Vm Ama Ym{H$ {dS>~ZmAm| H$m {M VwV {H$m h & H$U ^V H${dm| H$s gmYZm
dpVH$ hmoVo hE ^r bmoH$Jb H$s ^mdZm h &
Eo{Vhm{gH$ nj
H$U ^pV H$m Ho$ H${d Wwam dXmdZ | Wo {$a ^r {Xr H$s amOZr{V H$m CZ
na H$moB Aga Zht nS>m {H$Vw BZHo$ gm{h BZ Ho$ AnZo Xoe H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm Ad
{XImB XoVr h& gyaXmg Ho$ A{V[aV A> N>mn Ho$ A H${dm| Zo d^ Hw$b H$m n[aM {Xm
h& amYmd^r ^Vm| Zo {hV h[ade H$mo AdVma mZVo hE CZ H$mo emoJmZ {H$m h& H$B
^V H${dm| Zo CZHo$ ^Vm| Ho$ M[am| H$mo A{H$V {H$m h& BZ g~H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ama
gmH${VH$ hd h& A>N>mn Ho$ H${dm| | VH$mbrZ gwXa gmH${VH$ PmH$s {bVr h&
dmg ag H$m {MU
dmg Ama lJma Ho$ {MU | H$U ^V H${d A{Vr h& gydmg Ama
dmg gya h& Chm|Zo H$U Ho$ n | ~mbH$ H$s {d{^ Mo>mAm| d {H$mAm| H$m {MU ghO
dm^m{dH$ T>J go {H$m h& dmg ag Ho$ AVJV {OVZr ZmoXem|, H$sS>m VH$ Ho$ {dYmZ h
CZ g~H$m XH$mar dUZ H$U ^pV H${dm| Zo {H$m h& gyaXmgOr Ho$ Hw$N> CXmhaU >
h""m mo{h XmD$ ~hV {IOmmo''
""m H$~{h ~T>Jr MmoQ>r !
{H${VH$ ~ma mo{h XY {nV ^B,h AOh h N>moQ>r &''
nm Ed M[a {MU
H$U ^pV H$m Ho$ H${dm| Zo H$U OrdZ Ho$ H$mobV Aemo H$mo AnZo H$m
H$m {df ~Zmm& H$U H$Wm Ho$ ZmH$ lrH$U | mZd Ama A{VmZd Ho$ {damoYr Vdm| H$m
gplU h& BZ ^Vm| Ho$ H$U hm^maV Ho$ Zr{V Hw$eb, dhmadmXr moXm H$U Z hmoH$a
do h ~mb Jmonmb VWm gmdbo-gbmoZo N>{bm H$U Ho$ gmW g~X nm ZX-emoXm, JmonJmonr, Ama gIm CXd h& H$UmdVma H$m Coe brbm h Ama BZ nmm| H$m Coe h brbm |
em{b hmoZm& amYm ag {nUr h, {OgH$s M[a Ho$ Xmo nj h - dmVd | dh H$U go A{^
h, {H$Vw dhma | Cgo H$U o H$mo Cmamoma {dH${gV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {M{V {H$m h& ^V
82
H${dm| Zo CXd Ho$ m go ~wpX Ama VH$ na ^md pVH$ na X, kmZ na ^pV Ama
{ZJwU na gJwU H$s {dO {XIbmB h&
H${V {MU
H$U ^pV gm{h ^mdmH$ H$m h& Bg H$m | H${V Ho$ Zmoa Ama
AZwHw$b ^mZH$ Ama {VHw$b nm| Ho$ {MU | H$U ^V H${dm| Zo AnZo AX^yV H$meb
H$m n[aM {Xm h& H${V H$m H$moB ^r gmX CZH$s AmImoogo Zhr Ny>Q>m& ndr, AV[aj,
AmH$me, dZ, Obme, wZm, Hw$O-^dZ Am{X H$m gmX {MU H$U ^V H${dm| Zo
{H$m h& gyaXmg H$m ^mVH$mbrZ {MU Bg H$ma h ""Om{Jo ~OamO Hw$da H$b Hw$gw y$bo&
Hw$wX dX gHw${MV ^JbVm ^ybo&&''
ar[VVd H$m gmdoe
H$U ^pV H$m | lJm[aH$ {MUm| Ho$ gmW ar{V-Vd H$m ^r CoI {bVm h&
gyaXmg Ama ZXXmg H$s H${Vm BgH$m mU mZr Om gH$Vr h& gyaXmg H$s gm{h bhar
Ama ZXXmg H$s "agOar' VWm "{dahOar' o Zm{H$m ôX VWm AbH$mam| H$m {ddoMZ
{bVm h& gyaXmg Ho$ g | hr {d>bOr Zo lJma ag | Cht Ho$ Ogm ar{V naI JW
{bIm& Cg g MV-gXm | ^pV H$mo H$m em H$m gmJmonmJ n XoZo Ho$ {bE
^pV agmV {gYw Ama Cdb Zrb{U H$s aMZm hmo MyH$s Wr& ZX Xmg H$s agOar |
Zm{H$m ôX, hmd-^md, hobm, a{V Am{XH$m {dVV {ddoMZ h& nOar | d g{Y VWm
W gmJ Am{X XemAm|H$m dUZ h& A>N>mn Ho$ A H${dm| | ^r Zm{H$m ôX Ho$
CXmhaU XoIo Om gH$Vo h& AV h n> h {H$ BZ H${dm| Zo AnZo H$mm|| ar{V Vd H$m
gmdoe AmdH$ n | {H$m h&
o H$s Abm{H$H$Vm
H$U ^V H${dm| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| o o H$s Abm{H$H$Vm na ~b {Xm h&
BZH$m lJma ag {MU Ywa ag H$s H$mo{Q> | AmVm h& Ywa ag H$s WmnZm H$U Ama amYm
Ho$ o H$m Cw$ {MU H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr H$s JB h& H$U ^V H${dm|Zo a{V Ogo gJmo H$m
^r dUZ {H$m h& Bg H$ma Ho$ gJmo | AmpH$Vm Ty>T>Zm W h& Bg ^pV nanam |
lJma dUZ Ho$ H$B H$maU mOyX Wo - EH$ Vmo pXam| H$m dmVmdaU {dbmgYmZ hmoVm Jm&
Xgam A{YH$mar dJ H$m {>H$moU ^r {dbmgmowI hmo Jm Wm& Bg H$ma H$U ^pV
gm{hna MV, {hVh[ade, h[aXmg VWm amYmdmr gXmm| H$m Jham ^md ahm h&
83
gJrVmH$Vm ( hdobr gJrV )
H$U ^V H${dm| | gJrVmH$Vm H$m ^md {XImB XoVm h& gmdoX go boH$a
AmO VH$ gJrV H$m Amamoh-Adamoh, g gwam| H$m gJ, VWm b-Jr{V VmZ d Ambmn
Am{X emr dVw hmoH$a ^r bmoH$mZwn ~XbVr hB, H$mbrZ ^pV gm{h | gdoJ
dm{hV hmoVr ahr& H$~ra-ZmZH$ go boH$a gya-Vwbgr g^r H$mbrZ ^V H${dm| |
CV gJrVmH$Vm gm{h Ho$ A{Zdm Vd amJmH$Vm Ho$ gmW ZmZm nm| | npXV hmoVr
ahr& H${dVm H$s h gJrVmH$Vm H$s d{m H$U H$m Ho$ nw{>mJu H${dm| | n> XoIr
OmVr h& AH$~a Ho$ hmZ gJrV gmQ> VmZgoZ nw{>mJu dmr h[aXmg Ho$ {e Wo& JwOamV
mV | h gJrVmH$ d{m-hdobr gJrV Ho$ n | {>JmoMa hmoVr h& AV BZ H${dm|na
gJrVmH$Vm H$m ^md ahm h&
H$mn
H$U ^pV H$m | w n go Jow$H$ H$m moJ {H$m Jm h& Bg H${dm| Zo
H$U Ho$ {Og Ae H$mo AnZo H$m Ho$ {bE MwZm dh gdWm wVH$ Ho$ CnwV Wm& gnyU
H$U H$m | ~Y aMZm ~hV H$ nmB JB h& {$a ^r H$U Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ {H$gr Ae H$s
H$~X H$nZm Ad {bVr h& gyaXmg Ho$ H$m | ~O^mfr H$U H$s gnyU H$Wm XoZo
H$m Z {>JmoMa hmoVm h& H$U H$s gnyU H$Wm XoZo H$m mg ~O {dbmg | ~OaZXmg
Zo {H$m h& H${d ZXXmg Ho$ ^da JrV, pUr Jb Ama amg nMmmr Am{X |
H$WmH$Vm {XImB XoVr h& Bg [> go {hV dXmdZ H$m gm{h CoIZr h& Bg H$m na
J H$m ^r ^md ahm h& dUdZ H$s dmVm, Xmo gm ~md H$s dmVm BgHo$ mU h&
ebr
H$U ^V H${dm| Zo JrV ebr H$m moJ {H$m h& BZHo$ H$m | JrVr Vd Ho$
g^r Vd CnbY h& Ogo ^mdmH$Vm, gJrVmH$Vm, dpVH$Vm, g{jVm VWm ^m
H$s H$mobVm Am{X nyU n | {bVo h& BZ H${dm| H$mo dpVH$Vm Ho$ {bE H$moB {deof jo
Zht Wm {$a ^r Bhm|Zo Jmo{nm| Ho$ m go dpVH$Vm H$m H$bmH$ n o gmdoe H$a
{bm h& BZ H${dm| | AZoH$ A{ÔZm ebr H$o moJ hmoVo h& gya-gmJa | AZoH$
A{ÔZm e{bm h& BZH$m gm{h eXepV, AbH$ma, H$m JwU Am{X g^r H$m
JwUm|go gn h&
ag
H$U ^V H${dm| Zo {^-{^ agm| H$m {OVZm gwXa gd AnZr aMZmAm|
| {H$m h& CVZm A Xb^ h& ag H$s >r go H$UH$m AV ^ ~Z nS>m h& BZ
H${dm| Zo H$Um, dmg, ^mZH$, am Am{X agm| H$m m{H$ {MU {H$m h& dmg
ag | gyaXmg ~oOmoS> h &
84
N>X
H$U ^pV gm{h H$s aMZmE wIV nXm| | H$s JB h& {d{^ N>Xmo H$m CH$>
{MU BZ H${dm| Zo {H$m h& BZ | Xmohm, amobm, MmnmB Am{X N>Xm| H$m moJ ~hV hr
H$bmH$ h& gyaXmg Zo H${dVm, N>n, Hw$S>{bm, h[aJr{VH$m AmXr N>Xm| H$m moJ {H$m
h& ZXamO Zo "nOar' VWm "amgOar' | Xmohm, MmnmB H$m moJ {H$m h&
AbH$ma
H$U ^pV H$m o AbH$mam| H$m AZwR>m n[aM {Xm Jm h& Bg H$mb Ho$
H${dm| Zo {d{^ AbH$mam| H$m moJ AnZr H$m aMZmAm| | {H$m h& nH$, Cnm,
Cojm, H$, bof Am{X AbH$mam| H$m {d{dY Ammr moJ BZ H${dm| Z| {H$m h&
AbH$ma H$s {> go h gm{h gn ahm h&
^mfm
H$U ^V H${dm| Zo AnZr H$m aMZm Ho$ {bE VH$mbrZ dXmdZ | M{bV
~O ^mfm H$m moJ {H$m h& ~O ^mfm gV Cmar ^maV | gm{h H$s ^mfm Ho$ n |
drH$V hB& ~O ^mfm Zo ~Jmb H$s ^mfm H$mo ^r ^m{dV {H$m& h AmYw{ZH$ H$mb VH$
gm{h H$s ^mfm ~Zr ahr& gya VWm ar{VH$mbrZ Xod, {~hmar AmXr H${dm| Zo Bg ^mfm H$mo Omo
gmX {Xm h dh gV {hXr gm{h | AmO ^r A{Vr h &
gjon o, H$U ^pV gm{h AmZX Ama Cmg H$s gm{h h& Bg | gd
~Oag H$s YmZVm h& Omo AX^yV Ama {dbjU h& ewX H$bmH$ >r go h gm{h
AZwn h &
3B. 4 Amg
. 1. H$U ^pV-H$m H$s wI [deofVmE {b{IE&
. 2. H$U ^pV-H$m H$s d{mm| na H$me S>m{bE&
A) H${d gyaXmg
85
ar{VH$mb
boIH$ - nr. Ho$. Ywmi
86
ar{VH$mb
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

Co
VmdZm
ar{VH$mb H$m {dVV AZ
~moY Z
4.1 Co Bg BH$mB Ho$ AVJV nmR>H$ | {ZYm[aV ar{V-H$mb H$m n[aM {Xm Jm
h& Bggo ar{VH$mb Ho$ {dVV AZ | {dmWum| H$mo AmgmZr hmoJr& Bg BH$mB Ho$
AZ go {dmWu ar{VH$mbrZ H$m H$m AZ H$a gH|$Jo& ar{V~ H$m, ar{V{g
H$m Ama ar{Vw$ H$m Ho$ n{aM Ho$ gmW {deofVmAm| H$m ^r {dVV AZ H$a gH|$Jo&
4.2 VmdZm
ar{VH$mb Omo g gmaUr Ho$ AZwgma H$mb Ho$ Zm go ^r OmZm OmVm h&
ar{VH$mb | lJma naH$ aMZmE A{YH$ hB h BgH$m H$maU VH$mbrZ g H$m n[adoe,
amOm, Zdm~ Ama gmV bmoJm| H$m dMd Wm dht H${d AnZr Or{dH$m H$m gmYZ H$m
aMZmAm| H$mo mZVo Wo Ama AmlXmVm H$s ${M Ho$ AZwgma CZHo$ ZmoaOZ Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ $n
| H$m aMZm H$s OmVr Wr&
AmMm` am_M ewb Zo gdV 1700 go 1900 VH$ Ho$ H$mb H$mo (1643 B.
go 1843 B.) 'ar{VH$mb' AWdm 'Cma_`H$mb' Zm_ go A{^{hV {H$m h& ar{VH$mb _|
'ar{V' eX H$m `moJ 'H$m`mJ {ZnU' Ho$ AW _| hAm h& Eogo JW {OZ_| 'H$m`mJmo Ho$
bjU' Ed CXmhaU {Xòo OmVo h, 'ar{VJW' H$hbmVo h& ar{VH$mb Ho$ A{YH$me H${d`m| Zo
ar{V {ZnU H$aVo hE bjU JW {bIo, AV: Bg H$mb H$s YmZ d{m 'ar{V {ZnU' H$mo
_mZm Om gH$Vm h& Am. ewb Zo {hXr gm{h` Ho$ H$mbm| Ho$ Zm_H$aU YmZ d{m Ho$ AmYma
na {H$E h, AV: ar{V H$s YmZVm Ho$ H$maU Bg H$mb H$m Zm_H$aU Chm|Zo ar{VH$mb {H$`m
h& ar{V go CZH$m Vmn` nX{V, ebr Ama H$m`mJ {ZnU go h&
ar{VH$mb H$m g_` _wJbm| Ho$ d^d, nam^d `m nVZ Ed AJoOm| Ho$ CX` H$m
H$mb h& gm_VdmXr d{m H$m ~mob~mbm Bg H$mb _| Wm Ama gm_VdmX H$o Xmof gd
`mV Wo& EH$ Amoa {dbmgr emgH$m|, gm_Vm|, A{YH$m[a`m| Ed _Zg~Xmam| H$m ~mob~mbm Wm
Vmo Xygao Amoa Jar~ OZVm {ng ahr Wr& {dbm{gVm H$s ~T>Vr d{m Ho$ H$maU Zmar H$mo gn{m
87
_mZm OmZo bJm Wm& {dbmg Ho$ CnH$aUm| H$m gJh H$aZm Ed gwam-gwXar _| brZ ahZm CM
dJ Ho$ OrdZ H$m EH$_m b` ~Z J`m Wm& _`-dJ ^r Cht Ho$ AZwH$aU _| brZ ahVm
Wm& A{ÔmV dJ Ho$ ha gwXar Zm[a`m| Ed a{jVmAm| go âo ahVo Wo& H${d AnZo g_` H$m
gOJ {MVoam hmoVm h& ar{VH$m{bZ H${d`m| Zo ^r AnZo g_` Ho$ {dbmgr amOmAm|, gm_Vm| H$s
{dbmgd{m H$mo Vw> H$aZo Ho$ {bE Kmoa lJma YmZ aMZmE {bIt& ar{VH$mb Ho$ A{YH$Va
H${d amOm-l` _| ahVo Wo AV: BZ H${d`m| H$s gnyU AVMoVZm gwam, gwXar Ama gwamhr
VH$ hr gr{_V ah J`r& CgZo AnZr `mo`Vm H$m {dVma Zmar Ho$ AJ {MU _| Ho$pV H$a
{X`m& S>m. ZJo Zo Bgr H$maU {bIm h {H$- ''Bg gm{h` H$m gmMm Mmho Ogm ^r ahm hmo
Cg_| T>br lJm[aH$Vm hr&'' S>m. ^Jra` {_l Zo ar{VH$mbrZ H$m`H$mam| H$mo `mdZ VWm ~gV
Ho$ H${d H$hm h&
BgHo$ A{V[aV ar{VH$mb _| Hw$N> Eogo ^r amOm{lV H${d Wo Omo AnZo
Aml`XmVmAm| Ho$ XmZ, namH$_ Am{X H$m AmbH$m[aH$ dUZ H$aVo hE YZ H$s m{V H$aVo Wo&
Ym{_H$ gH$mam| Ho$ H$maU ^{V naH$ aMZmE H$aHo$ Hw$N> H${d Am_bm^ ^r H$aVo Wo. Vmo
Hw$N> H${d OrdZ Ho$ H$Qw>-{VV d`{VH$ AZw^dm| H$mo Zr{V H$m Om_m nhZmH$a Zr{V H$WZm|
Ho$ $n _| ^r `V H$aVo Wo&
ar{VH$mb _o {b{IV gnyU CnbY H$m` H$mo d` AWdm {df` `m d{m
Ho$ AmYmana {ZZ{b{IV VrZ dJm} _o {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h ar{VH$mb (lJma H$mc)
ar{V~X H$m`
(bjU H$m`)
qMVm_{U
Ho$edXmg
_{Vam_
Xod
nX_mH$a
{ÎarXmg
dmb
ar{V{gX H$m`
(b` H$m`)
ar{V_wV H$m`
(dN>X H$m`)
{~hmar
ag{Z{Y
Zne^w
ZodmO
KZmZX
Amb_
R>mHw$aXmg
~moYm
{OXod
ar{V~X H$m` H$s _wI {deofVmE :ar{V~X H$m` dh H$m` h Omo ar{V-{ZnU Ho$ n _| {bIm J`m hmo& Bg_|
Bg H$mb _| {bIo Jò do g^r ar{V-JW Am OmVo h, {Og_o H$m`mJm| H$m n_` bjU
VwV H$a CgHo$ CXmhaU Ho$ n _| da{MV H$m` VwV {H$`m J`m h& S>m. ZJo Zo Bgo
''AmMm`-H${d`m| H$m H$m` H$hm h& Am. {ddZmW gmX {_l Bgo 'ar{V~X `m bj~X
88
H$m`' H$hVo h& BZ H$m`-JW {Z_mVmAm| H$m| ar{V~X H${d H$hm OmVm h& Xygao eXm| _|
gH$V-H$mèm Ho$ AmYma na {hXr _| bjU JWm| H$s aMZm H$aZo dmbo H${d`m| H$mo
ar{V~X H${d _mZm OmVm h& Bhm|Zo H$m`mJm| Ho$ bjU {bIH$a CZHo$ CXmhaU ^r VwV
{H$E& ar{V~X AmMm`m] Zo gH$V Ho$ AbH$ma gXm` H$mo {deof n go drH$ma {H$`m Ama
ag, ar{V, d{Z VWm dH$mo{V H$mo JmU _mZm& BZ ar{V~X H$m` aMZmH$mam| H$m _w`
Co` AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$mo gZ H$aZm Wm {H$Vw AnZo H$m` Ho$ _m`_ go do gH$V
^mfm _o d{UV gm{hèm H$m {hXr bmoH$^mfm _| (~O^mfm) AZwdmX H$aVo Wo& BZ AmMm`m]
Zo {H$gr ZE H$m`{gXmV H$s WmnZm Zht H$s Bgr{bE BZH$s aMZm _| _m{bH$Vm H$m
A^md h& Chm|Zo nyd{ZYm[aV n[anmQ>r H$m AZwH$aU _m {H$`m h& ò AbH$mam| Ama Zm`H$Zm{`H$m ôX {ZnU _o hr `V aho& Bg dJ _| Xmo H$ma Ho$ H${d hE& W_ do {Ohm|Zo bjU
JWm| Ho$ gmW b` JW ^r {bIo& Bg dJ _| Ho$edXmg, qMVm_{U, _{Vam_, Xod, nX>_mH$a
Am{X H$s JUZm H$s OmVr h& Xygao dJ _| do AmMm` AmVo h {Ohm|Zo bjU JW Vmo {bIo na
b` JW Zht& BZ_| lrn{V H$m Zm_ _w` $n go {b`m OmVm h& Bg H$m`Ymam H$s gm_m`
d{m`m VWm {deofVmE Bg H$ma h1) H${d H$_ Ama AmMm` H$_ H$m g_d` :H${d H$_ Ama AmMm` H$_ H$m AX>^yV g_d` ar{V~X H$m` Ymam H$s
g~go _wI {deofVm ahr h& ar{VH$mb _| gm{h Ama gm{hèm XmoZm| H$m Aml` WmZ
Xa~ma _| Wm& Xa~ma H$m n[adoe kmZ Ama JwUJmhr CVZm Zht Wm, {OVZm {MVZ Ho$ {bE
Amd`H$ hmoVm h& g^dV Bgr{bE AmMm` H$_ _| BVZr J^raVm Zhr Wr& Xa~mar g`Vm
Bg H$m` _| EH$ Z`m n YmaU H$a MwH$s Wr,{Og_o 'XeZ' H$m {OVZm _hd Wm CVZm
XeZ H$mo Zht& AV AmMm` H$_ ^r Chr Ho$ AZwgma n[ad{VV hAm& AmMm`m] H$mo H$m`
{MVZ Zht XeZ hmo J`m& H${d`m| H$s ^r `hr Xem Wr, Bgr{bE H${d`m| H$mo XeZ Ho$ {bE
ar{V H$m ghmam boZm nS>m Ama AmMm`m] H$mo H$m` H$m& n[aUm_V AmMm` H$_ Ama H${dH$_
`hm EH$mH$ma hmo Jò& H${dd Ama AmM`d Ho$ {_lU Ho$ Xwn[aUm_m| H$s Amoa gHo$V H$aVo hE
Am. ewbOr Zo {bIm h- ''Bg EH$sH$aU H$m ^md AN>m Zht nS>m& AmMm`d Ho$ {bE
gy_ {ddoMZ Ama n`mdbmoMZ e{V H$s Anojm hmoVr h, CgH$m {dH$mg Zhr hAm& H${d bmoJ
EH$ Xmoho _| An`mV bjU XoH$a AnZo H${d H$_ _| dm hmo OmVo Wo& H$m`mJm| H$m {dVV
{ddoMZ VH$ mam IS>Z _S>Z, Zò Zò {gXmVm| H$m {VnmXZ Am{X Hw$N> ^r Zht hAm& ''
2) lJm[aH$Vm :lJm[aH$Vm Bg H$m`Ymam H$s hr Zht, Bg H$mb Ho$ g{h` H$s ^r gdm{YH$
_wIa d{m ahr h& Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| _| _m{bH$Vm H$m A^md ^bo hr ahm hmo na lJma ag
Ho$ {d{^Z Ad`dm|- {d^md, AZw^md, gMmar, B`m{X Ho$ dUZ, Zm{`H$m{X ôXmonôXm|,
CZH$s gy_ lJm[aH$ _ZpW{V`m| Ho$ CXKmQ>Z F$Vw Am{X Ho$ dUZm| _| H${d`m| Zo {OVZr
gag Ama _m{_H$ D${V`m VwV H$s h gH$V, mH$V Ama Anê Ho$ hOmam| dfm] Ho$
gm{h` go EH$ H$s Omò Vmo ^r BZH$s VwbZm _o H$_ nS>oJr& Ho$db _mm _| hr Zht gagVm _|
^r `h gm{h` AX>^yV h&
89
Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo lJma Ho$ g`moJ Ama {d`moJ - XmoZm| hr njm| H$m nyao
_ZmodoJ go {MU {H$`m h& o_ H$m _y`mYma Amb~Z gmX` _mZZo Ho$ H$maU, Bhm|Zo
gmX` Ho$ {MU _| {deof {M Am`r h&
3) gmX` {MU :ar{V~X lJm[aH$ H$m` Ho$ _w` Amb~Z Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m aho h& BZ XmoZm|
_| Zm{`H$m H$s AJ-`mo{V H$s Amoa H${d`m| H$s {> A{YH$ ahr h& ZI-{eI dUZ Ho$ gmao
gJ BgHo$ _mU h bo{H$Z hmd AZw^mdm{X Ho$ {MUmo _| `h n-gmX` A{YH$ _m{_H$
hmoH$a gm_Zo Am`m h& {ÎmarXmg H$m EH$ gmX` {M >` hnH$O go nm`Z _| JyOar Oam`Z H$s
KmKao H$mo Koa Xr{R> Ko[a Ko[a a{I`m&
'Xmg' _Z_mo{hZ _{V Ho$ ~Zm`
~{Z H$R>_mb, H$MwH$s hdob hma n[ad`m&&
^mJ âr ^m{JZr gmohmJ âr gmar gyhr
_mJ âr _moVr AZwamJ âr A{I`m&&
Eogm hr g_mohH$ n Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| H$s {> _| Wm& Bg_| b{bV
hmd,{d^d hmd Ho$ CXmhaU h bo{H$Z hmd Ho$ d$n {ZnU H$s d{m Bg_| X~ J`r h Ama
n H$s _mXH$Vm hr _wI hmoH$a gm_Zo Am`r h&
4) AbH$m[aH$Vm :M_H$ma XeZ H$s d{m ar{VH$mb H$s gm_m` d{m ahr h& M_H$ma H$m
AW h- AbH$ma YmZ hmoZm& VH$mbrZ ar{V~X H${d AbH$mam| na A{YH$ `mZ XoVm Wm&
AbH$mam| _| ^r ò H${d AZwmg, `_H$ na {deof ~c XoVo Wo, `m|{H$ AZwmg Ho$ `moJ go
_wVH$ H$s ^mfm ZmX CnZ H$aZo _| g_W hmoVr Wr Ama H$m` Z| ^r EH$ _YwaVm Am OmVr
Wr& Aml`XmVm ^r H${dVm H$m __k Zht hmoVm Wm& Cgo eXm| Ho$ M_H$ma Ama CgH$s Jo`Vm
go hr A{YH$ _Vb~ hmoVm Wm& H$^r-H$^r BZ _wVH$m| H$mo A{Ve`mo{V Ama Cn_m
AbH$mam| go ^r gOm`m OmVm Wm& {H$Vw `h A{Ve`mo{V H$^r-H$^r {IbdmS> H$s gr_m
VH$ nhM OmVr Wr&
ar{V~X H${d gH$V Ho$ AbH$ma em Ho$ T>rJV Cn_mZm| H$mo boH$a
CZH$m hr {nQ>nofU H$aVm ahm& Bg gX^ _| CgZo {H$gr ZdrZ _m{bH$ CX>^mdZm go H$m_
Zhr {b`m, n[aUm_V CZHo$ ZI{eI dUZ {T>~X Ama Ad`{VH$ hr ~Zo aho& n
gm` _ybH$ AVwV {dYmZ H$s Anojm Y_-gm` {dYmZ gwXaV_ hmoVm h& ar{V~X
H${d`m| _| BgH$ma Ho$ AVwV {dYmZ H$s H$_r h&
5) H$m` n :ar{VH$mbrZ H${d H$m Co` Cg `wJ Ho$ amOmAm| Ama aBgm| H$s a{gH$Vm H$s
d{m H$mo gVw> H$aZm Wm& dh nyU n go amOXa~mar dmVmdaU go {Kam hAm Wm& Eogr pW{V
90
_| M_H$ma CnmXZmW VWm dmhdmhr m{ Ho$ {bE _wVH$ H$m` ebr CgHo$ A{YH$ AZwHy$b
Wr& `h g_` ~Y H$m` {Z_mU Ho$ {bE gdWm AZwn`wV Wm& {Og Xa~ma _| H${d nyJdm|
Ho$ XJb bJVo hmo Ama Ohm na EH$-Xygao go ~mOr _ma OmZo H$s hmoS> MbVraho, dhm ~Y
H$m` H$m Z hr Zht CR>Vm& Bg g_` Bg jo _| WmoS>m-~hV gmhg ^r {H$`m J`m bo{H$Z
dh {deof \$br^yV Zht hAm& ~Y H$m`m| Ho$ {bE {ZaVa EH$agVm Ama Y` H$s
Amd`H$Vm hmoVrh, ò ~mV| Z Vmo Cg g_` Ho$ H${d Ho$ nmg Wr Ama Z lmoVm Ho$ nmg&
Bg H$mb _| `{n g~Ho$ AmMm` Ho$edXmg Zo 'am_MpH$m' {bIH$a ~Y
H$m` {bIZo H$m _mJ {XIbm`m Wm, naVw `h nanam AmJo Zhr Mb nmB& AmMm` Ho$edXmg
d` AmoaN>m Zaoe BOrV Ho$ Xa~ma _o ahVo Wo Ama CZH$s do`mAm| H$mo H${dVm aMZm H$aZo
H$m hZa ^r {bImVo Wo& 'H${d {`m' BZH$m Bgr H$ma H$m EH$ bjU JW h& qH$Vw CZH$s
am_MpH$m H$s ~Y aMZm X{V AmJo Zht Mb nmB&
6) Zmar {MU;Zmar Ho$ {V ar{VH$mbrZ H${d`m| H$m {>H$moZ ^moJdmXr ahm h& Mmho ar{V~X
H${d Xod, _{Vam_, Ho$ed hmo Mmh ar{V{gX H${d {~hmar hmo AWdm ar{V_wV H${d KZmZX,
~moYm `m Amb_ hmo, g^r H$s {> Zmar Ho$ {V ^moJdmXr ahr h& lJma ^md H$s BVZr ~oH$Xar
Ama Zmar Ho$ {V BVZr {Jar h`r {> {hXr gm{h` _| H$^r Zht H$Q> h`r& BgH$m _w`
H$maU `h h {H$ _wJb emgZ H$s {ZaHw$e gmm Ho$ g_wI Xoer amOdmS>m| Ho$ Zaoem| H$m VoO
AmhV hmo MwH$m Wm& _wJb Xa~ma Ho$ Mwa {dbmg H$m AZwH$aU H$aZm hr CZHo$ OrdZ H$m
Co` ~Z J`m Wm, _mZmo `h EH$ _Zmodkm{ZH$ n go j{Vny{V Wr& amOm{lV H${d Zmar Ho
Hy$M-H$Q>mj H$ _hrZ ~ _hrZ {dbmgm_H$ aJrbo Ama ^S>H$sbo {M CVmaH$a AnZo dm_r
Ho$ Jhao _mZ{gH$ {dfmX H$mo Xya H$aZo _| `Zerb Wo& CZHo$ gm_Zo Zmar H$m EH$ hr n Wm
Ama dh Wm {dbm{gZr o{_H$m H$m& AnZo XwIm| Ama nam^dm| H$mo ^ybZo Ho$ {bE BZ bmoJm|Zo
Zmar H$s _Ywa MMb N>m`m _o ~R>Zm hr C{MV g_Pm&
ar{V~X H${d Xa~mar ~ZH$a OZ g_mO go H$Q> Jò Wo& ar{VH$mbrZ H${dVm
Bgr{bE g_mO Ho$ {V Cnojm nyU {>H$moZ aIVr h& CgHo$ Aml`XVmAm| Ho$ {bE Zmar H$m
g~b EH$ {dbmg Wb ~Z J`m Wm& AnZo EH$mJr {>H$moZ Ho$ H$maU Zmar OrdZ Ho$
gm_m{OH$ nj, CgHo$ lXml` n Ama _mV e{V H$mo ar{V H${d XoI Z gH$m& `hm VH$ {H$
Amam` Xodr Ho$ ^r emar[aH$ bmd` na [aPVm ahm& BZHo$ Zmar {MU _| dmg` ^mdZm
H$ht na ^r Zht {XIVr& Eogm bJVm h {H$ _mZmo dmgZm hr Cg Zmar Ho$ OrdZ H$m ImZmnrZm, AmoT>Zm-{~N>mZm g~ Hw$N> hmo& Zmar ar{V~X H${d`m| Ho$ {bE {dbmg H$m EH$ CnH$aU
_m h& Xod Zo H$hm h'' H$mZ JU nwa dZ ZJa H$m{_Zr EH$ ar{V&
XoIV ha {ddoH$ H$mo {Mm ha H$[a r{V&&
7) H${V H$m CrnZ $n _| {MU :ar{VH$mb _| H${V H$m Aml` `m dV $n _| H$_ hr {MU hAm h&
ar{V~X H${d Xa~mar H${d Wm, CgHo$ nmg H${V Ho$ C_wV mJU _| {dMaZo H$m AdH$me
91
^r H$_ Wm AV CgHo$ H$m` _| dm_r{H$, H$m{bXmg H$m gm H${V H$m {d~Jmhr $n Zht
{_bVm& H${V H$m CrnZ $n _| {MU ^r nanam _wV h& H${V H$m {MU Zm`H$ Ama
Zm{`H$m H$s _mZ{gH$ Xem Ho$ AZwHy$b hr {H$`m J`m h& g`moJ _| CgH$m _Zmo_wYH$mar
C\w$b $n h Ama {d`moJ _| {dXYH$mar $n& H${V Ho$ CrnZ $n H$m {MU fQ>F$Vw Ama
~mah_mgm H$s {MU nX{V na hAm h& g`moJ nj _| nmdg H$m CVZm ^mdmonmXH$ dUZ
Zht, {OVZm Bggo g~X qhS>mobo Ama VrO `mhmam| H$m& nmdg _| o_r-o{_H$m Ho$ {_bZ
Adga na H${d H$m _Z Iy~ a_Vm hAm gm {XImB XoVm h& ar{V~X H${d H$s Zm{`H$m H$mo
{d`moJ H$mb _| ew^ Mm H$gmB gm bJVm h Vmo nnrho H$s nr-nr mU boZo bJVr h& H$htH$ht BZ H${d`m| Zo H${V {MU _| AnZo AkmZ H$m ^r n[aM` {X`m h&
8) g_mO go gdWm {d_wI H${dVm :A{YH$me ar{V~X H${d Xa~mar Wo& AnZo Aml`XmVm {dbmgr amOmAm| VWm
gm_Vmo H$s {dbm{gVm H$mo Vw> H$aZo Ho$ {bE Bh| Kmoa lJma naH$ H${dVm {bIZr nS>r&
Xa~ma _o hH$s-\y$H$s aMZmAm| H$mo hr AmXa mV Wm& AV ar{V~X H${dVm Xa~ma _|
nhMH$a AnZr dm^m{dH$ J^raVm ImoVr ahr& dh g_mO go ^r Xya hmoVr J`r& BZ H${d`m| H$m
g~Y Ho$db Xa~mam| go Wm& amOmAm| H$mo d` Om go boZm-XoZm Zht Wm& g_mO Ho$ `WmW
go Xya hmoZm hr ar{VH$mbrZ H$m` Ho$ M_H$manyU ~Z OmZo H$m EH$ H$maU Wm&
9) naml{`Vm H$s ^mdZm :ar{V~X H${d AnZo gm{h` Ama H$mèmr` kmZ Ho$ {bE gH$V H${d`m|
VWm AmMm`m] na A{YH$Va {Zâ ahm h& Eogm hmoVo hE ^r [aV _| {_br gH$V gm{h` H$s
{demb nanam H$m g`H$ Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {demb ggma H$mo ^r AnZr AmIm| go XoIZo H$m
Adga Cgo {_bm& bo{H$Z `h ^r g` h {H$ ar{VH$mbrZ H${d gH$V gm{h` na A`{YH$
Adb{~V h Ama CZH$s dV {MVZ Ho$ {V Adkm H$m ^md Ad` IQ>H$Vm h& Bg H$m`
Ho$ H${d`m| _| AmbmoMZm_H$ {> H$m A^md {XImB nS>Vm h&
10) ar{V~X H${d`m| Ho$ amYm-H$U :ar{V~X H${d`m| Zo amYm-H$U H$mo AnZr lJmar H${dVmAm| H$m Amb~Z
~Zm`m& nX_mH$a H$s Jmoar H$m Zm_ amYm h& dh H$U H$mo hmobr IobZo Ho$ Adga na nH$S>
boVr h Ama CZH$s H$_a go {nVm~a qIM boVr h, Jmbm| na Jwbmb _b XoVr h Ama Omo Mmho
H$a boVr h& Ho$ed Ho$ H$U df^mZw Ho$ Ka _| AmJ bJZo Ho$ ~mX grYo amYm Ho$ nmg nhMVo h&
`h gM hr h {H$ Bggo AN>m _mH$m ar{VH$mbrZ a{g`m H$mo H$~ {_bVm& amYm-H$U
ar{VH$m` _| gm_m` Zm`H$ Ama Zm{`H$m Ho$ n _| {M{V h& ar{V~X H${d`m| Zo amYm `m
Jmonr H$mo naH$s`m n _| {M{V {H$`m h& amYm naH$s`m n H$m EH$ CXmhaU hr hmo J`r Wr&
Aga Zm`H$ Xygar r Ho$ Ka J`m {XIm`m h, {Oggo dH$s`m Zm{`H$m ^S>H$ OmVr h& H$ht
H$ht na Eogo dUZ h, {Oggo Bg ~mV H$s {Jar hB bmoH$ {M H$m nVm MbVm h&
92
11) ^{V, Zr{V Ama dra ag :ar{V~X H$m` _| ^{V Ama Zr{V g~Yr gy{V`m `-V {~Iar hB
{_b OmVr h, na BZHo$ AmYma na h_ ar{V H${d H$mo Z Vmo AZ` ^V H$h gH$Vo h Ama Z
hr amOZr{V {ZUmV amYm-H$U Ho$ Zm_mobooI _m go ar{V H${d H$mo ^{V nanam _| Zht
{~R>m`m Om gH$Vm& m` BZ g^r H${d`m| Zo lJma Ho$ gmW gmW ^{V H$s ^r aMZmE H$s h,
{H$Vw CZH$s ^{V naH$ aMZmE CZHo$ {d^m{OV `{Vd H$s n[aMm`H$ h& nX>_mH$a `m
agImZ Ogo H${d`m| Zo ^{V H$s aMZmAm| _| WmoS>r-~hV g\$bVm Ad` nmB h& S>m.
amOeoIa gmX MVwd}Xr Zo AnZo emoY-~Y _| n> {H$`m h {H$ dXmdWm _| AeV
hmoH$a Ho$edXmg, nX>_mH$a Am{X g^r _wI H${d dam` go J{gV {XIbmB nS>Vo h& gM Vmo
`h h {H$ ^{V Ama Zr{V Bg H${d Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ AdgmZ Ama WH$mZ H$s moVH$ h&
dra H$m` H$m {Z_mU `{n ar{VH$mbrZ nanamJV lJm[aH$Vm Ho$ {dnarV h,
naVw ar{V~X H${d nX>_mH$a mam a{MV dra ag H$s H${dVm H$mo Xwb{jV Zhr {H$`m Om
gH$Vm& {Og H$ma ^yfU, gyXZ Am{X H${d`m| Zo AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$s Y_{Z`m| _| AnZo
AVmVm`r Ho$ {d$X IS>o hmoH$a g~b Q>H$a boZo Ho$ {bò, ZdrZ aV H$m gMma H$aZo Ho$
{bE dra agm_H$ H${dVmAmo H$s aMZm H$s, CgrH$ma nX>_mH$a Zo ^r ~S>r AmoOpdZr ^mfm
_| dra agm_H$ H$m` H$s g{> H$s& Bg_| am>r`Vm H$m da YmZ h&
12) A{^ÒZm nX{V :ar{V~X H${d`m| H$s H${dVm Xa~mar H${dVm Wr& Xa~ma _| dmh-dmh m{V Ho$
{bE Ch| CXy Ama \$magr H${d`m| go hmoS> boZr nS>Vr Wr AV \$magr H${d Ogr D$hm_H$Vm
nX{V H$mo AnZr ^mdm{^`{V Ho$ {bE Chm|Zo AnZm`m& dgo _wJb emgH$m| Ho$ Xa~ma _|
{hXr H$mo ^r WmoS>m-~hV gajU {_bm hAm Wm&
13) N>X :ar{V~X H${dVm Xa~mar dmVmdaU _| gmg boVr Wr& ar{V~X H${d`m| Zo
Xmohm, H${dV Ama gd`m N>Xm| H$mo AnZm`m& gd`m Ama H${dV _| ZmX Vd H$m {dYmZ
{H$`m OmVm Wm Ama Xmohm| _| AWVd H$m& Bgr{bE ar{V~X H${d Bht N>Xm| H$m `moJ H$aVo
{XImB XoVo h& Xmohm Jo` Z hmoVo hE ^r AW H$m {dVma Bg_| Amd`H$ Wm& gd`m, H${dV
Ama Xmohm| _| ar{V~X H${d {Mm_H$ dUZ H$aVm Wm& Jo`Vm Ama {Mm_H$Vm Bg `wJ H$s
H${dVm Ho$ Xmo YmZ JwU Wo&
14) ~O^mfm H$s YmZVm :~O^mfm Bg `wJ H$s _wI gm{hp`H$ ^mfm h& ^maVr` gm{h` _| bm{b`
Ho$ jo _| gH$V ^mfm Ho$ nMmV ~O^mfm H$m WmZ AmVm h& EH$ Vmo dh _`Xoer` ^mfm
Wr, Xygam `h H${V go _Ywa Wr, gmW hr H$mo_b agm| H$s gwXa A{^`{V H$s Bg_| Anma
j_Vm Wr& _mYw` JwU Ama ZmOwH$ {_OmOr Ho$ H$maU gJrV Ho$ {bE BZHo$ eX gdWm AZwHy$b
Wo& S>m& ZJo H$m H$WZ Bg {> go >` h - '' ^mfm Ho$ `moJ _| BZ H${d`m|Z| EH$ Img
93
ZmOwH$ {_OmOr ~aVr h& BZHo$ H$m` _o {H$gr ^r Eogo eX H$s JwOmBe Zht {Og_| _mYw` Zhr
h& Ajam| Ho$ Jw\$Z _| Bhm|Zo H$^r ^r wQ>r Zht H$s& gJrV Ho$ aoe_r Vmam| _| BZHo$ eX
_m{U` _moVr H$s Vah JyWo hE h&''
`h ~O^mfm H$s Ma_moZ{V H$m H$mb h& Bg g_` ~O^mfm _o {deof {ZIma,
_mYw` Ama mObVm H$m g_mdoe hAm VWm dh A`V mT> ~Z J`r& ar{V~X H${d`m| H$s
^mfm _| Hw$N> Xmof Ad` nmò OmVo h bo{H$Z `h ^r gM h {H$ ar{V~X H${d Xod Ama
nX>_mH$a Zo H$mo_bH$mV nXmdbr H$s {> go Vwbgr H$mo nrN>o N>moS> {X`m h&
Cn`wV {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na H$hm Om gH$Vm h {H$ ar{V~X H${d`m| Zo
H$m` H$mo Cn`mo{JVm Ama OrdZ go AbJ aIH$a {dewX H$bm Ho$ n _| XoIm h& \$bdn
`h H$m` _mohH$ N>Q>m go `wV qH$Vw {ZOud _y{V Ho$ n _| gm_Zo Am`m h& n[anmQ>r ~XVm Ho$
H$maU Bg H$m` _| ^mdZm A`V gHw${MV Koao _| ~Y J`r h& Bht ~mVm| H$mo `mZ _| aIH$a
Am. am_M ewb Zo {bIm h- '' OrdZ H$s {d{^Z {M` ~mVm| VWm OJV Ho$ ZmZm ah`m|
H$s Amoa H${d`m| H$s {> Zht OmZo nm`r& dmYmam ~Yr hB Zm{b`m| _| hr dm{hV hmoZo bJr
{Oggo AZw^d go ~hV go JmoMa Ama AJmoMa {df` ag{gV hmoH$a gm_Zo AmZo go ah Jò&''
ar{V{gX H$m`
ar{V{gX H${d`momam {bIm J`m H$m` ar{V{gX H$m` H$hbmVm h&
ar{V{gX H${d do h {Ohm|Zo ar{VH$m` H$s ~Yr-~Ym`r n[anmQ>r _| AmWm aIVo hE ^r
bjU JWm| H$m U`Z Zht {H$`m A{nVw dV JWm| Ho$ mam AnZr H${d {V^m H$m n[aM`
{X`m& amOeoIa Zo Eogo H${d`m| Ho$ {bE 'H$m`-H${d' Ho$ nX H$m `moJ {H$`m h& AmMm`
H${d`m| Zo AnZo JWm| _| 'H${d-{ejH$' hmoZo H$s A{^bmfm H$m n> gHo$V {H$`m h, naVw BZ
H${d`m| Zo ar{V H$m ~YZ drH$ma H$aZo na ^r Bg A{^bmfm Ho$ R>rH$ {dnarV H${d-Jmad H$s
A{^bmfm H$s h& BgrH$maU BZ H${d`m| H$mo ar{V{gX H$m`-H${d Ho$ Zm_ go ^r A{^{hV
{H$`m OmVm h&
BZ H${d`m| H$s EH$ {deofVm `h h {H$ do H${dd Ho$ bmo^ _| M_H$manyU
C{V`m ~mYZo _| h_oem brZ ahVo Wo& Ch| AnZr H${dVm H$mo bjU {deof Ho$ gmMo _| T>mbZo
H$s {deof {MVm Zht ahVr Wr& Bhm|Zo dmZw^y{V Ho$ AmYma na _m{bH$ H$m` H$s aMZm H$s&
dV CX>^mdZm Ho$ {bE {OVZm AdH$me BZ H${d`m| Ho$ nmg Wm CVZm ar{V~X AmMm`
H${d Ho$ nmg Zht Wm& `hr H$maU h {H$ BZ H${d`m| H$s d`{VH$Vm AnojmH$V A{YH$ Câr
h& H$m`H${d`m| Zo ^md nj Ama H$bm nj H$mo g_mZ n _| _hd {X`m h& BZ H${d`m| H$s
H${dVm H$s Am_m ar{V Ho$ ^ma go A{YH$ AmH$mV Zht h`r, `m|{H$ Bhm|Zo dV n go
bjU- JWm| H$s aMZm Zht H$s, ^bo hr H${dVm H$s n>^y{_ _| H$ht-H$ht ar{V nanam H$m_
H$a ahr hmo& ^mdm{^`{V Ho$ {bE Bhm|Zo ^r AmbH$m[aH$ ebr H$m Adb~ {H$`m h& Bg
Ymam Ho$ g~go _wI H${d {~hmar h& BgHo$ Abmdm ar{V{gX H${d`m| _| goZmn{V, ~oZr, H$U
H${d, ag{Z{Y, ZodmO, Zne^w, rV_, am_gam` Xmg Am{X Ho$ Zm_ {bE OmVo h&
94
* ar{V{gX H$m`Ymam H$s {deofVmE :ar{V{gX H${d`m| H$s aMZmE ar{V go JwWr h`r h& bjU JWm| H$s aMZm go
{daV ahH$a ^r ar{V H$s nyar-nyar N>mn aadZo Ho$ H$maU ò H${d ar{V {gX H${d `m H$m`H${d H$hbmò Ama BZH$m H$m` ar{V{gX H$m` A{^{hV hAm& Bg H$m` H$s {deofVmE
{ZZ{b{IV h1. _`_ nWr H$m`:ar{V{gX H${d`m| H$s aMZmAm| _| emr` {gXmVm| H$m {ZnU Ama bjU
{Z_mU Vmo Zht hAm, {\$a ^r BZH$s aMZmE Eogr ~Z nS>r h, Omo {H$gr Z {H$gr H$m`mJ Ho$
CXmhaU n _| Ad` aadr Om gH$Vr h& bjUm| H$m {Z`_V: nyam-nyam nmbZ Z H$aZo na ^r
ò CZgo nyUV: _wV Z Wo Ogm H$s dN>X H${d Wo, naVw {Z`_mZwgaU H$aVo hE ^r ò
dVVm boVo Wo& bjU JWm| H$s aMZm go ò {daV ahVo Wo naVw ar{V H$s nyar N>mn ^r aadVo
Wo& ar{V H$s ~Yr n[anmQ>r _| BZH$s AmWm nyar Wr, {H$Vw ò CgHo$ nyao Jwbm_ hmoH$a Zht
MbZm MmhVo Wo& Cggo AbJ hQ>Zm ^r Bh| A^r> Z Wm, CgH$s nyar XmgVm ^r Bh|
drH$m` Z Wr&
2. dV H${d `{Vd :ar{V JW {badZodmbm| H$mo bjUm| go ~mha OmZo H$s JwOmBe Z Wr& naVw
ar{V {gX H${d ar{V go Ho$db gHo$V JhU H$aVo Wo Ama ^md Ed H$nZm H$m ~YmZ dV
T>J go ^r H$aVo Wo& `hr H$maU h {H$ Ohm ò bmoJ ZdrZ CX^mdZmE H$a gHo$ h, dhm ar{V~X
H${d AnZr aMZmAm| _| m`: ZdrZVm H$m d{e>` Zht bm gHo$ h& {~hmar H$s aMZmAm| Ho$
d{e>` H$m `hr H$maU h& H${dm, gd`m Ogo A{YH$ M{bV N>Xm| H$mo N>moS>H$a {~hmar Zo
Xmoho H$mo Omo JhU {H$`m, dh ^r Bgr `{V-d{e>` H$m gyMH$ h& CZHo$ Xmohm| _| Omo gy_
H$marJar h, dU Ed ZmX gmX` H$m {dYmZ h, Jhar AWdmm Ama d`m_H$Vm h, dh H$moar
ar{V Wm H$m AZwH$aU Zht& dh dV H${d ApVd Ho$ {dH$mg H$m {demb `mg mo{VV
H$aVr h&
3. H${d- Jmad Ho$ A{^bmfr :ar{V H$s gw{ZpMV n[anmQ>r Ho$ AZwHy$b aMZm H$aVo hE ^r ar{V{gX H${d`m|
Zo bjU JWm| H$s aMZm Zht H$s `m|{H$ Bh| H${dJw, H${d {ejH$ `m AmMm` ~ZZo H$m
M{bV amoJ Zhr Wm& ò H${d Jmad Ho$ A{^bmfr Wo, H${d Jw, H${d {ejH$ `m H$m`mMm`
~ZZo Ho$ Zht& BZH$s {> _| H${dd e{V Ho$ {ZXeZ mam H$màMZm Ho$ nwZrV jo _|
d{eQ> bm^ H$aZm A{YH$ lo`H$a Wm& BgHo$ ~Om` {H$ H${d {ejm H$s gmYmaU
nmR>nwVH|$ {bI H$a ar{V H$m AmMm` H$hbmVm& BZ_| H${dd H$s nh ^r Wr& ò H${d hmoZm
A{YH$ g_mZ H$s ~mV g_PVo Wo& BgrH$maU BZH$m H$m` A{YH$ gag Ama _m{_H$ ~Z
nS>m h& C{V`m M_H$ma go nyU h, ar{V H$s nX{V go g`wV ^r&
95
4. A{^Zd H$nZm {dYmZ :ar{V{gX H${d 'empW{V gnmXZ' _m go gVw> Z hmoVo Wo& H$^r ò
AnZo H$m` _| empXH$ Ed Am{WH$ AbH$mam| H$s Z`r M_H${V {XIbmVo Wo, Vmo H$^r
A{^Zd H$nZm {dYmZ Ed dV ^md-g{> mam ZyVZ T>J H$m ag-gMma ^r H$aVo Wo&
H$^r ò H${dVm _| AnZr {OXJr Ho$ AZw^d ^r CS>ob {X`m H$aVo Wo& Bgr _| BZH$s aMZm H$s
{d{e>Vm h BZ_| ar{V h,M_H$ma ^r, {H$Vw dmZw^y{V Ama ag H$s ÒZm ^r& ag-gMma
Ho$ {bE ò H$m` H${d dmZw^y{V`m| Ho$ ghmao A{^Zd H$nZmAm| Ed CX>^mdZmAm| H$s g{> H$a
H$m` _| ZdrZVm Ama a_Ur`Vm H$m gMma H$aVo Wo& ggma {df`H$ AnZo AZw^d Ho$ ghmao
^md Ed gmX`-{dYmZ H$s Z`r gm_Jr VwV H$aZo _| ò H${d Hw$eb Wo&
5. _wVH$ ebr H$m JhU:lJma H$s gwXa, gag aMZm VwV H$aZo _| ò ar{V{gX H${d gH$V H$s
lJma H$s _wVH$ nanam go ^m{dV h& hmb H$s 'JmWm eeVr', A_H$ H${d Ho$ 'A_H$
eVH$', JmodYZ H$s 'Am`m geVr' Ama ^Vh[a Ho$ 'lJma eVH$' H$m ar{V{gX H${d`m| na
nyam-nyam ^md h& gH$V Ama mH$V go hmoVr hB `h lJma _wVH$ nanam Anê ^mfm Ho$
JWm| _| ^r m hmoVr h& {~hmar Am{X H$m`-H${d`m| Ho$ lJmar _wVH$m| H$mo Bg nanam go
WmoS>r-~hV oaUm m h`r& `m|{H$ BZ aMZmAm| _| EH$ Vmo bjUmZwYmdZ H$m ~YZ Zht Ama
ò H${d ~YZ T>rbm H$aHo$ MbZm ^r MmhVo Wo& Xygao BZ _wVH$m| _| OrdZ Ho$ Eo{hH$ Ed ^moJnaH$ nj Ho$ {MU H$m AmJh Wm, Omo BZH$s Ama g_gm_{`H$ {M Ho$ AZwHy$b ^r Wm& Bg
nanam H$m Co` hr lJma Ho$ agm_H$ _wVH$m| mam {Mm H$mo C\w$bVm XmZ H$aZm Wm&
`hr H$m` ar{V{gX H${d`mo Zo {H$`m&
6. ar{Vemr` {df`m| H$s _mZ{gH$ n>^y{_ :ar{Vemr` {df`m| H$s hr _mZ{gH$ n>^y{_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BZ H${d`m| Zo ^r
Zm{`H$m ôX, F$Vw dZ, ~mah_mgm, ZI{eI Am{X nanamJV Ama emH${WV {df`m| H$mo
H$m Ho$ d` Ho$ n _| MwaVm go JhU {H$`m, naVw Cg_| AnZr ZyVZ J{V H$m n[aM` {X`m&
ò {df` Eogo Wo {OZna dV T>J go {ZOr AZw^d Ho$ ~b na H$m\$s Hw$N> H$aZo H$m AdH$me
Wm& ò {df` ar{V~X Ama ar{V{gX XmoZm| hr H$ma H$o H${d`m| mam CR>mò Jò, {H$Vw
^mdZmAm| Ed CX^mdZmAm| H$s ZyVZVm ar{V{gX H$m` _| A{YH$ A{^`V h`r h&
7. lJm[aH$Vm :ar{V{gX H${d`m| Zo lJma Ho$ XmoZm| njm|-g`moJ Ama {d`moJ H$m dUZ {H$`m h
qH$Vw lJma Ho$ g`moJ nj _| do {OVZo a_o h, CVZo {d`moJ nj _| Zht& {~hmar BgH$m gdlo>
CXmhaU h& ^bo hr Zm{`H$mAm| H$s AXmAm| H$mo Bhm|Zo {M{V {H$`m hmo, bo{H$Z AZw^md Ho$
{dYmZ _| BZH$s ag ÒZm A`V ^` ~Z nS>r h& hmdm| Ama ^mdm| H$s Eogr gwXa `moOZm
BZH$m H$moB ^r g_H$mbrZ H${d Zht H$a gH$m& _mZm| EH$ H$ma go Chm|Zo hmd-^md âr
_y{V`m V`ma H$a Xr h-
96
'' ~Vag bmbM bmb H$s _wabr Yar bwH$mB&
gmh H$a, ^mh{Z hg XZ H$a Z{Q> OmB&&
lJma Ho$ {d`moJ nj _| {~hmar CVZo g\$b Zht hmo nmò h bo{H$Z Hw$N> Wb
Eogo ^r h Ohm Zm{`H$m Ho$ X` Ho$ AV H$m {MU Bhm|Zo Iy~ {H$`m h& lJma Ho$ gMmar
^mdm| H$m {MU ~S>m X`neu ~Z nS>m h
gKZ Hw$O N>m`m gwIX, grVb _X g_ra&
_Z hmo OmV AOm, dh dm O_wZm Ho$ Vra&&''
8. AmbH$m[aVm :ar{VH$mbrZ M_H$ma XeZ H$s d{m Ho$ H$maU AbH$ma gmYZ Z ahH$a
gm` ~Z Jò& g^mdZm_ybH$ Cojm AbH$ma H$m `moJ Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d Zo Iy~ {H$`m&
BgH$m H$maU `h h {H$ Bg_| H$nZm H$s CS>mZ Ama M_H$ma XeZ H$s H$m\$s Ny>Q> ahVr h&
Bg g_` M_H$ma_ybH$ AbH$mam| _o go bof, `_H$ Ama AZwmg H$m A{YH$ `moJ hAm&
{~hmar Zo Eogo M_H$ma_ybH$ AbH$mam| H$m A{YH$ `moJ {H$`m h, bo{H$Z H$^r-H$^r Eogo
`moJm| Ho$ H$maU H$m` _o hm`mnXVm Am OmVr h& {~hmar Ama Ho$ed Zo M_H$ma H$s
A{Vnhm go Eogo hm`mnX `moJ {H$ò h {H$ emo^mg{> Ho$ WmZ na Aemo^{ZVm nXm h`r
h& H$ht-H$ht AbH$mam| go ~mo{Pb n{V`m ^r {_bVr h, naVw H$ht H$ht AbH$mam| Ho$ n _|
gwXa AVwV {dYmZ H$s `moOZm ^r H$s J`r h& Ohm H${d EH$ _m AbH$ma Ho$ M_H$ma Ho$
nrN>o XmS>m h, dhm Vmo H$m` n H$s {dH${V hmo J`r h& '{~hmar gVgB' H$mo N>moS>H$a eof H$m`
_| M_H$ma XeZ H$s d{m H$_ hr {_bVr h&
9. ^{V Ama Zr{V :dVwV `h `wJ AZoH$ dmXm| H$m `wJ Wm Ama Cg g_` Ho$ H${d Zo AZoH$
dmXm| go AnZo JWm| H$mo âZm Mmhm& {~hmar Zo H$hm h- 'H$ar {~hmar gVgB âr AZoH$
gdmX& '
ar{VH$mbrZ lJmar H${d Xod, _{Vam_, {~hmar Am{X Ho$ ^{Vg~Yr N>Xm|
na- ''amYm H$hmB gw{_aZ H$mo ~hmZo h '' H$s C{V M[aVmW hmoVr h& qH$Vw Bgr g_` _o
JwOamV, amOWmZ, nOm~, h[a`mZm, _hmam>, _` Xoe, Cma Xoe VWm {_{Wbm Am{X _|
eH$S>m| ^V, gV, gy\$s VWm OZ H${d`m| Zo eVm{YH$ ^{V-g~Yr JWm| H$m U`Z
{H$`m Omo AmO VH$ Cno{jV ahm h&
10. ^md nj Ed H$bm nj H$m gm_O` :ar{V{gX H${d`m| Zo H$m` Ho$ H$bm nj Ho$ gmW gmW ^md nj na ^r nyam
~b {X`m h, \$bV XmoZm| H$m AN>m g_d` BZHo$ H$m` H$s EH$ gd_m` {deofVm h& ò
H${d H$_ Ho$ {V A{YH$ dW Ama gVw{bV {> aIVo Wo& \$bdn H$m` Ho$ ^md Ama
H$bm XmoZm| njm| H$mo g_mZ _hd XoVo Wo& EH$ Amoa Ohm BZ ar{V {gX H${d`m| Zo AnZr
H${dVm Ho$ ^md nj `m d` H$mo ZdrZVm Ama VmOJr XoZo H$s Mo>m H$s,Cgo M{dV MdU _m
97
hmoZo go ~Mm`m, AnZr Ama AnZo `wJ H$s gr_mAm| VH$ gr{_V ahZo na ^r Eo{hH$VmnaH$
lJmar aMZmAm| mam ag-gMma Ama AmZX g{> H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m, dhm Xygar Amoa
Chm|Zo H$m` Ho$ H$bmnj Ho$ dmV{dH$ g^ma H$s Amoa ^r `mZ {X`m& BZ H${d`m| Zo ^mfm H$s
bjUm Ama ÒZm e{V na A{YH$ `mZ {X`m Ama Cgo A{YH$ {dH${gV {H$`m&
bmj{UH$Vm Ama d`m_H$Vm {~hmar, ag{Z{Y Am{X _| ar{V~X AmMm`m] H$s Anojm
A{YH$ h& {~hmar, ag{Z{Y, am_ghm` Am{X ar{V{gX H${d`m| Zo AnZo Xmohm| H$mo ^mdnyU
Ama gwJ{R>V VWm gmX`-gnZ H$aZo Ho$ {bò H$m` H$s g_mg nX{V H$m n`mV CH$f
{XIbm`m h& ^mfm H$mo _Xwb, H$mo_b,ZmX-gmX` go n[anyU ~ZmZo H$s Bhm|Zo Mo>m H$s VWm
M{bV H${dm, gd`m Ho$ A{V[aV Xmohm| na Bhm|Zo {deof `mZ {X`m h&
ar{V_wV `m dNX H$m` Ymam
ar{VH$mb _| ar{V-gm{h` emr` ~YZmo go OH$S>m hAm Wm Bg `wJ Ho$
A{YH$me H${d H$mèmr` n[anmQ>r na MbH$a H$m` aMZm H$aVo Wo>& amO Xa~mam| _| Bgr
Vah Ho$ gm{h` H$m g_mZ Wm& Bgr{bE A{YH$Va gm{h`H$ma Bgr Ymam _| ~hVo {XImB
XoVo h& Hw$N> H${d ar{V Ho$ {Zdmh _| ^r AnZr {V^m Ama AZw^y{V H$mo Hw$N> hX VH$
A{^`V H$aVo Wo& bo{H$Z Bg `wJ _| Hw$N> H${d Eogo ^r Wo Omo gm{h` H$s ~m ar{V`m| go
_wV, AnZr AZw^y{V H$s ghr A{^`{V Ho$ YamVb na {dmohr Wo& do VH$mbrZ gm{h`
H$mo {T>~XVm go AWmV 'ar{V' go _wV H$aZm MmhVo Wo Bgr{bE do 'ar{V_wV' H$hbmò& ò
H${d AnZo H$mo {H$ht gr_mAm| _| Z ~mY gHo$ Ama Ed dV _mJ na nb nS>o& `h ~YZ_wV
MbZo H$m {dmohm_H$ da hr Bh| dN>X H${d Ho$ n _| Wm{nV H$aVm h& Bg dV _mJ
na MbZo H$m EH$ H$maU `h ^r Wm {H$ ò C_wV MoVZm Ho$ H${d Wo& {ZVr, o_ VWm
Am_mZw^yV doXZm H$m Jm`Z H$aZo dmbo dV-MoVZm gXd hr nanamAm| H$m _wI-_XZ H$a
AnZr EH$ ZB amh ~ZmVo h& Bgr H$maU BZ H${d`m| Ho$ _Z _| ^r nanam-{dmoh Zo Hw$bmb
â Xr& n[aUm_ `h hAm {H$ BZ H${d`m| H$s {ZS>aVm Ama dN>XVm Zo ar{V~X `m
ar{V{gX H${d`m| Ho$ `{Vd VWm H${Vd H$mo ^r AmS>o hmWm| {b`m& Chm|Zo Cg H${dVm
n[anmQ>r, ar{V nanam VWm CZH$s {> H$mo ^r AZwn`wV H$hH$a bbH$mam& gmW hr
ar{V~X `m ar{V{gX H${d`m| H$mo Aml` XoZo dmbmo H$mo ^r AnZr VrIr A{^ÒZm H$m
{eH$ma ~Zm`m& '' AmnH$mo Z Mmho VmHo$ ~mn H$mo Z Mm{hE'' H$hZo dmbo BZ H${d`m| Zo Xa~mar
Aml` H$mo R>moH$a _ma Xr Ama H$m` Ho$ {V g_mZ ^md aadVo hE H$hm {H$""bmoJ h bmJo H${dm ~ZmdV,
_mo{h Vmo _oao H${dm ~ZmdV&''
Am. am_M ewb Zo Eogo H${d`m| H$mo ar{V_wV Ama dN>X o_ Ho$ C_m
Jm`H$ drH$ma {H$`m h& ar{V_wV dN>XVmdmXr H${d`m| Zo AnZo H$m` _| AnZr
Am_mZw^y{V`m| H$m ghO C_wV H$meZ {H$`m h& Bgr{bE BZHo$ H$m` _| Omo VmOJr Ama
AmV[aH$Vm {_bVr h, dh ar{V~X H$m` _| Zht& BZ H${d`m| H$m ^md, ^mfm `moJ Ama
ebr-g^r {>`m| go ar{V H${d`m| go nmW` n> h& ar{V_wV H$m`Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo
98
AnZr aMZmAm| _| dN>X n go 'o_ H$s nra'' H$s A{^`{V H$s& Bhm|Zo bjU VWm
b` JW Zht {bIo& _wVH$ ebr _| Bhm|Zo lJma, Zr{V, dra VWm ^{V H$s H${dVmE
{bIr& Bg Ymam _| KZmZX, Amb_, ~moYm, R>mHw$a, bmb, ^yfU, gyXZ, dX, {JaYa,
XrZXmb {J[a, g~bqgh, Iw_mZ, _wabrYa, {OXod Am{X Ho$ Zm_ _hdnyU h&
ar{V_wV H$m` H$s {deofVmE- `{n 17 dr eVmXr Ho$ gm{h` _| ar{V ~X H$m`
U`Z H$s d{m Cmamoma ~bdVr hmoVr JB, {H$Vw BgHo$ g_mZmVa H$mb _| ar{V_wV
H$m`m| H$s ^r aMZm hB& Bg H$mb _| Hw$N> Eogo ^r H${d hE, {OhmoZo ar{V Ho$ ~YZ go _wV
hmoH$a gm{h`-g{> H$s& Bhm|Zo Ho$ed, _{Vam_ Ama {MVm_{U Ho$ g_mZ Z Vmo H$moB bjU
JW {bIm Ama Z hr {~hmar H$s ^m{V H$moB ar{V~X aMZm {bIr& BZ ar{V-_wV H${d`m| H$s
g`m nMmg go ^r A{YH$ h& BZ_| go Hw$N> H${d Eogo h, {Ohm|Zo bjU~X aMZm Zht H$s
Ama do AnZo dN>X o_ H$s nra OZVm H$mo gwZmVo aho& Bg dJ _| KZmZX, Amb_, ~moYm
Ama R>mHy$a Am{X AmVo h& Xygam dJ CZ H${d`m| H$m h, {Ohm|Zo ~Y H$m` {bIo, Ogo bmb
Ama gyXZ Am{X& Vrgao dJ _| XmZbrbm Ama _mZ brbm Am{X na dUZm_H$ ~Y-H$m`
{bIZo dmbo AmVo h& Ogo-dX, XrZX`mb {J[a Ama {JaYa Xmg Am{X& nmMdo dJ _|
~kmZ, dam` Ama ^{V na {bIZo dmbo H${d AmVo h& N>R>o dJ _| drag Ho$ \w$bH$a n
{bIZodmbo AmVo h&
BZ CnamoV H${d`m| Ho$ H$m` _|- (1) ^md-nj H$s YmZVm h& (2) BZH$s ebr
AbH$mam| Ho$ AZmd`H$ ~moP go ^r AmH$mV Zht hB h& (3) ^mfm Ho$ jo _| ^r ò bmoJ
A{YH$ g$mB go CVao h& (4) BZHo$ H$m`m| _| gm_m{OH$Vm H$s Kmoa AdhobZm ^r Zht h,
Ama Z hr U lJm[aH$Vm h& BZH$m lJma {MU AnojmH$V A{YH$ dW, g`V Ama
dN> h& (5) BZHo$ H$m` Ho$ _yb _| dmV: gwIm` H$s oaUm H$m_ H$a ahr h, AV: Cg_|
bmoH$-gJh H$s n[anw> ^mdZmE h& (6) ar{V-_wV Ymam _| lJmar H${d`m| H$m lJma {MU
EH$ {^Z nX{V na Mbm h&
1) dN>X g`V o_ H$m {ZnU- ar{V_wV H${d`m| H$m o_ dN>X Ama g`V
h& Cgo H$ht ^r ar{V Ho$ ~Yo-~Ymò gmMm| _| T>mbZo H$m `mg Zht {H$`m J`m h& Cg_| ^md
dU X` H$s gMr AZw^y{V h, H$hr ^r H${_Vm Zht Ama Z hr H$hr H$moB {N>nmd Ama
Xwamd h VWm H$mB`m Ama ~mH$mnZ h& BZHo$ o_ _| ewX X` H$m `moJ h& `h o_ CZH$s
Am_m H$s nwH$ma h& ar{V~X H${d`m| Ogm AVaJ Ama ~{haJ g{I`m| H$m {dYmZ ar{V_wV
H$m` _| Zht& ò H${d o_ Ho$ dN>X Jm`H$ h& BZHo$ `hm ar{V H$m {deof AmXa Zht& AJa
H$hr ar{V H$m {Zdmh hAm ^r h Vmo namojn go& BZH$m o_ EH${Z> h, Bg_| bmoH$mndmX H$s
V{ZH$ ^r qMVm Zht& BZHo$ nmg o_ H$s CXmV AZw^y{V`m h Ama CZH$m Bhm|Zo CXmV n
_| dUZ {H$`m h&
dNX o_ H$m AW `h h {H$ BhmoZo {dew gmX`mZw^y{V oaUm go Om{V
g_mO Ed Y_ Ho$ ~YZm| H$s AdhobZm H$aVo hE, Eogr Zm{`H$mAm| go o_ {H$`m Omo A`
99
Om{V Ed Y_ go g~{YV Wr& Amb_, KZmZX, ~moYm _ybV {hXy Wo, bo{H$Z CZH$s
o{_H$mE-Amb_ H$s eoI, KZmZX H$s gwOmZ, ~moYm H$s gw^mZ _wpb_ Wr& Eogr pW{V _o
Bh| o_ Ho$ jo _| n`mV gKf H$aZm nS>m, VWm gmhg Ed `mJ H$m n[aM` XoZm nS>m& {_m|
Ho$ Cnhmg, g_mO Ho$ ~{hH$ma, Aml`XmVmAm| Ho$ {damoY H$mo ghZ H$aVo hE BhmoZo o_ Ho$
jo _| J^raVm H$m n[aM` {X`m& ~moYm AnZr o`gr Ho$ {bE ggma Ho$ g_V d^d H$mo
XwH$maVo h& KZmZX AnZr gwOmZ Ho$ {bE JmZm JmVo h, Ama Aml`XmVm Ho$ H$mon H$mo ghVo
h>&
2) lJma Ho$ g`moJ Ama {d`moJ nj- dgo Vmo BZ H${d`m| Zo lJma Ho$ C^` njm| H$m
dUZ {H$`m h, {H$Vw BZH$s _Zmod{V {d`moJ nj _| A{YH$ a_r h& BZH$s {dah {df`H$
YmaUm A`V {dbjU h& `hm g`moJ _| ^r {d`moJ nrN>m Zhr N>moS>Vm h& KZmZX Ho$ eXm|
_|'' `h H$gr g`moJ Z Om{Z na Ow {d`moJ Z `mh {~N>mohV h ?''
dVwV BZ H${d`m| H$m o_-Vfm gXm ~T>Vr hr ahVr h, Mmho Vmo {_bZ
m{Zr hmo Ama Mmho {dah H$s A_md`m& BZ H${d`m| _| o_ H$s Amh nra h Ama Cg nra H$mo
nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE X` Ado{jV h& KZmZX Ho$ eXm| _|''g_wP H${dVm YZ AmZX H$s, {h` Am{IZ o_ H$s nra VH$s&''
BZH$s o_ H$s nra gy{\$`m| go ^m{dV OmZ nS>Vr h& Bg Ymam Ho$ m` gmao
H${d o_ Ho$ CnmgH$ h& BZH$s n> KmofUm h- AmZX AZw^d hmoV Zqh {~Zm o_ OJ OmZ&
H$ dh {df`mZX H$ N>mZX bIZ&&''
Bhm|Zo H$U Ho$ gJwZ-gbmoZo n H$mo AnZo H$m` H$m {df` ~Zm`m h, AV Bhm|Zo amYm Ama
H$U Ho$ g`moJ na Ho$ o_ H$s ^r ~S>r _Zmoha Ama _m{_H$ Pm{H$`m VwV H$s h, bo{H$Z H$hr
^r {_bZ nj Ho$ AgH$V Ama An[aH$V {M Zht CVmao&
3) o_ H$m bm{H$H$ - ar{V_wV H${d`mo H$m o_ CZHo$ OrdZ H$m o_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
bm{H$H$ h& Cg_| amYm Ama H$U Ho$ Zm_ S>mbH$a o_ Ho$ AW H$mo H$_Omoa Zht {H$`m J`m h&
{~hmar H$m Xmohm- ' _oar ^d-bmhm hamo amYm ZmJ[a gmoS> '_| Z Vmo R>rH$ T>J go amYm Ho$ VZ H$s
N>{~ CâVr h Ama Z hr CZH$s ^{V, {H$Vw KZmZX H$s _rR>r _wH$mZ go ag {ZMwS>Vm h
Ama CgHo$ MbZo H$s AXm _| AZJ Ho$ dJ H$s dfm hmoVr h& ag _| o_ ^r gm\$ PbH$Vm h
Ama dUZ ^r o_ H$s JmVm `m H$_Omoar Bg_| Zht h, Ama Z hr amYm Ama H$U H$m ZhmZm
hr ~Zm`m J`m h&
4) m{VnaH$Vm - Bg H$m`Ymam _| o_ H$s A{^`{V nyUV`m `{VnaH$ h&
`h {H$gr gm_y{hH$ ar{V `m nX{Vna AmYm[aV Zht h& Bgr{bE BZ H${d`m| Ho$ o_ _|
Am_{ZdoXZ H$m VH$ ^md h o_ {` Ho$ {V g_{nV h& BZH$m o_ dmgZm go _wV h&
5) ^{V^mdZm - dVwV Bg dmg Ho$ g^r H${d`mo_ H$mo ^V H${d Zht H$hm Om
gH$Vm& BZ na ^r `hr H$WZ M[aVmW hmoVm h {H$,-
100
'AmJo Ho$ H${d ar{P h Vmo H${dVmB,
Z Vw am{YH$m H$hmB gwJ[aZ H$mo ~hmZo h& ''
AmMm` {ddZmW gmX Or H$mo Eogo H${d`m| H$s aMZmE ^{VnaH$ bJVrh {OhmoZ| ar{V~X
nXmnU {H$`m h& `hm Bho C_wV ^V H${d H$hm Om gH$Vm h, bo{H$Z Bg Ymam Ho$ g^r
H${d`m| H$mo Zht& agImZ Ama KZmZX H$mo CV H$mo{Q> _o aIm Om gH$Vm h& BZH$s ^{V _|
gmXm{`H$Vm Ama gH$sUVm H$s ^mdZmE Zht h& Chm|Zo AZoH$ Xodr, XodVmAm| Ho$ {V CXma
AmWm X{eV H$s h&
6) H${V-{MU- dgo Vmo {hXr gm{h` Ho$ W_ VrZ H$mbm| _| H${V-{MU
m` Cno{jV ahm h& ar{VH$mb _| H${V gOrd n _| {M{V Zht h& BZ H${d`m| Zo H${V
H$mo CrnZ n _| hr {M{V {H$`m h& goZmn{V H$s aMZm _| H${V H$hr-H$hr CrnZ Ho$
~YZ go _wV Ad` {_b OmVr h& Jw_mZ {_bm H$m H$UMpH$m Zm_H$ ~Y-H$m` Bg
{ go {deof `mZ XoZo `mo` h& Bg_| H${d Zo gH$V H${d`m| Ho$ g_mZ H${V Ho$ Iwbo XeZ
H$amò h& Jw_mZ Ho$ ^mB Iw_mZ H$m AH$m{eV H$Um`Z ^r Bg {> go `mZ XoZo `mo` h&
{ZXod H${V-{MU _| dN>X> {> boH$a ~mha {ZH$bo h&'{dah-dmare' _| ~moYm Zo
H${V-dUZ Hw$N> Vmo em-~X Ama Hw$N> dN>X d{V~X ahm h&
7) gmH${VH$ PmH$s - dNX {> Ho$ H$maU Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d gmH${VH$ {~~
H$mo VwV H$aZo _| g_W hmo MwHo$ h& ò H${d Xoe Ho$ AmZXmobm` _o ^r R>mHw$Z} AnZr
gmH${VH$ aMZmAm| _| ~wXobIS> Ho$ gmH${VH$ OrdZ H$m d^d_` {M IS>m {H$`m h&
Bhm|Zo AIVrO, JOZma, hmobr Am{X Ho$ ~S>o hr ^mdwH$ {M VwV {H$ò h& ZamoV_Xmg ho
dZm^m| _| Cg g_` H$m hrZ-XrZ ^maV _wIarV hmo CR>m h& ar{V H${d Zo gm_y{hH$
H$sS>m_mo-gybm VWm hmobr Am{X _| {dbm{gVm Ho$ da H$mo CM ~Zmò aIm h& Bg_| AmI
{_MmZr Ama Mmoa {_R>rMZr O_H$a dUZ h, `m|{H$ Bg_| nfmO` H$m_m_H$ gwI H$s
CnbYr A{YH$m{YH$ g^d Wr&
8) H$m`-nX{V- BZ H${d`m| Zo ar{VH$mb Ho$ M{bV H${d g_`mo Ama {T>`m| H$mo
AnZm`m& ar{V~X, ar{V{gX Ama ar{V_wV g^r H${d`m| _| Zo `mnE g~Yr C{V`m
g_mZ n go nmB OmVr h& ar{V ~X H${d`m| Ho$ g_mZ ar{V-_wV> H${d agImZ,Amb_,
R>mHw$a Ama KZmZX _| I{S>Vm H$s C{V`m {_bVr h, `m|{H$ `mo H${d Xa~mar Wo Ch| CXy
Ama \$magr H$s H$m`-aMZm go hmoS> boZr Wr& Chm|Zo CXy H${dVm H$s _meyH$ H$s ~am~ar _|
IpS>Vm H$mo noe {H$`m& dN>X H${d`m| Zo Bg nX{V H$m JhU Bg{bE {H$`m {H$ o_df` Ho$ {bE Ch| ^r ^maVr` H$m`nX{V _| `hr ~mV AZwHy$b {XImB nS>r& BZ H${d`m| Zo
IpS>Vm Ho$ X` H$mo {XIbmZo H$m `Z {H$`m& {dnarV Ho$ Hw$pgV {M m` BZ H${d`m| _|
Zht {_bVo& ~moYm _| H$ht-H$ht na Hw$N> bmOm aJ-XJ {_bVm h& KZmZX Ama R>mHw$a
Am{X na ^r \$magr H$m`-nX{V H$s aJV XoIr Om gH$Vr h&
101
9) _wVH$ ebr- BZ H${d`m| _| _wVH$ ebr H$m ~mob~mbm ahm, {H$Vw \w$Q>H$a n _o
~Y aMZmE ^r hmoVr ahr& Amb_ Zo ' _mYdmZb-H$m_H$Xbm'' gwXm_m-M[a' '`m_gZohr' Zm_H$ VrZ ~Y H$m` VwV {H$ò& ~moYm Zo ^r '{dah-dmare' Zm_H$ ~YH$m` VwV {H$`m& A` H$B ~Y aMZmEBg H$mb _| hB&
10) N>X VWm AbH$ma- Bg Ymam _| m{YH$m[aVm, H${dV, gd`m Ama Xmohm Ogo
N>Xm| H$m `moJ {H$`m J`m& `{n ~rM-~rM _o_ N>n`, ~ad, h[anX Am{X N>Xm| H$m `moJ
{H$`m J`m h, {H$Vw g^r ar{V-H${d`m| H$s d{V m{YH$Va Xmohm, gd`m Ama H${dV _| a_r
ahr& ar{V_wV Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo AbH$mam| H$m `moJ AnZo H$V n _| {H$`m h& BZHo$
AbH$ma H$ht ^r nmpS>` XeZ Ho$ {bE Zht Amò ~pH$ BZHo$ mam X` H$s gy_ d{V`m|
Ho$ moVZ Ho$ {bò ghm`Vm {_br h& BZHo$ `hm AbH$ma gmYZ n _| Amò h, Z {H$ gm n
_| KZmZX H$s n{V`m >` h- 'Zoh ^rr ~mV| agZm n Ca AmM bmJ ? `hm {damoYm^mg
AbH$ma H$s gwXa N>Q>m h&
11) ~O^mfm- BZ H${d`mo Zo gm\$-gwWar ^mfm H$m `moJ {H$`m h& o_ Ho$ dUZ H$s
dN>X nX{V AnZmZo Ho$ H$maU ar{V_wV H${d`m| H$s ^mfm Ama CgH$s ÒZm ar{V~X
H${d`m| go {^Z h ar{V~X H${d`m| _| {~hmar, _{Vam_ Ama nX_mH$a H$mo N>moS>H$a Xygao
H${d`m| _| ^mfm H$s g\$mB Ho$ XeZ Zht hmoVo& ^yfU Ama Xod Am{X Zo Vmo doN>mZwgma eXm|
H$m AJ-AJ {X`m h& BZH$s ^mfm _| mXo{eH$Vm H$m nwQ> ~Zm ahm& naVw ar{V_wV H${d`m| _| Z
Vmo ^mfm Ho$ AJ-AJ H$s d{V h Ama Z hr mXo{eH$ nwQ>& agImZ Ama KZmZX Zo Vmo
~O^mfm H$m Eogm `moJ {H$`m h {Ogo ~O^mfm H$m gm{hp`H$, n[a{Z{>V n drH$ma {H$`m
Om gH$Vm h&
BZ H${d`m| H$s ^mfm _| C{V-d{M`, bmj{UH$Vm, bmoH$mo{V`m| Ama
_whmdam| H$m ^r gwXa `moJ hAm h& KZmZX H$s ^mfm H$s bj{UH$Vm {deof X`Jmhr h&
R>mHw$a Zo bmoH$m|{V`m| H$m A`V gwXa `moJ {H$`m h&
4.4 ~moY Z 1. ar{V ~ H$m H$s wI {deofVmAm| H$m CoI {H${OE?

2. ar{V {g H$m H$s wI {deofVmAm| H$m CoI {H${OE?
3. ar{V wV H$m H$s wI {deofVmAm| H$m CoI {H${OE?
102
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apW{Vm

^maVoXw wJ
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boIH$ - S>m. Xmm w$H$a
103
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
BH$mB H$s naoIm VmdZm

AmYw{ZH$Vm {H$go H$hm OmVm h&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apW{Vm {H$g H$ma H$s Wr&
5.0 BH$mB H$m Coe H$. {hXr gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg | AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m n[aM m H$aZm&
I. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s H$mZgr H$maH$ d{mm Wr {OgZo J boIZ H$m Ama^
{H$m&
J. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc Ho$ J H$m d$n {H$g H$ma H$m h&
K. {hXr ^mfm Ama gm{h H$s {> go h H$mb gH$U H$m h&
S>. ~mJbm, amR>r Ho$ boIZ H$m ^md H$go {hXr na nS>m h&
M. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m ymH$Z H$aZm
5.1 VmdZm AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ ZdrZ d{m h & Omo {ZaVaVm H$m ~moY H$amVr h & Omo Zm h dh
AmYw{ZH$ hmo OmVm h , Zr nrT>r Ho$ {bE & AmYw{ZH$ H$mb dVwV AmYw{ZH$ Bg{bE h H$s
^maV | {~{Q>em| H$s Zr emgZ nX{V Amr Ama {~Q>rem| Ho$ mam Zo gmYZmo, gWmAm| H$m
{dH$mg hAm & BZ Zo gmYZm| | S>mH$, aob Am{X h Vmo gWmAm| | Hy$b, H$mboO Am{X &
n[aUmV Xoe | OmJaU H$m Xma Amm & gm{h | ^r & H${dVm amOXa~ma H$s H$mrZr go
{ZH$bH$a OZVm Ho$ gwI-XI go OwS>r & Ama gm{h Ho$ H|$ | gmm Zw Amm &
gmm Zw H$s R>oR> gmm ^mfm IS>r~mobr ^r Amr & H${dVm H$s H${V Ama ^mfm XmoZm|
Zo Zm nmH$ma JhU {H$m & H$m Ho$ WmZ na J H$m A{d^md ~S>m H$m{VH$mar ahm m|
{H$ ~mX | H$m H$s ^mfm J H$m n YmaU H$aVr JB & Am{XH$mb, ^pVH$mb Ed ar{VH$mb
| {hXr H$s ~mobr ^mfmAm| H$m gm{h, {hXr H$m gm{h H$hm Jm naVy AmYw{ZH$ H$mb |
{dewX IS>r~mobr gm{h H$s ^mfm ~Zr & Ara Iwgamo VWm H$~ra H$s H${dVm go {ZH$bH$a
IS>r~mobr AJoO A{YH$mar, BgmB YMmaH$ VWm AmYw{ZH$ og | nhMr & gZ 1800 B. |
H$bH$mm Ho$ $moQ> {d H$mboO H$s WmnZm Ho$ ~mX CX Ama {hXr H$mo {dH${gV hmoZo H$m
Adga m hAm & S>m. OmZ {JbH$mBQ> Zo ^maV | emgZ MbmZo Ho$ {bE AmZodmbo {~{Q>e
A{YH$marm| H$mo {hXr nT>mZm ma^ {H$m, Bgr H$mboO go Ama Chm|Zo h H$m H$aZo hoVy Xmo
{hXr AmnH$m| H$mo {ZwV {H$m& bybmb Ama gXb {l& BZHo$ A{V[aV IS>r~mobr
104
J H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo o wer gXmgwIbmb {ZmO VWm BemAm Im H$m moJXmZ
CoIZr h& BemAm Im H$s "amZr Ho$VH$s H$hmZr' W {hXr H$hmZr h & Omo m{bH$ Ed
AmXe H$hmZr h & BgmB MmaH$m| Zo AnZo Y Mma hoVy ~mB~b H$m AZwdmX {hXr | {H$m &
BZHo$ mam og H$s WmnZm hmo MwH$s Wr Bgr H$m bm^ boVo hE amOmam mohZ am Zo "~JXV',
n. OwJb {H$emoa ewb Zo "CXV mVS>' Omo {hXr H$m W gmMma n ^r h, H$mo Mbmm &
AJoOm| H$s XZH$mar Zr{Vm| Ho$ {dX BZH$m CnmoJ H$aVo hE, W dVVm AmXmobZ ^r
Mbmm Jm & AJoOm| H$s dmWu, emofU naH$ {Z{Vm| H$mo CKmS>H$a ~wpXOr{dm| Zo gmm
OZVm H$mo OJmm & bmoJm| | AgVmof. {dmoh H$m ^md nZnZo bJm Ama bmoJ Ed ~wpXOr{d,
mMrZ ^maV H$m Jmad JmZ H$aVo hE Xoe H$s dVmZ emgZ dWm H$mo gPH$a dVVm,
A{YH$ma Ama demgZ H$s mJ H$aZo bJo &
npM Ho$ gnH$ | AmZo Ho$ ~mX gmm{OH$ y, {T>m, OS> nanam,
AYlXm, AY{ddmg Am{X | n[adVZ H$s {> {dH${gV hmoZo bJr & r {ejm, {dYdm
{ddmh H$m gWZ hmoZo bJm Vmo ~mb{ddmh, gVr Wm, Om{VVm H$m {damoY H$a dmV,
~YwVm, gVm d ^mBMmao Ho$ ym| H$mo gmO | {dH${gV {H$m OmZo bJm & n[aUmdn
AZoH$ gmm{OH$ AmXmobZ CâH$a Amo & nyOrdmXr, gmVdmXr VWm {dfVmwbH$
dWm H$mo {ZH$mbH$a bmoH$Vm{H$ Ed gVmwbH$ dWm H$mo bmZo Ho$ {bE gwYmaH$m| mam
mg {H$o Jo & Am gmO H$m EHo$dadmX Ama Nw>AmNw>V {damoY, {hX Y nwZCWmZ,
gwYma H$s ^mdZm go hr CnOo h & h n> h H$s ^maV EH$ ZB AJS>mB bo ahm Wm, gmm{OH$,
Ym{H$, Am{WH$, amOZr{VH$ >r go & emofU Ed dMd H$s dWm H$mo CImS>H$a
JVrerb, Ed OZ{hVH$mar dWm H$mo bmZm loH$a hr ahm h & Bg >r go AmYw{ZH$Vm Zo
^maV Xoe Ho$ AJ-AJ H$mo PH$Pmoam Ama CgH$m Zd{ZmU {H$m & j, namoj n |
{~Q>re emgZ dWm, BgmB YMma BgHo$ H$maH$ ~Zo h & AmYw{ZH$ H$mb m| H$hm OmVm
h BgHo$ g~Y {dmZm| Zo AnZo V aIo h
1.
2.
3.
4.
S>m. ZJo Zo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$mo Xmo AWm] | d{eQ>nwU mZVo h, "EH$ H$mb go
{^Vm Ama Xgam Z{dZ Bhbm{H$H$ >rH$moU Ho$ H$maU Bg H$mb H$mo AmYw{ZH$
H$mb mZm OmVm h&'
nwZOmJaU H$mb ( ^maV|Xw H$mb ) 1857-1900
OmJaU m gwYma H$mb ( {doXr H$mb ) 1900 - 1918
N>mmdmX H$mb - 1918-1938
N>mmdmXmoma H$mb
H$) J{V - moJ H$mb 1938-1953
I) ZdboIZ H$mb 1953 ..............
ewbOr Zo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$r g grm (1900 g) 1843 mZr h &

hHw$MX amOnmb - "h H$mb {H$gr d{m {deof AWdm H$mYmam H$m gyMH$ Z
hmoH$a {d{dY YmamAm| Ed H$m$nm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$m wJ h&'
105
H$mbrZ OS>Vm H$mo VmoS>Vo hE AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m gm{h Zw Ho$ ~hma gwI-XI Ho$
gmW nhbr ~ma OwS> Jm Ama CZH$s Zr gdoXZm H$s A{^$s Zo N>X-~Y | H$aZo
bJm& Kmoa lJm[aH$Vm Ed N>X~XVm go H${dVm w$ hB& ~O^mfm H$m WmZ IS>r ~mobr Zo bo
{bm& {MVZ Yma | n[adVZ Amm& ~mpXH$Vm Ho$ gmW VH$ YmZVm Ed dkm{ZH$Vm Zo
H$bm, Y, XeZ gm{h. {M Ho$ {V Zo >rH$moZ H$m {dH$mg {H$m& nmabm{H$H$Vm H$m
WmZ Bhbm{H$H$Vm Zo bo {bm& Ama gm{h Ho$ H|$ | gmm Zw H$r ^md-^mdZm,
gdoXZm, gwI-XI, AmMma-{dMma, w Am{X Amo& amOm H|${V Am{XH$mb go Bda
H|${V ^{$H$mb H$s mm H$aVo hE {$a Xa~mar gH${V {MU go âm ar{VH$mb gm
hmoH$a mZdr qMVmAmo, {MVZ H$mo gm{h | bmZo H$m lo AmYw{ZH$ H$mbrZ gmYZm|, Ogo,
aob, Q>nmb, gS>H|$, Am{X Ho$ gmW wJ H$s ewAmV H$mo OmVm h& AWmV dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ
H$mo OmVm h &
{Og| gmm{OH$ nwZaMZm Ho$ {bE moJXmZ XoZodmbo amOmam moohZ am, dmr
XmZX gadVr, amH$U nahg Ho$ moV {e {ddoH$mZX, Ho$edM goZ, AZr ~oPQ>,
hmm w$bo, S>m. ~m~mgmho~ Am~oS>H$a Ogo gmO gwYmaH$m| Ed Xoe {ZmVmAm| H$s hdnyU
^y{H$m ahr h & CZHo$ AmXmobZm| Z| H$bm, gm{h Ed gH${V H$mo ^m{dV {H$m h & Bg
AW | qhX Y o nwZOmJaU H$m gwYma bmZo H$s ^mdZm {hXr Zo gm{h H$mo ^r Zr {Xem Xr
h pdH$m hmoJm &
""gmVdmXr Ed nyOrdmXr Q>H$amhQ> Ho$ ~mX gmVdmXr VmH$V| m gm hB''
Ama Xoe Ho$ Zo dJ Ed Zo AJoOr emgH$m| Zo ""Bg Xoe H$s nanam H$mo gPH$a
AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$s {H$m H$m ZdrZrH$aU {H$m'' Bgr H$maU gmm Zw Ed CgH$s
gmm ^mfm mam Zo J-n H$m A{d^md Bg H$mb | g^d hmo nmm & emX hr H$maU
h H$s AmYw{ZH$ gm{h d{dnyU, ~hwIr, Ed {V^mwIr gm{h h & {hXr gm{h Zo
Zm|, {dMmam|, wm|, {XemAm|, ^mfm H$mo Wm{nV H$aVm hAm A~ VH$ {dH${gV hmoVm Am
ahm h & m ~Xbmd H$moB whr Zhr Amm h BgHo$ nrN>o ^maVdf | ~XbZodmbr gmm{OH$,
amO{Z{VH$, Am{WH$, gmH${VH$, l{H$ Ed e{jH$ n>^yr H$maJa ahr h & h ~Xbmd
bmZo H$m H$mXm{d {OVZm AJoOm| H$m CVZm hr n[ Ho$ gnH$ | Amo ^maVr gwYmaH$m|
H$m ^r ahm h & dVwV Bg ~mV H$mo drH$mam OmZm Mm{hE H$s AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$m {ZmU Ed
{dH$mg AJoOm| H$s ~XbmV hAm h & dh ^maV | Zht AmVo Vmo Zr {ejm n{V ^maV | Z
hmoVr, Z hr Zr gmoM nXm hmoVr & hr H$maU h H$s AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nwamoYm gm{hH$ma
^maVoX AnZo gm{h | Wm AdH$me AJoOm| H$s Hw$N> {Z{Vm| H$s egm H$aVo {XImB XoVo
h , Vmo CZH$o mam hmoZodmbo emofU H$m {damoY &
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$o gm{hpH$ {ddoMZ go nhbo C$ g {H$ n[apWVrm| H$mo
OmZZm Oar hmoJm &
106
5.2 AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apW{Vm gm[h wJ {deof go ^m{dV hmoVm h Bg V H$mo {dmZ drH$V H$aVo h Ama
Cgr H$maU gm{h | Zr d{mm| H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h & BgHo$ wb | XoeH$mb H$s hdnwU
^y{H$m hmoVr h & dh n[adVZ H$m gmjr hmoVm h Ama CgH$m ^md JhU H$aVm h gm{h Ed
gm{hH$ma & C$ H$mbIS> | ~XbZodmbr n[apW{Vm| H$mo OmZZm-gPm O$ar h &
1.
amOZr{VH$ n[apWVr
H$B {dmZm| Zo {hXr gm{h Ho$ AmYw{ZH$H$mb H$m ma^ 1900 B. {d. drH$mam
h& {H$Vw h V~ ( gZ 1757) go hr Ama^ hmo MwH$m Wm O~ ~Jmb Ho$ Z~m~ {gamOwmbm H$mo
AJoOm| Ho$ H$nZr gaH$ma Zo bmgr Ho$ wX | nam{OV H$amm Wm Ama gnyU ~Jmb na
EH$m{Yn Wm{nV {H$m Wm & H$nZr H$s gmm Wm{nV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX AJoO A{YH$m[am| Ho$
AZ{JZV AmMma ^maVrm| na ~T>o & n[aUmdn ^maVr OZVm | AgVmof $bZo bJm
? 1854 | Pmgr H$mo Imbgm H$aZo Ho$ ~mX AJoOmo H$s Hw${Q>bVm H$m n[aM T>{ddmg Ho$
$n | ^maVr OZVm Ho$ Z | ~T>m & Ma~rdmbo H$aVwgm| Zo ^maVr g{ZH$m| Ho$ Z H$mo R>og
nhMmB & AV 1857 | ^maV H$m W dm{YZVm gJm ew hAm& bJ^J EH$ df Ho$
^rVa-^rVa Bg {dmoh H$mo X~m {Xm Jm Ama BQ> B{S>m H$nZr H$m emgZ I H$aHo$
grYm {~{Q>e gaH$ma H$m emgZ ^maV na ew hAm &
hmamZr {mQ>mo[am Ho$ S>bhmOr Ho$ AmnyU Zr{V H$m {damoY ^maVrm| Ho$ {bE
Zo wJ OrdZ H$s ewAmV ahr & h CZHo$ Z H$s gwIX ^mdZm Wr & Bg{bE CgHo$
wnamV ^maVrm| Zo XwI H$Q> {H$m & 19 dr eVr Ho$ AV | AJoOr am {V ^pV Ed
gnU H$m ^md ^maVrm| | ahm & CZ| gwYma bmZo Ho$ ZoV mg {H$o Jo & naVw AJoOr
gmm H$m XXd H$s do AnZr AmnyU Zr{V H$mo N>moS> Zhr nmo & CZHo$ mam hmoZodmbm Am{WH$
emofU Ama Q>g bJmZo Ho$ n[aUm d$n ^ma{Vm| | {dmoh H$m ^md ~T>Vm Jm& mWZmAm|,
ZoV mJm} go AJoO gaH$ma na Hw$N> ^r n[aUm Zht hAm Ama amOZ{VH$ amm{ H$s
AmH$mjm ^maVrm| | ~bdVr hB &
Bgr XamZ 1885 | ^maVr am>r H$mJog H$s WmnZm hB Ama dmYrZVm
AmXmobZ Ho$ {bE EH$ M Ama gJR>ZmH$ H$mH$ m hAm & OZVm ~S>o Cgmh | Amr &
bmoH$m {VbH$ H$m A{d^md hAm Ama AJoOr gmm H$mo hQ>mZo H$m ^md ~b nH$S>Zo bJm &
Bgr g AVam>r amOZr{V | Hw$N> hdnwU KQ>ZmE K{Q>V hB& Ogo BQ>br Ho$ dVVm
wX, AmabS> Ho$ hmob AmXmobZ VWm $mg H$s amH$mpV {OgH$m ^md ^maVrm| Ho$
Z na nS>m & H$mpVH$mar gWm Ed gJR>Zm| H$m {dH$mg hmoZo bJm & dm{YZVm H$s ^mdZm
VrdVa hmoZo bJr & {OgH$m ^md ^maVoX Ho$ gm{h | {Vq~{~V h &
gZ 1905 | Za {ZVr N>moS> Ja Zr{V Zo damO hmam O{gX hH$ h H$m
Zmam {Xm & ~Jmb H$m {d^mOZ ^maVrm| Ho$ gXohmnX bJm Ama {~{Q>e Zr{V H$s {V{H$m
dn am>r ^mdZm Ed {~{Q>em| H$s ^maV {damoYr Zr{V H$mo OZVm Zo OmZm & OZVm Bgr
107
g mMrZ ^maVr gH${V H$s Ama AmH$> hmoZo bJr & dVmZ pW{Vm| Ho$ Vr do jmo^
V H$aZo bJo (n. 306 IS>obdmb ) Zd ZoVd, H${dm| Zo XmgVm H$s ~o{S>m| | OH$S>r
OZVm H$mo AVrV H$m aU {XbmH$a dV dWm Wm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cho o{aV
{H$m& EH$ Ego dJ | OmJ{V H$s bha nXm H$a Xr Jr Omo emo{fV-nrS>rV, X{bV, {H$gmZ,
OXa Wm & H${dm| Zo ^r CZHo$ {V ghmZw^w{V H$Q> H$s & wJ {deofVm Ho$ n | am>rVm
Ama mZdVmdmX H$s bha| gmmm| | y$Q> nS>r& {~[Q>em| H$mo g-g na gwYmaUm H$mZwZ
bmJw H$aZo nS>o 1909 H$m mb} {Q>mo H$mZyZ Bgr H$m n[aUm Wm naVw Bgr H$mZyZ Zo 1857
Ho$ g EH$Vm H$m XeZ H$aZodmbo {hX-wpbm| H$m AbJ {V{ZYrd H$m mbm
CR>mH$a {damoY S>mbm & AZoH$ mgm| Ho$ MbVo {$a 1916 | EH$Vm H$m gPmVm nm[aV hAm&
R>rH$ Bgr g W {ddwX {N>S> Jm& wX | nyar {V~XVm Ho$ gmW ^maVrm| Z|
AJoOm| H$s XX H$s & {H$Vw 1916 Ho$ amoboQ> AQ> Zo ^maVr OZVm Ho$ A{YH$ma {N>Z H$a
CZHo$ gmW njnmV {H$m& hr H$mbIS> AmYw{ZH$ {hXr gm{h | {doXr wJ Ho$ Zm go
OmZm OmVm h &
amoboQ> EQ> | EH$ Amoa gwYma H$m ^md Wm Vmo Xgar Amoa XZ Zr{V & {OgH$m
^maVr OZVm Zo {damoY {H$m& gZ 1920 | {VbH$ wJ H$m AV hmo Jm JmYrwJ H$m
A{dH$ma hAm& Ama amOZr{VH$ ZoVd nQ>b na JmYr AdV[aV hE & JmYrOr emX 1857
Ho$ {dmoh H$m gw AZ H$a Ho$ Bg {ZH$f na Amo Wo H$s gmm OZVm H$mo amOZr{VH$
dmYrZVm AmXmobZ | CVaZm Oar bJm & Jm CXma H$m H$mH$ Xoe â | N>oS> H$a
dJ H$mo AmXmobZ | CVmaZo | do g$b hmo Jo & JmYrOr H$s h gdlo> CnbpY ahr h &
AghmoJ, g{dZ H$mXo^J, Aqhgm Ogo h{Wmam| go AmOmXr H$m b V {H$m &
^maVr H$mJog Ho$ ~wpXOr{dm| Zo gnyU dam H$s mJ H$a Amn{Zdo{eH$Vm am H$s Ztd
{hbm Xr & OZVm Zo am>rVm | ^mdZm H$m nyam {dH$mg hmo MwH$m Wm & AghmoJ Xmo Vam| na
Wm & EH$ {dXoer emgZ H$m {damoY Xgam dXoer dVw H$m drH$ma & ImXr am>r ^mdZm H$m
VrH$ ~Zr Ama JmYr Zo mZddmXr w Ogo Aqhgm, gmJh, ANw>VmoXma, {hX-wpb
EH$Vm, JmmoXma, OtXmar CwbZ Am{X H$m ~rOmamonZ ^maVr Z | {H$m & {ZgXoh n
go JmYr Zo AmOmXr Ho$ qhgH$ AmXmobZ H$mo aMZmH$ AmYma XmZ {H$m & Omo Xoemnr
MoVZm H$mo wIm[aV H$a am>r EH$Vm Ed dVVm AmXmobZ H$mo {ZImam Jm h&
Bgr wJ | ~Jmb Ho$ H${d Hw$bJw a{dZmW R>mHw$a gm{h Ho$ jo |
J{VerbVm Ed {ddmZddmX H$s gH$nZmAm| H$mo boH$a AmE & {Ohm|Zo ^maVr gH${V
Ed AmpH$Vm H$m Mma {H$m & H${d a{d Ama JmYrOr Bg wJ Ho$ Xmo gw Wo {Ohm|Zo
wJ H$mo ^m{dV hr Zhr {H$m {dbm[dV ^r {H$m &
dVVm gJm ~S>o Omoa-emoa go Mb nS>m & {{V {ddwX H$s gm{ Ho$ ~mX
dVVm H$m gnZm A{YH$ wIa hAm & gZ 1942 | ^maV N>moS>mo H$m Zmam JwO CR>m & JmYr
Zo "H$amo m amo' H$m Zmam OZVm | $bmH$a Ch| AmOmXr nmZo Ho$ {bE o[aV {H$m& Bgr
g {~Q>Z | ^r gmm n[adVZ hAm Ama dhm Ho$ CXma Xb H$s gaH$ma Zo ^maVr dVVm
Ho$ {V ghmZw^w{V nyU adm V {H$m & Bgr wJ | gmOdmXr {dMmaYmam H$m {dH$mg
108
hAm& nwOrdmX Ho$ ~T>Z| g dJ-gKf ~T> ahm Wm& a{d Am{X Ho$ H$maU mgdmX H$s
{dMmaYmam ^maV df | $bZo bJr Wr& Oobâmo AmXmobZ ~T>Z| bJo Wo BZ gmao KQ>ZmH$ Ho$
MbVo 15 AJV 1947 | Xoe H$mo AmOmXr m hB&
dVVm Ho$ ~mX OXam|-H$fH$m| | Zd MV Amm& EH$Vm Ho$ gmW Am H$mo
Xa H$aZo Ho$ {bE AmXmobZ hmoZo bJo& Bg g m {dmoh H$m ^md {H$gr {dXoer gmm go Zht
Wm ~pH$ dV dXoer gaH$ma go Wm& n{S>V Zoh H$o nMerb Vdm| Zo Xoe H$mo ZB D$MmB
XmZ H$s& ^maV {Vgao {dd H$m {ZmU H$Vm gm{~V hAm& dh JwQ> {Zanoj hmoH$a AnZr
gVm, gH$Vr Ama emVr{ ~wX Ho$ naM $hamZo bJm& "dgwYd Hw$Qw>~H$' H$s
n[aH$nZm H$mo gmH$ma H$aZo | {V~X hAm& hr H$maU h H$s AmO Ho$ g ^r ^maV H$mo
O~m~Xohr am> mZH$a {dd CZH$s Amoa XoIVm h& {~Zm {H$gr H$ma Ho$ {Z~Y m ~YZ
S>mbVo hE CgHo$ gmW AUwH$ama VH$ H$a MwH$m h& h ^maV H$s lo>V CnbpY h&
2.
gmm{OH$ n[apWVr
AJoOm| Zo {ejm, mVmmV, CnmoJ go AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$s Ztd S>mbr& H$B
^maVr {dmZ nmMm gmO Ed {ejm JhU H$a Cggo ^m{dV hmo MwHo$ Wo& H$Bm| Zo
{hXY H$s H$>a {T>m| H$m {damoY H$a Om{VVm H$mo Xa H$aZo H$m mg {H$m& 18 dr eVr
Ho$ AV | hr ^maV nmMm-kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$ gnH$ | Amm& S>m. ZJo Zo H$hm h ^maVr kmZ JVmZwJ{VH$ Ama nanam wV hmo Mbm Wm O~H$s nmMm kmZ-{dkmZ Zo
OrdZ gX^m} H$s VmOJr {bo Wm& ^maVr kmZ-{dkmZ H$m b AmmpH$ Ama
nmabm{H$H$ Wm, Vmo nmMm kmZ-{dkmZ H$m ^m{VH$ Ama Bhbm{H$H$& Bg Xoe H$s {dm dJ
m Om{V {deof VH$ gr{V Wr, na nmMm {dm gdgwb^ Wr& ""Zr CX^mdZmAm| H$m
mJ AdX hmo Mbm Wm, Hw$N> bmoJ doXm{X H$s AVm, dUml-Y H$s lo>Vm,
Bhbm{H$H$Vm Ho$ {V AZmg{$ Am{X H$mo WmnyU ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ njYa Wo & ..... A~ nhbr
~ma {T>m| H$s Cnmo{JVm Ho$ AmJo Z{Mh bJ Jm Wm&'' {OgHo$ MbVo ^maV AmYw{ZH$Vm
H$s Amoa {ZH$b nS>m&
dmr XmZX gadVr Zo {hXY H$s OS>Vm Ama H$>anZ H$mo Xa H$aZo Ho$ {bE
Am gmO-gJR>Z ~Zmm& gwMo {hXAm| | OmJ{V H$s MoVZm $bmr& {$a EH$ ~ma {hX
Y H$mo Zo wJmZwn ~Zmm Ama CgHo$ CnmoJr hmoZo H$mo {gX {H$m& hr Ym{H$ gwYma
({hX Y gwYma ) Wm& O{H$eZ gmX IS>obdmb Bgna {Q>nUr H$aVo h, ""gMwM {X
Am gmO Ho$ mam H$mpV CnpWV Z H$s JB hmoJr Vmo {hX gmO ~hV {nN>S> OmVm Ama
{ZM hr X~b hmo OmVm&'' Bgr o {hXy gmO H$s CXmaVm Ama Am gmO H$s CnmXoVm
{mX hmo OmVr h& {T>m| H$m {damoY, H$H$mS> go wpV, AJoOr {ejm H$m moJ, Ho$ gmW
doXm{X H$s oaUm dmr XmZX Zo ^maV H$moo Xr& {hXr gm{h Ho$ ^maVoX wJ | gmm{OH$
{T>m| {V X ^md Bgr H$maU CnpWV hmo MwH$m h& Omo J{VdmX VH$ {ZaVa ~Zm ahm h&
~mX | Ako Zo {$a EH$ ~ma gmm{OH$ pWVr H$mo WmpWVrdmXr ~Zmo aIZo | moJ {Xm
h&
109
Am gmO H$s ^mVr ~m gmO, amH$U {eZ, mWZm gmO,
{WAmogmo{$H$b gmogmQ>r Zo VH$mbrZ gmm{OH$ Hw$WmAm| H$m {damoY {H$m Ogo, gVr nWm
H$m {damoY, {dYdm {ddmh H$m MbZ, nwZ{ddmh H$mo mVm, Om{VôX H$mo Xa H$aZm,
AY{ddmg, gwmm, {ZfoY r {ejm H$m gWZ, Om{V-~{hH$ma H$m {damoY gwYmaH$m| Zo
XO {H$m h & {hX Y | Bg g XmoZm| H$ma Ho$ gwYmaH$, boIH$ hE h & EH$ Omo BZ g^r
gwYmam| H$mo bmZm MmhVo Wo Vmo Xgam dJ BgH$m {damoY H$aVm ahm & dVwV {hXAm| H$m
nwamo{hV dJ, ~mmMmam|, ~mmS>~am|, ~m CnH$aUm| H$mo naml XoH$a gS>r Jbr {T>m|,
nanamAmo, AY{ddmgmo, Hw$WmAm|, Hw$[a{Vm| H$mo H$m aIZm MmhVm Wm & {OgHo$ MbVo
gmm{OH$ gmm na AnZr nH$S> O~yV hmo gHo$& Ama gmO Ho$ EH$ ~hV ~S>o dJ H$m emofU
{H$m OmVm&
gwYmaH$m| Ho$ H$maU nanamdmX ~Zm AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m >rH$moU IaVm Ho$ gmW
wIa hAm& hr H$maU h H$s 19dt eVr Ho$ nyd Ama ~mX dmbo wJ d{mm| H$mo boH$a
nanamdm{Xm| Ed gwYmaH$m| | dmX-{ddmX, AbmoMZm H$s AmbmoMZm {XImB XoVr h& gwYmaH$m|
Zo gmm{OH$ Hw$[a{Vm| H$mo Xa H$aZo H$s oaUm gmm{OH$m| Xr& hr H$maU h H$s gVr ~Xr r
Ama {ejm JhU H$a ahr Wr , ~mb{ddmh H$m {damoY hmoZo bJm, ANw>Vm| Ho$ {V gXdhma,
XhoO Ogr Hw$Wm H$m {damoY, nmpMm {ejm H$m AZwH$aU mZdVmdmXr d{m H$m {dH$mg
AmXr Ho$ XeZ gdgwb^ hmoVo Jo&
nyOrdmX H$m {damoY H$aVo hE mgdmXr {dMmam| H$m {dH$mg ^maV | Bgr g hAm&
OrZXmar Wm Ho$ A{êmn H$mo Xa H$aVo hE dJ gKf CâH$a Amm& {Og| {H$gmZ OXa
dJ amO{Z{V go gwYma H$s Amoa AmH$> hAm& VH$mbrZ g Ho$ gwYmaH$ ZoVm Zo Zmar Ho$ {V
AnZr gdoXZm $ H$s, {ZYZ Ed emo{fV gmO {dH$mg | ghmVm H$s& emX ht H$maU
h H$s "AmMb | XY Ama AmImo | nmZr dmbr' r N>~r C^maZm Ama Cg| mnyU h$
{XbmZo Ho$ {bE ghmZw^y{V XoZm namdH$ bJVm ahm h &
JmYrOr H$s H$B moOZmE Xoe H$s gmAm| H$mo gwbPmZo H$m AmYma ~Zr, Ogo,
JmmoXma, ^yXmZ AmXmobZ, {hX-wpb EH$Vm, OtXmar H$m {damoY, gmJh, Aqhgm
^md H$m {dH$mg, Ym{H$ gd, ANw>VmoXma, gmH${VH$ EH$Vm Am{X& JmmoXma H$mH$
mam JmYrOr Zo H$m {damoY {H$m m|H$s dh H$mo Zw l H$m emofH$ mZVo Wo Ama
H$fH$m| H$mo Bg A{êmn go Xa aIZm MmhVo Wo& dXoe ^mdZm H$mo ^r Chm|Zo {dH${gV {H$m&
npMr gVm Ama gH${V H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE ImXr H$mo XoerVm Ho$ dn | Chm|Zo
^maVr OZ^mdZmAm| | {V>m{nV {H$m&
Am gmO Zo ^r d{XH$ wJ H$m nwZWmZ bmm& hr H$maU h H$s Bg H$mb |
gmm{OH$ godmd{mm| H$s gm A{YH$ ahr& moJr Aa{dX Zo gmYZm Ama T> BN>m epV
go mZdVmdmX VWm AmdmX go Zw H$mo Zw Ho$ n | {dH${gV {H$m&
~ gmO Ho$ H$maU ~Jmb | {Og H$ma ZdwJma^ hAm dh ^maV Ho$ {bE
oaUmnX ~Zm& {T>JV mZg H$mo Xa H$a {Zb ^mdZmAm| H$m OZ{dH$mg Chm|Zo gm
{H$m&
110
a[dZmW Q>mJmoa H$s {dd mZdVmdmXr {>, XI{ZdmaU Ho$ mg, AVa am>r
Va na ^maVr gH${V H$mo C WmZmT> {H$m& CZH$m AmXe mnH$ Ama ^mdembr
Wm& do Ho$db mZd Ama mZdVm H$m {dH$mg MmhVo Wo&
{ddoH$mZX Zo amH$U Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo VWm {hX Y H$mo {eH$mJmo {ddY gobZ
mam {ddâ | nhMmm Ama ^maVr gVm, gH${V H$s lo>Vm H$mo {dd Ho$ gmZo bmm &
hmam> | hmm mo{V~m w$bo Zo {H$gmZm| Ama r Jwbm{Jar Ho$ gdmbm| H$mo
CR>mm& hQ>a H${eZ Ho$ gmZo {ejm Ho$ jo | ~mhUr dMd H$m {damoY OVbmH$a ~hOZm|
Ho$ {bE {ejm ma^ H$s& Xoe H$s nhbr r Am{nH$m,{e{jH$m gm{dr~mB w$bo Omo CZH$s
nZr ahr, mam r {ejm H$s Xoe | W Ztd aIr& ewm{Vew Ho$ {bE {ejm Ho$ hd H$mo
n> {H$m& mW{H$ {ejm A{ZdmVm Ho$ g~Y | do H$hVo Wo, ""| gPVm h {H$
OZgmYmaU Ho$ {bE mW{H$ {ejm EH$ {ZpMV C Ogo H$ go H$ 12 df VH$ A{Zdm
H$a {Xm OmZm Mm{hE&'' Cg g mW{H$ Ed gdgwb^, gdOZ Ho$ {bE {ejm Ho$ hd
H$mo hmm w$bo Zo OmZm Wm & 1882 | {VbH$ Ama AmJaH$a H$s Oob go [ahmB na CZH$m
EH$ gmW A{^ZXZ H$a Ho$ gmmdmX H$m {damoY Ama Om{VdmX {damoY Ho$ ~rM ZdOmJaU Ho$
g~go ~S>o V^ do aho h & Bg{bE Ch| H$mpVgw ^r H$hm Jm &
hmXod Jmo{dX amZS>o Zo mWZm gmO Ho$ O[aE ~mb{ddmh, nXmWm H$m {damoY
{H$m& {dYdm {ddmh H$m gWZ Ama r H$s dVVm Ho$ {bE ~S>m m{bH$ H$m {H$m h &
Bg H$mbIS> | gmm{OH$ dWm | ~S>o R>mog n[adVZ b{jV hmoVo h& {OgHo$
^md go gmO Ama gm{h ANy>Vm Zhr ah nmm& ^maVoX VWm {doXr wJ | h n>
{XImB XoVm h& BZ XmoZm| wJ Ho$ gmm{OH$ dWm Ho$ AVa H$mo n> H$aVo hE IS>obdmb Zo
H$hm h, ""^maVoX wJ | ZdwJ H$s MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hAm Ama gmm{OH$ AdWm |
n[adVZ H$s nwH$ma go ~S>r AempV $b JB, {doXr wJ | h AempV emV hmo JB Ama
gmO gwYmaH$ gmm{OH$ Hw$[a{Vm| Ama {T>m| H$m IS>Z H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr gmm{OH$
gmAm| H$mo gwbPmZo H$o {bE R>mog {dMma Ama gwPmd VwV H$aZo bJo&'' ^maV WmerK
gmm{OH$ {dH$mg H$s Amoa AJoga hAm& nmMm {ejm, {dH$mg Ama gwYmaH$m| Zo Xoe H$mo
AmYw{ZH$ ~Zmm& gm{h | Bhr H$m {MU hAm h&
5.4 Ym{H$ n[apW{V

{~{Q>em| Ho$ ^maV AmJZ Ho$ ~mX hmao Xoe | Ym{H$ Ed gmH${VH$ jo |
H$m{VH$mar ~Xbmd b{jV hmoVo h& {dMma dmV Zo l Ho$ Zm na hmoZodmbo AZmMma,
XamMma, A{Z> WmAm| nanamAm| na ~S>o hb| {H$o& bJ^J Ym{H$ WmZ AZmMma Ho$ A>o
~Zo Wo& AZoH$ Y hm M{bV Wo & do H$B gXmm| | {d^m{OV hmo MwHo$ Wo& {hX Y Z|
MmVwd dWm Ho$ VhV nrN>S>r Om{Vm| H$m ^mar emofU {H$m& ~mhUr dMddmbr
dWm Zo H$B H$ma Ho$ H$H$mS>mo Ho$ ~bna gmmm| H$mo R>Jm& MS>mo, hVm| H$m gmm{OH$
111
dMd, gX^md H$mo H$ht na ^r aIVm Zht Wm& ghmoJ H$s Anojm ewd H$mo hr EH$ H$ma go
~T>mdm {bVm ahm& bmoJ Ho$db lXmbw Zht ~H$s AYlXmbw ~Zo Wo& Eogo | ~mhgmO,
mWZm gmO, AmgmO,{WAmogmo{$H$b gmogmQ>r Zo nwamZo {hX Y H$mo Zo gmMo |
T>mbZo H$m H$m {H$m& Eogm H$aVo g H$H$mS>, {T>m|, Om{VWm, Am{X na Hw$R>mamKmV
{H$m&
Am gmO Am{X | BgHo$ g~Y | AV{damoY n> h & S>m. ZJo Zo H$hm h,
""Am gmO d{XH$ Y Ho$ wb dn H$mo ~ZmE aIZm MmhVm Wm&'' Bg{bE doXm| H$s Amoa
Mbm| H$m dmr XmZX gadVr H$m Zmam Iw~ JwOm& ~mdOyX Am gmO Zo Om{VWm H$mo
VmoS>Zo | hdnyU ^y{H$m {Z^mr& {hX Y H$m h Zm gH$aU m EHo$da dmX, {dYdm
{ddmh MbZ, ~mb{ddmh {damoY, gVr Wm {damoY, r {ejm Ed gmZm{YH$ma H$m gWZ
H$aVo hE ^maVdf | ZdOmJaU $bmZo H$m H$m H$aVo hE Wm{nV hmo ahm Wm& hr H$maU h
H$s ZdOmJaU H$mo Hw$N> {dmZm| Zo {hX Y H$m nwZWmZ Ho$ n | XoIm h&
dVwV Am gmO H$s ^y{H$m ~S>r hdnyU h& XmmX gadVr Zo ^bo hr
BgmB Y Mma H$s {V{H$m Ho$ n | Am gmO H$s WmnZm H$s& Chr | go AmJo MbH$a
Y ewpX AmXmobZ nXm hAm& gmXm{H$Vm H$s Ztd aoZ|gm | hr {XImB XoVr h& ~Jmb Ed
hmam> Zo {T>dmXr, nanam | OH$S>o ^maV H$mo AmYw{ZH$ ~ZmZo H$m H$m {H$m& {Oggo Zr
gm| ^r ^maV | nXm hB {hX-wpb gKf, gmXm{H$Vm, {hXr-CX {ddmX
Am{X& {$a ^r gmm{OH$ EH$Vm, gX^md, gmhm VWm Ym{H$ jo | H$mpVH$mar ~Xbmd
H$s Amoa ^maV ~T>Vm Jm& dmr XmZX gadVr Ho$ Xmo hdnyU H$m EH$ am>rVm H$m
gMma Ed Xgam am>^mfm H$m Mma& {dkmZ H$s A{V ~mpXH$Vm H$m {damoY H$a ^maVr
AmdmX H$m CWmZ Bgr wJ | {XImB XoVm h &
AmJo MbH$a JmYrOr H$m gddmXr >rH$moZ Omo ~Zm h CgH$s nyd{nR>rH$m hr
h& H$B Ym{H$ {T>m ~XbZo bJr, Ogo gw H$mo Z bmKZm, XhoO Wm H$m {damoY, nwOrdmXr
m OtXmar Wm H$m {damoY, Kmoa AY{ddmgm| H$m {damoY hmoZo bJm& r {ejm H$m ~b
gWZ Ed X{bVm| {V ghmZw^y{V H$s ^mdZm Zo Zo mZdr >rH$moZ H$mo {dH${gV {H$m&
hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o Ho$ g~Y | S>m. ZJo Zo {bIm h - do Zw H$s gmZVm MmhVo Wo& do
Om{V-nm{V H$s Wm Ho$ {dX Wo Ama AVaOmVr {ddmh Ho$ njYa Wo& r {ejm na
Chm|Zo ~ma-~ma ~b {Xm h& CZHo$ dVw{Z> >rH$moZ, VH$-n{V gmm{OH$ n[aH$ma Ho$
{V A{^Mr Am{X go n> h {H$ do nmMm {dMmaYmam go ^m{dV Wo {H$Vw nmMm V
H$mo ^r Chm|Zo {~Zm VH$ Ho$ drH$ma Zht {H$m& Xgao eXm| |, do ^maVr gH${V H$mo ZdrZ
dkm{ZH$ {dMma-Umbr Ho$ AZwn T>mbZo H$m Z H$a aho Wo& hr ~mV, {ddoH$mZX, dmr
gadVr, amOmam mohZ am, AZr ~oPQ> Ho$ H$m-{dMmam| | wIa hB h& mMrZ ^maVr
AVrV Ho$ Vr Jmad H$s ^mdZm BZ| ahr {H$Vw {dXoer dkm{ZH$ dVw{Z> >r, VH$ nVr
H$mo drH$ma ^r {H$m&
^maV H$mo mMrZ Ed H$mbrZ gH$sUVm go ~mha {ZH$bH$a Cgo AmYw{ZH$Vm
H$s Amoa ~T>mm& Y Ho$ {V Zm Z{VH$ {ddmg ~T>mm & Y Ho$ ^rVa J{VerbVm H$m gMma
112
H$a Cgo nwZ g{H$ {H$m &
n[Mr ar{V-Zr{V H$m drH$ma H$aVo g m BZ| AV{damoY {XImB XoVo h&
S>m. ZJo Zo R>rH$ H$hm h, ""BZHo$ AmXemo Ama dhmam| | gd EH$nVm Zht {bVr&
CXmhaUmW, Q>Jmoa n[adma ~m Wm& ~m gmO | y{VnyOm Ho$ {bE H$moB WmZ Zht h, na
Q>Jmoa n[adma Iy~ YyYm Ho$ gmW XJm}gd ZmVm Wm& AmgmO | dUdWm OZm
Zht, H$Um mZr OmVr h, na Am gm{Om| | ~hV H$ bmoJ {b|Jo Omo Om{V Ho$ ~mha
{ddmh g~Y Wm{nV H$aZo | gH$moM H$m AZw^d Z H$aVo aho hmo& Xgam AV{damoY h Wm {H$
amOm ammohZ am, amZS>o Am{X ~hV go bmoJ {~Q>re am H$mo Xoe Ho$ {bE daXmZ gPVo
Wo, bo{H$Z Om Ho$ XmohZ, emofU Am{X H$m {damoY H$aVo Wo& gmO | EH$ Amoa gH${VH$aU
~T> ahm Wm, Vmo Xgar Amoa bm{H$H$sH$aU& g^r gwYmaH$m| H$mo EH$ Amoa {dXo{em| Ho$ gmZo
AnZo Y Ama gH${V H$s dH$mbV H$aZr nS>Vr Wr Vmo Xgar Amoa Xoedm{gm| Ho$ gmZo Y
H$m Zm AWmnU H$aZm nS>Vm Wm&'' Omo ^r hmo ^maVr Y | {hX Y EH$ H$ma H$s gH${V
H$mb go JwOa ahm Wm& Y H$m Zm >rH$moZ A{dH$V hmo ahm Wm& h g~Hw$N> {~Q>rem| Ho$
H$maU g^d hAm Bgo pdH$maZo | H$moB gH$moM Zhr hmoZm Mm{hE& ^maV Ho$ AmYw{ZH$sH$aU
H$s h ma{^H$ pW{Vm Wr& {Og| Y H$mo Zo gmMo | T>mbZm Oar Wm& n[adVZ H$s
{H$m H$m h AJmO BgmBm| H$s XoZ ahr h& JUV Ho$ A{d^md Ho$ gmW hr AgmXm{H$
OZdmXr emgZ H$s Ztd nS>r& gVm, dVVm, ^mBMmao Ho$ gmW gmm{OH$ m h$ Zo Y
Ho$ dn H$mo hr ~Xb {Xm, dh VH$ Ho$ ~b na gS>r-Jbr {T>m| Ho$ dMd Ho$ {dX
AmdmO XoZo bJm h& {$a ^r Y Ho$ Zm na Zw ^mdZmAm| H$mo ^wbZo H$m H$m gmH${VH$
am>dm{Xm| H$s Amoa go ~XVwa Omar h& hr H$maU h H$s J{Verb H$ho OmZodmbo hmam> Ho$
wr Ho$ hmW JUoeOr XYnmZ H$a aho h& amOWmZ {dYmZ ^dZ n[aga | Zw-wVu H$s
{V>mnZm hmo MwH$s h& YggX H$s KmofUm Zo mZdVm H$mo nN>mS>H$a aIm h& A~ g{dYmZ
Zhr, g{hVmE hmoJr H$m ZmX JyO ahm h& gZ 1990 Ho$ ~mX H$m gm{h Bgr H$m {V$bZ h&
5.5 Am{WH$ n[apWVrm

gm[h H$m B{Vhmg ~XbVr hB A{^{Mm| Ama gdoXZmAm| H$m B{Vhmg hmoVm h,
{OgH$m grYm g~Y Am{WH$ Ama {MVZmH$ n[adVZ go h& AWmV h n> h H$s Am{WH$
pW{Vm mZd H$s gmoM | n[adVZ - {ZYmaU H$aVr h& Bg ~mV H$mo {dOZm| Zo drH$mam h
H$s ^maV | 1857 Ho$ ~mX AJoOr Zr{V H$m Am{WH$ T>mMm {dH${gV hmo ahm Wm& EH$ Va$
H$m mb BboS> ôOH$a no$ mb | n[adVZ Ho$ gmW A{YH$ Xm | dh ^maVr ~mOma |
CVmam OmVm Wm& Bgr | ^maVr OZVm H$mo Xmoham emofU n> hmoVm h& {OgHo$ H$maU
hJmB, Q>g, X[aVm Ama Cna go AH$mb Ogr gmAm| Zo {~Q>rem| Ho$ {dX ^maVr
OZVm | AgVmof nXm {H$m& dXoer H$m drH$ma Ama {dXoer H$m ~{hH$ma Ogo AmXmobZ
CâH$a Amo& am>r H$mJog Ho$ XmXm^mB ZmamoOr Zo Bg na H$me S>mbH$a am>{hV H$s
^mdZm H$mo OJmm&
113
gmmdmXr emgZ Zo Ammo{JH$ {dH$mg Vmo {H$m naVw nyOrdmXr dWm H$mo ^r
O~yV ~Zmm& AnZo emgZmZwHy$b nwOrn{Vm| H$mo Chm|Zo ~T>mdm {Xm& CmoJm| Ho$ H$maU
nmanm[aH$ ^maVr CmoJ YXo m Z> hmo aho Wo Ama Jmd H$m H$m[aJa ~oH$ma& {H$gmZm| na
mb JwOmar H$m ~moP bmXm Jm& n[aUmV JmrU H$marJa Ed {H$gmZ emofU H$s M$s |
{ngVm Jm& Yrao-Yrao OXa gJR>Z ~Zo& dJgKf Zo Omoa nH$S>m& Xoemnr X[aVm Zo
l{H$ dJ H$mo gKf H$s oaUm Xr& l{H$ dJ Zo BgH$m {damoY {H$m& ^maVoX Ogo
gm{hH$mam| | n YZ {dXoe Mbr OmVr dmar H$m ^md nXm hAm& am>{hV Ho$ {bE dmVVm
gKf A{Zdm h H$s pW{V nXm hB& H$mbmVaU| nMdm{fH$ moOZmAm| Zo Xoe H$s Am{WH$
pW{V | gwYma bmZo | moJXmZ {Xm h& A~ emofU Ogr pW{Vm Zht ahr h& gwYma hAm
h& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX h mZ{M ~XbZo bJm {$a ^r gw{MV C{V Zht hmo nmB& AmOmXr go
gmmOZ, H${dm| H$m moh^J hmo Jm Yy{b CgH$s $blw{V h& gaH$ma Zo amoOJma JmaQ>r
Xr naVy moOZm Ho$ VhV {bZodmbo EH$ no H$m nh ngo {hgm Jar~ OZVm Ho$ nmg
nhMVm h Bgo amOrd JmYr Zo hr Bgo V {H$m h& dVmZ | Vmo h AgmZVm A{YH$ ~T>r
h& ImVm-{nVm {H$gmZ hmoar Ho$ OmZo | Mbm Jm h& $H$ Hw$N> Bg Vah H$m h nhbo
hmOZ, nwOrnVr {H$gmZm| Ho$ AZmO H$mo bwQ>Vo Wo, Ka na Or bmVo Wo, AmO hr H$m
AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ Ama ZmH$aemh H$a ahr h& hmoar Ho$ OmZo | emX {H$gmZ Amhm H$aVm
hmoJm {H$Vw hm hOmam| Ho$ AmH$S>o nma hmo ah| h& nwOrnVr dWm Zo EH$ hmoar nXm {H$m Wm
AmmoJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU, Zo H$B hmoar H$mo O {Xm h& dVmZ gm{h BgH$s A{^pV
h& hZo Am{WH$ JVr H$s h na ~S>o CmoJn{V Ho$ n |, gX {H$gmZ, OXa Ho$ n |
Zht& hmOZr, nyOrdmXr gVm H$m Omb AmO ^r $bm hAm h&
5.6 gm[hpH$ n[apWVr

ewbOr Ho$ AZwgma gm{h OZVm H$s g{MV {Mmd{mm| H$m {Vq~~ h H$m AW
h gmm{OH$, amOZ{VH$, Ym{H$, Am{WH$ n[apW{Vm| H$m Ed mZdr {H$m-{H$mAm| Ho$
gmW gdoXZmAm| H$m ^md gm{hH$mam| Ho$ Z-pVH$ na hmoVm h& Bgr H$moS> | gOZ
g^d h& J wJ H$s hr {deofVm ahr h& n[aUmV gm{h Ho$ {df Ed CZHo$ {VnmXZ
H$s ebr {ZVmV AbJ h&
ar{VH$mbrZ lJm[aH$Vm nyU ^wpV gm{h H$s {deofVm h& AbH$aU H$s d{m
H$^r-H$^r AZbH$V | ~Xbr, Zmar H$m n ~Xbm, H$Vr Zo WmZ nmm, dra, lJma ag
H$s OJh {dmoh, H$U Zo bo br& AmoO am>rVm H$m nmofH$ hAm& o H$s nwH$ma OZ nwH$ma |
~Xbr& ~O^mfm H$s OJh IS>r ~mobr Zo bo br& wVH$, ~Y H$s OJh H$hmZr, Cnmg H$m
A{d^md H$m{VH$mar gm{~V hAm& Xoe Ho$ OrdZ | gm{h H$m Zm n Ama Voda
n[adVZH$mar gm{~V hAm& Bda, amOm, H$Vr H$s OJh Zw Ama CgH$s gwI-XI H$s
gdoXZmAm| Z| bo br& Om H$s {MVm gm{h H$s mZdr {MVm | wIa hB & h ZdwJrZ
g | gm{h H$s H$B {dYmAm| H$m OXmVm hAm& H$hmZr, Cnmg, ZmQ>H$, EH$mH$s,
OrdZr, aoIm{M, gaU, AmH$WZ, [anmoVmO, S>mar, n BZ {dYmAm| | yV hAm &
114
nmMm gm{h Ed gm{h d{mmo Ho$ gmW AmbmoMZm npX{Vm| H$m {dH$mg gm{h H$mo
~hma ~Zm {Xm& AZwdmX H$m jo{dVma hAm& ~mmbm, amR>r, JwOamVr hr Zht AJoOr, gr
H$m m~ ~T>m& {dd{> H$s mnH$Vm Zo gm{h Ho$ {dfJV Ed H$bmJV ym| |
n[adVZ bmH$a Zo gm{hpH$ AmXmobZmo H$mo O {Xm& J{V-moJ Ho$ ~mX, AH${dVm,
gH$mbrZ H${dVm, H$hmZr-gmVa, A-H$hmZr Ho$ Xma hdnyU ah| h&
gm{h boIZ H$s B{Vhmg {>m {dH${gV hB& BgH$m boIZ, nwZboIZ, hmoZo
bJm& "AmYo' H$mo nwam H$aZo Ho$ {bE X{bV, {hbm boIZ AnZr ApVm-ApVd H$mo boH$a
H|$ | Am MwH$m h& CZH$m OrdZ-XeZ gm{h jo H$mo {demb ~Zm MwH$m h &
5.7 Cnghma
^maVoX H$s am>rVm, {doXr wJ H$s gmO gwYma, ^mfm gwYma ^mdZm,
N>mmdmXr OrdZ->r Ho$ ~mX J{Verb AXmobZ | CnOm OZdmXr gm{hpH$ gH$ma, Zo
moJ | ~Xbm& dh ZB gH$nZmAm| o gmZo Amm& gmVa hAm& AmO h gm{h H$B
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gmXm{H$Vm, g~Yr gm{h Zo am> H$s MoVZm H$mo gmZo bmm h& J H$s e{$embr
MoVZm Zo Cgo mnH$ Ed C{MV n | VwV {H$m h& gnyU H$mb H$m wmH$Z WmoS>o go
eXm| | g^d Zht h naVy ZdrZ gKf H$s ~wpX{Odr, mZdVmdmXr >r Zo gmm{OH$,
amO{Z{VH$, Ym{H$, Am{WH$ jom| H$s CWb-nwWb H$s A{ÔZm gmWH$ T>J go H$s h&
ZdMoVZm H$m h boIZ ~hwIr Ama wJmZwn h& m|H$s boIZ Ho$ jo | n Ho$ gmW-gmW
J H$m {dH$mg, IS>r ~mobr H$m gdm{YH$ moJ, am>r ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg, gmm{OH$ jo |
mZdVmdmX, Zm OmJaU, gm{h H$m {d{dY wIr moJ Ed {dH$mg, lJma go w{$, H${V
H$m gwYwa {MU, Zo dmXm| H$m gm{hpH$ jo | doe, AJoOr {dmZm| H$m {hXr gm{h na
^md, Ogo VrH$dmX, A{ÔZmdmX, moJ H$s ewdmV Ho$ gmW-gmW Bda, amOm,
H${V Ho$ b~o g VH$ H|$ | ahZo Ho$ ~mX gmm {H$gmZ, OXa, moMr, Hww$Hw$awmm Ogo
{dfm| na ^mdr OZOrdZ go OwS>o {dfm| na boIZ Bgr wJ H$s XoZ h&
5.8 ~moY Z 1. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apW{Vm| na H$me S>m{bE&
115
5-A
^maVoXw - wJrZ H$m

5A.0
5A.1
5A.2
5A.3
5A.4
5A.5
BH$mB $naoIm
n[aM
H$m d{mm
ymH$Z
Cnghma
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5A.0 BH$mB H$m Co

H$. ^maVoX wJrZ H$m {hXr H$m AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY go gn W H$m h&
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H$s h&
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hAm h gPZm O$ar h&
5A.1 VmdZm/n[aM
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Wr& Bg{bE r Ho$ {V {dbmgrVm H$s ^mdZm I hmoH$a CgH$s Xem gwYmaZo hoVy {ejm
AmXr na ~b {Xm OmZo bJm& {dYdm {ddmh, ~mb{ddmh, AY{ddmg Am{X H$s H$R>moa
AmbmoMZm hmoZo bJr, dUdWm H$m Hw$N> H${dm| Zo {damoY {H$m Vmo Hw$N> H$s >r WmpWVr
dmXr hr ahr& dVwV ^maVoX wJ | AV{damoY gm$ PbH$Vo h& am>rVm, {~Q>re emgZ,
dUdWm, {dYdm {ddmh, Ogo w {dfm| Ho$ gX^ | do CâH$a Amo h& Omo ^r hmo naVy
Zo wJ H$s H${dVm gH$UmdWm go JwOa ahr Wr Bg{bE Hw$N> Hw$[a{Vm| H$m IS>Z,
gmm{OH$ XamdWm Vr XI, Am{WH$ emofU {V {damoY, IoX, YZ {dXoer OmZo H$m {damoY
Ogr Hw$N> wI KQ>ZmAm| H$m {MU H${dVm | Amm h&
^maVoX H$m wJ gmYmaUV S>m. ZJo Ho$ AZwgma ^maVoX gnm{XV m{gH$
n{H$m "H${ddMZ gwYm' H$m H$meZ df 1868 B. go, gadVr Ho$ H$meZ df 1900 B
VH$ h& A{YH$me {dmZm| Zo AmYw{ZH$ wJ H$m ma^ hr 1843 go mZm h& ^maVoX H$m O
1850 | hAm Ama w 1885& S>m. ZJo Zo hr H$hm h H$s, "H$moB H$md{m R>rH$ {H$gr
116
{ZpMV df ma^ hmoH$a {H$gr {ZpMV df | gm Zht hmoVr&' S>m. amM ewb ^r
1868 go 1883 VH$ Ho$ 25 df H$mo H$mb H$s Zr Ymam- W CWmZ Ho$ n | drH$V
H$aVo h& {l ~YwAm| Zo ^r 1868-1888 BZ 19 dfm] H$moo ^maVoXw wJ H$hm h&
S>m. Ho$garZmamU ewb Zo 1865 go 1900 VH$ Ho$ 35 dfm] H$mo ^maVoX H$mb mZm h&
mgdmXr F${f S>m. am{dbmg em ^r 1868 go 1900 VH$ Ho$ H$mb H$mo ^maVoX wJ hr
mZVo h {H$Vw A{YH$me {dmZm| Zo S>m.ZJo Ho$ H$mbIS> H$mo (^maVoX wJ) mo Ed
VH$ewX n | pdH$ma {H$m h&
ar[VH$mb H$m AV hZo 1843 mZm h Vmo 1943 go 1967 Ho$ ~rM {H$g H$ma
H$m H$m {bIm Om ahm hmoJm Eogm Z nmR>H$m| Ho$ Z | Câ gH$Vm h& S>m. ZJo Zo CgH$m
^r Cma {Xm h, "1843 go 1967 VH$ H$m H${Vd Z Vmo nyUV ar{VH$mb Ho$ ^md-jo Ho$
AVJV AmVm h Ama Z Bg| ^maVoX-wJ H$s nwZOmJaUybH$ d{mm {dmZ h& AV
BgH$m AZwerbZ ^maVoX wJ H$s n>^y{ Ho$ n | {H$m Om gH$Vm h& m| H$s Bg
H$mbIS> | ^pV, lJma, Zr{V, hm, dra ^mdZmAm| H$s gm{h gOZm hmo ahr Wr&
H$memr JWmo H$m gOZ ^r hmo ahm Wm {H$Vw AmYw{ZH$Vm go CgH$m OwS>md nyUV Zhr
Wm& Zo T>J H$m boIZ m ^maVoX go hr ma^ hmo OmVm h& ^maVoX wJ H$s H${dVm H$m
b {H$gr gmV amOm H$mo [aPmZm, g H$aZm Zht Wm, bmoH$ OmJaU $bmZm Wm& Bg{bE
Chm|Zo H$m n ^r ~Xbo Ama H$m d{mm ^r& n[adoe Vmo ~Xb hr ahm Wm&
5A.2 ^maVoX wJrZ H$m H$s d{mm ^maVoX ~m~w H$mo AmYw{ZH$ {hXr gm{h H$m dVH$ mZm OmVm h& ^mfm, H$m
nm| H$s {d{dYVm, Zm OmJaU gXoe Cht H$s H${dVm mam {hXr gm{h | Amm& Bg{bE
{hXr ZdOmJaU Ho$ gm{hpH$ AJXV ^r Ch| H$hm OmVm h& lJma Ama {dbm{gVm Ho$
H|$Myb H$mo Chm|Zo Xa {H$m Wm Ama H${dVm H$mo OZgmYmaU Ho$ {ZH$Q> bmm& Zm{H$m H$m
ZI{eI dUZ, Ama {dah H$s mHw$b H$m WmZ, Xoe H$s OZVm H$s XXem H$m dUZ, Xoe
dm{^mZ H$s ^mdZm Zo bo {bm& hr H$maU h H$s lJma, AbH$ma, ar{V {ZnU, H${V H$m
CrnZ {MU m: H$ hmoVm Jm& ^pV, Zr{V ^r {nN>S>Vr Jr& OmVr, am>r ~moYZ
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gH$Vm h& {ejm H$m hd, {dYdm {ddmh H$m gWZ, ~mb{ddmh H$m {damoY, AJoOr amOZr{V
H$s AmbmoMZm, amO^pV, Jmo-ajm Ogo {df H${dVm Ho$ Ho$ | AmE& {~{Q>em| Zo ^m{VH$
gmYZm| VH$ n{Vm| emgZ ~YZ go Zm wJ nhbo hr bmm Wm& wU V H$m A{dH$ma,
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117
Am{X& S>m. ZJo Zo am>rVm, gmm{OH$ MoVZm, ^pV^mdZm, lJm[aH$Vm, H${V {MU,
hm-J, ar{V-{ZnU, gmnw{V, H$mmZwdmX, H$bmnj Ho$ AVJV AmZodmbr
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1.
Xoe^pV Ama amO^pV -
^maVoX wJ | Xoe^pV Ho$ gmW amO^{$ H$s gma ^mdZm H$m A{dH$ma hAm
h& Xoe^pV Ho$ AVJV hr am>rVm H$m {dVma m CZH$s CnbpY aht h& dra Vmn,
N>gmb, amOm {edmOr Zo jo {deof draVm, am>rVm H$m {VnmXZ {H$m& ^yfU Ogo H${dm|
Zo& Cgr H$ma H$m {MU {H$m naVw d ~m~y ^maVoX Zo jo{Vm go D$na gnyU am> H$s
ZO H$mo Q>Q>mobZo H$m mg {H$m& Bg H$mb Ho$ H${dm| o Xoe^pV Ed amO^pV H$s ^mdZm
H$m H${dVm mam A{^V {H$ h& S>m. ZJo Ho$ AZwgma Xoe^pV H$s h ^mdZm ~mX |
{WbreaU Jw H$s "^maV-^maVr' | b{jV hB d ^maVoX H$s "{dO{Zr' {dO
"dOVr', oYZ H$s "AmZX AUmoX', VmnZmamU {l H$s "hmnd', amYmH$UXmg
H$s "^maV ~mahmgm' Ama {dZ erfH$ H${dVmE Xoe^pV go nw[aV Ed o[aV h ""^rVa ^rVa g~ ag Myg,
h{g h{g Ho$ VZ Z YZ yg&
Om{ha ~mVZ | A{V VoO,
m| g{I gmZ! Zht AJaoO&''
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Vmo Xgar Amoa AJoOm| mam Xoe H$s gnmr H$m hmoZodmbm XmohZ XoIH$a Z ^mar hmo
OmVm h AJoO amO gwI gmO gOo g~ ^mar,
n YZ {dXoe Mb OmV h Am{V dmar&
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H$s H${dVm h& {dXoer dVwAm| Ho$ moJ H$m ~{hH$ma ^r Chm|Zo {H$m h& Xoe H$s OmJ{V Ho$
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Ho$ {dH$mg | AmJo MbH$a ghmoJ {b|& CZH$m {hXr-{hX-{hXVmZ dmbm JwUJmZ Bgr
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Om{ha H$aVo hE AJoOm| {V amO^pV/{Z>m H$mo ^r Bg g H$s H${dVm V H$aVo h&
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118
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na Bg H$mb Ho$ H${dm| Zo H${dVm {bIr h & {$a ^r "oYZ' Ogo H${d AJoOm| H$mo ^maV {hV
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Ho$db ^maV Ho$ {hV gmYZ | XrZo {MV &''
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2.
Zr gmm{OH$ MoVZm
wJrZ H${dVm Zo Zr gmm{OH$ gmAm| na H${dVm {bIr& {Og| gmm{OH$

gmAm| H$mo Xa H$aVo hE, ~m gmO, Am gmO, Ho$ AmXmobZm| H$m ^md C$ H$mb H$s
H${dVm na nS>o& {dYdm {ddmh H$m gWZ, ~mb{ddmh H$m {damoY, gVr Wm H$m {damoY,
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Z ^r CR>Vo h& Hw$N> H${d CXmaVm H$m n[aM Zht XoVo& "^maV Y' H${dVm | A{~H$m Xm
mg mam dUml Y H$m T>VmnydH$ AZwmoXZ Ama amYmMaU Jmodmr mam {d{^
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~Zmo aIZo | YVm mZVo Wo&
119
d ^maVoX Zo m gwYmaUmdmXr >rH$moZ AnZmm h& "^maV XXem' Ogo
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~T>mm Nw>AmNy>V H$m H$ BZHo$ gH$mbrZ H${d ~mbwHw$X Jw Zo ^r gmOgwYma H$s >r
AnZmr h& Y{ZH$m| H$mo g~mo{YV H$aVo hE do H$hVo h ""ho Y{ZH$mo, m XrZ OZm| H$s, Zht gwZVo hmo hmhmH$ma,
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^yIm| H$s gw{Y CgH$o Ot o, H${hE {H$g nW go Omdo,
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dVwV Am gmO H$s gmm{OH$ Ed Ym{H$ gwYma dmr H$m ^md Hw$N> boIH$m|
na n> h& Hw$N> ghf drH$maVo h, Hw$N> Zht& Eogo hr doX mJ N>moS>H$a wpb Y gH${V
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"hm hm hm' go n> h H$s Jmodmr H$s Wm H$mZgr Ama {H$g H$ma H$s aht h &
VmnZmamU {l ^r r {ejm {V njnmVr adm AnZmVo h, ~mb{ddmh H$m
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rJU H$mo {dm Xod, H$[a n{VdVm e bmd&
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3.
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oaUm Xr h& ^maVr n[anH$ na gdmb CR>mVo hE ^r {~Q>rem| H$s Am{WH$ emofU Zr{V H$m
{damoY VmnZmamU {l Ogo H${dm| Zo {H$m h -
120
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| Amm h & {Og| do bb Ama maH$sa H$m dhma H$aZodmbm| H$s AmbmoMZm H$Qw> eXm| |
H$aVo h ""maH$sZ bb {~Zm MbV H$Nw> Zmqh H$m,
naXogr OwbhmZ Ho$ mZh ô Jwbm&''
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dVVm H$s mJ H$so h ""g~ V{O Jhm dVVm, Zqh Mwn bmVo Im~&
amOm H$a gmo md h, nmgm nao gmo Xmd&''
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OmVo h ""amodh g~ {{b, Amdh ^maV ^mB&
hm! hm! ^maV-XXem Z XoIr OmB&&''
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4.
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gwYma | {Z{hV h& AmJo do H$hVo h H$s, dh Ho$db amOZr{VH$ dmYrZVm H$m gm{h Z hmoH$a
Zw H$s EH$Vm, gVm Ama ^mBMmao H$m ^r gm{h h& ^maVoX dXoer AmXmobZ Ho$ ^r
AJXV Z Wo, do gmO gwYmaH$m| | go ^r wI Wo& r-{ejm, {dYdm {ddmh, {dXoe-mm
Am{X Ho$ gWH$ Wo& ........ ^maVr hmOZm| Ho$ nwamZo noeo gyXImoar H$s Chm|Zo H$S>r
AmbmoMZm H$s Wr, gdXm go AN>o bmoJ mO ImZm Ama MwS>r nhZZm EH$-gm gPV| h na
A~ Amb{gm| H$mo Bgr H$m Adb~ h, Z hmW {hbmZm nS>o Z na, ~R>o ~R>o ^wJVmZ H$a {bm&
( H${ddMZ gwYm, 22 {Xg~a 1873)
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{mMma, N>b-H$nQ>, dmWnamUVm, Am{X {dfm| na H${dVm mam hma {H$m h& AJoOm|
Ho$ emofU {dX OmJaU $bmm h& mMrZ ^maVr gH${V Ho$ Jmad H$mo AmXe n |
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| WmW {MU gmO OrdZ H$m hr {MU h& OZ-OrdZ H$mo C^maZo hoVy Chm|Zo bmdUr,
JOb, Rw>ar, bma, XmXam Ogo bmoH$JrVm|, gJrV H$m moJ H${dVm | ^maVoX Zo {H$m h&
OZVm | OmJaU hoVy JmJrVm| mam C{V H$m mJ Bhm|Zo drH$mam h&
121
5.
lJma H$s H${dVm -
ar[VH$mbrZ ^pV Ed lJma H$s nanam ^maVoX wJ VH$ Mbr Amr Wr&
{OgH$m ^md CZHo$ gm{h na nS>m h& ^maVoX dUd nanam Ho$ CnmgH$ Wo& amYm-H$U
Ho$ {V CZ| AZ ^pV Wr& gXd amOgr R>mQ>-~mQ> go ahVo Wo& BZ| AZoH$ JwU Wo& na
{dbm{gVm BZH$m g~go ~S>m AdJwU Wm& EH$ ~ma Bhm|Zo H$hm Wm ""OJV Omb | {ZV ~mo, namo Zm[a Ho$ H$X&
{m A{^mZr n{VV, PwR>mo H${d h[aMX&&''
Chm|Zo amYm-H$U Ho$ o H$m dUZ {H$m h, mYw ^pVnaH$ lJma {MU,
ar{VH$mbrZ nX{V na ZI{eI, fS>F$Vw Ama Zm{H$m ôX dUZ, CX ^md gnH$ |
doXZmH$ om{^pV ^maVoX Ama oYZ H$s aMZmAmo | {bVr h& ogamoda,
omYwar, oVaJ, ow$bdmar Am{X aMZmAm| | ^maVoX Zo ^pVlJma Ama {dewX lJma
H$m dUZ {H$m h& gmX, o, {dah H$s OZm | H$ht, H$ht. o XmoZm| CX - H$mebr Ho$
^md | h&
omXe | do KZmmX, agImZ, Ed nmH$a Ogo ar{VH$mbrZ H${dm| H$m
AZwgaU H$aV| h gm{O goO aJ Ho$ hb | CJ âr&
{n Ja bmJr H$m-H$gH$ {Q>mo boV&&
R>m[Z {dnar{V nyar Z gygZ gm|&
gwaV-ga O n{h {bIm| boV&&
harMX CP{H$ CP{H$ a{V JmT>r H$[a&
Omo âr {n{h PH$moaZ hamo boZ&&
mX H$a nr H$s g~ {ZaX KmV| AOw&
W gmJ H$m ~Xbmo MwH$mo boV&&
Chm|Zo ar{VH$mbrZ H${dm| H$s Vah mZ-{dH${V Ogo da{V, ga{V, {Ma{V,
da{V, nnS>rnZ, a{V Bm{X H$m dUZ {H$m h& {~hmar, gwaXmg Ogo gm{hpH$ lJma H$s
PbH$ ^r BZH$s H${dVm | nmr OmVr h& {~hmar H$s VO na - BZ X{Im A{ImZ H$mo gwI
{gamo hr Zmhr&
BZ X{ImZ H$mo Z gwI gnZo h {m|
mo hr gXm mHw$b {dH$b AHw$bm|Jr&
{~Zm mZ mao ô Xag {Vhmao hm,
Xo{I brOm| AmIo o Iwbr ah OmJr&&
gwaXmg H$s VO na g{I o ZZm ~hV ~wao&
V~ gm| ô namo, h[a gm| O~ gm| OmB Owa|&
122
mohZ Ho$ ag â h S>mobV Vb$b V{ZH$ Xao&
A H${dm| | amYmH$U Xmg, R>mHw$a OJZmohZqgh, A{~H$m Xm mg |
lJma dUZ nmm OmVm h &
6.
^pV ^mdZm -
hZo nhbo hr H$hm h H$s ^maVoX dUd ^V Wo& amYm-H$U Ho$ Vr CZ|
^pV Wr& ~^ gXm | dh Xr{jV Wo&
""oao Vmo am{YH$m Zm{H$m hmo J{V
bmoH$ XmoD$ ahm H$ Z{g OmAmo&
oao Vmo gmYZ EH$ hr h,
O ZXbmbm df^mZw Hw$mar&''
CZHo$ H$m | {dZ-^md H$s ^pV m hmoVr h& oYZ Zo "Abm{H$H$ brbm'
ZmH$ H${dVm | w$Q> ^pV nXm| H$mo aIm h, A{~H$m Xm mg H$s "H$gdY' Ogr ~Y
aMZm amYmH$UXmg H$s {dZ^mdw$ H$U VwVr H$m CoI ^maVoX wJrZ H$U^pV
H$m Ho$ gX^ | AmdH$ h& BgHo$ Abmdm oYZ H$s "gymoV', ^maVoX H$s "CmamY
^Vmb', Ama "H$m{VH$ZmZ', VmnZmamU {l H$s "Zdam Ho$ nX', Ama amYmMaU
Jmodmr H$s "Zd^Vmb' CoIZr H${Vm h&
^maVoX | ^pV XoemZwamJr ^md ^r {XImB XoVm h& AWmV dh Xoe{hV H$s
H$mZm H$aVm h& mmXm{H$ V-VmVamo na AmYm[aV Ym{H$Vm Ho$ WmZ na Chm|Zo
CXmaVm H$m n[aM {Xm h& "OZ Hw$Vwhb' | Chm|Zo Ym{H$ {dof H$s WVm H$mo {Vnm{XV
{H$m h& Y{ZanojVm H$m ^md CZ| h Eogm H$hm OmVm h& {$a ^r Cg| Ym{H$ EH$m{JVm
H$s MMm gmZo Am ahr h& CZH$s Ym{H$Vm na Z CR> ah| h& VmnZmamU {l,
amYmH$UXmg Ogo H${dm| | ^r XoemZwamJ ^pV H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h&
8.
H${V {MU -
ar[VH$mb H$s Vah H${V H$m dV {MU H$m A^md ^maVoX wJrZ H${dVm |
ahm h Ama dh dm^m{dH$ h gmX ~moY | ghmH$ dV H${V {MU H$m lo {H$gr grm
VH$ R>mHw$a OJmohZqgh H$mo hr {Xm Om gH$Vm h& ^maVoX gdoV A H${dm| Zo nanam
H$m {Zdmh {H$m Jm h& ""Ap~H$mXm mg H$s "nmdg nMmgm', Jmo{dX {Jm^mB H$s
"fS>F$Vw', Ama "nmdg nmo{ZYr', Am{X H${Vm| | dgV Ama dfm F$Vw H$m Amb~ZmH$
{M mOwX h&'' ^maVoX H$s "mV graZ', oYZ H$s "H$ {hm' Ama VmnZmamU
{l H$s "o nwnmObr' | dV H${V {MU h {H$Vw g$bVmnwdH$ Zht Eogm V ZJo
$ H$a MwHo$ h m|{H$ ""H${V H$mo lJm[aH$ ZmoXemAm|, gmm{OH$ CX~moYZ, Zr{V H$WZ
Am{X go g~X H$aZo H$s A{ZdmVm Zo'' H${V H$m dV dUZ Bg H$mb | $n JmhH$ Zht
123
H$a nmm naVw ar{VH$mb Ho$ CrnH$ dUZ H$mo Z drH$maVo hE gH$V H$m | CnbY
Zg{JH$ gmX dUZ go H${V H$m gOrd {MU CZHo$ H$m | Amm h& ndV jIbm H$m
gmX {MU Bgr H$ma H$m h""nhma Anma H$bmg go H$mo{Q>Z CMr {eIm b{J A~a My&
{ZhmaV Xr{R> ^ n{Jm {J[a OmH$ CmJVm D$na Py &
H$me nVJ gmo Mmo{Q>Z Ho$ {~H$g| Aa{dX {bX gwPy&
bg H${Q> oIbm Ho$ OJmohZ H$mar KQ>m KZ KmoaV Yy&&''
(dhr- n. 456)
9.
hm- -
hm-J H$s A{^^pV ^r Bg wJ H$s hdnyU {deofVm h& hm-J H$mo

am>r gmAm| go OmoS>Zo H$m mg Bg H$mb | hAm h& npMr gVm, {dXoer emgZ,
gmm{OH$ AY{ddmgmo, {T>m|, na H${dm| Zo H$R>moa {H$E h& CZ| {df Ed ebr H$s
{^Vm ^r ahr h& {ZZ{b{IV {dfm| na BZ H${dm| Zo hm-J {bIo h& EH$ mMrZ
{T>JV {dH${Vm| na, Xmo {dXoer gnH$ | ^maVrm| H$s pWVr na, VrZ ^pV g~Yr gH$sU
{dMmam| na, Mma {dH$V gmH${VH$ OrdZ na, nmM amOZ{VH$ dWm na hd Am{X nyU
h& amOZ{VH$ J | CoI{Z h - AJoOmo H$s emofU Zr{V, ^maVrm| H$s {ZpH$Vm Ed
ZnwgH$ Zmod{m, namYrZ d{m Am{X& N>h gm{hpH$ Ed ^mfmJV {dMma na ImgH$a CX Ho$
AmJh na& ^maVoX H$s VrZ J e{bm h - namoS>r, mnm Ama Jmbr& S>m. ZJo H$hVo h,
"~Xag^m' Ho$ JrVm| H$s aMZm Chm|Zo CX ZmQ>H$ BXa g^m Ho$ JrVm| H$s namoS>r Ho$ n | H$s
h& CX H$m mnm CX-$magr Ho$ mnm, ZmH$ H$mn H$s ebr | {b{IV h& h-h CX
hm-hm, H$hm {gYmar hm-hm, Am{X npVm| | Chm|Z| ~Zmag AI~ma Ho$ gmMmaerfH$ CX mar Jr na J {H$m h& "g{YZ Ywmg' H$s aMZm "Jmbr' JJr{V H$s
ebr | H$s Jr h& Zo OmZ| H$s wH$ar, gH$mbrZ gmm{OH$, amOZr{VH$ {dgJ{Vm| na
{bIr h& gmW hr VmnZmamU {l H$s haJJm, ~wT>mnm, H$ma>H$, Am{X {gX aMZmE h&
^maVoX | Ara Iwgamo H$s wH$ar ebr n> hmoVr h& nmZ g~Yr J H$m CXmhaU h ""wh O~ bmJ V~ Zhr Nw>Q>o, Om{V mZ YZ g~ HwN> byQ>o&
nmJb H$[a mo{h H$ao Iam~, m| g{I gmZ Zht gam~&&''
10. ar{V-{ZnU Ho$ nanam~X JWmo H$s aMZm ar[V-{ZnU g~Yr nanam go g~Y JWmo H$m boIZ ^r Bg H$mbIS> | hAm
h& ^maVoX wJ | b{N>am, ~^>, H${damOm wam[aXmZ Ama ~mbJmo{dX {l Am{X ar{V{ZnU nXVr JW {bI aho Wo& {Og| wI h b{N>am H$s hoda {dbmg {Og|
Zm{H$môX Ed Zdag H$m {dbofU h, "amM^yfU' AbH$ma em H$m JW h, "amdUoda
H$nV' gd-H$mmJ {ZnU H$Vr h& wam[aXmZ H$m "OgdV Ogmo^yfU' ~hV H$m
124
emr JW h& ""h wbV AbH$ma JW h {Og| H$m-dn, eXepV, JwU Ama ar{V
H$m gma mOwX h& ~mbJmo{dX {l H$m "^mfm N>X H$me' | AS>Vmbrg m{H$-dm{UH$
N>Xm| H$m da{MV H$m-bjU-CXmhaU VwV h& A Xmo CoI{Z aMZmH$ma h
VmnZmamUqgh H$s "agHw$gwmH$a' (1894) Ama H$hmbmb nmoma H$s "AbH$ma
H$me' (1896).
hdnyU ~mV h ^r h H$s ar{V-{ZnU H$s dmr {nN>S>Vr Om ahr Wr Ama H$m
Zo gmMo | T>b ahm Wm& ^maVoX Ho$ ~mX Vmo h d{m ahr hr Zht&
11. gmny{V naH$ H$m aMZm
gmny{V naH$ H$m aMZm Bg H$mb | ~S>r bmoH${ ahr h& ~H$mXm Bg
H$ma H$s H$m Jmo{>m| H$m AmmoOZ {H$m OmVm Wm Ama ~S>o-~S>o H${d Cg| ggmZ ^mJ
boVo& H${R>Z go H${R>Z {dfm| na gmny{V H$amr OmVr& H$hm OmVm h H$s, Ap~H$mXm
mg Zo AnZo H${d OrdZ H$m Ama^ H$mer go "H${dVm d{YZr g^m |' nwar Ar H$s
H$Q>mo[am-gr, {MaOrdr aho {dQ>mo[am amZr, gm H$s ny{V H$aHo$ gwH${d H$s CnmYr nmr
Wr& H$mZnya H$s a{gH$ gmO, ~m~m gwoaqgh mam {ZOmm~mX ({Obm AmOJT>) H$s "H${d
gmO' H$m$s {gX M h&
Ap~H$mXm Ho$ {nVm XJmXm mg H$m "gmny{V-H$me' Ap~H$mXm mg
H$m "gmny{V gdd', Jmo{dX {Jm^mB H$m "gmny{V Xrn', JJmYa {OJJ H$m
"gm H$me', ZXodagmX qgh H$m "nMaZ', VWm ^maVoX JWmdbr |
gmny{Vm| H$m gJh CnbY h& VmnZmamU {l H$s gmny{V H$m H$m EH$
CXmhaU Xo{IE dZ ~R>r h mZ H$s ya{V-gr, wI ImobV ~mob| Z "Zmhr' Z hm&
Vw hr Zwhmar H$ hm[a nao, g{ImZ H$s H$mZ MbmB Vhm&&
~afm h "VmnOy', Yra Yam|, A~ bmo Z H$mo gPmmo Ohm&
h m[a V~ ~XboJr H$Ny>, nnrhm O~ nw{N>h nrd H$hm?
12. H$mmZwdmX H$m Ama^
H$mmZwdmX H$s nanam ^r Bgr wJ go ew hmo MwH$s h& gH$V Ama AJoOr Ho$
H$mmZwdmX ~S>r mm | hE h& gdW CoI{Z h, amOm bUqgh H$m "aKwde' Ama
"oKXV'& ^maVoX Zo "ZmaX-^pV-gy' Ama em{S> Ho$ "^pVgy' H$mo "VXr gdd'
Ama "^pVgy dOVr' Zm go AZwdmX {H$m h& ~m~y VmoVmam Zo dmpH$s ammU H$m
"am-ammU', R>mHw$a OJmohZqgh Zo "F$Vyghma' Ed "oKXV', bmbm grVmam ^yn Zo
"oKXV', "Hw$ma g^d', aKwde Ama F$Vyghma&
AJoOr go lrYa nmR>H$ Zo JmoS>pW H$m "ha{Q'> Ama "S>oOQ>}S> {dboO' H$mo
"EH$mVdmgr moJ' VWm "COS> Jm' Zm go AZwdmX {H$m h & ^mfm, bm{b, eXmZw^md,
125
gabVm H$mo JwUm| go o gn h Egm S>m. ZJo Zo H$hm h &
13. H$m nm| H$s {d{dYVm
^maVoX wJ | H$m nm| Ho$ {d{dY moJ T> hmo Jo Hw$N> nanamJV, bmoH$JrV,
gJrVmH$ Wo Vmo J Zo n | {dH${gV hE {H$Vw YmZVm wVH$ H$m H$s hr ahr h&
CgHo$ gmW ~Y Jr{V | ^maVoX Ho$ amZr N>Xbrbm, Xodr N>Xbrbm, Ama "Vbrbr'
H$m CoI {H$m OmVm h& {Z~Y H$m nm| | "{dO{Zr {dO dOVr' VWm {hXr ^mfm
hdnyU h& Hw$N> gVgB nanam Ho$ CXmhaU ^r XoIo Om gH$Vo h& harAmY H$m H$UeVH$
(1882) Ap~H$mXm mg H$m "gwH${d gVgB' Am{X&
mMrZ nX ebr Ho$ AmYma na Rw>ar, bma, XmXam, BZ, Am{X amJ-am{JZrm| |
H$m aMZmE H$s JB h& bmoH$gJrV H$s ebr H$m$s bmoH${ Wr CXmhaUmW ""oKZ Ama
VmnZmamU {l H$s H$O{bm VWm ^maVoX (dfm {dZmoX ) VmnZmamU {l, amYmMaU
Jmodmr Ama OJZmohZqgh H$s bmf{Zm hdnyU h&'' J | ~Xa g^m, CX H$m mnm
EH$ ZE ebr | Amr h& ^maVoX Zo wH$[am| H$m boIZ ^r {H$m h& JOc H$m Zdmg
"agm' CnZm go ^maVoX mam VWm "A~w' CnZm go oYZ mam {H$m Jm h& Bggo h
H$hm Om gH$Vm h H$s H$m Ho$ nanamJV nm| | Bg H$mb Ho$ H${dm| Zo ~Yo Z ahH$a Zo
moJ ^r {H$o h&
14. ^mfm
^maVoX wJ | H$m Ho$ jo | ~O^mfm H$m moJ hAm Vmo J Ho$ jo | IS>r
~mobr H$m& {hXr-CX H$m {ddmX Bg H$mb Ho$ amOZr{V H$s XoZ ahr {$a ^r ^maVoX Zo {hXr
Ho$ Xm{d H$mo "{hXr ^mfm' ZmH$ JW {bIH$a nyU {H$m& Chm|Zo ""CX-$magr H$s
O{Q>bV Vg eXmdbr H$m ~{hH$ma ^r {H$m'' H$m | ~O Ho$ gmW-gmW A ~mobr
^mfm eXm| Ho$ moJ {XImB XoVm h, Ogo ^moOnyar, ~wXobIS>r, AdYr, Am{X& BgHo$ Abmdm
CX-AJoOr H$m moJ ^r {H$m Jm h&
~O^mfm Ama IS>r~mobr H$mo boH$a AmXmobZ Mbm& AmomgmX Ir Zo
IS>r~mobr H$m AmXmobZ (1888) | Mbmm& Hw$N> H${dm| Zo {damoY ^r {H$m& n[aUmV
IS>r~mobr J Ho$ gmW n H$m {dH$mg hAm& AmJo MbH$a {XdoXr wJ | h {ddmX I hAm&
H$m jo | ^r IS>r~mobr H$m moJ hmoZo bJm&
15. N>X-AbH$ma
^maVoX wJrZ H${dm| Zo nanamJV N>X-AbH$mamo H$m moJ AnZr H${dVmAm| |
{H$m h & {Og| CoI{Z h, Amm, Hw$S>{bm, Xmohm, MmnmB, gmoaR>m, amobm, h[aJr{VH$m
Ogo m{H$ N>Xmo VWm H${dVm, gdm, XmH$mVm, {eI[aUr, deW, dgV{VbH$m Ogo
d{UH$ N>Xmo H$m {d{dYwIr moJ ""bmoH$gJrV H$m Jmdmo | Mma-gma H$aZo Ho$ {bE
126
^maVoX Zo H$Obr, Rw>ar, IoQ>m, H$ha~m, Job, MVr, A, hmobr, gmPr, bm~|, bmdZr,
{~ahm, MZZr, Am{X N>Xmo H$mo CnmoJ | bmm h& Bg H$ma Ho$ moJ H$m AmdmhZ ^r do
H${dm| H$mo H$a MwHo$ Wo&'' {H$gr Zo N>X H$m moJ ^bo hr BZ H${dm| Zo Z {H$m hmo naVw
H$m H$s ZB CX^mdZm {df Ed ebr Ho$ {> go m{bH$ ahr h &
5A.3 ymH$Z
Bg {ddoMZ-{dbofU go h kmZ hmoVm h, H$s ^maVoX goV A H${d AnZo
Xm H$m gwmo {Zdmh H$a MwHo$ h& AnZr AZw^yVr H$mo m ~ZmH$a, d^mfm, dY,
dOm{V H$m Mma H$a XoemoVr, Ed am>r ^mdZmAm| H$mo OJmZo H$m mg egZr h &
IS>r~mobr H$mo H$m-^mfm H$m m ~Zmm& Cg| H$m Ho$ gmW, {Z~Y, ZmQ>H$,
H$hm{Zm, Cnmg, boI {bIo Jo h& {d{^ n-n{H$mAm| H$m gnmXZ, H$meZ ^r Bg
wJ H$s hdnyU KQ>Zm h& OZdmXr {dMmaYmam H$s A{^pV, bmoH$JrV ebr H$m pdH$ma
Bg wJ Ho$ hdnyU y h& OrdZ Ho$ WmW H$mo Chm|Zo gmm{OH$ da {Xm, oH$ {dYm
|& ~hV gmao AV{damoY ^r CZHo$ H$m | nmo OmVo h& am>rVm, amO^{$, amOmoh, Zr
^mfm (IS>r~mobr), nwamZr ^mfm (~O) Zo nwamZo {>H$moZ, BZ g~ | gd H$s ^mdZm
Am{X&
^maVr gmO, gm{h, amOZr{V Ho$ B{Vhmg | h ZdwJ, ZdOmJaU, Ho$ Zm
go OmZm OmVm h& {OgH$o AJXV d ^maVoX ~m~w aho h&
5A.4 Cnghma
^maVoX wJrZ gm{hH$mam| Zo {d{^ Va na OZ OmJaU H$m H$m {H$m&
gm{hpH$ aMZmAm| Ho$ O[aE do dm{YZVm AmXmobZ go OwS>o ah|& Cg ~T>mdm {Xm& J H$m
Zo nm| | {dH$mg hAm& aJM H$m AmYw{ZH$ A{dH$ma ^r BZ gm{hH$mam| Zo, {deof
^maVoX Zo hgwg {H$m& OrdZ Ho$ gm| H$mo Z{VH$ gmhg Ho$ ~b na OZVm Ho$ gwI
aIm& VH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$, gmm{OH$, Ym{H$, OrdZ H$s gmBm| go ho ~ H$amm&
h Bg wJ hdnyU H$s XoZ h&
5A.5 ~moY Z
1. ^maVoX wJrZ H$m H$s d{mm| H$mo A{H$V H$s{OE&
2. ^maVoX wJrZ H$m H$s {deofVmAm| na gmoXmhaU MMm {H${OE&
127
5-Am
{doXr `wJrZ- H$m`

5Am.0
5Am.1
5Am.2
5Am.3
5Am.4
5Am.5
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

n[aM`
H$m` d{m`m
_w`mH$Z
Cnghma
~moY Z
5Am.0 BH$mB H$m Co

H$. {doXr wJrZ H$m H$s d{mm| H$m AZ H$aZm&
I. {doXr wJrZ H$m d{mm| H$m wmH$Z H$aZm&
J. {doXr wJ gwYma-H$m go OwS>m h& Bgr H$m | H$B H$ma Ho$ gmm{OH$,
gm{hpH$, ^mfmkmZ gwYma Ed gH$ma {doXrOr Zo {hXr gm[h-gmO
H$mo {XE h&
K. H$B hdnyU H$m H$m boIZ Bgr H$m | hAm h& Cgo gPZm O$ar h&
S>. h wJ AmXe Ed ~m{H$Vm H$m mo, H$go ahm h XoIZm-naIZm hmoJm&
5Am.1 VmdZm/n[aM` AmYw{ZH$ H${dVm Ho$ jo _| {{dXr `wJ H$mo 'OmJaU `m gwYma H$mb' Ho$ Zm_
go OmZm OmVm h& 'gadVr' H$m H$meZ Ama {doXr Or H$m gnmXZ H$m{VH$mar KQ>Zm Ho$ n
_| {hXr gm{h` _| XoIr OmVr h& `h ghr ^r h& 1903 _| _hmdra gmX {doXr Zo
'gadVr' H$m gnmXZ ma^ {H$`m& {doXr `wJ H$m H$mbIS> ^r 1903 go 1918 VH$ _mZm
OmVm h& {doXr Ho$ `{Vd H$s Jhar N>mn Bg `wJ na ahr h& Bg `wJ Ho$ dh nWXeH$,
{Z_mVm, {ejH$, boIH$, AmbmoMH$, gnmXH$ aho h& ^mfm H$s ewXVm, `mH$aU Am{X Ho$ jo
_| ^r CZH$m _m{bH$ H$m` ahm h& ''Chm|Zo gm{h` Ama g_mO H$mo {deof _moS> {X`m&
{dXdmZm| Zo Ch| {~Zm {S>Jr Ho$ AmMm`, {~Zm _wHw$Q> Ho$ gaVmO Ama _hmZ `wJ dVH$ H$hm h&
do EH$ g\$b AbmoMH$, {Z~YH$ma, AZwdmX, gnmXH$ Wo& CZH$s aMZmAm| H$m _hd ^bo hr
Z hmo naVw CZHo$ mam {Z{_V gm{h` {V^mAm|, gm{h` H${V`mo H$m ~hV A{YH$ _hd h&
^maVoXw `wJ _| '^maV XwXem' na Xw:I H$Q> {H$`m OmVm ahm naVw {doXr
`wJ Ho$ gm{h`H$mam| Zo XwXem Ho$ gmW gm_m`m| _| dVVm mVr H$s Mmh {Z_mU H$s& CgHo$
{bE ~{bXmZ H$m _mJ gwPm`m& BgHo$ nhbo ~ g_mO, Am` g_mO, {W`mgm{\$H$b
128
gmogm`Q>r Am{X H$m H$m` ^maV df _| \$b MwH$m Wm& Bg H$mbIS> _| gnyU Cma ^maV _|
Am` g_mO Ho$ gm_m{OH$ AmXmobZ H$s Yy_ _Mr Wr& Y_, g_mO H$m nwZWmZ H$m` Omoam|
na Wm& BYa H$mJog AmOmXr H$m AbI OJmZo _| H$m\$s AmJo ~T> MwH$s Wr& {~{Q>em| H$s Amoa go
hmoZodmbo emofU go {VbH$ Ogo Ohmb ZoVm Zo Xoeâ _| 'AgVmof' H$s ^mdZm H$mo \$bm`m&
{ZdmWu g_mO godH$m| H$m CX` ^r Bgr H$mb _| hmo MwH$m Wm& ha {H$_V na g_mMma n
H$meZ H$m H$m` Bg H$mb Ho$ gnmXH$m| Zo Omar aIm&
~O^mfm H$s OJh IS>r~mobr Zo bo br& lJma-^{$ H$m WmZ Xoe^{V,
g_mOgwYma Zo {b`m& nanamJV H$m` {ZnU ebr`m ~Xbr& ^maVoXw `wJ _| ^mfm H$s Omo
ApWaVm nXm hB Wr dh `hm na I_ hB& H$m` Ho$ {bE ewX, `mH$aU g_V IS>r~mobr
H$m `moJ {H$`m OmZo bJm& AMmZH$ hr Zht ~H$s {doXr H$s H$R>moa Zr{V Ho$ n[aUm_dn,
H${dVm, AbmoMZm, lJma Am{X _| {ZIma Ama XoenaH$ g_mO{hVmZwn mT>Vm Am`r&
{doXrOr Zo J-n H$s ebr VWm {df` dVw _| n[adVZ bm`m& _mV^y{_, dXoe Jmad,
_mZdVmdmX, ~wpXdmX H$mo H$m` _| {V{>V {H$`m& H${dVm _| B{Vdmm_H$Vm H$s YmZVm
Am`r& am>r` ^mdZm H$m da JyO CR>m, amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hAm& Zmar g~Yr
{>H$moZ _| n[adVZ Am`m& gmH${VH$ am>r`Vm VWm am>dmX H$m {dH$mg ^r Bgr H$mb H$s
XoZ h& _{WbreaU JwV, am_Zaoe {nmR>r Ogo H${d {doXr Ho$ `{Vd H$s XoZ h&
JmonmbeaU qgh, J`mgmX 'Zohr', A`mo`mqgh Cnm`m` 'h[aAmY', bmoMZgmX
nmS>o`, _wHw$Q>Ya nmS>o, Bgr H$mb Ho$ _hdnyU H${d h& nwZWmZ `wJ H$m Xoe, g_mO VWm
gm{h` na `mnH$ ^md nS>m& `hr H$maU h H$s {doXr `wJ _| OmJaU Am`m& ZdrZ nanam
H$m CX^d hAm& {doXr Ama gadVr H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hd Bg H$mb _| h&
5Am.2 {doXr`wJrZ H$m` d{m`m AJoOm| Ho$ X_Z MH$ Ama Hw$Q>Zr{VH$ emgZ H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE Bg `wJ
_| nanam H$mo N>moS>H$a, gm{h` _| nmam{UH$ VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| Ama M[am| H$mo am>r`
^mdZm Ho$ n[ao` _| VwV {H$`m J`m& _`dJ Ho$ gmW {ZZdJ H$m {MU {H$`m OmZo
bJm& n[aUm_V: {H$gmZ, _OXya, r-X{bVm| H$m H$>X OrdZ CâH$a Am`m& amOZr{VH$
MoVZm Ama am>r` ^mdZm H$m da _wI[aV hAm& Ia ~wpXdmX Ho$ H$maU OrdZ Ho$ òH$
jo _| Zra-jra {ddoH$ H$m AmJh ew hAm& _mZdr` _w`m| H$m AmJh ^r Bgr H$mb _| ew
hAm& ^maVr` Ama `wamo{n` XeZ H$m gKf ma^ ^r Bgr H$mb H$s XoZ h& ^maV Ho$ X`
VWm `wamon H$mo ~wpX nj _mZH$a CgHo$ EH$_oH$ hmoZo H$s pWVr H$mo AmXe _mZm OmZo bJm&
Am` g_mO H$m AmXmobZ Bg g_` Omoa na Wm& JwHw$b H$mJS>r H$s WmnZm hmo MwH$s Wr&
Am`g_mO Ho$ ZoVd _| S>r.E.dr H$mboOg IwbZo bJo Wo& {ejm H$m gmd{H$ Mma-gma hmo
ahm Wm& VH$-~w{dmX, _mZdVm, am>r`Vm, r-{ejm, AmXedmX Bg `wJ Ho$ _y` Ama
oaUm ahr h& {OgH$m `mnH$ ^md gm{h` na nS>m&
129
{doXr `wJrZ H${dVm Ho$ AmYma q~Xy:1. ~mpXH$Vm H$m {VnmXZ:~g_mO, Am`g_mO, {W`mogm{\$H$b gmogm`Q>r Ho$ gmW ^maVr` am>r`
H$mJog Zo gm_m{OH$ OmJaU H$m ~S>m H$m` ^maVoXw `wJ go hr ew {H$`m Wm& doX H$mo VH$
_mU na H$gH$a CgH$s Z`r AmbmoMZm Am` g_mO VwV H$a ahm Wm& Mmho dh
A`mp_H$ C{m hmo, H$_H$mS> hmo, r Z, hmo BZ g~Ho$ {V dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ Ed Z`r
{ejm go mV {> go XoIZo H$m `Z {H$`m J`m& n[aUm_V: nwamZo H$mo AmI _yX H$a Z
drH$maVo hE CgHo$ {V {dmoh H$m ^md H$Q> hmoZo bJm& AZoHo$da H$s OJh EHo$da dmX
BgH$m _mU h& ~wpXdmX Ho$ H$maU hr Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s Amoa XoIZo H$s {> ~Xb J`r&
H$_H$mS> Ho$ WmoWo nZ H$mo COmJa {H$`m J`m& {T>dm{XVm Ed gS>r-Jbr mMrZ nanamAm| na
Hw$R>mamKmV {H$ò Om aho Wo& XodVm H$s AdVmadmXr gH$nZm H$mo ZH$mam Om ahm Wm&
Abm{H$Vm H$s OJh bm{H$H$Vm H$m {MU {H$`m Om ahm Wm& EH$ Vah go `h ~mpXH$Vm H$m
`wJ, Vm{H$H$ Umbr go gmoMZo-{dMmaZo H$m `wJ ma^ hmo J`m Wm& OmVrdmX H$s AmbmoMZm
Bgr H$maU hmoVr ahr& H${V VWm Abm{H$H$ e{V Ho$ {V _mZdr` {>H$moZ go XoIm OmZo
bJm Wm& `h AmJh ^mfm Ho$ jo _| ^r {XImB XoVm h& ~mpXH$Vm Bg `wJ H$s YmZ dmr ahr
h CgH$m ^md AmZodmbo H$mb na ^r nS>m&
2. _mZdVm H$m H$Q>rH$aU :_mZdVmdmX H$s ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg ^maVoX `wJ go hr ma^ hmo MwH$m Wm&
gm{h` _| OZdmXr. d{m Ho$ gHo$V Bgr `wJ go mV hmoVo h& em`X `hr H$maU ahm h H$s
'h[aAmY' Ho$ am_-H$U AmXe g_mO-gwYmaH$ Ama ZoVm h& _{WbreaU JwV Ho$ am_
AdVmar Z hmoH$a AmXe _mZd h, Omo {ZOH$_m} go Bg YaVr H$mo dJ ~ZmZo Amò h& AWmV
newdV OrdZ OrZo dmbo gm_m` _Zw` Ho$ Vr Jhar gdoXZm H$m ^md Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{h` _|
Am`m h& CgHo$ {V Zoh, ghmZw^yVr, H$V`, j_m H$s ^mdZm H$m A{^`{VH$aU H${d`m|
Zo {H$`m h& gdY_ g_Vm H$m {~Jwb ^r Bgr H$mb _| ~OZo bJm Wm& r-XwXem Ho$ {M
H${dVm _| CVmao Om aho Wo '' A~bm OrdZ hm Vwhmar `hr H$hmZr, AmMb _| XyY Ama AmIm|
_| nmZr'' go CgH$s H$m{UH$ AdWm H$Q> H$a, CgHo$ Vr jmo^ hr `V {H$`m Om ahm
Wm& a{dZmW Ho$ {dd~Ywd H$s H$nZm Bg g_` H$m AmXe ahr h& gm{h` H$m gOZ
AmXe H$s {V>mnZm Ama _Zw` _hd Ho$ {bE {H$`m Om ahm Wm&
3. AmXedmX `h `wJ nmMm` dkm{ZH$ Ed Zò {ejm Ho$ gnH$ _| Amò ^maVr` VWm
nanamJV H$mb~m _w`m| H$s Q>H$amhQ> H$m ahm h& {\$a ^r Omo Omo AN>m CgH$m drH$ma
H$aZo H$s d{m ^maVr`m| _| ahr& doXm| H$mo dkm{ZH$ AmYma XmZ H$aZo H$s âgH$ H$mo{eeo
Am` g_mO, ~g_mO, {ddoH$mZX VWm mWZm g_mO Zo H$s Wr& {ddoH$mZX Zo Vmo ^maVr`
Am`m_dmX H$mo X`dmX Ho$ n _| npM_r ^m{VH$dmX Ho$ gm_Zo aIH$a CgH$mo {V>m
{Xbm`r Wr& `h {gYm-{gYm Xmo gH${V`m| Ho$ ^rVa H$s Q>H$amhQ> Wr& npM_ Zo Xoe H$mo
130
{nN>S>m Ama gS>m-Jbm gm{~V H$a {X`m Wm& AkmZr, AY{ddmgr H$ama {X`m Wm& Bg
g~H$mo Xya H$a ^maVr`Vm H$m Jmad JmZ H$aZo H$s dmr Bg H$mb _| {d_mZ h& ~wpXdmX na
A`m_ H$s AWmV ~wXr na X` H$s {dO` Ho$ n _| ^maVr` A`m_ nanam H$m g_d`
gmYZo H$s Mo>m H$s Om ahr Wr& N>mmdmX | Bgo gmX Zo H$mmZr | A{^$ {H$m h& Bgr
H$mo gm{h`H$ma AmXe Ho$ n _o Wm{nV H$aVo Om aho Wo& ^m{VH$ gwI gw{dYmAm| H$s Anojm
_mZ{gH$ gVw{> H$s MMm Mb ahr Wr& Am`g_mO, ~ g_mO, VWm am>r` H$mJog Zo ^r
'g`_ {ed_ gwXa_' H$mo naml` {X`m Wm& EH$ Vah go BgHo$ nrN>o BgmB _V Ho$ ZH$ma H$m
^md ^r {N>nm hAm Wm& a{dZmW Ho$ _mZdVmdmX Zo {hXr H$mo ~b XmZ {H$`m, `h gMmB
h&
4. am>r` ^mdZm Ama amOZr{VH$ MoVZm:{doXr `wJrZ H${dm| Zo Xoe^{V g~Yr OmJaU H${dVm mam \$bm`m h& Bg
`wJ H$s H${dVm am>r` ^mdZmAmo go AmoVmoV h& am>r` dm{YZVm AmXmobZ H$mo o[aV H$aZo,
Xoedmgr`m| H$mo CZH$s Jwbm_r H$m Ahgmg H$amZo, CZH$s {ZpH$`Vm, AH$_`Vm H$s
_Zmodmr H$mo n> H$aZo H$m `mg H${dVm mam hAm h& bmoH$_m` H$s amOZr{VH$ dVVm
H$s _mJ, dXoer dVw {V o_ Am{X ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg H$mJog H$s Amoa go {H$`m Om ahm Wm&
gm{h` _| ^r BgHo$ {V{~~ Amò h& Xoe o_ H${dVm H$m {df` hmo J`m, {\$a H${dVm N>moQ>r hmo
`m ~Ym_H$& _{WbreaU JwV H$m 'gmHo$V', A`mo`mqgh Cnm`m` 'h[aAmY' H$m '{`
dmg' am_M[aV Cnm`m` H$m 'am_M[aV {MVm_Ur' Ama g`ZmamÙ H${daZ H$m
'^_aJrV' Am{X aMZmE {hXr ^mfm Ho$ Jmad JW hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW Xoe^{V Ama AVrV
H$s dbV {d^w{V`m| Ho$ ^` {ZXeH$ ^r h& Bg| dV_mZ ^maVr` pWVr na H$Um H$Q>
H$s h& Ama A{VV H$mo Jmadembr ~Zm`m J`m h& Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm Zo {H$gr H$ma H$s
Om{VJV, Y_JV gH$sUVm H$mo naml` Zht {X`m& gnyU ^maV EH$ H$m ^md H${dVm _| Am`m&
Bg `mnH$ MoVZm H$mo \$bmZo _| ''{hXw-_wpb_, {gI, BgmB g~ Amng _| ^mB-^mB'' H$m
Zmam \$bm`m& {Og_o {e{jV ^maVr` OZVm _| ZdgMma hAm Ama dh AmOmXr Ho$ AmXmobZ
_| Am_mogJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Vna hAm& Z`r amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m ^` {~{Q>e emgZ H$mo ^r
Wm& Bg{bE Bg H$mb H$s nH$m[aVm na H$S>o H$mZwZ bmJw {H$ò Jò Wo& H${dda eH$a Zo
Am_mogJ Ed dVVm mVr Ho$ gX^ _| AnZr H${dVm '~{bXmZ JmZ' _| H$hm h''Xoe^V dramo, _aZo go ZoH$ Zhr S>aZm hmoJm
mUmo H$m ~{bXmZ Xoe H$s doXr na H$aZm hmoJm&''
òH$ H${d Xoe H$s hrZ-XrZ Xem Ama CgHo$ Vr jmo^ `V H$aVm h&
{_`m X^, A{^_mZ H$mo {ZH$mbH$a Xoe Xem na `mZ XoZo H$m AmJh H$aVm h& am`XodrgmX
'nyU' H$s H${dVm ''Ambg, \w$Q>, IwXJOu, {_`m Hw$brZVm Am{X A{êmnm| H$s Amoa ^r Bg
`wJ H$m H${d {> S>mbVm h Ama CgHo$ {ZamH$aU H$s H$m_Zm H$aVm h''
âVIS> H$m hmb Oam XoImo h H$gm&
Ambg H$m OOmb Oam XoImo h H$gm&&
Oam \y$Q> H$s Xem ImobH$a AmIo XoImo&
131
IwXJOu H$m Zem ImobH$a AmIo XoImo&&
h emoIr XmbV H$s H$ht, ~b H$m H$hr Jw_mZ h&
h ImZXmZ H$m _X H$hr, H$ht Zm_ H$m `mZ h&&
{doXr `wJ Zo Xoedmgr`m| H$mo CZH$s pW{V go AdJV H$amH$a AmOmXr Ho$
{bE gKf H$aZo H$s oaUm Xr& Bg{bE Chm|Zo Hw$WmAmo, ~mmS>~am|, gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`mo,
Xoe XwXem H$mo H${dVm H$m {df` ~Zm`m&
H$mJog _| _`dJ H$m CX` Ed C^ma Xoe _| Z`r amOZr{VH$ MoVZm \$bmZo _|
H$maJa {gX hAm& XoemoVr Ho$ {bE g^r OmVr dJ AmJhr aho& ''~J-^J H$s ^maV {damoYr
Ama Om{V-ôXrH$aU H$s Zr{V go am>r` ^mdZmAm| go ny[aV ^maVr` OZVm H$s AmIo Iwb JB
Ama do AJoOmo H$mo ~S>o gXoh H$s {> go XoIZo bJo Ama BgH$s {V{H$`m dn VWm am>r`Vm
Ho$ AZwn g^r Om{V`m| _| ^mVd ^mdZm H$m Mma hAm& nZmamÙ nS>o` H$s EH$ H${dVm
Bgr H$ma H$s h''
OZ ~mX nmagr `hXr _wgb_mZ {gI BgmB&
H$mo{Q> H$R> go {_bH$a H$h Xmo, h_ g~ h ^mB-^mB&&
nw` ^y{_ h, dJ ^y{_ h, O_ ^y{_ h Xoe `hr&
Bggo ~T>H$a `m Eogr hr Xw{Z`m _| h OJh Zht&&
5. gmH${VH$ am>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm :{doXr `wJrZ H${dVm _| Xoe Ho$ AVrV H$m Jmad JmZ ~S>r lXm, ghmZw^yVr
Ama o_ Ho$ gmW {H$`m h& dXoer AmXmobZ H$mo OJmZo Ho$ {bE Bg H$ma H$m dUZ {H$`m J`m&
dgo h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm h H$s 'ZdOmJaU' hoVy {hXw Y_, JWm| H$s Z`r `m`m H$a CZH$m
nwZWmZ Bg wJ | {H$`m Om ahm& VH$mbrZ g_` _| dmYrZVm AmXmobZ Vmo {dH${gV
hAm na Hw$N> g Ho$ ~mX gmXm{`H$ ^mdZmAm| H$m {dH$mg ^r hAm& ^maVoXw Ed {doXr
`wJrZ gm{h` Zo nmR>H$m|, Am_ OZVm Ho$ _Z _|, dV_mZ _| {Ogo h_ '{hXwd' H$hVo h CgH$m
{dH$mg H$aZo _| `moJ {X`m Eogm H$hm Om gH$Vm h& ZmQ>H$ Ed Cn`mg, H$hmZr Ama EH$H$s
gm{h` Ho$ _mU {Xò Om gH$Vo h&
Bg g_` Ho$ {dXdmZm| Zo H$hm h ''Ohm ^maVoXw `wJ _| Ho$db mMrZ Ho$ {V
nw` ^md Wm Ama ZdrZ Ho$ {V {Zamem, dhm {doXr `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| _| e{V Ama gmhg H$m
Anyd {_lU {XImB nS>Vm h&'' _mV^y{_ H$s dXZm, Cgo nw`^y{_ Ho$ n _| {M{V H$aZm
Am{X ^md Ohm ^maVoXw `wJ _o {Zamem Ho$ WmZ na {doXr `wJ _| Amem Ama {ddmg H$m ^md
âVo h& _{WbreaU JwV H$s '^maV-^maVr' Ogo H$m`m| Zo Omoe Ed Cgmh H$m gMma
{H$`m& ha H$R> H$s dh ^maV-OZZr ~Zr CV `wJ _| `h H$m` amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$s {> go
_hdnyU Wm& naVy AmZodmbo ^{d` H$mo _m AVrV H$s Amoa _moS> {X`m J`m Bg_| Xmo am` Zht
hmoZr Mm{hE& ~H$s_M H$s "AmZX_R>' H$m H$meZ hmo MwH$m Wm& {hXr Ho$ A{YH$me
gm{h`H$ma ~mJbm go ^m{dV aho h& "AmZX_R>' Ho$ g~Y _| ~S>r _m{_H$ {Q>nUr dra ^maV
Vbdma Zo H$s h, ''AmZX_R> (1882) _| H$m{eV Bg Cn`mg _| {dmohr {hXy g`m{g`m|
Ho$ JwV gJR>Z H$m dUZ h& ò g`mgr _raOm\$a Ho$ emgZ H$mo '_wgb_mZr amO' _mZH$a
132
CgHo$ {bm$ bS>Vo h, bo{H$Z H$bH$mo _| ~b hmo aho AJoOm| Ho$ {Ibm\$ Zht... (AJoOr
amO H$mo {_ ~VmVo hE CgHo$ ahZo Ama ~ZZo _| {dmohr`m| Zo gh`moJ {X`m VmH$s) AJoOm| Ho$
{~Zm amOm hE gZmVZ Y_ H$m CXma Zhr hmoJm&'' ha dJ _| amOZr{VH$ MoVZm OJmZo H$m
`mg H$mJog Ho$ gmW H${d`m| Zo ^r {H$`m _{WbreaU JwV, lrYa nmR>H$, J`mgmX ewb
'gZohr' am_Zaoe {nmR>r Am{X& lrYa nmR>H$ {dmWu`m| H$mo o[aV H$aVo hE {bIVo h''Ahmo N>mda-dX Z` ^maV-gwV `mao&
_mVJd-gdd _moXX JmoX-Xwbmao&&
gVgodm dV Yma OJV Ho$ hamo boe Vw_&
Xoe o_ o H$amo o_ H$m A{^{Zdoe Vw_&&''
EH$ H$ma go amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$mo OJmZo _| {V~X H$m` H$s aMZm,
H$mJog Ho$ AmXmobZ H$mo AnZo H$Yo na boH$a Mb ahm Wm& Z`r am>r` ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg hmo
ahm Wm&
6. Ym{_H$ H$nZm :Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm _| Ym{_H$Vm H$s AbJ H$nZm H$s JB h& ~mpXH$Vm Ho$
^md Ho$ H$maU Bda AmXr Ho$ _mZdr` nm| H$s H$nZm H$s JB h& 'gmHo$V' _| _{W{beaU
JwV {bIVo h''am_, Vw_ _mZd hmo? Bda Zht hmo `m?''
AmXe H$s WmnZm H$aZo hoVy 'am_' H$m _mZd n H$s H$nZm _Zw` Ho$
Xw:I, H$>, haU hoVy H$s J`r gmW hr Am` Y_ ~ZmH$a, YaVr H$mo dJ ~ZmZo H$s ~mV ^r am_
H$aZo bJVo h& AmJo JwVOr H$hVo h''_ Am`] H$m AmXe ~VmZo Am`m,
OZ-g_wI YZ H$mo VwN> OVmZo Am`m&
^d _| Zd d^d mV H$amZo Am`m,
Za H$mo BdaVm mV H$amZo Am`m&
gXoe `hm Zht _ dJ H$m bm`m,
Bg ^yVb H$mo hr dJ ~ZmZo Am`m&''
_mZd H$s godm Ama gm_Vr g`Vm Ho$ qZXm H$m ^md H${d`m| _| ahm h&
Bg{bE CZ_| _mZd godm hr Bda godm' H$m ^md {d_mZ h& {Og H$ma 'gmHo$V' Ho$ am_
_mZd n _| Amò Cgr H$ma '{` dmg' (h[aAmY') Ho$ H$U ^r _mZd godm H$aVo {XImE
JE h& ~wpXdmX Ho$ `wJ _| AdVma dmX H$m {VnmXZ H$aZm {doXr `wJ H$mo Ag^d Wm&
Bg{bE XrZ-X{bVm|, Xw{IVm|, l_Ordm| _| Bda H$s H$nZm H$s JB Ama Bda o_, {dd
o_ _| ~Xb J`m R>mHw$a JmonmbeaU qgh H$hVo h''OJ H$s godm H$aZm hr h, g~ gmam| H$m gma
{ddo_ Ho$ ~YZ hr _|, _wP H$mo {_bm _w{V H$m Xdma&''
dVwV: OrdZ, OJV Ama H$Vr _| `mV Bda Ho$ Vr H${d H$s
A{^`{V ^mdZm _| ah`m_H$Vm Am JB& dhr AmJo N>m`mdmX H$s _wI d{m ~Z JB&
Ym{_H$ ^mdZm H$mo OZgodm, {ddo_ go OmoS>H$a Cgo Hw$N> AbJ T>J go {dH${gV {H$`m J`m&
133
7. Zmar dmV` Ama CH$f :ar{VH$mbrZ Zmar Ho$ gmX` dUZ H$s nanam H$mo OmoaXma AmKmV {doXr `wJ _|
{_bm& Zmar g~Yr _m`VmE ~XbZo bJr& {d{^ gm_m{OH$ H$m` H$aZodmbr gWmAm| VWm
H$mJog Ho$ amOZr{VH$ AXmobZ Ho$ n[aUm_ dn r Ho$ H$mo_b ^md H$s OJh H$R>moa, dra
^md H$m {MU hmoZo bJm& CZH$s dVVm H$m CH$f hAm& nwf Ho$ H$Yo go H$Ym {_bmH$a dh
amOZr{VH$ AmXmobZ _| CVa MwH$s Wr& MrZ {T>`mo, nanamAm| H$mo do d` VmoS> ahr Wr&
OrdZ Ama OJV Ho$ Vr CZH$s AnZr {> H$m {dH$mg hmo ahm Wm& AnZr dVVm, A{YH$ma
Ho$ Vr dh gOJ hmo MwH$s Wr& nwfgmmH$ `dWm H$mo Y$m {X`m Om ahm Wm& r Om{V na
hmoZodmbo A`m`- A`mMmam| Ho$ {V H${d`m| Zo {> S>mbr& lrYa nmR>H$. _{W{beaU JwV,
am_Zaoe {nmR>r, A`mo`mqgh Cnm`m` 'h[aAmY' Am{X _wI H${d`m| Zo CgH$s ~Xbr
MoVZm mam Zd`wJ bmZo H$m `mg {H$`m& gmW hr CgHo$ Vr A`m`-A`mMma H$s ^mdZm
H$mo gm_m{OH$m| go {ZH$mbZo H$m VWm Cg_| gwYma H$aZo H$m ^md H${d`m| _| ahm h& Bda go
mWZm H$aVo hE lrYa nmR>H$ {bIVo h''XrZ~Yw g{> H$sO| ~mb-{dYdm Ama&''
Zmar Ho$ Zò nm| H$mo do h_mao gm_Zo bmVo h dh OZgo{dH$m, Xoe^V amJrZr,
OZZr Ho$ n _| bmoH$go{dH$m Ho$ n _| {M{V H$s JB h&
_{WbreaU JwV Ogo H${d`mo Zo CZHo$ Cno{jV `{Vd H$mo CH${fV
{H$`m& gmHo$V H$s 'C{_bm hmo, `m èmoYam 'èmoYam' m mna H$s '{dYVm'& CZna
AmYw{ZH$ {dMma-gdoXZm H$s Jhar N>mn ahr h& gmHo$V H$s 'C{_bm' Vmo g` gJR>Z H$a
amdU go `wX H$aZo Ho$ {bE Vna h& JwV Or Zo Zmar H$mo {V>m {XbmZo Ho$ {bE hr CgH$m
H$m{UH$ CH$f {XIbm`m h''A~bm OrdZ hm`! Vwhmar `hr H$hmZr&
AmMb _| XyY Ama AmIm| _| nmZr&&''
Ho$ gmW Cgo `mJ, g`_, Am_mogJ, e{V go H$R>moa nm| _| ^r {M{V hB
h& Bg H$mb _| H$mo_b JwUm| go Zht ~H$s e{V g_X, _hmZ JwUm| go nw[aV hmo MwH$s Wr&
CgHo$ `{V dmV` H$m A{dH$ma hmo MwH$m dh ha Va na nwfm| go g_mZVm aIVr h&
8. gm_m{OH$Vm H$s Amoa C_wI _mZdVm Ama AmXedmX H$s {dMma d{m Zo H${dVm A{YH$m{YH$
gm_m{OH$Vm H$s Amoa C_wI hB h& g_mO Ho$ g^r dJ na H${d H$s {> nS>r& g^r dJm] H$s
C{V H$m ^md H${dVm _| Am`m h, Ogo r, X{bV, H$fH$, _OXya, CZHo$ {dH$mg H$s ^mdZm
H${dVm _| Am`r h& gm_m{OH$ gS>r-Jbr {T>`m|, nanamAm|, em H$m IS>U H$a Z`m VH$
~wpX naH$ dkm{ZH$ {dMma T> H$aZo na H${d`m| Zo ~b {X`m h& r CXma, ~mb{ddmh
{damoY, {dYdm {ddmh g_WZ, XhoO Wm, {ejm g_WZ, Am{X H$m IwbH$a {MU H${dVm _|
hAm h& _{WbreaU JwV Bg {Xem _| CboIZr` h& H${d`m| H$mo qhXyY_ H$s gm_m{OH$,
gmH${VH$ {dH$mg H$s Mmh Wr Bg{bE AVrV Jmad OmVr` Jmad, OmVr` o_ H$m ^md
CZH$s H${dVm _| Am`m& H$mJog Ho$ `mnH$ hmoVo AmXmobZ Ho$ gmW {H$gmZ, X{bV, _{hbm dJ
134
OwS>Vm Om ahm Wm& {H$gmZm| H$m gKQ>Z Ed {dH$mg H$m AOoS>m H$mJog Ho$ aS>ma na Wm&
{H$gmZm| H$mo ~S>m _hd H$mJog Zo {X`m& _{WbreaU JwV H$s '{H$gmZ' H${dVm BgH$m
CXmhaU h& ANw>VmoXma H$s ^mdZm ^r H${dVm H$m {df` ahr h& Bgr H$mbIS> _| dU`dWm
na VrIo Z IS>o hmo MwHo$ Wo& gm_m{OH$ Hw$nVmAm| H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE H${d`m| Zo ``
H${dVm H$m Aml` {b`m&
9. B{Vdmm_H$Vm :Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm lJma Ho$ ~moP go _wV hB& CgH$s OJh Xoe o_,
gm_m{OH$Vm, Amemdm{XVm Zo {b`m& d` _hmdra gmX {doXrOr H$m OrdZ ~S>m H$R>moa,
g`V, gmpdH$ Ed AmXe Wm OrdZ ew{MVm Ho$ gmW H$mèw{MVm, ^mfm ew{MVm na ChmoZo
~b hr Zht {X`m ~H$s CgHo$ Vr do AmJhr Wo& em`X hr H$maU h H$s lJma H$s CN>IbVm
H$m {damoY H$a Xmn` lJma H$mo H${dVm _| gw> n _| drH$mam& n[aUm_V: H${dVm
B{Vdmm_H$Vm H$s Amoa _wS>r& CgHo$ {bE gag J ebr H$mo `wJ Zo pdH$mam& AV: H${dVm _|
bmj{UH$Vm, {M_`Vm Ama dH$mo{V ahr Zht& {dmZm| Zo Eogm _mZm h H$s Bg g_`
{doXrOr Ho$ gm_Zo Xmo e{b`m Wr ~Jmb H$s H$mo_bH$mV nXmdbr Ama _amR>r H$s dUZ YmZ
B{Vdmm_H$ ebr& Chm|Zo Xygar ebr H$mo AnZm`m& `mo{H$ dh CZHo$ _Z Ho$ AZwHw$b Wr
Ama gmW hr dh Z{VH$Vm Ho$ Mma VWm AmXe H$s {V>m Ho$ {bE ^r Cn`wV Wr&''
n[aUm_V: Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm _| AmH$fU bm{b` H$_ hAm dh ewH$ Ed {Zag hB&
_wVH$ H${dVm H$s aMZm H$m MbZ ~T>m& 'gmHo$V' _| hr JwOr Zo BgH$m `moJ {H$`m'doXZo& Vy ^r ^br ~Zr&
nmB _Zo AmO VwPr _| AnZr Mmh KZr&&
X
XmoZm| Amoa o_ nbVm h&

g{I, nVJ ^r ObVm h, hm ! XrnH$ ^r ObVm h&
H${dVm H$m `h Jm_H$ n _{WbreaU JwV, R>mHw$a JmonmbeaU qgh,
bmoMZgmX nmS>o`, _wHw$Q>Ya nS>o` _| Am`m& ~mpXH$Vm Ho$ H$maU dh ~moArb hB
{V{H$`mdn 'ah`m_H$Vm H$s ImoO, ah`mo_wI o_' Ho$ {V H${d ^mdZm ~T>r& H$Vr
dUZ _| ^r `hr ^mdZm ahr& Jw _| ^r `h gHo$V {_bVo h''Voao Ka Ho$ ma ~hV h {H$ggo hmoH$a AmD$ _
g~ mam| na ^rS ~S>r h H$go ^rVa OmD$ _&''
10. H${V-{MU :{doXr `wJ H$m H${V {MU ~S>m gMm Ama _Zmo`moJ nyU {H$`m J`m h& lJma
H$mb _| Omo H${V dUZ {H$`m J`m h dh lJma ^mdZm CrnZ hoVy hAm h& ^maVoXw `wJ _|
gmX`mZw^y{V Ho$ A^md _| Ho$db AbH$m[aH$ {MU H$s YmZVm ahr h& naVy {doXr `wJ _| `h
dUZ gdoXZm_H$ Ama {Mm_H$ nm| _| CnpWV hAm h& {Og_o AJga h lrYa nmR>H$,
A`mo`mqgh Cnm`m` 'h[aAmY', _{WbreaU JwV, am_Zaoe {nmR>r' VWm am_M ewb
Am{X& lrYa nmR>H$ H$s H${dVm _| V_`Vm Ama _mYw` ^md g{Z{hV h, H$_ra H$m dUZ
135
Hw$N> Bgr H$ma H$m h''H${V `hm EH$mV ~{R>> {ZO n gdma{V&
nb-nb nbQ>{V _of N>{ZH$ N>{~ {N>Z-{N>Z Yma{V&
{~ha{V {d{dY {dbmg âr Omo~Z _X _| g{Z&
bbH${V {H$bH${V nwbH${V {ZaI{V {WaH${V ~ZR>{Z&''
AmMm` ewb mam Jm_ gmX` dUZ ^r {Mm_H$ n _| hAm h''J`m Cgr Xodb Ho$ nmg go h Jm`-nW,
doV Ym[a`m| _| H$B Kmg H$mo {d^V H$a&
Wyham| go gQ>o hE noS> Ama PmS> hao,
JmoaO go Yy_bo Omo IS>o h {H$Zmao na&''
am_Zaoe {nmR>r Zo CZHo$ H$m` 'n{WH$' Ama 'dZ _| ZXr' _| ndV, g_w
Am{X H$m ` ^` n _o {M{V {H$`m h& CZHo$ H${V {MU _| H$ht-H$ht ah`m_H$Vm
^r nmB OmVr h- 'h[aAmY' Zo H${V H$mo nmM nm| _| {M{V {H$`m h, '' Amb~Z m,
CrnZ n, {~~-{V{~~ n, CnXoem_H$ n Ed AmbH$m[aH$ n& ''
Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| Zo H${V- dUZ _| ^r CnXoem_H$Vm H$s d{m aIr
em`X Bgr H$maU dh Z _mZdr, Z H${V Ho$ ah`m| H$mo Imob nm`m, Z ghO, gwXa hmo nm`m&
dh Zrag Ama ewH$ hr ahm h& H${m dUZ ^r Bg H$mb H$s _wI d{m ahr h&
11. AZwdmX
Xoer Ama {dXoer gm{h` Ho$ AZwdmX H$s ^maVoXy nanam H$m A{YH$ {dH$mg
{doXr `wJ _| hAm& `h AZwdmX _m Ho$db nm_H$ Zht Jm_H$ ^r hAm Ama R>oR>
IS>r~mobr _| hAm& d` {doXr Or 'gadVr' _| AJoOr H${dVmAm| H$m AZwdmX H$m{eV
H$aVo Wo& ~mJbm Ho$ CH$> JWm| H$m AZwdmX Bg H$mbIS> _| hAm& lrYa nmR>H$ Zo
JmoS>p_W Ho$ ha{_Q> H$m "EH$mVdmgr `moJ' VWm 'Q>dba H$m' lmV n{WH$' H$m nmZwdmX
{H$`m& S>m. adr ghm` d_m Zo AnZr nwVH$ '{hXr H$m` na Amb' ^md _| {bIm h''{doXr `wJ Ho$ {hXr H$m` _| AJoOr H${dVmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX {d{e> WmZ aIVo h& 1903 go
1908 Ho$ _`dVu H$mb _| _hmdragmX {doXr Zo AmYw{ZH$ {hXr gm{h` Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$
{bE AWH$ n[al_ {H$`m Wm& ò AZwdmX AZdaV n go gadVr _| H$m{eV hmoVo aho&''
eog{nà, ~màZ, Jo Am{X H$s H${dVmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX hE h&
gmW hr ~mJbm Ama _amR>r 'Ho$ AZwdmX ^r {H$ò Jò&'' ~mbm go gm_Jr br
J`r Vr _amR>r go ebr'' _{WbreaU JwV Zo _mBHo$b _YwgwXZXm Ho$ _oKZmW dY Ama
dramJZm VWm ZdrZMgoZ Ho$ 'nbmgra `wX' H$m AZwdmX {H$`m& {g`mam_eaU JwV VWm
_wHw$Q>Ya nmS>o` H$s H${dVmAmo na a{dZmW R>mHy$a H$s 'JrVmObr' Ho$ ah`dmX H$m ^md
{XImB XoVm h& AZwdmX H$m` H$s nanam H$mo g_X {H$`m {doXr `wJ Zo&
12. H$m` {df` Ed nm| _| {d{dYVm :{doXr `wJ _| H$m` {df`m| Ed nm| _| _hdnyU ~Xbmd Amò h& ar{VH$mbrZ
nanam H$mo N>moS>H$a AZoH$ Zò {df`m| H$mo H$m` _| WmZ {X`m& {doXr 'H${d H$V`' {Z~Y _|
136
{bIVo h- MrQ>t go boH$a hmWr n`V, new, {^jwH$ go boH$a amOn`V, _Zw`, {~Xy go
boH$a g_w n`V, Ob, AZV AmH$me, AZV ndr, AZV ndV- g^r na H${dVm hmo
gH$Vr h&'' OrdZ OJV g~Yr {d{dY {df`m| na H$m` boIZ {H$`m J`m& {df` H$s H$moB
{g_m Zhr Wr& S>m. ZJo Zo {df` gwMr hr Xr h- namonH$ma _wabr, H$fH$, g`, bS>H$nZ,
JW-JwU-JmZ, U`, B`m, {Zm, H${b`wJr gmYy, nwVH$ o_, ~M`, {hXr H$s Anrb,
~mbH$, {hXr gm{h` g_obZ, _yT> _mZd, _ohXr, ZH$Q>mB, _Zmo`Wm, H$m_Zm, {dm,
Hw$brZVm, nmf, {eey-Zoh, gwI_` OrdZ, ^maVr` N>mm| go Z_ {ZdoXZ, b_r-brbm,
gnyV, Jm_-Jmad, gOZm| H$m d^md, g_mbmoMH$-bjU X[a {dmWu Am{X&''
BgHo$ gmW hr AmMm` ewb Zo ^r Hw$N> gHo$V {H$ò h- XoeXem, g_mOXem, dXoe o_,, AmMaU g~Yr CnXoe, Ho$ gmW, `mJ, draVm, CXmaVm, g{hUwVm,
nmam{UH$-Eo{Vhm{gH$ gJ n~X hE h {OgHo$ ~rM-~rM _| O_^y{_ o_, dOmVr`
Jmad, Am_g_mZ H$s ÒZm H$aZodmbo ^mfU aIo Jò h&
JwVOr Zo '{dH$Q> Ka', '{Vbmom_m', 'aJ _| ^J', 'gmaYr', 'mna',
'{H$gmZ', '{dd doXZm', 'H$m~m Ama H$~bm' _| Bgo {dVma {X`m h& H$m_ZmgmX Jw H$s
'XwJmdVr' (gadVr, \$a~ar 1915) am_M[aV Cnm`` H$s 'Xodg^m', 'XodXyV' BgHo$
CXmhaU h&
H$m`nm| H$s {^Vm ^r {doXr `wJ H$s {deofVm h& IS>H$m`, ~YH$m`,
Ama J{V _wVH$m| H$m `moJ H$m` boIZ hoVy {H$`m J`m h& gmW hr _wVH$ Ho$ ~Om`
_hmH$m`, Am`mZ H$m`, o_`mZ H$m`, JrV H$m` Ama \w$Q> JrVm| H$m dV boIZ
hAm h& IS>r~mobr H$m `moJ J Ho$ jo _| _hdnyU ahm h& J gm{h` _| KQ>ZmYmZ,
M[a YmZ, Eo{Vhm{gH$ VWm nmam{UH$ KQ>Zm Ama H$WmAm| H$mo boH$a Cn`mg, H$hm{Z`m|
H$m boIZ {H$`m J`m h& AbmoMZm VWm {Z~Y gm{h` H$m g_X {dH$mg ^r Bgr `wJ _| hAm
h& H$hZo H$m Vmn` h H$s {df` Ed {enJV {d{dY `moJ Bg H$mb _| hE h&
13. IS>r~mobr H$m` H$s ^mfm:{doXr `wJ _| '^mfm n[adVZ' `h EH$ _wI d{m h& ~O^mfm H$s OJh
IS>r~mobr Zo H$m` ^mfm Ho$ n _| WmZ {b`m ''AmO IS>r~mobr Ho$ ^mfm-gmX`, _mXd Ama
A{^ÒZm j_Vm Ho$ XeZ Ho$ nMmV CgH$s H$m`mon`wVVm {ddmXmnX Zht ah J`r h&''
Omo bmoJ IS>r~mobr `moJ na emeH$ Wo Ch| 'O`WdY', '^maV-^maVr' Zo Cn`wVVm
g_Pm`r/{doXrOr Zo ^mfm VWm `mH$aU g~Yr w{Q>`m| H$mo Xya H$a Cgo `moJgm_èrb
~Zm`m& {doXrOr Zo J-n H$s ^mfm ^r EH$-gr H$aZo H$m AmXe-aIm, BgH$m n[aUm_
H${d`m| na hAm& 'h[aAmY' Or Ogo H${d`m| _| Vmo {doXrOr Ho$ gH$V{Z>Vm H$m ^r A^md h
ChmoZo R>oR> {hXwWmZr H$m `moJ '{` dmg' _| {H$`m''_Xr` `mar A{` Hw$O H$mo{H$bm
_wPo ~Vm Vy {T>J Hy$H$ `m CR>r&
{dbmoH$ _oar {Mm-^mpV `m ~Zr
{dfmXVr gH${Mmm Zrnr{S>Vm&''
137
{doXrOr Zo ^mfm H$mo g_`mZw$n ~Xbm& S>m. ZJ| R>rH$ H$hVo h, 'O`W
dY' H$s {gXr Zo dO^mfm Ho$ _moh H$m dY H$a {X`m '^maV-^maVr' H$s bmoH${`Vm
IS>r~mobr H$s {dO`-^maVr {gX hB '' ~O^mfm H$m d^dembr n Yame`r hAm Ama
IS>r~mobr Zo {dH$mg nm`m& ^mfm Ho$ ~XbZo go Omo H$m{V hB dh AmJo {hXr gm{h` _| n> h&
N>Xmo~XVm H$mo `mJH$a ^r H${dVm OZ Ho$ Amoa A{YH$ {ZH$Q> hB&
14. N>X-dN>X :IwX {doXrOr N>Xmo~X VWm VwH$~Xrdmbr H${dVm Ho$ {damoYr Wo Bg{bE
Chm|Z| dN>X H$mo AnZm`m& gH$V dmm| Ho$ AVwH$mV `m AZwmg H$mo ^r Xya {H$`m J`m&
IS>r~mobr _| hr {d{dY N>Xm| H$m gwXa `moJ Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| Zo {H$`m& {hXr, CXy, gH$V
H$mo N>Xm| H$m ^r `moJ CH$> $n go {H$`m& _wVN>X H$s H${dVm H$m `moJ hmoZo bJm&
N>m`mdmXr A{V_ Xma _| Vmo {Zambm Zo '_wVN>X' H${dVm H$m hr nwaH$ma {H$`m& {\$a ^r
lrYa nmR>H$ Zo bmdZr VWm CXy, J`mgmX ewb 'Zohr' Zo CXy, 'h[aAmY' Zo gH$V, N>Xmo
H$m `moJ {H$`m& ~O^mfm_| {OZ H${d`m| Zo aMZmE H$s Chm|Zo amobm, N>n, Hw$S>{b`m,
Jr{VH$m, h[aJr{VH$m, ZmQ>H$,bmdZr, gd`m, H${dm AmXr N>Xm| H$m `moJ {H$`m h& AZoH$
H${d N>X {deof H$m `moJ H$aVo Wo& naVw Bg H$mb H$m H${d ^mfm Ho$ gH$ma H$m` _| aV Wm&
Chm|Zo Zò N>X {Z_mU H$aZo _| H$moB {XbMnr Zht ahr hmoJr&
5Am.3 _y`mH$Z {doXr `wJ _| H$m` d{dY Ho$ gmW ^mfm {ZU` ^r {H$`m J`m& IS>r~mobr H$mo
A{YH$m{YH$ n[aH$V H$aZo H$m _hdnyU H$m` _hmdragmX {doXr Zo {H$`m& CgHo$ `mH$aU
$n na ~b {X`m Cgo H$m` Cn`wV {gX {H$`m& Cgo pWa H$a Cg_| n[andVm bmB &
_Zw` {hV, g_mO{hV, Xoe{hV Ho$ gmW am>r`Vm H$m {dH$mg H$aZo _| {doXr`wJrZ H${dVm
CboIZr` h& _{WbreaU JwV Ogo 'am>H${d' H$m {Z_mU {doXr `wJ H$s XoZ h& Am{VV H$m
{MU, Jmad CZHo$ H$` {df` ^bo H$s aho hmo na dV_mZ na ZOa Amd` Wr& AmXedmX,
_mZdVmdmX, am>dmX, ~mpXH$Vm Ho$ ~b na H${dVm H$m _hb IS>m {H$`m& 'gadVr' H$m
H$me {doXrOr H$m gnmXZ, nH$m[aVm, gm{h`, {Z~Y, AmbmoMZm H$s {Xem _| {ZUm`H$
ahm& g` Ama `m` H$m g_WZ,Zmar geVVm, gm_m` OZ-OrdZ H$m {MU, _mZdr`
JwUm| H$s _hmm, J-n XmoZm| H$s ebr _| n[adVZ H${dVm H$s ^y{_ ahr, {Oggo dh g_X
hB&
{doXr `wJrZ H${dVm gmH${VH$ am>r`Vm H$s H${dVm ahr h& S>m. ZJo Zo H$hm
h,'' Bg `wJ H$s am>r`Vm, gmXm{`H$Vm Ama mVr`Vm go D$na A{V CXma Ama `mnH$
am>r`Vm h& _mV^y{_ Ho$ {bò gdd- ~{bXmZ, dmW, `mJ VWm nmanm[aH$ d_Z` H$mo
Xya H$aZo H$s A_moK oaUm XoH$a BZ H${d`m| Zo AgH$sU am>r` ^mdZm H$mo {dH${gV {H$`m VWm
VH$mbrZ am>r` AmXmobZ H$mo ~b {X`m& '' AZoH$ CMmXem} H$mo Bg `wJ Zo {V>m{nV
{H$`m& gm{h` Ama nH$m[aVm Ho$ gm_Zo BgZo `wJ CMmXe aIm `hr H$maU h H$s Bgo
138
'OmJaU' `m 'gwYma' H$mb Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h& _`mXm, Vmn, ^m, gadVr, BXy
Ogo {gX amOZr{VH$ Ed gm{h`-gH${V g~Yr nm| H$m H$meZ Bgr H$mb _| hAm&
(IS>r~mobr) ^mfm,`mH$aU {d_e Bgr H$mb H$s CnO h& {doXr `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo H${dVm H$mo
AmJo ~T>m`m& `mnH$ n _| dh g_mO-Xoe Ho$ dm _| \$b MwH$s& 'JâS>m ah`'mam
ZWwam_ e_m 'eH$a' Ho$ H$m` Zo qhXy Y_ Ed g_mO gwYma H$s ^mdZm OJm`r& {dYdmAm| H$s
~war pWVr VWm _{Xam| _| MbZodmbo XwamMma H$m nXm\$me {H$`m h& 'hm``J' H${dVm H$m
O~aXV h_bm gm_m{OH$, Ym{_H$, amOZr{VH$, gmH${VH$, N>XmdaU na hAm& gwYma
Ama gKf H$m `h H$mb ahm& AmXedmX VWm VH$-~wpXdmX Zo CZ_| gw`mo` g_d` bm`m&
5Am.4 Cnghma :Bg H$mb go ^mfm Ed gm{h` gH$ma mV hE& _m{bH$ H${V`m| H$m gOZ
hAm& Ogo, {`dmg, O`dY, ^maV^maVr, èmoYam, n{WH$,Am{X& {Z~Y H$m {dH$mg
hAm EH$ Amoa gaXma nyUqgh Ho$ CMH$mo{Q> Ho$ ^mdm_H$ {Z~Y h Vmo Xygar Amoa Jwboar Or Ho$
^mfmemr` {Z~Y, AbmoMZm _| VwbZm_H$, JdofZm_H$, ^mdm_H$ VWm emr` g_rjm
nX{V`m| H$s Ztd nS>r& nX_qgh e_m, am_M ewb, {doXr Bgr `wJ Ho$ {gX AbmoMH$
h& H$hmZrH$mam| _|, o_MX, gmX, H$m{eH$, Jwboar gwXeZ Zo `wJ Wm{nV {H$`m& ^maVoXw
H$mb H$s Anojm Cn`mg {dYm _| J{V hB Jmonmbam_ Jhâr, {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r,
dXmdZbmb d_m, o_MX Bgr `wJ _| hE {hXr Ho$ {bE {demb AmXmobZ IS>m hAm& 1893
_| H$mer ZmJar M[aUr H$s WmnZm hB& 1900 _| XodZmJar AmXmbV _| nhMr& 1897 _|
'ZmJar M[aUr n{H$m' ew hB& S>r. E. dr. H$mboOg Ho$ Ama {dd{dmb`m| Ho$ O[aE {hXr
A``Z, A`mnZ, H$s ^mfm ~Zr& B{Vdmm_H$Vm Zo gm{h` H$mo Mmam_H$ ~Zm`m& AmXe
Ho$ _moh Ho$ H$maU H${dVm H$m dm^m{dH$ {dH$mg AdX hmo J`m& AN>r ~mVm| H$m Mma hmoZm
AN>r ~mV h na H$bm_H$Vm H$mo ZH$maZm gm{h` H$bm Ho$ {bE gdWm A`mo` h, Bg_| Xmo
am` Zht hmoZr Mm{hE&
5Am.4 ~moY Z 1. {doXr wJrZ bjUmo H$mo aoIm{H$V H$s{OE&

2. {doXr wJrZ H$m gwYma H$m H$m h MMm H$s{OE&
139
N>m`mdmX
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

N>m`mdmX-Zm_H$aU
N>m`mdmX-n[a^mfm Ama dn
N>m`mdmX-H$m` d{m`m
_y`mH$Z
Cnghma
~moY Z
6.0 BH$mB H$m Co

H$.
I.
J.
K.
S>.
M.
N>.
N>mmdmX H$m CX^d Ed {dH$mg H$go hAm?

N>mmdmX {H$go Ama m| H$hm OmVm h&
N>mmdmXr H$m Ho$ bjU H$mZgo h Bgo XoIZm-naIZm&
N>mmdmX Ho$ hd H$mo aoIm{H$V H$aZm&
N>mmdmX Zo H$m Ho$ {df Ed ebr | {ZVmV n[adVZ {H$m h&
N>mmdmXr H${dVm H$m H$m H$s {> go ymH$Z H$aZm&
N>mmdmXr H${dm| H$s OrdZ {> H$m n[aM boZm&
6.1 VmdZm/n[aM` Xmo {dd`wX Ho$ ~rM AWmV gZ 1914 go 1919 VWm 1939 go 1944 Ho$
~rM Omo H${dVm {bIr J`r Cgo gm_m`V: N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h&
dVwV: `h dN>XVmdmXr H${dVm h, {OgH$s A{^`{V H$m Zm_ {hXr gm{h` _|
N>m`mdmXr hAm& N>m`mdmXr gm{h` H$bm Ed ^md Ho$ jo _| CâH$a Am`m hAm _hdnyU
Ed _hmZ AmXmobZ h& Omo ZdrZ {ejm nXVr, ~mbmgm{h` H$m gnH$, ^maV _|
gm_m`dm{X`m| H$s Amoa go Xoe emofU Ho$ {bE bm`m J`m ``wJ H$m {damoY, {dXoer gmm {V
{dmoh, {doXr `wJrZ Z{VH$Vm, AmXedmX, B{Vdmm_H$Vm H$s WwbVm {V gw_ {damoYr
{V{H$`m, dmYrZVm VWm _mZdr` _w`m| H$s {V>m hoVy, Zd H$nZm, {~~-VrH$ H$s gwXa
`moOZm mam H${V H$m _Zmohmar dUZ, Um`mZw^y{V H$s A{^`{V, gm_Vr _w`m| H$m
{damoY, Zmar gmX` dUZ Ed CgH$s j_Vm go _w{V Ho$ {bE AhmZ, gKf Ho$ n[aUm_m|,
Am`m_m| H$mo CXKm{Q>V H$aZo Ho$ {bE 'N>m`m' Ho$ n _| CâH$a Am`m dmX 'N>m`mdmX' Ho$ Zm_
go OmZm OmVm h& Bg_| EH$ Ama gm_m{OH$ gmH${VH$ ^mdYmam Ho$ XeZ hmoVo h Vmo Xwgar
Amoa OrdZ Ama OJV Ho$ {V {ZVmV d`{VH$, amJm_H$ AZw^y{V`m| H$m A{^`{VH$aU&
140
Z`r Amem-AmH$mjm H$m `h Z`m H$m` {hXr gm{h` _| A_w` WmZ aIVm h& H${dVm H$mo
Z`r {Xem XoVm h, ^mfm Ho$ jo _| '_wV N>X' `m ~YZm| go a{hV H$s Anojm H$a Cgo dN>X
JrV-JrVm_H$ gJrVm_H$ nm| _|, b` _| `V H$aVm h& VrH$ Ama {~~m| H$s Z`r
H$nZm Ed {dVma ^r Bgr `wJ _| hAm& H$B {>`m| go `h H$m` _hdnyU h&
6.2 N>m`mdmX-Zm_H$aU :Ama^ | AmMm` ewb Zo ~mbm H$s A`m_rH$Vm, ah`dmX H$m {damoY H${dVm
_| {H$`m& ''ah`dmX Ho$ H$maU do adrZmW Ho$ H$m` go ^r Ch| {da{V Wr& {deof n go
'JrVmObr' go& CgH$s ah`m_H$ A{^`{V do H$VB ~XmV Zht H$a nm aho Wo&'' _hmdra
gmX {doXr H$mo ^r N>m`mdmXr H${dVm go {damoY Wm ChmoZo _B 1927 H$s gadVr _|
'gwH${d qH$H$a' Bg N>X^ Zm_ go' AmO H$b Ho$ H${d Ama {hXr H${dVm' Zm_H$ boI _|
N>m`mdmX H$s ^gZm H$s Wr Ch| 'N>m`mdmXr H${dVm JmoaIYYm bJr Wr.. Cgo Chm|Zo
An` _mZH$a N>moS> {X`m Wm& '' d` {doXr Or Zo 'N>m`mdmX' Ho$ AW H$mo g_PmZo H$s
Mo>m Bgr boI | H$s h- ''N>m`mdmX go bmoJm| H$m `m _Vb~ h Hw$N> g_P _| Zht AmVm&
em`X CZH$m _Vb~ h {H$ {H$gr H${dVm Ho$ ^mdm| H$s N>m`m `{X H$ht A` OmH$a nS>o Vmo
Cgo N>m`mdmXr-H${dVm H$hZm Mm{hE& '' ewb Ama {doXrOr Zo N>m`mdmXr H${dVm H$m {damoY
{H$`m Wm {H$Vw N>m`mdmX `h Zm_ _m {hXr _| wV hmo ahm Wm& {OgH$m gdW_ `moJ
1920 _| 'lr emaXm' Zm_H$ n{H$m _| _wHw$Q>Ya nmS>o` Ho$ boIm| _| hAm& Chm|Zo '{hXr _|
N>m`mdmX' Zm_ go Mma boI {bIo Wo& gmW hr {H$gr gwerbHw$_ma mam ^r "{hXr _| N>m`mdmX
'Zm_H$ Xmo boI' gadVr _| 1921 H$mo H$m{eV hE Wo& g^d h BgH$m `moJ _wHw$Q>Ya
nmS>o` Zo {H$`m hmo& H$e: _wHw$Q>Ya nmS>o` Zo AJoOr `m ~mbm gm{h` _| `wV
'{_pQ>{g_' VWm gw{ebHw$_ma Zo 'H$moao H$mJX H$s ^mVr An>', {Z_b ~ H$s {deX
N>m`m, dmUr H$s ZradVm, {ZVYVm H$m CN>dmg Ed AZV H$m {dbmg H$hm h& ''
_wH$Q>Ya nmS>o mam `wV 'N>m`mdmX' eX ``m_H$ _mZm OmZm h&
AmJo MbH$a OèH$a gmX Zo ^r CgH$m Zm_H$aU {H$`m ''_moVr Ho$ ^rVa N>m`m
Ogr VabVm hmoVr h& dgr hr H$mVr H$s VabVm AJ _| bmd` H$hr OmVr h&... N>m`m
^maVr` {> go AZw^y{V d A{^`{V H$s ^{J_m na {Zâ H$aVr Wr& d`m_H$Vm,
bmj{UH$Vm, gmX`_` VrH$ {dYmZ VWm CnMma dH$Vm Ho$ gmW dmZw^y{V H$s {dH${m
N>m`mdmX H$s {deofVm h& AnZo ^rVa go nmZr H$s Vah AmVa-ne H$aHo$ ^mfm-g_nU
H$aZodmbr A{^`{V N>m`m.. H$m{V_` hmoVr h& ''
_hmXodr d_m Zo ^r gmX H$s Vah H$hm- ''g{> Ho$ ~mmH$ma na BVZm {bIm Om
MwH$m Wm {H$ _Zw` H$m X` A{^`{V Ho$ {bE amo CR>m& dN>X N>X _| {M{V CZ _mZd
AZw^y{V`m| H$m Zm_ N>m`m Cn`wV hr Wm Ama _wPo AmO ^r Cn`wV bJVm h&''
''N>m`mdmX'' Zm_ Mb nS>m gm_m`V: CgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ Mma H$maU ~Zmò OmVo h&' 1.
{doXr `wJ H$s B{Vdmm_H$Vm go ZmamOJr 2. AJoOr Ho$ amo_m[Q>H$ H${d`m| H$m ^md 3.
a{dZmW H$s dN>VmdmXr, ah`dmXr H${dVm H$m ^md 4. VH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$,
141
amOZr{VH$ Ama Am{WH$ n[apW{V go Cn {Zamem Ama CXmgr& R>rH$ Eogo g_` H${d
EH$mVdmgr '`moJr' hE H$nZm CZH$m ghmam ~Zr& Cg H$nZm, dZ Ho$ ^rVa Omo _hb
IS>m hAm dh {hXr _| N>m`mdmX Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h&
_m N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Bg `wJ H$s XoZ Zht dh {doXr `wJ go hr ma^ hmo MwH$s Wr&
lrYa nmR>H$, am_ Zaoe {nmR>r Zo Cg H$ma H$s H${dVmAm| H$m boIZ {H$`m Wm&
dN>XVmdmX Ho$ Vd CZH$s H${dVm go hr mV hmoVo h& ''Xr CZHo$ H$m`, {_bZ,n{WH$
Ama dZ H$m {d{YdV A``Z {H$`m OmE Vmo CZ_| A{YH$me 'N>m`mdmXr H$m`m|' Ho$ gy
{_b OmEJo& Hw$N> CXmhaUm| go `h ~mV n> hmo OmEJr& _gbZ '{_bZ' H$m` H$s n{V`m~rVr, {Zem, Cfm CR> AmB/nhZ gwZham Mra& '' {Oh| nT>H$a gmX Or H$s '~rVr {d^mdar
OmJar' H$s dm^m{dH$ n go `mX Am OmVr h& Bgr H$ma {nmR>r Or H$s 'ZrMo g_w
_Zmoha/D$na Zrb JJZ h& ' go 'H$mmZr' H$s ma{^H$ n{V`m| ''ZrMo Ob Wm, D$na {h_
Wm'' H$s _{V VmOm hmo OmVr h& {nmR>r Or Zo 'Amgy' erfH$ go ^r H${dVm {bIr Wr
{OgH$s ma{^H$ n{V`m gmX Ho$ 'Amgy' H$s ma{^H$ n{V`m| go {_bVr- OwbVr h: N>oS>mo
_V {ZH$b nS>|Jo H$h X|Jo / BZ AmgwAm| | B{Vhmg h X` Ho$& ' Bgr H$ma {nmR>r Or H$s
''AmH$a H$mZ hg J`m V_ _|' H$s {VN>{d 'H$mZ V_ Ho$ nma ao H$h' _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h&
H$mZ, `m, H$hm Ogo ZmHw$b da {nmR>r Or H$s H${dVmAm| go hr ew hmoVo h& Omo
N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ho$ ^r M[a {ZYmaH$ da ~ZVo h& '' Bg {> go N>m`mdmXr H${dVm {bIZo
dmbo Mma AmYma V^ h, gw{_mZXZ nV, OèH$a gmX, gy`H$mV {nmR>r '{Zambm' Ama
_hmXodr d_m& BZHo$ Abmdm am_Hw$_ma d_m, ^JdVrMaU d_m, CXèH$ma ^>, Za| e_m,
am_oda ewb 'AmMb' h[aH$U o_r, OmZH$sdb^ emr, gw^m Hw$_mar MmhmZ,
{dmdVr H$mo{H$b Am{X`m| Zo N>m`mdmXr H$m` d{m`m| go `wJ-H$m` {bIm&
6.3 N>m`mdmX-n[a^mfm {d{^ {dXdmZm|, H${d`m| Zo N>m`mdmX H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m h&
AmMm` am_M ewb Zo H$hm h- ''N>m`mdmX eX H$m `moJ Xmo AWm] _| g_PZm hmoJm 1. Vmo
ah`dmX Ho$ AW _|, Ohm CgH$m g~Y H$m`-dVw go hmoVm h AWmV Ohm H${d Cg AZV
Ama AkmV {`V_ H$mo Amb~Z ~ZmH$a A`V {M_`r ^mfm _| o_ H$s AZoH$ H$ma go
ÒZm H$aVm h& Ogo nwamZo gVm|, gmYH$m| Ho$ N>m`m^mg Ama `wamonr` nm_H$ Am^mg hmoVo
h& ~Jmb _| ~ g_mO Zo d{VV H$a Am`m_rH$ VrH$dmX Ho$ AZwH$aU na JrV `m ÔZ
~ZZo bJo do 'N>m`mdmX' H$hbmZo bJo& ~Jmb _| a{d Ho$ mam `hr eX gm{h` _| Am`m& dhm
go {hXr gm{h` _|& '' Bg H$ma
''N>m`mdmX H$m gm_m` AW hAm VwV Ho$ WmZ na AVwV H$m H$WZ'' ~mX
_| ''N>m`mdmX eX H$m `moJ {deof H$mèbr `m VrH$dmX ebr A` jom| _| `wV hmoZo
bJr&''
'N>m`mdmX' A`m_rH$Vm o_ H$mo boH$a Mbm Bg{bE dh ah`dmX Ho$ AVJV hr
AmVm h&
142
ewb Or N>m`mdmX H$s n[a^mfm XoVo hE Omo Hw$N> ^r n> H$aVo h CgH$m {ZH$f
{ZZ hmoJm1. ^maVr` gVm|, gmYH$m| VWm `wamonr` Am^mgm_H$ (VrH$dmXr) H${dVm H$mo ~Jmb
_| N>m`mdmX H$hm OmZo bJm dhr Ymam {hXr _| Am`r&
2. N>m`mdmX EH$ {d{e> H$ma H$s ({VH$) H$m` ebr h&
3. N>m`mdmX Ama ah`mdmX XmoZm| EH$ Xwgao Ho$ AVJV AmVo h&
4. `wamon _| {Ogo 'amo_|{Q>{g_' H$hm J`m Cgo {hXr _| 'N>m`mdmX'&
n. ZXXwbmao dmOno`r:- ''_mZd VWm H${V Ho$ 'gw_' {H$Vw '`V' gmX`
_| Am`mp_H$ N>m`m H$m ^md N>m`mdmX h& '' N>m`mdmX EH$ Amoa `V gmX` {> go g~Y
aIVm h Vmo ah`dmX g_{> gmX` Ho$ A`V gmX` {> go&''
''N>m`mdmX' H$s _w` oaUm Ym{_H$ Z hmoH$a _mZdr` Ama gmH${VH$ h&''
''N>m`mdmX _| AmYw{ZH$ `wJmZwHw$b Am`mp_H$Vm H$s ^mdZm h&''
''Bg_| _mZd Ama H${V _w` {df` h, {H$Vw BZH$m gw_-gmX`-XeZ hr
_wI h&''
dmOno`r Eogo nhbo AmbmoMH$ h {Ohm|Zo N>m`mdmX H$mo R>rH$ go nhMmZ H$a Cg
H$m` H$mo {V>m Xr& _mZdVmdmXr Ama AmYw{ZH$ {>H$moZ go CgH$m {dbofU {H$`m&
N>m`mdmX H$s 'gmX` {> H$s {d{e>Vm' H$m {VnmXZ {H$`m& '' _mZd AWdm H${V Ho$ gw_
{H$Vw `V gmX` _| A`mp_H$ N>m`m H$m ^mZ _oao {dMma go N>m`mdmX H$s EH$ gd_m`
`m`m hmo gH$Vr h& '' ah`dmX Ama N>m`mdmX Ho$ AVa H$mo g_PmVo hE 'Cgo gmH${VH$
A`mp_H$Vm' Ho$ D$Mo WmZ na {V{>V {H$`m& CZHo$ _VmZwgma N>m`mdmX H$s _wb oaUm
_mZdr` Ama gmH${VH$ h& Bg{bE dh ah`dmX {\$a Mmho dh gVmo H$m hmo `m `wamon H$m
Cg_o N>m`mdmX {^ h& '' BgHo$ ZdrZ _mZdr` OrdZ _| Am_-gmX` H$s PbH$ XoIr Ama
Bg{bE Cgo AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s dV {MVZ-Ymam'' _mZm h&
AmMm` hOmargmX {doXr Zo ewb H$s _m`VmAm| H$m IS>U H$aVo hE ~mbm go
CgHo$ AmZo H$mo ^m_H$ _mZVo h& CZHo$ AZwgma 1. N>m`mdmX Zm_ {~Zm gmoMo-g_Po OX {X`m J`m Wm, {Og_|
(H$) ''_mZdVmdmXr {>H$moZ YmZ Wm (I) H${d AnZo {dMmam| H$mo `{VJV
{MVm Ama AZw^y{V Ho$ aJ _| aJmH$a A{^`V H$aVo Wo& (J) Cg_| _mZdr`
{ddmgm|, AmMmam|, {H$`mAm| Mo>mAm| Ho$ ~Xbo VWm ~XbVo hE _w`m| H$mo drH$maZo
H$s d{m Wr& (K) Cg_| N>X,AbH$ma, ag, Vmb, VwH$ Ogo nanam~X go Xya
ahZo H$m ^md Wm& (S>.) Cg_o emr` [T>`m| Vr H$moB AWm Zhr Wr&''
2. N>m`mdmX EH$ {demb gmH${VH$ MoVZm H$m n[aUm_ Wm, Cg_| Z`r {ejm Ho$ ^md h
VWm dh Ho$db nmMm` H$m ^md Zht h& H${d`m| H$s A`VarH$ AmHw$bmhQ> ZdrZ
^mfm-ebr _| A{^`V hB h& ''
3. g^r H${d`m| _| WmoS>r- ~hV Am`mp_H$ A{^`{V H$s `mHw$bVm Wr& AWmV
{doXOr `h n> H$aVo h H$s N>m`mdmX {ZVmV ^maVr` gmH${VH$ MoVZm go _wV
h naVy Cgna nmMm` ^md h& _mZdVmdmXr {dMmaYmam H$s d`{VH$ {MVZ
^y_r, ZdrZ OrdZ _y`m| H$s drH${V, Z`r ebr _| `V hB h& '' Cg_|
143
''_mZdr` VWm gmH${VH$ H$maUm| go Cn Am`mp_H$ AZw^y{V H$s A{^`{V
hB h&''
JJmgmX nmS>o`:- ''{H$gr dVw _| EH$ AkmV, ''gmU N>m`m H$s PmH$s nmZm
AWdm Amamon H$aZm N>m`mdmX h& '' AWmV `h n> hmoVm h H$s ah`dmX. H$s A{V_
n[aU{V N>m`mdmX h&
empV{` {doXr:- ''N>m`mdmX EH$ Xme{ZH$ AZw^y{V h& '' `h ah`mdmXr AW
_| hr N>m`mdmX H$mo g_PVr h VWm An> ^r h&
S>m. am_Hw$_ma d_m:- ''na_m_m H$s N>m`m Am_m na nS>Zo bJVr h Ama Am_m
H$s N>m`m na_m_m na `hr N>m`mdmX h& '' dm Or ^r ewb H$s Vah `h N>m`mdmX H$mo
ah`dmX H$m A{^ n _mZVo h&
S>m. ZJ|:- ''WwbVm Ho$ {V gw_ {dmoh'' Ho$ n _| drH$maVo h& `hr
n[a^mfm gdm{YH$ T> h& gw n _| H$m` Ho$ jo _| O~-O~ WwbVm H$s WmnZm hmoZo
bJVr h, V~ CgHo$ Vr {dmoh hmoZo bJVm h& dh {en, ^mfm, {df` BZ {VZm| H$m`mJmo _|
WwbVm O~ doe H$aVr h V~ CgHo$ {V {dmoh gw_Vm go WmZ JhU H$aVm h& do
CXmhaU ^r XoVo h& {doXr H$mbrZ H${dVm {df`, ^mfm Ama {en H$s {> go ~S>r hr
B{Vdmm_H$, A{^Ym^ybH$ Ama Wwb h& CgHo$ {V {dmoh dm^m{dH$ hr Wm&
amOZr{VH$ n go ''N>m`mdmX-`wJ ^maV Ho$ {bE Ap_Vm H$s ImoO H$m `wJ h& ''
EH$ Ama OZVm XmgVm Ho$ H$maU A_Ho${V hr JB Wr, {T> JV hmo MwH$s Wr& Eogo _| BgmB
Y_ MmaH$ ^r ^maVr` Y_ H$s {ZgmaVm H$mo {Vnm{XV H$a aho Wo& '' EH$ Amoa amOZr{VH$
j_Vm Xygar Amoa go gmH${VH$ AmH$_U' Zo {MVH$m| H$mo gmoMZo Ho$ {bE dm {H$`m& JmYr
H$m doe amOZr{V _| hmo MwH$m& gm_m`dm{X`m| Ho$ {V {dmoh ^md Vrd hAm VWm g`mJh,
Aqhgm, A`m_, Cndmg, _mZ Ogo Ym{_H$, A`mp_H$ Ogo gw_ _w`m| Ho$ {VlXm ~T>
JB S>m. ZJ| Zo Bgo hr ''Wwb go {d_wI hmoH$a gy_ Ho$ {V {dmoh ''H$hm h&
S>m. am_{dbmg e_m:- N>m`mdmX H$mo _`dJu` MoVZm _mZH$a {bIVo h''N>m`mdmX Wwb Ho$ {V gy_ H$m {dmoh Zht ahm daZ WmoWr Z{VH$Vm, {T>dmX Ama
gm_Vr-gm_m`dmXr ~YZm| Ho$ {V {dmoh H$hm h& ''
dVwV: `h {H$gr ^r H$ma Ho$ ~YZm| Vr, {deofV: gm_m`dmX, gm_VdmX,
Xoer nwOrdmX Ho$ {V _mgdmXr {dmoh Ho$ n _| am_{dbmgOr XoIVo h&
AbmoMH$m| Ho$ Abmdm N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo ^r 'N>m`mdmX' H$s n[a^mfm Xr h&
OèH$a gmX:- ''N>m`m ^maVr` {> go AZw^y{V Ama A{^`{V H$s ^{J_m
na A{YH$ {Zâ H$aVr h& d`m_H$Vm, bmj{UH$Vm, gmX`, H${V-{dYmZ VWm CnMma
dH$Vm Ho$ gmW dmZw^y{V H$s {dd{m N>m`mdmX H$s {deofVmE h& '' gmX Or N>m`mdmX _|
dmZw^y{V H$s d{m, H$Vr H$m gwXa gOrd dUZ, Ama ebr {d{dYVm _| `wJmZn doXZm H$s
A{^`{V H$mo drH$maVo h&
gw{_mZXZ nV:- nV N>m`mdmX H$mo `wamonr` amo_m{Q>{g_ go ^m{dV _mZVo h&
Bg{bE Cg_| ''doXZmZw^y{V' amo_m{Q>H$ emoH$'' Ho$ n AmB h& dS>gdW H$s H${dVm _|
mH${VH$ gwXaVm Ho$ gmW mH${VH$ H$U Ama {Zamem Ho$ ^md PbH$Vo h AWmV gmX
144
N>m`mdmX H$mo ^maVr` gH$aU _mZVo h Vmo nV `wamonr`& 'nbd' H$s ^y{_H$m _o `h _V
Am`m h''
_hmXodr d_m:- ''N>m`mdmX Wwb H$s {V{H$`m _| Cn hAm Wm& ... N>m`mdmX
Zo H$moB {T>JV, A`m_ `m dJJV {gXmVm| H$m gM` Z XoH$a h_| Ho$db g_{>JV MoVZm
Ama gw_JV gmX` gmm H$s Amoa OmJH$ H$a {X`m Wm, Bgr go Cgo `WmW n _| JhU
H$aZm h_mao {bE H${R>Z hmo J`m& '' _hmXodrOr Zo ''Wwb H$s {V{H$`m Ed gw_ gmX` gmm
H$s Amoa OmJH$Vm', '`wJmZwn doXZm H$s {ddmr, nbm`Z Zhr,' '`{VJV AmZw^y{V H$s
dN>XVm'', H${V Ho$ Vr gdm_dmX H$m AZw^d AmXr H$s A{^`{V JrVm_H$ nmo _|
R>rH$ T>J go hmo gH$Vr h, Eogm _mZm h&
CV g^r n[a^mfmAm| go N>m`mdmX H$m dn {H$g H$ma H$m Wm `h n> hmo
OmVm h& gdgm_V n[a^mfm H$m A^md ahm h& {\$a ^r òH$ n[a^mfm EH$ d{m H$mo COmJa
H$aVr h {H$Vw h_ gm_m` n go H$h gH$Vo h H$s, N>m`mdmX {d{e> AZw^y{V H$s {d{e>
A{^`{V h& H${dVm {df`, d{m, ebr, ^mfm, g_{>, Zmar, H${V, Ama ^r Hw$N> Ho$ g~Y
_| Bg {deof H$m` {> H$mo h_ nmVo h& N>m`mdmX EH$ `wJ {deof KQ>Zm ahr h& {Ogo {d{^
{dmZm| Zo {d{^ {>H$moZm| go XoIZo, OmZZo g_PZo, Ho$ `Z {H$ò h&
6.4 N>m`mdmX : H$m` d{m`m

n[a^mfmAm| XoIVo g_` h_Zo N>m`mdmX H$s {d{^ d{m`m| H$m {OH$ {H$`m h&
{\$a ^r `h `mZ aho H$s H$m` H$s {df` dVw H$s ImoO _| N>m`mdmXr H${d ~mha Zhr PmH$Vm
~H$s ^rVa H$s Ama bmQ>Vm h& Bg{bE dh g~go nhbo gmO go, H${V go, CgH$s Amoa go
Zht ~H$s AnZr Amoa AWmV {> go XoIVm h& Xme{ZH$ Ed A`m_rH$ nj Ho$ gmW Zmar
gmX` am>r`-gm_m{OH$ ^mdZm ^r {XImB XoVr h& CgH$s _hdnyU d{m`m| H$m {ddoMZ
{ZZ h1. d`{VH$Vm :`h N>m`mdmX H$s YmZ d{m h& AmYw{ZH$ gm_m`dmX, Ammo{JH$Vm go
nw[aV emofU gm_Vr `dWm VWm ^maVr` nwOrdmXr `dWm Ho$ {dH$mg _|
d`{VH$Vm H$m {dH$mg hAm h& ~mX _| BgH$m ~hX {dH$mg XeZ. gmX`dUZ,
H${V, ah`m_H$Vm, {en, ^mfm Ho$ {damoY d dUZ _o `V hAm h& {doXr
`wJrZ B{Vdmm_H$Vm, Wwb XeZ Ho$ Vr N>m`mdmX _| gy_ gmX` Ama d`{VH$
amJ-{damJ H$s WmnZm H${dVm _| hB& d`{VH$Vm Ho$ H$maU dN>VmdmX
N>m`mdm{X`m| _| nZnm& Chm|Zo H$m` Ho$ ^md VWm H$bm nj _| ZrVr `{Vd H$mo hr
CVmam& gm_m{OH$ {T>`m| Ho$ {V, AmYw{ZH$ {ejm Ho$ n[aUm_ dn {dmoh hAm&
S>m. Zm_da qgh {bIVo h- nhbo Vmo Cgo new-n{j`m| H$s Vah mH${VH$ OrdZ _|
hr AnZr ZrOVm, dVVm Ama Am_^md H$s g^mdZm {XImB nS>r, {H$Vw ~mX _|
O~ H$X_-H$X_ na CgH$m gKf gm_m{OH$ {T>`m| go hmoZo bJm Vr CgZo AnZo
`{Vd H$mo CgHo$ {VamoY _| IS>m {H$`m&'' 'Am_H$`' CgH$m {df` hmo J`m
145
'_' CgH$s ebr hmo JB& {Zambm Zo Vmo n> H$hm_Zo _ ebr AnZmB, XoIm EH$ Xw:Ir {ZO ^mB
Xw:I H$s N>m`m nS>r X` _| PQ> C^S> doXZm AmB&&''
AJoOr {ejm go `{V H$s Ap_Vm, {d{e>Vm Ama CgHo$ ^rVar Ah go `{VJV
MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hmo OmVm h& Bg{bE ^r Bg `wJ _| 'd`{VH$Vm H$s MoVZm' Ho$ XeZ, Y_,
amOZr{V, gm_mOZr{V, AWZr{V Ogo OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY jom| _o {XImB XoVo h& n[aUm_V: `h
'_' AWmV 'd' H$m H$m` hmo J`m, ZrOr ^mdZmAm| dZm| H$m H$m` hmo J`m& CgH$s AnZr
Xw~bVmE ^r CgZo H$m` _| aI Xr& g_mO ^` go do Hw$N> ^r {N>nmVo Zht, U`mZw^y{V H$mo ^r
Zht& ''nV Or Zo 'CN>dmg', 'Amgy' Ama 'J{W' _| U`mZw^y{V H$s A~mY A{^`{V H$s&
'CN>dmg' H$s gab ~m{bH$m H$moB Am`mp_H$ gmm Zht h, Ama Z CgHo$ gmW `V
{H$`m hAm U`-g~Y H$moB A`mp_H$ ^mdZm h& grYo eXm| _| '~m{bH$m _oar _Zmoa_ {_
Wr'& bo{H$Z g_mO Vmo Eogr MrOmo H$mo ~XmV H$a Zht gH$Vm, Bg{bE Cg bmN>Z Ho$
{dX AnZo o_ H$s n{dVm'' H$mo ^r Kmo{fV H$aVm hA^r Vmo A~ VH$ nmdZ o_
Zht H$hbm`m nmnmMma
hB _wPH$mo hr _{Xam AmO
hmW `h JJm-Ob H$s Ymam&
gmX nV, _hmXodr {Zambm _| d`{VH$Vm AV_wIVm go CnOr h, H$^r do
AnZr AZw^y{V H$m ^md H${V, dVw AWdm `{V na XoIVo h Vmo H$^r dVw, H${V,
AWdm `{V H$m ^md AnZr AZw^y{V`m| na& gmX Ho$ 'bha', 'PaZm', 'Amgy' nV Ho$
'nbd', 'drUm', JWr', {Zambm H$s 'Jr{VH$m' gamoO _{V, dZ ~obm _hmXodr H$s m_m,
Xrn{eIm Am{X aMZmE Bg H$ma H$s h&
'H$m_m`Zr' H$m _Zw `{VJV H$s ImoO H$aVm hAm AmHw$bmVm h dh H$hVm hdh Jwhm O _ AMb _o h ImoO ahm AnZm {dH$mg ! ''Am_{dH$mg H$s Q>moh _|
{ZH$bm `h AmYw{ZH$ _Zw Yrao-Yrao `wJmV VH$ OmVo-OmVo BVZm `{VdmXr hAm ""_ Vmo
A~mYJ{V _V g`, h Mmh ahm AnZo _Z H$s!'' Ama AV _| `h doN>mMmar _Zw gnyU
g_mO Ho$ {dX hr `wX Kmo{fV H$aVm h& {d{MVm Vmo `h h H$s OmV H$s Zmd ma^ _|
Cgr Zo S>mbr, dhr gd gmmYmar {ZaHw$e emgH$ hAm Ama g_mO {damoY Ho$ H$maU AV _|
Km`b hmoH$a g_mO go Xya H$bmg ndV na nbm`Z H$aVm h& ''`{VdmX Ho$ H$B q~Xy
N>m`mdmX _| h& H$^r dh AnZo hr `{Vd _| d`{VH$ h, H$^r {ZOZ H${V _|, H$^r
g_mO _o, AnZr hr H$nZm-{dbmg _|, gm_m{OH$-gm_Vr _y`m| Ho$ {dX AgVmof Ama
{Zamem _|& {OgH$m n[aUm_ `h hAm H$s dh `{V{Z> ~Z J`m& '' {dd-`Wm go `{WV
hmoZo H$s ~Om` AnZr `Wm go {dd-`{WV hmoZo H$s H$nZm H$aZo bJm& '' BgH$m EH$ N>moa
a{d H$s {MH$m[aVm, _| h Vmo Xwgam 'B{Vdmm_H$Vm' _| naVy BZH$s `{VJVVm UVm H$s
Zht MoVZm H$s gyMH$ h& CZH$s `{VJVm Yrao-Yrao gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ nj _| CXmmVm H$m
dn JhU H$aVr h& {Zambm H$s 'gamoO _{V' gmX H$m_m`Zr, nV H$s 'ZmH$m{dhma',
_hmXodr H$s H$Um, Xw:IdmX `h g^r g_{>JVVm Ho$ CXmhaU h&
146
`{VdmX H$s dN>XVm H$m EH$ Xwgam nj dN>XVm `m hbmdmX H$s _pV âo
Amb_ _| CâH$a Am`m&
2. gmX` ^mdZm :N>m`mdmXr gmX` ^mdZm ar{VH$mb H$s Vah Zmar Ho$ eara VH$ gr{_V Zht h,
Z {doXr `wJ H$s Vah Wwb, ~H$s gw_ gmX` Ho$ XeZ Cg_| hmoVo h& d`{VH$Vm
Ho$ H$maU CZH$s gmX` {> H$m {dVma hAm& `h gmX` ~moY Ho$db H${V {MU
VH$ gr{_V Zhr h, ~pH$ _mZdr` gmX` ~moY _| 'Wwb emar[aH$Vm H$s OJh
dW _mgb VWm ^mdm_H$ emo^m ^r h'' N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ {bE Zmar H$Um
H$m gmX` AmH$me ^mVr Wm''H$nmobm| _| Ca H$m _Xy ^md
ldU Z`Zmo _| {` ~Vmd
gab gHo$Vm| _| gH$moM
_Xwb AYam| _| _Yya Xwamd''
BZ n{V`m| _| Zmar Ho$ ~mh`mH$ma Ho$ gmW CgHo$ gwXa AJm| g_doV AV[aH$
^md-gmX` H$s PmH$s {XImB XoVr h& gmX H$s 'H$m_m`Zr' _| Am`m Zmar bmm H$m gmX`
hmo, `m {Zambm H$s 'gamoO _{V' _| Am`m gamoO H$m ^mdm_H$, CH$Q>, lJmarH$ Ed ew^
VWm Z`m gmX` dUZ""Vy Iwbr EH$ CN>dmg-gJ
{ddmg-VY ~Y AJ-AJ
ZV Z`Zm| go AmbmoH$ CVa
H$mnm AYam| na Wa-Wa-Wa&''
gmX` H$s AZoH$ H$mo[Q>`m N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| Am`r h& dVw, ^md, _Z Ho$ AZwn_
gmX` H$m JhamB go AZw^d H${d`m| Zo {H$`m Bg{bE 'Amgy' H$Um H$m, 'bha|' Cgmh H$m
Ama 'MmXZr' na_ gmm Ho$ gHo$V XoVr h& gmX` Ho$ Vr do ~S>o VQ>W ^r h Vmo Am_r` ^r&
H${V gmX` Zo Bh| _mZ{d` gmX` VH$ nhMm`m& CZH$s gmX` ^mdZm H$mo CXmm, ^` Ama
{X`Vm XmZ H$s& EH$ Amoa gmX Zo lXm Ho$ ear[aH$ gmX` H$m {MU a_Ur` n go
{H$`m''Zrb n[aYmZ ~rM gwHw$_ma,
{Ib ahm _Xwb AY{Ibm AJ&
{Ibm hmo `m| {~Obr H$m y$b,
_oKdZ ~rM Jwbm~r aJ& ''
Vmo Xwgar Amoa {Zambm 'o`gr' _| AmXe H$mo Wm{nV H$aVo h''XmoZm| h_ {^ dU, {^ Om{V, {^ n,
{^ Y_ ^md, na Ho$db AnZmd go, mUm| go EH$ Wo&''
dU Ed OmVr {^Vm Ho$ ~mdOyX AnZd H$m `h o__` AmXe gm_m{OH$m| Ho$
gm_Zo do aIVo h&
147
3. o_ H$m dn :o_ Ho$ {d{^ n N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| aho h& Zmar H$mo "o_ _wVu' Ho$ n _|
{V{>V Vmo {H$`m hr na gmW hr H${V o_, _mZd o_, {eew o_, AkmZ {MaVZ
Ho$ {V o_, Am`mp_H$ o_, _mVo_, Ho$ {d{dY Am`m ^r h_| {XImB XoVo h& BZ
H${d`m| Zo o_ Ho$ g~Y _| {T>dmXr `m nanamJV o_ ^md H$mo ZH$mam `hr H$maU h
H$s CZH$m o_ {demb-`mnH$ h do OmVr,dU, jo Ho$ ^rVa ~Yo Zht aho& o_ dUZ
_| ^r d`{VH$Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m Am{Y` ahm h& Zmar o_ g~Yr dUZ _| ^r
WwbVm na ~b Zht ~pH$ CZH$s _mZ{gH$ XemAm| H$m {MU {H$`m h& Bg{bE
Cg_| gw_Vm Am`r h& {_bZ H$s AZw^y{V Ho$ Anojm {dahmZw^w{V`m| Ho$ {MU _| do
A{YH$ g\$b aho h&
{Zambm 'XmoZm| h_ {^, {^ Om{V, {^ n, {^ Y_ ^md, na Ho$db
AnZmd go, mUm| go EH$ Wo&''
{Zambm H$m `h AmXe^md hmo `m gmX H$m {dah ^md''{d_V hmo do ~rVr ~mV|, A~ {OZ_| Hw$N> gma Zht&
dh ObVr N>mVr Z ahr, A~ dgm erVb `ma Zhr&&
g~ AVrV _| brZ hmo Mbr Amem', _Yw, A{^bmfmE&
{` H$s {Zy>a {dO` hB,na `h Vmo _oar hma Zhr&&''
X` H$s nrS>m H$m H$ht, CboI `hm Zht na {`-{ògr H$s ^mdZmAm| H$m
gmX`-{dah-dUZ `hm h&
`m _hmXodr Ho$ ^rVa H$s o_ ^mdZm H$s brZVm n> hB h''Vw_ _wP _| {` {\$a n[aM` `m?''
hmo `m gmX H$m Ob-Wb, AdH$me _| \$bm namoj gmm Vr o_, Omo g>r _|
gd`mnr, AJmoMa hâm Z`Zm| Zo _Z _| n, {H$gr N>m{b`m H$m Ab AZyn,
Ob-Wb-_V-`mo^ _|, Omo N>m`m h g~ Amoa!
o_dUZ Ho$ _m{_H$ ` `moOZm N>m`mdmX H$s _hdnyU {deofVm h& X` Ho$
gw_m{Vgw_ ^mdZmAm| H$m _Zmoa_ {MU BZ H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h&
4. ah`dmX:N>m`mdmXr ah`dmX ''mMrZ Am`m_dmXr ^mdZm go Am~X Zht h, dh
^mdZm Ho$ jo _| {H$gr ^r {V~Ym| H$mo pdH$maVo Zht& ''R>rH$ `ht na dh
_`H$mbrZ ah`dmX go AbJ hmo OmVo h& ah`dmX H$s Mma ^y{_`m _mZr J`r h&
nhbr Abm{H$H$ gmm Ho$ {V AmH$fU, Xwgar CgHo$ {V T>mZwamJ, {Vgar
{dahmZw^y{V H$s {VdVm Ama MmWr h {_bZ H$m AmZX& Omo H$~ra XmXy X`mb _| nm`r
OmVr h& ''{dah _| H$~ra Ogo AIS> gmYH$ H$m X` ^r hmhmH$ma H$m AZw^d
H$aVm h& CgHo$ amo_-amo_ go doXZm \y$Q>Vr h, {Ogo ghZo H$s Anojm _`y AmqbJZ
~ohVa, lo`H$a bJVm h- `m {da{hUr H$mo _mV Xo, `m Amnm {XIbm`& AmR> nha
H$m XmPUm _mo n gm Z Om`!!'' Ogr H$R>moaVm, N>m`mdmXr H$m` _| Zht naVy
148
CZH$s Xme{ZH$ AZw^y{V ~m nXmWm} H$s Anojm AmV[aH$Vm _| A{YH$ h& _hmXodr
H$m o_ Ama doXZm go âm ah`dmX Bgr H$mo[Q> H$m h& `h ~mV ghr h H$s ah`dmX
{V V_`Vm, {dahmZw^y{V H$s {VdVm H$m _``wJrZ H$m` H$s VwbZm _| A^md
h& dhm H$m ah`mdmXr H${d b{H$H$Vm _o Ab{H$H$Vm H$s Amoa ~T>m Ama Wwb go
gw_Vm H$s Amoa {H$Vw `hm N>m`mdmXr`m| _o H$_ CbQ>m h& - ''drUm' _| nV
ah`dmXr Wo, 'JwOZ' _| 'nZr' `m 'o`gr' dmXr Ama '`wJmV' Ho$ ~mX Wwb
^m{VH$dmXr ~Z JE&''gmX H$s 'H$m_m`Zr' _| ^r XeZ H$s ewH$Vm h, {Zambm Zo
'AV XeZ' H$m nmR> {H$`m na H${dVm _| Cgo Zht CVmam& _hmXodr _m T>Vm go
ah`dmX H$s Amoa AJoga ahr {H$Vw H$~ra H$s Vah Zht& _hmXodr H$s 'Xrn{eIm '
d '`m_m' VWm gmX H$s 'PaZm' Ama 'bha' _| AkmV Vd Ho$ {V _mYw` ^md
ahm h& _hmXodr H$hVr h{` {MaVZ h gOrZ
jU-jU ZdrZ gwhmJrZ _&
Vw_ _wP_| {`, {\$a n[aM` `m?
gmX H$m `h {Okmgm_wbH$ ah`^mdho AZV a_Ur` H$mZ Vw_?
`h _ H$go H$h gH$Vm&
H$go hmo? `m hmo? BgH$m Vmo,
^ma {dMma Z gh gH$Vm&
_hmXodr Zo {dahmZw^md H$s, Am_m-na_m_m H$s nrS>m ''A{b H$go CZH$mo nmD$?
do Amgy ~ZH$a _oao, Bg H$maU Tw>b-Tw> b OmVo;
BZ nbH$m| Ho$ ~YZ _| _| ~mY-~mY nN>VmD$ &''
ZXXwbmao dmOno`r Zo ''nanamJV A`mp_H$Vm go _wV ah`dmX Ho$ hmoZo H$s
~mV N>m`mdmX Zo H$s `h dV {MVZ Ymam Ho$ n _|'' H${dVm _| Am`r h&
5. H$nZm erbVm:H$nZm H$m` Ho$ _wb _| hmoVr hr h& naVy N>m`mdmXr H$nZm 'dZ' `m
'{XdmdZ' Ho$ n H$s h& ''N>m`mdmX-`wJ H$s A{YH$me {V^mE N>m`mOrdr h,
Cgr Vah AZoH$ nm H$nZmVrV' dZOrdr h& {Zambm H$s 'am_ H$s e{V nwOm'
BgH$m gdm}m_ CXmhaU h& {Ogo Ord gKfm] _| hmaVo hE am_ H$nZm Ho$ mam
e{V A{OV H$aVm h `m Am_{ddmg Ho$ {bE {dO` H$s H$nZm H$aVm h&
AV{>-Xm{`Zr Ama OrdZ e{V-Xm{`Zr BZ XmoZm| H$s A{^`{V N>m`mdmX _|
hB h& H$m_m`Zr H$m _Zw dV_mZ Ho$ AgVmof H$mo XoIH$a AVrV _| gwI_` hmoZo H$s
H$nZm H$aVm hAmh, H$nZm H$m gwXa dh
OJV _Ywa {H$VZm hmoVm&
149
gwI dZm| H$m Xb N>m`m _|
nwb{H$V hmo OJVm-gmoVm& ''
Bg ggma _| BZ H${d`m| H$mo Omo ^r lo>, gwXa, CXmm _Yw^, AnamOo` {XIVm h
Cgo Chm|Zo 'H$nZm' H$m Zm_ {X`m h& nV 'nbd' _| H$hVo h- ''H$moB ^r J^ra, `mnH$
VWm _hdnyU AZw^y{V H$mn{ZH$ hr hmoVr h& '' Bg{bE Chm|Zo '~mXb' H$mo '{dnwb H$nZm
go {^wdZ H$s', 'A~w{Y H$s H$nZm _hmZ' Am{X H$hVo h; 'Zj' H$s 'Eo AZV H$s AJ_
H$nZm' ~VbmVo h, 'N>m`m' H$mo ^r '' JyT> H$nZm- gr H${d`m| H$s' _mZVo h, Vmo 'AZJ'
H$mo 'W_ H$nZm H${d Ho$ _Z _|' Ama 'Agam' H$mo ^r 'A{Ib H$nZm_r Agam'
g~moYZ H$aVo h& Bgr Vah gmX Or ^r {h_mb` H$s CXmmVm ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE hr CnmZ
MwZVo h- '{dd H$nZm-gm D$Mm dh!'' {Zambm Zo ^r H${dVm H$mo 'H$nZm Ho$ H$mZZ H$s
amZr' H$hm h& AWmV `h nQ> h H$s Bg H$nZm Zo hr Ch| ah`_` ~Zm`m, AQ>,
Agr_, AZV H$s AZw^y{V H$nZm Zo hr Ch| XmZ H$s& S>m. Zm_daOr Zo R>rH$ {bIm h''A{Vn[a{MV dVwAm| _| ^r An[a{MV gmX`m}XKmQ>Z H$s AV{> H$s VWm {dn dVwAm|
H$mo ^r n_` ~ZmZo H$s j_Vm XmZ H$s, Bgr Zo H${d _| ZdrZ Eop`-~moY OJmò Ama
A^yVnyd gdoXZerbVm C^mar& '' H$nZm H$s Bg A{Ve`Vm Ho$ H$maU hr N>m`mdmXr H${dVm
H$mo OZ-OrdZ go Xya `m 'nbm`ZdmXr' H$hm OmVm h&
6. _mZdVmdmXr {>:Bg H$mb IS> _| a{dZmW Ama Aa{dX Xmo Eogo _hmnwf hE {OZH$s
{dd_mZdVmdmX Ed H$`mU {> H$m ^md `wJ na nS>m& gmW hr JmYrOr, dm_r
{ddoH$mZX, am_H$U na_hg Ogo _mZd{hV H$s H$m_Zm H$aZodmbo {MVH$m| H$m
^md Bg Xma H$s H${dVm na nS>m& `wJ H$s XmgVm H$s 'H$mam' _| '~{XZr' Zmar Ho$
_w{V H$s H$nZm-^md Bg `wJ _| _hdnyU hmo CR>m& Zmar gmX` _| VZ-_Z H$mo
A{^`{OV {H$`m& Cgo '^mo`m' Zhr 'Xodr, _m, ghM[a' H$hVm h&
emo{fVm| Ho$ {V ghmZw^y{V ^r `V H$aVm h& {Zambm H$s '{^jyH$',
'{dYdm', 'Bbmhm~mX' Ho$ nW na' (VmoS>Vr nWa) _| _mZdVmdmXr {>H$moZ mV
hmoVm h& l_ Or{d`m| Ho$ Vr {deof H$Um CZ_| h& '~mXb amJ' _| {H$gmZmo {V
Jhar gdoXZm Ho$ H$maU hr ~mXbm| ~wbmVm h ""VwPo ~wbmVm H$fH$ AYra....
Mwg {b`m h CgH$m gma
hmS> _mg hr h AmYma&''
_hmXodr ^r AnZr H$Um _| g~H$mo g_m{hV H$aZm MmhVr h& `m ~wX Ho$ Xw:IdmX
Ho$ emdV hmoZo H$m {VnmXZ H$aVr h& 'H$m_m`Zr' _| '_Zw' mam gmX 'AmZXdmX'
Ama 'g_agmm' H$s Mmh H$mo `V H$aVo h& nV, {Zambm H$mo X{bVmo, Xw:{IVmo
/emo{fVm| Vr ghmZw^y{V ahr h& Bg{bE nV _Zw` H$mo- '_mZd Vw_ g~go
gwXaV_' H$hVo h& {H$gr AmbmoMH$ Zo R>rH$ H$hm h H$s 'N>m`mdmX _| _mZd dVVm
Ed Jmad H$s ^mdZm h& '' CgH$s dVVm _| ''_w{V Ama Jmad _| g_mZ H$m ^md
150
h& N>m`mdmX _| `hr _mZdVmdmX h&
7. H${V {MU:H${VgmX` H$s AZwn_ amer hr N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo {~Ioar h& H${V H$m
Amb~Z, CrnZ, _mZdrH$aU, ah`_`r e{V Am{X nm| H$m dUZ Bg H$m` _|
hAm h& '' N>m`mdmXr H${d Zo H${V Ho$ AV:nXZ H$m gw_ AH$Z {H$`m'' h&
{\$a dh {Zambm H$s 'g`m gwXar' H$m dUZ hmo AWdm 'Owhr H$s H$br' H$s
{ZamJgVm H$m& CgH$s òH$ AdWm H$m _mZdrH$aU {H$`m J`m h& Cgo MoVZ n
_| XoIm J`m h& H${V gmX` Ho$ gmW hr ah`dmX, Zmar gmX` {ZIam hAm h&
'Owhr H$s H$br' Zo H$Vr dUZ mam nwf Ama Zmar Ho$ gJ_ H$m hr {MU CâH$a
AmVm hgmoVr Wr
OmZo H$go {` AmJ_Z dh
Zm`H$ Zo Mw_o H$nmob
S>mob CR>r dbar H$s OS>
Ogo qhS>mob!
gmX Zo 'H$m_m`Zr' _o {H$`m 'Cfm H$m {MU'H$mo bha _| 'nZKQ> _| Sw>~r'', Cfm
ZJar' _| XoIVo h~rVr {d^mdar OmJ ar&
A~a nZKQ> _| Sw>~mo ahr
Vmam KQ> Cfm ZJar&
g^r H${d`m| Zo OrdZ H$s g^r AZw^y{V`m| H$s A{^`{V H${V Ho$ _m`_ go H$s
h& _hmXodr H$s H${dVm 'gm`-JrV' _| AnZo OrdZ Ama H${V Ho$ ~rM Ho$ gmY` H$mo `V
H$aVr h{` gm` JJZ, _oam OrdZ&
`h {j{VO ~Zm YwYbm {damJ,
Zd AU AU _oam gwhmJ,
N>m`m-gr H$m`m drVamJ
H${V dUZ _| do Zmar gmX` Ama o_ ^mdZm H$s ÒZm H$aVo h _mX H$hVo h nJbr hmo g^mb bo H$go Ny>Q> nS>m Voam AMb&
XoI {~IaVr h {ZamOr Aar CR> ~ogwY MMb&'
gmX mam amr H$mo {H$`m J`m `h g~moYZ {H$gr Zd-`mdZm H$mo OJmZo Ama
CgHo$ gwY-~wY Imo ~R>Zo Ho$ lJma^md H$m hr {MU h&
8. Zmar gmX` dUZ :N>m`mdmX _| ar{VH$mbrZ Zmar gmX` H$s ZVm Zhr {_bVr ~pH$ H${V Ho$
_m`_ go dh ghO Ed gag ~Zm nS>m h& Zmar gmX` Ho$ _Z_mohH$ dUZ go
N>m`mdmXr H${dVm âr nS>r h& Zmar Ho$ lJma dUZ _| H${d H$s Mr ahr h&
151
''N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo Zmar H$mo CgHo$ o`gr Ho$ n _| JhU {H$`m, Omo X`
Ama `mdZ H$s gnyU {d^y{V`m| go n[anyU h VWm Omo YaVr Ho$ `WmW gmX` Ed
dJ H$s H$mn{ZH$ gwf_m go gwg{mV h& {ddmh-~YZ _| Z nS>Vo Ho$ H$maU EH$
Amoa Vmo dh bmO, C_J Ama Cgmh go ânya h, Xygar Amoa dh dH$s`m-naH$s`m
nMS>o go ^r Xya h& '' gmX, nV {Zambm Ho$ H$m` _| CgHo$ em[a[aH$-_mZg gmX`
H$m dUZ H${V Ho$ _m`_ go hr {H$`m J`m he{e _wI na KyKQ> S>mbo, AMb _| Xrn {N>nmE&
OrdZ H$s JmoYybr _|, H$mVyhb go Vw_ AmE&&
_| Hw$Vwhb ^md Zmar gmX` _| Z`mnZ bmVm h- `m 'lXm' H$m ema[aH$ gmX`
dUZ gmX `m| H$aVo h""Zrb n[aYmZ ~rM gwHw$_ma,
Iwb ahm _Xwb AYIwbm AJ&
{Ibm hmo `m| {~Obr H$m \y$b,
_oKdZ ~rM Jwbm~r aJ&&''
r gmX` dUZ H$m `h gw> n ~S>m _Z_mohH$ h& gmW hr nwr, _m, eed Ho$ n
_| ^r `h dUZ {H$`m J`m h& H$m_m`Zr _| Z`r 'bmm' H$m {MU Vmo ~oOmoS> h {H$Vw {Zambm Zo
AnZr nwr Ho$ gmX` dUZ H$m ^r _aU 'emoH$JrV', gamoO _{V _o {H$`m h& {ddmh Ho$ ew^
H$be H$m Ob nS>Zo Ho$ ~mX dh Zdb n _| '{ZambonZ' go gwemo{^V hmo MwH$s h""Vy Iwbr EH$ CN>dmg-gJ
{ddmg-VY ~Y AJ-AJ
ZV Z`Zm| go AmbmoH$ CVa
H$mnm AYam| na- Wa Wa Wa''
d` {Zambm ^r `h AZw^d H$aVo h H$s,""lJma, ahm Omo {ZamH$ma
ag H${dVm _| CN>d{gV-Yma
Jmm dJu`m-{`m-aJ
âVm mUm| _| amJ-aJ
a{V-n mV H$a ahm dhr
AmH$me ~Xb H$a ~Zm _hr&''
BgHo$ g~Y | S>m. Zm_da Or Zo {bIm h- ''AWmV 'gamoO hr Zht ~pH$ CgH$m
n ^r H${d H$s g{> h- H${d Ho$ {ZamH$ma ^md hr Ogo n YmaU H$aHo$ 'gamoO' ~Z Jò !
^mdm_H$ {> go _yV n-{MU H$m `h CH$> CXmhaU h- {>H$moZ A_yV h {H$Vw `
_yV h& ''
H$^r-H$^r Z`m R>mR> N>m`mdmXr H$dr Zo lJma-nanam H$m {Zdmh H$aVo hE ~mYm
h- _wV N>X H$s nhbr H${dVm 'Owhr H$s H$br' _| ar{VH$mbrZ lJma H$m {Zdmh hAm h""Z`Zm| Ho$ S>moao bmb Jwbmb-âo, Iobr hmobr&
OmJr amV goO {` n{V-gJ a{V gZoh- aJ N>mobr,
Xr{nV Xrn-H$me, H$O N>{d- _Ow-_Ow hg ~mobr-
152
_br _wI Mw~Z-amobr&
{\$a ^r ar{VH$mbrZ H$m R>nm {Zambm `m A` H${d`m| na H$^r bJm`m Om Zht
gH$m CgH$m H$maU h 'H${V'& Zmar Ho$ Aearar gmX` H$s H$nZm gw_Vm, a_Ur`Vm H$mo
gm_Zo bmVm h&
9. doXZm Ama {Zamem H$m H$m` N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| doXZm H$m dn `m Vmo g_{>JV h Am`mp_H$ `m
ZrOr Xw:I (Ogo {Zambm H$m OrdZ) naVy doXZm H$s gdm{YH$ A{^`{V gmX,
{Zambm Ed _hmXodr Ho$ H$m` _| hB h& _hmXodr AkmV {`V_ {V {_bZ gwI ^r
Zht MmhVr& dh H$hVr h- '{_bZ H$m _V Zm_ bmo _ {dah _| {Ma h& "_hmXodr Ho$
Xw:I `m doXZm Ho$ VrZ H$maU ~Vmò OmVo h& EH$ H$nZm dUVm '`mm' H$s ^y{_H$m
_| BgH$m {OH$ ChmoZo {H$`m h& Xmo, ~mX Y Ho$ {V _hmH$Um Ed Xw:IdmX Ho$
{V Agr_ AZwamJ Ogo, ""_ Zra âr Xw:I H$s ~Xbr'' _| OrZm MmhVr h& ~wX Ho$
Xw:IdmXr XeZ H$m n[aM` Ch| ~MnZ _| hr hmo J`m Wm& Xw:I H$mo do H$m` _mZVr h
Omo gmao ggma H$mo EH$ gw _| ~mY XoVm h& _hmXodr Ho$ Xw:I {df`H$ {dMma h1. CZ_| Xw:I H$m AmH$fU ^m{VH$ g_pX H$s {V{H$`m dn h&
2. ~mX XeZ Ho$ ^md Ho$ H$maU Xw:I {` h
3. Xw:I ggma Ho$ EH$ gw _| ~mYZodmbm H$m` h&
4. Xw:I Ho$ Xmo n hmoVo h- EH$ gdoXZerb `{V H$s H$Um, Xmo Am_m H$m
H$XZ& ò XmoZm| n Ch| {` h& '' Ama VrZ {MaVZ {` Ho$ {V AmHw$bmhQ>
âm {ZdoXZ godm H$m g{H$` OrdZ aho& {Ogo Chm|Zo 'gHo${VH$ Xn` ^mdgw'go `V {H$`m h'' _ Vw_go h EH$ EH$ h& Ogo ap_ H$me& _ Vw_go h
{^Z-{^Z `m| KZ go V{S>V {dbmg& gmX Ho$ h 'Amgy' _| KZr^yV nrS>m
hr ~ag nS>r h ""Bg H$Um H${bV X` _|
A~ {dH$b am{JZr ~OVr,
`m| hmhmH$ma dam| _|
doXZm Agr_ JaOVr&''
_m gmXOr H$s doXZm OrdZ XeZ Ho$ n _| H$Q> hB h& A`mp_H$ doXZm
H$s H$bm_H$ A{^`{V 'lXm' Ho$ qMVZ _| Am`r h ""{> O~ Om{V {h_Jrar Amoa,
Z H$aVm _Z A{YH$ AYra&
Yam H$s `h {gHw$S>Z ^`^rV,
Amh H$gr h? `m h nra&''
nV Zo Vmo H$m` H$m _wb moV doXZm H$mo hr _mZm h""{d`moJr hmoJm nhbm H${d
Amh go CnOm hmoJm JmZ
153
C_S>H$a AmIm| go MwnMmn
~hr hmoJr H${dVm AZOmZ''
{Zambm H$m OrdZ Vmo ~S>r {df gm_m{OH$Vm H$m ahm h& CZHo$ H$m` _| H$ht dh
OrdZ-XeZ Ho$ n _| Am`r Vmo H$qh {Zamem Ho$ n _|&
bm{Z Ama Am_gVmn Ho$ n _| dh H$Q> hB h""Xw:I hr OrdZ H$s H$Wm ahr,
`m H$h, AmO Omo Zht ahr&''
`h {Zamem dh OrdZ _| ^r AZw^d H$aVo aho& OrdZ ^r Cho ewH$ bJVm h""Zoh {ZPa ~h J`m h
aoV `m| VZ ah J`m h&
BZH$s doXZm Ama {Zamem gdXoerH$- gmdH$mbrH$ h& Cg_| Am_~XVm hmoZo Ho$
~mdOyX Agr_ {dVma h& dh g_pQ>JV h naVy H$^r-H$^r do A{YH$ {Zamem H$m AZw^d
H$aVo h, Vmo AgVmof, {df_ Xw{Z`m go Xya OmZm MmhVo h& Ogo gmX-'bo Mb _wPo ^ybmdm
XoH$a _oao Zm{dH$ Yrao Yrao'& `h doXZmZw^d Ed {Zamem CZH$m `WmW ^r h, H$nZm Ama
AmXe ^r& Bg{bE dh {Ma ^r h&
10. ~XbVo OrdZ _y`m| H$s ÒZm :N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| _ybV: {dmoh ahm h& h {doXr`wJrZ AmXedmX,
Z{VH$Vm, _mZdVm VWm ^mfmJV B{Vdmm_H$Vm Ho$ Vr dh N>m`mdmXr `wJrZ
H${dVm _| CâH$a Am`m h& `h {dmoh ^maVr` nwOrdmX, gm_m`dmX, gm_VdmX
{dX ^r h& AWmV CZH$s >r n[adVZ `m ~Xbmd H$s ahr h& hOmargmX
{doXr H$hVo h- ''_mZdr` AmMmam|, {H$`mAm|, Mo>mAm| Ama {ddmgm| Ho$ ~Xbo hE
Ama ~XbVo hE _y` H$mo AJrH$ma H$aZo H$s d{m'' N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| _| Wr&
Bg{bE Bg H${dVm _| {dmoh Ho$ ^md WmZmnZ hE h do gmX`, o_, H${V, Zmar
^mdZm, H$Um. _mZdVm, o_, gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ AmXe, _m`VmE,
_`mXmE, {dMma-dmV` Ym{_H$ ~YZ, {T>`m, nanam H$m {damoY H$a dh Zò
_y`m| H$m drH$ma H$aVo h& ''`{VdmX `m `{VdmV` Ho$ AmXe H$s
WmnZm H$aVm h'', ''~wpX Ho$ {dX X` Ama Wyb Ho$ {dX gw_'',
''`WmW Ho$ ~YZm| go C~H$a H${V, ah`, H$nZm Ama H$m{V Ho$ dZ bmoH$ _|
nbm`Z H$aVm h'', ''gmo_wI nyOrdmXr, d{m`m|, H$bmdmX, {ZamemdmX,
AhdmX H$m {dH$mg dh H$aVm h& '', ''gm_m{OH$ `WmWdmX `m J{V H$m ma^
dh H$aVm h&'', ''S>m. e^wZmWqgh Zo Bht H$maUmo go N>m`mdmX H$mo _`dJu`
MoVZm H$m bmQ>Zm _mZVo h& `h _w`JV-n[adVZ H$m` Ho$ ^md-^mfm-{en
nj _| n> h& `hr d{m N>m`mdmX Ho$ gmH${VH$ MoVZm H$mo h_mao gm_Zo bmVr
h& hOmargmX {doXrOr Zo CgH$s ah`m_H$Vm Ho$ gmW H$m` d{m`m| H$mo
''^maVr` nanam _| CX^yV gmH${VH$ MoVZm'' Ho$ n _| XoIm h& am_{dbmg
e_m ^r gm_m`dmX, gm_VdmX, {T>dmX Ho$ {dX _`dJ H$m {dmoh _mZVo h&
154
11. dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ :{dkmZ Ho$ A{dH$mam| Zo ^m{VH$ VWm ~mpXH$ MoVZm H$m {dH$mg {H$`m& OrU
nwamVZ Ho$ Z>-^> hmoZo H$s H$nZm N>m`mdmX _| 'dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ H$mo hr XemVr
h& ^m{VH$ J{V, ~wpXdmX H$m {dH$mg, _mZdVm H$s {dO`', Z`r gH$Vr AWmV
bmoH$V H$s WmnZm H$m ^md, m_H$Vm AWdm gKf {dMma `h {dkmZdmXr
{>H$moZ H$mo hr n> H$aVo h& dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ _| 'VH$' ~hV _hdnyU hmoVm h&
gmXOr H$s 'H$m_m`Zr' _| nwamZr-Z`r gH${V H$s Q>H$amhQ>, ^md-~wXr H$m
gKf, _mZdVm H$s {dO` Bgr {> Ho$ n[aMm`H$ h& H$m_m`Zr _wbV: Xod-Agwa
_mZd-gH${V H$s Q>H$amhQ> H$m H$m` h& {ZaHw$e emgZ H$Vm Ho$ {dX OZVm
H$m gKf h& ''BS>m gJ _| Xod-Agwa gH${V`m| H$m gKf h (Wm EH$ nwOVm Xoh
XrZ/Xwgam AnyU AhVm _| AnZo H$mo g_P ahm drU) {\$a Xod Ama Agwam| H$s
gmPr gH${V go Q>H$am H$a Z`r _mZdr` gH${V {dH${gV hmoVr h, Omo Zda h,
na AnZr ZdaVm _| hr gOZm_H$ ~ZVr h Ama o_ H$s Z`r A^yVnyd j_Vm H$mo
{dH${gV H$aVr h&'' dVwV: H$m_m`Zr gmXOr H$m Co` hr h.''.. _Zw H$m Co`
'Xod gH${V' Ho$ {dH$n n _| '_mZd gH${V' H$s aMZm h'' {dO`_mohZ qgh Ho$
AZwgma _m 'dh {d\$b hmo MwH$s h' H$m_m`Zr _| ^m{VH$ e{V gMma go _mZdVm
{dO` H$m {dMma n> hAm h ""e{V Ho$ {dwwH$U, Omo `V
{dH$b {~Iao h, hmo {Znm`,
g_d` CZH$m H$ao g_V
{dO{`Zr _mZdVm hmo Om`!''
em`X {~Iar hB e{V Zò bmoH$V go mV hmoJr, {ZaHw$em|, ~~am|, VmZmemhm| H$s,
H$m_m`Zr Ho$ gX^ _| _Zw _| {dbmgr 'Xod-X^' g~ Hw$N> Z> hmoZo H$m ^md h''{dH$b dmgZm Ho$ {V{Z{Y do g~ waPmE Mbo JE'' d` H$mo Xod gH${V H$m
Adeof g_PVo h Vmo AnZo Amngo {dVUm Ch| hmoVr h- ''AmO AaVm H$m
Or{dV h& _ dh ^rfU OOa X^&''
A{YH$me AbmoMH$m| Zo BS>m H$mo '~wpX', lXm H$mo '^mdZm' Ho$ gKf n _|
XoIm h& ~wpX na ^mdZm H$s {dO` 'H$m_m`Zr' H$m Co`, ^maVr` gH${V H$s
O`JmWm, nmMm` gH${V {damoY _| ~ImZ {H$m h gmX Zo {\$a ^r ~wpXdmX Ho$
_hd H$mo A{H$V {H$`m h""{~Iar AbH|$ `m| VH$Omb&''
dh {dd _wHw$Q> gm CdbV_ e{e IS> g` Wm n> ^mb&
djWb na EH$ Yao gg{V Ho$ V~ {dkmZ kmZ&&''
Z`m {dkmZ_wbH$ {>H$moZ _mZdOmVr Ho$ {bE {hVH$a hmoJm H$m ^md, _mZd
Ho$ e{Vembr hmoZo H$m ^md H$dr _Zw` _| nXm H$aVm h& Bg{bE nV 'g_W
e{VdmZ' Ho$ OrZo H$m A{YH$ma _mZVo h'' Vmo {Zambm am_ H$mo e{V H$s
'H$mn{ZH$' nyOm ~mYH$a 'e{V A{OV' H$aZo H$m `Z H$admVo h VmH$s dh
155
{dO`rZr hmo Omò& e{V H$m _y` N>m`mdmXr g_` _| ~Xb MwH$m Wm& dh
'_mZdVmdmX' Ama '`{VdVVm' _| {Z{hV hmo J`m Wm& Omo `{V dV h dh
_m{bH$ gOZ-AOZ H$aVm h& H$m_m`Zr _| XodgH$Vr H$m Zme Ama Zò
bmoH$V H$m CX` Bgr H$s n>^y{_ _| ~Zm h, Eogm H$hm Om gH$Vm h&
12. Xoe-o_ Ama am>r` ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg
N>m`mdmXr H${dVm na Xoe-g_mO go Xya hmoZo H$m Amamon bJm`m OmVm h
naVy Eogm Zht h& OmJaU H$mb _| OZgm_m` _| dVVm Vr o_ Ed bbH$ ^r
BZ H${d`m| Zo {Z_mU H$s& Bg{bE Hw$N> {dXdmZm| Zo H$hm h'' N>m`mdmXr H$m` _|
`{VdmXrVm _m `{Vdm{XVm ~ZH$a Zhr Am`m ~pH$ am> o_ H$s ^mdZm Zo Cgo
Agm_m{OH$ hmoZo go ~Mm {b`m& '' AZoH$ H${d`m| _| dVVm o_ n> hAm h& H$^r
dh AVrV Jmad Ho$ n _| h Vmo H$^r ~{bXmZ, CgJ Ho$ n _| Vmo H$^r 'OrUnwamVZ' _| hbMb 'CWb-nwWb' _| h& H$^r Ho$db dVVm o_ _| CâH$a Am`m
h''AU `h _Yw_` Xoe h_mam''
hmo AWdm ''{h_mr VwJ lJ go ~X ewX ^maVr `m '{H$aU' Zm_H$ H${dVm
H$m gX^ H$mamVa go ^maVr` Jmad go h, Omo Cg g_` {~{Q>e A{Yn` go
Ywg[aV hmo J`m h& H${d H$mo `h C_rX ^r h {H$ '^bm Cg ^mobo gwI H$mo N>moS> Ama
Mw^moJr {H$gH$m ^mb'' gmXOr H$mo bJVm h 'namYrZVm H$s ~o{S>`m| H$mo H$mQ>H$a
^maV {\$a EH$ ~ma dVVm H$mo nmòJm, Imo`m Jmad dmng bmQ> AmòJm&
gw{_mZXZ nV H$s Jm_dm{gZr ^maV _mVm H$s CXmgr, XrZVm, {dfUVm
{Zdm{gVVm H$m {M boH$a CnpWV hmoVr h""^maV_mVm
Jm_dm{gZr !
IoVmo _| \$bm h `m_b
Yyb âm _bm-gm AMb
JJm `_yZm _| Amgy Ob
{_>r H$s {V_m
CXm{gZr
X` O{S>V, AnbH$ ZV {MVdZ,
AYam| _| {Ma Zrad-amoXZ
`wJ-`wJ Ho$ V~go {dfU _Z
dh AnZo Ka _| dm{gZr&''
Bg H${dVm | H${d Xoe H$s {dnZ pW{V Ho$ {V H$Um hr h& {Zambm _|
^r am>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm ~b h& CZH$s am>r` ^mdZm Ho$ Xmo nj h 1. amOZr{VH$
2. gmH${VH$ 'OmJmo {\$a EH$ ~ma' VWm '{edOr H$m n' amOZr{VH$ h Vmo
"`_wZm' IS>ha Ho$ {V; "{Xbr' Am{X H${dVmE gmH${VH$ am>r`Vm go g~YrV
h& 'VwbgrXmg' ^maVr dXZm H$mo lXm nydH$ VwV H$aVr h-
156
^ma{V, O` {dO` H$a,
H$ZH$-e-H$_b Yao....
Vd H$a ~h AW âo&
`m _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr H$s 'nwn H$s Mmh' _| dVVm Ho$ {bE CgJ
A{^bmfm H$m JrV""_wPo VmoS> boZm dZ_mbr
Cn nW na XoZm Vw_ \|$H$,
_mV^y{_ na ere MT>mZo
{Og nW Omd| dra AZoH$&
Bg_| am>r` AmXmobZ Ho$ {bE oaUm, H$m{V H$s ^mdZm H$s 'Mmh' âr hB h&
ah`m_H$Vm, d`{VH$Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW am>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm ^r N>m`mdmXr
H${d`m| _| h&
13. Jr{VVd :
N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ama H${d o_ Ama gmX` H$s ^mdZm go nw[aV h& CZH$s
Bhr ^mdZmAm| Ho$ H$maU d`{VH$Vm Ama Am_m{^`{V H$m` _| hB& `hr H$maU
h H$s ghO Ed Vrd ^mdm| H$m H${Q>H$aU JrVm_H$Vm Ho$ n _| n> hAm h&
dmZw^y{V N>m`mdmXr H$m` H$m _ybmYma h CZH$m H$m` Mmho N>X~X hmo `m _wV
N>X H$m Cg_| JrVVd Ho$ _mYw` Ed gmX` âm nS>m h& {Zambm N>m`mdmX Ho$ geV
Ama mT> JrVH$ma _mZo OmVo h& AmMm` ewb Ho$ AZwgma ''gJrV H$mo H$m` Ama
H$m` H$mo gJrV Ho$ {ZH$Q> bmZo H$m `mg {ZambmOr Zo {H$`m& '' {Zambm H$s JrV{> H$mo nmM ^mJm| _| aIm Om gH$Vm h& 1. mWZmnaH$ JrV- Bg_| ChmoZo H$m_Zm
H$s ^mdZm `V hB h& OZZr H$m {X` gmX`-_wY JmZ _mJ{bH$ ^mdZmAm| go
AmoVmoV h& 2. Zmar gmX` naH$ JrV:- Bg_| Chm|Zo _mZdr`Vm H$s {> go Zmar Ho$
{d{^ ^md-gmX` H$m _Zmoha dUZ VwV {H$`m h '{` ^m{_Zr OmJr', 'ne go
bmO bJr,' '_mZ ahr ma', 'Z`Zm| Ho$ S>moao', bmb Jwbmb âo Iobr hmobr' Am{X
JrV Bg H$mo[Q> Ho$ CH$> CXmhaU _mZo OmVo h& 3. H${V naH$ JrV:- BZ_| H${V
H$s gmX` _Uramer {dnwb _mm _| {~Ia nS>r h& H${V H$m lJmarH$ gmX` dUZ
{Zambm H$s AnZr Im{g`V h& '' gwIr hr `h S>mb dgZ dmgVr boJr; gIr
dgV Am`m _oK Ho$ KZ Ho$e,' aJ JB, nJ-nJ Y` Yam-Yam'' Am{X CZHo$
{gX JrV h& 'g`m gwXar' H$m gdm}m_ JrV Vmo {gX h hr& 4. XeZ naH$
JrV:- h_Zo nhbo hr n> {H$`m h H$s {Zambm na AVdmXr XeZ H$m ^md ahm h&
A{YH$me JrVm| _| dmo CVa Am`m h- 'nmg hr ao hrao H$s ImZ, ImoOVm H$hm {\$ao
ZmXmZ, Vwhr JmVr hmo AnZm JmZ, nmVm ao _ g_mZ' Am{X JrVm| _| Xme{ZH$
^mdZmAm| H$m dUZ Am`m h& 5. Ama AV _| am>r` JrV- ^r ~hVm{YH$ _mm _|
J^raVm go nmò OmVo h& '' ^mdmdoe `m `W Omoe-Iamoe'' CZHo$ am>r` JrVm| _|
Zht h& H$ht _m ^maVr H$s dXZm h, H$ht OmJaU H$m daZmX, H$ht gwIX ^{d`
H$s H$m_Zm h& ''OmJmo {\$a EH$ ~ma,' 'da Xo drUm dm{XZr,' Am{X'' JrV am>r`Vm
157
Ama ^maVr` OZ_mZg _o aMo-~go h dVwV {Zambm H$s 'Jr{VH$m' BgH$m gdm}m_
CXmhaU h&
gmXOr Ho$ 'H$m_m`Zr' _| ^r JrV h ""Vwwb H$mobmhb H$hb _|
_ X` H$s ~mV ao _Z !
{dH$b hmoH$a {Z` MMb
ImoOVr O~ ZtX Ho$ nb
MoVZm YH$-gr ahr V~
_ _b` H$s dmV ao _Z&
gmWhr ''~rVr {d^mdar OmJar !'' ''Ogm {`m H$mo OJmZo H$m lJmaYmZ
_Zmo^md h,dgo gw_ n>^y{_ go g_wMr MoVZm Ho$ OJmZo H$m CnH$_&'' na nyam JrV
H${dVm ^md _| Am`m h''AYam| _| amJ AX {nò,
AbH$m| _| bO ~X {H$òVw A~VH$ gmoB h Abr&
AmIm| _| âo {dhmJ ar&
`m gw{_mZX nV Ho$ JrVm| H$m ^mdm_H$ gmX` '{Vjm'_| CâH$a Am`m h""H$~ go {~bmoH$Vr Vw_H$mo,
Cfm Am dmVm`Z go ?
g`m CXmg {\$a OmVr,
gyZo Jh Ho$ AmJZ go
bha| AYra gagr _|
Vw_H$mo VH$Vr CR>-CR>H$a
gma^ g_ra ah OmVm
o`{g, R>S> gmgo â&''
JrVm| Ho$ nmM Vd JrZo OmVo h, Jo`Vm-gJrVm_H$Vm, d{VH$Vm, AZw^y{V
H$s VmOJr Ama gMmB, ^mdm| H$s KZr^yV Vrd A{^`{V, ^mdmonmXH$Vm AmXr
N>m`mdmXr JrVm| _| ^mdmZw^y{V Ho$ gmW Jo`-gJrVm_H$,b`m_H$Vm Ho$ ~Y Amò h&
14. q~~ VrH$m_H$ ebr
N>m`mdmX _| q~~ VrH$m_H$ ebr H$m gdm{YH$ `moJ hAm h dVwV
N>m`dmXr H${d`m| H$s A{^ÒZm j_Vm {hXr gm{h` _| AZyR>r h& CgH$s ebr |
q~~ VrH$ Ho$ gmW {Mm_H$Vm, bmj{UH$Vm, ``m_H$Vm, JrVm_H$Vm _wVH$
H$m gdm{YH$ `moJ {H$`m J`m h
q~~H$nZm, ah`dmX Ama d`{VH$Vm Ho$ H$maU N>m`mdmX _| q~~m| H$m `moJ
g^r H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h Zm_da qgh Or Zo N>m`mdmX _| mV dU, d{Z, JY, ne,
158
ag Am{X Ho$ A`V gw_ Eop` ~moY H$m n[aM` {X`m h '' dU gmX` Ho$ n _|
'A{{eIm' Ho$ aJ H$mo n> n> H$aVo hE gmXOr Cgo '_Yw qnJb Vab A{'
H$hVo h Vmo {h_-gg{V na nS>Vo hE AmbmoH$ H$m dU-gmX` H$nZm mam {deX
H$aVo h ""{gV gamoO na H$sS>m H$aVm
Ogo _Yw_` qnJ namJ&''
'' Bgr H$ma A$U-AYa na Ydb _wH$mZ H$s dUN>m`mE AbJmVo hE
H$hVo h {H$ Ogo aV {H$gb` na ""A$U H$s EH$ {H$aZ AbmZ
A{YH$ AbgmB hmo A{âm_&
Xygar Amoa nV '' nmdg-H$mbrZ nnrhm, PtJwa, XmXwa, ~mXb, ~yXo, {ZPa
Am{X go CR>Zodmbo {d{^Z H$ma Ho$ da q~~m| H$m {M'' VwV H$aVo h&
""nnrhm| H$s dh nrZ nwH$ma
{ZPam| H$m ^mar Pa Pa
PtJwam| H$s PrZr PZH$ma
KZm| H$s Jw- J^ra-Kha
{~XwAm| H$s N>ZZr-N>ZH$ma
XmXwam| Ho$ do Xwhao da&
X` hmaVo h {d{dY H$ma
eb- nmdg Ho$ Zmoma
{ZambmOr Zo AZ{_H$m H$s 'o`gr' _o U` Ho$ W_ CX`-H$mb H$s
_Z:pW{V H$m q~~ Bg H$ma qIMm h ""Xya Wr
qIMH$a g_rn `m| _ hB
AnZr hr {> go,
Omo Wm _rn {dd
Xya XyaVa {XIm&''
Bg H$ma Ho$ H$B q~~m| H$m `moJ H$_m`Zr _| hAm h& 'H$m_ gJ' _| Vmo
'Mmjy' q~~m| mam hr dZ Ama `WmW Ywb{_b OmVo h & '' BS>m' gJ Ho$ ma^ _|
gmX O~ H$hVo h, '{H$g Jwhm go A{V AYra
PPm dmh gm {ZH$bm
`h OrdZ {djwY_hmg_ra ''
Vmo 'A{V AYra', 'PPm dmh', Ama '{djwY ' Ogo eXm| _| Or {dH$bVm
Ama AmdoJ h, _Zw Ho$ _mZg H$s {djwYVm H$mo Vmo `V H$aVo hr h H$Wm _|
AV{Z{hV 'VZmd' H$mo ^r ~aH$ama aIVo h& Bgr H$ma 'BS>m' Ho$ {bE O~ '
{~Iar AbH|$ `m| VH$ Omb '' Ogo q~~ H$m `moJ {H$`m OmVm h Vmo gm_m`Vm BS>m
159
'~wpX' H$m ÒH$ _mZr OmVr h& '' lXm H$mo ^rVar-~mhar gmX` H$s gnyUVm _|
CVmaZo Ho$ {bE gmX Zo '_yV' A_yV q~~m| H$m `moJ {H$`m h& lXm Ho$ {bE ''
H$mZ Vw_ ? gg{V- ObZr{Y Vra VaJm| go \|$H$s _{U EH$ ?'' Ama 'W_ H${d
H$m `m| gwXa N>X '' Ama 'X` H$s AZwH${V ~m CXma' H$m `moJ H$aVo h naVy
lXm gXoh _w{V_mZ Zht hmo nmVr V~ CgHo$ {bE ''Zrb n[aYmZ ~rM gwHw$_ma/
Iwb ahm _Xwb AYIwbm AJ/{Ibm hmo `m| {~Obr H$m \w$b/ _oKdZ ~rM Jwbm~r
aJ'' H$hm J`m Vmo 'BS>m' Ho$ {dnarV lXm Ho$ ~mbm| go {Kao Mohao Ho$ {bE H$hm J`m
'{Ka aho Wo KwKambo ~mb Ag Adb{~V _wI Ho$ nmg' ''H$m_`mZr _|, H$_b,
M_m, {haUr, emdH$, ^rZ, Ogo q~~m|-{VH$m| H$s â_ma h&
{VH$
{VH$m| Ho$ mam H$mo_b A{^`{V N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo H$s h& _yV Ho$ {bò
AyV Cn_mZ '{~Mmar AbHo$ `mo VH$ Omb 'H$m `moJ H$aVo h Vmo A_yV Ho$ _yV
Cn_mZ `moJ _| 'H$s{V {H$aU-gr ZmM ahr h& 'H$m VWm ''d^md H$s erVbVm
~VbmZo Ho$ {bE 'MmXZr H$m d^md _| dmg 'H$hZm Ama {dMmam| H$m ^mobmnZ {XImZo
Ho$ {bE '{dMmam| _| ~Mmo H$mo gmg '{bIZm ZyVZ-{VH$-ÒZ H$m CXmhaU h&''
Bgr H$ma JX>JX Ho$ AhmX A{^`{V Ho$ {bE '{Ibm nwbH$ H$X~-gm Wm âm
JX>JX ~mob ' Ama dm{gZr-{`m H$s _Ywa `mX H$mo H$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE {`m H$mo
Xya H$s VmZ go Cn_mZrV H$aZm- AZwn_Vm H$m gwMH$ h& dm{gV 'aZmdbr' Ho$
{bE {Zambm H$s Cn_m""dh AmO hmo J`r Xya VmZ
Bg{bE _Ywa dh Ama JmZ''
N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| _| nV Zo Vmo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o {deofUm| _| AX^yV M_H$ma nXm
{H$`m h - Zrb PH$ma, JY-Jw{OV, VwVbm CnH$_, _ypN>V AmVn, VwVbm ^`,
VwVbm CnH$ ypN>V AmVn VwVbm ^ Vwwb V Am{X '' {Zambm Zo Vwwb ZmX
g`mgwXar H$s {VH$m_H$mVm Cm_ h>&
{Mm_H$Vm - {MmH$Vm N>m`mdmX H$s _hdnyU {deofVm h Ogo _hmXodr Zo
{damQ> Cn_mAm| Ho$ ghmao gwXa {M qIMo h""V_-V_mb do \w$b
{Jam {XZ nbH|$ Iobt&''
Ama
""Ad{Z, A~a H$s $nmbr grn _|
Aab _moVr-gm Ob{Y O~ H$mnVm
gmX- e{e _wI na KyKQ> S>mbo, AmMb _| Xrn {N>nmE&
OrdZ H$s JmoYw{b _| H$mVwhb go Vw_ AmE''
Bg H$ma H$m `moJ H$a N>m`mdmX H$mo Ho$db H$m` Zht ~H$s gJrV, {M
JrV ~Zm {X`m& Cgo ^mdmonmXH$ ~Zm`m& AmMm` ewb Ogo N>m`mdmX {damoYr
AmbmoMH$m| Zo CZHo$ q~~, VrH$, ebr H$m ^war-^war egm H$s h& Bgr Ho$ H$maU
160
N>m`mdmX OmZm OmòJm H$m {dMma ^r dh V H$aVo h&
15. ^mfm :{doXrH$mbrZ B{Vdmm_H$Vm Ho$ {damoY _| gmX` go _wV H$mo_b-H$mV
nXmdbr H$m `moJ N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h& N>X~XVm Ho$ {damoY _| '_wV N>X'
H$s AdYmaUm H$mo {Zambm Zo bm`m h& BZH$s ^mfm _o ZmX, b`, _mYw` h& ZmX,
gJrV H$m ~S>m Cn`moJ H${dVm _| hAm h& Bg H$ma H$s {deofVm b`m_H$Vm ~O _|
Zht IS>r ~mobr _| bm`r h& CZH$m eX gH$ma gH$V H$m` go hmoVo hE _``wJrZ
~O ^mfm Ho$ gH$mam| _| AmH$ma nmm J`m& a{dZmW VWm AJoOr H$s amo_{Q>H$
eXmdbr Ho$ nT>Vo nT>Vo ''nVPa H$s ^mfm... Hw$gw{_V eXm| go bX J`r&'' eX
g`moOZ _| N>m`mdmXr H${d {enr H$s ^y{_H$m {Z^mVm h& {OgH$m {OH$ nV H$s
'nbd' H$s ^y{_H$m _| {_bVm h& nV, gmX, {Zambm, _hmXodr Ho$ eXm| Ho$ ~mao _|
Zm_daOr H$hVo h- nV Ho$ eX AnojmH$V N>moQ>o, Ag`wV dUdmbo, hHo$ VWm
dmdr h& gmX Ho$ eX A{YH$ JmT>, _Yw_` Ama ZmXmZwH${V_` h& _hmXodr Ho$
eXm| _| nò H$s-gr n> R>ZH$ Ama IZH$ h Ama {Zambm _| gpY-g_mg `wV
{d{dY Om{V Ama d{Zdmbo eXm| _| ^r AZwmg_` ÒZ-gJrV CnZ H$aZo H$s
Mo>m h&'' IS>r ~mobr H$mo ZmXm_H$, _mYw` go _wV H$aZo Ho$ {bE eXm| Ho$ Vr
'AZmd`H$ _moh' Ama CgH$s '{\$OwbIMu' H$nZm Ho$ H$maU Am`r h&
''^mdmoN>dmg H$s YmZVm Ho$ H$maU N>m`mdmXr dm` dmh go eXm| H$m H$_ m`:
JS>~S>m J`m& gmX H$s ^mfm _| Bg Vah Ho$ Xyamd`dmbo dm` ~hV {_bVo h&
BgHo$ A{V[aV ^mfm H$mo H$mo_b ~_mZo Ho$ {bE m`: g^r N>m`mdmXr H${d`mo Zo 'h',
VWm 'Wm' Am{X ghm`H$ {H$`mAm| H$m ~{hH$ma {H$`m&'' Bg H$ma H$s ^mfm H$m
'ZdH${dVm' H$m EH$ CXmhaU ^r Zm_daOr Zo {X`m h""Vda Ho$ N>m`mZwdmX gr
Cn_m gr, ^mdwH$Vm gr
A{d{XV ^mdmHw$b ^mfm gr
H$Q>r N>Q>r Zd H${dVm gr''
{Og_| {ZpH$` dm`m| H$s lIbm hr {XImB XoVr h Ama Hw$N> Zht& 'H$m_m`Zr' H$s
^mfm Ho$ g~Y _| Vmo {XZH$a Zo {bIm h- H$m_m`Zr _| IS>r~mobr H$m {OVZm Ag_W
n H$Q> hAm h, CVZm Ama {H$gr H$m` _| Zht {_boJm '' IS>r~mobr _wVH$m| H$s
dV aMZm _m N>m`mdmX H$s XoZ h& 'H$m_m`Zr' hr BgH$m _mU h& {Zambm Zo ^r
'Jr{VH$m' H$s ^y{_H$m _| {bIm h, _ IS>r~mobr _| {Og CMmaU-gJrV Ho$ ^rVa go
OrdZ H$s {V>m H$m dZ XoIVm Am`m h, dh ~O^mfm _| Zht&'' {Zambm _|
gH$V H$s Vg_ eXmdbr H$m A{Y` ahm h& 'am_ H$s e{VnwOm' Ogm H$m`
BgH$m CXmhaU h&
161
6.4 _y`mH$Z :{doXr`wJrZ CnXoem_H$Vm, B{Vdmm_H$Vm, WwbVm H$s OJh N>m`mdmX Zo

gw_Vm, gmX`, H$nZm Ho$ ghmao gm_m{OH$ `WmW H$s {V>m H$m` _| H$s& {df` VWm
{df`m{^`{V Ho$ ~YZm| H$mo VmoS>H$a '_wV' 'dN>X' hmo Jò& o_-Zmar Ho$ Vr ^moJdmXr
_mgbVm Ho$ WmZna CgH$s _Zmo AdWm H$m {MU H$a Cgo CM WmZ na {V{>V {H$`m&
H${V Ho$ ^`-{X` $n H$mo gw_ {> go gnZ {H$`m& CgHo$ ^rVar e{V H$mo nhMmZH$a
CgHo$ ApVd H$s gmm H$mo H$m` _| Wm{nV {H$`m& EH$ {> go `ht go 'AmYw{ZH$
ah`dmX' H$m ma^ hmo OmVm h& gm_m{OH$ emo{fVm|, H$fH$mo Vr gdoXZm {XIbm`r& Zmar Ho$
ApVd H$mo pdH$ma H$a CgH$s ^mo` N>{~ H$mo Xya {H$`m& CgH$s AVaJVm H$mo H$m` H$m
{df` ~Zm`m& JrV-JrV ebr H$ drH$ma H$a H$m` H$mo ^mdmZwHw$b ~Zm`m& 'H$m_m`Zr'
Ogm _hmH$m`, {Zambm H$s '_wVN>X AdYmaUm' Zo IS>r~mobr `moJ _| Mma MmX bJmò&
N>m`mdmXr `wJ AmYw{ZH$ {hXr H${dVm _| dJ `wJ _mZm OmVm h& gm_m{OH$, am>r` ^mdZm
H$s namoj A{^`{V N>m`mdmX H$mo Agm_m{OH$ hmoZo go ~Mm nm`r& dZm| H$s A{YH$Vm VWm
ah`dmX Ho$ H$maU dh H$nZm bmoH$ _| Om nhMr Wr& Cgo `WmW na CVmam J`m&
CmaN>m`mdmXr `wJ _| nV Zo N>m`mdmX H$m '`wJmV' {bIm gmX Zo 'H$m_m`Zr' Ho$ AV _|
'{dbm{gVm H$s gH${V Ho$ Z>' hmoZo H$s, Zò `wJ Ho$ AmZo H$m KQ>Zm H$m {OH$ {H$`m& {Zambm
Zo Vmo 'H$fH$mo H$s AYraVm go boH$a, Hw$Hw$awmm Ogr b~r ``m_H$Vm H$mo bmH$a
ah`,gw_ H$s 'N>m`m' H$mo Xya {H$`m& _hmXodr ^r emdV XwIm| go ZmVm OmoS>H$a 'A~bm
{gdm H$U-Jr{V`m' {bIZo bJr&
N>m`mdmX Zo ^mdZm Ama {dMma, H$bm Ama gm{h` Ho$ jo _| ^mar n[adVZ bmò&
Bg{bE ewb, ZJo Zo CgHo$ {Ma-_aU ahZo H$s ~mV H$s' hOmargmX {doXr Zo Cg_|
gmH${VH$ nanam H$mo XoIm& ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ nanam go Cgo OmoS>m& ^mfm Ho$ jo _| Vmo
CgZo AX^yV H$mVr bm`r& S>m. XodamO Ho$ eXm| _| 'AmYw{ZH$ {hXr H$mb H$mo gwH$a eXH$moe
Ama H$mo_b _Ywa AZw^y{V`m N>m`mdmX H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ XoZ h&
6.5 Cnghma :N>m`mdmXr H$m` d{m`m| go `h ~mV h_mao gm_Zo AmVr h H$s `h H$m` Kmoa
`{VdmXr h Ama CgH$m H|$ d` H${d H$m Am_H|$ ahm h naVy CZH$s `{VdmXrVm
OZVm H$s Amem-{Zamem Ho$ ~rM A{^`V hB h& Bg{bE dh g_mO go Xya Zht h& `h
{ZpMV h H$s gm_m{OH$ gVmof go ^mJH$a dh dZbmoH$ _| Om ~R>m, EH$mVVm H$s eaU br
naVy CgHo$ nrN>o H$m H$maU ^r VH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ OrdZ hr h& Cg_| doXZm
Ama {Zamem Ho$ ^md am>r` AXmobZ H$s Ag\$bVm Ho$ H$maU Amò Wo& {\$a ^r dh Cggo Xya
Zht ahm& 'A$U `h _Yw_` Xoe h_mam' Ogr _mV^y{_ na Jd H$aZo H$s d{m N>m`mdmXr`m|
_| ahr h& {H$gr {dmZ Zo H$hm h AZw^y{V _o `h gm{h` ^{VH$mbrZ gm{h` H$s g_H$jVm
162
_| AmVm h Ama H$bm_H$Vm _| ar{V`wJ H$s VwbZm _| AmVm h& Bg nanam _| ^mdm| H$s
H$mo_bVm, AZw^y{V H$s JhamB Ama OrdZ Ho$ Vr EH$ gdoXZm h& `h H${dVm `{VdmXr
H${dVm h naVy AmYw{ZH$ `moJdm{X`m| Ogm Hw$R>mJV Ed gH$sU Zht h&'
EH$ Amoa 'Amgy' Ama 'VwbgrXmg' Ogo IS>H$m` h Vmo Xygar Amoa 'H$m_m`Zr'
Ogm _hmH$m`& BgHo$ A{V[aV nV H$s 'n[adVZ' {Zambm H$s 'am_ H$s e{VnwOm' gmX
H$s 'b` H$s N>m`m' _hmXodr H$s Xrn{eIm, `m_m Ogr CboIZr` H${V`m Bgr `wJ _|
g{OV hmo nm`r h&`h AV_wIr gm{h` ~{h_wIr MoVZm OJVm h&
6.6 ~moY Z 1. N>mmdmX H$s H$m d{mm| na H$me S>m{bE&

2. N>mmdmX Ho$ g~Y | H${dm|, AmbmoMH$m| Ho$ {dMmam| H$m n[aM Xr{OE&
163
J{VdmX
(1936-1943)
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

J{VdmX CX>^dH$s n>^y{_
J{VdmX- AW d$n
J{VdmXr gm{h`H$ma
J{VdmX H$s Xme{ZH$ n>^y{_
J{VdmX H$s d{m`m
_w`mH$Z
Cnghma
~moY Z
7.0 BH$mB H$m Co

H$.
I.
J.
K.
S>.
M.
J{VdmX Ho$ CX^d Ed {dH$mg H$mo OmZZm-gPZm&

J{VdmX Ho$ AW Ed d$n H$mo {dbofrV H$aZm&
J{VdmXr gm{h H$s Xme{ZH$ n>^y{ H$m AZ H$aZm&
J{VdmXr gm{h Ho$ mZXS> H$mo XoIZm-naIZm&
J{VdmXr H$m d{eQ>m| H$m n[aM boZm&
J{VdmX Zo gm{h H$mo H$go gmm{OH$Vm H$s Amoa CwI {H$m&
mh ~moY boZm&
N>. J{VdmX gm{h | Am AmXr H$s gmAm| H$mo aoIm{H$V H$aVm h&
7.1 J{VdmX CX^d H$s n>^y{_ gm_m{OH$ MoVZm go _wV, EH$ AmXmobZ Ho$ n _| 1936 _| {Og H$m`Ymam H$m
N>m`mdmX H$s H$moS> go hr O_ hAm Cgo J{VdmXr `m J{Verb AmXmobZ H$hVo h& {OgH$s
oaUm _mgdmX _| ahr h& `h AmYw{ZH$ {H$gr gm{h` _| `WmWdmX Ho$ boH$a Am`m& {df`gm_m{OH$ pW{V`m| na nhma H$aVo hE gm{h` H$m g~Y OrdZ {Z_mU go Bgr g_` OmoS>m
J`m& N>m`mdmX go hr VmH$mb nVOrZo N>m`mdmX Ho$ '`wJmV' H$s KmofUm H$a '`wJdmUr' H$mo
OmZm, AnZm`m `h '`wJdmUr' H$fH$m|, X{bVm|, l_rH$m| gdham ~hOZm| H$s dmUr H$m gwJnmV
Wm& AJmO Wm& nVOr Zo hr H$hm Wm '' J{VdmX dJ df` H$mo Xya H$a l{_H$m| VWm H$fH$m|
H$s _Jb ^mdZm go o[aV h& Cg_| nyOrn{V`m| VWm emofH$m| Ho$ {dX H$m{V H$m AmhdmZ
H$aZodmbm {dmoh H$m da h'' _hmn{S>V amhb gmH$m`Z Zo ^r H$hm Wm- ''J{VdmX
164
H$moB gH$sU gXm Zht h& J{VdmX H$bm H$s AdhobZm Zht H$aVm& `h Vmo H$bm Ama
CM gm{h` Ho$ {Z_mU _| ~mYH$ {T>`m| H$mo hQ>mH$a gw{dYm XmZ H$aVm h& `h {T>dmX Ama
Hy$n_mSy>H$Vm {damoYr h& '' `wJ H$s Amd`H$Vm Ho$ n _| J{VdmX H$mo XoIm J`m AVam>r`
Ama am>r` `wJrZ n[apW{V`m| Zo Bgo {dMma Ho$ jo _| Wm{nV {H$`m& ~mX _| h amOZr{VH$
Jbr`m| go hmoVo hwE gm{hp`H$ jo _| Am`r&
^maV _| dVVm gJm_ JmYrOr Ho$ ZoVd _| Omoam| na Wm {H$Vw JmYr H$s
'A{hgm' H$mVrdram| Ho$ {bE An`mV bJ ahr Wr& n[aUm_Vm {dmoh, H$mVr dam| H$mo
VmH$mb _mgdmX Ho$ n _| JmYr {damoYr VWm JmYrdmX _| H$g_ ImZo dmbm| Zo pdH$mam&
H$mJog Ama JmYr Zo {H$gmZ-_OXyam| _| EH$Vm nXm H$s Wr& CgHo$ emofU H$mo ^r
OmZm Wm naVy Cgo Xya H$aZo Ho$ H$maJa Cnm` dmbr H$moB `dWm CZHo$ nmg Zhr Wr&
_mgdmX Zo dhr {dH$n Cgo {X`m Wm Vmo dh n> Zhr Wm& nwOrdmX, gm_m`dmX Ama
gm_VdmX H$mo EH$ gmW {damoY H$a Cgo {_Q>mZo H$m, dV H$aZo H$m ^md H$m{V ^mdZm Ho$ n
_| _mgdmX Zo {X`m&
^maVr` gm_m{OH$, Ym{_H$ jo _| gT>r Jbr nanamE, Hw$ar{V`m, T>rmmX,
AY{ddmg Ed _Zw` H$mo nyU noZ Jwbm_ ~Zmò aIZodmbr ^mdZm, ~mUr {dMmaYmam`dWm Zo r Ed X{bV H$mo Vm{S>V {H$`m Wm& Am`, ~mmo g_mO Ho$ AmXmobZ Ho$db
gwYmadmXr Wo n[adVZH$mr Zht& '{doXr`wJ _| ^r `hr AmXe _mZdVm H$m ahm& n[aUm_V
CgHo$ {dX ^r J{VdmX Zo AJmO {H$`m& CZHo$ XwI, XX, {nS>m H$mo A{^`{V gm{h`
Ho$ jo _| nhbr ~ma {br& Wm{nV _Zw`Vm {damoYr `dWm Ho$ {dX jwY ^mdZmAm|,
MoVZmAm| H$mo `V H$aZo H$m Adga J{VdmX Zo hr {X`m& nhbr ~ma gm{h` gdgm_m`
H$s J{V Ho$ {bò boIZ H$a ahm Wm&
AVaam>r` Va na 1917 _| g H$s H$mVr hmo MwH$s Wr CgZo gm_m`dmX H$m
Imm {H$`m Wm& gmm gdhmam Ho$ hmWm| Am`r Bg H$mVr Ho$ _wb _| _mg Ho$ {dMma aho Wo&
dJhrZ g_mO aMZm Ho$ AmXe H$mo boH$a g, gm_m`dmXr VWm Ho$db nwOr Ho$& lo> _mZH$a
CgHo$ O[aE emofU H$aZo dmbr VmH$Vm| H$m {damoY H$aZodmbo Zò {dd H$m nmWo` ~Zm hAm
Wm& ''amOZr{V Ho$ jo _| {Vr` {dd`wX Ama \$m{g_ H$m Z n ~S>m ^`mdh hmo CR>m Wm
BgH$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bò _mgdmX H$m dmJV hAm& '' Xwgao _hm`wX Ho$ n[aUm_ d$n
Câm amOZr{VH$ gH$Q>, gZ 1930-32 H$s {dd`mnr Am{WH$ _Xr, ~oamoOJmar, nwOrdmX
Ho$ H$maU ~T>Vm emofU, X[aVm H$m \$bVm gm_m`, ~T>Vr Am{WH$ {df_Vm Zo dJ gKf H$mo
Vrd ~Zm`m BgHo$ {damoY | {H$_mZ _OXyam| Zo CZHo$ emofU Ho$ {bò H$maU-^yV d{m`m|,
`dWm Ho$ {dX _| AmXmobZ Mbm`m&
^maV _| ^r gdhmam Ho$ gm_Zo Hw$N> Eogo hr gH$Q> Wo& {~{Q>e Ama ^maVr`
{df_Vm-_wbH$ g_mO`dWm Zo X{bV, nrS>rV, H$fH$, _OXyam| H$s hmbV IVm hmo ahr
Wr& do {ZaVa X[aVm, ^wI go VS>n aho Wo, {~b{~bm aho Wo& CZH$m Am{WH$ Ama gm_m{OH$
emofU hmo ahm Wm Cho {dnmdWm _| aIZo Ho$ Ym{_H$, Bdar` A-em H$m Cn`moJ
{H$`m Om ahm Wm& Eogo | 'Y_ A$s H$s Jmobr h' H$m {dMma CZHo$ {dmoh H$m H$maU ~Zm,
'H$mVr hr n[adVZ' bm gH$Vr H$s ^mdZm na Ch| {ddmg hAm& g H$mVr H$m AmXe CgHo$
gm_Zo Wm& {dd CgH$s Ama VoOr go ~S> ahm Wm& ^maVr` gdhmam-~hOZ A{ÔZm| Ho$
165
{dX IS>o hmo MwHo$ Wo& do ^r EH$ Eogr `dWm H$s Vbme _o Wo Ohm _Zw` H$m emofU Z hmo,
_Zw`-_Zw` _| AVa Z hmo, g^r g_mO Va, gwI,AmZX go Or`|Jo H$m ^md 'J{VdmX' Zo
^maVr` OZ_mZg _| nXm {H$`m& CgH$s ew$dmV gm{h` _| 'Jmm' go hmoVr h, Jm_rUm| go
hmoVr h, gdhmam go hmoVr h& {dd gm{h`H$ma ^r OZdmX H$mo AnZm ahm Wm& Bgr g_`
AJoOr gm{h` _| 'moJo{gd {bQ>aoMa' H$m ~mob~mbm JwO ahm Wm& gZ 1935 Ho$ Amg-nmg
hr B.E_. \$mQ>a H$s A`jVm _| no[ag _|, 'moJo{gd amBQ>g Egmo{gèZ' Zm_H$
AVamQ>r` gWm H$m nhbm A{YdoeZ hAm& {Og_| ^maV go S>m. _wH$amO AmZX Ama
gOmX Ohra em{_b Wo& Chm|Zo bXZ _| '^maVr` J{Verb boIH$ gK' H$s WmnZm H$s
Wr& O~ do ^maV Amò 1936 _| hr o_MX H$s A`jVm _| 'J{Verb gm{h`' H$m Mmagma H$aZo Ho$ {bE bIZD$ _| nhbm A{YdoeZ gnZ hAm& Bgr gm{h` AmXmobZ Ama
A{YdoeZ Ho$ Xwgao A`j a{dZmW R>mHy$a Wo& n[aUm_V 'JVr' H$m ^md ^maVr` ^mfm _|
gOmX Ohra mam 'CXy' Ama a{dZmW mam "~Jmb' _| Am`m& ~Jmb H$s bha Xoe â _|
\$br& Ama {hXr _| dh 'J{VdmX' Ho$ Zm_ go 1936 _| hr Am`m&
J{VdmX Eogm nhbm gm{hp`H$ AmXmobZ h Omo gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ H$moS> _| go AmXmobZ
Ho$ n _| hr CâH$a Am`m& CgHo$ gm{h`{df`H$ _mZXS> nhbo hr Wm{nV Wo& OrdZme
CZHo$ gm_Zo Wm b{Vd CgHo$ AZwn CâH$a Am`m& CgH$s lo>Vm Ho$ g~Y _| S>m.
hOmargmX {XdoXr Zo H$hm- g_{> _mZd H$s _w{V Ho$ {bE, CgH$mo mYm` XoVo hE
J{VdmX Am`m& O~-O~ Eogo ~S>o AmXe Ho$ gmW _Zw` H$m `moJ hmoVm h V~-V~ dh
gm{h` Zò H$m` nm| H$s CX>^mdZm H$aVm h& Bg ~ma ^r Eogm hr hAm& ''J{Verb
gm{h` Zo ggma Ho$ ^m{VH$ d$n H$mo, CXmm d$n H$mo, MoVZ_` d$n H$mo h_mao gm_Zo
bm`m& VH$ mam CgHo$ {dH$mg H$s òH$mdWm H$mo CXKm{Q>V H$aZo H$m `Z {H$`m&
Bg{bE dh ah`dmX, Bda, ^m`dmX H$m {damoY H$aVm h& {dd n[adV{Z hmoZo H$s ~mV
H$aVm h '' n[adVZ g{> H$m {Z`_ h, `hr n[adVZ, gm{h` _|, _mZdVm Ho$ {dH$mg _|,
gZmVZ ${T>`m| Ho$ {damoY _|, gZmVZ Y_, Bda Ho$ {damoY _| J{VdmX Wm{nV H$aVm h&
S>m. Zm_da qgh Zo ~S>r gOJVm Ed JhamB go CgH$s OmM-nS>Vmb H$s h& Hw$N>
{dMma {ZZ h Omo 'J{VdmX' Ho$ _hd, Amd`H$Vm Ama gwZhbo, gwI_` ^{d` Ho$ {bò
Oar h1. 'J{VdmX Ho$ BZ ~rg dfm] H$m B{Vhmg gm{h` _| dW gm_m{OH$Vm, `mnH$
^md^y{_ Ama CM {dMma Ho$ {ZaVa H$m {dH$mg B{Vhmg h, Omo Ho$db amOZr{VH$
OmJaU go Ama^ hmoH$ma H$_e OrdZ H$s `mnH$ g`mAm| H$s Amoa, AmXedmX go
Ama^ hmoH$a H$_e dW gm_m{OH$ `WmWdmX H$s Ama AJga hmoVm Om ahm h&'
2. '' J{Verb gm{h` H$moB pWa _VdmX Zht h, ~pH$ `h EH$ {ZaVa {dH$mgerb
gm{h`-Ymam h& ... `h gm{h` boIH$ H$s d`^y AVoaU go CX>^yV Zht
hmoVm, ~pH$ gm_m{OH$ Ama gmH${VH$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$_ _| dh ^r n[ad{VV Ama
{dH${gV hmoVm ahVm h&''
3. ''JVrdmX H$m Ama^ gm{h` _| Am{WH$ Ama amOZr{VH$ AmXmobZ Ho$ n _|
hAm&''
4. ''N>m`mdmX `{X Bg gXt Ho$ gmH${VH$ nwZOmJmU H$s CnO Wm Vmo JVrdmX
166
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
amOZr{VH$ OmJaU H$s&''

^{V-AmXmobZ Ho$ ~mX {\$a Cg Vah H$m A{Ib ^maVr` gm{h`-gJ_
J{VdmX Ho$ hr `wJ _| g^d hmo gH$m&''
''J{Verb boIH$m| Zo AnZo g_H$mbrZ gm{h` _| ^r \$bo hE Am`mp_H$
Hw$hmgm, Hw$R>mdmXr JmZm| Ama `mZgX^ H$mo gm\$ H$aZo _| ~S>m H$m` {H$`m&''
''`{X J{VdmXr g_rjm-Umbr Z hmoVr Vmo ò AdW gm{hp`H$ d{m`m
gm{h` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {H$VZr ~mYm nhMmVr, `h H$hZm H${R>Z h&''
''lo> aMZm H$aZo Ho$ {bò gm{h`H$ma H$mo A{Zdm` n go OZVm H$m njYa hmoZm
hr nS>oJm&''
''{OZ gm{h`H$mam| Zo nr{S>V, X{bV Ama gVmE hE H$m nj {b`m Wm Ama Bgr
Va\$Xmar Ho$ H$maU CZ_| CMH$mo{Q> H$s _mZdVmdmXr ^mdZmE Wr& O~ {H$ g_mO _|
dmWm] H$m gKf hmo Vmo _mZdVm X{bV bmoJm| Ho$ nj _| hmoVr h, VQ>WVm _| Zht
hmoVr&''
10. ''lo> gm{h`H$ma amoO Zht nXm hmoVo Ama Z lo> H${V`m ha jU {bIr OmVr h& do
gnyU Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mg H$m n[aUm_ hmoVr h& CZHo$ nrN>o OmVr` CWmZ H$s
e{V hmoVr h&''
11. Ama AV _| Bg AmXmobZ nr OZ A{^`mZ Ho$ g~Y _| ~S>o Am_{ddmg, Ama
{V~X Ho$ g~Y _| T>Vm go do H$hVo h- ''Bg {damQ> OZdmXr A{^`mZ _| Omo
H$m gmo Ny>Q>m : {OgZo BgH$m {damoY H$aZo H$s {h_mH$V H$s, dh J`m Ama {OgZo
BgHo$ Co` Ama H$m` _| gXoh H$Q> {H$`m, dh gXohdmXr Qw>Q>m& do Jw moUmMm` hmo
Mmho ^r_ {nVm_h, do H$U hmo AWdm O`W- Bg _hm^maV Ho$ {damoY nj _|
OmH$a Ch| JVlr hmoZm hr h& AnZo nyd d^d Ho$ mam AmO do Mmho {OVZo ~S>o VrV
hmo aho hmo, bo{H$Z `{X B{Vhmg {dYmVm Ho$ AZoH$- ~mhXadZo-dmbo {damQ> dOw
H$s dmUr gwZo Vmo nVm MboJm {H$ ò V_m_ _hmaWr dVwV _mao Om MwHo$ h, B{Vhmg
Zo ^rVa go BZH$m gmam VoO ha {b`m h&''
`h dm`-gw CZHo$ ^rVa H$m JVrdmX g~Yr JO~ H$m Am_{ddmg CgH$s
VmH$V, lo>Vm H$mo hr A{^`V H$aVo h& gm{h` H$mo OZVm Ho$ gmW, Ama gm{h` _|
Cno{jVm| Ho$ gwI-XwI H$s ^mdZmAm| H$mo H$Q> H$aZo H$s CZH$s bbH$ H$mo n> H$aVo h& Ama
AV _| AmMm` hOmargmX H$s `wJ {> H$mo `V H$aVo h gmW hr AnZr {V~XVm Ama
g_rjm H$meb- AmOma H$mo ^r& {XdoXr ^maVr` ^{d` H$mo XoIH$a H$hVo h- 'J{Verb
AmXmobZ ~hV _hmZ Co` go M{bV h& Bg_| gmXm{`H$ ^md H$m doe Zht hAm Vmo BgH$s
g^mdZmE A`m{YH$ h& ^{V AmXmobZ Ho$ g_` {Og H$ma EH$ AX` ` AmXe{Z>m {XImB nS>r Wr, Omo g_mO H$mo Zò OrdZ-XeZ go Mm{bV H$aZo H$m gH$n dhZ H$aZo
Ho$ H$maU A{Vamo` e{V Ho$ n _| H$Q> hB Wr Cgr H$ma `h AmXmobZ ^r hmo gH$Vm
h&'' AmO J{VdmXr AmXmobZ Ho$ gm_Zo X{jUnWr, XoerdmXr, {VJm_r VmH$V| amOZr{VH$
167
jo _| OZmYma, gm{h` Ho$ jo _| {jV, namoj {dVma nm ahr h& Eogo Cg Cgoo Ama
A{YH$ gKferb H$aZm JVrerb gm{h`H$ma H$m Xm{`d h&
7.2 J{VdmX : AW, d n "J{V' H$m AW {dH$mgmo_wIVm H$s Amoa ~T>Zm, `dWm Ho$ gmW g_mO, _Zw`
_| n[adVZ bmZm, OrdZ H$mo J{Verb ~ZmZm, dW, gwXa ~ZmZm h& amOZr{V _| H$`y{Z>
nmQ>u H$m `hr b` ahm h& Vmo gm{h` _o J{VdmX H$m& Omo {H$gr ^r {H$`mdmXr Wm{nV
`dWm H$m {damoY H$aVm h& b~o g_` VH$ 'MVwdJ\$bmVr' AWmV Y_, AW, H$m_,
_moj Ho$ {bò gm{h` {bIm Om ahm Wm& A~ gm_m` _Zw` H$s {V>m, CgHo$ OrdZH$s
Oar g_`m, CgHo$ MH$ZmMya hmoZo dmbo gnZo, ^mdZmE, gdoXZmE, hf, gwI, XwI H$s
nrS>mE, gdhmam Ho$ {bò JV e Ho$ n _| CZHo$ hmW _| Am`r& gm{h` _ZmoaOZmW H$m
^md {ZH$mbH$a gm_mOm{WH$ {hVmW H$mo A{^`V {H$`m OmZo bJm& {dX>dmZm| Zo Bgo ^r
n> H$a {X`m h H$s 'amOZr{V Ho$ jo _| Omo gm`dmX h, dhr gm{h` Ho$ jo _| J{VdmX
h&''
`h n> hmo MwH$m h H$s amOZr{V Ho$ jo go J{VdmX gm{h` Ho$ jo _| Am`m h&
OZVm H$m gKQ>Z, CZ_| gKf ^md, `WmWdmXr _w`m| H$s {V>m, Wm{nV `dWm
~XbZo Ho$ {bò H$mVr ^mdZm-MoVZ, H$mo OJmZm CgH$m b` h& dJ hrZ g_mO `dWm H$s
WmnZm CgH$m Co` h, g~H$mo gJR>rV hmoH$a bT>Zm, gKf H$aZm Oar h V^r J{V
g^d h& J{VdmXr gm{h` Bgr OZdmXr ^mdZmAm| H$s A{^`{V h&
N>m`mdmX Ho$ H$nZmbmoH$, ah`dmX go C~H$a H$B H${d J{VdmX H$mo AnZm MwHo$
h& am>r` AXmobZ H$Vm ^r g_mOdmX Ho$ gnZo ^maVr`m| _| OJm aho Wo& dZOrdr bmoH$,
H$bmH$ma, gm{h`H$ma Bg Ia AmXmobZ H$s Amoa Amem âr {ZJmh go XoI aho Wo& N>m`mdmX
Ho$ wJ '_|' Ag\$b hmoVo Agh`moJ Ogo AmXmobZ Zo Xoedmgr`m| _| Omo CXmgr, {Zamem nXm
H$s Wr Cgo Xwa H$aZo _| J{VdmX H$m ~S>m gh`moJ ahm h&
J{VdmX Zo Xoe, g_mO, `{V _| ~mpXH$, A`mp_H$, Ym{_H$, gm_m{OH$,
^m`dmXr, Bdar` j_Vm go _wV hmoZo H$s oaUm Xr& H$nZm H$s OJh `WmW, AmXe {H$
OJh `WmW, dZ H$s OJh `WmW, ah` H$s OJh bm{H$H$Vm, d`{VVm H$s OJh
gm_m{OH$Vm, H${V H$s OJh _Zw` H$mo bmZo H$m gmam lo` J{VdmX H$mo hr OmVm h&
7.3 J{VdmXr gm{h`H$ma N>m`mdmX Ho$ gwHw$_ma H${d nV Zo hr N>mmdmX H$m '`wJmV' H$a OZdmXr {dMmam|
H$s '`wJdmUr' H$mo AnZm`m& 'Jm`m' _| Jm_ gmX`, Jm_ dYw, Jm_ r-nwf Ho$ gmW
{H$gmZ, {Q>Q>dr, Ymo{~`m| Ho$ Vr ghmZw^y{V `V H$s& {Zambm Zo Z`r ^mfm Xr, emofH$m| na
`J {H$`m, nyOrdmX, Y_dmX, Om{V`Vm H$m {damoY {H$`m& {^jwH$, Hw$Hw$a_wmm, J nH$mS>r,
{S>Q>rgm~h, VmoS>Vr nWa, Hw$mm ^mH$Zo bJm, Zò nmo, IOmoha, _hJy _hJm ahm, Am{X
168
H${dVmAm| go J{VdmX H$mo AmJo ~T>m`m& 1943 _| 'A{U_m', ~mX _| AMZm ( ), AmamYZm
( ) _| gV a{dXmg, gmX, ~wX, {dO`mb_r n{S>V na H${dVmE {bIr&
N>m`mdmXr `m| H$mo N>moS>H$a dV J{VdmXr AmXmobZ go CnOo H${d`m| Zo OZdmXr
{dMmaYmam H$mo OZ_mZg _| {~R>m {X`m& {OZ_| _hdnyU h - Ho$XmaZmW AJdmb, ZmJmOwZ,
amJo` amKd, S>m. am_{dbmg e_m, ^dmZrgmX {_l, {ed_Jb qgh 'gw_Z', Zao e_m,
AMb, {bmoMZ, A_Vam`, AmXr& Ho$XmaZmW AJdmb, ZmJmOwZ, VWm {bmoMZ H$s
{d{e>Vm J{Verb gm{h` _| ahr h& nadVu H${d`m| _| '_w{V~moY, Ho$XmaZmW qgh ' Ogo
CH$> H${d`m| H$s {dMmaYmam ^r Bgr XeZ go ~Zr-~wZr h& dVwV {hXr H${dVm H$mo
g_X, {dVV, Ama `wJqMVmAm| go `mV {H$`m J{VdmXr H${dVm Zo&
H$Wm-gm{h` Ho$ jo _| dh nhbo go hr Wm& CXy H$s JVrerbVm H$mo o_MX Zo
{hXr _| ~rOmamonrV {H$`m& ~mX _| âdgmX, JwV, {edgmX qgh, amOo `mXd, am_Xae
{_l, _mH$S>o`, ^r_ ghmZr, M{H$aZ gmoZ[agm Zo ~S>r ^m{VH$ `WmWdmXr aMZmE Xr&
ènmb, AH$, A_Vbmb ZmJa, {dUw ^mH$a, amJo` amKd Zo AZoH$ Cn`mgm| _| _`dJ
H$mo {M{V {H$`m& J{V{eb H$WmH$mam| _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ ^r {H$`m ènmb
H$s '{X`m' amhb gmH$nm`Z H$s 'dmoJm go JJm' qgh goZmn{V, O` `mYo` Am{X&
AmbmoMZ Ho$ jo _| ewb H$s 'bmoH$_Jb H$s gmYZmdWm' bmoH$H$`mU ^mdZm
go nwarV h& {edXmZqgh MmhmZ, em{V{` {doXr, H$meM JwV, S>m. am_{dbmg e_m,
AmXr CbIZr` h& nad{V H$mb _| _w{V~moY, dV_mZ _| S>m. Zm_da qgh Zo gm_m{OH$,
OZdmXr aMZm, gwXaVm, ^m{VH$ {Xem-{ZX}eZ J{Verb AmbmoMZm _| bm`r h&
`h gmam gm{h` dkm{ZH$, VH${> go `wV h& gm_m` OZVm go {V~X h&
o_MX Zo g{h` Ho$ Zò ^md-~moY H$mo `V {H$`m Wm, W_ A{YdoeZ _|- '' gm{h`
Ho$db _ZmoaOZ Ama {dbm{gVm H$s dVw Zht h& dhr g{h` Iam CVaoJm {Og_| CM qMVZ
hmo, dm{YZVm H$m ^md hmo, gmX` H$m gma hmo, gOZ H$s Am_m hmo, OrdZ gMmB H$m doe
hmo Ama Omo h__| J{V, gKf Ama ~oMZr nXm H$ao&''
7.4 J{VdmX H$s Xme{ZH$ n>^y{_ :h_Zo nhbo hr n> {H$`m h H$s J{VdmX H$s Xme{ZH$ n>^y{_ H$m _wbmYma
'_mgdmX' h& Omo Xm_H$ ^m{VH$dmX Ed A{V[aV _w` {gXmV Ho$ n _| ^r OmZm
OmVr h& `h gm_m{OH$ `dWm H$mo Am{WH$ {>H$moZ go XoIVr h& `dWm H$m gKfm_H$
n hr dJ gKf Ho$ n _| drH$ma {H$m Jm h& {Og_| EH$ dJ l{_H$m| H$m h Vmo Xwgam
l{_H$m| H$m emofU H$aZodmbm& Bg dJ dmX H$m _wb _mg Ho$ m_H$VmdmX Ho$ ^rVa h& Omo
g_mO Y_, XeZ, gH${V, B{Vhmg, H${V Ho$ 'CH$m{V'`m {dH$mg Ho$ g~Ym| H$mo| {ZVmV
dkm{ZH$ Ed dVw{Z> {>H$moZ go XoIVm h& {dkmZ _| VH$ _hdnyU hmoVo h Omo ha {dMma,
dVw, KQ>Zm, `dWm Ho$ ~mao _| Z IS>m H$aVo h& Bgr Umbr go {dH$mg hmoVm h& dVwV
_mg Zo hrJob Ho$ dmX, \$m`ma~mI Ho$ ^m{VH$VmdmX Ama Mmbg hmb Ho$ dJgKf H$mo
AmYma ~ZmH$a _mZd g`Vm Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo ~S>o dkm{ZH$ T>J go VwV {H$`m h& CZHo$
169
amOZr{VH$ Ed Am{WH$ {gXmVm| Zo Z`r gVmAm| H$mo O_ {X`m&
_mg H$s {dMmaYmam H$mo h_ VrZ ^mJm| _| ~mQ> gH$Vo h1. m_H$ ^m{VH$ {dH$mgdmX
2. _w`-dpX H$m {gXmV
3. _Zw`-g`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s `m`m
_wbV `h {dMmaYmam amOZr{VH$ jo _| gm`dmX `m _mgdmX, gm_m{OH$ jo
_| g_mOdmX Ama XeZ Ho$ jo _| m_H$ ^m{VH$VmdmX Ho$ Zm_ go OmZr OmVr h& Cgo hr
gm{h` Ho$ jo _| h_ J{VdmX `m J{Verb Zm_ go A{^{hV H$aVo h& AnZo {dMmam| H$m
_hb _mg Zo VrZ ~mVm| na IS>m {H$`m h, EH$ gdhmam H$m H$`mU, CgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bò
gKf, Ama g_mO _| `mV dJu` ^mdZm H$m Zme `m C_wbZ& Bg{bò Cgo gm_m{OH$
`WmWdmX Ho$ Zm_ go ^r nhMmZm OmVm h&
1). m_H$ ^m{VH$VmdmX :Xw{Z`m â Ho$ bJ^J Ym{_H$, Am`mp_H$ {dMmaH$m| Zo g{> Cn{m Ho$ _wb _|
{H$gr Abm{H$H$ `m A`mp_H$ e{V Ho$ hmoZo H$mo drH$mam h& {Ogo Bda H$hm OmVm h&
Bda Zo g{> H$s Cn{m H$s Eogr _m`Vm h naVy _mg Eogm Zhr _mZVo& CZHo$ AZwgma g{>
H$s Cnmr Zht hB ~pH$ CgH$m "{dH$mg' hAm h& Bg H$ma do ^m{VH$ OJV Ho$ {Z_mU H$s
{H$`m H$mo dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ go {Vnm{XV H$aVo h& Bg{bE _mgdmX Bda, Am_m,
na_m_m, dJ, ZH$, Y_, nwZO_ Am{X H$mo drH$maVm Zht& _mZd-X` H$mo MoVZm Ed
{ddoH$ mam kmV VWm {dbo{fV, `m AZw^yV Vdm| na g{> {dH$mg H$s gH$nZm {Z{_V h,
{H$gr Abm{H$H$ `m A`mp_H$ e{Vna Zht& `hm Bg ~mV H$m ^r `mZ aho H$s
CH$m{VdmX Ho$ OZH$ S>m{dZ Z| g{>, _Zw`, Am{X Ho$ {dH$mg g~Yr {gXmV H$m {VnmXZ
H$a MwHo$ Wo&
_mg Ho$ AZwgma Xmo ^m{VH$ e{V`m| Ho$ go {Vgar ^m{VH$ dVw H$m {Z_mU hmo
OmVm h& H${V _| `h gKf {ZaVa Omar ahVm h& Bgo {Vnm{XV H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr ChmoZo
dmX (Thesis) {VdmX (Anti thesis) Ama {VdmX H$m {VdmX `m gdmX (Synthesis)
H$hm h&
1. dmX H$m AW h ha dVw Ho$ '{damoY' Vd Cgr dVw _| {Z{hV ahVo h, _m do Hw$N>
H$mb Ho$ {bò X~o ahVo h&
2. {VdmX H$m AW h H$mbmVaU _| dmX pW{V dVw _| {Z{hV {damoYr Vd hr Cg
dVw H$m {damoY H$aZo bJVo h& AWmV XmoZm| _| ew hmo OmVm h&
3. gdmX H$m AW h dmX, {VdmX H$m gKf n& Omo {H$gr Vrgar dVw, napW{V H$m
gOZ H$aVr h& Omo Cg Xmo n[apW{V`m| go {^Z hmoVr h& Ama Bg Vrgar
n[apW{V _| Cg XmoZm| napW{V`m| Ho$ Hw$N> Vd, Ae CnpWV hmoVo h&
H${V, n[apW{V, g`Vm, gH${V, B{Vhmg, XeZ Am{X H$m {dH$mg Bgr
m_H$ gKf go hmoVm h&
170
2). _y`- dpX H$m {gXmV {H$gr ^r dVw Ho$ _y` {dH$mg _| _mg Ho$ AZwgma Mma AJ {ZYm[aV hmoVo h&
1. _yb nXmW 2. Wwb-gmYZ 3. l{_H$ H$m l_ Ama 4. _y` dpX& CXmhaU Ho$
{bò nmM nò Ho$ H$moH$m H$mobm H$mo amgm`{ZH$ {H$`m mam ~moVb _| ~X H$aZo Ho$ {bò AJa
20 nò IM Am ahm h Vmo CgH$m _y` Vrg nò hmo OmVm h& AWmV `hm nMrg nò H$s
_y`dpX hmo OmVr h Bg_| CnmXZ gm_Jr AWmV `m| H$s {KgmB Am{X H$m IM nmM nò
H$_ H$a Xo Vmo ^r dmV{dH$ bm^ 20 nò hmoVm h& `h gmam bm^ l{_H$ H$mo {_bZm Mm{hò
naVy AmO ^r CnmXZ H$nZr`m `h hS>n H$a boVr h& nwOrdmXr `wJ _| ^r {_b-_m{bH$m| mam
`hr hAm& {Og_| g_mO _| Xmo dJ V`ma hE EH$ emofH$ Xwgam emo{fV& _mg Zo {H$gmZ,
_OXyam| H$mo emo{fVm| H$s loUr _| aIm Ama {_b-_m{bH$, nyOrnVr dV_mZ _| CnmXZ
H$nZr`m| Ho$ _m{bH$ 'emofH$' hmo OmVo h& _mg CnmXZ gmYZm| Ho$ gmW l_ _w` na
emo{fVm| H$m A{YH$ma hmoZo H$s ~mV H$aVo h& Eogo _| 'dJ gKf' nXm hmo OmVm h& CnmXZ
H$VmAm| H$mo {_bZo dmbo bm^ _| Ag_mZ ~Q>dmam hmo OmVm h& emofH$m| Ho$ C{MV bm^ {_bVm
Zht Eogo _| emofU H$mo mogmhZ {_b OmVm h& Bg H$ma H$m emofU _mZdVm na H$bH$ h&
3) {dd-g`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s ZB `m`m :{dd B{Vhmg boIH$m| Zo {d{^Z Om{V`m|, Xoem| H$m B{Vhg {bIVo g_` m`
Om{V, dU, am> Ho$ n _| dJuH$V {>H$moZ AnZm`m h& _mg Zo _m _mZd Om{V H$m
B{Vhmg boIZ H$aVo g_` Cgo Ho$db Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h 1.emofH$ dJ- Ogo
nwOrn{V, _m{bH$ 2. emo{fV dJ- {H$gmZ, _OXya AWmV l{_H$ dJ Am{X& dJ gKf Ho$
B{Vhmg H$mo _m Chm|Zo Mma `wJm| _| {d^m{OV H$a CgHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$Wm H$mo h_mao gm_Zo
aIm h&
nhbm `wJ h 'XmgWm' H$m {Og_| l{_H$ Ho$ `{Vd, CgHo$ l_, Cn{m Ho$
gmYZ Ama CnmXZ BZ Mmam| na _m{bH$mZm h$ Ed A{YH$ma _m{bH$ H$m hr ahm&
Xwgam `wJ 'gm_Vr Wm' H$m {Og_| _OXya Ho$ `{Vd H$mo Vmo AmOmXr {_b JB
naVy ~mH$s VrZ ~mVm| na emofH$m| H$m hr A{YH$ma ahm&
Vrgam `wJ 'nyOrdmX' H$m {Og_| _OXya Ho$ `{Vd VWm CgHo$ l_ na CgH$m
A{YH$ma hmo J`m naVy A` Xmo na _m emofH$m| H$m hr A{YH$ma ahm&
MmWm `wJ 'gm`dmXr `wJ' hmoJm {Og_| _mg Ho$ AZwgma _OXyam| H$s {V{ZYr
gaH$ma H$m CnmXZ Ho$ g^r gmYZm| na {ZU hmoJm Ama CgHo$ n[al_ Ho$ AZwn Cgo bm^
`m \$b {_boJm& _mg MmhVm h H$s CgHo$ m_H$, ^m{VH$VmdmXr, dJ gKf VWm
gm`dmX Ho$ {gXmVm| H$m Mma-gma {H$`m OmE& {Oggo emofH$ dJ H$mo Z> H$aZm g^d
hmoJm& BgHo$ {bò qhgm_H$ H$m{V H$m g_WZ ^r dh H$aVm h&
_mg H$m _mZZm h H$s ''gn{m H$m {d^mOZ `{V na Z hmoH$a `{V H$s
gm_m{OH$ Cn`mo{JVm Ho$ AmYma na hmoZm Mm{hE& ''gm`dmXr `dWm H$m _ybVd `hr h&
Omo emo{fVm| H$mo emofH$m| Ho$ {dX H$m{V H$m AdmhZ H$aVm h& EH$ Eogr g_mO `dWm H$m
{Z_mU dh MmhVm h {Og_| g_mZ {dMmaYmam, AmH$mjm, `Z, gwI^moJ Ho$ gmYZ,
171
A{YH$ma, Ama gwI-gw{dYm`| CnbY hmo gHo$Jo& Bgr H$ma H$m g_mO J{VdmXr g_mO
hmoJm J{VdmXr gm{h` H$m b` ^r `hr hmoJm&
AV Omo gm{h` {V{H$`mdmXr nyOrdmXr d{m, _Zmod{m Ama `dWm H$m
{damoYr hmo dh J{VdmXr gm{h` h& Eogm gm{hp`H$ _mZXS> hr Wm{nV hmo J`m& _mg Ho$
nad{V H$mb _| Bgr H$ma H$m gm{h` {bIm J`m& _mgdmX H$mo OZVm Xa~ma _|
nhMm`m J`m& ~mX _| amOZr{VH$ AmXmobZ Am{X Ho$ _mJ go gm`dmXr `dWm WmnZm H$m
b` V` {H$`m J`m& g CgH$m CXmhaU h& `hm Ho$ gm{h`H$mam| Zo _mg VWm ~moeo{dH$
H$mVr {dMmaYmam H$mo AnZmH$a gm{h` gOZ {H$`m& gm_m` OZVm Ho$ _Z _| am`
gMmbZ, gmm mVr H$s A{^Mr H$m {Z_mU {H$`m& Am{WH$ {df_Vm H$mo Xya H$a dJ{dhrZ
g_mO WmnZm H$s _m`VmAm|,^mdZmAm| H$m Mma-gma {H$`m OmZo bJm& n[aUm_V
H$>anWr`m| H$s Amoa go gZ 1932 Ho$ bJ^J gr gm{h`H$mam| na {V~Y bJm`m J`m&
l{_H$m| _| H$m{V ^mdZm O_mZo hoVy Chm|Zo gm{h` _| EH$ Zò dmX H$mo {V{>V {H$`m {Ogo h_
gm_m{OH$ `WmWdmX Ho$ Zm_ go OmZVo h& gZ 1935-36 _| hE J{Verb boIH$ gK mam
Hw$N> Bgr H$ma H$s {dMmaYmam H$mo ^maVr` gm{h` _| WmZ {_bm {H$Vw dh g H$s Vah
H$m{VH$mar gm{h` Zht hAm BgH$m IoX h& CgH$m ^maVr` gH$aU hAm CgH$s H$m{V H$mo
amOZr{V _| qhgm_H$ H$madmB Ho$ n _| XoIm J`m& Ama CgHo$ H$m`H$Vm H$mo qhgH$ d{m Ho$
n _|& nyU noZ _mgdmX H$mo ^maV _o em`X hr _m`Vm {_br hmoJr, `h H$hZm gmhg H$m
H$m_ hmoJm naVy {dMma, AW gm{h` Ho$ jo _| CgZo AnZr nR> ~Zm br& hm dh T> ^r hAm
h& Bg {damQ> OZm{^`mZ H$s VmH$V hr Zm_daOr Zo aoIm{H$V H$s h Ama `h gMmB ^r h H$s
{hXr _| ha Xygam boIH$ J{VdmX go OwS>Vm h `m OmoS>m OmVm, `m OwS>Zo H$s MmhV aIVm h&
dVwV pW{V Vmo `h h H$s J{VdmX Ho$ ghmao hr dh g_mO_m`, {gX, `m ~S>m hmo OmVm
h& Hw$N> CMdJu` gm{h`H$ma ^r J{VdmX H$m PS>m \$hamVo ZOa Am aho h& Cg_|
{V~XVm, B_mZXmar Ama _ZmoaOZ {H$VZm h `h dV A``Z {H$`m {df` hmo OmòJm&
{hXr gm{h` _| N>m`mdmX Ho$ ~mX J{VdmX Zo gm{h` {df` {g_mAm| H$mo {dVma
{X`m& gm{h` g_mOmo_wI hAm& dVwV nV Ogo N>m`mdmXr H${d Zo hr BgH$m AJmO {H$`m
Z`r '`wJdmUr' H$m ma^ {H$`m& Cmamoma `{VdmXr Ah ^mdZm H$m {n>nofU boH$a {Zambm
Zo ^r Bgo D$MmB XmZ H$s& 'Hw$H$a_wmm' H$mo gdham Ama Jwbm~ H$s emofH$m| H$m {VH$
~Zm`m& Vmo Bgr H$ma H$m am_dj ~oZrnyar Zo 'Joh Ama Jwbm~' {Z~Y {bIm& gm{h` H$s
bJ^J _hdnyU {dYmAm| _| `h 'dmX' `WmerK nhMm&
7.5 J{VdmXr H$m` H$s d{m`m :Cn`wV {ddoMZ go `h n> hmo MwH$m h H$s J{VdmX Zo g_mOdmXr `dWm H$m
b` gm{h`H$ma Ho$ gm_Zo aIm& N>`mdmX Ho$ dZOrdr H${d`m| Zo hr CgH$m {damoY H$a
J{VdmX H$mo AnZm`m& H${dVm _| H$nZm H$s OJV dmV{dH$Vm, d`{VH$Vm H$s OJh
''gm_m{OH$Vm H$mo gZ 1930 Ho$ ~mX AnZm`m OmZo bJm& '' J{VdmX Ho$ Zm_ na nVOr Zo
_mgdmX Ama JmYrdmX, ^m{VH$dmX Ama A`m_dmX, gm_w{hH$Vm Ama d`{VH$Vm,
172
~{hOJV Ama AVOJV, ^md Ama n dJah H$m g_d` H$aZm Mmhm {Og_| N>m`mdmXr
nanam H$m AmJh n> h& Bgr Vah J{VdmX Ho$ Zm_ na {XZH$a, ^JdVrMaU d_m Ama
ZdrZ Zo Omo {dZme Ama {ddg H$m AhmZ {H$`m Cg_| nyddVu `{VdmX H$s
AamOH$VmdmXr VWm {dnWJm _Zmod{m H$m hr {d\$moQ> h& J{VdmX Ho$ Zm_ na A_Vbmb
ZmJm, Zamom_ ZmJa Am{X 'CN>Ib' Xb Ho$ boIH$m| Zo `mZ {dH${V`m| H$m Z CXKmQ>Z
{H$`m, dh ^r n> n go N>m`mdmXr Aearar ^mdZmAm| H$s _mgb VWm ear[aH$ {V{H$`m h
Ama Bg CN>IbVm Ho$ _yb _| ^r dhr `{VdmXr AamOH$Vm h& BZ g^r d{m`m| Ho$
gp_{bV ^md _| {Zambm Zo Omo 'A{U_m' Ho$ H$Um âo mWZm JrV Jmò, EH$mH$snZ na
{dbmn {H$`m, 'Hw$Hw$a_wmm' Ho$ jw _wI go Ah-âr KmofUmE H$s Ama adrZmW H$s
'{dO{`Zr' H$s namoS>r H$aVo hE IOmoham- nr{S>V ~wAm H$m aoIm{M ItMm- h g~ CZHo$
N>m`mdmX- `wJrZ gH$mam| H$m hr H$ht ~T>md Ama H$ht {V{H$`m h& ... J{VdmX Ho$ Ama^ _|
`h Omo A`m_dmX, AamOH$VmdmX {dH$V `WmWdmX AWdm mH${VH$dmX H$s d{m`m
{XImB nS>Vr h, CZH$m [aVm _mgdmX go ~hV Xya H$m h& '' _mgdmXr gH$mam| _| nbr
~T>r Z`r nrT>r Ho$ n _| h_mao gm_Zo Ho$XmaZmW AJdmb, ZmJmOyZ, {ed_Jbqgh gyZ, S>m.
am_{dbmg e_m, ^dmZrgmX {_l, {bmoMZ, _w{V~moY, Ho$XmaZmW qgh Ogo H${d gm_Zo
h& {OhmoZo J{VdmX na JhamB go gm{h` gOZ {H$`m CgH$s d{m`m| H$mo h_| XoIZm h1. gm_m{OH$ `WmWdmXr {> :->
H$nZm, dZ, EH$mV OrdZ _| OrZo Ho$ N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ AV_wIr MoVZm H$s
OJh dVw{Z> Ed gm_m{OH$ `WmW H$s {> - A{^`{V _mgdmXr H${dVm H$r _w`
d{m h& '`m hmoZm Mm{hE' H$s OJh '`m h' BgH$s ImoO `h H${dVm H$aVr h& AmXe Ama
gm_m{OH$ `WmW H$s ^mdZm '' ^maVoXw VWm {doXr `wJrZ H${dVm _| ^r h na do gm_m{OH$
g_`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ go, XoZo _| Ag_W aho h& _mgdmX Zo `h H$m`
{H$`m& '' OrdZ H$mo ^m{VH$ {> go XoIH$a Cg_o MoVZm âZo Ho$ `mg _mgdmXr`m| H$s
Amoa go hr hE h& OrdZ gMmB Ho$ n _| do gmX` Ho$ gmW Hw$nVm, ZZVm, JXr, ~r^gVm
H$mo ^r JhU H$aVo h& hr H$maU h H$s `h gm{h` `WmW '{df`' nm| Ho$ H$maU AN>m Ama
gMm bJVm h g_mO Ho$ g~go Cno{jV H$s {dS>~Zm, Cnhmg, H$mo gm{h` Ho$ H|$ _| bm`m
J`m& gH$sUVm Ho$ Koao _| go {ZH$bH$a '^y' dJ H$mo XoIZm nVOr Zo hr ma^ {H$`m ""VmH$ aho hmo JJZ ?
_`y - Zr{b_m JhZ JJZ ?
A{Z_of A{dVdZ, H$mb-Z`Z ?
{ZnX, ey`, {ZOZ, {ZndZ
XoImo ^y H$mo
Ord - gy H$mo - ''
Ogo hr '^y' dJ H$mo J{VdmXr H${d`m| Zo XoIm H$B H${dVm {df` ~Zo _w{V~moY
H$m `h H$WZ g` h H$s, '' OrdZ _| AmO Ho$
173
boIH$ H$s H${R>ZmB `h Zht {H$
H$_r h {df`m| H$s
daZm `h {H$ Am{Y` CZH$m hr
CgH$mo gVmVm h
Ama dh R>rH$ MwZmd Zht H$a nmVm h !! ''
OrdZ H$s {dnVm Zo gm{h` _| gmX` âm& EH$ Amoa H$m` {df`m| _| n[adVZ
Am`m ah`, d`{VH$ o_, H$nZm H$m H$mZZ, AmXe H$s OJh _Zw` H$m gKferb
OrdZ, _Q>_bm ^maVr H$m bm AmMb, ^yI go VS>nVr JV bJmVr {N>nH$br, {Mb{MbmVr
Yyn _| nWa VmoS>Zodmbr r, Y_, Bda Vr jmo^, H$b H$maImZm| _| H$m_ H$aZodmbo l{_H$,
{H$gmZ H$s X[aVm, CZHo$ A{e{jV ~Mo,AY{ddmg go âm EH$ gm_m{OH$ V~H$m, Am{X
{d{^Z dJm] Ho$ ^md-^mdZmAm|, gdoXZmAm|, gwI-XwIm|, dZm|, AH$mjmAm| H$m {MU
gm{h` _| Am`m& Vmo Xwgar Ama '' Jmdm| Ho$ OrdZ _| KwgVo hr AnZr d`{VVm H$mo ^ybH$a
Jmd _| ahZodmbo Vah-Vah Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo XoIVm h Ama CZH$m {M CHo$aVm h& Ahra H$s
{Zaja bS>H$s Mnm, ^moaB Ho$dQ>, mB_ar Hw$b Ho$ _mQ>a XwIaZ Pm, MZm-M~oZm
ImZodmbm MXy, {MHw$Q> Ho$ ~mS>_ `mr dJah'' ZmJmOwZ Ho$ 'XwIaZ Pm' Ama CZHo$
Hw$b H$m {M Hw$N> Eogm hr h'' YwZ ImE ehVram| na H$s ~mahIS>r {dYmVm ~mMo
\$Q>r ^rV h, N>V MyVr h, Ambo na {dgVwB`m ZmMo
~agm H$a ~o~g ~Mmo na {_ZQ>-{_ZQ> _| nmM V_mMo
Bgr Vah go XwIaZ _mQ>a JT>Vm h AmX_ Ho$ gmMo& ''
Zm_daOr Zo Bg na ~S>r g[T>H$ {Q>nUr H$aVo hE H$hm h, `m| ? dh CgH$s VZIm go
ny{N>ò& ''
Vmo Vrgar Amoa nyOrnVr`m|, goR>, gmhH$mam|, _m{bH$m| H$s Hw$aVm, X`hrZVm H$s
e`-{H$`m ^r H${dVm _| hB h& nyOrdmXr g`Vm eha go Jmd J{b`m| VH$ \$br h& CgH$s
{dbm{gVm, A_mZdr` d{m, em[a[aH$ _mZ{gH$ emofU go Vm{S>V emofH$ OZOmVr H$m
`WmW CXKmQ>Z H${dVm _| hAm h& H$nZm- H$mZZ H$s H${dVm amZr, YaVr Ho$ gwI XwI Ho$
gmW OwS> J`r& ZmJmOwZ _w{V~moY Ogo H${d BgHo$ loR> CXmhaU h&
2. H$m{V H$m AmhdmZ :h_Zo nhbo hr nQ> {H$`m h H$s J{VdmXr H${dVm dJhrZ g_mO H$s gm`dmXr
`dWm H$s WmnZm MmhVr h& BgHo$ {bò _mgdmXr H${d`m| Zo Am{WH$ {df_Vm H$mo Xya
H$aZo H$s eV aIr h Ama Bgo V^r Xya {H$`m Om gH$Vm h O~ gm_m{OH$m| _| qhgm_H$ H$m{V
^mdZm H$mo \$bm`m OmE& nyOrdmXr g`Vm H$mo Z> {H$`m OmE& 'H$m{V' g`H$ g_mO
WmnZm H$m _m`_ `m gmYZ h& Cgr Ho$ JrV H${d`m| Zo Jmò h& BgHo$ {bò S>m. am_{dbmg
e_m gdgm_m` {H$gmZm|, _OXyam| H$mo BH$>m H$aZm MmhVo h, Ch| Wm{nV `dWm H$s
Hy$aVm go n[a{MV H$amZm MmhVo h, CZ_| AgVmof Ho$ ~rO ~moZm MmhVo h V^r H$mVr H$s \$gb
CJm`r Om gH$Vr h ''H$m {dMma `V H$aVo h& J{VdmXr A{YH$me H${d`m| Zo H$m{V ^mdZm
174
H$m {MU emofH$m| _| \w$Vu âZo, AnZr pW{V go AdJV hmoZo, AnZr e{V H$m n[aM`
nmZo, AnZo ApVd H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bò H${dVm | {H$`m h& `h H$m{V gm_m{OH$ Ama am>r`
XmoZm| nm| H$mo A{^`V H$aVr h& H$m{V H$s `h ^mdZm dJ-`dWm Ho$ {dZme hoVy
AmVam>r` n _| `V hmoVr h& Bg{bE dh {dd_mZdVmdmXr, emVmdmXr h& ''Ho$db
AmnXY_ Ho$ n _| dh qhgm H$m drH$ma H$aZo H$mo VwV h& ''Bg{bE `h H$m{V dgm_H$
Zht gOZm_H$ h& Zd{Z_mU go ny[aV h& gm_m{OH$, Am{WH$, amOZr{VH$ Xw`dWm go
nr{S>V h H${d 'ZdrZ' Eogo hr {dbd H$m JmZ H$aVm h ""H${d Hw$N> Eogr VmZ gwZmAmo
{Oggo CWb-_wWb _M OmE&
{Z`_ Ama Cn-{Z`_m| Ho$ ò ~YZ Qy>H$-Qy>H$ hmo OmE
{ddâ H$s nmofH$ drUm Ho$ g~ Vma _yH$ hmo OmE
em{V XS> Qw>Q>o- Cg _hm H$m qghmgZ WamE,
CgH$s nmofH$ dmgmoN>dmg, {dd Ho$ mJU _| KhamE,
Zme, Zme hmo ! _hmZme H$s b`H$mar AmI Iwb OmE&''
`m mMrZ dU-g`Vm, `dWm, H$m Zme hmo OmE& _mZdVm H$m XwI Z> hmo OmE,ZB
`dWm Wm{nV hmo OmE H$m AmJh H${d H$aVm h& g_J n[adVZ H$s ^mdZm H${d`m| _| h&
{Oggo dW g_mO {Z{_V {H$`m Om gH$Vm h& 'OrU nwamVZ' Ho$ 'Z>' hmoZo Ama Zò ZwVZ
H$m 'nb{dV'hmoZo Ho$ {bE H${d nV H$m da Ia hmo MwH$m h'' Z>- ^> hmo OrU nwamVZ,
dg- ê OJ Ho$ OS> ~YZ&
nmdH$ OJ Ka Amdo ZwVZ,
hmo nb{dV Zdb _mZdnZ&''
`m ^maV ^wfU H$m 'OmJVo ahmo' da JwO CR>m h&
3. ~mpXH$Vm H$m AmJh :J{VdmXr H${d Zo dkm{ZH$ {> H$m n[aM` XoVo hE ~mpXH$Vm H$mo AnZm`m h&
H${dVm _| mMrV {T>`m|, nanam Ed _m`VmAm| H$m IS>Z hAm h& BZH$s ~mpXH$ {>, ^m`,
^JdmZ, H$_, nwZO_, Am_m, na_m_m, AY{ddmg Am{X H$maUm| go hmoZodmbo emofU
{damoYr n _| `V hB h& emofU d{m`m| H$mo Xya H$aZo hoVy hr {Zambm H$s 'Hw$Hw$a^wmm' Ogr
H${dVm _| ``m_H$Vm H$m Vrd da `V hAm h& ZmJmOwZ Ogo H${d Zo ^r 'OOa g_mO'
Ama 'AmOmXr H$m df`' n> H$aVo hE `` _| H$hm h ""H$mJO H$s AmOmXr {_bVr
bo bmo Xmo Xmo AmZo _|&''
J{VdmXr H${d VH$, Z, Ho$ O[aE H$m`-H$maU ^md H$m {VnmXZ H$aVo hE òH$ {dMma,
KQ>Zm, H$mo {deX H$aVo h& AmMm` _hmdragmX {doXr ^r H${dVm Ho$ jo _| ~mpXH$Vm H$m
AmJh, {Vnm{XV H$a MwHo$ Wo naVy CZ_| AVrV Ho$ {V ^dwH$Vm H$m Am{Y` mXm ahm h&
dh nanamJV `dWm H$m AZwnmbZ H$aVo hE AmXe H$mo `V H$aVo Wo naVy J{VdmXr`m| Zo
175
_m `WmW H$mo gm_Zo bmZo _| g~ H$mo gXoh Ho$ Koao _| bm`m, g~ na Z CnpWV {H$ò
Bgr{bE gm_m{OH$ And{m`m| H$m {damoY do {Vd T>J go H$a nmò& CZH$s ``m_H$ H${dVm
_| h A{YH$ _mm _| wIa hAm h&
4. `` H$s YmZVm :gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m|, nanamAmo, {df_VmAm| H$mo gm{h` _| C^maZo hoVy `` H$m
`moJ {H$`m J`m h& BZ H${d`m| Ho$ `` _| gm_m{OH$ gwYma H$s ^mdZm {Z{hV h& CZHo$ ``
{df` _| nyOrn{V, {dbmgr, `{Vd, CZHo$ emofU H$s d{m, amOZr{V, PyR>r {bS>a{en,
Am{WH$ gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$mo b` {H$`m J`m h& Vmo gdham Ho$ XwI,X` H$m dUZ ^r
{H$`m h& {Zambm H$s '{Îmar' H${dVm Bgr H$ma H$s h& 'Hw$Hw$awmm' Ho$ 'A~o ! gwZ ~o Amo
Jwbm~' _| Am`m Jmbr H$m da {df_Vm Ho {V AmH$moe ^md H$mo V H$aVm h& H${d {XZH$a
Zo ^r gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$m {MU H$aVo hE {bIm hdmZm| H$mo {_bVm XyY-Xhr, ~Mo ^yIo VS>nmVo h&
_m H$s h>r go {R>Rw>a {MnH$, OmS>m| H$s amV {~VmVo h&&
`wdVr H$s bOm dgZ ~oM, O~ mO MwH$mò OmVo h&
{_b- _m{bH$ Vob \w$bobm| na, nmZr-gm ` ~hmVo h&&
_w{V~moY, ZmJmOwZ, ^JdVrMaU d_m Am{X H${d`m| H$s H${dVm Bg {> go
CboI{Z` h& ZmJmOwZ H$s `mVrbY H${dVm 'oV H$m ~`mZ' `J H$m gdm}H$> CXmhaU
h& {OgHo$ g~Y _| Zm_daOr Zo {bIm h- ''ZoVmbmoJ Omo Aga H$hVo h {H$ h_mao hm ^yI
`m AH$mb Zht h; na Cg `_amO VWm EH$ _ao hE _mQ>a H$s ~mVMrV Ho$ mam `hm {H$VZm
gwXa `J {H$`m J`m h& ZaH$ Ho$ _m{bH$ `_amO 'oV H$m ~`mZ' boVo hE nwN>Vm h {H$ H$go
_am Vy ? Odm~ _| 'ZmMH$a b~o M_Mm|- gm nMJwam hmW, Ir nVbr {H$Q>{H$Q> H$s AmdmO
_|' V AnZm nwam nVm ~VbmVo hE H$ao_m| H$s n{m`m ImZo H$s AmYr hr H$Wm H$h nmVm h {H$
XS>nm{U _hmH$mb A{ddmg H$s hgr hgH$a H$hVo h- '' ~S>o AN>o_mQ>a hmo ! AmE hmo
_wPH$mo ^r nT>mZo !! dmh ^mB dmh ! Vmo Vw_ ^wI go Zht _ao?'' Bg na hX go `mXm Omoa
S>mbH$a oV H$hVm h {H$ ''Ama Ama Ama Ama ^bo ZmZm H$ma H$s `m{Y`m Ama ^bo ZmZm
H$ma H$s `m{Y`m hmo ^maV _| {H$Vw-{H$Vw ^wI `m jwYm Zm_ hmo {OgH$m Eogr {H$gr `m{Y
H$m nVm Zhr h_H$mo !'Ama ^mn H$m Amdoe {ZH$b OmZo Ho$ ~mX emV-p_V da _| {\$a H$hVm
h- {H$ Ohm VH$ _oam AnZm g~Y h, gw{ZE _hmamO''V{ZH$ ^r nra Zht
XwI Zht, Xw{dYm Zht
gabVmnydH$ {ZH$bo Wo mU
gh Z gH$s AmV O~ no{Me H$m h_bm ...
5. T>r-Wm nanam H$m {damoY :g{> H$s {Z{_{V Zht ~H$s Cnmr hB h, {dH$mg hAm h `h {dMma aIH$a
_mg Zo Bda H$s gmm, Am_m, nwZO_, ^m`dmX H$m H$S>m {damoY {H$`m& Bda Ho$ Zm_ na
176
hmoZodmbo emofU H$mo COmJa {H$`m& Y_ H$mo Am{\$_ H$hH$a CgH$m ^r Zem CVmam& _Zw` Ama
_Zw`Vm H$mo lo> _mZH$a Chm|Zo gm_m{OH$ dJ, dU,OmV {df_Vm H$mo _mZdr`Vm na H$bH$
H$hm& Bg{bE _mgdmX _| H$mbm-Jmoam, ey-~mU, AZm`-Am`, lo>-H${Z> ^mdZm H$m
WmoWm n n> hAm h& _wbV dh Bda _| AmWm Zht aIVm Bg{bE Y_,`dWm, Ho$ gmW
Cggo OwS>r {T>`m|, JbV nanamAm|, _m`VmAm|, {ddmgm| H$m {damoY H$aVm h& AmO Ho$ g_`
_| _{Xa-_pOX, JrVm-Hw$amZ H$m H$moB _hd Zht h& Bda Ama Y_ Ho$ {V jmo^ ^mdZm H$mo
_ho ^Q>ZmJa `V H$aVo h''OS>Ho$ nmg
I{S>V Ama Hw$nm
Omo aJm qgXya go hZw_mZ -gm nmfmU
{Q>H$H$a JmoX _| ~R>m
{H$ {OgH$s AMZm H$aVo _ZwO {H$VZo
Z`Z hr n[aH$_m H$aVo
d AmYr amV H$mo Am
ImV {OgH$mo MmQ>Vo&''
Y_-{T>`m| Ho$ {V H$B H${d`m| Zo {V{H$`mdmXr {dMma aIo h& CgHo$ {T>JV d$n H$s
AmbmoMZm H$s h& Eogr H${dVmAm| _| _wI h, nV H$s 'OhmO' Ho$XmaZmW AJdmb H$s
'{MHw$Q> Ho$ `mr' am_{dbmg e_m H$s 'y{V`m' Am{X& BZ H${d`m| Ho$ AZwgma _Zw` nhbo
_Zw` h H$m {dMma `V {H$`m h&
'' _ {hXy h, Vw_ _wgb_mZ
na `m XmoZm| BgmZ Zht
XmoZm| hr YaVr Ho$ Om`
h_ AZMmho _oh_mZ Zht''
T>r, Wm, nanamAm| H$s ~o{S>`m| go _Zw` _Zw`Vm H$mo _wV H$aZo H$s Mmh
J{VdmXr H${d`m| _| ahr h& J{V H$m AW ^r `hr h&
6. emo{fVm| H$m H$$U JmZ :{H$gr ^r H$ma H$s Jwbm~r _| hmoZodmbm emofU _mZd Om{V Ho$ {bò Kmoa A{êmn
h& `h Zht hmoZm Mm{hE Eogm _mgdmXr H${d MmhVm h& g_mOdmXr `dWm H$s WmnZm Ho$
{bò OZVm _| CgHo$ {V ghmZw^y{V {Z_mU H$aZo Ho$ {bò CgH$m H$m$U JmZ H${dVm _|
Am`m h& Xwgao AW _| dh Ch| gMoV ^r H$aVm h AnZr X`Zr` Xem go Ch| AdJV H$amVm
h& M{H$aU gmZ[agm H$hVr h ''Xw{Z`m Ho$ _OXya ^mB`m|, gwZ bmo EH$ h_mar ~mV&
{g\$ EH$Vm _| hr ~gVm, Bg Xw{Z`m Ho$ gwI H$m amO&& ''
{H$gmZm|, _OXyam| AWmV emo{fVm| _| EH$Vm hmoJr Vmo hr dh emofU go _w{V nmòJ| _w{V~moY Zo
^r `hr H$hm h '' H$^r AHo$bo _o _w{V Zhr {_bVr
177
`{X dh h Vmo g~Ho$ hr gmW h&''
X{bVm|,emofVm| H$m H$$U JmZ H$aVo hE {Zambm Zo {^jwH$ _| {bIm h '' {^jwH$ qIMm hAm eX {M dh AmVm
Xmo Qw>H$ H$boOo Ho$ H$aVm nN>VmVm nW na AmVm&''
`m H$b, H$maImZm| _| H$m_ H$aZodmbo l{_H$, _m{bH$ Ho$ {bE g^r H$ma gwI gw{dYm Ho$ gmYZ OwQ>mH$a XoVo h Ama d` _m Cggo Xya ahVo h& ^wI go ~ohmb, \$Q>ohmb
'X[ar ZmamÙ' {H$gmZ _OXya H$m {M H${dVm _| Am`m h
''Amo _OXya, Amo _OXya
Vy g~ MrOm| H$m H$Vm, Vy hr g~ MrOm| go Xya
Amo _OXya, Amo _OXya,
Bg IbH$V H$m I{bH$ Vy h,
Vw Mmho Vmo nb _| H$a Xo,
Bg Xw{Z`m H$mo MH$ZmMwa
Amo _OXya, Amo _OXya&''
`hr nr{S>V _mZd '~Jmb Ho$ AH$mb' na ~ohmb hmo OmVm h, OOa hmo OmVm h Ama {Zambm
H$hVo h '' ~mn ~oQ>m ~oMVm h, ^yI go ~ohmb hmoH$ma&
Y_ YraO mU ImoH$a, hmo ahr AZar{V ~~a
gmam am> XoIVm h&''
`m XrZ-X{bVm| H$s hrZ-XrZ Xem na 'AMb' {bIVo h ''dh Zb {Ogo H$hVo _mZd
nrS>m go AmO JB ~rVr&
~wP OmVr Vmo AmM` Z Wm
haV na H$go OrVr&''
emo{fVm| H$s nrS>m H$s muH$ A{^pV Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm H$s Img dmr h&
7. emofH$m| {V KUm Ama amof :emofH$ dJ _| _m{bH$, nyOrn{V, `mnmar, O{_ZXma, CXmoJnVr Am{X H$mo _mg
aIVm h& ò g^r emofU naH$ `dWm H$mo ~Zmò aIZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h Vmo
J{Verb H${d Bg H$ma H$s `dWm H$m Kmoa {damoY H$aVm h& J{VdmXr H${d`mo Zo emofH$m|
H$s Kmoa qZXm H$s h, AmbmoMZm H$s h'' {\$a {dde CR>r dh H$Jm{bZ,
emofU H$m MH$ Kw_mZo H$mo
AnZo ~Mo Ho$ Amgw nr,
Hw$mm| H$m XyY OwQ>mZo H$mo
{\$a ^r b` Zht hmoVm
\$Q>Vr Z {H$gr H$s N>mVr h&
178
_{Xa _| Xod Zhr H$mnVo
YaVr Z agmVb OmVr h&
na H$mZ OJV _| {ZYZ H$mo,
Omo Xhb CR>o, Omo CR>o H$mn
Zanmb nmbVo Hw$mm| H$mo
b_r n{V b_r Ho$ Jwbm_''
nyOrn{V Ama _OXya H$m EH$ VwbZm_H$ {MU H$aZodmbr 'AMb'Or H$s H${dVm
'{H$aU ~obm' ^r emofH$-emo{fV H$m dUZ H$aVr h'' EH$ hdobr _| CVamVm, EH$ nS>m dmQ>a _| gS>Vm
Cgo Mm{hE amoO ZB, `h gmP hE {ZV Ka AmbS>Vm
YZ Ho$ ZmOmÒ {dVaU go EH$ {bò l_ OOa H$m`m
Ama Xygam nwVZr Cn^moJ dd H$mo gw{dYm bm`m&''
Bg H$ma H$s gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$mo C^maZo _| J{VdmXr H${d Zo ~b {X`m h&
{XZH$a H$s EH$ H${dVm H$m CXmhaU 'dmZm| H$mo {_bVm XyY, Xhr, ~Mo ^yI go VS>nVo h' H$mo
h_Zo nhbo XoIm h& {Zambm Zo 'Hw$Hw$awmm' _| BgH$m geV {MU {H$`m h''A~o ! gwZ ~o Amo Jwbm~ !
^yb _V Omo nmB Iwe~y aJm| Am~
IyZ Mygm ImX H$m VwZo A{e>
S>mb na BVam ahm h H${nQ>{bQ>&''
`hm H${d CM dJ, Y{ZH$m| H$m {Y$ma H$a ahm h Cgo A{e>, H${nQ>m{bQ
g~mo{YV H$a Cgo {ZMm {XIm ahm h Ama AnZm _hd, VWm {nS>m H$mo `V H$a ahm h&
8. Zmar Ho$ {V ZdrZ {>H$moZ :J{VdmX Zo Zmar H$mo ^r nwfgmmH$, Bdar, VWm Y_ `dWm Ho$ H$maU emo{fV
_mZm h& dh ^r Ho$db {dbmg H$s dVw Ho$ n _| `wV hB h& CgH$s Z{VH$Vm H$m _mZXS>
CgH$m eara ahm h naVy H${d nV Zo hr CgHo$ dV `{Vd H$mo _hd XoH$a Cgo {V>m
{Xbm`r h''`mo{Z Zht h ao Zmar, dh ^r _mZdr {V{>V
Cgo nyU dmYrZ H$amo, dh aho Z Za na Ad{gV&''
Aghm` OrdZ OrZodmbr Zmar 'A~bm H$s N>{~ {doXr `wJ _| JwVOr Zo A{H$V H$s
Wr naVy dh XmgVm go _wV Zht hmo nm`r Wr& J{VdmX Zo CgH$s J{V H$m nwaH$ma {H$`m
Cgo ~YZm| go _wV H$aZo H$m AmdmhZ {H$`m''Imobmo ho _oIbm `wJm| go H${Q>-Xoe go, VZ go,
A_a o_ hr ~YZ CgH$m dh n{d VZ-_Z go& ''
n. Zao e_m Zo ^r do`mAm| Ho$ {V gmhmZw^y{V H$Q> H$a, CgHo$ nVZ Ho$ {bE g_mO H$mo
{O_oXma R>ham`m h''Jh gwI go {Zdm{gV H$a Xr hm` ! _mZdr ~Zr g{nUr,
179
`h {Zw>a A`m`, AmAmo ~{hU&''
J{VdmXr H${d Zmar o_ H$mo dW, gm_{OH$, nm[adm[aH$ o_ _| `V H$aVm h&
Cg_o H$ht na ^r CN>IbVm, doN>mMma, `mZmMma, Hw$R>m Zhr h& S>m. Zm_daqgh Zo H$hm
h- Eogm Zhr h {H$ J{Verb H${d H$mo o_ g~Yr XwI-XX Zht gVmVm& gVmVm h& dh ^r
AmX_r h Ama Bg `dWm _| Cgo Ohm Am{WH$ H$> h, dhm CZ Am{WH$ H$>m| Ho$ H$maU
AWdm CZHo$ Abmdm A` H$ma H$s ^r _mZ{gH$ mWmE hmoVr h& Kmoa {ZYZVm _| Cgo AnZr
{`m H$m 'qgXya-{Vb{H$V ^mb' `mX AmVm h&... gnyU J{VdmXr H${dVm _| Bg >'qgXya{Vb{H$V ^mb' H$s ey{MVm Ho$ XeZ Zht hmo gH$Vo...naVy dN>X o_ dUZ _| g`_ Ama
dW _Zmod{m h& {bmoMZ H$m CgmhdYH$ o_ H$m EH$ {M Xo{IE ""`m| hr Hw$N> _wgH$amH$a Vw_Zo
n[aM` H$s dh JmR> bJm Xr
Wm nW na _ ^ybm ^ybm
\y$b Cno{jV H$moB \y$bm
OmZo H$mZ bha Wr Cg {XZ
Vw_Zo AnZr `mX OJm Xr
H$^r-H$^r `m| hmo OmVm h
JrV H$ht H$moB JmVm h
JwO {H$gr Ca _o CR>Vr h
Vw_Zo dhr Yma C_Jm Xr
OS>Vm h OrdZ H$s nrS>m
{ZVaJ nmfmUr {H$S>m
Vw_Zo AZOmZo dh nrS>m
N>{~ Ho$ ea go Xya ^Jm Xr ! ''
`hr o_ ^mdZm H${d`m| _| gm_m{OH$ o_ ^mdZm OJm XoVr h& ''_wPo OJV- OrdZ H$m o_r/
~Zm ahm h `ma Vwhmam '' H$m ^md CZ_| OmJVm h& gm_m{OH$ o_ H$s `h nrS>m, {Zamem H$mo
dh AHo$bm ^moJZm Zht MmhVm& Cggo D$~ H$a, Zmar o_ _| WmoS>r-gr {ZOmV nmZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$aVm h& AmJo MbH$a Ho$ `hr o_, Xoe, AVam>r`, gm_m{OH$ o_ _| {dH${gV hmo
OmVm h&
9. am>r` VWm AVam>r` ^md am>r` ^mdm| _| _mgdmX H$s am>r` ^mdZm `m Xoe o_ JmYrOr Ho$ Aqhgm_H$
Am_boe_ybH$ `m AmXe_wbH$ {> Ho$ {damoY _| OZH$m{V H$s ^mdZm go AmoVmoV h&
^maVoXw `wJ _| Xoe o_ H$m H$$U JmZ, amO^{V _| brZVm Wm Vmo {doXr`wJ _| am>r` OmJ{V
H$m ^md Xoe _o \$bm`m J`m& `h H$^r ~J go ^m{dV ahr Vmo H$^r AVVmo_wI d{m go&
N>m`mdmX _| XoeJmZ Ama ~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm dVVm AmXmobZ H$mo MoVZm Ho$ n>^y{_ _| hB
h& Vmo J{VdmX _| gdhmam dU H$s Jwbm_r H$s _w{V d$nm qhgm_H$ H$mVr Ho$ gmW 'Jm_
o_' H$mo Xoe o_ _| A{^`{V {_br h& dh AnZo '{dbd' dam| go emofU H$aZodmbm| na Qw>Q>
180
nS>Vm h& CgHo$ {bE dh ~{bXmZ ^r H$aZo Ho$ V`ma Ama Vna h naVy dh Ho$db OZH$mVr hr
Zht h ~pH$ am>r` AmOmXr Ho$ H$mVr JrV ^r BZ H${d`m| Zo Jmò h& gZ 1942 H$s H$m{V,
AmOmX qhX \$mO, Zmg{ZH$ {dmoh ^r CZH$s H${dVm | da nmò h& {Og_| CboI{Z` h,
''{Zambm H$s '~obm', OJZmWgmX '{_qbX' H$s 'AJV H$m{V H$m JrV', 1942 Ho$ H$mVr
na _h| ^Q>ZmJa H$s 'O`qhX', Zao e_m H$s 'AmXoe' Ama EH$ JrV- O`qhX, AmOmX qhX
\$mO na _ho ^Q>ZmJa H$s ~XbVm `wJ, "gw_Z' H$s AmO Xoe H$s {_Q>Q>r ~mob CR>r h,
e_eoa ~hmXya qgh H$s 'ehrX H$ht hE h' Am{X Zm g{ZH$ {dmoh na {bIr''JB h&
J{VdmXr H${d`m| Zo 'Jm_ o_' _| Xoe o_ H$mo A{^`V {H$`m h& CgHo$ g~Y _|
Zm_da qgh Zo H$hm h, ''nhbo H$s Xoe^{V gm_m`mo_wIr h Vmo J{Verb-`wJ H$s
Xoe^{V {deofm|_wI h Ama Bg{bE A{YH$ R>mog Ama dmV{dH$ h, `h {deof Ho$ ^rVa go
hr gm_m` H$mo H$Q> H$aVr h& J{Verb H${dVm H$m `hr `WmWdmX h& _mgdmXr H${d H$s
{> Xoe Ho$ gmW hr AnZo Jmd VWm OZnX Ho$ {V ^r Anma o_ aIVr h& ''ZmJmOwZ H$s
'VaS>Zr' H${dVm >` h& 'gw_Z' H$s '`w`mH$ H$s em_' _ho ^Q>ZmJa H$s 'AmOmar H$m
`mhma Ogr H${dVm _| dVVm ~mX Qy>Q>o dZm| Ho$ {V AmH$moe ^md nXm hAm h& EH$ Vah
go ~mX H$s H${dVm _| `h AmOmXr Ho$ {V _moh^J H$s pW{V H$mo `V H$aZodmbr
H${dVmAm| _| go h'' bOm T>H$Zo H$mo
_oar IaJmoe garIr ^mobr nZr Ho$ nmg
Zht h d
{H$ {OgH$m amoZm gwZVm h gd&...
_oao XmoZm| N>moQ>o _yH$ {IbmZo go Xw~b ~Mo
{OZHo$ VZ na JmoV Zht h
{OZHo$ _wI na aV Zht h
A^r-A^r bS>H$a gmoò h
amoQ>r Ho$ Qw>H$S>m| na
`{X {ddmg Zht hmo Vmo
A^r Vw_ CZH$s R>S>r {ggH$s gwZ gH$Vo hmo
Omo do gmoZo _| ah-ah H$a â boVo h&''
AVam>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm : ^r H${d`m| Zo A{^`V H$s h& dh AnZo XwI H$mo
gmdH$m{bH$ n _| H$Q> H$aVm h `mo{H$ nyOrdmXr, gm_VdmXr, XmgWm, ^mS>dbr emofU
naH$ `dWm Ho$db ^maV _| hr Zht ~pH$ {dd _| \$br h& Bg{bE dh g Ama gr H$mVr
{dMmam| H$mo _mZdVm CXma n _| XoIVo h& CgH$s egm H$aVo h, CgH$m _mJ AZwgaU
H$aVo h& {ed_Jb qgh 'gw_Z H$so '_mH$mo h Xya A^r', 'Mbr Om ahr h ~T>r bmb goZm'
Ogr H${dVmAm| _| dh `V hAm h''~{bZ A~ ZOXrH$ h
\$m{gVm| H$s H$mb-am{ _| Kmoa KQ>m {Ka AmB&
181
Mbr bmb goZm `m| MbVr gmdZ _| nwadmB&''
`m Zao e_m H$hVo h'' bmb $g h T>mb gm{W`m|! g~ _OXya {H$gmZm| H$s,
dhm amO h nMm`V H$m, dhm H$hm h ~oH$mar&''
gnyU {dd_mZd {V dh AnZr _Jb H$m_Zm H$mo H$Q> H$aVm h& nyOrdmX Ho$
{dX OwPZodmbr `h emVr_wbH$ {dMmaYmam h& dgo _mg Zo Xw{Z`m H$mo Xmo dJm] Ho$
{d^m{OV H$a EH$Vm H$mo Wm{nV {H$`m Wm& ^maV Ho$ _mgdmXr AnZm ZmVm g Ho$ gmW
OmoS>Vo h& Bgr _| CZH$s {dd_mZdVmdmXr ^mdZm {XImB XoVr h&
10. g_gm_{`H$ g_`mAm| H$m AH$Z :J{VdmXr H${d Xoer-{dXoer g_`mAm| {V gOJ ahm h& _mg XeZ _wbV
OrdZ-n[adVZ H$m {H$`m_H$ XeZ h& gKf CgH$m Wm`r ^md h dJ {dhrZ aMZm CgH$m
b` h& Eogo _| g_gm_{`H$ Zm| na dh {bIVm ahm `h CgH$s gOJVm H$m _mU h& {dd
nQ>b na dh gm_m`dmX, nyOrdmX, go gKf H$aVm h& Xoer-{dXoer _hdnyU KQ>ZmAm| na
ChmoZo {bIm h& 1942 H$s H$mVr, ~Jmb H$m AH$mb, {Vr` {dd`wX VWm Cggo CnZ
n[apW{V H$s {d^r{eH$m, Zm-goZm H$m {dmoh, AmOmX qhX \$mO,dmYrZVm gJm_,
gmXm{`H$ XJo, ^maV {d^mOZ, AmOmXr m{,JmYrOr H$s h`m, H$_ra g_`m, MrZ H$m
AmH$_U, Am{X Xoer KQ>ZmAm| na Chm|Zo H${dVm {bIr h&
AVam>r` KQ>ZmAm| _| {ddKQ>ZmAm|, _| emo{fV _mZdVm H$mo {V H${d`m| _|
ghmZw^y{V H$s dmUr ahr h& hramo{e_m H$s ~a~mXr, H$mo[a`m `wX, Am{X g_`mAm| H$m {MU
{H$`m h&
am>{nVm _hm_m JmYr H$s _`y Zo BZ gdoXZerb H${d`m| H$mo PH$Pmoam Ama
{ed_Jbqgh 'gw_Z', _mWya Or Zo CZna H${dVm {bIr& ZmJmOwZ Zo '_hmewAm| H$s Xmb Z
JbZo XoJo' Ogr H${dVm {bIH$a ^maV _| ~T>Vo H$>adm{X`m| H$s H$aVwVm| VWm ~mny Ho$ {V
AmHw$bmhQ> H$mo `V {H$`m h~mny _oao ....
AZmW hmo JB ^maV _mVm...
A~ `m hmoJm...
hm` ! hm` ! h_ aho H$ht Ho$ Zht
bwQ> Jò
... amo-amo H$aHo$ AmI bmb H$a br YyVm] Zo
''MHw$da ddmb Zo {hamo{e_m H$s ~~mXr na Amgy ~hmVo hE A_arH$m H$mo H$mogm h''
''{hamo{e_m H$m emnEH$ {XZ `y`mH$ ^r _oar Vah hmo Om`Jm;
{OgZo {_Q>m`m h _wPo dh ^r {_Q> Om`Jm&...
XoI bmo bXZ _wPo no[ag _wPo Vw_ XoI bmo;
h g^r Ho$ ^m` _| Bg ^m{V {_Q>Zm {bIm&''
182
Bgr H$ma Xoe _| ~T>Vr {df_Vm, ~oamoOJmar, ^wI_ar, byQ>, Q>gMmoar, _hJmB,
AH$mb, _hm_mar Ogr KQ>ZmAm| go `h H${d {dV hmo OmVm h& gmXm{`H$ XJmo _| ^maV
b~o g_` go Pwbg ahm h& J{VdmXr gm{h` _m _mZd- Ed CgH$m _w{V H$m ^r gm{h`
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Y_mYVm, gmXm{`H$Vm, Om{V`Vm H$m {damoY `V H$aVm ahm h& ^maV _|
16 AJV 1946 H$mo H$bH$mm, ZmoAmImbr, {~hma, nOm~ Am{X WmZm| na ^rfU Zaghma
hE& H${d`m| Zo _mZdVmdmXr ^mdZm go Bg H$ma H$s H$>aVm H$m, nmJbnZ H$m {damoY {H$`m h
Ama Zò `wJ-{Z_mU H$s ^mdZm `V H$s h& nOm~ h`mH$mS> na S>m. am_{dbmg e_m Zo
Hw$N> Eogm hr ^md `V {H$`m h'' Z`r \$gb Xoer {\$a YaVr bnQ>m| go PwbgmB&
dma ~Z|Jo bwQ> Ama h`m Ho$ ò `dgm`r&
nmMm| Z{X`m EH$ gmW IrM|Jr `h h[a`mbr&
bnQ>m| Ho$ ~Xbo hmoJr CJVo gwaO H$s bmbr&''
AVrV Ama nanam H$mo ^r H${d`m| Zo dV_mZ gX^m] _| XoIZo H$m g`H$ `mg
{H$`m h& ^maVoXw `m {doXr `wJ H$s Vah do CgHo$ AVrV {V AYm _moh Zht aIVo Ama Z
CZ_| nwZWmZ H$s ^mdZm H$m_ H$aVr h& AVrV {MU AY{ddmgr Zht ~pH$ Zd{Z_mU
H$s {> go {H$`m J`m h& {XZH$a Ho$ 'Hw$jo' Ama 'ap_aWr', amJo` amKd Ho$ '_oYmdr',
Ogo ~Y H$m` VWm {J[aOmHw$_ma _m`ya H$s '~wX', 'gw_Z' H$s 'Ob aho h XrZ', 'ObVr
h OdmZr', amJo` amKd H$s 'goVw~Y' Ogr H${dVmE CboI{Z` h& g_gm_{`H$ g_`m
{MU _| H${d`m| Zo ``, hmg-n[ahmg H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m h& ZmJmOwZ H$s 'H$mJO H$s
AmOmXr {_bVr bo bmo Xmo-Xmo AmZo _| ' ~S>r {gX n{V`m h&
11. J{VdmX H$m H$bm H$meb :J{VdmXr H$m` OZgmYmaU H$m H$m` h& Bg{bE CgH$s A{^`{V ^r
OZgmYmaU H$s hr ahr h& Chm|Zo A{^`{V nj go `mXm AZw^y{V nj na Omoa {X`m h&
J{VdmX Ho$ dVH$ gw{_mZXZ nV Zo hr H$hm h""Vw_ dhZ Z H$a gH$mo, OZ _Z _| _oao {dMma&
dmUr _oar Mm{hò `m Vwh| AbH$ma&&''
`h ^md hr AbH$aU H$s d{m, NXmo~XVm H$s ebr H$mo OZgmYmaU _| gm{h` Ho$ _m`_
go, _mgdmXr {dMmam| H$mo nhMmZo, Cho gOJ H$aZo, H$m{V Ho$ {bò V`ma H$aZo _| ~mYm Ho$
$n _| XoIVm h Ch| n[adVZ H$s bS>mB bT>Zr h BgHo$ {bò _m do dm^m{dH$ {M`wV
ebr H$mo AnZmVo h""Iwb Jò N>X Ho$ ~Y, mg Ho$ aOV nme,
A~ JrV _wV Am, `wJdmUr ~mVr A`mg&''
Bg{bò J{VdmXr H${dVm H$s ^mfm ghO, gab, ~moYJ` h& N>X jo _| JrVm|
Ama bmoH$JrVm| Ho$ gmW _wVH$, AVwH$mV H$m `moJ {H$`m h& J{VdmXr H$m` _| nhbo nhbo,
Jmd H$m IwaXwamnZ, {IbS>XnZ Wm ~mX _| Cg_| H$mo_bVm Ama gagVm H$m gMma hAm {\$a
^r A{YH$meV: dh H$R>moa, ``m_H$, {dmohr, AZJT> $nm| Ho$ boH$a hr Mbr h& BZ H${d`m|
Zo gdOZ H$s gdg_V ^mfm H$m `moJ {H$`m h&
183
7.6 _y`mH$Z
gZ 1936 go 1945 Ho$ _hO Xg dfm} _| J{VdmX Zo {hXr jo H$mo ~S>m
g_X {H$`m h& {hXr H${dVm _| nhbr ~ma {dVma go X{bV, _OXya, Zmar H$m Z`m dV
`{Vd, OrdZ H$s gmar Hw$$nVmAm|, ~r^gVm, H$Um Ho$ gmW H${dVm _| Am`m h&
gm_m{OH$ `WmWdmXr >r Zo Zò {df`m| H$mo H${dVm, H$hmZr, Cn`mg, ZmQ>H$ H$mo g_X
{H$`m h& AbmoMZm Ho$ g_mOemr`, _mgdmXr _mZXS> Vmo AmO ^r aMZm H$mo OH$S> boVr
h& Xoe _| Zò _`dJ H$m CX` Ed {dH$mg J{VdmX go OwS>m h& lo> gm{h` J{VdmXr
gm{h` `h YmaUm T> H$s h& gm_m{OH$ n[adVZ H$s H$mVr, bS>mB H$mo Hw$N> g_` VH$ Vmo
J{VdmX Zo ~T>m`m h& AmO ^r ~T>m ahm h& ZXXwbmao dmOno`r Ho$ eXm| _| H$ho Vmo, J{VdmX
Zo h_mao `wdH$m| H$mo ZB VoOpdVm XmZ H$s Ama EH$ Z`m Am_~b {X`m& gm{h` Ho$
gm_m{OH$ b`m| H$m {dkmnZ H$aZodmbr `h EH$ {dkmnZ nXVr h& ''g_mO gwYma H$s Vrd
^mdZm Cg_| mUd$n ahr h&
AZoH$ {dXdmZm| Zo Bgo Mmam_H$Vm H$m gm{h` H$hm h& `h Ho$db g_mOdmX,
gm`dmX H$m MmaH$ ahm h& `h {OVZr erKVm go gm{h` _| Am`m CVZr erKVm go Zò
'`moJ' Zo Bgo I_ ^r H$a {X`m dh pWa Zht hmo nm`m& Mmam_H$Vm Ho$ H$maU
H$bm_H$Vm H$s m` h`m hmo JB& H$m` {df`m| _| nwZw{V Am`r, {df` Ed ebr Zrag hmo
J`r& `{V Ho$ AVOJV H$s ~Om` ~{hOJV H$m dUZ {ddoMZ {H$`m J`m& ^maV _|
A`mp_H$Vm nwaOmoa {damoY H$a CgH$s OJh dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ, dJ a{hV g_mO H$s
WmnZm H$aZm CgH$m b` Ag^d hmo J`m& dVwV ^maV _| EH$ ~mV Eo{Vhm{gH$ $n go
{XImB XoVr h H$s {Og {H$gr OrdZ XeZ _o qhXy-Y_ CgH$s A`mp_H$Vm H$m {damoY,
~{hH$ma {H$`m J`m& VmH$mb CgHo$ {V, {V{H$`m, {VH$mVr CâH$a Am`r h& {hXyAm| Ho$
_Z na `h AmKmV, `m dU`dWm H$mo nyU noZ Z N>moS>Zo H$s _mZ{gH$Vm ^r CgHo$ nrN>o ahr
h& h_mao `hm doX {damoYr ^m{VH$VmdmXr MmdmH$, doX {damoYr dkm{ZH$ _mJ {VnmX H$aZo dmbo
Xw{Z`m Ho$ _mJXmVm, emVr Ho$ XyV ~wX, Ama H$mbmVaU _| Y_ Am{\$_ H$m gXoe boH$a Am`m,
Y_ {damoY H$aZodmbm _mgdmX m` A{YH$ g_` \$b-\w$b Z gHo$ naVy ò {dMma
gm_m{OH$m| _| T> aho h& hmo gH$Vm h Bg {VH$mVr H$m AJbm {ZemUm X{bV gm{h` hmo
`mo{H$ dh ^r Bda, A`mp_H$Vm, Y_ Am{X Jwbm_r H$m {damoY H$aVm h&
J{VdmXr aMZmH$ma ^r AnZo b` go H$go {d_wI hE h BgH$m {OH$ S>m. Zm_da
qgh Or Zo {H$`m h& {\$a ^r do AmMm` H$VH$m` hOmargmX {doXr Ho$ eXm| _| J{VdmX H$mo
_hmZ, lo>, gH$nm| H$m dhZ H$aZodmbm AmXmobZ _mZVo h& {\$a ^r do gme{H$V h H$s Bg_|
'gmXm{`H$ ^md H$m doe Z hmo' Vmo '^{VH$mb' H$s Vah `h ^r Zò OrdZmXe A{VamoY
e{V Ho$ n _| Bg AmXmobZ H$m {dH$mg hmoJm& A~ g_` ^r Am MwH$m h H$s Eogm hAm h `m
Zhr BgH$m AZwgYmZ H$aZo H$m&
184
7.7 Cnghma :J{VdmXr gm{h` Zo H${dVm, H$Wmgm{h`, AmbmoMZm Ho$ jo _| gm_m{OH$

`WmWdmXr gmX`{> H$mo Wm{nV {H$`m aMZm Ho$ ^rVar gmX` H$mo XoIZo Ho$ ~Om` Cg_|
Amò AmgmX` Ho$ moV H$mo XoIZm Mmhm& CgH$s gwXaVm Ho$ moV g_mO H$m dh V~H$m ahm
h Omo g{X`m| go A^md, X[aVm, AkmZ, Ama Jwbm_r _| AnZm OrdZ OrVm Am`m h& Bg{bE
dh gVV CZH$m njYa ahm h Bg{bE h _Zw` Ho$ Vr _mZdVmdmX H$m gm{h` ahm h& `h
gm{h` H$mn{ZH$, H$moao _Z `m AmhVm go Xwa g_mO_Z H$m ahm h& {ddâ _| Bg H$ma
Ho$ gm{h`H$ma, Omo J{VerbVm H$mo boH$a Câo {\$a Mmho do VmogVm`, JmoH$s hmo `m o_MX,
ZmJmOwZ hmo dh lo> Ama {V>m mV H$a MwHo$ h&
H$Wm gm{h` _| amhb gmH$`m`Z,ènmb, ZmJmOwZ, amJo`-amKd, ^JdVrMaU
d_m, AmbmoMZm _| {edXmZqgh MmhmZ, S>m. am_{dbmg e_m, H$meM JwV, A_Vam`,
Zm_da qgh Ogo AmbmoMH$m| H$s g_X nanam ahr h& JUn{VM JwV Zo J{VdmX H$s
`yZVmE n> H$s h& EH$ '^maV Ogo Xoe _| A`mp_H$Vm H$m {VaH$ma `m ~{hH$ma, Xmo
_mg Ho$ AZwgma H$moB ^r `dWm A{V_ Zht hmoVr,gm`dmXr na ^r `h bmJw hmoVr h, dh
^r AnyU {gX hB, VrZ g_mOdmX H$s Ama H$mJog H$m ~T>Zm, _mg Ho$ ^md H$mo `yZ
H$aZm ahm, Mma _mgdmX H$mo h_mao gm{h`H$mam| Zo ~wpX H$m {df` ~Zm`m X` H$m Zht,
CZH$s aMZmAm| _| ewH$Vm Am`r, AZw^y{V H$s VabVm H$m Am^md Am`m, gMmB Vmo `h h H$s
J{VdmXr dJ Ho$ ZoVm gm{h`H$ma d` {H$gr nwOrn{V go H$_ Zht h, nhm{S>`m| Ho$ d^dnyU
dmVmdaU _| ~R>H$a {ZpMVVm go _OXyam| Ho$ XwI XX Ho$ JrV {bIo Om gH$Vo h, {H$Vw CZ_|
AZw^y{V H$s gOrdVm Am OmE Amd`H$ Zht& \$bV J{VdmXr gm{h` h_mao X` H$mo ne
Zht H$aVm, nmM '_{V^_ go AZoH$ H$WmH$mam| Zo ZZ-{MU H$mo _mgdmX _mZ {b`m
n[aUm_V boIH$ H$s {V>m H$mo Y$m bJm, N>h d` J{VdmXr AbmoMH$m| _| nmanm[aH$
_VôXm| Ho$ H$maU dh gwT>Vm, n[andVm Ed CMVm mV Zht H$a nm`r, gmV ^mfm-ebr
H$s {> go H$m`Va ZrMo {Ja J`m& n[aUm_V JwVOr Ho$ AZwgma ''bJ^J ~rg df H$s
Ad{Y _| ^r dh Eogr H$moB {d{e> aMZm Zht Xo gH$m {Ogo h_ 'H$m_m`Zr' `m 'JmoXmZ' Ho$
Va na aI gHo$& gnyU gm{h` _| H$moB Eogr XoZ Zht {Ogo h_ A{d_aUr` H$h gHo$&''
naVy h| Bg ~mV H$m `mZ aIZm hmoJm H$s _w{V~moY H$s 'AYoao _|', ~amjg Ogr H${dVm,
CZH$s AmbmoMZm Ho$ gmW S>m. Zm_da qgh, H$m `moJXmZ {ZpMV J{VerbVm H$s H$r
H${d`m| H$mo â gH$m h& Xmof H$B aho hm|Jo {\$a ^r h_ AmO VH$ XoI aho h H$s J{VerbVm H$m
Omm nhZH$a hr {hXr _| CMVm nmB Om ahr h& `moJdmX VWm Ako` Zo ^r Bg H$m` na
Hw$N> _m`mXmE bm`r& bo{H$Z dV_mZ _| Ho$XmaZmW qgh, d`H$me Ogo boIH$ CgH$mo AmJo
bo Om MwHo$ h& gm_m{OH$ n[adVZ H$s bS>mB _| `h AmXmobZ ~S>m `mnH$ Ed _hdnyU hmo
MwH$m h& gdgm_m` Ho$ Vr Jhar gdoXZm Bgr H$m` H$s XoZ h& Am`mp_H$Vm H$s AmS> _|
\$bo nmIS> H$mo Xya H$a g_mO, Xoe _| 'ZdOmJaU' H$m ahm AYyam H$m` J{VdmX Zo nyam
{H$`m Eogm H$hZm JbV Zht hmoJm& `mo{H$ ~mX _| Xoe H$s pW{V`m Ogo-Ogo ~Xbr
gm{hp`H$ d{m`m ^r ~Xbr& bmoH$Vm{H$ emgZ Umbr, nMm`V amO, dkm{ZH$ {> H$m
185
{dH$mg, Jmd H$s ~Xhmbr Ho$ OJh Iwembr Am{X H$m {dVma Bg AXmobZ H$m n[aUm_ H$hm
Om gH$Vm h& EH$ Va\$ amOZr{VH$ X~md Ama Xwgar Va\$ gm_m{OH$ {dVma Ed AmYma nmZo
H$m gKf Bgo PobZm nS>m& egm H$s OJh BgH$s gw{Z`mo{OV ~XZm_r A{YH$ hB& g_mO
{Z>m Ho$ H$maU `{V_Z H$s ^md-^mdZmAm| H$mo {dVma Zht {_b nm`m& Ohm VH$ hmo gH$Vm
h ~hoVarZ Ed dW {> H$m {dH$mg gm_m{OH , amOZr{VH$, gm{h`, Ho$ jo _| J{VdmX
mam hr gm` Ed g^d hAm h&
7.8 ~moY Z 1. J{VdmXr H${dVm H$s Xme{ZH$Vm H$m n[aM Xr{OE&

2. J{VdmXr H$m {deofVmAm| na H$me S>m{bE&
186
`moJdmX
(1943-1960)
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

`moJdmX : CX^d-Zm_H$aU
`moJdmX : nmMm` ^md
`moJdmX : _wI d{m`m
_y`mH$Z
Cnghma
~moY Z
8.0 BH$mB H$m Co

H$.
I.
J.
K.
moJdmX Ho$ CX^d Ho$ H$maUm| H$s OmM-nS>Vmb H$aZm&

moJdmX H$go nmMm {dMmam| go ^m{dV hAm h OmZZm&
moJdmXr H$m d{eQ>m| H$m AZ H$aZm&
moJdmX Zo {en Ho$ Va na m{bH$ moJ H${dVm | H$aZo ew$ {H$o Cgo
XoIZm&
S>. mooJdmXr H${dVm H$m ymH$Z H$aZm&
8.1 `moJdmX: CX^d H$s n>^y{_ :1943 _o AkoÒr Ho$ gnmXH$d _| "Vma gVH$' W_ H$m gnmXZ {hXr H${dVm
_o '`moJ' d{m H$mo boH$a, _hdnyU KQ>Zm ahr h& dVwV: `h H$mbIS> AZoH$ Zmm| go
OmZm OmVm h "`moJdmX', 'ndmX', 'ZB H${dVm' Am{X & {~hma Ho$ VrZ H${d`m|
Z{bZ{d_moMZ, Ho$ear ZmamÙ ewb, Zaoe Zo "ZHo$ZdmX', m 'ndmX' H$m dVZ {H$`m&
`h `moJdmX H$m {damoYr hmoVo hE ^r Cgr H$s EH$ emIm h& {Og na AZoH$ {dXoer dmXm| H$m
^md n> ahm h& {Og_o _wI h A{V `Wm`dmX (Amo ~oaZ Ama CZH$m {_ {\$brn
gmonmoQ> 1920), VrH$dmX ({\$Jmam| n{H$m mam ~{XboAa, AWa ~o[a~mo, daboZ, _bm],
nmb dobar 1885), q~~dmX (Q>r. B. h`y_, EOam nmD$S>, [aMS> Eb{S>Q>Z, E\$. E_.
pbQ>- 1908), XmXmdmX ({MH$ma OrZ An VWm AQ> _mg- 1916), ApVddmX
(gmoaoZ {H$H}$JmS>, E\$ Zreo, _m{Q>Z hS>S>Ja Ama Oo. nr. gm- 1813-1905)
_Zmo{dbofU ({g_S> \$m`S>, `wJ, ES>ba-) AmXr& BgH$m _Vb~ `h h H$s {hXr gm{h`
na nmMm`dmXm| H$m ^md nS>Zo bJm Wm, `m m| ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h {H$ {hXr Ho$ H${d,
H$WmH$ma nmMmVm| H$s gm{h` d{m`m| H$m AZwH$aU "`moJ' H$a aho Wo & `moJ Vmo gm{h`
187
H$m d{e>` h Mmho dh Am{XH$mb hmo `m ^{V, ar{V, N>m`mdmX, J{VdmX hmo& H$moB ^r H$mb
`m H$m`mXmobZ Zò `moJ Ho$ ~Ja Wm{nV Zht hmoVm& Ako` Zo Hw$N> Zò Ama AZOmZo H${d`m|
H$mo boH$a W_ gVH$ H$m H$mmZ {H$`m& {OgHo$ H${d h- W gH$ | 1. Ako`, 2. JOmZZ _mYd _w{V~moY, 3. {J[aOmHw$_ma _mWwa, 4. ^mH$a _mMdo, 5.
Zo{_M OZ, 6. ^maV ^yfU AJdmb, 7. am_{dbmg e_m
Xwgao gVH$ _|- 1. ^dmZr gmX {_l, 2. eHw$Vbm _mWwa, 3. h[aZmamÙ `mg,
4. e_eoa ~hmXya qgh, 5. ZaoeHw$_ma _ohVm, 6. aKwdra ghm`, 7. Y_dra ^maVr
Vrgam gVH$ _|- 1. `mJZmamÙ {nmR>r, 2. H$s{V MmYar, 3. _XZ dm`m`Z,
4. Ho$XmaZmW qgh, 5. Hw$daZmamÙ, 6. {dO`Xod ZmamÙ gmhr, 7. gd}daX`mb ggoZm.
h_ OmZVo h H$s Cn`wV g^r H${d "`moJdmX' H$mb _| H$m{eV' Vma gVH$ go
{hXr OJV _| Amò naVy Jma {H$ OmZodmbr ~mV h ^r h {H$ nadVu H$mb _| do Cgr Ho$ gmW
{V~X Zht aho& Ako` Zo _m 'Zò `moJH$mb' H$m dVZ {H$`m& H$m` Ho$ d` {df` VWm
{en _| Hw$N> Z`mnZ bm`m Ama Zò `moJY_uVm go EH$ AmXmobZ Mbm`m J`m& Ako` H$s
H${dVm {Og g_`-H$moS> H$s CnO h Cgo `mZ _| aIH$a hr `moJdmX H$mo OmZm Om gH$Vm
h& Bg na H$R>moa Xmofmamon H$aZodmbo ~hV go {V{>V AmbmoMH$m| Zo BgHo$ _y`hrZ hmoZo H$s
KmofUm h&
Ako` H$m `{Vd, `{V dVVm go b~mb~ âm h& Cgo hr do gOZm_H$Vm
H$s H$gmQ>r ^r _mZVo h Ama 'g` H$m AdofU' Cgr go g^d h, gm_m{OH$Vm H$s naI ^r
Cgr go H$s Om gH$Vr h H$m Xmmm H$aVo h& gH$Q> H$m ~moY, g` H$s ImoO H$s Amoa `{V H$mo
dm H$aVm h Ama aMZmH$ma Am_ajm hoVy `{VdmXrVm H$s Amoa ~T>Zo bJVm h& Ako` _|
`h gH$Q>-~moY ^rVar Ed ~mhar XmoZmo H$ma H$m h& ^rVar gH$Q> g_mO _| H${d H$mo Z
{_bZodmbm g_mZOZH$ WmZ ahm h& `{VdmXr d{m _| gmZ nmZo H$s "`wwgVm'
hmoVr h Ama Z {_bZo na boIH$ nbm`Z H$a OmVm h naVy Bg_| gm_m{OH$ {VamoY, nrS>m~moY _| `V hmoVm h& "nrS>m, Xw:I Ama OrdZ H$s AnyUVm' na _`dJ Ama CMdJ go
Cna CR>H$a gmoMZo H$s H$mo{ee Ako` H$aVo h& Ako` Ho$ ^rVa H$hr na ^r OS> Z nmZo H$s
{ddeVm ~b h& "ZXr Ho$ rn' CgH$m CXmhaU h& S>m Zm_da qgh Zo H$hm h- AnZo dJ Ho$
YZr-_mZr Ama {V{>V bmoJ {ZYZ H${d H$mo AnZo ~rM g_mZ XoVo Zht Ama {H$gmZ_OXyam| Ho$ ~rM CVaH$a g_m{ZV hmoZm CgHo$ {bE hoR>r hr h; Z dh BZH$m JrV Jm gH$Vm h,
Z CZH$m& ... Bg{bE dh BZ g~go nao ahH$a H$mn{ZH$ "{ZnjVm' H$m dV boVm h& bo{H$Z
Yrao-Yrao Bg "{ZnjVm' H$m ^r dm Qy>Q>Vm h Ama dh AV _| AnZr _em gm\$-gm\$ BZ
eXm| _| H$Q> H$aVm h {H$ dh "n[apW{V' Ho$ ^rVa hr AnZo {bE EH$ "gVmofOZH$'
n[apW{V JT> gH$Vm h& `h "n[apW{V' Ama Hw$N> Zht dVwV: dh _`dJu` nd{m hr h&
Bg H${d H$s gmar OmJH$Vm `hr {gImVr h {H$ {H$gr ZdrZ g_mO-`dWm _| hr {H$gr
Vah {Xb ~hbmZo H$s Mo>m H$aZr Mm{hE `m Vmo dh g_mO-`dWm WmoS>r Ama ^r bMrbr
hmoH$a H${d Ho$ AZwHw$b hmo Omò AWdm d` H${d hr WmoS>m-gm Ama PwH$H$a Cg g_mO`dWm Ho$ AZwHw$b hmo OmE, Xygao eXm| _| {H$gr H$ma {ZZ _`dJu` `{V H$s Am{WH$
Ama gm_m{OH$ pW{V Hw$N> AN>r hmo OmE-dh goR>m| H$s Vah YZr ^bo Z hmo, naVy dV:
188
g_W Ad` hmo Omò& _Vb~ `h {H$ {H$gmZ-_OXya Mwh|-^mS> _| OmE, {ZZ _`dJ H$m
`h ~w{Ordr `{V Hw$N> Ama D$Mo MT> OmE& '' _`dJ go CgH$m ew ^md I_ hAm Bg
Vmd na', Cgo gajU m hmo' Ho$db Bg Qw>H$S>o na C-_`dJ H$m gmam A`mMma Ama
AnZr gmar nrS>m ^wbmB Om gH$Vr h& ''... {\$a _`dJu` H${d Ho$ gmW YmoIm hAm, CgH$m
_moh^J hAm... CgH$s Bg EH$mH$s `mMZm na _`dJ Zo `mZ Zht {X`m& Eogr pW{V _|
CgZo AnZo H$mo gdW: ''{Z:ghm` AZw^d {H$`m'' '{dWm{nV hAm'... _`dJu` n[adoe go
gm_m{OH$ n _| H$Q>H$a ^r _mZ{gH$ n go `h H${d CgHo$ _moh H$mo N>moS>Zo _| {OVZm
Ag_W h, CVZm Vr Ag_W OZ-OrdZ Ho$ gmW VXmH$ma hmoZo _| ^r h&''\$bV: Bg bmdZ
Ho$ g_wI CgH$m 'pWa g_nU' h& Bg 'pWa g_nU' _| ^r d`{VH$ 'EoR>' {Z{hV h&''
{\$a ^r Cg_| T> {ddmg h H$s CgH$m ApVd gwa{jV ahoJm& AnZr Bg '{eHy$' pW{V
Ho$ {V Cg_| 'pWa g_nU,' EH$mH$snZ 'Ama' {ZpH$` n[aVpV' _| Sw>~o'' ahZm nS>m,
AnZo AmnH$mo JmadpdV H$aZo Ho$ {bE CgZo "Xw:I' H$m '\$bg$m' JT>m'& `hr CZH$m
Xme{ZH$ gw h- 'Xw:I g~ H$mo _mOVm h& '' Bg H$ma CZH$s AmV[aH$ ~ZmdQ-~wZmdQ>>
Cho AHo$bmnZ, {dmoh, ^mS>m-`mZ-XeZ, _Zmo{dkmZ Am{X go OmoS>Vm h& AnZm 'Ah',
'jUdmX', {Zamem, nbm`Zdmr, 'gm_m{OH$ AZwn`mo{JVm' Ho$ {dX AnZr Cn`mo{JVm H$mo
_m{UV H$aZo' H$m `Z dh H$aVo h&
am_dn MVwd}Xr Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo BgHo$ g~Y |, XoIZm hmoJm, ''{Vr` {dd`w
Ho$ g_` bJ^J g^r am>m| Zo Am_gajU Ho$ {bE ^rVar X~md H$mo Vrd n go _hgwg {H$`m
Cgr H$m n[aUm_ '{dkmZ Ama {d{Y' Ho$ {dH$mg _| h_ XoIVo h& AmV[aj-`mm H$m
Am`moOZ, AUwe{V H$m A{dH$ma Vmo `wXH$mbrZ _Z:pW{V Ho$ X~m~ _| A{YH$ hAm& `wX
H$mb Ho$ CIS>o hE _w` {ddmh, n[adma, Y_, nanamJV Z{VH$Vm Am{X _m{bH$ gX^m} _| {\$a Zhr O_ gHo$ `mo{H$ _hm`wX Vmo g_mV hmo MwH$m Wm na AXa-hr AXa gwbJmVo
aMZodmbm ha X_ V`mar _| aIZodmbm _Zmo^md, `wX, erV`wX ew hmo MwH$m Wm, Omo H$^r
I_ Z hmoZodmbm Ama _mZdr` d{m`m| na X~m~ ~T>mZodmbm ahm& Bg H$ma H$s _Zmod{m H$m
^md jo ~T>Vm J`m& ^mar CmoJ Ama {d{Y H$s bnoQ> ^r ~T>Vr JB& OrdZ _| gH$Q>
H$mbrZ pW{V H$s gm_m`V: AmB& ... AZw^y{V H$m kmZ hmoZo bJm AWmV _mZdr` gmhm _|
Cmamoma H$_r VWm EH$ Vah H$s H$R>moaVm H$m {dH$mg hAm& _Zw` H$m _Zw` go gnH$ ~T>m,
Ohm `{V go `{V H$mo {_bZo Ho$ {bE b~m g_` Ama gKf hmoVm Wm dhm VrdVm ~T>r,
`h ~T>Vr _y`hrZ pW{VVm H$m YmZ H$maU ~Zm, _mZdr` gdoXZerbVm na ~hV ~S>m
X~m~ ahm {Og_| AZw^y{V H$m jaU hmoVm h, Ama Zm`{dH$ amoJm| H$s ~T>momar&''
gOZmH$Vm Ama `{Vd H$m gajU hr Ako` H$mo Oar bJm Ama Cgo `{VdmX go
gmYZo H$m, 'EH$mV' go gmYZo H$m `mg Chm|Zo {H$`m& '' emX hr H$maU h H$s do
{$dmX Ho$ {d$ {$ dVVm H$mo hd {Xm h& Ako` Zo AnZo H${Vd _| ~w{Z`mXr
Vma na _mZd `{Vd H$s Bg dmYrZVm, gOZm_H$Vm Ama Xm{`d H$mo gy_ Ama ^mdr
$n _| A{H$V {H$`m h&'' `h nhMmZ hr `{Vd Ho$ ApVd H$s g~go ~S>r gmWH$Vm h&
Bgr{bE 'ZXr Ho$ rn _|' CIS> OmòJo, H$ht O_ OmòJo H$m ^md `mV h& Ako` H$m
`{Vd Ed H${Vd `moJdmX' H$s d{m H$m ~moY H$amVo h& `h `moJ g^dV: A{YH$Va
ebr Ho$ jo | g_aUr` h&
189
8.1 Zm_H$aU
`moJdmX `h gkm `moJ `moJdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ Hw$N> dV` Ho$ H$maU hr M{bV
hB h& dgo AJoOr H${dVm _| '`moJ' Ho$ {bE 'Egno[a_|Q>' eX `wV hAm& {hXr _| dhr
`moJ Ho$ n _| T> hAm naVy ''AJoOr _| '`moJdmX' AWmV 'Egno[a_|Q>{b_' Zm_H$
H$moB dmX Zht h&'' dV_mZ `wJ-{dkmZ {Og H$ma VH$ Ama `w{V mam nXmWm} H$m {dbofU
H$aVm h Cgr H$ma `moJdmX _mZd eara Ama _pVH$-Vd H$m {dbofU H$aVm h&
_mZ{gH$ ^mdZmAm| H$m {dbofU H$aZo Ho$ {bE dh AZoH$ `moJ H${dVm Ho$ jo _| H$aVm h&''
''`moJdmX H$m AW Hw$N> {dX>dmZm| Zo 'ndmX' AWm \$m_{b_' {b`m h naVy
`h CgH$s EH$ emIm _m h& m`: g^r `moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo Ho$db n-{dYmZ na `mZ
Zht {X`m, {X`m ^r Vmo do g`m _| ZJ` h&'' `moJdmX H$moao ndmX go `mnH$ d{m VWm
{dMmaYmam H$m H$m` h& H$_- A{YH$ _mm _| `h 'hgmo_wIr _`dJu` _Zmod{m`m| VWm
{dMmaYmamAm|' H$m dmhH$ h& 'Eo{Vhmg n _| dh Cma-N>m`mdmX H$s g_mO{damoYr A{Ve`
`{VdmXr _Zmodmr'' H$m H$m` h&
`moJ Ho$ mam Z`m g`mdofU CgH$s {deofVm ahr h, Omo nwamZo g`, nanamJV
n _o Wm{nV {H$ò Om MwHo$ Wo, H$m` {df`, ebr, CnmZ , VrH$, ^mfm, eX Ho$ n _|
CgH$m Z`m AdofU `moJdmXr H${dVm _| {H$`m J`m h& `moJ dmX Ho$ g~Y _| {d{^
`moJdmXr boIH$m| H$s {dMmaYmam go CgH$m AW JhU {H$`m Om gH$Vm hY_dra ^maVr- ''Ohm VH$ Bg H$m` Zo ZB n[apW{V`m| go ^m{dV ZB AZw^y{V`m|
H$s A{^`{V Ho$ {bE Zm H$m` $n, ZB H$nZmE, ZB JR>Z ImoOr dhm VH$ `h H$m`
{ZM` hr {dH$mg Ama J{V _| Z Ho$db ghm`H$ {gX hAm h daZ dh EH$ ~hV _hdnyU
MaU ahm h&''
_XZ dm`m`Z- ''Cfm XodVm go boH$a JYo VH$, Z `mZ ^mdZm go boH$a gm_m{OH$
H$mpV VH$, XohmVr A_amB go boH$a H$b-nwOm} VH$, AdMoVZ go boH$a Wwb Ho$ AZwmo{OV
{MU VH$ BVZm `mnH$ {dVma em`X nhbo {H$gr 'dmX' H$s H${dVm | Zht hAm&''
b_rH$mV d_m- ''`moJ H$m Coe h _m` g` H$m narjU Ama narjU mam g`
Ho$ Zò AmYmam| H$m AdofU& `moJH$Vm M_H$ma, {T> AWdm AY{ddmgm| H$mo Zht _mZVm&
{H$gr ^r g` H$mo A{V_ g` Ho$ n _| Zht pdH$maVm& H$moB H$h ahm h, Bg{bE ^r dh Cg
na {ddmg Zht H$aVm& dh Cg AZw^d go IwX JwOaZm MmhVm h& jU-{VjU H$s
AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ^r dh _hd XoVm h& Ia ~mpXH$Vm Ama {ddoH$ hr CgH$m ~hV ~S>m AmYma
h& `moJ EH$ _m`_ _m h, Co` h g` H$s ImoO&'' Bg {> go '`moJ' Z`m 'dmX' ahm
h&
`moJdmXr H${dVm Ho$ {bE Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo 'ZB H${dVm' H$m Zm_ {X`m Vmo H$Bm| Zo
Bg_| g_mZ d{m`m| H$mo ^r nm`m h&
{Og H$ma N>m`mdmXr H${d`mo H$s AMr Ho$ ~mdOyX N>m`mdmX Zm_ Mb nS>m Cgr
H$ma `moJdmX' ^r `wV hAm& Xwgam gVH$ H$s ^y{_H$m _| Ako` Zo hr CgH$m {damoY
190
H$aVo hAm {bIm h- ''`moJdmX H$moB dmX Zht h& h_ dmXr Zht aho h& Z `moJ AnZo Amn _|
> `m gm` h& R>rH$ Bgr Vah H${dVm H$m ^r H$moB dmX Zht h, H${dVm ^r AnZo Amn _| >
`m gm` Zht h& AV: `moJdmXr H$hZm CVZm hr gmWH$ `m {ZaWH$ h {OVZm H${dVmdmXr''
H$hZm&
S>m. Zm_da qgh Zo `moJdmX _| Ho$db {enJV d{m H$mo ZH$ma H$a Cg_|
OrdZ->r Ho$ `moJ XeZ H$m {dMma {Vnm{XV H$aVo hE H$hVo h- 'dmX' Ho$ {dX {dmoh
`moJerb H${d`m| H$s nhbr {deofVm h& Ako` Ho$ Cn`wV H$WZ H$m AmYma boH$a do AmJo
H$hVo h, 'dmX' H$m {damoY H$aVo hE `moJerb H${d amOZr{VH$ d Xme{ZH$ {H$gr ^r 'dmX'
H$m {ZfoY H$aVo h, dmX AWmV '_VdmX' `m {gQ>_& `moJdmXr `h _mZVo h H$s O~ dmX
drH$mam OmVm h Vmo H${d H$s `{VJV Ed {dMmaJV dVVm _| ~mYm nS>Vr h `mo{H$
{dMma H$s {> go 'dmX' EH$ ~X Umbr h& `moJmerb {> H$m gwnmV hr Bg YmaUm go hAm
{H$ nyd{ZpMV H$moB ^r dmX g` VH$ nhMmZo _| g_W Zht h& '' dmX go ~MZo H$s H$mo{ee _|
hr g` H$m {ZaVa AdofU A{Zdm` hmo OmVm h, Ama dh ha EH$ H$mo d` H$aZm nS>Vm h&
Bg pQ> go òH$ `{Vd g`mdofU Ho$ {bE dV h& AWmV `moJerbVm '`{VJV
AdofU' H$s dVw h& Zm_daOr Zo Bgo JmYrOr H$s Vah H$m 'g `moJ' _mZm h& OmZo AZOmZo `moJdm{X`m| Zo Bg {gXmV H$mo drH$mam& JmYr H$s Vah `moJdmXr ^r 'g` H$mo
AmV[aH$' Vd _mZVo Wo& ~wpX H$s Anojm AZw^d H$mo YmZVm XoVo h Bgo hr `moJdmX _|
~mpXH$Vm H$m AmXmobZ H$hm J`m&''
H$m` Ho$ ^rVa `moJdm{X`m| Zo 'gmhg' Ama' Omo{I_' Ho$ `moJ {H$ò {Ogo
Ako` Zo 'JmoVmImoa' H$s Cn_m Xr& BZ H${d`m| Zo g`mdofU Ho$ `moJ A{^`{V Ama
AZw^y{V Ho$ jo _| {H$ò h& CZH$m _mZZm h H$s Zò `moJ Ho$ {bE Z`r ^mfm Ama Z`m
A{^`{V n Oar hmoVm h& Bgr{bE H$m` Ho$ dVw Ed {en XmoZm| _| `moJ h&'' H$hZm Z
hmoJm {H$ {hXr H$mèm Ho$ B{Vhmg _| `h EH$ Z`r H$m` {> Wr&
gmX`~moY H$s Z`r nanam _| '`moJ' H$s ZB `m`m aKwdra ghm` Zo n> H$s h''gr{T>`mo na Yyn _| gJh _| `WmW, Z`r gm_m{OH$ MoVZm, Zò _mZd-g~Y, Zò H$m`Vd Ho$ {bE Zò N>X, ^mfm Am{X _| {H$gr ^r YamVb na Zhr hmoVm& ... ò H$m` jo h&..
aMZm EH$ Ama hr YamVb h Ohm EH$ gnV ~wpOrdr `{V _| A`V _m{bH$ Ed
A`V {MaVZ Hw$N> AmV[aH$ Vd H$m_ H$aVo h& do Vd `m h? AnZo go D$na CR> OmZo
H$s BN>m...'' AV: ghm` Ho$ AZwgma' AnZo `{Vd H$s ImoO' ^r `moJ Zht h,'' H$bm
H$s AnZr gmX`-nanam _| H${d mam BZ H$bm_H$ AZw^d Ho$ jUm| H$m aIZm hr `moJ
h'' AVV: '`moJ' H$bm_H$ AZw^d H$m jU h& Bg H$ma '`moJ' eX Ama 'dmX' XmoZm|
H$m {dVma {hXr H$s H${dVm _| hAm& Ako` Ho$ ~mX aKwdra Ogo H${d`m| Zo Cgo D$MmB XmZ
H$s& CZH$s >r _o n[adVZ Am`m Chm|Zo {dMmaYmam H$s 'dmX' H$s amOZr{V go _wV {H$`m&
{dMma Ch| {m VrV hE, ^mdZmE ^mdyH$ bJZo bJr& Ep` ~moY- `m gdoXZ hr `WmW
bJZo bJo& n[aUm_V: Ep`-~moYmZw^d H$s {V{H$`mE H$m` _| Am`r Eogo _| gwI Ho$ jUmo _|
_mXH$ C_mX Ama Xw:I Ho$ jUmo _| AY {dmoh AWdm {Zo` {Zamem' H${dVm _| Am`r&
AmJo MbH$a Zò H${dVm _| jUmdmXr {> Am`r `h `moJdmX H$s `mnH$ OrdZ {> H$m
191
'{dVma g_Pm J`m& Y_dra ^maVr Zo `moJdmX H$s gr_mAm| `m H$h| CgHo$ g` H$mo H$Q>
H$aVo hE H$hm H$s ''`moJdmXr H${dVm _| ^mdZm h, _m ha ^mdZm Ho$ AmJo EH$ Z{Mh
bJm h& Bgr Z{Mh H$mo Amn ~mpH$Vm H$h gH$Vo h; gmH${VH$ T>mMm Ma_am CR>m Ama
`h Z Cgr H$s d{Z _m h&''
Ogm H$s h_Zo nhbo H$hm h& {Vr` {dd`wX, Ho$ ~mX {ddâ _| _y`m| H$m
{dKQ>Z Vrd hAm& {dkmZ, `, gma _m`_m| Zo gdoXZmAm| H$s A{^`{V-AZw^y{V _|
O{Q>bVm Am`r& nanamJV OrdZ _y`m|-Zò n[adoe _| AV: gKf VZmd âm, `{VdmX,
~mpH$Vm, {dmoh, `mZ J{W`m| _| CgH$mo ~mYZo H$m `mg `moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo {H$`m&
`{VdmXr AZw^y{V H$mo g_{> _| H$bm_H$ jU {deof A{^`V H$aZo H$s ~mV, aKwdra
ghm`, b_rH$mV d_m Zo H$s h&
`moJdmXr H$m` {> H$mo g_PmZo Ho$ {bE Ako` Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo OmZZm Amd`H$
h& `moJdm{X`m| Ho$ gm_Zo gdoXZm, AZw^y{V, A{^`{V, `{V, g_{>, Ogo gmYmaU
eXm| _| ~S>m AW âZo H$s d{m, ^mfm `w{V H$s gr_m, A{^`{V Ho$ jo _| Ch| IbVr
ahr `hr H$maU h H$s {dam_ gHo$V, grYr-{VaN>r bH$sa|, N>moQ>o-~S>| Q>mBn H$m grYo-CbQ>o
AWm} _| `moJ, bmoJ-WmZm| Ho$ Zm_m|, AYwao dm`.... CbPr gdoXZm H$mo nmR>H$m| VH$
nhMmZm CgH$m gm` ahm h& Bg{bE `moJ CZHo$ {bE Ho$db gmYZ h, gm` Zht& Bg{bE
`moJ H$s {ZaVaVm na Chm|Zo ~b {X`m& `moJdmXr`m| Zo gofUr`Vm H$mo _hd {X`m& ^md
gofU H$s {> go AZmoIo `moJ `moJdmX H$s {d{e>Vm ahr h& Bg{bE N>m`mdmX Ho$ {en
H$m, ^mfm H$m gw_ {damoY m`moJdmX _| n> h&
8.2 `moJdmX : nmMm` ^md :dVwV: `moJdmXr H${d`m| H$s ZB nrT>r nmMm` ^mfm, gm{h` Ed gdoXZmAmo
H$s OmZH$ma Wr& Cgr Ho$ Hw$N> `moJ {hXr gm{h` Ho$ Bg `wJ _| hE h& d` Ako` na
ApVddmXr, _Zmo{dbofUdmXr, {Q>. Eg. B{bEQ>, S>r. EM. bmaog, Ho$ gmW OnmZr A{X
H${d Ed H${dVm H$m ^md n> h& H${dVm, H$hmZr Cn`mg {Z~Y _| `h A{YH$ wIa hAm
h 'S>r. EM. bma|g H$s 'Birds', Beasts and 'Flowers' gJh H$s H${dVm 'Snake' H$m
^md CZH$s H$hmZr 'gmn' na ahm h& ^mobm^mB nQ>ob Zo AnZo emoY JW 'Ako`! EH$
A``Z' _| CgH$m {dVma go {dMma {H$`m h& JUn{VM JwV Zo ^r q~~dmX, XmgdmX,
{VH$dmX, A{V`WmWdmX, ApVddmX, _Zmo{dbofUdmX Ogo {d{^ gmXm`mo Ho$ ^md
H$m CoI `moJdmX VWm 'ZB H${dVm' Ho$ gX^m] _o {H$`m h& \$m`S> H$s X{_V dmgZm, Hw$R>m,
ApVddmX H$m jUdmX, {Zame, bKw _mZd H$s {V>m, {VH$dm{X`m| H$s d`{VH$Vm,
UVm XwhVm, ^mfm nm| H$m `moJ, XmXmdm{X`m| H$s Vah nanamJV, gH${V Ed g`Vm
H$m {damoY `moJdmX _o hAm h& Bg{bE Cgo H$^r 'ndmX', H$^r 'ndmX', H$^r 'ZB
H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm J`m Xme{ZH$ _Zmodkm{ZH$ ^md {gYm Ako` na ahm& A` H${d`m|
Zo em`X CZgo JhU {H$`m hmoJm& Bg{bE nad{V H$m` _| {Og Vah N>m`mdmX H$mo N>moS>H$a
Hw$N> H${d J{VdmX H$mo AnZm MwHo$ Wo Cgr Vah J{VdmXrm| Zo `moJ H$mo AnZmm Ama Hw$N>
192
`moJdmXr ^r AV: VH$ `moJdmXr Zht aho, Hw$N> J{VdmXr, OS>mo H$s Ama bmQ>o Vmo Hw$N> 'Z`r
H${dVm' _| CJ Amò&
Ako` H$m J{V Ho$ {dX '`moJ', dmX Ho$ {dX {dmoh, 'Ah' go 'EoR>' go âm
hr `m| Z hmo {hXr gm{h` OJV _| _m M{MV Ed {dbjU ^mdr ahm h& _`dJ Ho$
`WmW, CZH$s gd H$ma H$s hmgmo_wIVm Ama Hw$R>m, CXmgr, {Zamem, AmWm go âm `h
H$m` Am_{Z> gH$sUVm Ho$ ~mdOyX _hdnyU hmo MwH$m h& CgH$s gm_m` d{m`m| H$mo
XoIZm `hm h_mam A{^> h&
8.3 `moJdmX : d{m`m

`moJdmXr H${dVm Ho$ O_ Ho$ Xmo H$maU _mZo Jò h& EH$ gm_m{OH$ Ama Xwgam
gm{hp`H$& _`dJ Ed CdJ Ho$ nmQ>m| Ho$ ^rVa H${d {ngVm Om ahm Wm `m Bg H$ma H$m
AZw^d H$a Wm& gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| Am`r {JamdQ>, nanam H$s OH$S> ~Xr go N>wQ>Zo H$s
N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, _w`m| Ho$ ZH$ma H$mo CZH$s gdoXZmAm| Zo JhU {H$`m& Bg H${dVm H$mo _`dJ H$s
hmgmo_wI OrdZ H$m {MU H$aZodmbr H$hm J`m& `moJdmX VH$ AmVo-AmVo N>m`mdmX Ho$
H$mo_b bjUm YmZ Ed gH$V{Z> dmm`dr` H$nZm _| H${dVm Zo gmWH$Vm VWm AWdmm
Imo Xr Wr, Vmo J{VdmX Zo {H$gmZ-_OXyam| Ho$ `WmW {MU _| A{Zdm{XVm VWm Mmam_H$
Zmao~mOr H$s H$m{V`wV gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ Zm_ na gnmQ>~`mZr, `m{H$ A{^`{V H$s Wr&
`mZ aho `moJdmXr H${d ^r _`dJu` aho h& do AnZr H$mo_b gdoXZm VWm n[apW{V Ho$
X~md _| BZH$m '`{V' _mZg-VZmd ~T>Vm Mbm J`m& gm_m{OH$ ~YZm| VWm Am{WH$
gH$Q>m| H$m AZw^d do H$aZo bJo& AnZo AmnH$mo do g_mO go H$Q>m hAm, hmam hAm, Ama H$hr
OS>m hAm Z nmZo bJo, Qw>Q>m hAm XoIZo bJo& `{V dVVm H$s gmWH$Vm H$mo Chm|Zo
nhMmZm Cgr Ho$ AmYma na Z`r g_{> Ho$ gmW VmXm` Wm{nV H$aZo H$s Mo>m Chm|Zo H$s
naVy CZHo$ hmWm| _moh^J hr ha ~ma Am`m& S>m. Zm_daOr Zo "H${dVm Ho$ Zò {VmZ' _| n>
{H$`m h H$s, ''g_H$mbrZ gH$Q> H$s drH${V, _mZ{gH$ {d^mOZ H$m {VamoY Ama
`WmWJmhr, `WmV` H$m`-^mfm H$m {Z_mU-ò VrZm| H$m` 1938 B. Ho$ Amgnmg hr ew
hmo JE Wo& {gXmV Ho$ Va na N>m`mdmXr ^mdyH$Vm, H$mn{ZH$Vm Ama AmXedmX Ama
CmaN>m`mdmXr ~o{\$H$s go âr AhS>Vm H$s {ZgmaVm {gX hmo MwH$s Wr& Amd`H$Vm Wr
Vmo Cgo gm_w{hH$ ^mdembr n XoZo H$r& gZ 1943 |o 'VmagVH$' H$m H$meZ Cgr
Amd`H$Vm H$s ny{V h&''
gVH$ Ho$ g^r H${d AnZr-AnZr >r go AbJ Wo Ogo d` Ako` Zo H$hm h'do g~ {H$gr Hw$b Ho$ Zht h {H$gr EH$ _{Ob na nhMo hE ^r Zht h, A^r amhr h- amhr
Zhr, amhm| Ho$ Adofr& CZ_o _V` Zht h, g^r _hdnyU {df`m| na CZH$s am` AbJAbJ h- OrdZ Ho$ {df`m| _| g_mO, Y_ Ama amOZr{V Ho$ {df` _| H$m`-dVw Ama ebr
Ho$, N>X Ama VwH$ Ho$, H${d Xm{`dm| Ho$ òH$ {df` _| CZH$m Amngr _VôX h& `hm VH$ {H$
h_mao OJV Ho$ Eogo gd_m` Ama d`{gX _m{bH$ g`m| H$mo ^r do g_mZ n go drH$ma
Zht H$aVo Ogo bmoH$V H$s Amd`H$Vm, CmoJm| H$m gm_mOrH$aU, `m{H$ `wX H$s
193
Cn`mo{JVm, dZn{V Kr H$s ~wamB AWdm H$mZZ~mbm Ama ghJb Ho$ JmZm| H$s CH$>Vm
Am{X&'' `hr H$maU h H$s nadVu H$mb _| _w{V~moY, ^dmZrgmX, e_eoa, am_{dbmg Ogo
H${d `moJdmX go AbJ OrdZ-gKf, {dMmaYmam go OwS>Vo Jò& Ako` go AbJVm hr CZH$m
d{eQ>o hmo J`r&
BZ H${d`m| Zo H$m` Ho$ H$bm Ed ^md nj _| Zò `moJ go Zd`wJ bm`m& Omo T>Vm
H$m {damoY H$a Zd-AdofU H$m g_WZ H$aVm h& dVwV: do nanamAm| H$m {damoY Zht H$aVo,
{H$Vw CZ_| Am`r T> VWm {ZOud Vdm| H$mo `mJH$a ZE OrdV Vd H${dVm _| âZm MmhVo
h& Zò H$m AdofU `{VJV g` go `mnH$ Ama CH$fH$mar hmoVm h Eogr YmaUm BZH$s ahr
h& Bgr go do g_{> g` VH$ nhMZm MmhVo h& BgHo$ {bE do ~mpXH$Vm H$m nwaH$ma H$aVo h&
òH$ AZw^y{V _| ~mpXH$Vm H$mo ^mdyH$Vm Ho$ WmZ na aIVo h& _`dJ H$s g_V Hw$R>m,
OS>Vm, AZmWm, namO`, _mZ{gH$ gKf H$mo do ~mpXH$Vm go hr `V H$aVo h& `WmW H$m
Z n, U n ^r CZH$s H${dVm _| Am`m h& AV: A{^ÒZm Ho$ {bE Zò VrH$,
Cn_mZ, q~~, ^mfm-ebr _| _Zmo{dbofU Am{X H$m drH$ma `moJdmX H$s ZB H${dVm go
AbJ d{m`m h&
1. `{VdmX:`moJdmXr `{VdmX N>m`mdmXr `{VdmX go AbJ h& `moJdmXr Kmoa
`{VdmXr h& CZH$m `{VdmX ''Xmo gr_mVm| Ho$ ~rM \$bm hAm h& CZ_| go EH$ gr_mV h
_`dJu` n[adoe Ho$ {V _`dJu` H${d H$m d`{VH$ AgVmof Ama Xygam gr_mV hOZ-OmJaU go S>ao hE H${d H$s Am_ajm H$s ^mdZm& Hw$b {_bmH$a `h Ma_ `{VdmX hr
`moJdmX H$m Ho$-q~Xy h Ama {d{^ amOZ{VH$, Z{VH$, gm_m{OH$ _m`VmAm| Ho$ n _|
`h gH$sU `{VdmX AnZo H$mo `V H$aVm h&''
`moJdmXr H${d AnZo AmnH$mo _`dJ go H$Q>m hAm _hgyg H$aVm h& {OgHo$
n[aUm_ dn dh A{YH$ Ah dmXr, Am_H|${V hmoVm J`m&Am_ajm Ho$ {bE hr dh AnZo
Amn _| {g_Q>H$a ahZo bJm& CZH$m ApVd Cho H$ht Zht {XI ahm Wm& ha OJh
gm_w{hH$Vm Ho$ X~md _| dh ~mZmnZ _hgyg H$a ahm Wm& Bggo Xya H$aZo H$s Mmh ^r CZ_o aht
h& Eogo _| N>moQ>m hmo H$a ahZm Ama {damQ> `{Vd YmaU H$a boZo H$m ^md `moJdmX H$s
{deofVm h& Ogo Y_dra ^maVr H$hVo h''ha _Zw` ~mZm h bo{H$Z
_ ~mZm| _| ~mZm hr ~ZH$a ahVm h
hmamo _V, gmhg _V N>moS>mo
Bggo ^r AWmh ew` _|
~mZm| Zo hr VrZ nJm| _| YaVr Zmnr''
H${d AnZr d`{VH$Vm go gwa{jV ahZm MmhVm h {H$Vw g_wh X~md _| `h
Ag^d bJVm h& {\$a AZwHw$b g_` nmH$a AnZo AmnH$mo gmO | OS>m nmòJm H$m {ddmg
^r aIVm h& Ako` H$s 'ZXr Ho$ rn' Bgr H$ma H$s h''h_ ZXr Ho$ rn
194
.... pWa g_nU h_mam....
{\$a N>ZoJo h_... H$ht {\$a na Q>oHo$J|
H$ht {\$a ^r IS>m hmoJm Zò `{Vd H$m AmH$ma''
dVwV: `moJdmXr H${d AnZr gm_m{OH$ Cn`mo{JVm H$mo d`{VH$Vm go {g
H$aZm MmhVo h& ''nbm`ZdmXr d{m`m| H$m {damoY H$aHo$ Amap^H$ `{VdmXr `moJdmX Zo
''{VamoY'' Ama '`w`wgw-^md' H$m Zmam {X`m&'' g^d h `h J{VdmX H$s 'A{V
gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ {damoY _o A{V `{VdmXr hmo Jò& N>m`mdmX H$m `{VdmX Abm{H$Vm VWm
ah`dmXr ^mdZm _| ~XbVm h {H$Vw `moJdmXr `{V gH$sUVm Ho$ H$maU AnZo _| hr
{g_Q>H$a ah OmVm h& {\$a AnZo Xw:I, nrS>m ~moY H$mo _mOZm' ew H$aVm h Ogo Ako` Zo
H$hm ''Xw:I g~H$mo _mOVm h'' {\$a H$hm H$s dh, ''g~H$mo _wV hmoZo H$s grI XoVm h,''
Cho h grI XoVm h {H$ g~H$mo _wV aI|& '' 'Xw:I Am_ H$s ewXr H$aVm h H$s ^mdZm go
^r CgH$m {ddmg CR>Vm J`m Ama 'pWa g_nU' H$aVm Mbm'', J`m naVy Cg_o | ^r
`{VJV Ah hr A{YH$ ahm& `h 'Ah' hr Cgo gm_m{OH$ hmoZo go amoH$Vm h& {H$Vw CgH$m
_Z _m CgH$m AmH$mjr ahm h& ''Ako` ma^ go _`dJ Ho$ {dX d`{VH$ AgVmof
CJmb aho Wo'' dVwV: Ako H$m {$d hr dJ H$m h H$mamVa go h H$h gH$Vo h {H$
h dJ H$s gmB H$m AmBZm h&
2. {Zamem Ama AZmWm :{Zamem Ama AZmWm `moJdmXr H${d`m| H$s Xwgar _wI {deofVm h& S>m.
Zm_daOr Zo CgHo$ _wb _| 'AhdmX' H$mo _mZm h& {OgH$mo do nhMmZVo ^r hAh! AVJwhmdmgr! da{V! `m _| {MhVm
H$moB Z XyOm} amh?
OmZVm `m Zhr {ZO _| ~X hmoH$a h Zht {Zdmh?
Bg{bE do OrdZ go nbm`Z Zht H$aVo h ~pH$ {Zamem Ho$ {d{^Z Vam| H$s
A{^`{V H$aVo h& dVwV `h {Zamem dV_mZ `wJ-OrdZ Ho$ {V AZmWm Ho$ H$maU
Am`r h& do OrdZ _| `mV `m{H$Vm, gm_m{OH$ AdrH$m`Vm, go {d\$bVm Ho$ AZw^d n
_| CZHo$ `{Vd _| Am`r h& EH$ H$ma H$s Hw$R>mdWm CZ_| nXm hmo OmVr h& CZ na ``
H$aVr h& Bg H$ma Ho$ Xw:I H$mo do _yH$Vm go ghZo Ho$ Abmdm Hw$N> H$a ^r Zht gH$Vo Wo""_wPna `` H$aVr h
_oar hr naN>mB>`m
XX ò {H$ggo H$h''
H$m ^md gd}da Ogo H${d _Z _| {Z_mU hmoVm h& N>m`mdmX H$s Vah BZH$s
{Zamem A`m_ `m H${V gmX` H$s Amoa Zht _wS>Vr Z hr J{VdmX`m| H$s Vah Bgo Xya H$aZo
Ho$ {bE H$mVr H$m h{W`ma CZHo$ nmg h& Bg{bE do CZHo$ H$maUm| H$m AdofU H$aVo h& BgH$mo
Xya H$aZo H$m {ddmg `V H$aVo h, `ht na h_ H$h gH$Vo h H$s OrdZ `WmW go `h H${d
^mJ IS>m Zht hmoVm ~pH$ AnZr gmWH$Vm, Am{M` H$mo _m{UV H$aVm h''Xrn h h_..
195
`h Zht h emn& `h AnZr {Z`{V h&
`{X Eogm H$^r hmo
`h moVpdZr h hr H$_Zme& H$s{V Zmem Kmoa
H$mb-dm{hZr ~Z Omò
Vmo h_| drH$ma h dh ^r& Cgr _| aoV hmoH$a
{\$a N>ZoJ| h_& O_oJ| h_& H$ht {\$a na Q>oHo$J|
H$hr {\$a IS>m hmoJm Zò `{Vd H$m AmH$ma&''
{Zamem, AZmWm H$mo AmWm _| n[ad{VV H$aZo H$m gmhg BZ H${d`m| _| h&
Ako`, _w{V~moY EH$ H$ma go gKf H$m amVm AnZmVo h&
3. ~mpH$Vm H$m mYm` :`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo AnZr AZw^y{V H$s A{^`{V _| ~mpH$Vm H$m A{YH$
`moJ {H$`m& ^mdZm `m amJm_H$Vm H$ht na ^r Zhr h Ohm h dhm dh Zm{H$V h& Bgr
Z H$mo Y_dra ^maVr Zo ~mpH$Vm H$hm h& ~mpH$ `wJ _| ~mpH$ {> H$m drH$ma `h H${d
H$aVo h& Ako` Zo AnZr H${dVm 'har Kmg na jU â' _| ~mpH$Vm H$mo {V{>V {H$m h&
g_mO go ò ^`^rV _Z o_ H$s ^mdyH$Vm H$s OJh ~mpH$Vm `m '{deof VH$dmX' H$mo `V
H$aVo- h H$s Xw{Z`m gmoM gH$Vr h' ''H$moB Z OmZo `m gmoMo Bg{bE dh H$hVo h''Mbmo CR>o A~
A~ VH$ h_ Wo ~Yw
ga H$mo AmEAma aho ~R>o Vmo
bmoJ H$h|Jo
YwYbo _| Xw~Ho$ Xmo o_r ~R>o h&
dh h_ ^r hmo ^r
Vmo `h har Kmg hr OmZo&''
em`X Bgr ~mpH$Vm Ho$ H$maU hr H$s Ako` Zo Ho$edXmg H$s egm H$s Ama
AJoOr H${d ~oZ OmZgZ go CZH$s VwbZm H$a CZH$s lo>Vm H$mo drH$mam& ewb Or Zo Ho$ed
H$mo X`{dhrZ H$hm Wm Ako` 'Ho$ed H$s H${dVmB' erfH$ gdmX >m` h''
~mpH$Vm H$m n[aUm_ hr h H$s dh N>m`mdmX H$s {H$emoa ^mdyH$Vm H$mo N>moS>H$a
AnZr {`m H$mo 'H$bJr ~mOao' H$s H$hVm h- AJa _ Vw_H$mo bbmVr gmP Ho$ Z^ H$s AHo$br
Vm[aH$m/ A~ Zht H$hVm, `h eaX Ho$ ^moa H$s Zrhma hm`r Hw$B/ Q>Q>H$s H$br Mno H$s/
dJaoh Vmo / Zht H$maU {H$ _oam X` CWbm `m {H$ gwZm h/ `m {H$ _oam `ma _bm h/ ~pH$
Ho$db `hr Wo Cn_mZ _bo hmo Jò h/ XodVm BZ VrH$m| Ho$ H$a JE h Hy$M&''
4 bKwVm Ho$ {V {>nmV :EH$ Amoa moJdmXr H${dm| Zo AnZo AmnH$mo bKw AWmV gm_m` Cno{jV _mZd
Ho$ n _| H$m` _| {M{V {H$`m h Vmo Xwgar Amoa bKw Ama ew mUr`m| H$mo C _mZd $n _|
aIH$a CZHo$ gmX` H$m, {deofVm H$m, _mZdVm H$m dUZ {H$`m h& bKw _mZd H$s X{_V
196
dmgZm, gwI Xw:I Ama ApVd H$s bKwVm BZH$s {deofVm h& bKw dVwAm| H$m {MU H${dVm
_| Am`m ''nhbr ~ma H$H$arQ> Ho$ nmoM', 'Mm H$s `mbr', 'gmàZ', 'ao{S>`_ H$s KS>r',
'MwS>r H$m Qw>H$S>m', '~mW_', 'Ja_ nH$mS>r', '~mg H$s Qw>Q>r hB Q>>r', \$Q>r AmoT>Zr H$s
qM{X`m', '_y-g{MV _{mH$m Ho$ dm _| VrZ Q>mJmo na IS>m ZVJrd Y`YZ JXJ', '~o',
'XB_mao noS>' ~mQ>m Mnb', 'gmB{H$b', \|$M boXa, 'Hw$mm', 'doqQ>J _', hmoQ>b. 'Xmb',
Vob. 'htJ', 'hXr', '\$Q>m H$moQ>' Am{X- go BZH$s H${dVm ~Zr h& AZV Hw$_ma 'nmfmU'
H$s H${dVm""{XZ _a J`m h, _| ^r _a J`m h,
htJ Ama hXr go dm{gV _oar ~r~r _Ja A^r qOXm h!
Ama CgHo$ noQ> _| Hw$N> Ama Z`r {OXJr h,
_oam H$moQ> \$Q>m h CgZo hr {g`m h&''
Bg H$ma CXmmVm H$s OJh jwVm H$m dUZ `moJdmXr`m| Zo {H$`m h& N>m`mdmX
H$s H$nZm{enVm H$s OJh BZ H${d`m| _| `WmW dmX H$m AmJh ahm h& ''CXmhaU Ho$ {bE
N>m`mdmXr H${d Zo Ohm MmXZr H$m ~S>m ^` {MU {H$`m h dh `moJdmXr Zo "{e{ea H$s
amH$m-{Zem' H$m `WmW VwV {H$`m h""dMZm h MmXZr
PyR> dh AmH$me H$m {Zad{Y JVZ {dVma
{e{ea H$s amH$m-{Zem H$s empV h {Zga
Xya dh g~ em{V, dh {gV ^`Vm, dh
ey` Ho$ Adbon H$m VmaBa Ho$db {Pb{_bmVo
MoV-ha, XwYa Hw$hmgo H$s hbmhb-pZY _w>r _|
{ghaVo go, nJw, Qw>S>o,
Z ~Mo, XB_mao, noS>!
amH$m-{Zem Ho$ ^rVa H$s Hw$nVm H$m {M `hm VwV {H$`m J`m h& Bg H$ma
gmYmaU go gmYmaU {df`m| H$mo H${dVm _| `moJdmX Zo CnpWV {H$`m h& AmbmoMH$m| Zo Bg
H$ma H$s gmYmaUV: H$r AmbmoMZm ^r H$s h&
5. `WmW H$s Hw$nVm H$m {MU :`moJdmXr H${d A{V`WmWdmXrVm H$mo JhU H$a OrdZ H$s Hw$nVm H$mo, {dH${V
H$mo ght T>J go gm_m{OH$m| Ho$ gm_Zo bmZm MmhVm h& AmbmoMH$m| Zo Bgo Z gmX` MoVZm `m
{dH$V {M ^r H$hm h {H$Vw Bg H$ma H$s Hw$nVm H$m, AgwXaVm Ho$ {MU | ^r dh
gmX`-Mr {XImVm h& Ako` H$hVo h'"_y- g{MV _{mH$m Ho$ dm _|
VrZ Q>mJm| na IS>m ZV Jrd
Y_ YZ JXhm&''
AWdm _mamjg H$hVo h-
197
''_wh~V EH$ {Jao hE J^ Ho$ ~o gr hmoVr h
MmhV dh, _O~yar hmo gH$Vr h,
{Ogo _arO Img H$a WyH$ Z gHo$&''
dJu {ddeVm go CnOr WmWVm moJdmXr H${dVm H$s wI {deofVm h&
A{VWmW Zo H${dVm H$mo ZVm H$s Or na bmH$a hm {H$m h&
6. A{V Z `WmWdmX :N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo AnZr Z ^mdZmAm| H$mo H${V gmX` Ho$ ^rVa `V
{H$m h& em`X H${d gm_m{OH$ ~YZm| H$mo drH$m` g_PVm hmo naVy `moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo
gm_m{OH$ {> go {V~{YV `m A`V H$m_ dmgZm Ho$ Z `WmW H$mo AnZr H${dVm _| bm`m
h& AnZr Hw$R>mAm|, X{_V dmgZmAm| AVV BN>mAm| H$m IwbH$a dUZ `moJdmX H$s {deofV:
h& H$m_ OrdZ H$m Cg h, naVy `moJdmXr H${dVm _| dh {dH$V ^mS>o n _| VwV {H$`m h&
dVwV: Ako` Am{X na \$m`S,> bmaom H$m ^md A`m{YH$ ahm h& AZVHw$_ma nmfmU H$s
H${dVm | ^r h XoIZo Ho$ {bE {bVm h ''_oao _Z H$s A{Y`mar H$moR>ar _|
AVV AmH$mjm H$s do`m ~war Vah Img ahr h&
...
nmg Ka Amò Vmo
{XZ â H$m WH$m {O`m _Mb-_Mb Omò&''
`m eHw$Vbm _mWwa H$s H${dVm 'gwhmJ ~obm'''Mbr AmB dobm gwhm{JZ nm`b nhZo...
~mU {d haUr gr
~mhm| _| {bnQ> OmZo H$s,
_moVr H$s bS>r g_mZ&''
g^moJ d{m H$m {MU `hm {H$`m J`m h& gwhm{JZ H$mo '~mU {d haUr' ~Zm`m
h, ~mU H$mo nwfop` H$s Cn_m Xr JB h& `mZ ^mdZmAm| H$m {MU IwbH$a moJdmXr
H${dVmo | hAm h&
7. o_ H$m dn :`moJdmXr`m| Ho$ o_ _| ZVm, _mgb-~moY, A{YH$ h& N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| H$m
o_ embrZVm _| ~Ym Wm, Bg{bE ChmoZo {Ma {dah H$mo `V {H$`m {H$Vw `moJdmXr H${d
{dah Zht MmhVm dh _mgb CmV eara nmZo Ho$ {bE CgwH$ h& o_ H$m `h Z`m n \$m`S>,
bmaog Ho$ ^md go {hXr _| Am`m& Ako` 'gmdZ _oK' _| Bgr o_ H$mo `V H$aVo h""{Ya J`m Z^, CS> Amò _oK H$mbo,
^y{_ Ho$ H${nV CamoOm| na PwH$m-gm
{deX, dmghV, {MamVya
N>m J`m B H$m Zrb dj-
198
dO gm, `{X V{S>V go Pwbgm hAm-gm&
Amh, _oam dmg h CmnY_{Z`m| _| CS> AmB h bh H$s Yma`ma h A{êV
Vw_ H$hm hmo Zmar?''
'gmdZ _oK' hm H$m_-`J nwf H$m nH$ h Vmo 'Zoh go bm{dV' ~rO Ho$
H${dV` go C\w$b, g`-gr {Zbm, ZJr Amo 'g_{nV' Omo Y[ar h, dhr Zmar h&
H$m_ H$mo BZ H${d`m| Zo nmn Zht _mZm, Z hr emn ~H$s dh CgHo$ OrdZmZX
^moJ go n[aVV hmoZm MmhVm h& H$Zw{`m _| Y_dra ^maVr Hw$N> Cgr ^md H$mo `V H$aVo h""AJa _Zo {H$gr Ho$ hm|R> Ho$ nmQ>b H$^r My_o,
AJa _Zo {H$gr Ho$ ZZ Ho$ ~mXb H$^r Mw_o,
AJa _Zo {H$gr H$s _Xâr AJS>mB`m My_r,
AJa _Zo {H$gr H$s gmm H$s nwadmB>`m My_r,
_hO Bggo {H$gr H$m `ma _wPna nmn H$go hmo?
_hO Bggo {H$gr H$m dJ _wPna emn H$go hmo?
BZH$m `mZ-gwI-em[a[aH$ Ama _mZ{gH$ XmoZm| Vam| na MbVm nbVm h& Cgo
do jU^Jwa Zht _mZVo, Z hr Bggo gVw> hmoVo h& Eop` gwI Ho$ gmX` na do IwbVo Ama
{IbVo h& Bg{bE ~ma-~ma CgH$s H$m_Zm H$aVo h''H$mZ H$hVm h {H$ E|{H$ gwI
gr{_V h, ^Jwa h;
Vwho nmH$a
ha n, ag, JY, JmZ _|
OmZo H$gr `h AZVVm AJmYVm Jm JB h:
{H$ ha ^moJ Ho$ eof _|
AZm`mg {H$gr ZwVZ ^moJ H$m
H$n-H$m_ H$_b {Ib CR>Vm h:
ha n-gmX` Ho$ S>moa na nhMVo hr
Ama ^r ZdrZVa, J{hZVa, {dnwbVa
gmX`-bmoH$ H$m ma AmMH$ hr Iwb nS>Vm h&''
S>m. Zm_daOr Ho$ eXm| _o H$ho Vmo, ''N>m`mdmX H$m Nw>B-_wB gm o_ A~ _mgb
n _| H$Q> hmoZo bJm& '' gmX` A~ Xwa go XoIZo H$s {MO Zht ahm. ^moJZo Ama VV hmoZo H$m
hmo J`m&
d` Ako` Zo AnZr AZoH$ H${dVmAm| _| Zmar, o_,_mXH$Vm, EopH$Vm Ho$
{MU {H$ò h& 'ZI-{eI', Ama Xohdr BgHo$ CXmhaU h&
''Vwhmar Xoh
_wPH$mo H$ZH$-Mno H$s H$br h
Xya hr go
_aU _| ^r JY XoVr h&''
199
Vmo {`m `mX _| do namO` ~moY H$m AZw^d H$aVo h& Ako` H$m ~mpH$,
A{^_mZr X` o_ _| ^mdH$ hmo Zht nmVm S>m. Zm_da Zo R>rH$ {bIm h H$s 'Ako` Ogm {H$
XX A{^_mZr H${d hr Bg namO` H$s {dH$bVm H$m AZw^d H$a gH$Vm h&'' `h A{^_mZ
Ch| Amgy ^r ~hZo Zht XoVm-`ma _| A{^_mZ H$s H$gH$ na hmoZo Zht XoVr'' H${dVm | dh
{dH$bVm `V H$aVo h&
U` Ho$ IwbH$a {MU Ho$ gmW o_ _| ~mpH$Vm Am`r h& Ako` Zo
'VmagVH$' H$s ^y{_H$m _| H$hm h,'' AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m gmYmaU `{V gog g~Yr
dOZmAm| Zo AmH$mV h, CgH$m _pVH$ XZ H$s JB gog H$s ^mdZmAm| go âm hAm Wm&
Bg{bE CgH$s gmX` ^mdZm ^r gog go nr{S>V h& Ama `hr H$maU h {H$ `moJdmXr H${d _|
Z Vmo o_ H$m gm_m{OH$ n h, Z ah`m_H$ AmdaUdmbm Ama Z N>m`mdmX H$m-gm gw_
Ed ^mdm_H$&'' _Zmo{dbofU H$m dN>X n BZH$s H${dVmAm| _| âm nS>m h&
8. jUdmX :jU ^md H$mo OrdZ H$s emdVVm Ho$ n _| Ama gm{h` gOZ Ho$ n _|
`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo XoIm h& `{V OrdZ _| jUâ H$m gwI gnyU OrdZ H$mo narV{V XoVm
h& jUâ H$m AZw^d H${dVm gOZ H$aZo H$s jVm XoVm h& {\$a 'VjU', 'OmJaU Ho$
jU', XoeH$mb _w{V Ho$ jU H$mo boH$a AZoH$ H${dVm Ako` Zo {bIr h& Ogo 'gOZm Ho$
jU', _Zo XoIm EH$ ~yX'. hmoVo h jU' H${dVmE _hdnyU h- "gOZm Ho$ jU H${d Ho$ AZwgma
b~o Zhr hmoVo''' EH$ jU-â Ama;
b~o gOZm Ho$ jU H$^r ^r hmo Zht gH$Vo&
~yX dmVr H$s ^bo hmo
~oYVr h __ grnr H$m Cgr {Z__ dam go
dO {Oggo \$moS>Vm M>mZ H$mo
^bo hr {\$a `Wm Ho$ V_ _|
~ag na ~ag ~rV|
EH$ _wVm-n H$mo nH$Vo''
'_Zo XoIm EH$ ~yX' _| VjU H$m XeZ Ama A{^`{V Ho$ n {XImB XoVo h''_Zo XoIm
EH$ ~yX ghgm
CN>br gmJa Ho$ ^mJ go:
aJr J`r jUâ
T>bVo gwaO H$s AmJ go&''
`m OmJaU Ho$ jU H$s ImoO H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h''~agm| _oar ZtX ahr&
dh J`m g_` H$s Yma _| Omo
H$mZ _wI CgH$mo dmng _mJo?
_ AmO OmH$a ImoO ahm h
200
dh jU {Og_| OmJm h& ''
Xoe-H$mb _wV jUm| H$mo Z h_ Xmoham gH$Vo h, 'Z Vmo AnZr BN>m go bm
gH$Vo h ''CZH$m hmoZm, OrZm, ^moJm OmZm
h da{gX, g~ dV:nyV
- h_ Bgr{bE Vmo JmVo h&''
AWmV jU AnZo Amn _| n[anyU h g_J h'"EH$ jU! hmoZo H$m
ApVd H$m AO A{Vr` jU!
hmoZo Ho$ g` H$m
g` Ho$ gmjmV H$m
jU Ho$ AIS> nmamdma H$m
AmO h_ AM_Z H$aVo h&''
Y_dra ^maVr H$s H$Zw{`m H$s amYm ^r o_ OrdZ H$s V_`Vm Ho$ jUm| _| hr
OrdZ H$s gmWH$Vm XoIVr h& CgHo$ Abmdm OrdZ H$s gmWH$ `m hmoJr H$m Z hr dh
nwN>Vr h''AN>m _oao _hmZ H$Zw
_mZ bmo {H$ jUâ H$mo
_ `h drH$ma H$aVr h
{H$ _oao ò gmao V_`Vm Ho$ Jhao jU
{g\$ ^mdmdoe Wo
gwH$mo_b H$nZmE Wr
aJo hE AmH$fH$ eX Wo....
Vmo gmWH$ {\$a `m h H$Zw?''
jU H$s j{UH$Vm, OrdZ H$s AZVVm Ho$ n _o `moJdmXr H${dVm _| {M{V hB
h& jU H$m ~S>m _hd boIH$, gm_m`, o_r gX` Ho$ {bE hmoVm h& CgH$s nhMmZ Ako` Zo
h&
9. {dmoh H$s ^mdZm :`moJdmXr`m| H$m {dmoh H$m` Ho$ H$bm Ed ^md nj XmoZmo Ho$ {V h& _`dJ Zo
_`dJu H${d H$s Amoa `mZ hr Cg H$mb _| Zht {X`m Vmo _`dJ H$m `h H${d {dmoh Ho$
Vrd CXJma `V H$aVm h& dVwV: N>m`mdmX H$s H$nZm Ama gmX` go _wV H$_Zr` ^md^mfm Ama J{VdmX H$s A`m{YH$ gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ Vr `moJdmX H$m {dmoh `V hAm h&
{Zambm Ho$ 'Hw$Hw$a_wmm' H$m {dmohr g` Ama g_mO `moJdmXr H$mb _| ^r ahm h& Ako`
Iwbo n _| 'OZmhmZ' _| emofH$mo Ho$ {V AmhdmZ H$aVo h'"R>ha, R>>ha, AmVVm`r! Oam gwZ bo_oao Hw$X dr` H$s nwH$ma AmO gwZ bo!
201
amJmVrV, Xn\$sV, AVb, AVwbZr`,
_oar AdhobZm H$s Q>H$a gVhma bojU â pWa IS>m ah bo_oao T> nmf H$s EH$ MmoQ> gh bo!''
`m A{OV Hw$_ma H$s H${dVm 'H${d`m| H$m {dmoh' _| ^r `h ^md {d_mZ h&
ImgH$a CnmZm| Ho$ jo _|''MmXZr MXZ g''
h_ `mo {bIo?
_wI h_| H$_bm| garIo `m| {XIo&
h_ {bIoJ| :
MmXZr Cg nò gr h {H$ {Og_|
M_H$ h na IZH$ Jm`~ h&
h_ H$hoJ| Omoa go
_wh-Ka- AOm`~ h
Ohm na ~oVwHo$, AZ_mob, {OXm Ama _wXm
^md ahVo h&''
Ako` H$s 'H$bJr ~mOao H$s' _| ^r {dmoh ^md n> hAm h&
10. `` H$s IaVm :`moJdmX _| gm_m{OH$, ` `wJrZ, AmYw{ZH$ g_mO, ehar g`Vm Am{X na
Ako` Ogo H${d`m| Zo `` H$Qw> C{V`m| go hma {H$`m h& g_mO VWm `{V OrdZ _| Am`r
{dgmVr H$mo ^r `V {H$`m J`m h& gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| nbVr {dnVm, eham| _| ~T>Vr
do`mdmr Am{X na `J {H$`m h& 'emofH$ ^`m' Ogr `J dU aMZmAm| _| H${d H$m AmdoJ
`m AmH$moe Bg H$Xa {VIm ~Zm h""S>amo _V, emofH$ ^`m,
nr bmo&
_oam aV VmOm h
_rR>m h
h&
nr bmo emofH$ ^`m,
S>amo _V&
........
_wPgo `m S>aZm?
dh _ Zht, dh Vmo Vwhmam-_oam g~Y h
Omo Vwhmam H$mb h
emofH$ ^`m& ''
`m ZJa g`Vm Ho$ {V Ako H$s ``m_H$, {VH$ H${dVm 'gmn' _hdnyU
202
h& OJb H$m gmn Vmo g` h, CgH$m {df A~ ZJadm{g`m| Zo {b`m h, S>gZm do hr {gImVo
hgmn!
Vw_ g` Vmo hE Zht
ZJa _| ~gZm
^r Vwh| Zht Am`m&
EH$ ~mV nyNy>- (Cma-XmoJo?)
V~ H$go grIm S>gZm{df H$hm nm`m?
AWdm _hmZJa _| amV hmoVo hmoVo AYoao _| r AnZr do Xoh ~oMZo Ho$ {bE IS>r
ahVr h '_hmZJa : amV' Ogr H${dVm {H$g H$ma ZJadm{g`m| _| H$Mao Vr AmH$fH$
``m_H$ hmo CR>r h""Yrao Yrao Yrao Mbr OmEJr
g^r _moQ> a|, ~wP OmEJr
g^r ~{m`m, N>m OmEJm
EH$ VZmd âm gmQ>m
Omo CgH$mo AnZo ^mar ~yQ>m| go amX amX MbZo dmbo
dXu Ymar H$m
`mam Zht, qH$Vw dm{N>V h&''
Bgr gmQ>o _| H$moB r Xoh ~oMZo Ho$ {bE IS>r h& `` H$m EH$ Ama gwXa n
'~mJa Ama ImXa' _| Am`m h& `hm CgH$m n R>S>m h, naVy VrU h& ^mH$a _mMdo,
^maV^yfU AJdmb, gd}da X`mb ggoZm Am{X H${d`m| Zo `` ~S>o gwXa {bIo h&
11. {en H$s ZdrZVm :`moJdmXr H${dVm H$m H$bmnj A{^ÒZm H$s >r go {hXr H${dVm Ho$ {bE
EH$ Amoa ~ohX O{Q>b, XwhVm go âm h Vmo Xwgar Ama {dbjUVm Ho$ M_H$ma hoVy
gnmQ>~`mZr go& eX `moJ H$s {> go dh ~S>m ~m{H$ {H$`mE H$aVm h& H$^r ar{VH$mbrZ
H${d Ho$ed Zo {H$`m Wm& Ako` Zo CZH$s VwbZm AJoOr H${d ~oZ OmZgZ go H$s h&'' `hr
H$maU h H$s Chm|Zo Z`r {VH$ `moOZm, H$m` _| H$s Q>oT>r-_oT>r, AmS>r, {VaN>r, S>e Ogr
aoImAm| H$m `moJ {H$`m h& Ako` Zo hr Vma gVH$ H$s ^y{_H$m _| H$hm Wm H$s CbPr hB
AZw^y{V`m| H$mo nanamJV ^mfm, VrH$, Cn_m`,. nH$ Am{X Ho$ mam `V H$aZm H${R>Z h&
Bgr{bE Chm|Zo Z`r ^mfm-{en H$mo ^r JT>m& ^mfm, {~~, VrH$, ZdrZ Cn_mZm| Ho$ gmW
ebr Ho$ Zo-Zò `moJ `moJdmXr H$bm nj H$m {d{e>Vm h&
A. ^mfm :`moJdmXr H${d`m| H$m _mZZm ahm h H$s Zò H${d`m| H$s ^mfm{^`{V nwamZr
^mfm _| Zht hmo gH$Vr& ^mfm H$m `moJ `moJdm{X`m| Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ g_`m Ho$ n _| IS>r Wr&
Ako` Ho$ AZwgma ^mfm H$s H$_e: gHw${MV hmoVr hB gmWH$Vm H$s Myb \$mS>H$a Cg_| Z`m,
203
A{YH$ `mnH$, A{YH$ gma-J{^V AW âZm MmhVm h& '' Ama `h Ah Ho$ H$maU Zht
~H$s ^rVar Jhar _mJ Ho$ H$maU& Bg{bE ''Ama^rH$ {XZm| _| Ako`, _w{V~moY Zo{_M OZ
Am{X H$s aMZmAm| _| EH$ H$ma Ho$ ~wp-gyV ~S>o-~S>o pb> Ama XwMm` eXm| Ho$ `moJ
H$s ~hbVm {XImB nS>Vr h& N>m`mdm{X`m| Ho$ eX Ohm H$nZmH${bV Hw$gw_-H$mo_b Wo, dhm
Amap^H$ `moJdmXr H${dVm Ho$ eX AZJT> R>moH$am|-go H$S>o Wo& Ako` H$m CZ{XZm| H$m
CXmhaU Xo{IE""{Z{dS>m AYH$ma, EH$ AqH$MZ {Z^, AZmhV, AkmV, w{V-{H$aU,
AmgZ-nVZ {~Z O_r Amog H$s A{V_ BfH$U, pZY H$mVa erVbVm An> {H$Vw
AZw^yV, eV-\$U ~w^wjm Ho$ H$mobmhb H$m Am\$mbZ, doXbW g^ma, Am_-b` Ho$
-VmS>d H$m _mWr VV AdmhZ, KZmdm Eo`... Am{X&''
Zm_daOr BZHo$ mam `wV ^mfm na AmJo ^r H$hVo h- Yrao-Yrao AmVH$_`
{defUm| H$m `h g_V g^ma Cg Xn\$sV AmdoJ Ho$ gmW H$_e: H$_ hAm Ama A~ do
grYo-gmXo hHo$-\w$Ho$ '' eXm| H$m `moJ H$aZo bJo''^moa H$m ~mdam Amhoar, bmbH${Z`m, H$b_-{Vgyb, {d\$b {XZm| H$s H$bmg,
N>mo[a`m, Jmo[a`m, ^mo[a`m dJah&'' Vmn` `h H$s ~mX Ho$ {XZm| _| `moJdmXr H${d OZ ^mfm Ho$
{ZH$Q> AmVm h Ama Cgr H$m H$m`^mfm _| `moJ H$aVm h& {\$a dh H$bJr ~mOao H$s, H$^r
~mgZ A{YH$ {KgZo go _wb_m Ny>Q> OmVm h (Ako`) '^yOm hAm nmnS>, M_H$ h na IZH$
Jm`~ h, (A{OVHw$_ma) {ga na OwVm na _| Q>monr, (b_rH$mV d_m) W_m_rQ>a Ho$ nmao-gr,
{~Obr Ho$ Q>mod-gr gd}da B go Bda, C go Cby (Zaoe _ohVm) _ H$Z\$Q>m h hoQ>m h,
bbQ>oZ Z`Z, (_w{V~moY) Am{X& ^mfm _| A{YH$ AW âZo hoVy Cgo An`m nmH$a
{dam_-gHo$Vm|, AmS>r- {VaN>r aoImAm| N>moS>o ~S>o Q>mBn, grYo-CbQ>o Aja, AYyao dm`m| H$m
`moJ, S>e VWm S>e, S>e, S>e H$mo>H$ _| ~mV H$hZm Am{X H$m `moJ {H$`m hIm_moe
hmo;
hmoe...... Z Imo;
amo, _Ja-Or&
{OXJr ggma H$s Am{Ia
Vy hr&
Amo gm{~a
{Ibm nada `h
~o- hr
Am{Ia
dh ^r h
Vy- hr!
Vy- hr!
Vy- hr!
e_eoa H$s H${dVm H$m `h CXmhaU >m` h, '`moJdmXr H${d`m| _| e_eoa H$s
204
dm`-`moOZm g~go {dbjU h& e_eoa dm` Zhr, m`: eX {bIVo; h, 'CV CXmhaU
_o {df` dVw _| {Z{hV b` H$mo `WmV` nmVa H$aZo H$s Omo H$mo{ee e_eoa _| {XImB
nS>Vr h, dh {H$gr `moJdmXr H${d _| Zht h&'' EH$ Ama CXmhaU `moJdm{X`m| Ho$ d{M`
XeZ H$m ahm h& `h H${V ^r ~S>r h`mnX h& Ako` H$s 'hdmB `mm'""AJa H$ht _ VmoVm hmoVm&
Vmo `m hmoVm?
Vmo `m hmoVm?
VmoVm hmoVm&
(AhmX go Py_H$a)
Vmo Vmo Vmo Vmo Vm Vm Vm Vm
({ZM` Ho$ da _|)
hmoVm hmoVm hmoVm&''
Am. {~~ :`moJdmXr H${d`m| na q~~dmX H$m ^md ahm h& dVwV: q~~ H$m gm_m` AW h
_mZd-{V_m Omo kmZo{`m| go n, ag, JY, ne, eX go gdoXZmE JhU H$aVr h, ò
{V_mAm| Ho$ n _| _Z _| AmdpWV ahVo h& H${d _Z {d{^ gdoXZmAm| Ho$ g`moJ go q~~
{Z{_Vr H$aVo h& EOam nmD$S> VWm q~~dmX Ho$ dVH$ Q>r. E. h`y_ go `h nanam {hXr _|
Am`r& H${dVm gwXaVm Ho$ {bE H$_ go H$_ eXm| _| {M Ho$ VwVrH$aU H$mo g\$b q~~ `moJ
_mZm OmVm h& `moJdmX _| `mZ q~~-VrH$m| H$s â_ma h& ò h_mao nanamJV gmX`~moY na
AmKmV H$aVo h& Ako` H$s '{e{ea H$s amH$m {Zem' H$m ` q~~ Xo{IE""{ZH$Q>Va-YZr hB N>V, AmS> _| {Zd}X
_y g{MV _{mH$m Ho$ dm _|
VrZ amJm| na IS>m, ZVJrd
Y`YZ JXhm
{ZH$Q>V_
arT> ~{H$_ {H$E, {ZMb qH$Vw bmobyn
IS>m ~X {~bmanrN>o Jmo`R>m| Ho$ JY_` Am~ma&''
Bg H$ma Ho$ q~~-{VH$m| Ho$ g~Y _| d` Ako` Zo H$hm Wm {H$, AmYw{ZH$ `wJ
H$m gmYmaU `{V `mZ-dOZmAm| H$m nwO h' Am{X& gpb> q~~ H$m EH$ Ama CXmhaU""gmg& ~wPVm {j{VO&
_Z H$s Qy>Q>-Qy>Q> nN>mS> ImVr bha
H$mbr C_S>Vr naN>mB`m
V~ EH$
Vmam â J`m AmH$me H$s JhamB`m''
Y_dra ^maVr Zo ^r Bg H$ma Ho$ `moJ {H$ò h-
205
""WH$m hAm ~mXb
npM_ Ho$ `m_ {Zamdm {eIam| na
erVb H$nmob na
jU Jhar ZtX gmo J`m''
AWdm
""{ZVmV Hw$_mar KmQ>r
Bg H$m_mVya _oKYy_ Ho$
AmMH$ AmqbJZ _| {ngH$a
a{VlmV-gr _{bZ hmo JB!
WH$m hAm ~mXb&''
_w{V~moY _| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s {df_Vm H$s AmZw^y{V H$s boH$a `h VyV
q~~""_ H$Z\$Q>m h, hoQ>m h
eodboQ>-S>mO Ho$ ZrMo _ boQ>m h
Vo{b`m {b~mg _| nwaoOo gwYmaVm h
Vwhmar AmkmE hmoVm h&''
B. VrH$-`moOZ :Ako`, e_eoa Am{X H${d VrH$dmX go ^m{dV h& VrH$ AZw^y{V H$m dh
g{j n hmoVm h Omo H$` H$mo Z`m Ed `mnH$ gX^ XmZ H$aZo _| gj_ hmoVm
h&''N>m`mdmXr bmj{UH$ dH$Vm go AmJo ~T>H$a A`m{YH$ gmHo${VH$ VrH$m| H$m `moJ
''Chm|Zo {H$`m h&''`WmW H$s H$Qw>Vm, ZVm Ama ^`H$aVm go ~MZo Ho$ {bE m`: go gHo$V
Jû VrH$m| H$m `moJ H$aVo h& .. Ako` Ho$ VrH$ Cht Ho$ eXm| _| `mZ VrH$ Wo'
""{Ka J`m Z^, C_S> AmE _oK H$mbo
^y{_ Ho$ H${nV CamoOm| na PwH$m-gm
{deX, dmghV, {MamVya
N>m J`m B H$m Zrb dj
dO gm, `{X V{S>V go Pwbgm hAm gm&''
naVy ~mX _| ChmoZo gm_m{OH$, Am_m-na_m_m g~Yr, `{V ApVd
g~Yr VrH$m| H$m `moJ {H$`m h& '`h Xrn AHo$bm' _| 'Xrn Ama 'n{V' ò Xmo eX `{V
Ama g_mO Ho$ VrH$ h""`h Xrn AHo$bm Zoh âm
h Jd âm _X_mVm, na
BgH$mo ^r n{V H$mo Xo Xmo&''
`h gnyU H${dVm VrH$dmXr h&' ZXr Ho$ rn' ^r 'ApVd-gH$Q>' H$m VrH$
h& A` `moJdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ g~Y _| Zm_daOr Zo H$hm h, H$s do VrH$dmXr Z hmoVo hE ^r
^mdm| Ama dVwAm| Ho$ gw_ {MU Ho$ {bE AZoH$ gwXa AVwVm| H$m {dYmZ {H$`m h- Yrao-
206
Yrao PwH$Vm OmVm h ea_mE Z`Zm|-gm {XZ, {gZo_m H$s arbm|-gm H$gHo$ {bnQ>m h g^r Hw$N>
_oao AXa, {Xb H$s YS>H$Z ^r BVZr ~o_mZr {OVZr `h {Q>H$-{Q>H$ H$aVr hB `hr, {ZH$b
ahr {N>nH$br-gr bS>H$s XadmOo go, hH$s _rR>r Mm-gm {XZ, MmXZr H$s CJ{b`m MMb
H$mo{eE go ~wZ ahr Wr Mnb \o$Z-Pmba ~ob _mZm|, _mZ Amhm| _| ~wPr Vbdma VaVr h ~mXbm|
Ho$ nma, ImoIbr ~XyH$ go T>S>o nS>o Xmo hmW!'' e_eoa, Ako`, Y_dra ^maVr, _w{V~moY
Am{X`m| Zo VrH$m| H$m gwXa `moJ {H$`m h& ^maVr Ho$ 'AYm `wJ', 'H$Zw{`m' KQ>Zm, M[a
H$s {> go VrH$ hr ~Zo h& gmW hr Hw$daZmamÙ H$s 'Am_O`r' Zaoe ohVm H$s 'ge` H$s
EH$ amV', e~wH$ Am{X&
B. N>X Ama b`:`moJdmXr H${dVm _| _wVN>X b` H$m `moJ {H$`m J`m h& N>X b` Ho$ H$maU
BZH$s H${dVm _| JrVm_H$Vm Am`r h& H$ht H$ht, Zò da, dU {df` H$m {VnmXZ H$aVo h&
Ako` H$s '_mPr ~Zer Z ~OmAmo', {JarOmHw$_ma _mWwa ho_Vr, nwZmo Am{X Y_dra ^maVr Ho$
'AYm`wJ' H$m `h CXmhaU Xo{IE
""WHo$ hE h h_,
Bg{bE Zht {H$
H$ht `wXm| _| h_Zo ^r
~mh~b {XIm`m h
har Wo h_ Ho$db
gh {XZm| Ho$ bmo_hfH$ gJm_ _|
^mbo h_mao ò
T>mb| h_mao ò
{ZaWH$ nS>r aht
AJm| na ~moP ~Zr
ajH$ Wo h_ Ho$db
bo{H$Z ajUr` Hw$N> ^r Zht Wm `hm&''
Ako`""Vw_ hgr hmo
Omo Z _oao AmoR> na XrIo
_wPo ha _moS> na {_bVr ahr h&
Yyn
_wP na Omo Z N>mB hr,
qH$Vw {OgH$s Amoa
_oao X OrdZ H$s Hw$Q>r H$s {IS>{H$`m IwbVr ahr h&''
C. ZdrZ Cn_mZ :-
207
nanamJV Cn_mZm| H$mo Z drH$maVo hE `moJdm{X`m| Zo Zò Ama dkm{ZH$
gmYZm|-CnH$aUm| H$m `moJ ~S>o n_mZo na {H$`m h& _`dJu` J{hUr H$m {MU H$aVo hE
gd}da H$hVo h""W_m_rQ>a Ho$ nmao-gr
MwnMmn {Og_| ^mdZmE MT>Vr CVaVr h
AIS> H$sVZ H$s
WH$s hB An> YyZ-gr
{OgH$s qOXJr h...
`ma H$m Zm_ boVo hr
{~Obr Ho$ Q>mod gr
Omo EH$X_ gwI hmo OmVr h&''
`moJdmXr`m| Zo Zom| Ho$ {bE ar{VH$mbrZ, N>m`mdmXr IOZ-Z`Z, _rZ Ogo
`moJ Zhr {H$ò& Ch| AmO Ho$ _Zw` Ho$ na Iô Ogo bJVo h, {OZna Zom| H$s bmbQ>oZ Q>Jr
h""AV_Zw`
ar$-gm Joh
Xmo bmbQ>oZ go Z`Z
{Zm` V^
Xmo IS>o nmd''
AWdm A{V ZdrZ Cn_mZm| H$m do `moJ H$aVo h""_oao gnZo Bg Vah Qy>Q> JE
Ogo ^wOm hAm nmnS>''
`moJdmX Zò C_of H$m H$m` ahm h& AZoH$ AmbmoMH$m| Zo Cgna O_H$a
h_bm {H$`m Cgo d`{VH$, gm_m{OH$Vm go Xya, ~wpJVVm go ~mo{Pb Am{X _mZm naVy `h
Wr _`dJ H$s dmV{dH$Vm& CZ_o Am`r hrZ-XrZVm, AZmWm, H$Qw>Vm, AVwI, nbm`Z
Am{X {Og H$m {MU `moJdmXr`m| Zo {H$`m h& `h ^mS>r ZVm OrdZ H$m EH$ nj h_mao gm_Zo
bmVr h& Ogm H$s h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm h {Vr` {dd`wX Ho$ ~mX _y`m| _| Vrd Qy>Q> Am`r Cgo
nmQ>Zm Ag^d hAm {dd Ho$ gmW ^maV _| ^r `hr pW{V`m Am`r Bg{bE `hm gm_m{OH$
T>mMm ImgH$a, n[adma, {ddmh gWm na CgH$m AmKmV hAm& gmo Cgr H$m Am_{Z> {MU
H${dVm _| Am`m h& ha ~S>m H${d AnZr H${dVm Ho$ gmW AnZm gmXèm JT>Vm h, `m `y H$ho
gmXèm Ho$ gmW H${dVm, Ako` Zo ^r `hr {H$`m& 'Xw:I g~H$mo _mOVm h' H$s `{V{Z>
^mdZm go EH$ AnZm n_mZm ~Zm`m {Oggo g_{> na AZw^d Ho$ n _| H${dVm _| A{^`V
{H$`m, CgH$m `moJ {H$`m&
208
8.4 _y`mH$Z
`moJdmXr 'AdofU Ho$ amhr' `m| Zo, {deofV: Ako` Zo CV H$mbrZ pW{V`m|
Ho$ {V {dmoh, {djmo^ `V {H$`m naVy Bg_o _y` {dKQ>Z, {dkmZ H$m ^md, _Zw`
ApVd gdoXZm na Câm Z{Mh, ``wJ, am>r` dmVmdaU Ho$ gmW gm{h` na
nmMm` H$m`mXbmoZm H$m ^md, ~m{H$Vm, Cg Ho$ AmJo gXd bJm Z {Mh,
_Zmo{dbofU go CnOm Am_mbmoMZ ^md, AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY, H$m`{en _| ZwVZVm H$m
AmJh `moJdmX H$s A` {deofVmE ahr h& EOam nmD$S>, ~mXboa, B{b`Q>, S>r. EM. bmaog
H$m ~hVm{YH$ ^md d` Ako` na ahm {H$Vw nmMm` {dMmam| Ho$ ^md go _wV hmoH$a
Ako` ^maVr` ~m _V Ho$ _mZ H$mo AnZmVo h& Xw{Z`m â Ho$ {dMmam| XeZm| H$m nR>Z-nmR>Z
H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do ~mX _V Ho$ '_mZ' H$mo ' Agm` Ho$ ~rM aIVo h& Hw$N> {dXdmZm| H$s Ama go
Ako` H$s O_eVmXr df _| Am`mo{OV gJmo{>`m| _| _Zo gwZm h H$s Ako` H$s H${dVm '_mZ'
ahr O~{H$ _w{V~moY _wIa hmo Jò& `mo{H$ _mZ VmoS>Zo Ho$ ~mX 'A{^`{V Ho$ IVao CR>mZo
hr hmoJo, _R> Ama JT> VmoS>Zo hmoJ| H$m OwPmaZ ^md `m d{m Ako` H$s H${dVm _| Zht h& Bg{bò
dh gm_m{OH$ {> go CnmXo` Zhr h& naVy Eogm Zht h& Amn ~marH$s go 'Aar Amo H$Um
^m_`', AmJZ Ho$ nma ma _| `V PmZ H$mo XoIoJo Vmo Ako` _| OnmZ Ho$ MrZ Ho$ OoZ _V
H$s gdoXZm ahr h& OrdZ H$s AmV[aH$Vm _| Cn `h A`mp_H$ PmZ CZHo$ A{V_ H$m`
gJhm| _| n> h& CZH$s OnmZ `mm, hm`Hy$ H$m boIZ ^r Bg {> go _hdnyU h& dVwV:
^maV go hr ~mX _V MrZ, OmnmZ nhMm& Ako` Cggo A^m{dV Zht ah gHo$& AVw:&
`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo {hXr H${dVm Ho$ B{Vhmg _| gw_ ^md gdoXZm, Zò
Cn_mZ, JhZ A{^ÒZm Ho$ mam, B_mZXma {H$Vw {ZVmV d`{VH$ ^mdZmAm| H$mo `V
{H$`m h& 'Am_{Z>m'Ho$ ~mdOyX g_mO Ho$ EH$ AJ H$s `Wm` _Z: pW{V H$mo ^m{dV {H$`m
h& ''
~mpH$Vm Ho$ H$maU H${dVm _| ^mdZm_H$Vm H$m Am^md nXm hmo J`m,
N>m`mdmXr H$nZmnaH$ gmX` C\w$Vm H$s OJh OrdZ `Wm` go âr Hw$R>m, {Zamem,
dmgZm_H$Vm H$s A{^`{V hB& H$m` ~S>m H${R>Z hmo J`m& 'ZdrZVm Ho$ WmZ na
AH$m`m_H$ Vdm| H$mo$ WmZ {X`m'' pb> eXm|, {deofUm| H$m _Z_mZm `moJ' 'Abrb
Ed A{MH$a `m| H$m AH$Z'. 'H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ na eXm| Ho$ gmW {IbdmS>' BgHo$ Xmof _mZo
Jò h& JUnVr M JwV Zo Vmo `hm VH$ H$hm h H$s.' H$m`-em _| H$m`JV Xmofm| Ho$ {OVZo
ôX ~Vmò Jò h, CZ g^r Ho$ gwXa Ed Cn`wV CXmhaU `moJdmXr Z`r H${dVm _| {_b
OmVo h& ' H$m` _| hmoZo dmbo Zò '`moJm|' na Bg H$ma Ho$ Xmof bJmZm AZw{MV Bg{bE _mZm
Om gH$Vm h H$s do {ZVmV Zò eXm| _| Z`r gof{U` A{^`{V ghOVm go H$aZm
MmhVm h& Bg {> go `moJdmXr H${dVm AN>r Ed gMr h&
209
8.5 Cnghma :
AnZr AZoH$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ H$maU dh M{MV ahm& Chr Hw$N> {deofVmAm| H$mo
AnZmH$a 'Adof Ho$ amhr`m| Zo' 'Z`r H${dVm' H$m AmXmobZ Mbm`m& Hw$N> `{VdmXr H${d
{\$a J{VdmX, gmdmX, H$s Ama _wS>o Vmo Hw$N> Zo Z`r H${dVm Ho$ ~rM AnZr amh Ty>T>
{ZH$mbr& H$m`mXmobZ _m M{MV ahm&
8.6 ~moY Z 1. moJdmXr H$m {deofVmAm| H$mo A{H$V H$s{OE&

2. moJdmXr H${dVm H$moo gmoXmhaU gPmBE&
210
ZB H${dVm
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

ZB H${dVm: CX>^d H$s n>^y{_
ZB H${dVm: ma^ Ed Zm_H$aU
ZB H${dVm Ed H${d H$s {d{e>Vm
ZB H${dVm H$s d{m`m
ZB H${dVm: _w`mH$Z
Cnghma
~moY Z
9.0 BH$mB H$m Co

H$.
I.
J.
K.
S>.
ZB H${dVm H$s {d{e>VmAm|H$m AZ m H$aZm&

ZB H${dVm H$go {dH${gV hB h OmZZm&
ZB H${dVm h Zm m| {Xm Jm h XoIZm&
ZB H${dVm moJdmX go {H$Z AWm] | AbJVm aIZr h h gPZm&
ZB H${dVm | bKw mZd H$s gH$nZm {H$g H$ma {V{>V hB BgH$mo aoIm{H$V
H$aZm&
M. ZB H${dVm H$s H$m d{mm| H$m AZ H$aZm&
N>. ZB H${dVm H$m ymH$Z H$aZm AmdH$ h&
9.1 ZB H${dVm: CX>^d H$s n>^y{_:ma^ _| hr Bg ~mV H$mo n> H$aZm Oar h H$s `moJdmXr VWm ZB H${dVm _|
Hw$N> g_mZVmE ^r h Vmo {d{^ZVmE ^r> {H$Vw BgH$m CX^d _m `moJdmX Ho$
AdrH$ma _| hr hAm h& Ogm H$s Zm_da qgh Zo H$hm h, '`moJ' eX H$mo dmX-Xy{fV nmH$a
'ZB H${dVm' Zm_H$ gkm H$m MbZ hAm& 1951 _| Xygam gVH$ Ho$ H$meZ Ho$ gmW 'ZB
H${dVm' Ho$ {OZ {gXmVmo H$m gynmV {H$`m, J`m CZH$m {dVma Vrgam gVH$ Ho$ H$meZH$mb 1959 VH$ A~mY J{V go hmoVm ahm&'' OJXre JwV Ama b_rH$mV d_m Zo `moJ' go
`mnH$ ^y{_ na 'Z`r H${dVm' H$m Zm_ Mm[aV {H$`m& BgHo$ _wb _| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m dh
gnyU n[adoe Câ H$a Am`m h& {Og_| gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, dkm{ZH$, `m{H$Vm Ho$ gmW
Hw$N> {dXoer H$m`mXmobZ _hdnyU h& Z`r H${dVm H$s n>^y{_ H$mo XodamO Zo Xmo Vam| na
aIH$a XoIm h EH$ am>r` Ama Xygar AVam>r`& Bg_| Z Ho$db amOZr{V h ~H$s {dXoer
gm{hp`H$ Ed gm_m{OH$, Z{VH$ _y`~moY ^r h& ZB H${dVm gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ d{d`nyU
211
_mZd_w`m| H$s CXmm nanam H$mo boH$a MbVr h& {Og_| mgXr, {dS>~Zm, KwQ>Z, gmg,
jUdmX, ApVd~moY, AV{damoY go CnOm 'Am_gKf' EH$ Amoa h Vmo Xygar Amoa BZ Z`r
n[apW{V`m| go CnOr gdoXZmAm| H$s gofUr` A{^`{V H$m Z _hdnyU hmo MwH$m h&
Bg H$m`Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg _| amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Am{WH$ n[apW{V`m H$maU^yV ahr h&
{mr {dd`wX go CnOr _y`hrZVm Zo amOZr{V go Z{VH$Vm H$mo I_ {H$`m&
gm_m{OH$ pW{V _| gmoMZr` pW{V CnZ hmo J`r& nm[admarH$, gm_m{OH$ T>mMm m` Xh
J`m Ama m` `{VdmX H$m Omoa ~T>Vm J`m& ^maVr` amOZr{V _| JmYr-Zoh ^{V Zo
AnZm-AnZm AbJ ^md N>moS>m& dVVm nyd pW{V _| dVVm Ogo-Ogo ZOXrH$ AmVr
JB h_mao ZoVmAm| _| AmV[aH$ gKf Vrd hmoVm J`m& '' `h gKf Ho$db ZoVmAm| _| hr Zht.
'ZoVmAm| Ama OZVm Ho$ ~rM VWm ~yT>r Ama `wdm nrT>r Ho$ ~rM'', ^r CâH$a Am`m& O~ VH$
JmYr H$m ZoVd ZB nrT>r Zo nm`m V~ VH$ R>rH$ Wm naVy ~mX _| Zd`wdH$m| H$m emofU hmoZo bJm,
òH$ ZoVm AnZo dmW Ho$ {bE Ch| `wV H$aZo H$s {\$amH$ _| ahZo bJm& VmH$s CZH$m
nbS>m ^mar hmo'' ''gZ 1942 H$s H$mpV _| hr AmXmobZ H$s VrZ ebo Wr, EH$ Vmo CZH$s
Omo Zd`wdH$mo H$mo Ho$db InZodmbr gm_Jr g_PH$a, CZH$m BVo_mb H$aHo$, Ch| \|$H$ XoZo
_| {ddmg H$aZodmbr ZoVm nrT>r Wr Vmo Xwgao do Wo Omo CZH$s gMr Ama B_mZXma ^mdZmAm|
H$mo VmoS>-\$moS>H$a OZ-`wJ Ama OZ-`wX Ho$ Zm_ na AJoOr gaH$ma H$s {IX_VJmar H$aZo
Ama H$amZo Ho$ {bE Vna Wo AWmV `h dJ H$`y{ZQ> nmQ>u H$m Wm, Omo ghr Ama gMo AWm]
_| AJoOr emgZ Ho$ {V {dmoh H$aZo dmbm| H$mo Iwbo Am_ AamOH$VmdmXr Ama OJImoa Ho$
Zm_ go g~mo{YV H$aVm Wm& BgHo$ A{V[aV EH$ Vrgam dJ ^r Wm, Omo Cg g_` Xoe Ho$
Zd`wdH$m| _| Eogm Cgmh âZm MmhVm Wm, Omo g~ Hw$N> XoH$a ~T>Vr hB AJoOm| H$s Jwbm_r H$s
{H$`m H$mo g_mV H$aZo _| ghm`H$ hmo& '' b_rH$mV d_m-{hXr gm{h` Ho$ {nN>bo drg
df-3, H$nZm- _B 1967 AH$ 5. n-12' go CXYV n[aUm_ `h hAm H$s amOZr{V _|
'gw{dYmnaH$Vm' VWm '_y`{hZVm' H$m CX^d JmYr Ho$ g_` hr hmo MwH$m Wm& g_mO Ed
gm{h` _| ^r dh doe H$a Jò& XodamO Zo Bgo gZ 1935 go 1945 Ho$ ~rM nXm hE
gH$_UH$mbrZ pW{V _| gm{hp`H$-gmH${VH$ jo _| Cn ^_m_H$ _y`m| H$m {dH$mg''
H$hm h& {Og_| EH$ Amoa JmYr H$s J{Verb am>r`Vm Vmo Xwgar Ama Zoh H$s eXmS>~a dmbr
H$mn{ZH$ {H$Vw ~S>o Omoa emoa go Wm{nV AVam>r`Vm H$s Xmo YmamAm| H$m {dH$mg hAm Eogm
_mZVo h&
CgHo$ n[aUm_ b_rH$mV d_m Ho$ eXm| _| H$B AJ^ra {H$Vy J^raVm H$m n[aM`
XoH$a Zò dmX Wm{nV hE do, `WmW dmX Ho$ Zm_ na gnyU OrdZ Ho$ `m`mVm H$`w{ZQ>
nmQ>u Zo BgH$m bm^ CR>m`m, n[aUm_V: J{VdmX Zo AnZo {ZVmV Am_{ddmg Ho$ H$maU
Ama `mnH$ dm H$m AmYma N>moS>H$a {dewX nmQ>u H$s amOZr{V Ho$ AmYma na AnZo dm _|
boIH$ dJ H$mo H$gZm ew {H$`m, Bgr H$mo AmYma _mZH$a Omo J{VdmXr AmXmobZ IS>m hAm
dh am>r` Ed gmH${VH$ gX^ go hQ>H$a EH$ {d{e> amOZ{VH$ da _| T>bZo bJm, {\$a
A{Zdm`Vm ~mpH$ dJ H$mo gm{hp`H$ Va na CZ _y`m| H$s Amoa C_wI hmoZm nS>m Omo
gm{h` H$s {dYmJV Ed gnyUVm H$mo Wm{`d XoVr h&''
dmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX Xoe Ho$ gm_Zo AZoH$ g_`mE IS>r hB& EH$ Ama dmYrZVm
H$m Chmg Wm Vmo Xwgar Amoa qhgm H$m VmS>d& 'gmXm{`H$ XJ| Ed eaUmWu H$s g_`mZo
212
^`H$a n JhU {H$`m& 'am>r` EH$sH$aU H$s g_`m' Ho$ n _| H$_ra Z CbPVm J`m
n[aUm_V. nhbm ^maV-nmH$ `wX hAm& ' {OgZo ^maV H$s Am{WH$ pW{V H$mo n`mV
^m{dV {H$`m& ' JmYr h`m ^maVr`m| Ho$ lXm, {ddmg, _y`mo H$s h`m gm{~V hB&
{dH$mg `moOZmAm| Zo gwI_` dmVmdaU nXm Vmo {H$`m naVy eaUm{W`m| Zo Am{WH$ gH$Q> H$mo
O_ {X`m, ImmZ Ho$ A^md H$s g_`m gm_Zo Am`r, dVVm-m{ go nyd ^maV _|
H$màV AJoO A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ {bE gmT>o Zm H$amoS> nò BbS> H$mo XoZo Ho$ {bE {dde hmoZm
nS>m'' JmYr Ho$ AmJh na nm{H$VmZ H$mo... H$amoS> XoZo nS>o VWm gmW hr gaH$ma mam Xoe _|
{dXoe nwOr {Zdoe H$s gw{dYm XmZ H$s& Bggo ^maVr` gn{m ^mar _mm _| {dXoe OmZo
bJr& '' Zoh `wJ go gm_m` OZVm _| AmOmXr AmòJr, Iwehmbr AmòJr, X[aVm, Jar~r,
^yI_mar, ~r_mar Xya hmoJr H$m '^_' Qw>Q>Vm J`m& Eogo | gZ 1962 _| MrZ H$m AmH$_U,
^maV H$mo {_br Ag\$bVm, ImoIbr {dXoe Zr{V H$m nXm\$me hAm& {\$a _mM 1965 _| nmH$
Zo ^maV na AmH$_U {H$`m, ^maVr` goZm Zo OrV hm{gb H$s naVy g, A_arH$m Ho$ hVjon
Ho$ H$maU VmeH$X _| emrOr H$mo Ag_mZOZH$ g_PmVm H$aZm nS>m, Hw$N> KQ>m| ~mX _| dh
H$mb Ho$ AmYrZ hmo Jò& B{Xam JmYr gmm _| Am`r& 20 AJV 1969 _| am>nVr MwZmd Zo
H$mJog H$mo {d^m{OV {H$`m B{Xamdmbm BS>rHo$Q>' Ama Xwgam {gS>rHo$Q> ~Zm ''`hr go Xbrb
VmZmemhr Ama `{VnwOm Ho$ Zò `wJ H$m ma^ hAm&'' {\$a 1971 _| ~mbmXoe dVVm Ho$
{bE ^maV-nmH$ `wX hAm, 10 hOma nm{H$VmZr goZm Ho$ gmW ~S>m ^y^mJ ^maV Ho$
A{YH$ma _| Am`m, B{Xam H$m 'XwJm' n ~mX dmbo MwZmd _| CgH$mo ^mar _Vmo go OrV {Xbm
MwH$m, {\$a EH$ ~ma '{e_bm g_PmVo' Zo goZm H$s OrV H$mo hma _| ~Xb {X`m& ''
dVwV: {e_bm-g_PmVm ^maV H$s ~hV ~S>r Hy$Q>Zr{VH$ hma {gX hB '' Cggo
~wp Or{d`m| H$mo Jham Y$m bJm''.... Xoe _| AempV ~T>Vr Om ahr Wr& ^>mMma, ^mmB^VrOmdmX, Om{VdmX [adV Imoar, H$m_Mmoar AnZr Ma_ gr_m H$s Amoa ~T> aho Wo&
~oamoOJmar, {e{jV Zd`wdH$m| _| {Zamem, Hw$R>m Ama AnamYd{m OmJm ahr Wr... Bgr g_`
1974 _| O`H$me ZmamÙ Zo `wdH$m| H$s ^>mMma {damoYr AmXmobZ `mm JwOamV go ma^
H$a {~hma _| Am`r.. 'gnyU H$m{V' H$s KmofUm H$s J`r& '' Bg g_` H$m dmVmdaU
B{Xam{damoYr YaUm|, Owbygm| Ho$ VUmd go âm Wm& 26 OyZ 1975 H$mo g_V {damoYr nm{Q>`m|
mam YmZ_r nX H$m `mJn _mJZo Ho$ {bE {Xr Ho$ am_brbm _XmZ na {demb abr H$m
Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m& R>rH$ EH$ {XZ nhbo gaH$ma H$s Amoa go B{Xam Or Zo 25 OyZ 1975 H$mo
Xoeâ _| AmnmVH$mb bmJy H$a {X`m J`m& 12 OyZ 1975 H$mo Bbmhm~mX `m`mb` Zo CZHo$
{dX \$gbm {X`m Wm& ChmoZo `mJn Z XoH$a Xoe na AmnmVH$mb bmX {X`m&'' 19
_hrZo AmnmVH$mb Xoe _| ahm& ZoVmAm| H$mo Oob _| Ry>g {X`m J`m, ^mar X_Z go OZVm ^r
JwOar& 1977 _| CgH$m {dmoh MwZmd Ho$ ^rVa go Am`m& IwX B{XamOr am`~aobr go MwZmd
hma J`r& 'OZVm nmQ>u' Zm_H$ {IMS>r Xbm| dmbr gaH$ma gmm _| Am`r& {Ogo 'Xygar
AmOmXr' H$hm J`m& CZ_| YmZ_r nX H$mo boH$a gKf {N>S>$J`m _moamaOr XogmB, MaUqgh
Ama OJOrdZam_ d` H$mo XmdoXma _mZVo Wo& Oo.nr-H$nbmZr Ho$ hVjon go XogmB
YmZ_r Vmo ~Zo naVy T>mB gmb _| dh gaH$ma Qw>Q> ^r J`r& ~mX _| MaUqgh H$mo g_WZ XoZo
H$m dmXm H$a B{XamOr Zo ~h_V Ho$ Am^md dmbr Bg gaH$ma go AnZm g_WZ dm{ng bo
{b`m& 'Hw$b Mmo{dg {XZ Ho$ Bg amOZr{VH$ ZmQ>H$ _| B{Vhmg _| nhbr ~ma Xoe H$mo Eogm
213
YmZ_r {_bm Omo ggX _| Om hr Zhr gH$m& '' gZ 1980 Ho$ MwZmd _| {\$a B{XamOr H$mo
'{dde hmoH$a OZVm Zo' MwZmd _| OrV {Xbm`r& mXo{eH$ Xb Omoa go Câ aho Wo, ~rOonr
(OZgK), bmoH$Vm{H$ g_mOdmXr nm{Q>, ^maVr` bmoH$Xb, gO` {dMma _M, Ho$ gmW
VobJwXoe_, H$mpV aJm, X{bV nWa CboIZr` h& _wH$, Am S>r.E_.Ho$,AH$mbr Xb,
ZoeZb H$m\o$g, _wpb_ brJ Vmo nhbo go ^r Wo naVy 'Bggo ~o amoH$-R>moH$ ApWaVm H$m
dmVmdaU nXm hAm&'' `h amOZ{VH$ ApWaVm, EH$ X{b` bmoH$Vm{H$ {ZaHw$eVm Ama
`{VnwOm H$s nanam H$m g~go Xw:IX nhby h- gmgXr, {dYm`H$mo Ama gaH$mar
A{YH$m[a`m| _| OZmo_wIVm H$m A^md& '' n[aUm_V: OZVm Ho$ gmW ~wpOrdr dJ AmhV
hAm& Z`r H${dVm H$mo Bhr n[apW{V`m| Zo ~Zm`m& EH$ Eogr nrT>r H${dVm _| Am`r {OgZo
d`, Hw$R>m, KwQ>Z, VZmd, A{ddmg, ^>mMma, AZmMma, XwamMma, dg- H$mo ôJm-{O`m
Wm& Z`r H${dVm Zo Mmhm H$s '_Zw` H$mo `m{H$ AZpVd H$mo g_m H$aHo$ mH${VH$
ApVd H$mo nmZm h, gZ 1952 go boH$a AmO VH$ (AWmV- 1962-80) Ho$ Am_ MwZmdm|
_| Bg Xoe _| Omo n[adoe Câm, {Og H$ma H$s Z{VH$Vm O_r, {Og H$ma H$s OrdZ`dWm nZnr Cg g~H$mo Zò H${d Zo H$m` H$m {df` ~Zm`m&''
''am> Zm`H$m| Zo ^maV df H$mo g_-^md, dVVm Ama g_mZVm Ho$ AmYma na
{dH${gV H$aZo H$s KmofUm H$s ^r {H$Vw pW{V {dnarV hr ahr& Bg H$mb _| Xoe _| AZoH$ dJ
nXm hmo JE& EH$ dJ ZoVmAm| H$m-Omo dmW gmYZm _| am> H$mo ^yb J`m, Xygam dJ gaH$mar
A\$gam| d bmH$m} H$m-Omo {V{XZ \$mBbm| Ho$ A~ma _| X~Vm Ama OZVm go Xya hmoVm Mbm
J`m Vrgam dJ emofH$ dJ-Omo n`m Ama gmoZm AnZr {VOmoar _| R>gmR>g âZo _| bJ J`m,
MmWm l{_H$ dJ-Omo {XZ-amV _erZm| _| IQ>Zo Ama emofU H$m {eH$ma hmoZo Ho$ {bE {dde hmo
J`m, nmMdm dJ CZ R>oHo$Xmam| H$m-Omo OrU-erU _m`VmAm| H$mo doX-g_V H$hH$aAn`Vm Ama gmXm{`H$Vm \$bmZo _| `V hmo J`m VWm N>Q>m dJ CZ _[a`b {H$gmZm|
H$m Omo IS>ha H$s ^m{V _aZm ew hAm AmO g~Ho$ ~rM _a ahm h, bo{H$Z amOZoVmAm| Ho$
mam g~go A{YH$ ^wZm Om ahm (h) Wm& Z`r H${dVm Ho$ H${d`m| Zo BZ_| go òH$ dJ H$mo
A{^`{V XmZ H$s& Bg H${dVm _| Omo gKf Câm h, dh n[adoe go H$Q>m hAm EH$mH$s
gKf Zht h, `wV g_J nrT>r H$m gm_m` gKf h& '' Z`r H${dVm {Og gKf go JwOaVr
h Cgo 'Am_gKf' H$hm J`m h& EH$ Z`r gmXm`mZw^y{V H${dVm _| A{^`V hmo ahr Wr&
{OgHo$ H$B Va Wo& EH$ gVhr Ed 'dmV{dH$ gX^m} go hrZ hmoH$a,' AnZr Hw$R>m, ~oMZr,
{Zamem, H$mo A{^`V H$a ahr Wr Vmo Xgar Bg 'Am_JVVm' H$m {dbofU H$a dJu`
gmX`mZw^y{V Ho$ AmYma na 'g|ga A{^Mr' dJ {deof _| nZn ahr Wr CgHo$ 'AmV[aH$
{dgJ{V`m| Ho$ {dX Am_r` gKf {H$`m&'' Zm_da Ho$ AZwgma Eogo H${d`m| _| _w{V~moY
gd _wI Ed EH$ m h& do AmV[aH$ Ed gm_m{OH$ gKf {gXmV Ho$ {V {Z>mdmZ Wo Ama
nadVu H$m` _| `h Xmoham gKf jrU hmo ahm h& `h OmZH$a Chm|Zo H$m`gOZ-{H$`m Ho$
{dbofU na ~b {X`m& '' 'kmZm_H$ gdoXZm Ama gdoXZm_H$ kmZ' H$mo Z`r H${dVm _|
hmoZo H$m {dMma dVZ {H$`m Ama A`mV[aH$ Vbme ma^ H$s, H$B ~ma, {ZdmgZ, nrS>m,
AdgmX, {Zamem, ~oMZr, gKf go CnOr Amem _w{V~moY H$s H${dVm _| 'AYoao _|' CnZ
^Q>H$Z H$mo aoIm{H$Z H$aVr h& EH$ Ama gKf, Vmo Xwgar Amoa nhMmZ `m {eZmV go `h
H${dVm CnOr h& XwYZmW qgh H$s 'AnZr eVmXr Ho$ Zm_' ^dmZrgmX H$s '{H$mb g`m'
214
Hw$N> Eogr hr H${dVmE h&
gm_m{OH$ H$maU
{Vr` {dd`wX Ho$ ^`H$a n[aUm_ amOZr{V Ho$ gmW gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _|
CâH$a Amò& gm_m{OH$, nm[adm[aH$, {ddmh gWm H$m {dKQ>Z hAm& _y`m| H$m {dKQ>Z Bg
g_` H$s ~S>r g_`m Ho$ n _| gm_Zo Am`r& n[aUm_V: amOZr{VH$ VmS>d go âm
H$mobmhbnyU dmVmdaU EH$ Ama Wm Vmo Xygar Ama 'Ma_am MwH$m gm_m{OH$ T>mMm Wm& {Og_o
`moJdmXr`m| _o nbm`Z H$s ^mdZm Câr Vmo ZB H${dVm Ho$ H${d Zo CgH$m {dbofU H${dVm _|
{H$`m& nanam {dX AmYw{ZH$Vm, Zò Ama nwamZo _w`, Z`r nrT>r Ama nwamZr nrT>r, Zd
gH${V Ama nyamZr '~yOAm' gH${V' Ho$ ^rVa H$s Q>H$amhQ> Zo `{V Ama g_mO Ho$ ^rVa
VUmd âm gKf CnZ {H$`m Z`r H${dVm Bgr ^md^y{_ _| nbr-~T>r h& `{VdmX H$m
Omoa Wm Vmo nanamJV VWm AmYw{ZH$ _y` hm`mnX hmo MwHo$ Wo&
Ammo{JH$aU Ho$ gmW ZmJarH$aU ~T>Vm J`m& Jmd COS>Vo Jò, _w`y Qw>Q>Vo Jò&
`dgm`m| _| n[adVZ Am`m& g`wV n[admam| H$m {dKQ>Z hAm, EH$b n[adma ~T>Vo Jò& EH$
Ama ^rS> ~T>r naVy Xygar Amoa Cg ^rS> _| ^r `{V AHo$bm hmo J`m& `{V-`{V Ho$
^rVar 'amJm_H$' g~Y VWm 'K{Z>Vm' H$m A^md ~T>Vm J`m& ^rS> _| An[aM`Vm Ho$ H$maU
CN>IbVm Am`r& Ohm nhbo OwAm, eam~, Zem, ~yar g_Pm J`m dhm h Iwbo n _|
ImZm- nrZm Ho$ $n | Am_ hmo J`m& gmYmaU gr ~mV hmo J`r& ''`mZ-OrdZ A{Z`{V hmo
J`m ~mX _| Bgr A{Z`{VVm Zo '{\$ gog' AmXmobZ H$mo O_ {X`m& '' EH$ Vah go OrdZ
_| A`dWm Am`r&
Ammo{JH$aU Zo gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z ^bo hr bm`m hmo {H$Vw Hw$N> Zò _w`m| H$m
{dH$mg ^r {H$`m& {d{^ OmVr-Y_m] Ho$ bmoJ Omo nhbo Jmd _| H$Q>Kao _| Wo do `hm Iwbo hmo
Jò& nmanm[aH$ n[aM` Ama ZOXr{H$`m CZ_| ~T>Vr J`r& Ym{_H$-Om{VJV g{H$UVm Xya
hmoVr J`r& ''gmH${VH$ AkmZVm Ama AOZ~rnZ H$s pW{V g_m hB VWm EH$ Eogr
gH${V H$m {dH$mg hAm {Og_| {T>`m|, gm_m{OH$-Ym{_H$ XyamJhmo'' Ama nanamJV
gH$sUVm _| ~mYZo dmbo gm_m{OH$ _y`m| H$m H$moB WmZ Zhr ahm& n[aUm_V: Z`r H${dVm H$mo
Ammo{JH$ `wJ Ho$ VZmd AgVmof, Zò g`m| H$s ImoO H$s `JVm Ama `m{H$Vm Zo ^m{dV
{H$`m&
eharH$aU Ho$ H$maU ^r H$B g_`mE nXm hB& CZ_| go H$B `{VJV H$B
gm_m{OH$ h Ogo, ''g`wV n[adma H$s OJh EH$ n[adma, `{V-`{V Ho$ ~rM gHw${MV
g~Y Ama nam`mnZ, g~Ymo H$s amJm_H$Vm H$s {e{WbVm, OrdZ `mnZ H$m IMubm hmoZm,
_erZr CnmXZ go ~T>Vr ~oamoOJmar, OZg`m H$s A{YH$Vm, PmonS>n>r gH${V H$m
{dH$mg, AnamY dmr _| dpX, AdWH$a dmVmdaU H$s g{> emaarH$ `Yr`m| Ho$ gmW
_mZ{gH$ UVm _| ~T>momar, H${V go AbJmd, OrdZ Ho$ {V A{ddmg, Am_h`m Ho$
dmVmdaU H$m \$bmd, A{V `V OrdZ Ho$ H$maU ~m| {V CXm{gZVm'' AmXr& Ho$ H$maU
VUmd, AOZ~rnZ, AHo$bmnZ, gmg~moY, _Zw` Zo _hgwg {H$`m& Bg H$ma H$s pW{V
H$mo Xa H$aZo _| AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX C{MV {dH$mg Zht hmo nm`m& Am{WH$ jo _| ZdnwOrdmXr dJ
215
go Cn {df_Vm, ZoVmAm| H$m dmW, ZmH$aemhr H$m ^>mMma Zo AmOmXr H$mo namYrZVm _|
~Xbm& Ho$db emgH$ ~Xbo, emofU Ho$ VarHo$ dhr aho&'' {dkmZ Zo AVam>r` Va na EH$
Amoa A{YZm`H$d Ama Xygar Amoa _mZd_y`m| _| {dKQ>Z H$s {H$`m H$mo O_ {X`m&''
npM_r OJV Ho$ gnH$ Zo r-nwf g~Ym| _o ~Xbmd bm`m& _Zw` {T>`mo,
em[a[aH$ n{dVm, OrU gH$ma, H$_H$mS>, Om{V`Vm, go _wV hmoZm Mmhm& nmMm` Zmar
AmXmobZmo Zo ~S>m ^md r`m| na S>mbm& CZ_| g_mZVm, dVVm, bqJH$ ôX H$m {damoY,
'AnZo eara na AnZm {ZÙ Mmhm Hw$N> Zmao JT>o Jò Ogo''- "_w{V Mm{hE ~YZ Zht',
h_mao gmX` H$mo {dkmnZ Z ~Zm`m OmE Am{X& '' nmMm` Zmar _w{V AmXmobZ H$m ^md ^r
~T>m, ''A_o[aH$s Zmar _w{V H$s _wI' Ho$Q> {_boQ> 'mam {bIm J`m 'ggwAb nm{b{Q>g'
O_Z JrAa mam {bIm J`m' X \$s_ob `wZH$' VWm \$mgrgr Cn`mgH$ma {g_Z X ~CAm
H$m 'X goH$S> gog' H$m _hdnyU `moJXmZ ahm h& '' CZHo$ ^md go hr `mZ g~Ymo _| nwfm|
H$s Anojm, g_bqJH$ {ddmh, dN>X H$m_ g~Y Ama EQ>r ~m _yd_oQ> Ogr ^mdZmE
IwbH$a gm_Zo Am`r& '' BgZo r Ho$ OrdZ _| ~S>m n[adVZ bm`m CZH$s gmoM-{dMma Ho$
gmW 'gm_m{OH$ gmH${VH$ _m`VmAmo H$s Z`r WmnZmE hB& Z`r H${dVm Bggo ^m{dV
h& {OgHo$ n[aUm_ dn gm{h` _|, r-nwf Ho$ g~Ym| Ho$ VZmd H$m `WmW {MU,
Z{VH$Vm Ho$ g~Y _| nZnVr {ZVmV, Z`r _m`VmAm| H$m {MU, _wV ^moJ H$m AH$Z, rnwf g_mZVm H$m ^md, CZHo$ ~rM {VnYm'' Am{X H$m {MU Z`r H${dVm _| {_bVm h&
gZ 60 Ho$ ~mX BZ pW{V`m| _| ~T>momar hB& AZmMma, XwamMma, [adVImoar,
O_mImoar, ~oB_mZr, dmW, gHw${MV {> Bg H$mb _| nZnr& H${d`m| Zo Z{VH$ {O_oXmar H$mo
CR>m`m CgHo$ {dX CgHo$ `WmW H$mo A{^`V {H$`m& dVwV: dVVm Ho$ ~mX Cn
_`dJ H$m `WmW H${dVm _| Am`m h& Z`r H${dVm Ho$ H${d OrdZ-g~Ym| Ho$ Vr AmemdmZ
aho h& _mZd _w`m| H$s nhMmZ H$amZm `{Vd H$mo nyUV: m H$amZm, do Oar g_PVo h&
AV: `{V Ho$ AVa-~mh` H$m gKf H${dVm _| ChmoZo aIm h&
gm{hp`H$ dmVmdaU
N>m`mdmXr `{VJVVm go {ZH$bH$a J{VdmXr gm_m{OH$Vm _| Vmo h_ nhMo Wo
naVy CgH$m ^md g_mV hmoVm J`m& Zò '`moJ' Ho$ da ^r _X hmo MwHo$ Wo& 'dmX' H$s d{m
go H${dVm H$mo ~mha H$a OZVm Ho$ ~rM, OZVm Ho$ Xa~ma _| bmZm H${d`m| H$mo A{ôV Wm& Z`r
H${dVm _| J{VdmX H$m gm_m{OH$ ^md~moY h Vmo `moJdmX H$s {enJV {d{e>Vm h&
`moJdm{X`m| H$s Am_H|${VVm, {Zamem H$mo ChmoZo gm_m{OH$ `mnH$Vm H$m AmYma {X`m&
Z`r H${dVm H$s {^Vm `hr h& b_rH$mV d_m Zo 'Xygam gVH$ Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H${d`m| Zo gmar
H${dVm H$mo Xwgam gVH$ Ho$ {ZH$Q>dVu nmVo hE {H$ht AWm} _| Hw$N> {^Vm H$m AZw^d
{H$`m'' ò dhr gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{WH$, gm{hp`H$ {^Vm h Omo Z`r H${dVm
d{m`m| _| {dH${gV hB& gmW hr {dXoer dmXm| H$m ^md ^r Cg na ahm h& ImgH$a dmX
{df` _| _Zmo{dbofU H$m Vmo A{^`{V jo _| q~~ {VH$ H$m& {Zambm mam 'IyZ gtMm
ImX H$m VyZo A{e>, S>mb na _S>am ahm h H${nQ>{bQ>'' H$s KmofUm Zo n[apW{V H$s
dmV{dH$Vm H$mo nhMmZm Wm& {Og_o `WmW H$m Xm_Z nH$S>H$a J{VdmX CâH$a Am`m&
216
dhr `moJdmX _| gm_m{OH$ A{V`WmWdmX, _| AnZr Hw$R>m H$s ÒZm gm{h` _| H$aVm ahm&
Z`r H${dVm _m g^r H$ma Ho$ XyfUm| go _wV mJU _| Am`r& `moJdmX H$mo ZB
H${dVm H$s ^y{_H$m H$hm Om gH$Vm h& XodamO Zo ghr H$hm h H$s, 'BZ H${dVmAm| H$mo Z`r
H${dVm H$s nyddVu H$hm Om gH$Vm h, BZ H${dVmAm| H$s H${V H$m A``Z H$aZo go Bg_|
Ama 'Z`r H${dVm' AmXmobZ H$s H$m`-MoVZm _| AVa n> n[ab{jV hmo OmVm h, {H$Vw
`h AVa {damoYr Zhr h, `h {dH$mg {H$`m H$m AVa h&'' Bg{bE XodamO Bgo Z`r
H${dVm ^r Zht H$hVo Ch| 'gH$_UH$mbrZ H${dVmE' H$hVo h {H$Vw 'Z`r H${dVm' Zm_ A~
CgHo$ {bE EH$ ~ma Mb nS>m gmo dhr ahm h&
9.2 ZB H${dVm: ma^, Zm_H$aU

'ZB H${dVm' `h Zm_ ~S>m ^m_H$ h Bg_o A{V`{V H$m Xmof h& Bg{bE H$s `h
{H$gr ^r `wJ _| Câr ZB ^mdZm, d{m, gdoXZm Ho$ {bE `wV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h& {\$a
dh N>m`mdmX hmo `m J{VdmX, `moJdmX hmo `m hmbmdmX dVwV: H${dVm Ho$ jo _| h Zò
AmXmobZ hr h& ZB 'Z`m' `h {deofU AnZo g_` gX^m] H$mo `V H$aZodmbm h&
{hXr _| `moJdmX Ho$ ~mX H$s H${dVm Ho$ {bE 'ZB H${dVm' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm
h& Hw$N> AmbmoMH$ `moJdmX Ed ZB H${dVm H$mo EH$ hr _mZVo h naVy d` Ako` Zo 'VrH$'
Ho$ OyZ 1951 Ho$ AH$ _| 'ZB H${dVm' eX H$m `moJ {H$`m h& Ch| ZB H${dVm Ho$ {bE
'`moJdmX' eX AnyU, A`mV Ama nydJh `wV bJm& ZB H${dVm eX `moJ Xwgam
gVH$ go hr ma^ hAm& ~mX _| Ako` Zo BZ H${d`m| H$s ^gZm ^r H$s {H$Vw `moJdmX Ho$
~mX H$s H$m` d{m 'ZB H${dVm' Ho$ n _| A~ OmZr OmVr h&
Ogm H$s h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm h H$s '`moJ' eX H$mo dmX-Xy{fV nmH$a 'ZB
H${dVm' Zm_H$ gkm H$m MbZ hAm& 1951 _| Xwgam gVH$ Ho$ H$meZ Ho$ gmW 'ZB
H${dVm' Ho$ {OZ {gXmVm| H$m gynmV {H$`m J`m CZH$m {dVma Vrgam gVH$ Ho$ H$meZH$mb VH$ (1959) A~mY J{V go hmoVm ahm& {Ogo OJ{Xe JwV VWm am_dn MVwd}Xr Zo
1954 _| AYdm{fH$ 'Z`r H${dVm' n{H$m gnmXrV H$s BgHo$ gmW Cgo {V>m ^r {_br&
b_rH$mV d_m Zo Cgo A{YH$ `mnH$ jo XmZ H$aVo hE. H$hm H$s, Eo{Vhm{gH$ {> go ZB
H${dVm 'Xygam gVH$ (1951) Ho$ ~mX H$s H${dVm H$mo H$hm Om gH$Vm h, {H$Vw Bg
Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$_ Ho$ A{V[aV ^r ZB H${dVm H$m dmV{dH$ n Cg g_` {V{>V hAm, O~
'Xygao gVH$' Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H${d`m| Zo gmar H${dVm H$mo 'Xwgam gVH$' Ho$ {ZH$Q>dVu nmVo hE,
{H$hr AWm] _| {^ZVm H$m AZw^d ^r {H$`m&
Hw$N> AmbmoMH$m| Zo Z`r H${dVm H$m {dH$mg {Zambm Ho$ 'Zò nmo' (1946 Ho$
H$meZ go _mZVo h& ''d{mJV d{d` Ho$ A{V[aV {Zambm Ho$ XrKH$m`-{dH$mg _| AJbo
aMZm AmXmobZm|-J{VdmX, `moJdmX Ama Z`r H${dVm Ho$ ~rO {_b OmV| h& CZHo$ gH$bZ
'Zò nmo' (1946) go MbZo dmbo A{V_ Xma _| Bg H$ma H$s AZoH$ H${dVmE >` h,''
AmJo am_dn MVwd}Xr Zo `h ^r n> {H$`m h H$s ''Z`r H${dVm'' AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m Vrgam
Xma h Omo, _aU aho, dmYrZ ^maV H$s nhbr aMZm_H$Vm h& ... Z`r H${dVm _| AZw^d H$m
217
OZV nhbr ~ma Wm{nV hmoVm h, Ama OrdZ VWm H$m`mZw^d XmoZm| _| AmYw{ZH$ ^md-~moY
nyar Vah g_ag hmo OmVm h& '' dVwV: Z`r H${dVm N>m`mdmX, J{VdmX Ama `moJdmX H$s
CnbpY`m| H$mo g_oQ>o hE h& em`X `hr H$maU h H$s `moJdmX Ed J{VdmX Ho$ H$B H${d
AnZr gr_mAm| H$mo bmKH$a ZB H${dVm H$s J{V_mZ, OZVm{H$ Ymam Ho$ gmW hmo Jò&
ZB H${dVm _| d{d`nyU d{m`m| Ho$ H${d h {OZH$s `mnH$ OrdZ {> Zo Ch|
~mYH$a aIm h& H${dVm {dH$mg H$s A~mY nanam H$m CXJ_ Z`r H${dVm h {dmoh H${dVm H$m
Wm`r ^md h& N>m`mdmX _| 'Wwb Ho$ {V gw_' H$m {dmoh Wm, J{VdmX _| '`{V Ho$ {V
g_wh H$m' `moJdmX _| 'gm_w{hH$Vm Ho$ {V d`{VH$Vm' H$m Vmo ZB H${dVm _| '`{Vdm{XVm
Ho$ {V AmYw{ZH$Vm' H$m {dmoh h& `h {dmoh {dH$mgm_H$Vm H$m n[aMm`H$ h& H${dda nV Zo
h_o 'Cmam{YH$marUr' H$hm h& {OZ_| g^r 'dmX' H$s d{m`m g_m{hV h& b_rH$mV d_m Zo
BgHo$ Mma _w` Vd _mZo h- AmYw{ZH$Vm _| {ddmg, _wV `WmW H$m g_WZ, {ddoH$ na
AmYm[aV `WmW H$m gmjmH$ma Ama jU VWm g_gm_m{`H$Vm H$m Xm{`d& '' `hr H$maU h
H$s Zò H${d`m| Zo 'AZw^d H$s m_m{UH$Vm' na Omoa {X`m h, Ama 'n[adoe Ho$ {V dh gOJ'
h Ama CZ_o 'AZmhV {OOr{dfm' âr h&
9.3 ZB H${dVm: H$m` d{m`m

AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX _`dJ VWm {ZZdJ _o Am`m IbZ H$B g_`mAm| H$mo O_ Xo
MwH$m& _hJmB, [adVImoar, ^>mMma, ~oB_mZr, H$mbm~mOmar, Om{V`Vm, gmXm{`H$Vm,
Y_mYVm, ``wJ Ho$ H$maU ~T>Vr ~oamoOJmar, `mZ OrdZ _| Am`m IwbmnZ, Qw>Q>Vo nm[admarH$
g~Y, `{V _Z _| ~T>Vm VZmd, Am{X Zo `WmW Ho$ jU H$s _hmm H$mo aoIm{H$V {H$`m&
bKw_mZd Ho$ ~hmZo CgH$s {V>m, _hmm Oar bJr& H$bmH$mam|, H${d`m| H$s Z{VH$
{O_oXmar Zo CZ_o ~MZr, N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, Zam` , VUmd Ama BZ g~Ho$ {dX {V~X gKf
H$s A{^`{V Z`r H${dVm _| hB& _mZdr` g~Ym| Ho$ gmW AZw^y{V `{V Ho$ {bE Z`r ^mfm
H$m {Z_mU hAm Omo OZ-OZ H$s ^mdZm, H$mVr, gKf, AmWm H$mo boH$a gnmQ>~`mZr,
Jm_H$Vm, _wVN>X H$m `moJ {H$`m OmZo bJm& `wJrZ n[apW{V Ama `{V Ho$
nmanm[aH$ gKf Ama g_d` H$mo H$m` {df` Ho$ n _| Z`r H${dVm Zo pdH$ma {H$`m& S>m.
aKwde Zo {bIm h- ''Z`r H${dVm AnZr A{^`{V, ofUr`Vm VWm CnbpY H$s {> go
`moJerb H${dVm Ho$ AmJo H$s pW{V h & `moJerb H${dVm Zo nanam go {dmoh Ho$ n _|
`moJ VWm AdofU H$m _mJ drH$ma {H$`m Wm, na Z`r H${dVm Ho$ gX^ _| do CgH$s d{m Ho$
gyMH$ h& `moJ `wJ H$m H${d AnZo gKf Ho$ {V {ZpMV Zht Wm, AmO H$m H${d AnZr gmar
eH$mAm| Ho$ ~rM AnZo `{Vd Ho$ {V AmWmdmZ h& '' (gm{h` H$m Z`m n[ao`)]
dVVm Ho$ ~mX AmOmXr go CgH$m _moh^J hmo J`m& ~mX _| ^r CgH$s gm_m{OH ,
Am{WH$, amOZr{VH$ pW{V _| H$moB gwYma Zhr hmo nm`m& n[aUm_V: _`dJ _| AnZr pW{V
Ho$ {V gKf ^md CnZ hAm& Bg_| ^r CgZo {damoY H$mo nm`m, ''EH$ Amoa am>r` dmYrZVm
Ama CZ{V go CgHo$ _Z _| AmWm Ama {ddmg {Z_mU hmo ahm Wm Vmo Xwgar Amoa AnZr
~T>Vr hB _hdmH$mjmAmo H$s ny{V Z hmoZo go {Zamem Ama AdgmX go dh {Ka ahm Wm& '' Hw$N>
218
Eogr hr O{Q>b g_`mE CZHo$ gm_Zo Am`r Bgr H$ma Ho$ ~XbVo _Zw` VWm g_mO H$mo Z`r
H${dVm Zo `V {H$`m& CgH$s d{m`m {ZZ h&
1.
bKw _mZd Ho$ `{Vd H$s ImoO Ama WmnZm:-
bKw _mZd H$m H$nZm-~moY Z`r H${dVm H$s {d{e>Vm h& ''Z`r H${dVm Zo {Og
_mZd H$s H$nZm H$s dh `mnH$ _mZd-Am_m H$m bKwV_ ~moY H$hm J`m h& '' 'Z`r
H${dVm' {H$gr ^r H$ma Ho$ {damQ>d Ho$ g_j _Zw` Ho$ ApVd H$mo Z> Zht H$aZm MmhVr''
{damQ>d Ho$ gm_Zo `{V Ho$ ApVd H$mo H${d`m| Zo gH$Q> _| nm`m Bg{bE ChmoZo CgH$s
_hmm H$mo H${dVm _| aoIm{H$V H$a CgHo$ ApVd H$mo ~MmZm Mmhm& Bgr Zò _Zw` H$mo
b_rH$mV d_m Zo 'bKw _mZd' H$hm& Ama CgH$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm h, CgH$s 'gdoXZm
^rS> H$s gdoXZm Zht h'... dh {ddoH$ Ama Am_gmjmH$ma na AmYm[aV gdoXZm h', dh Mmho
{OVZr ZJ` hmo, Mmho {OVZr AdhobZm Ho$ `mo` hmo, Cg g_whdmX go A{YH$ _w`dmZ h,
Omo Ho$db ` mam h_mar B{`m| H$mo Mm{bV H$aHo$ AnZm _V` Vmo {gX H$a boZm h {H$Vw
Omo Cg ^rS> H$s ha BH$mB H$mo ImoIbm Ry>T> ~ZmH$a N>moS> XoVm h& '' Zò bmoH$V Ama
Amo{JH$ `dWm go {Z{_V Omo gH${V-g_mO Zò H${d`m| H$mo {_bm Cg_| CgH$m {ddoH$
Ama dVVm AmhV hmo J`r& CZ_| Hw$R>m nXm hB Ama AnZr Bg gnyU pW{V Ed 'nanamJV
gm_m{OH$-gmH${VH$ `dWm' {V {dmoh H$m O_ hAm Ama ''Eogo _| _Zw` H$s H$nZm
H$mo mogmhZ {X`m Omo gmar `dWm Ho$ gm_Zo N>moQ>m hmoVm hAm ^r AnZr dVVm Ama
{ddoH$ H$m {Z`Vm'' dh hmo J`m& b_rH$mV d_m Ho$ AZwgma bKw _mZd H$s {ZZ {deofVmE
h&
1. bKw _mZd Ho$ bKw n[adoe H$s ~mV BZ Hw$R>mAm| go nWH$ h Ama _mZdmZw^y{V Ama
_mZd gmWH$Vm Ho$ _hd go g~X h&
2. bKw _mZd H$m n[adoe AZw^y{V H$s JhamB Ama {ddoH$ H$s _`mXm go em{gV hmoVm
h&
3. ^{d` Ho$ {V dh AnZr AWm Vmo aIVm hr h, {H$Vw bKw n[adoe H$s gmWH$Vm Ho$
gmW&
4. CgH$s A{^`{V _| `h {ddmg ^r {Z{hV h {H$ CgH$m ^md~moY {H$gr nyd
{ZpMV {Z`{VdmX `m M_H$ma go ^m{dV Zhr h&
5. dVVm H$s H$moB Ama n[a^mfm {~Zm Bg _mZdr` Va Ho$ AWmV bKw-_mZd Ama
CgHo$ bKw n[adoe Ho$ nyar Zhr hmoVr&
6. dh OrdZ {H$`merb Ho$ (`m {H$`merb OrdZ Ho$) Cg n H$mo MmhVm h, {Og_|
g_JVm hmo, gH$sUVm Z hmo&
7. OrdZ H$s g_JVm H$m `dhm[aH$ n EH$-Xygao H$mo ghZ H$aZo _| h Z {H$ Cg
A`mdhm[aH$ Am{Yn` _|, {Og_| {damoYm| H$m Zme H$aHo$ Ho$db EH$ gmm T>
`{V Ho$ {V g_V MoVZm A{nV hmo OmE&
Bggo bKw-_mZd H$s EH$ Eogr 'N~r' CâH$a AmVr h Omo 'AnZo bKw n[adoe,
219
dVVm, {ddoH$ Ama OrdZ nX{V Ho$ {V nyUV gOJ h&'' ChmoZo KmofUm H$s _mZd
BH$mB H$mo nyU g_mZ'' {X`m OmE& AWmV Z`r H${dVm OrdZ Vr dm{^_mZ, gXd{m.
AWm aIVm h& Ama Eogo hr _Zw` H$mo gOJ-bKw _mZd H$hm J`m& OJXre JwV Ho$ eXm| _|
H$ho Vmo ''Z`m _Zw` {T>JV MoVZm go _wV, _mZd _y`m| Ho$ n _| dmV` Ho$ {V gOJ,
AnZo ^rVa, AZmamo{nV gm_m{OH$ Xm{`d H$m d` AZw^d H$aZodmbm, g_mO H$mo g_V
_mZdVm Ho$ {hV _| n[ad{VV H$aHo$ Z`m n XoZo Ho$ {bE H$V-gH$n, Hw${Q>b dmW ^mdZm
go {daV, _mZd_m Ho$ {V jmo^ H$m AZw^d H$aVo dmbm, ha _Zw` H$mo O_V: g_mZ
_mZZodmbm _mZd `{Vd H$mo Cno{jV, {ZaWH$ Ama ZJ` {gX H$aZodmbr {H$gr ^r
X{dH$ e{V `m amOZ{VH$ gmm Ho$ AmJo AZdaV, _Zw` H$s AVaJ-gXd{m Ho$ {V
AmWmdmZ, òH$ `{V Ho$ dm{^_mZ Ho$ {V gOJ, T> Ed gJ{R>V AV:H$aU g`wV,
g{H$` {H$Vw AnrS>H$, g`{Z> VWm {ddoH$gnZ hmoJm&''
Z`r H${dVm _| Cgr _mZd H$mo _hd {X`m J`m h, Omo {H$gr H$ma ^r Abm{H$H$
e{V go AgnZ hmo, gmYmaU OrOr{dfy hmo& _mZdoma Zht _mZdr hmo, H${_ Zhr
dm^m{dH$ d{m dmbm hmo& bKw-~ZH$a, ahH$a hr gKf g^d h& {damQ>, gwnaZ go gKf
Zht M_H$ma hmoVm h& Omo _Zw` ApVd H$mo ZH$maVm h& Z`r H${dVm CgHo$ Cno{jV, ho`,
ApVd _| dVVm ^md H$m {VnmXZ H$aVr h& XodamO Zo bKw-_mZd Ama Zò _Zw` H$mo
gVw{bV {> go XoIVo hE CgH$s {deofVmAm| H$mo `V {H$`m h&
1. dh AnZo Mmam| Amoa {~Iao n[adoe go {H$gr H$ma H$s Am_hrZVm AZw^d Zht
H$aVm&
2. dh AnZr gr{_V e{V H$mo {H$gr H$ma H$s namO` H$m H$maU Zhr _mZVm, ~pH$
g_` nS>Zo na AnZr g_V MoVZm go {H$gr ^r ~S>o gH$Q> Ho$ {dX IS>m hmoZo H$m
gmhg aIVm h&
3. dh {ZpMV n go `h _mZVm h {H$ BH$mB H$s Ap_Vm H$s gwajm Ho$ {~Zm
gm_m{OH$-Ap_Vm H$s gwajm H$m H$moB AW Zht h `mo{H$ BH$mB g_mO H$m _wI
Vd h&
4. dh _mZVm h {H$ `{V Ama `{V Ho$ ~rM _mZdr`-_y`m| Ho$ Va na H$moB ôX
Zht hmoVm&
5. dh AnZo OrdZ-{Z_mU _| {H$gr ^r Cg e{V H$mo ^mJrXma Zht ~ZmZm MmhVm Omo
H$mn{ZH$-_hd go g~X h `m|{H$ Eogm H$aHo$ Cgo AmO VH$ N>bm J`m h&
6. dh AnZo dV_mZ Ho$ {V nyUV gOJ h&
7. dh AnZo ApVd H$m dmhH$ hmoZo na ^r {H$gr H$ma gm_pQ>H$Vm H$m {damoYr Zht
h `m|{H$ _ybV CgH$m gKf gm_m{OH$Vm go Zhr, g_mO _| \$br _y`hrZVm Ama
AbmoH$Vm{H$ d{m go h&
8. dh AnZr O` Ama namO` XmoZm| H$m daU d` H$aVm h, VWm `h `mg H$aVm h
{H$ dV_mZ Ho$ dn go ^{d` H$m {ZYmaU {H$`m OmE& gwI Ama Xw:I XmoZm| H$mo
^moJZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$ nmg OmJH$ {> h&
220
2.
AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY H$s nhMmZ -
Z`r H${dVm _| AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY H$s nhMmZ H$m Vmn` h- '_mZd pW{V Ho$
gmjmH$ma H$s {ZVmV ZdrZ OmJH$ nX{V', OrdZ H$s g_P H$s J`m_H$ H${V',
'AnZo H$mb H$mo Am_gmV H$aZo H$s AWnyU MoVZm', 'AWnyU OrdZ-_y`m| H$mo m H$aZo
H$s {d{Y,' 'n[adoe Ho$ {V `{V H$s gVV gOJVm' Am{X& '' BZH$m AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY
n[adVZr` h, Bg_| H$moB 'T>' `m 'OS>' YmaUm Zht& Omo {T>`m, nanamE n[adVZ d
'_Zw` dVVm H$m {dH$mg' gmYZo Zht XoVr CgH$m {damoYr H$m` h Z`r H${dVm&
CgH$m `h AW ^r Zht H$s dh g_X AVrV nanam Ho$ H$Q>r h& ~H$s CgHo$
JVrerb Vdm|, _y`m|, {ddmgm|, H$mo Zò gOZm_H$ gKf j_Vm go CnOr` ~ZmVr h& `hr
CgH$m dV {ddoH$ h, g_` Ho$ Vr {V~XVm Ed gOJVm h& ''Bggo'' AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY
`{V H$mo AnZm ghr Xm{`d {Z~mhZo H$s Amoa o[aV H$aVm h& AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s {>
{ddoH$nyU {>H$moZ H$s WmnZm H$aVr h& `{V AnZo n[adoe H$mo gdmaZo H$s {Xem _|
{H$`merb aho Ama {H$g J{V go {H$g Amoa Om ahm h `h g~ gmoMZo H$s e{V AmYw{ZH$Vm
~moY H$s eV h&'' (S>m. Za| _mohZ AmYw{ZH$Vm Ama g_H$mbrZ H${dVm gVqgYy (Zd
H$m` {deofmH$- EH$) AJV, 1973 AH$ 8, n. 22) AWmV `h Ho$db ^m{VH$ {dH$mg
gmYZo H$s Zhr _mZ{gH$ CZVr nmZo H$s H$mo{ee â h& Bg{bE Cg_| 'EH$ Amoa drH${V h
Vmo Xygar Amoa AdrH${V& ' dh OrdZ H$mo JVr, {dH$mg XmZ H$a ahr h H$s CgHo$ ApVd
H$m Zme H$a ahr h, Bgr H$s Vbme h Z`r H${dVm& S>m. XodamO Ho$ AZwgma CgH$s {deofVmE
h1. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY dh ghO; dm^m{dH$ Ama J{Verb {H$`m h, Omo OrdZ H$mo ghr
gX^ _| g_PZo H$s {> XmZ H$aVr h&
2. `h _yb n _| nana{damoYr Zht h- `wV `dWm_wbH$ _w{V H$s ^mdZm YmZ
hmoVr h&
3. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY dh {> h Omo _Zw` _| {N>nr gOZm_H$Vm H$mo _wI[aV H$aVr h
Ama Cgo g` go grYo gmjmH$ma Ho$ {bE V`ma H$aVr h&
4. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY _| gH$sUVmAm| Ho$ {bE H$moB WmZ Zht hmoVm, CgHo$ _yb _|
_mZdVmdmXr {> hmoVr h&
5. AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY H$moB ~mh`mamo{nV Vd Zhr h, ~pH$ J{Verb OrdZ Ho$
{dH$mg-H$_ Ho$ AZVa mV MoVZm h, Omo _y` Z hmoVo hE ^r dmV{dH$ OrdZ_y`m| Ho$ {V gMoV H$aVr h&
3.
AmWm H$m da :-
Zò H${d H$m AnZo `{Vd na âmogm H$aVo h& do H${R>U go H${R>U {dnXm _| ^r
AnZr AmWm Ho$ ~b Cgo ghZo Ed Xya H$aZo H$m ^md CZ_| h& ^{d` H$s COdVm na
CZH$m T> {ddmg h& OrdZ Ho$ `WmW nj H$mo ^r do Bgr {> go XoIVo h& Bgr H$maU do
OrdZ-gKf go N>m`mdmXr`mo VWm `moJdmXr`mo Ogm nbm`Z Zht H$aVo& Cgo AnZmH$a
221
CZ_| âr {dnVm H$mo Xya H$aVo h& Eogo g_` CZH$s H${dVm _| `J Yma-Yma dm{hV hmoVm
h& AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ go ghmZw^y{V Ama gmhm m` g_mV hmo MwH$m h& _mZd-_mZd _| PyR>
Ama KUm H$m `dhma MbVm Om ahm h& Bg H$ma H$s '{nemM gH${V' na H$bmg dmOno`r
H$m `` XoIrE""{H$VZm AN>m h
g^r PyR> ~mobVo h
{H$VZm AN>m h
g^r KUm H$aVo h
An[aM` Ho$ _m`_ go OwS>Vo h
An[a{MV {~Nw>S>Vo h...Z H$moB amoVm h
Z H$moB hgVm h
{H$VZm AN>m h A~
ha H$moB S>gVm h&''
OrdZ `WmW H$s A{^`{V H$aVo hE Ho$db AmWm hr CZ_o h Eogm Zhr, S>a.
^`. AZmWm, eH$m, {Zamem, A{ddmg ^r CZ_| h& Ogo _w{V~moY H$s 'AYoao _|' H$m
Zm`H$ CZ g^r pW{V`m| go JwOaH$a AnZo 'Jw' H$m '{e`' hmoVm h& VWm ~amjg'
'OrdZ_y`m| H$s ImoO _| ^Q>H$Vo gemoYH$ H$s H$hmZr, Xw:I XX Ho$ gmW `V hB h&
AmYw{ZH$ gm_m` `{V H$s `h 'Q>OS>r' ^r h Vmo '~wpXOr{dVm' ^r& OrdZ MwZ{V`m| H$m
pdH$ma ^r Z`m H${d H$aVm h Cg_o CnZ {dfmV _ZpW{V H$mo ^r& {\$a ^r dh OrdZ _|
AmWm aIVm h&
4. jU- ~moY H$s A{^`{V Z`r H${dVm jUmZw^y{V H$mo A{YH$ _hd XoVr h& gOZ Ho$ {bE jU hr ~moY
OJmVo h& jU ~moY H$s AZw^y{V hr CZ H${d`m| Ho$ {bE g` h& OrdZ jU-gdoXZm go âm h&
Cgr _| Cgo OrdZ Ho$ gwI XwI {_bVo h& Cggo hr OrdZ gVV n[adVZerb hmoVm h& jU
H$s gdoXZm H$mo AZw^d H$aZm H$m` _| Cgo gwa{jV H$aZm {\$a {H$gr Xwgao jU- gdoXZm H$mo
OrZm, ''Bggo nQ> h {H$ òH$ jU AnZr gr_m _| hr JhZ AZw^y{V_wV hmoVm h Ama Bgr
H$maU Z`r H${dVm _| jUmZw^y{V Ho$ AH$Z H$mo n`mV _hd {X`m J`m h& '' XodamO Zo BgHo$
Xmo H$ma _mZo h EH$ gy_ Ama Xwgam Wwb, '' gy_ jU _| H${d g` Ho$ gmjmH$ma H$amZo
dmbo jU H$s AZw^y{V`m| H$mo `V H$aVm h& `h _w{V H$m jU hmo gH$Vm h& .... O~{H$ Wyb
jU _| Ag`, ^m{VH$, Amg{V`wV H$mbIS> H$s A{^`{V hmoVr h& '' jU AZw^y{VnyU
Ed Jhao hmoVo h& {Og_o 'Wyb Ed gw_' AZw^y{V`m nXm' hmo OmVr h, CgH$s AZw^y{V Ed
^mo`m H$s VrZ pW{V`m XodamO Ho$ AZwgma hmoVr h- EH$ Va dh, {Og_| gdoXZm gw_ Ama
A{YH$ JhZ hmoVr h, Xygam dh {Og_| Wyb H$mo ^moJH$a AZw^y{V EH$ H$aZo H$s AX`
bmbgm hmoVr h Ama Vrgam dh {Og_| Xmo jUm| Ho$ OwS>Zo H$m VZmd ahVm h& Bgo `{V ^moJZm
Zht MmhVm, {H$Vw Cgo ^moJZm nS>Vm h& '' (dhr-n-81)
222
jUdmX H$s Z`r WmnZm hr Z`r H${dVm H$m {deof h& CgHo$ g~Y _| CZH$m
{dMma h,'' jU H$mbhrZ hmoVm h, Cg_| g` Ama `WmW Ho$ gmjmH$ma H$s gdm{YH$ JhZ
pW{V hmoVr h, Cg_| AJbo jU H$s oaUm {N>nr hmoVr h, `h g` H$s CnbpY H$amVm h,
Bg_| Am_m{^`{V H$m gy_ n {d_mZ hmoVm h Am{X& '' Bhr H$maUm| go OrdZ Ho$
gm_m` H$m`-`mnma _| Z`m AW ImoOVm, âVm h& CgH$s Jhar nH$S> Ho$ H$maU H${dVm
_m{_H$ ~Z OmVr h& Z`r H${dVm _| jU~moY emdV OrdZ ~moY H$m {damoYr Zhr "~pH$ Cgo
m H$aZo H$s `WmW {H$`m h& jU _| AZw^yV hmoZodmbm OrdZ Chmg Y_dra ^maVr H$s
H${dVm _| Am`m h- 'O~ H$moB ^r _Zw` AZmgV hmoH$a MwZm{V XoVm h B{Vhmg H$mo Cg {XZ
Zjm| H$s {Xem ~Xb OmVr h& {Z`Vr Zhr nydm{ZYm[aV CgH$s ha jU _mZd {ZU` ~ZmVm
{_Q>mVm h& ''
5. n[adoe Ho$ {V gOJVm AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY Ama AZw^d H$s m_m{UH$Vm Ho$ H$maU Z`r H${dVm n[adoe Ho$
{V gOJ h& {OgHo$ H$maU gm_m{OH$ `WmW H$m CXKmQ>Z hAm h& AnZo n[adoe {V dh
Xm{d~moY H$mo pdH$maVo h& bKw _mZd H$s {> H$mo _hd XoZo Ho$ nrN>o H$s ^y{_H$m `h ^r ahr
h `mo{H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| gdm{YH$ Cno{jV, mgX, {dS>~Zm go `wV OrdZ Cgr Ho$
{hgo _| Am`m h& CgHo$ _Z _| CâH$a Am`m Zam`, gmg, gH$Q>~moY, gKf H$s
A{^`{V H$s geVVm Zo Z`r H${dVm H$mo OrdZ Ho$ gmW OmoS> {X`m h& g_mO AHo$bonZ
Ama doXZm Ho$ H$maU g~go ~S>m Xw^mèmbr bKw _mZd hr ahm h& N>m`mdmX go boH$a
`moJdmX _| `{V H$s pW{V-J{V _| Omo ~Xbmd Am`m CgHo$ gmW Z`r H${dVm-g_` _|
dh {ZnQ> AHo$bm Ed mgX OrdZ OrVm ahm h& aKydra ghm` Zo H$hm h""{H$VZm AN>m Wm N>m`mdmXr
EH$ XwI boH$a dh EH$ JmZ XoVm Wm
{H$VZm Hw$eb Wm J{VdmXr
ha XwI H$m H$maU dh nhMmZVm Wm
{H$VZm _hmZ Wm JrVH$ma
Omo XwI Ho$ _mao AnZr OmZ boVm Wm
{H$VZm AHo$bm h _ Bg g_mO _|
Ohm gXm _aVm h EH$ Ama _VXmVm&''
Z`r H${dVm H$m gdoXZerb H${d O~ amOZoVm H$m OZV Ho$ Zm_ na,
emVrdmXrVm Ho$ Zm_ na AZoH$ H$ma Ho$ \$ao~ H$aVo ZoVmAm| H$mo XoIVm h, Vmo dh {Vb{_bmh
CR>Vm h - lrH$mV d_m H$hVo h""Hw$N> bmoJ _y{V`m ~ZmH$a
~oMoJ| em{V H$s (AWdm fS>` H$s)
Hw$N> Ama bmoJ
gmam g_`
223
H$g_o ImòJ|
bmoH$V H$s&
`WmW, OZV Ho$ Zm_ na emofU V, X_Z V, fS>`, H$m geV {damoY
_w{V~moY H$s H${dVm _| hAm h& 'AYoao _|' CZ g^r {V{>V g_mO H$s {eZmV dh H$aVm
h& CZHo$ {damoY _| dh IS>m hmoVm h h EH$ MwZmVr h& H$hVm h""A~ A{^`{V Ho$ gmao IVao
CR>mZo hr hmoJ|&
VmoS>Zo hmoJ| _T> Ama _T> g~''
Z`r H${dVm Zo Zò _mZd H$s {V>m H$m` _| H$s h& `hr CgH$m b` ^r h&
b_rH$mV d_m Zo CgH$s gOJVm Ho$ g~Y _| H$hm h,'' Z`r H${dVm H$m AmJh {Og {deof
Vd na h, dh Cg _mZd `{Vd H$s WmnZm Ama CgH$s Cn`mo{JVm go {dH${gV hmoVm h,
Omo g_V {dnVmAm| Ama H$Qw>VmAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX _Zw` H$mo CgH$s _wb _`mXm Ho$ {V,
{ZOd Ama ApVd Ho$ {V OmJH$ aIZm MmhVm h& '' `hr H$maU h H$s dh IVam| H$s
CR>mVm h& X_KmoQw> n[adoe go _wV hmoZo Ho$ {bE ^mJVm-XmS>Vm, gKf H$aVm, AnZo-Amn go
gKf H$aVm {OOr{dfy ~ZVm h& {\$a do Ako` hmo `m _w{V~moY, lrH$mV d_m hmo `m OJXre
JwV, aKwdra ghm` hmo m H$sVu MmYar do g^r g_` Ho$ {V gOJ h&
6. `WmWdmXr {> `WmW H$m {VnmXZ òH$ H$mb H$m H${d H$aVm h naVy CgHo$ {V CgH$s
{d{^Z {> H$m AmJh ^r hmoVm h& J{VdmXr`m| _| gm_m{OH$ `WmW Wm Vmo `moJdmXr`m| _|
`{V `WmW, `m A{V`WmW dmX naVy Z`r H${dVm _| g_` `WmW _| ~ZVo-{~JS>Vo
`{Vd Ho$ `WmW H$mo H$m` _| {Vnm{XV {H$`m h& '_Zw` H$m XX _wbV: EH$ hr h Ama
AmO H$m H${d ~S>r B_mZXmar Ho$ gmW Cgo gdoXZmnyU T>J go `V H$aVm h& ' Ako` Zo H$hm
h''.... ò Ag`
AmIo Wr
XX g^r _| Wm
OrdZ H$m XX g^r Zo OmZm''
J{Verbm| H$s Vah Ho$db Hw$R>mAmo Am_H|${VVm Ed `mZ dOZmAm| H$mo `WmW Ho$
n _| Z pdH$maVo hE Cgo g_J gm_w{hH$ n _| AnZm`m h&
7. OrdZmZw^dm| Ho$ {V B_mZXma :n[adoe Vr gOJVm Ama gm_w{hH$ `WmW Ho$ MbVo OrdZmZw^dm| {V dh gOJ
h& AmYw{ZH$ `{V _| {N>nH$a Xygam| na AmH$_U H$aZodmbo qh newd H${d _Z _| ^r H$go
OmJVm h, CgH$m CXmhaU _w{V~moY H$s H${dVm 'AmamJ-CQ>mJ' _| Am`m h&
d` H$s Jrdm na
\o$aVm h hmW {H$
224
H$aVm h _hgyg
EH$mEH$ JaXmZ na CJr hB
gKZ Am`mb Ama
eXm| na CJo hE ~mb VWm
dm`m| _| AmamJ... CQ>mJ Ho$
~T>o hE ZmIyZ&''
OrdZ H$s AZoH$ g_`mAm| H$mo XoIH$a dh {dH$Q> pW{V _| nS> OmVm h& OrdZ
_| Am`r hB ApWaVm H$m ~moY ^r CZ_| OJVm h& Eogr H${R>UmB`m| Ho$ {dX ^r dh IS>m
hmoVm h& Ogo _w{V~moY '_R>' Ama 'JR>' VmoS>Zo H$m H$V gH$n H$aVo h naVy Xw`VHw$_ma _|
^r EH$ H$ma H$m `WWm ~moY-AZw^d CâH$a AmVm h""`h g_Xa h
`hm Ob h ~hV Jham&
`hm ha EH$ H$m X_ \y$b
AmVm h&
`hm na VaZo H$s Mo>m ^r
`W bJVr h&''
AZoH$ KQ>Zm gJm| _| Z`r H${dVm Ho$ H${d`m| Zo OrdZ-AZw^dm| H$mo B_mZXmar go
`V {H$`m h&
8. Cno{jV OZgmYmaU H$m H$m` amdn MVwd}Xr Ho$ AZwgma ''Z`r H${dVm AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m Vrgam Xma h Omo
dmYrZ ^maV H$s nhbr aMZm_H$Vm h& n> hr A~ VH$ am>r`Vm H$m AmJh _X hmo MwH$m h,
Ama Cg Ho$ WmZ na `mnH$ OZ-MoVZm H$m X~m~ ~T>m h& Bg n _| EH$ Vah go am> H$s
AdYmaUm gm_m` OZg_wh go EH$mH$ma hB h, {deofV OZg_wh Ho$ Cg {hgo go Omo
AnojmH$V gmYZhrZ h& aMZm-qMVZm _| gmYZhrZ Cno{jV OZg_wh Ho$ Ho$ _| AmZo Ho$
nrN>o ^r EH$ b~r {H$`m {Z{hZ h& '' do Bg {H$`m H$m Ama^ ^maVr` H$mèmr` Cg
nanam Ho$ {damoY _| _mZVo h, Ohm XodVm `m {H$gr CMHw$brZ _Zw` H$mo hr H$m` H$m
M[aVZm`H$ ~Zm`m' OmZo H$s nanam Wr, CgH$s OJh ~Jmb Ho$ _mBHo$b _YwgwXZ Ho$
'_oKZmW dY' (1861 B.) go _mZVo h&''Bg H$m` _| nhbr ~ma nanam go {VaH$V Ama
bm{N>V amjg-de Ho$ _oKZmX H$mo ghmZw^y{V XoVo hE Cgo Zm`H$ n _| Wm{nV {H$`m J`m h&
`h OmZZm AnZo _| amoMH$ h {H$ _mBHo$b Ho$ Cg amdUder` H$m` H$m (H$B A` H$m`m| H$m
^r) n AZwdmX qhXr _| am_ Ho$ AZ` ^V H${d _{WbreaU JwV Zo {H$`m& AnZr _m{bH$
aMZm _| Vmo H${d Zo d` BVZm gmh{gH$ H$X_ Vmo Zhr CR>m`m na 'gmHo$V' _| H$H$`r H$m
M[amH$Z EH$ A^yVnyd ghmZw^y{V Ho$ gmW Ad` {H$`m& '' ... Bg nanam _| gyV-nw H$U,
{ZfmX, Hw$b H$m EH$b` Am{X _wI h& {XZH$a (araWr) am_Hw$_ma d_m, (EH$b`)
OJXre JwV (e~wH$), Ho$XmaZmW {_l '^mV (F$V~am) Zaoe _ohVm (e~ar) AmXr& Z`r
H${dVm H$m `h 'JwUm_H$ n[adVZ' Cno{jV M[am| H$mo gm{h` Ho$ H|$ _| bm`m& 'g_J
225
OrdZmZw^d H$m` `mo`' hAm&''AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ nhbo Xma _| Zm`H$ H$s n[aH$nZm ~Xbr
JB: YamoXm amOm-XodVm `m _Zw`-Ho$ WmZ na gm_m` _Zw` `m amjg ^r H$mo H$m` H$m
Zm`H$ ~Zm`m J`m& Z`r H${dVm `{VJV Zm`H$s` M[a H$mo ~XbZo Ho$ gmW-gmW nyar
{df` n[aH$nZm H$mo ~Xb XoVr h& '' A~ H$moB ag _wI Zht ahm Z H$m` {df` H$s OmVrdMd JV lo>Vm& {dZ_ T>J go nanam gnV 'bKw _mZd' H$mo H$m` _| bmVr h& ''_mZmo
H${dVm H$s hr {\$a go ewAmV hr OmVr h `hm& dV `m| nyam Kw_ OmVm h& '' J{Verb `WmW
Ho$ {V `h OmJH$Vm Z`r H${dVm H$s {d{e>Vm h& ~Y Ho$ gmW H${dVm _| ^r `hr ^mdgdoXZ `V hAm h& _w{V~moY, {J[aOmHw$_ma _mWya, Xw`VHw$_ma, aKwdra ghm` H$s
H${dVmE BgH$m gm` h& Z`r H${dVm Ho$ nmg''AmO Xw{Z`m Ho$ H$amoS>m| AmX_r
gh aho h Yyn gXu Ama Zr
{OXJr H$m EH$ ^r gmYZ Zht
~g VnVr Yyn h, gmdZ Zht&''
`hr Cg `{V H$m M[a h Omo g{X`m| go nN>mS> Im J`m Wm, ~{hH$V Wm A~
dh ^r 'bKw' Ho$ ^rVa '{damQ>'d H$mo boH$a CnpWV hAm h&
9. `J H$s YmZVm :`` gwYma H$s ^mdZm go o[aV hmoVm h& ''Z`r H${dVm _| `{V, g_mO Ama `wJ
VrZm| H$s {df_-X`Zr` pW{V`m| na `` {H$E JE h& Ako` H$s 'gmn' Ama ^dmZrgmX
{_l H$s 'JrV \$amoe' Ogr H${dVmAm| _| _mZdr` Agm_O`m| H$s {MVZr` pW{V H$m
{MU {H$`m J`m h& '' OJXre JwV Zo H$hm h, ZdboIZ _| EH$ YmZ da `` Ama {dn
H$m h, {OgH$m g~Y Xoe H$s {df` n[apW{V`m| VWm _y`hrZVm H$s X`Zr` XemAm| go h,
N>moQ>r-_moQ>r BYa H$s aMZmAm| Zo A`V gmhg Ho$ gmW BZ na Jhar MmoQ> H$s h& '' `` Ho$
O[aE dh g_mO H$mo ~XbZm MmhVm h, Z{VH$Vm _| gwYma bmZm MmhVm h&
`J Ho$ gmW OwS>m EH$ Ama _y` Z`r H${dVm _| h Ama dh h ''AZwHy$b
A{^`{V H$m dn'' CgHo$ {V B_mZXmar& Z`r H${dVm Zo nanamJV _mZXS>m|, T>,
_m`VmAm| Ed gS>o-Jbo _y`m| H$mo AdrH$ma {H$`m h& CgZo gnyU emgZV Ed `dWm Ho$
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n go Zht aIm Om gH$Vm Wm, Omo AmH$ma _| bKy Wr& ''... AZw^yV g`m| H$mo {demb ^mS>ma
H$mo EH$ gmW EH$ hr H${dVm _| A{^`V H$aZo H$s Z Hw$b~wbmhQ> Zo b~r H${dVmAmo H$mo
O_ {X`m& '' b~r H${dVm H$s nanam na ZOa S>mbo Vmo Z`r H${dVm g_` hr do A{YH$ _mm
_| {bIr J`r h& gZ 1923 _| nV H$s 'n[adVZ' {hXr H$s W_ b~r H${dVm _mZr OmVr h&
~mX _| gmX H$s EH$ H${dVm 'b` H$s N>m`m' Omo 1933 _| VWm {Zambm H$s EH$ am_ H$s
e{VnwOm gZ 1937 {bIr Om MwH$s Wr {H$Vw Z`r H${dVm Xma _| g~go nhbo Zaoe _ohVm
H$s 'g_` XodVm' gZ 1951 _| H$m{eV hB& CgHo$ ~mX H$B H${dVmE gm_Zo Am`r h& Ako`
H$s Agm`drUm-1961, Y_dra ^maVr H$s '_`w JmWm'- 1959, _w{V~moY H$s 'AYoao
_|'-1964), ~MZ H$s '{g{g\$g ~ag hZw_mZ'- 1965, {dO`Xod ZmamÙ gmhr H$s
'Ab{dXm'- 1966, lram_ d_m H$s 'eXmo H$s eVmXr'- 1966-67, aKwdra ghm` H$s'
Am_h`m Ho$ {dX'-1967, Zrbm^ H$s 'g_aUma^'-1967, gm{_ _mohZ H$s
'bwH$_mZ Abr'-1968^maV^yfU AJdmb H$s 'Mra\$mS>'-1968, am_Xae {_l H$s '{\$a
dhr bmoJ-1969, _moX {ghm H$s 'VbKa'-1970, Yw{_b H$s 'nQ>H$Wm'- 1972,
brbmYa OJwS>r H$s 'ZmQ>H$ Omar h'-1972, a_oe JmS> H$s 'EH$ _m_ybr AmX_r H$m ~`mZ'
1974, gd}da X`mb ggoZm H$s 'Hw$AmZmo ZXr'- 1972, ~bXod der H$s, 'CnZJa _|
dmngr- 1974 Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s '~mK- AmXr&
232
b~r H${dVmE 'AZw^y{V Ho$ Q>H$amdnyU {d`mg' Ho$ H$maU b~r hB h&
ZmQ>H$s`Vm CgH$m A{dm bjU h& Zao _mohZ Ho$ AZwgma, ''b~r H${dVm H$s aMZm V^r
g^d h O~ gOZm_H$ VZmd XrKH$m{bH$ hmo VWm {dVV \$bH$ na AnZr {H$`m_H$Vm
{gX H$a ahm hmo& '' CgHo$ {bE O$ar h {H$ b~r H${dVm _| gOZm_H$ VZmd Ho$ {d{dY
$n, Va Ama YamVb {d_mZ h& '' `hr ~mV _w{V~moY Am{X H$s H${dVm _| nm`r OmVr h&
Bg{bE _w{V~moY Zo H$hm h 'H${dVm H$^r I_ Zht hmoVr' `WmW Ho$ J{Verb Vd H${dVm
H$mo b~r ~ZmVo h& `hr ~mV _w{V~moY Zo n> H$s h- `WmW Ho$ Vd nana Jw{\$V hmoVo h,
gmW hr nyam `WmW' J{Verb hmoVm h& A{^`{V H$m {df` ~ZH$a Omo `WmW VwV hmoVm
h, dh ^r Eogm hr J{Verb h Ama CgHo$ Vd Jw{\$V h& `hr H$maU h {H$ _ N>moQ>r H${dVmE
{bI Zht nmVm Ama Or N>moQ>r hmoVr h do dVwV: N>moQ>r Z hmoH$a AmYwar hmoVr h& (_ AnZr ~mV
H$h ahm h) Ama Bg H$ma H$s Z _mby_ {H$VZr hr H${dVmE _Zo AYyar {bIH$a, N>moX Xr h&
Ch| I_ H$aVo H$s H$bm _wPo Zhr AmVr, `hr _oar Q>oOS>r h& '' aMZmH$mam| H$s BZ d{m Ho$
H$maU b~r H${dVm H$s nanam hr {dH${gV hmo MwH$s h& {ZgXoh, Z`r H${dVm H$s `h
CnbpY hr _mZr OmòJr&
9.5 _y`mH$Z:Z`r H${dVm g~Yr Bg {dVV MMm Ho$ ~mX `h H$hm OmòJm H$s CgH$m dU{df` jo H$m\$s {dVV h& AmYw{ZH$ _Zw` H$s 'Q>oOS>r' go `h OwS>r ahr& Bg{bE OrdZ Ho$
g^r gJm|, AN>o-~yao, Hw$n-{dn, H$s gnyUVm Cg_| Am`r h& `` H$m `moJ Bgr
H$maU H${dVm _| IaVm Ho$ gmW hAm h& bKw _mZd H$s H$nZm {deof Zo Cgo dV_mZ Ho$
gmW OmoS>m h& H$m` ^mfm Ho$ n _| `h nyddVu H${dVm go {deof h& N>X Ho$ gmW CgHo$ ~YZm|
H$mo VmoS>H$a `h gnmQ>~`mZr, dV` H$s ^y_r na nhMr h& ''Zò AW Ho$ {bE Zd{Z{_V
eXm| H$m `moJ' hAm h& {\$a EH$ ~mX `h H${dVm OZmo_wIVm H$s Amoa bmQ> nS>r h& {~~,
VrH$, AbH$marH$Vm Ho$ _moh go dh _wV hmo ahr h& Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s H${dVmE CgH$m
_mU h&
{\$a ^r Cg_| {dXdmZm|, Ho$ gmW Zò H${d`m| Zo hr Hw$B Xmof nmò h& d`
_w{V~moY Zo H$hm h, ''Z`r H${dVm _|, ~hV ~ma, Eogo ^md-{dMma H$Q> {H$ò OmVo h Omo
{ZVmV {V{H$`mdmXr h,'' Z`r H${dVm H$mo npM_r {dMma Zo {gIm`m H$s ''OZVm g_wh
h- dh AYH$ma h, A`H$a-JV h, dh OXr hr ^rS> ~Z OmVr h& CgH$m gmW _V Xmo&
Vw_ gMoV `{Vdembr mU-H|$ hmo& Cg_| AnZo-AmnH$mo {dbrZ _V H$mo& AnZo ApV_
{ZH$f _| `h {dMmaYmam A`V {H$`mdmXr h, dh OZ Ho$ {V KUm na AmYm[aV h, Ama
~wpXOr{d`m| H$mo OZVm go AbJ H$aHo$ aIZo H$m Cnm` h& '' Bg{bE do {\$a H$hVo h- _
'Owby_ _| em{_b hmo OmD$Jm; bo{H$Z '^rS> ' Ama 'Owby_' Vmo _Zw` Ho$ `{Vd Ho$ n[ahma
H$m, AV`{Vd Ho$ ghma H$m gyMH$ h, Bg{bE _oar _w{V H$ht ^r Zht h& '' {\$a ^r
g_wh "AgmYmaU H$m` H$aVm' h ~eV} CgH$m EH${V hmoZm Co`nyU hmo H$m {dMma ^r dh
aIVo hE H$hVo h H$s _w{V AHo$bo _| Zht hmoVr-
233
''`mX aImo,
H$^r AHo$bo _| _w{V Zht {_bVr,
`{X dh h Vmo g~Ho$ gmW h&''
Bgr H$maU Z`r H${dVm '^rS>', 'g_wh' Ho$ gmW hmo J`r& dh OZVm{^_wI hmo
J`r& ma^ _| dh gHo${VH$Vm, {VH$m_H$Vm, q~~m_H$Vm Ho$ H$maU dh O{Q>b hmo J`r& AW
JhU Ag^m` hmo J`m naVy Cmamoma `h dmr H$_Va hmoVr J`r& A~ Cg_| R>>oR> ^mfm,
OZ^mfm, gab ^mdm{^`{V hB h& {OgH$m `moJ H$^r ZmJmOwZ Zo {H$`m Wm A~
Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$a aho h& ZmJmOwZ H$s 'AH$mb Ama CgHo$ ~mX' VWm Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s
'H$moB \$H$ Zht nS>Vm' BZ H${dVm A``Z go `h ~mV n> hmo OmòJr& Ako`, e_eoa,
lrH$mV d_m, Yy{_b Am{X H$s H${dVmE CgH$m _mU h& CZ H${d`m| Zo ^mfm _| {M_`Vm Ho$
WmZ na gnmQ>Vm Am`r& AemoH$ dmOno`r Zo Bgr ~mV H$mo `mZ _| aIVo hE H$hm H$s, ''ZB
H${dVm q~~ H|${V ahr h Ama Aga H${d`m| _| q~~ H$m Eogm KQ>mQ>mon V`ma hAm {H$ gmVdo
XeH$ VH$ AmVo-AmVo H$B H${d`m| H$mo `h _hgwg hAm {H$ H${dVm H$mo q~~ go _wV H$amHo$ hr
Cgo OrdV Ama mg{JH$ aIm Om gH$Vm h& CZHo$ gm_Zo q~~-YmZ H${dVm Hw$N> eH$ H$s
MrO ~Z JB Ama gnmQ>~`mZr H$s Va\$ H$B H${d PwHo$ Ama Cgo {ddmgZr` _mZm OmZo bJm&
'' Bgr H$_ _| aKwdra ghm`, Ho$XmaZmW qgh, lrH$mV d_m, VrZ H${d`m| H$m {deof n go
CboI H$aVo hE do AmJo `h ^r OmoS>Vo h {H$, ''CZ_| go ha EH$ Zo gnmQ>~`mZr Ho$ _y` H$mo
nhMmZm bo{H$Z Cgo AnZr ~w{Z`mXr q~~-Y{_Vm Ho$ {VHw$b Z aIH$a CgHo$ gm` g`mo{OV
{H$`m Ama AnZo _whmdam| H$mo Ama CZgo COmJa hmoZodmbo H$m`-ggma H$mo g_X {H$`m,
{M_`Vm H$mo ImoE {~Zm Cgo amoOam H$s OrdVVm Xr& '' Z`r H${dVm _| Am`m `h ~Xbmd ^r
H${dVm H$mo {\$a EH$ ~ma, OZVm go Xya hB 'm`mo{JH$' 'ZB' H${dVm H$mo OZVm Ho$ ~rM bmH$a
IS>r H$aVr h&
9.6 Cnghma :ZB H${dVm OZVm H$s Ama OZVm Ho$ gmW H$s H${dVm h& dh nanam go {dN>oX
hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX nanam go _wV Zhr h& Bg H${dVm AmXmobZ goo {hXr gm{h` _| _w{V~moY,
^dmZr gmX {_l, e_eoa ~hmXya qgh, H$s{V MmYar, ^maV^yfU AJdmb, gd}da X`mb
ggoZm, Ho$XmaZmW AJdmb, b_rH$mV d_m, OJXre JwV, _wm amjg, Zo{_M OZ,
^mH$a _mMdo, amOH$_b MmYar, aKwdra ghm`, lrH$mV d_m, Xw`VHw$_ma, Yy{_b, Hw$da
ZmamÙ, H$bme dmOno`r, lram_ d_m, XwYZmW qgh Ogo geV _hdnyU H${d CâH$a
Amò& XodamO Zo H$hm h H$s 'Bg H${dVm Zo hr nhbr ~ma `{V H$mo `{V H$s nanam _|
aIH$a XoIZo H$m `mg {H$`m& ^{VH$mb go boH$a J{VdmX VH$ `{V H$mo _{Xa, _hb,
dJ, AmH$me, Ama _mg H$s VWmH${WV _mg dm{X`m| mam d` H$s JB Adm^m{dH$
`m`mAm| Ho$ aJrZ nQ>m| _| bnoQ>m Om ahm h& Z`r H${dVm Zo hr Cgo Am_ {OXJr H$s
AN>mB`m| Ama ~wamB`m| Ho$ ~rM _Zmodkm{ZH$ n _| {M{V {H$`m h& AV Z`r H${dVm Zo
`{V H$mo nanam go H$mQ>m Zht, ~pH$ OmoS>m h& '' `h _V ghr ^r {VV hmoVm hmo naVy H$~ra
234
Ogo H${d`m| Zo OZVm H$s ~mV OZVm H$s ^mfm _| H$hr h, dh {hXr gm{h` _| nhbm H${d Ama
CgH$s H${dVm h {OgZo OZm{^`{V' H$mo nyU noZ pdH$ma {H$`m Wm& Z`r H${dVm _| `h
nanam {\$a {dH${gV hmoVr h& `h CgH$s H$Q>r nanam go OwS>r ^mdZmE h Eogm H$hm OmòJm&
'^{V H$mb' eX `moJ O~ XodamO H$aVo h Vmo H$~ra Cgr H$mb _| AmVo h& Ama Ch| `m|
Im[aO H$aZm, A`mo` hmoJm, `mo{H$ ewbOr Ho$ AZwgma 'D$M-ZrM Ama Om{V-nmVr Ho$
^md H$m `mJ Ama ^{V Ho$ {bE _Zw` _m Ho$ g_mZm{YH$ma H$m drH$ma Wm& '' H$~ra _|
_Zw` _m Ho$ {bE g_mZm{YH$ma H$s ^mdZm Zo Ch| gm_m{OH$, OZVm{^_yI ~Zm`m Ama
Cht Ho$ Xw:I, nrS>m, {df_Vm H$mo H${dVm _| bm`m& _Zw` na Bda, Y_, nanam, {T>`m| H$s
Jwbm_r Ho$ dMd H$mo CR>m`m&
dU-{df` Ho$ gmW ^mfm ^r Cgr H$ma H$s ahr h& '{IMS>r' AWmV gmYmaU
OZ H$s ^mfm h& Z`r H${dVm _| ^r '^rS>', 'g_wh' A{^`V hAm h& Cg H$s dVVm H$s
ajm H$m Z IS>m {H$`m J`m h& CgHo$ AV~mh` `{Vd H$s A{^`{V Zo Cgo H$~ra H$s
nanam go OmoS>m Eogm H$hZm A{Vemo{$ Zht hmoJr&
9.7 ~moY Z 1. ZB H${dVm H$s d{mm| H$s MMm H$s{OE&
235
10
ZdJrV
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

CX^d
Zm_H$aU
{dH$mg
d{m`m
~moY Z
10.0 BH$mB H$m Co

H$. {hXr | JrV H$s nanam H$m {dH$mg H$go hAm h OmZZm&
I. ZdJrV h Zm Bgo m| {Xm Jm Ama BgH$s d{mm {H$g H$ma H$s h
BgH$m AZ H$aZm&
K. ZdJrV | eha Ama Jmd H$s gdoXZm H$mo A{^V H$aVo hE CgHo$ H${d {H$g
H$ma H$m AZw^d VrV H$aVm h Bgo XoIZm-gPZm&
S>. ZdJrV {hXr gm{h H$s EH$ ge$ {dYm h Omo hm H$s OrZ go OwS>o ahZo H$m
~moY H$amVr h&
10.1 CX^d :{hXr _| Jr{V H$m` H$s nanam Am{XH$mb go hr ahr h>& {dmn{V, A_ra Iwgamo _|
Bgo XoIm Om gH$Vm h& ^{V H$m` Ho$ H${d`m| Zo Vmo Bgo Ma_ CH$f na nhMm`m ImgH$a
H$U^V H${d`m| _| gyaXmg, ZXXmg, _ram~mB Ho$ nX Jo` aho h& ar{VH$mb _| Z`, gJrV
Ogo H$bmAm| H$m ~h_wIr {dH$mg hAm& `hm go ^maVoXww H$mb VH$ JrV nanam H$s OS>m| go
nmo{fV aho h& {doXr `wJ H$s B{VdVm_H$Vm H$s d{m Zo H${dVm H$mo J n _| drH$mam
Jo`Vm H$m A^md Bg H$mb _| ~Zm ahm {H$Vw gmX, nV, {Zambm Ama _hmXodr Zo g\$b JrVm|
H$m boIZ {H$`m& ò H$m\$s {gX ^r hE ^mdm_H$Vm, d`{VH$Vm, AZw^y{V H$s
amJm_H$Vm, gJrVm_H$Vm, g{jVVm Am{X JwUmo do b~mb~ âo JrVm| Zo {\$a EH$ ~ma CH$f
H$mb XoIm& CgHo$ ~mX ~MZ, {ed_Jb qgh "gw_Z', am_oda ewb 'AMb' Zao e_m,
^JdVrMaU d_m, Ho$XmaZmW {_l 'YmZ', JmonmbXmg ggoZm 'ZraO' Xod| em "B'
moJo Xm em, CmH$mV "mbdr' dVmZ | ^maVoX {l, YZO, Hw$da ~oM nmb
Agr, {dkmZ Am{X`m| Ho$ JrV __ neu, Ed gm_m{OH$ gamoH$ma Ho$ gmW AmemdmXr,
_mZdVm Ho$ Jm`H$ aho h&
236
10.2 Zm_H$aU :gZ 1950 Ho$ ~mX JrV H$s MoVZm _| n[adVZ Am`m Ama ''`h _mZm OmZo bJm {H$
JrVm| H$m da Zò OrdZ Ama Z`r J{V Ho$ {V AmWm Ama {ddmg H$m da aho h& '' Bg
Z`r MoVZm H$mo XoIVo hE hr 'Z`m JrV', 'AmO H$m JrV', 'AmYw{ZH$ JrV', 'Zò JrV' Am{X
{d{^Z Zm_m| go Cgo {MphV {H$`m J`m& gZ 1975 _| drao {_l Zo 'Z`r H${dVm, Zò JrV:
_y`mH$Z H$s g_`m`| '{df` na Bbmhm~mX Ho$ gm{h`H$ma g_obZ _| AnZm AmboI nT>m&
'ZdJrV' gkm gd W_ lr. amOo gmX qgh Zo 'JrVm{JZr' Ho$ _m`_ go gZ 1958 _|
XmZ {H$ Bhr H$s 'AmBZm' n{H$m Zo ZdJrV H$mo Cda ^y_r {Xbm`r& gZ 58 _| 'bha' Ho$
gnmXH$ H$me OZ H$m H${dVmH$ Am`m& Bgr | go JrV Ho$ Zò Voda H$m nVm MbVm h&
gnmXH$ _ho eH$a H$s 'dmgVr' mam Am`mo{OV 'Zò JrV: Zò da' H$s lIbm Zo ^r
ZdJrV H$mo J{V Xr& BgHo$ ~mX _m dV ZdJrVH$mam| Ho$ gH$bZ VWm g_doV gH$bZ
Amò& {OZ_| _hdnyU h, 'JrVm{JZr' Ho$ Abmdm 'H${dVm' 64 (1964), JrV-EH$
(1966) JrV-Xmo (1967), gmVd| XeH$ Ho$ CâVo ZdJrVH$ma' (1967) nmM OmoS> ~mgwar
(1969), ZdJrV XeH$-EH$ (1982), ZdJrV XeH$-Xmo (1983), ZdJrV XeH$-VrZ
(1984) Ama `mm _o gmW-gmW (1984) Am{X _hdnyU h&
ZdJrV Zo CnZo Cg H$mo Jm_ MoVZm Ho$ gmW ~XbVo ZJa ~moY _| Am`r OrdZ H$s
{dgJ{V`m| _| nm`m& OrdZ `WmW VWm Imb ~ZmVr Om ahr BgmZr`VVm H$mo da {X`m
ZdJrV Zo& '' Bg g_` ZdJrV AnZr nyar e{V Ed gmYZ go mMrZ nanamJV {T>`m| Ed
_V aMZm-Y{_Vm H$mo VmoS>H$a gm_{OH$ n[apW{V Ho$ {dn_` pW{V H$mo da XoVm {XIVm
h& 'ZdJrV' `wJ H$s V_m_ _Zmod{m`m| H$mo g_m{d> H$a Cgo VwV H$aZm MmhVm h& Bg{bE
Bg g_` 'ZdJrV' _| {OVZm AmH$moe h, {OVZm VZmd h, {OVZr ZnwgH$Vm h, {OVZr
T>Vm h, {OVZm jmo^ h, {OVZr nrS>m h, {OVZr CXmgr h, Cbmg Ho$ {bE {OVZr bbH$
h, _w{V Ho$ {bE {OVZr Vrd N>Q>nQ>mhQ> h, CVZm g~ Hw$N> em`X hr H$^r JrV _| XoIm J`m
hmo& `h ~Xbmd AH$maU Zht h& BgHo$ _wb _| Am-gm_Vr, AY nyOrdmXrAYCn{ZdoedmXr gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{WH$ `dWm Ho$ gH$ma {Z{hV h Omo nyar
j_Vm Ho$ gmW H${d g_mO H$mo AnZo AmXe H$s Amoa T>Ho$b aho h& '' ZdJrV AnZr gH${V,
_mZdr` amJm_H$Vm, bmoH$ gX^ go OwS>r _wbV: AmM{bH$ d{m h& eharH$aU Ho$ H$maU
{dH${gV hmoVr gdoXZmAm| go OwS>H$a dh {dVV hmo MwH$s h& `h H$moB Am`m{VV nanam Zht
Bgr {_>r H$s CnO h& dVwV: 'ZdJrV AnZr gOZ {H$`m _| gXd gOJ Ed gH$s` ahm''
h& AZoH$ {dXdmZm| Zo Cgo N>m`mdmX Ama Z`r H${dVm H$s JrV nanam H$mo OmoS>Zodmbm goVy
_mZm h& `h ghr ^r h& ''N>m`mdmXr JrV nanam Ho$ {bO{bOo, _mgb, _mXH$, JwXJwXo,
H$nZm{lV d`{VH$Vm H$s O_rZ H$mo N>moS>H$a OrdZ Ho$ IwaXaonZ H$mo da Xo ahm Wm, Vmo
Xwgar Amoa Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Zrag ZmJarH$aU Ama `m{H$ n[adoe-{Og_| ~oJmZmnZ, {dKQ>Z,
AOZ~rnZ, KwQ>Z, AZmWm, gmg, IrP, namO`, Hw$R>m H$m {MU Wm&'' Eogo _| ZdJrV
_m BZ gmar {MOm| H$mo ZH$ma H$a, ''_mZd Ho$ MoVZm_H$ Va na mH${VH$ Zo{hb Am`mm|
mam Eogm g_d` VwV H$a ahm Wm Omo _pVH$ H$mo CX~w H$aVm nXm Ama gmW hr X`
237
H$mo agmbm{dV ^r& '' ZdJrV Zo N>m`mdmX H$s amo_m{Z`V H$m gH$ma Vmo {H$`m hr Z`r
H${dVm H$mo ^r AnZr Zo{hV b`mpd{V Ed ghO ~moYJ`Vm go ghmam {X`m& Z`r H${dVm Ho$
Qw>Q>Vo hE gm_m{OH$ gamoH$ma H$mo ZdJrV Zo AnZr Cda Ed geV bmoH$m{^`{V Ho$ _m`_
go nwZ: g_mO go OmoS>Zo H$m `mg {H$`m'' Ama H${dVm H$s XwhVm H$s OJh Zo{hb ^md
gdoXZ go `{V _Z H$mo PH$V Ama PH$PmoaVm ahm h&
10.3 ZdJrV H$m {dH$mg

ZdJrV H$m AmYw{ZH$ {dH$mg VrZ H$mbIS>mo _| {d^m{OV H$a XoIm Om gH$Vm h&
1. W_ Va (1950 go 1960 VH$)
2. {mr` Va (1960 go 1970 VH$)
3. VVr` Va (1970 go A~ VH$)
W_ Va dV ^maV _| 'Zdamo_m{Z`VVm' go âm AmemdmXr Ama
'`WmWmo_wIVm' H$m ahm h& Zoh H$s {dH$mg g^mdZmAm| go ^m{dV Zò boIH$m| H$s nrT>r
H$m `h Xma, gm_m{OH$ {T>`mo, nanamAm| Ho$ {V AmH$moe, {dmoh go âm ahm h& n[aUm_V:
AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m Zdamo_m{Z`VVm H$m ^md Bg H$mbIS> _| {bIo Jò ZdJrVm| _| {XImB XoVm
h&
{mr` Va ~XbVr ZJa~moY H$s MoVZm go âm h, {Og_| OrdZ _| Am`r
`m{H$Vm, AOZ~rnZ, {dgJ{V`m, gmg, Hw$R>m Ho$ gmW ghO Jm` ~moY nm`m OmVm h&
ApVddmX Ho$ ^md H$m Xma ZdJrVm| na ^r ahm h&
VVr` Va OrdZ `WmWVm, OrdZ _| ~T>Vm gm_m{OH$-amOZr{VH$, AH$mVVm,
bmoH$V H$m ImoIbmnZ, n[adVZ {V {Zamem, Ho$ gmW AmnmVH$mb Ho$ AmVH$ go ^m{dV
ahm h& _Zw` _Z AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ H$maU CâH$a Am`r Hw$R>m, gmg, AOZ~rnZ,
AZmWm, D$~, KwQ>Z, nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z VoOr go \$bm& ZB H${dVm H$s Vah ZdJrV ^r
ApVddmX H$s AZw^y{V H$m d`{VH$ Va na AZw^d H$a ahm Wm& Cgr H$s A{^`{V
gm_m{OH$ n bo MwH$s h&
e^wZmW qgh H$s '_m`_ _', Ohm XX Zrbm h, am_Xae {_l H$s '_oao {`
JrV', Hw$da ~oMZ H$s '^rVa gmH$b-~mha gmH$b AZwn Aeof H$s 'dh _oao Jmd H$s hgr Wr,
_`H$ lrdmVd H$s 'ghgm hAm Ka', Xodo e_m B H$s 'nWarbo emoa _| VWm 'Hw$hao H$s
`mMm' {dao {_l H$s 'A{dam_ Mb _YwdVr', `moJoXm e_m H$s 'Iwe~wAm| Ho$ Xe', Ohra
Hw$aoer H$s 'EH$ Qw>H$S>m Yyn', _hoda {Vdmar H$s "haqgJma H$moB Vmo hmo', R>mHw$agmX qgh H$s
'der Ama _mXb,' C_mH$mV _mbdr` EH$ Mmdb Zoh arYm', ~wpXZmW {_l H$s, 'Omb \o$H$
ao _N>oao, lram_ qgh 'eb^' H$s 'nmM OmoS> ~mgyar, nmc ^grZ H$s "Iwe~wAm| H$s gmJmV'
Z{MHo$Vm H$s 'AmX_H$X I~ao', {dmgmJa d_m Ho$ 'H$mohao H$m Jmd, a_oe aOH$ H$s 'hamnZ
Zht Qw>Q>oJm' AmXr ZdJrV H$mam| H$mo JrV Ed JrV gH$bZ ZdJrV Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo g_X H$aVo
ZOa AmVo h& BZ_| Anma g^mdZm H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h& ZdJrVm| H$s {d{dY d{m`m ahr h
238
{H$Vw Jm_ OrdZ AWmV O_rZ go OwS>r `h {dYm geV ahr h& Bgr _| CgH$m gm_` ahm
h& dh {H$gr Am`mVrV {dMma ^y_r na IS>m Zht h, daUm A{YH$me H${dVm, H${dVm
AmXmobZ {dXoer dmXm|, {dMmam| na {bIr J`r h& Hw$da ~oMZ Zo H$hm h""{Ohm|Zo IarXr h
Xya go, {dXoem| go
Qy>Q>r ~gm{I`m
do g~ Vmo H$hbmE
~wpX_mZ, VJS>o,
h_ nyao AmX_r
AnZo hr nmd IS>o
{\$a ^r Vmo Kmo{fV h- bJS>o&''
(Hw$da ~oMZ, {nZ ~hV gmao, n-45)
ZdJrVH$mam| H$s `h KmofUm hr h H$s h_ ^maVr` XeZ, 'h_ nyao AmX_r' AWmV
nyUV h Ama Bgr Ho$ _m`_ go do AnZr ~mV H$aVm Om ahm h& ^maVr` OrdZ_y`m| Ho$ Vr
AmWm CZ_| ahr h&
10.4 ZdJrV H$s d{m`m ZdJrV H$s {V~XVm AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Ho$ Xma _| ~ZVo-{~JS>Vo _Zmo^md MoVZm Ho$
{d{dY Am`m_m| go JwOaVo hE {damQ> AZw^dm| H$s A{^`{V dn Câr, nZnr, ~T>r h&
BZH$m g~Y A{YH$Va gm_m{OH$ gamoH$mamo go ahm h&
1. gm_m{OH$ `WmW:ZdJrV `WmW Ho$ Vr AmJhr ahm h& dVwV: 'X{hH$ amo_mZ VWm H$mn{ZH$
Am`mZ go _wV hmoH$a AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ {dgJV njm| H$mo A{^`V H$aZo Ho$ nrN>o `hr
`WmW-~moY H$m_ H$a ahm Wm& Xygar Vah go H$ho Vmo `h {H$, ZdJrV AnZr Bgr dmr Ho$
MbVo 'ZdJrV' gkm A{OV H$a gH$m h& n> h {H$ ZdJrV H$s gnyU gmX`_`Vm Bg
`WmW {MU Ho$ H$maU hr {Z{_V hB VWm ZdJrV gm{h` _| AnZm dV ApVd H$m`_
H$a gH$m& '' dra| {_l Zo Bgo hr n> {H$`m h ''Xya hmoVr Om ahr h H$nZm
nmg AmVr Om ahr h qOXJr''
(dra| {_l - JrV_)
Bgr Vah ZdJrV nwamZo ^md~moY go {ZH$bH$a AmYw{ZH$ hmo J`m Ama CgZo OZ
OZ Ho$ gmW AWmV g_mO Ho$ gmW AnZm [aVm H$m`_ {H$`m& Bgr OJh dh gm_m{OH$
`WmW Ho$ {V {V~X `m `mo H$h| X`m~moY aIVm h& dra| {_l hr AmJo H$hVo h''nra Voar H$a ahr J_JrZ _wPH$mo
Ama Cggo ^r A{YH$
239
Voao Z`Z H$m Zra amZr
Ama Cggo ^r A{YH$
ha nmd H$s OOra amZr& ''
(dhr)
R>mHw$a gmX qgh Bgr H$ma gm_m{OH$ dU {df_Vm VWm Zmar emofU H$mo EH$
JrV _| ~mYVo h''_oao Ka Ho$ nrN>o MXZ h
bmb MXZ h,
Vw_ Cna Q>mobo H$s
_ {ZMbo Jmd H$s
amh| ~Z OmVr h ao
H${S>`m nmd H$s
g_Pmo {H$VZm _oao mUm| na ~YZ h
Am OmZm ~XZ h
bmb MXZ h&''
(R>mHw$agmX qgh- der Ama ~mXb, n-23)
mUm| na ~YZ' _Z _| {dfmX â XoVm h, H$Um nXm H$aVm h, Vmo 'Am OmZm
~XZ h' {df_Vm_wbH$ `dWm H$mo `V H$aVm h, Zmar emofU H$mo gm_Zo bmVm h& 'bmb'
Ho$ Vr Zoh Ama '~YZ' Z {_b nmZo H$m ^md JrV Ho$ gmX` H$mo ~S>mVm h& 'H${S>`m nmd H$s'
{df_ dU `dWm H$m gHo$V H$aVr h&
ZdJrVH$mam| _| 'gm_m{OH$ A`dWm' go `WmWmZw^yVr H$m ^md Câm h& `h
A`dWm, _y`, gH$ma, _erZrH$aU, emofU_wbH$ `dWm, {df_Vm, AmYw{ZH$Vm go
CnOr _Zmodmr`m| Ho$ n[aUm_dn Câr h& Bgr H$mo A{^`V H$aVo hE _mZdr` {nS>m H$mo
JrVm| _| ~mYm h& A`dWm Ho$ {Ibm$, ZdJrV {dH$mg H$mbIS> Ho$ {Vr` VWm VVr` MaU
_| {dmoh H$m `h da Ama ^r VrIm h& dh g_W _mZd H$mo XoIVm hAm ^r CZHo$
qH$H$V`{d_yT>Vm go jwX h& H$^r-H$^r dh A`m{YH$ Hw$X hmo OmVm h'"IS>ha _Wb, ~rhS> OJb go hmoH$a h_
Amò {Og R>ma {d`m~mZ h- AYoam h,
~Oa, Hw$R>m, AH$mb, mg, ^wI_ar, {MVm
H$s YaVr H$mo H$mbo {j{VOm| Zo Koam h
A{êm{nV Xoe `hm
H$^r Hw$N> Zht hmoJm
Mmho {H$VZo XYr{M ApW-~rO ~mo Om`|&''
(Amo_ ^mH$a, nwn-a{MV, n. 87)
ZdJrV H$s gdoXZm Ho$ {d{dY nj h& `WmW {MU, AmYw{ZH$Vm, ZJa~moY,
Jm_~moY, AmmoJrH$aU, _y`m| H$m hZZ Am{X& AmOmXr Ho$ Vr, gmR>momar H${dVm H$s Vah
_moh^J H$s pW{V ZdJrVH$mam| _| ^r nm`r OmVr h& ''AmOmXr Ho$ nyd, gwI Ho$ Omo gnZo bmoJm|
240
Zo gOmoò Wo, AmOmXr {_bZo na CZH$s ny{V Vmo Xya, Z{g{I`m| H$s `dWm Zo CZ na Zò
AHw$e bmXo VWm ^>mMma, amOZr{V go hmoVr hB h XbZ Ed XZ d{m gm_m` OZ _|
{d> hmoZo bJr& Eogo _| bmoJm| H$m `dWm Ho$ Vro jwY hmoZm bmO_r Wm& '' Bgr ^md H$mo
Xodo e_m B Zo 'nWarbo emoa _|' `V {H$`m h''OmZo AZOmZo _| h_Zo `h ^yb H$s
XoIo gwI Ho$ gnZo N>md _| ~~yb H$s&
PyR>o {ZH$bo gmao
AmdmgZ,
`W hB gmYZm&
{hbm Zht ^yVm H$m
qghmgZ,
{Z\$b AmamYZm&
VQ> na h_ IS>o IS>o `mX| ~wZVo ahoQy>Q>o Ob`mZ Ho$ IpS>V _Vyb H$s& ''
gm_m{OH$ `WmW H$s ^mdm{^`{V ZdJrV H$s _hdnyU {deofVm ahr h& ZdJrV
d`{VH$Vm go {ZH$bH$a g_mO, Xoe H$s pW{V H$m {ZXeH$ ahm h& `hr CgH$m _y`~moY
ahm h&
2. Jm_ ~moY ZdJrVH$ma m` Jm_ OrdZ Ho$ {ZH$Q> ahm h& CgHo$ {V AZwaV, `m H$ho
'_mohJV' ahm h& Jmd BZHo$ {bE 'gmH${VH$ Yamoha' ahr h& ''Jm` OrdZ H$m
Am_r`VmnyU, nm[adm[aH$ gX^m] Am{X H$mo _{V Ho$ ghmao ZdJrV _| dh bmVm h& {Og na
eharH$aU Ho$ AmH$_U {ZaVa hmo aho h& BgH$m _yb H$maU Am{WH$ X~m~ h {OgHo$ ZJa _|
nyao hmoZo Ho$ Adga A{YH$ h& Bg{bE Jmd Ho$ bmoJ eha H$s Va\$ ^mJ aho h& ZdJrVH$ma
ehaOrdr h na Jmd H$s _Ywa _{V CgHo$ _Z _| {OXm h& dh bmoJm| H$mo AJmh H$aVm h''
eha _V AmZm'"Ka H$s {H$bV ^yI-{~_mar
hg H$a gh OmZm
^`m!
eha Zht AmZm&''
(AZyn Aeof, ZdJrV XeH$-2 n-39)
`m|{H$ dh _mgw{_`V, ^mobonZ H$mo CS>m bo OmVm h& Jmd Ho$ {V AWm Ama ZJa
{V AZmWm H$m ^md ZdJrVH$mam| _| A`m{YH$ ahm h& _mYdogmX Zo R>rH$ H$hm h H$s,
''ZdJrVH$ma {Og gmX` H$m gOZ H$aVm h dh ^r eharH$aU Ho$ ImoIbonZ VWm JmÒrdZ Ho$ _{V_ybH$ Am_n[adoe go AZw{UV h& ~moY Ho$ Va na ZdJrVH$ma `hm
njYaVm H$m {eH$ma hmo J`m h& EH$ Amoa Ohm Cggo Jm`- OrdZ H$s ~Xhmbr, _y`hrZVm,
AmMma ^>Vm Ny>Q> J`r h dht Xygar Va\$ eham| H$s AN>mX`m| H$mo ^r ZOa AXmO H$a XoVm
241
h& ~moY H$m `h n[adVZ gmX` H$m dh ` CnpWV H$aVm h {Og_| Jmd g~Ym| H$s {_R>mg
H$m n`m` h- _rR>mnZ Omo bm`m Wm Jmd go/Hw$N> {XZ eha ahm/ A~ H$S>dr H$H$S>r' BVZm
hr Zhr eha n[adma {~Iamd Ho$ H$maU ~Z Jò h, CgH$s MMm â go Xrdma| XaH$Zo bJVr h
'Xrdma| {hbVr O~ Ka H$s/MMmE O_Vr/eha H$s& '' ~wT>mno _| _mVm-{nVm AnZo ~Mmo go
~S>r AmemE aIVo h {H$Vw do eha OmH$a g~H$mo ^yb OmVo h& Jmd H$go hmo MwHo$ h BgHo$ AZyn
Aeof Zo `V {H$`m h''~yT>o {XZ h, Jmd AHo$bo
bS>Ho$ eha Jò
IoVm| _| H$Mo C{O`mao
CZH$mo ~moò H$mZ
WH$s nwamZr Xoh
Yyn H$mo ~oMo AmYo-nmZ
Zr_ Vbo boQ>o gmQ>o {\$a Xmonha-Jò&''
(dh _oao Jmd H$s hgr Wr-n-60)
Jmd _| A~ Ho$db ~wT>o aho h `m {Oh| eha OmZm AmgmZ Zht bJVm dh& ZJam|,
_hmZJam| H$s Am{WH$, gw{dYm, M_H$-X_H$ H$m AmH$fU, amoOr-amoQ>r Ho$ gdmb H$mo gwbPmZo
â H$m ahm h {\$a ^r Jmd CZH$mo Nw>Q>Vm Zht& CgHo$ Vr Am_r`Vm, ^mdyH$Vm AH$maU Zht,
gH$maU h& ehar OrdZ-_y`m| go Vmb_ob {~R>mVo-{~R>mVo dh ~ma-~ma Jmd H$s Amoa bmQ>Vm
h& Bg_| dh H$^r Qw>Q>Z, Nw>Q>Z, mgXr, {dgJVr, I>m-{_R>mnZ nmVm h& {ed~hmXya qgh
^Xm[a`m H$m EH$ JrV Jmd Ho$ _hd H$mo aoIm{H$V H$aVm h''Jmd go ^mJm bo{H$Z
`hm ^r Zht gdam,
MbVo jU ZmB Omo {XIm J`m Amagr
`W ahr, AjV g~
PyR>m Wm `mo{Vfr,
e{Z H$mon nhbo-gm hr
`m| H$m `m| R>ham&''
(ZdJrV XeH$-1 n-101)
`m EH$ Xwgao JrV _o `moJ|Xm e_m H$hVo h""~pV`mo _| H$mM-gm _Z
Qy>Q> OmZm h,
Jmd O~ nrN>o eha go
Ny>Q> OmVm h& ''
(Iwe~wAm| Ho$ Xoe-n-26)
`m _`H$ lrdmVd H$hVo h''Jmd ZJm H$a {X`m h
H$maImZm| Zo
242
Ama Iw{e`m N>rZ H$a
aI br g`mZm| Zo&''
(gh_m hAm Ka-n. 17)
BZ CXmhaUm| _| Jm_-~moY H$s AZw^y{V hmoVr h& ZdJrVH$mam| Ho$ {bE, ''Jmd
gH${V H$m gajH$ h& dhm Am_r`Vm h, g~Ymo H$m {Zdmh h naVw BZ g~Ho$ ~mdOyX Jmd _|
(dh) gVw> Zht h Ama eha H$s Va\$ ^mJVm h Bgo ZdJrVH$mam| H$s {dgJ{V ^r H$hm OmE
m gw{dYm naVr& `h ZdJrV H$m AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ {V AmJh h& dh AnZo OrdZ _|
~Xbmd MmhVm h, AnZr gh^m{JVm H$s ghr g_P nmZm MmhVm h& naVy gmW hr dh AnZo
_y`m| _| ~Xbmd H$m BNw>H$ H$VB Zht h, AnZr gH${V H$mo boH$a dh J{dV ^r h Ama eham|
H$s _y`hrZVm H$mo hH$maV H$s {> go XoIVm h& ''
3. ZJa ~moY :ZdJrV _| eha V_m_ ZH$mam_H$ _y`m| Ho$ VrH$ n _| CâH$a Am`m h&
gmH${VH$ hmg, {dKQ>Z, nm[adm[aH$ Qy>Q>Z, ZH$brnZ, CXmgr, {~Iamd, g~Ymo H$m
Im_m, Cn^moVm gH${V Ho$ O_, Am{WH$sH$aU, emofU, Ùm, D$~, KwQ>Z, VZmd,
AOZ~r`V, AZ{VH$Vm, B`m{X H$m H$maU eharH$aU H$mo _mZVo hE ZdJrVH$ma Zo AnZo
~moY H$mo BgHo$ {Ibm$ IS>m H$a {X`m h Ama gmX` Ho$ Cg Zò _mZH$ H$m emoY {H$`m h Omo
{g\$ _mZd Ho$ Cbm{gV VWm _Yya gX^m] go hr {Z{_V Zht hmoVm daZ OrdZ Ho$ XwIm_H$
nhbwAm| H$mo ^r gne H$aVm h& '' dVwV ZdJrV _| eha OrdZ H$s gdoXZ{gVVm H$m
ânya {MU Am`m h& Jm_ H$s VwbZm H$aVo hE ZdJrVH$mam| Zo ZJa ~moY H$s A{^`{V H$s
h& BZH$s BZ gmar gdoXZmAm| H$mo amOo JmV_ Ho$ eXm| _| `V {H$`m Om gH$Vm h''dgH$ AUw-Am| Ho$ AmVH$ Ho$ gmò _|, `m{H$ `wJ Ho$ ^`mdh VZmd _|, ^m{VH$Vm Ho$
{d\$moQ> go _mZdr` g~Ym| H$s I{S>VVm Ho$ ~rM, AmXem} Ho$ Qy>Q>-{~Ia OmZo dmbo ImoIbonZ
Ho$ XmamZ, A{ZM` H$s AYoamo, gwaJm| go JwOaVo hE, _wImQ>mYmar amOZr{V Ho$ n[ahmgZmQ>H$ Ho$ ~rM VWm _y`m| H$s {^{m H$mo ââmH$a {JaVo XoIVo hE ^r OrdZ _| gmX` H$sEH$ ZdrZ gmX` H$s- ImoO hr _mZdr` {ddmg H$s CnbpY H$s EH$ _m amh hmo gH$Vr Wr
Ama `h ImoO {Og H$ma Ho$ gmX` VH$ Bg nrT>r H$mo bo J`r, CgH$s _yb-gaMZm H$m gmX`
H$s 'H${_Q>r' go {^ hmoZm ^r An[ahm` Wm, g^dV: Bgr{bE ZdJrVH$ma Zo _erZr
H$mobmhb Ho$ ~rM b`m| H$m gYmZ {H$`m h, VZmdm| Ho$ ~rM gdoJm| H$mo A{^`{V Xr h, EH$ag ^m{VH$Vm Ho$ ~rM mUdmZ {~~m| H$m gOZ {H$`m h, {~Iamd Ama Qy>Q>Z Ho$ ~rM {en H$mo
gpb>rH$V n {X`m h&''
ehar OrdZ H$s Amnm-Ymnr, `VVm Ho$ H$maU `m{H$ OrdZ OrZo Ho$ {bE
`{V {dde h, _O~ya h& Bgr H$maU CZH$m OrdZ ag gwI J`m h& _`dJu` ZmoH$ar noem
dJ Ho$ {bE eha H$gm hmo J`m h Bgo _mhoda {Vdmar Zo AnZo JrV haqgJma H$moB Vmo hmo' _|
`V {H$`m h'"eha hmo Jò,
gmao Jwb_moha, A_bVmg
^rS> _hmZJa hmo Jò&
243
gw~h| OJt,
Obr AJr{R>`m
YwAm nhZZo bJo _H$mZ
MrIm| go
â JB {Xem`|
emoa nhZ
gw hE H$mZ
gmo` H$_aoo
CR>H$a g\$a hmo Jò &''
ehadmgr`m| _| ~ZmdQ>rnZ CâH$a Am`m h & EH$ H$ma go do AmnMm[aH$Vm H$m
{Zdmh H$aVo OmVo h {Oggo Amngr [aVm| _| bJmd, `m H$ho 'ag" Ho$ gmoVo \w$Q>Zm ~X- gm hmo
J`m h& a_oe aOH$ Ho$ eXm| _| - "{\$a Z ao{JVmZ hmoVo/ Xoh _| Eogo/ {\$a Z AmVo ma na/
_oh_mZ hmo Ogo/ h{S>S>`m| H$mo H$mQ>Vr `m|/ AmnMm[aH$Vm '' ~mV `hm VH$ H$s Zht eha Zo
Jm_ OrdZ H$s Kmoa Cnojm H$s h& CgH$m XmohZ {H$`m h ''eha ~wbS>moOa H$s Vah Cgo amX
ahm h & '' ,'' em_| g~ gaH$mar hmo J`r / AnZmnZ noQ> _| X~moMH$a/ N>mVr na go eha
JwOa J`m/ OmZo {H$VZm {Zarh gmoMH$a&
ehar `dWm go ZdJrVH$mam| H$mo {MT> h & do Cggo naoemZ ^r h na Cggo Xya ^r
Zht ah nmVo, CgH$s aVma _o do em_rb hmo OmVo h IwX H$mo Cg_| OmoS>Zm MmhVo h& na O~
H$^r D$~ OmVo h {Zame hmo OmVo h Vmo H$hVo h - ' AS>o/ `mO/ _wJ \${b`m|/ Ho$bmo Ho$
{N>bH$m|/ `V {ZamoYm|/ Ama ar H$mJO Ho$ Qw>H$S>m|/ {gJaoQ> Ho$ Imbr {S>~m| go/ AQ>rnQ>r ò b~r gS>H|$/ ò gmjr h dkm{ZH$ {dH$mg H$s & '' (Xodo e_m B, Hw$hao H$s `mMm,
n-29)
g\o$Xnmoe bmoJm| H$m EH$ {M lrH$U {Vdmar H$m JrV 'gmQ>o H$s Prb' _o Am`m
h& dVwV '' ehar {OXJr Ho$ {Og AmMaU Zo ZdJrVH$ma H$mo Iy~ _Wm h dh h CgH$s
_wImamYmar d{m D$na go XoIZo _| g^r ear\$ naVy dmV{dH$Vm _o {Zhm`V JXo Ama Hy$a&
'' (n-139) ZdJrVH$mam| H$mo YmoIm Bhr dJ go {_bm em`X `hr H$maU h H$s Bg dJ Ho$
Vr CZ_| A{YH$ AmH$moe {XIVm h ""~mha go hgVo h bmoJ
AXa go amoVo h bmoJ
OmZo `h H$gr Am~mohdm
OmZo `h H$go bmoJ,
AmImo _| ~\$sbr Prb,
AmoR>m| na ~m$Xr \$mg,
H$mZm| _| OJb H$m emoa,
~ham h _Z H$m AmH$me&''
(gmQ>o H$s Prb- n- 5)
I_ hmoVr _mZdr`Vm Ama Cgna H$s AmWm Ho$ gH$Q>~moY Ho$ Xma go ZdJrVH$ma
JwOa ahm h& `h gH$Q> nhMmZ H$m h, h_mar g`Vm, _w`m| H$s ajm H$m h& 'AmZodmbr nrT>r
244
Ho$ gm_Zo H$m `wJ H$gm hmoJm' H$s qMVm BZ_| h& ~T>Vo ImoIbonZ, g_m hmoVr OrdVVm H$s
Vbme BZHo$ JrVm| _| h&emVr gw_Z H$m JrV 'Amo Vr{jV' _| `hr ^md `V hAm h'' `h eha nWam| H$m eha
Qy>Q>r hB gw~h `hm
PwH$s hB em_
Oobm| go XVa VH$
em{nV Amam_
JmR>m| gr Jm{b`m| _| âr-âr ~X~y
gm\$ hdm H$s OJh {n`| g^r Oha
nWam| H$m eha&
KwQ>Vo g~Ym| H$s
MMm ~XZm_,
YwE Ho$ N>bm|-gm
OrZm ZmH$m_
_H$S>r Ho$ Ombm|-gr {~N>r hB CbPZ|
gVhr eVm} go g~ X~o hE nha
nWam| H$m eha& ''
n- 31
g~Ym| H$s Qy>Q>Z, gdoXZhrZVm, `m{H$Vm, XwfU, JXJr, {ZaWH$Vm H$m `WmW
ZdJrVH$mam| Zo VwV {H$`m h& g~Ym| Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo VWm AmnMm[aH$Vm Ho$ H$maU ehar `{V
nWa ~ZVm Om ahm h&
eha ZdJrVH$mam| Ho$ {bò ''Cn^moVm gH${V Ho$ ^moJdmXr T>mMo H$m Zm h
{Og_| AmXe, _y`, Z{VH$Vm g^r Hw$N> ^_ hmo MwHo$ h & BgHo$ A{V[aV amOZr{VH$
fS>`, g\o$Xnmoe AnamY, ZH$brnZ, `m{H$Vm g~ {_bH$a eha H$mo ~X$n H$aZo Ho$ {bò
n`m h Ama `{X Eogo _| eha ZmQ>H$-Ka bJZo bJo Vmo AmM` Zht - '_oam eha _hmZ
ZmQ>H$-Ka / Ogm bJVm h/... Hw$N> _m{ha h AmJ-bJmH$a / hmW g|H$Zo _| / bJo hE Hw$N>
Ja_-Ja_ / A\$dmh \|$H$Zo _|/ ~mob aho h IrP-IrP H$a / Aja aho hE&''
mha H$B g_`mAm| go JV hmoVm Om ahm h & gmXm{`H$ XJo, amOZr{VH$
AImS>o, Xmdn|M, JXJr, AOZ~rnZ, D$~ Am{X& Bgr H$m {MU ZdJrVm| _| Am`m h&
4. H${V o_
Jmd H${V H$m g_mohZ ZdJrVH$mam| _| ahm h& {Og Jm_rU OrdZ go dh OwS>m h
Cgr H$mo JrV H$m {df` Z ~Zm`m OmE, Eogm hmoVm Zht& Jmd Vr {Z>m, gmH${VH$ {Z>m,
nanam ~moY Ho$ gmW H${V o_ H$B ZdJrVH$mam| _| h& {\$a ^r H${V H$mo dV {df`
~ZmH$a CgH$m dUZ am_Xae {_l, adr ^_a, am_Zaoe nmR>H$, e^wZmW qgh,
R>mHw$agmX qgh Am{X`m| _| nm`m OmVm h& CZHo$ H${V {MU _| '_Z Ho$ Cbmg, g`moJ{d`moJ, hf-C_mX Ama amo_mpQ>H$Vm A{YH$ {_bVr h& '' e^wZmW {gh H$m JrV ' _m`_
_ ' _| 'H$m{VH$ H$s YaVr' H$m dUZ Am`m h-
245
'' amo_ amo_ _| N>{~ h N>mB,
{dbr gr h ItMr hamB,
gmoZOwhr gr $n bwZmB,
AJ AJ go PaVr
H$m{VH$ H$s YaVr ''
H$Vr Ho$ {d{^ $nm| H$m {MU BZ_| nm`m OmVm h& Amb~Z, CrnZ,
AbH$aU, _mZdrH$aU, VrH$ Am{X& {\$a ^r BgH$ma Ho$ dUZ _| ''Am_r`Vm VWm Jm`
n[adoe H$m g_d`'' ahm h''N>mZo AmH$me Ho$ YaVr na PwHo$-PwHo$
C`mZr {jm VQ> , _oKXyV $Ho$-$Ho$& ''
AWdm 'bmoH$-OrdZ' H$m {MU H${V {MU Ho$ gmW-gmW hmoVm ahm h& a_oe
aOH$ H$m 'JrV {dhJ CVam' _o Bgo XoIm Om gH$Vm h''{~Ia JB nwadm H$s AbH|$
gmao KQ> _|
\$b JB EH$ bha J^ J^
AVa _|
AHw$bmò `mXm| Ho$ \y$b &''
A{YH$me ZdJrVm| _| H${V {V o_ H$m dUZ hAm h&
5. U`~moY
H${V H$mo _m`_ ~ZmH$a U` H$m {MU N>m`mdmX H$s Img {deofVm h& {Zambm
H$s 'Owhr H$s H$br' BgH$m Cm_ CXmhaU h& {\$a ^r {Zambm Ho$ JrV nanam H$m `m H$ho Bgr
d{m H$m `moJ ZdJrVH$mam| Zo {H$`m h {H$Vy `mZ aho BZH$m {MU N>m`mdmX go {ZVmV
{^ h& U` {MU _| ZdrZVm, VmOJr, C\w$bVm, ghOVm, dm^m{dH$Vm H$s bbH$ h&
''ZdJrV _| U` H$mo EH$ Zm ~moY {_bm {Og_| Zmar ^mo`m Zht, ghYm{_Ur h, g_`mAm|
H$s {_b-~mQ>H$a hb H$aVr h& H$m_ H$aVr h, {Zame _mZd H$mo OrdZ H$s Zd-oaUm XmZ
H$aVr h& dh ^ma Zhr h, nw$f na Am{lV ^r Zht h& ghO gmX` go C\w$b AmX_r H$s
H$mo_b MoVZm H$s ga{jH$m hmoZo Ho$ gmW nmanm[aH$ _mZd-_y`m| H$s gdm{hH$m h Zmar&
AmWm,{ddmg, dmg`, H$Um, X`m Ogr CXmm MoVZm H$s A{Y>mr hmoZo Ho$ gmW e{V
H$m AO moV ^r dh h& ZdJrV _| Omo Zmar AmVr h dh {g\$ 'Xod' _m Z hmoH$a _mZdr`
^mdZmAm| H$m AmYma ^r h& Xoh H$MZ H$s Zht/dmgZm ^tJr/ Vw_ ^mdZmAm| H$m/ _Ywa
AmYma ^r Vmo hmo/''(JrV nd Am`m h, amOo JmV_)-'' (n.-143)
AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ Xma _| ~T>Vo eharH$aU _| U` g~Ym| na ge` IS>o hmo Jò&
Cgna "" Am{WH$ X~md VWm ^moJdmXr AmH$fU Zo Am_r`Vm Ho$ jU H$mo gr{_V H$a {X`m h &
'' Ohra Hw$aoer H$s aMZm 'EH$ ZXr gmJa go {_b H$a/JmZm ^yb J`r' Bgr Xama H$mo XemVr
h `m| {H$ 'nZr {ZH$br gw~h / em_ H$mo XVa go bmQ>r/ n{V H$m ZmBQ> {eQ> gmV {XZ _|
{\$a go bmQ>r& '' (EH$ Qw>H$S>m Yyn-n-81) Eogr n[apW{V _o U` ~mY Qy>Q>Zm dm^m{dH$ hr
h V~ ~wpXZmW {_l H$hVo h-
246
"" ò Vwhmar H$m|nbm|-gr Z_ ~mho
Ama _oao Jwb_wha Ho$ {XZ
AmO Hw$N> AZhmo{Z`m H$aHo$ ah|Jo
`ma Ho$ ò _ZMbo nb-{N>Z ''
(Omb \|$H$ ao _N>oao, n-12)
ZdJrVH$mam| H$m U` ~moY AnZr A{^`{V _| _{V_wbH$ h dh AmO H$m gM
Zht h, ~pH$ {nN>br {OXJr Ho$ ag`wV jUm| H$mo _{V Ho$ _m`_ go AnZo OhZ _| CVma
H$a ZdJrVH$ma gVw> hmo boVm h `mo{H$ AmO H$s n[apW{V`m BVZr {df_ h {H$ Am_r`Vm
H$m jU ^r ~m_wpH$b hr {_b nmVm h& '' O{ha Hw$aoer, ~wpZmW {_l Ho$ JrV Cgr H$s
A{^`{V h& Bgna eharH$aU H$s `m{H$Vm Ama {ZagVm H$m ^md h& ~mOmadmXr
gH${V H$m ^moJdmXr {>H$moZ [aVmo _| `m{H$Vm bmVm h& [aVm| _o ^r Cn`mo{JVmdmX bmVm
h& Eogo _| ^mdZm, gdoXZm H$m H$moB _hd Zht ah OmVm& Ohra Hw$aoer H$hVo h''[aVm| H$s gS>H|$
A~ OmVr Zht ^mdZm VH$
AmO AmX_r na hmoVm h
H$`yQ>a H$m eH$
JmVo {\$aVo h '[aH$mS>' go
AnZo XwIS>o bmoJ& ''
(ZdJrV XeH$- 3. n- 93)
ZdJrV _| \$m`S> H$m XohdmXr $n ^r nm`m OmVm h& 'Xoh' go o_ VH$ nhMZo H$s
d{m empV gw_Z Ho$ JrV 'naN>mB Qw>Q>Vr" _| nm`m OmVm h- KQ>mo Bg Vah {XIVr hB
/AOVm `mX AmVr /AmI _wXo egm {nò/CJ{b`m {WaH$mVr /AbJ-jU Ho$ AbJ ò
{H$go/ZtX hr Imo JB & ''
H$^r AZw^yV EH$m{VH$ jUm| H$s _{V- AmdoJ VwV n{V`m| _| h& 'AOVm"
H$s _{V hmo OmZm 'ZJmnZ' hr h Om aMZmH$ma Ho$ AMoVZ _| gwa{jV nS>m h & `m|{H$ `h
AZw^y{V 'AbJ-jU.. $AbJ {H$go' H$s h & AmO CZ {H$gm| H$mo `mX {H$`m Om ahm h&
OrdZ Ho$ CZ gwIX jU Vr AmH$fU EH$ AmemdmX hr h Vmo {Zamem~moY H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ ^r&
ZdJrVH$ma H$m `h Zd amo_mg h& XwI Zht& `moJoXm e_m Zo 'Iwe~wAm| Ho$ Xe' _| `hr ^md
`V {H$`m h- A~ Z bmQ>oJo H$^r& C_mX Ho$ do nb gwhmZo!& Imo Jò do _oY C_Z& dVjV A_amB`m> h& _mZ noS>mo H$s {eIm na Sy>~Vr naN>mB`m h& Prb WH$ H$a gmo JB h gmo JB
C_Z _whmZo& ''
U` H$s H$n{ZH$Vm, ZdVm, Zd C_mXVm, AmH$fU, WmoWr Z{VH$Vm H$m {damoY
Am{X {deofVm ZdJrVm| H$s h& Zmar H$mo D$OmpdZr ~ZH$a dh Cgo ^moJZm MmhVm h CgH$m
R>S>mnZ Cgo H$MmQ>Vm h `m|{H$ `h nwamVZVm h, CgH$m {damoY ^r dh H$aVm h- H$hVm hH$~ VbH$ Vw_ ~\$ gr boQ>r ahoJr& ~ hmo& AmO WmoS>r AmM Vmo gwbJo& (_Ywa H$_b,
_hAm Ama _hmda- n-31) `h ZdJrVH$ma H$s AbrbVm Zhr, AmYw{ZH$ {dgJ{V H$s XoZ
h {H$ nZr ~\$ gr R>S>r hmo boQ>r h Bg{bE m|{H$ OrdZ H$s g_`mAm| Zo CgHo$ U` H$s
AmJ H$mo R>S>m H$a {X`m h& ''
247
6. {OOr{dfm H$m Z`m gmX`-~moY
_mYd|gmX Zo H$hm h '' ZdJrV Zò gmX`-~moY H$m H$m` h {Ogo {en Ama
H$ XmoZm| Vam| na ZdVm m hB h& {OOr{dfm H$m gmX` ^md-dUVm H$m {ZXeH$ h...
ZdJrV _| dV_mZ OrdZ H$m {dgJ{V~moY h& D$na go g~ R>rH$ bJ ahm h, bo{H$Z ^rVa
JS>~S> h& ereo H$s Xrdma H$s Vah ... ZdJrVH$ma Bgo VmoS>Zm MmhVm h `m|{H$ _y`hrZVm H$m
ma^' {OgH$s n[aU{V {Zamem _| hmoVr h,`hr go hmoVm h& '' Bg{bò dh H$hVm h- '' H$moB
Vmo hmWm| _|/nWa bo/VmoS>o ereo H$s Xrdma H$mo& (_mhoda {Vdmar, haqgJma H$moB Vmo hmo, n77) `h ZdJrVH$mam| H$s 'H$g_gmhQ>' `m '{dmoh' h& Ohm {Zamem ^r h Vmo Amem ^r& dh
'Qw>Q>m' h, 'nammnZ' Cgo 'gmbVm' h naVw ' _V-JrV' dh H$^r Zht JmVm& dh Ohm
'`yQ>b' hmo J`m h dhm 'H$moB $H$ Zht nS>Vm' Ogm _whmdam CgHo$ {bE ^r AmJ hmo J`m h''
- H$Yo Hw$br/~moP ehOmXo/ H$moB \$H$ Zht,/amOo H$^r/H$^r _hmamOo/H$moB \$H$
Zhr/AI~mam| H$s aJr gw{I`m/~S>~mobm| H$s ~mV/gyaO gmo`m JmoXm_ _|/ R>har H$mbr
amV/PyR>r H$g_|/PyR>o dmXo H$moB \$H$ Zht'' (S>m. gwaoe,ZdJrV XeH$-3 n-47-48) Bg
A`m`nyU pW{V {V dh ~oMZ hmo CR>Vm h& CgHo$ {damoY _| dh 'VZ H$a IS>m hmoZm MmhVm
h& '' A~ Cgo, ''nma OJb Ho$ Zò Hw$N> gy` A~ {XIZo bJo h& '' `h g^mdZm hr h Omo Cgo
{Zamem Ho$ JV} go ~mha {ZH$mbVr h `m|{H$ dVwV ''AamOH$ V Zo bmoJm| H$s Am_r`Vm,
CgH$s ghOVm, Cbmg, AmH$mjm, C_J, Cgmh, oaUm, g^r Hw$N> H$mo g{XY H$a {X`m
h& AmX_r Ho$ nmg AnZr g_`mAm| go OwPVo OrdZ H$mo {KgQ>Zo Ho$ {gdm Hw$N> Zht ~Mm h
ZdJrVH$ma Zo Bhr g_`mAm| H$mo ^moJm h& hr BZH$m gm Ehgmg h& '' V^r Vmo Hw$_ma
adt `h ZdJrVH$ma {bIVm h""nwnm|H$s/Z`r H$Wm
gwZVo AmH$me&
Q>ogy H$mo gmW {bò
Ky_Vo \$bme
_Z _| {\$a OJm aho Yyn Ho$ gdmb&''
(AmV h dZ, n-18)
{OOr{dfm Ho$ MbVo hr dh n[adVZ H$s nwH$ma H$aVm h& JV{ebVm Zo OZdm{X
MoVZm H$mo OJm`m {OgH$m ^md ~mX _| `moJdmX. ZB H${dVm, gmR>momar H${dVm | Am`m naVy
''ZdJrV _| `h MoVZm nyOrn{V VWm gdham dJ H$s MoVZm Ho$ $n _| Zht Am`r, daZm Omo
gmm na H$m{~O Wo Ama {OZHo$ hmW _| `dWm Wr, ^bo hr do OZVm Ho$ {V{Z{Y `m| Z hmo
,ZdJrVH$ma Ho$ {bò emofH$ Wo& BgHo$ {dnarV nyar OZVm, Mmho dh _`_dJ hmo, Jm_-eha
Ho$ gH${_V bmoJ hmo, AWdm OrdZ H$s ZdVm Ho$ njYa hmo, g^r ZdJrV _| nr{S>V _mZd Ho$
$n _| JhrV hE& Bg_| Am{WH$ H$maU CVZm ~b Zht {XIVm h, {OVZm _y`JV mg Ed
gmH${VH$ {dKQ>Z H$s {H$`m Wr& `m|{H$ ZdJrV nmanm[aH$ _mZd _y`m| Ed gmH${VH$
Yamoha H$s MoVZm Ho$ $n _| Câm& Bg{bE O~ BZna AmKmV hAm Vmo ZdJrVH$ma Hw$X hmo
CR>m Z{MHo$Vm H$s `h hS>~S>mhQ> 'AYo A{Ymao H$m& Jbm h X~moM b| (AmXH$X I~a|-n21) Bgr H$moY H$m n[aUm_ h& Xodo e_m 'B' H$mo bJZo bJm {H$ `h 'der' ~OmZo Ho$ {XZ
248
Zht, gKf Ho$ {XZ h& n[adVZ H$s {H$`m H$mo gn H$aZo Ho$ {XZ h - 'der H$mo {Jadr aI /
bo Amò eI' (Hw$hao H$s `mMm, n-22) `h 'eI' `wX H$m VrH$ h& ''bmoH$Vm{H$
`dWm _| nZno emofH$m| Ho$ {dX ZdJrVH$ma H$s `h AJmO h& gKf Ho$ {bò dh V`ma h&
CZHo$ gm_Zo ey `m {dnj n> Zht h {\$a ^r CgHo$ {Ibm$, Cgna AmKmV dh H$aZm
MmhVm h `m|{H$ `dWm A_yV hB h& CgHo$ bmoJ ^r& {\$a ^r dh OZ H$mo MoVVm h&
OZe{V mam A`dWm _| n[adVZ bmZm ZdJrVH$ma H$s {OOr{dfm hr h& 'n[adVZ H$s
{Vjm' A~ Cggo Ama Zht hmoVr Bg{bò dh OZVm H$mo 'AnZo A{YH$mam| Vr' gOJ H$aVm
h& g`ZmamÙ {bIVo h""Ow_ H$m MH$a Ama Vdmhr {H$VZo {XZ
{H$VZo {XZ
h_ na Vw_ na gX {gnmhr {H$VZo {XZ
{H$VZo {XZ?
~XboJm A~ Vmo `h Am~_ ~XboJm,
{\$a hmdm ~XboJm, AmX_ ~XboJm
`h Jmobr, ~XyH$, {gnmhr {H$VZo {XZ?
{H$VZo {XZ?''
(Vw_ Zm Zht H$a gH$Vo, n-45)
{OOr{dfm hr hmoVr h Omo OS>, nwamVZ H$mo CIS> \|$H$Zo H$m _mKm aIVr h&
~mYmAm| H$mo I_ H$aVr h& Bg{bE e^yZmW H$hVo h- ò CJr OJbr Pm{S>`m H$mQ> X|& AmI
H$s Mma ObVr _embo {bò& gy` H$s ^y{_H$m h {Z^mVr H$hmo& '' `m Hw$da ~oMZ H$hVo h'' AmO VH$ B{Vhmg _|
Omo ^r nbr hmo
XmgVm Ho$ dj H$s OS> ImoIbr hmo
brH$ aKQ> Ho$
{_Q>mZr h h_| do
AmJ H$s bnQ>|
~wPmZr h h_| do
ApW`m Or{dV Ohm AnZr Obr hm|
AmWm H$s
Cg H$S>r H$mo VmoS>Zm h
I h_|/CZ amVm| H$m _moS>Zm h
nr{T>`m {OZna {~Zm g_Po Mbr hm|& ''
({nZ ~hV gmao, n-59)
ZdJrVH$ma H$s {OOr{dfm g^r _Zw` H$s MoVZm h& OrZo Ho$ Vr bbH$ h& OrdZ
Ho$ Vr AmWm h& gKf _| {ddmg h& `hr CZHo$ JrV H$m gmX` h&
249
7 ZdJrV H$s dMm[aH$ {V~XVm :ZdJrV dVwV ^maVr` bmoH$OrdZ VWm CgHo$ ehar gH$_U go {Z{_V
{dgJ{V-~moY H$m H$m` h& EH$ Amoa nanam VWm gH${V H$m nmbZ dh H$aVm h Vmo Xwgar
Amoa AmYww{ZH$ ehar gH$_U Ama Cggo OwS>r _`mAmo H$s A{^`{V& ZdJrVH$mam| _|
Jm_rU gH$Vr Vr Am_r`Vm, bJmd h Vmo ehar OrdZ gH$Vr Vr D$~, KwQ>Z,
`m{H$Vm Vr, AgVmof h& ZdJrVH$mam| Zo {H$gr dMm[aH$ {V~XVm Ho$ VhV JrV Zht {bIo
Ama {bIm ^r Z OmE `m|{H$ OrdZ H$m gmX` CgH$s Am_m | {d{hV hmoVr h& dMm[aH$Vm
Cgo gr{_V H$Q>Kao _| bmH$a aIVr h& {d{dY _VdmXm| Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r '' ZdJrVH$ma `h
{ZM Zht H$a nm`m {H$ Cgo {H$g {dMma H$m EH$mpVH$ AZwgaU H$aZm h& AnZr-AnZr
T>nbr AnZm-AnZm amJ-Ama Bgr{bE A`V geV H$m`mXmobZ hmoVo hE ^r,
bmoH${`Vm Ho$ ~mdOyX ZdJrV AnZo A{V_ Xma go JwOaVm VrV hmo ahm h&'' {\$a ^r CgHo$
{dMma {V~XVm H$mo VrZ erfH$m| _| {d^m{OV H$a XoIm Om gH$Vm h&
H$. gm_m{OH$ {dMma
JrVm| H$s `mnH$ OZMoVZm gm_m{OH$ {V~XVm go OwS>r h& g_mO _| ahVo
ZdJrVH$mam| Zo Omo qMVm AmHw$bmhQ, ZmHw$bVm, naoemZr, `m{H$Vm, AOZ~rnZ Am{X H$mo
nm`m Cgr H$s A{^`{V ZdJrV _| Am`r h& AZoH$ g_H$mbrZ g_`-g_mO _o 'EH$
{ZOudVm, qH$H$V`{d_wT>Vm `mV h'- Bgo hr Xodo e_m ' B Zo `V {H$`m h''IX~XmVo
H$moY H$s Aghm`Vm _|
H$gmB Ho$ {R>ò na bQ>Ho$
h_t {O_oXma h
Bg `dWm Ho$
eb go {Ja PmS> na AQ>Ho$&''
ZdJrVH$ma ~Zr `dWm Ho$ {bE d` H$mo {O_oXma _mZVo h, `h CZH$m ''
dmV{dH$ {dMma Zhr daZ {V{H$`m_H$ A{^`{V h& '' {\$a ^r Bg `dWm _| ~Xbmd
AmòJm H$m AmemdmX CZ_| {Z{hV h _y`JV n[adVZ H$mo do XoI aho h& Bg{bò dh nwamZr
_y` H$s '_rZmao' T>hVm hAm Ama Zò _y`m| H$s 'Xrdmao' ~T>Vm hAm XoI ahm h- T>h ahr
nanam H$s/ D$Mr _rZma|/ Zò Zò _y`m| H$s/ CR>Vr Xrdma|& '' (_hAm Ama _hmda- n112) `hr CZH$s gm_m{OH$ gmoM h& Zò _y`m| _| nZnVr A{ZM` H$s _wm H$m ^md ^r
CZ_| Am`m h& {OgHo$ {V do g{XY h, dh Ch| dmV{dH$ VrV Zht hmo ahr h ""_oao Ka _| IS>r `dWm
BVZr K{Q>`m h
nVm Zht MbVm BgH$s
ghr {Xem `m h& '' (gh^m XwAm Ka- n- 30)
gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| _| ZdJrVH$ma AnZr ^y{_H$m H$mo g_P Zht nmVm `hr
CgH$m gH$Q> h& dh gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| H$s A{^`{V H$aVm h& `dWm H$gr hmoZr
250
Mm{hE, dV_mZ gH$Q> H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ `m Cnm` h, Bg ~mao _| H$moB R>mog _V` dh n>
Zht H$aVm& ^{d` H$m gm_m{OH$ d$n `m hmoJm, Bg ~mao _| ^r ZdJrVH$ma H$m ^md n>
Zht h& Bg{bE gm_m{OH$ {dMma H$m gmX` ^r dh _hmm Zht mV H$a nm`m h {OgH$s
C_rX h_ {H$gr gm{hp`H$ {dYm go H$aVo h& ''
dVwV ZdJrV _| {dMma Zhr ^md YmZ h& Bg{bE CZ_| dMm[aH$ {V~XVm
XoIZo Ho$ ~Om` ^md gmX` H$mo XoIZm hmoJm& ZdJrVH$ma Ho$ AZwgma {Z~b-g~b hmoZo H$m
g_` Am MwH$m h dh `dWm _| n[adVZ MmhZo bJo h& `h gm_m{OH$ MoVZm CZ_| OmJ CR>r
h""AmO Omo N>moQ>m h,
{Z~b h,
H$b ~T>H$a _O~yV hmoJm,
AnZo MmS>o nmm| go
Yyn-WHo$ bmoJm| H$mo N>mh XoJm& ''
(XnZ Ho$ q~~- n- 57)
`h H$hH$a ZdJrVH$ma AnZr gm_m{OH$ {V~Vm H$mo hr `V H$a ahm h&
_Zw` g`Vm gH$Q> Ho$ Xma go JwOa ahr h& ehar `m{H$Vm, _y`m| H$m {dKQ>Z, AW
bmbgm, dmWnam`Vm Am{X H$m gH$Q> Cgna _S>am ahm h& `wX H$m gH$Q>-~moY ^r
ZdJrVH$ma H$mo hmo MwH$m h- ""AmVr h _`w JY/Xoem| Ho$ nma go'' Mmam| Ama $bVr
XheVOXm {OXJr H$mo Chm|Zo `V {H$`m h&
^maVr` _Z H$^r ^m{VH$Vm _| bJmd _hgyg Zht H$a nm`m& gmo ZdJrVH$ma ^r
Zht& ChmoZ| OrdZ H$s dmV{dH$Vm Ho$ ~rM o_, ghmZw^y{V, H$Um, X`m'' H$mo AnZr gn{m
_mZm h''{OgHo$ _Z _| `ma dhr Vmo
g~go ~S>m A_ra h,
_mZm CgH$s _wQ>R>r _|
XwI- XXm} H$s OmJra h
~mQ>o rV-~gZ gXd go
_Z H$s \$Q>r-H$_rO Zo& ''
({nZ ~hV gmao-n-85)
ZdJrVH$ma H$m _Z 'd' gr{V Zht dh g_mO go OwS>m h& o_, Zoh, H$Um,
X`m, ghmZw^y{V Ho$ ^md go dh g~go OwS>m h& AV: {H$gr dmX H$m Z hmoVo hE ^r dh gm_m{OH$
hmo OmVm h&
I. amOZr{VH$ {dMma :AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX H$s amOZr{V H$m ^mZ{M ZdJrVm| _| Am`m h& gmR>momar H${d`m|
H$s Vah _m AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX Amò demgZ {V CZH$m ^r _moh^J hmo MwH$m h& dV ^maV
H$m gwIX ^{d` H$m gnZm Qy>Q> MwH$m h, ''gmm na nyOrdmXr _mZ{gH$Vm dmbm| Ho$ A{Yn`
251
Zo emofU Ama A`mMma H$m Omo VmS>d {H$`m {H$ g^r Ho$ gnZo {~Ia H$a ah Jò& bmoH$Vr`
`dWm _| nyao g_mO Ho$ {V{Z{Yd H$s AmS> _| MwZmdr hWH$S>m| H$mo AnZm H$a OZVm Ho$
gmYZm| H$m _Z_mZm Xwn`moJ gmmYm[a`m| mam {H$gr VmZmemh emgH$ H$s Vah {H$`m OmZo
bJm& OZVm ~oMZ hmo CR>r& {Og AmOmXr H$mo BVZr H${R>ZmB Ama `mJ Ho$ ~mX CgZo hm{gb
{H$`m, dh Hw$N> EH$ ^mdembr hmWm| _| H$X hmo J`r& ^>mMma, M[a-h`m, YZ mam dmoQ>m|
H$s IarXXmar, AZ{VH$ gmYZm| Ho$ `moJ go OZVm AnZo H$mo R>Jm hAm _hgyg H$aZo bJr
VWm CgH$m AgVmof ~T>Vm hr J`m& dVVm m{ Ho$ nMmV ^maV-nmH$ {d^mOZ Ama
Cggo Cn gmXm{`H$ {dof, ^maV-MrZ `wX, H$mJog H$m VmZmemhr emgZ, OZVm
nmQ>u H$m JR>Z, nOm~ g_`m, B{Xam JmYr H$s h`m, Ag_ N>m AmXmobZ, H$_ra H$s
g_`m, amOrd JmYr H$s h`m B`m{X _wI amOZr{VH$ KQ>ZmE hB {Oggo nyam Xoe Wam
CR>m& AV: amOZr{V Ho$ {V ZH$mam_H$ I H$m {Z_mU dm^m{dH$ hr Wm& Eogo _| AmOmXr
AZ{VH$ YYm| H$m _m`_ ~Z H$a gm_Zo Am`r Ama ZdJrVH$ma Cgo `{X 'AmOmXr H$s H$mbr
H$_br' H$ho Vmo AmM` Zht& `WmerK ""dVVm m{ Ho$ ~mX Wm{nV 'bmoH$V' H$s
n[aU{V 'VZmd' _| hmoVr h& `h VZmd d`{VH$, Am{WH$, gm_m{OH$, Ama amOZr{VH$ jom|
H$m VZmd h& EH$ Aago Ho$ ~mX AJoOr hHw$_V H$m Im_m hAm Ama Z`r Amem Ho$ n _| H$B
nr{T>`m| H$s Vr{jV dVVm ^maVr` OZ H$mo {_br Omo g: hr emofU Ama CnrS>Z Ho$
{eH$Oo _| Om \$gr& V_m_ H$moerem| Ho$ ~mdOyX AmX_r AnZr OaVm| Ho$ {bE _mohVmO ahZo
bJm& ''
amOZoVmAm| H$mo gmm gwXar na H$Om nmZo Ho$ {bE bmoJm| H$s OaV Zhr ~H$s
'^rS>' H$s Amd`H$Vm ahr dh ^r Eogr ^rS> Omo ' JyJr hmo, ~har hmo'''^rS> H$s OaV h^rS> Omo AYr hmo
JyJr hmo / ~har hmo /
^rS>Omo ~Yo hE nmZr gr R>har hmo/
^rS> Omo {_Q>Q>r Ho$ _mYm| H$s _yaV h&''
(gw~h aV nbme H$s)
ZdJrVH$ma Zo amOZr{V H$m gQ>rH$ dUZ {H$`m h& gZ 70 Ho$ XeH$ H$s
AmnmVH$mbrZ amOZr{V Ho$ {d{^Z nhbwAm| H$mo Chm|Zo gm_Zo bm`m h& ''VmZmemhr emgZ,
Oo. nr. AmXmobZ, MwZmdr hWH$S>o, bmoH$V H$m ImoIbmnZ, emofU, OZ-{V{Z{Yd H$m
An_mZ B`m{X {d{^ _wm| na ZdJrVH$ma Zo.... AZw^y{V H$s gKZVm Ho$ gmW amOZr{VH$
{dMmam| H$s nw>Vm AnZm _hdnyU 'amob' {Z^mVr h&''
AmnmVH$mb H$s AbmoMZm H$B`m| Zo H$s AZwn Aeof Zo ^r 'bmQ> AmòJo gJwZ njr,
_| H$hm h''~R>r h ~Vr ES>r na
OyVo \$Q>o CVma
XheV nZn ahr H$moIm| _|
252
Hw$agr na Vbdma& ''
(bmQ> AmòJo gJwZ njr-n-25)
Xodo e_m 'B' H$mo Oo. nr AmXmobZ {ZaWH$ bJVm h& `wdm AmXmobZ `W _hgyg
hmoVm h& - Bg{bE do H$hVo h''~X H$amo JOZ VOZ
Mwn ^r ~R>mo
H$mZ gwZoJm, Amo
A~ ~wT>o eoa Vwh|&''
(Hw$hao H$s `mMm-n-75)
OZVm gaH$ma ~Z Vmo JB naVy CgHo$ Wm{`d H$m gdmb CâH$a Am`m& `hr
gdmb Hw$da ~oMZ H$s qMVm H$m H$maU ~Zm"`h g{X`m|' H$s ^moa h
H$go MT>oJr gr{T>`m
g~ H$h aho h `h gw~h
{Xb H$s ~hV
H$_Omoa h& ''
(^rVa gmH$b-~mha gmH$b-n-72)
J. Xme{ZH$ {V~XVm
ZdJrVH$ma Zo amOZr{VH$ gdoXZmAm| H$s A{^`{V ^md n _| hr H$s h naVw
^maVr` bmoH$V, bmoH$, _y`, Am{X Ho$ {V H$s qMVm CZ_| ahr h& EH$ Vah go Xoe na N>m`m
`h Xygao H$ma H$m amOZr{VH$ gH$Q> hr h&
ZdJrV {H$gr dmX Ho$ IwQ>o go ^bo hr Z ~Ym hmo naVy dh AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s H$moS> _|
nbm ~T>m h, Bg{bE AmYw{ZH$ {dMmaYmamAm| H$m dm^m{dH$ `moJ hAm h& {\$a ^r CZH$s
_yb qMVZ Ymam ^maVr` _VdmX hr h& hm CgHo$ Qy>Q>Zo Ho$ AmH$moe _| {dXoer {dMmaYmamAm|
{V {V{H$`m_H$ A{^`{V ZdJrVH$ma _| nm`r OmVr h&
{hXr gm{h` na _mgdmX H$m Jham ^md h& {OgZo gm_m` dJ, _ohZVH$e,
_Oby_ bmoJm| {V AmWm Ho$ da H$Q> {H$ò h& CgHo$ ~mX _Zmo{dbofUdmX, ApVddmX
_wI h& \$m`S> Zo Hw${R>V H$m_ MoVZm H$mo C^mam-VWm CgHo$ 'newd' H$mo g~go A{YH$
_hd {X`m& {dH$V H$m_ ^mdZm H$s AmS> _o ^maVr` aMZmH$mam| Zo AnZr {ZVmV {ZOr
AZw^y{V`m| H$mo `mnH$ OZ-gamoH$ma H$m Omm nhZm H$a BVZm A{YH$ Mm[aV {H$`m {H$ nyam
gm{h` Cg XwJY go ~M J`m& ~mX _| AmpVddmX Zo... D$~, KwQ>Z, AZmWm, {dgJ{V~moY, nrS>m, AOZ~rnZ, Am_nam`mnZ, Hw$R>m, gmg, {dKQ>Z, AdrH${V, CXmgr,
_`y~moY B`mXr gm{hp`H$ A{^`{V`m| _| Bg Vah N>m JE {H$ _mZd H$s {OOr{dfm,
CgH$s _yb Am_e{V g{XY VrV hmoZo bJr& gm{h` Ho$ g_mO go Im[aO hmo OmZo VWm
bmoJm| mam CgH$mo ZH$ma XoZo Ho$ nrN>o Bht d{m`m| H$m hmW ahm h&'' ZdJrV H$s dMm[aH$
{V~XVm Ho$ ~mao _| Hw$da ~oMZ Zo H$hm h-
253
"'{Ohm|Zo IarXr h
Xya go, {dXoem| go
Qy>Q>r ~gm{I`m
do g~ Vmo H$hbmE
~wp_mZ, VJS>o,
h_ nyao AmX_r
AnZo hr nmd IS>o
{\$a ^r Vmo Kmo{fV h-bJS>o& ''
({nZ ~hV gmao-n-45)
{Ohm|Zo {dXoer dmXm| H$mo JhU H$aVo hE AmYw{ZH$Vm H$mo gm{h` _| {V{>V
{H$`m& {Ogo ZdJrVH$ma {dXoer {dMma H$hVo hE d` H$mo _m 'h_ nyao AmX_r' h h H$hH$a
^maVr` {MVZ {V AnZr {V~Vm H$mo Omhra H$aVo h& Bgr 'OrdZ jU^JwaVm' H$mo Hw$da
~oMZ | `V {H$`m h'"gmgm| H$m Vmo: Bg Xw{Z`m _|
AmZo OmZo H$m H$_ h
Ama {OXJr ^r
kmZr H$s ^mfm _|
_mohZ ^_ h& ''
(dhr-n-88)
ApVddmXr AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ^r ZdJrVm| | nmm OmVm h& {Ogo ZdJrVH$mam| Zo
A{^`V {H$`m hD$~'_Z Z bJo _obo _|
''Ama AHo$bo Or D$~o
dhm {Zhm$ A{YH$
Ohm a{d V{ZH$ Sy>~o
{H$aZ {bE AZ{JZ''
(ZdJrV-XeH$-1-n-103)
AHo$bmnZ- ''VmZm Ombo gm AHo$bmnZ
H$hm VH$ Pobo AHo$bmnZ''
(haqgJma H$moB Vmo hr-20)
Qy>Q>Z_wPo ha Vrgao {XZ
''Zr{V`m| H$m _wb ~wbmVm h
em_ H$hVr h H$hmo `m ~mV h
EH$ erem Qy>Q> OmVm h& ''
(hamnZ Zht Qy>Q>oJm-n-19)
~oJmZmnZ- ""{H$VZo ~oJmZo bJVo h
Wo AnZo hr gmò
254
gnZo h_| `hm VH$ bmò&
(ZdJrV AYeVr-n-96)
`m{H$Vm- "'~m~m AmX_ go Jw_ hE g^r
VmoS>Vo O_rZ Hw$N> VbmeVo
T> hmo J`r gmar _wmE
AW Oam Oa Oa go H$mnVo
{H$VZm `m{H$ AmXV gm bJVm
Sy>~ ahm gyaO `m hmo {dhmZ& ''
(ZdJrV XeH$-1-n-10)
AOZ~rnZ-'"H$moB h_ g\$a Zht h
H$moB h_ Ow~m Zht h
Z nVm h _{Obm| H$m
H$moB amVm Zht h
Omo nH$S> Ho$ ~mh _oar
{bò Om ahr H$ht na
naN>mB h {H$gr H$s
_oar gJrZr Zht h& ''
(Ohm XX Zrbm h-n-5)
gmg- ""naH$Q>m/CS>Vm H$~yVa naH$Q>m
h {IgH$Vr Om ahr
ZrMo Yam
Ama A~a H$m Zht
{_bVm {ge
{OXJr H$m g` Qw>H$S>m| _| ~mQ>m&
(gh_m hAm Ka-n-21)
AHo$bmnZ- ''EH$ OJb H$s ZXr gm
bmb-nrbr amooeZr _|
`h ^Q>H$Vm _Z {H$go gmny
ha Va\$ AmH$me gm \$bm
AHo$bmnZ H$hm ~mQy>& ''
(gmQ>o H$s Prb-n-10)
`h gmao CXaU ApVddmX H$s {d{^ AZw^y{V`m|, gdoXZmAmo Ho$ h& h_Zo nhbo
hr H$hm h H$s ZdJrV _| {dMma _wI Zht h& CgHo$ {V-{V~XVm Ch| _hdnyU
Zht bJVr& CZH$s {V~XVm OrdZ Ho$ {V h, g_mO Ho$ {V h& Cgr H$m gdoXZ n
ZdJrV _| Am`m h&
255
8. {en :ZdJrVH$ma H$s ^m{fH$ gaMZm Jm_ ~moY go OwS>r h& R>mHw$a gmX qgh H$m
H$m`gJh 'der Ama _mXb' gWmb naJZm Ho$ bmoH$ OrdZ H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {bm Jm h
Jmd H$s ghOVm H$mo ^md Ho$ Va na hr drH$ma Zht {H$`m, daZ epnH$ n[aJR>Z Ed
N>X{dYmZ _| ^r CgH$m C{MV `moJ {H$`m& '' CZH$s ^mfm gdoXZerb, g_W {en
CnH$aUm| go gwb{mV h& CZH$s AZw^y{V`m bmoH$OrdZ H$s nanam, gH$Vr, H$m ~moY H$amVr
h& ^mfm-gH$Vr AnZo AS>mg-nS>mg H$s bJVr h& H$B eX bmoH$OrdZ Ho$ hr `wV hE
h& Ogo-Cnbo nmWZm, H$g_ ImZm, b~mXo, Mmam, H$mJm, Amg, Aga, H$moh, Amogma,
{hnam, gwa, ~m{PZ, Hw$bpN>V, ^mV, ô{S>`mYgmZ, JXImoa, {gdmZ, S>mâ, Am{X Jm
eX w$ hE h&
gH$V Ho$ Vg_ eXm| H$m `moJ ^r hAm h- m>m, Zmamegr, F$pdH$,
{Z{_f, km, dmpVH$, MH$md{VV, ddmZa, F$Vw_Vr, nwnYdm, nX_JYm,
Yy_db`m{H$V, AmXr&
^mfm H$s ghOVm, bmoH$mY{Vm, VmOJr Am{X Zo ZdJrV H$mo ^mderb ~Zm {X`m
h& A{^ÒZm H$me` _| AVwV `moOZm, {_WH$s` gaMZm VrH$m_H$Vm,
{~~m_H$Vm, AbH$m[aH$Vm H$m `moJ {H$`m J`m h& am_Xae {_l H$m AVwV `moOZm
`moJ H$m EH$ CXm. XoIm Om gH$Vm h""AYr h Yyn `hm, `mgm h nmZr
Myg ahr \y$bm| H$mo ~a} amZr
gmao _mg_ Mwn h {H$gHo$ S>a go& ''
(_oao {` JrV-n 67)
bmoH$YwZm| na ^r JrV aMZmE H$s JB h& e^wZmW qgh Zo nydu Cma Xoe H$s
H$mdmbr ebr H$m `moJ {H$`m h& Vmo Hw$N> ZdJrVH$ma Zo Adm, nNw>Am, H$moB{b`m, naXoer,
{n`dm, {Q>H$moam, ZdZdm, {MaB`m, gOZdm Ogo jor` eX-nm| H$m `moJ H$a JrV {bIo
h""~mam`r {H$ Adm H$s S>ma
{n`m Zht Amò&
EH$ Vmo ~[aZ _oar
gZH$s C_[a`m
XyOr ~gVr ~`ma
{n`m Zht Amò& ''
(Omb \|$H$ Xo _N>oao-n-55)
ZdJrVH$ma Zo ZdJrV H$mo geV n {X`m& ^md Ed ^md{ZH$ gaMZm H$s {> go
do _hdnyU h& AnZr AZw^y{V H$mo nMmH$a Jm_ Ed ZJa gdoXZm Ho$ n[ao` _| JrV aMZm
gwXa ~Zr h& ZJa Ch| {` h, dhm do ~gZm, MmhVo h naVy _y`hrZVm Ho$ H$maU dh ~oMZ hmo
OmVo h& Ch| bJVm h 'erb ea_ g~/`hm {~H$mD$/~~B`m ~mZm& '' AWdm ''bmOmo
{Xbr _| ~g H$a/ea_mZm ^yb J`r h& '' Ogo JrV ZJa g`Vm, gH${V, gdoXZm H$mo
256
h_mao gm_Zo bmVo h& ehar OrdZ H$s AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY go âo {dgJVr H$mo ghO^mdm_H$ n _| VwV {H$`m h& H$B ZdJrVH$ma {OZ_| _wI h.. e^wZmW qgh, Hw$da
~oMZ, Xod| Hw$_ma, 'B' Ohra Hw$aer, amOo JmV_, bmobmH$ {XdoXr, C_mH$mV {Vdmar, nmb
^grZ, Jwbm~ qgh, hare {ZJ_, lrH$U {Vdmar,drao {_l,a_oe aOH$ AmXr, `h gyMr
~S>r b~r hmoJr& ZdJrVH$ma ZdJrV H$m {dH$mg H$a aho h&
10.5 ~moY Z 1. ZdJrV H$m {H$mH$ n[aM Xr{OE&

2. ZdJrV H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo A{H$V H$s{OE&
257
11
Cn`mg
11.0
11.1
11.2
11.3
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

VmdZm
{hXr Cnmg H$m {dH$mg-H$
~moY Z
11.0 BH$mB H$m Co

H$.
I.
J.
K.
S>.
{hXr Cnmg Ho$ CX^d Ed {dH$mg H$mo OmZZm&

{hXr Cnmg H$s AVYmamAm| H$m AZ H$aZm&
Cnmgm| | A{^$ OrdZ {MU H$mo XoIZm&
{hXr Cnmg H$s g-g na CâVr d{mm| H$m n[aM boZm&
{hXr H$m Cnmg {hXr gmO OrdZ H$m AJ h& Cgo OrdZ H$s mnH$Vm,
b {Z{hV h&
M. Xoe H$m gmm{OH$, Am{WH$, amOZr{VH$, gH${VH$ Ed gm{hpH$ n[adoe
Bg| YS>H$Vm h&
O. BZ g^r Com| Ho$ {bE {hXr Ho$ Cnmg mm H$aZm ho AmdH$ h&
11.3 VmdZm AmYw{ZH$ H$m` _| Cn`mg H$m _hd dgm hr h Ogm mMrZ H$m` _| _hmH$m`
H$m& {H$Vw _hmH$m` H$m Zm`H$ _`dJ `m {ZZ_`dJ H$m ahm Zhr {H$Vw Cn`mg H$m ahm
h& Cn`mg, H$hmZr AmXr _| H$Wm Zm`H$ gm_m`, gdham Ho$ nm hr aho h& `hr H$maU h H$s
`h {dYm {OVZr _`dJ Ho$ gmW OwS>r h em`X hr A` {dYm OwS>r hmoJr& XodVm, H${V,
amOm gm_V Ho$ OrdZ_y`m| H$s OJh gm_m` _Zw` H$m gKf nhbr ~ma gm{h` Ho$ ^rVa
Cn`mg mam hr Am`m Eogm H$hZm A{Ve`mo{V Zht hmoJm& em`X `hr H$maU h H$s {ddVa
na ^r Cn`mg {dYm bmoH${` ahr h& gdm{YH$ Zmo~b nwaH$ma Cn`mgH$mam| H$mo hr {_bo
h& J {dYm Ho$ AVJV h bmoH${`Vm Ho$ gmW AZ`gmYmaU _hd m H$a MwH$s h&
dVwV: Am{JrH$aU Ho$ ~mX ^maV _| Am`r Cn{ZdoerH$aU Zo ^maV _| Cn`mg {dYm H$m
{dH$mg {H$`m& `h W_ ~ma ~mJbm Ama {\$a CgHo$ ~mX {hXr _| {dH${gV hB& 'Zmdob'
AJoOr Ho$ eX H$m {Vn 'Cn`mg' {hXr _| ~T>m& _amR>r Ho$ 'H$mX~ar' eX `moJ H$s
gmWH$Vm 'Zmdob' go OwS>r& {hXr _| 'Cn`mg' eX `wnmr Ama gmWH$Vm H$s {> go
`wV hAm h&
Cn`mg eX 'Cn' g_rn VWm '`mg' WmVr Ho$ `moJ go {Z{_V hAm h&
Cn`mg eX H$m _yb AW h- {ZH$Q> aIr hB dVw& AWmV h_mar H$Wm, ^mfm, gH$Vr,
258
H$Vr H$mo AnZr H$hmZr Am{X H$mo, AnZr Oy~mZr _| `V H$aZm Cn`mg mam hmoVm h&
BgbrE o_MX Zo CgH$s n[a^mfm XoVo hE H$hm h H$s, '_ Cn`mg H$mo _mZd OrdZ H$m {M
_m g_PVm h& _mZd M[a na H$me S>mbZm Ama CgHo$ ah`m| H$mo ImobZm hr Cn`mg
H$m _yb Vd h& '' Bg {> go Cn`mg H$s H$Wm _mZd OrdZ go OwS>r Ama CgHo$ `{Vd
Ho$ ah`m| H$mo ImobZo dmbr hmoVr h& dh H$nZm_H$ Ed `WmW hmoVr h& OrdZ H$s Vah
CgH$s KQ>ZmE H$_~X hmoVr h&
{X `y Bbre {S>eZar _| Bgr ~mV H$mo nw> {H$`m J`m h& CZHo$ AZwgma 'Zmdob'
J _| {bIr hB n`m AmH$ma H$s Cg H$pnV H$Wm H$mo H$hVo h {Og_| OrdZ H$m dmV{dH$
{V{Z{Yd H$aVo hE nmm| Ama H$m`-`mnma H$WmZH$ Ho$ AVJV {M{V hmo& '' ~m~y
Jwbm~am` Zo ^r Cn`mg Ho$ dn H$mo n> H$aVo hE Bgr H$ma H$m {dMma `V {H$`m h,''
Cn`mg H$m`H$maU eIbm _| ~Ym hAm dh J-H$WmZH$ h {Og_| AnojmH$V A{YH$
{dVma VWm noMr{XJr Ho$ gmW dmV{dH$ OrdZ H$m {V{Z{Yd H$aZodmbo `{V`m| go
g~{YV dmV{dH$ AWdm H$mn{ZH$ KQ>ZmAm| mam _mZd OrdZ Ho$ g` H$m agm_H$ n go
CXKmQ>Z {H$`m OmVm h& '' CgH$m _Vb~ `h h H$s Cn`mg H$s H$Wm dVwV: g` Z hmoVo,
hE ^r g` VrV hmoVr h& Bgr{bE Cgo '{\$eZ' H$hm J`m h&
^maV _| H$Wm Am`mZ H$s nanam ~S>r mMrZ h naVy Cn`mg 'ZdrZ' `m
'ZyVZVm' Ho$ AW _| AmYw{ZH$ h& BgH$m CX` `wamon _| hAm& {OgH$m ^md ~mbm' go {hXr
_| Am`m, Crg~r eVmXr Ho$ ma^ _| ZdOmJaU Ho$ H$mbIS> _|& gZ 1877 H$mo lXmam_
{\$bmar Zo '^m`dVr' H$m boIZ {H$`m naVy AmMm` am_M ewb AJoOr T>J H$m nhbm
_m{bH$ Cn`mg bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg Ho$ 'narjmJw' (1882) H$mo _mZVo h& Ama `hr _V
drH$m` ^r {H$`m OmVm h& '^m`dVr' Ho$ ^r nrN>o OmH$a Hw$N> {dXdmZ 'XodamZr-OoR>mZr H$s
H$hmZr' (1870), dm_m {ejH$ (1872), H$mo {hXr H$m nhbm Cn`mg _mZVo h& ~Z qgh
Ho$ AZwgma 'ò rOZmo{OV{ejm-JW h& BZ_| Amn`m{gH$ Vdm| H$m Am^md'' h& Cn`mg
Ho$ {dH$mg H$_ H$mo n> H$aZo Ho$ {bE _w`V: {ZZ AmYmam| H$mo JhU {H$`m OmVm h&
1. o_MX nyd `wJ (1877-1918)
2. o_MX `wJ (1918-1936)
3. o_MXmoma `wJ {d{^ d{m`m gm_m{OH$ _Zmodkm{ZH$, J{VdmX-`moJerb
(1936-1960)
4. gmR>momar Cn`mg
5. g_H$mbrZ n[a` (AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY) (1960-1980) (Cma- AmYw{ZH$Vm
~moY) (1981-2000)
6. mgXr H$m ma{^H$ XeH$- (2000 go 2010)
1. o_MX nyd `wJ (1877-1918)
o_MX nyd `wJ H$mo Hw$N> {dXdmZm| Zo ^maVoXw `wJ Ho$ Zm_ go A{^{hV {H$`m h&
dVwV: `h `wJ ^maV _| Xwgao ZdOmJaU H$m `wJ h& Bg H$mb Ho$ gm_m{OH$
Cn`mg _| BgH$m {MU Am`m h& 'narjmJw' Bgr {> go nhbm gm_m{OH$
259
Cn`mg H$hm OmEJm& BZ_| CnXoe Ed AmXe H$s ^mdZm H$m m~` A{YH$ ahm h&
Bg H$mbIS> _| {bIo Jò Cn`mgm| H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h& EH$
gm_m{OH$ VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg, Xmo {Vb_r-Eo`mar Ama VrZ Omgwgr
Cn`mg&
1.
gm_m{OH$-Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg:AJoOr T>J H$m {hXr H$m W_ _m{bH$ gm_m{OH$ Cn`mg 'narjm Jw' (1882)
H$m boIZ bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg Zo {H$`m& dVwV: ~mbm Ho$ g_mZ hr {hXr _| ^r g_mO H$s
AmbmoMZm Ho$ n _| Cn`mg H$m dVZ hAm {H$Vw ~mX _| _ZmoaOZ Am{X ^md Bg| ~T>Vo
Jò& {$a ^r Cn`mg H$s _wb d{m _m gm_m{OH$ `moJ, AmbmoMZ H$s hr ahr h& Bg moUr
Ho$ boIH$m| _| lXmam {\$bmar H$m '^m`dVr' bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg H$m 'narjm Jw'
~bH$U ^> H$m 'ZyVZ ~Mmar' (1886) R>mHw$a OJ_mohZ qgh H$m 'mm dZ'
(1988), amYmH$UXmg H$m '{Zghm` {hXy' (1890), n{S>V bmmam_ e_m Ho$ 'YyV
a{gH$bmb' (1889), 'dV a_m Ama naV b_r' (1899), 'AmXe Xn{m'
(1904) VWm '{~JS>o H$m gwYma' Ama 'gVr gwIXodr' (1907), 'AmXe {hXy' (1914),
{H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r Ho$ 'Mnbm dm Z` g_mO' (1903) '{doUr dm gm^m`loUr'
(1907), brbmdVr dm AmXe gmr' (1901), amOHw$_mar (1902), nwZO_ dm
gm{V`mXmh (1907), _mYdr-_mYd dm _XZ_mo{hZr (1916), 'AJR>r H$m ZJrZm'
(1918), JJmgmX Jw H$m 'b_rXodr' (Xygar ~ma 1920 _| N>nm hmoJm) Q>rH$mam_ {Vdmar
Ho$ 'nwnHw$_mar' (1980), Xm e_m Ho$ 'dJ _o _hmg^m', `m_{H$emoa d_m H$m 'H$mer
`mm' (1916), am_OrXmg d` Ho$ 'YmoIo H$s Q>>r (1907) VWm '\y$b _| H$mQ>m (1900),
A`mo`mqgh Cnm`m` 'harAmY' Ho$ 'AY{Ibm \w$b (1907) VWm 'R>oR> {hXr H$m R>mR>'
`m 'Xod~mbm' (1899), H$Ubmb d_m 'Mnm' (1916), _Z {XdoXr H$m 'am_bmb'
(1917), VWm 'H$`mUr' Am{X& _hdnyU gm_m{OH$ Cn`mg Bg H$mb _| {bIo Jò h&
'narjm Jw' Ho$ boIH$ bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg H$m O_ _Wwam Ho$ EH$ _mhodar d`
n[adma _| hAm Wm& 'narjm Jw' '{_ narjm' hr h, Bg_| '{dnXm' H$mo 'narjm' H$hm J`m h&
BgHo$ _wIn> na {bIm h 'AZw^d mam CnXoe {_bZo H$s EH$ ggmar dmVm' AWmV
'AZw^d' hr 'narjm' h, Ama 'CnXoe' hr 'Jw' H$m H$_ h, 'ggmar dmVm' aMZm H$s Om{V
h& ''BgHo$ Zm`H$ na {dn{m AmZo go hmoe _| Am`m Ama {_-A{_ H$s nhMmZ H$aZo `mo`
~Zm&
ZdOmJaU Ho$ XmoZm| njm| H$m {MU BZ Cn`mgm| _| hAm h& EH$ gZmVZr
{>H$moZ Ama Xygam gwYmadmXr 'XodamZr OoR>mZr', 'dm_m {ejH$' Am{X _| r gwYma, ~mb
{ddmh {damoY, {`m| H$m PJS>mby d^md, AY{ddmg, Ama CnXoe H$s â^ma Am{X BZH$s
{deofVm h&
Jmonmb am` Zo R>rH$ H$hm h H$s 'dm_m {ejH$, XodamZr OoR>mZr H$s AZwH${V h, `m
A{YH$ CgH$m nbdZ& '' '^m`dVr' _| ^r {hXy g_mO H$s ~wamB`m| H$s AmbmoMZm H$s J`r
h& Bg_| boIH$ H$m gwYmadmXr {>H$moZ ahm h& ^maVoXw Zo 'Amn~rVr OJ~rVr ' _|
260
'A{ÔmV n[admam| H$s gMmB H$mo 'aoIm{H$V {H$`m h& amYmH$U Xmg Zo 'ah`H$Wm' _|
{ddmhnyd o_ ah` H$mo gm_Zo bmVo hE Crgdr eVmXr Ho$ gm_V dJ Ho$ nVZmo_wI M[a,
nm[adm[aH$ fS>` VWm o_ Ama {ddmh H$s g_`m H$m {MU {H$`m h& '' BZH$m Xygam
Cn`mg '{Zghm` qhXy' _| 'JmodY {ZdmaU' Ama 'gmXm{`H$ gX^md' H$m dUZ {H$`m h&
{~{Q>em| H$s \y$Q> S>mbmo Ama amO H$am| Ho$ Zr{V Ho$ g_` '`h EH$ Xwb^ ~mV Wr& ' `h {hXr
H$m nhbm Cn`mg h {Og_| {hXy Ama _wpb_ g_mO H$m AH$Z {H$`m h& ~mbH$U ^> H$m
'ZyVZ ~h_Mmar' Ho$ mam Ym{_H$ nmIS> H$m {MU {H$`m h& ''Bg H$ma H$m `h {hXr _|
nhbm hr Cn`mg h& '' R>mHw$a OJ_mohZ qgh H$m '`m_m dZ' Zm`H$ Ho$ amr _| XoIo Jò
Mma dZm| H$mo OmoS>H$a {bIr JB o_H$Wm h& BgHo$ ~mX {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r Zo {OZ
Cn`mgm| H$s gOZm H$s h& do 'gZmVZ Y_ _| AmWm, IS>Z H$m {damoY Ama gwYmam| H$s
drH${V' H$mo {Vnm{XV H$aVo h& H$bme H$me Zo CZHo$ Cn`mgm| H$s Hw$N> {deofVmAm| H$mo
aoIm{H$V {H$`m h& EH$,A{YH$Va Cn`mgm| H$s 'H$hmZr ~Hw$b gMr h Ama Bg_| d{UV
nmm| Ho$ Zm_ ^r ghr-ghr h& Ho$db {Obo Ama Jmd Ho$ Zm_ H$pnV h& Xmo, BZHo$ H$WmZH$
A{ÔmV {hXy n[adma go Amò h, ~mU, jr Ama d` gnZ n[admam| H$s g_`mE BZH$m
{df` ~Zr h& VrZ, `wdmdWm H$m {MU H$aVo hE r-nwf g~Ym| na H$me S>mbm J`m h&
Mma, Zm{`H$mE gwXar VWm JwUdmZ h, Ama nwf Ym{_H$ Ed gab& nmM, g^r Cn`mg
gwImV h, Xn{m-OrdZ U` go ma^ hmoH$a dmg` VH$ H$m {MU {H$`m h& N>h,
Cn`mgm| H$m Zm_H$aU Zm{`H$m Ho$ Zm_ na VWm d` JwU Ho$ Zm_ na g{dH$n h& OgobdJbVm dm AmXe~mbm' bOmam_ e_m H$m '{~JS>o H$m gwYma' Cn`mg Ho$ _wIn> na N>nm
h H$s 'EH$ XwamMmar n{V gVr nZr Ho$ gVrd go gXmMmar ~Z J`m& '
''boIH$ H$m {>H$moZ gZmVZr h, Bg{bE CgZo ZdrZ OmJ{V H$m dmJV Zht {H$`m& ''
'AmXe {hXy' _| _m 'VrW`mm' Ho$ `mO go EH$ ~mU Hw$Qw>~ _| gZmVZ Y_ H$m {XXeZ,
{hXw _Z H$m Z_wZm, AmOH$b H$s w{Q>`m, amO ^{V H$m dn, na_oda H$s ^{V H$m
AmXe Ama AnZo {dMmam| H$s ~mZJr H$m{eV H$aZo H$m `Z {H$`m h& '' VrW`mm {hXy Y_
H$m A{d^m` ^mJ h& Cg_| hmoZodmbo A`mMma, lmX, `m{^Mma, nydO_, nwZO_,
ew^-Aew^, CM-ZrMVm, AdVmadmX, O_mZm Om{VdmX H$m g_WZ boIH$ Zo {H$`m h&
ddm{hH$ Zmo _| AVOmVr` {ddmh, ~mb {ddmh, {dYdm {ddmh Ho$ Cma AnZo T>J go {Xò h&
Hw$b {_bmH$a `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h H$s boIH$ gZmVZr H$m njnmVr ahm h&
AV: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h H$s gwYma H$s ^mdZm go o[aV gm_m{OH$ Cn`mgm| H$m
boIZ Bg H$mb _| {H$`m J`m h& `hr CgH$s gm_m` d{m ^r h&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg:o_MX nyd H$mb _| {bIo {hXr Cn`mgm| H$m _w` {df` gm_m{OH$, KQ>Zm_H$
hr ahm h naVy Hw$N> _hdnyU Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ ^r {H$`m J`m h& dVwV:
^maVoXw `wJ _| JXmYaqgh Zo ~{H$_M Ho$ {gX Cn`mg 'XwJ}eZpXZr' H$m {hXr _|
AZwdmX {H$`m& V~ go ~{H$_M H$m ^md {hXy-Cn`mg, {deofVm {hXr Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$
Cn`mgm| na nS>Zo bJm& 'XwJ}eZpXZr' H$s aMZm 'AmYw{ZH$ `moamonr` ebr' na hB Wr&
261
~{H$_ go Hw$N> eVmpX`m| nyd ga dmQ>a H$mQ> (gZ 1771 go 1832 B.) Zo AJoOr _|
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg H$mo EH$ Z`m n {X`m Wm, H$mQ> Ho$ Hw$N> g_` ~mX ^maVr` B{Vhmg
H$mo boH$a ^r AJoOr _| Cn`mg {bIo Jò- {d{b`_ hmobo H$m 'nmSw>aJ h[a' (gZ 1826)
VWm H$Zb Q>oba Ho$ 'H$\o$eZ Am\$ E R>J' (gZ 1839), 'Q>rny gwbVmZ' (1840), 'Vmam'
(gZ 1863), 'am\$ S>maZob (gZ 1865), VWm 'grVm' (gZ 1873) ''({X {hQ>r Am\$
{X Bpbe Zmdob, d`y_-7, n-76-78) g_H$mbrZ ^maVr` B{Vhmg Ho$ h AJoOr
Cn`mg h& H$mQ> Zo AVrV H$s H$hm{Z`m gwZm H$a nmR>H$ Ho$ _Z _| `h ^mdZm OJmB {H$
nwamZo g_` Ho$ bmoJ ^r h_mao hr g_mZ Wo Ama Omo Hw$N> CZHo$ OrdZ _| K{Q>V hAm dh R>rH$
dgm hr h Omo `{X h_ Cg g_` hmoVo Vmo h_mao OrdZ _| ^r K{Q>V hmoVm'' (EM. Oo. gr.
{J`gZ: ga dmQ>a H$mQ>, n-58) naVy Q>oba Zo B{Vhmg _| nmR>H$mo H$s Mr OJmB& ~{H$_
Ho$ Cn`mg H$moQ> Ama Q>oba XmoZm| H$m {_{lV n {bò hE h, do nmR>H$ H$mo AVrV H$m
B{Vhmg ~Vbm H$a dV_mZ Ho$ gwYma _| `Zerb h& ~{H$_ Ho$ nmm| _| CZ `{V`m| H$mo
Eo{Vhm{gH$ n Zht {_bVm 'do BVZo An> h {H$ `{X KQ>Zm AbJ H$aHo$ CZH$mo XoIm OmE
Vmo CZ_| H$moB ^r `{Vd Zht h& Cn`mg H$s KQ>ZmE Ho$db KQ>ZmE h amOZr{VH$,
Am{WH$ VWm gm_m{OH$ e{V`m| H$m dm^m{dH$ n[aUm_ Zht ''(Oo.gr. Kmof, ~Jmbr
{bQ>aoMa, n- 155) ~{H$_ H$m am>r` AmXe {hXy-am` h& Omo Hw$N> ~{H$_ Ho$ {df` _| H$hm
Om gH$Vm h dh {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r Ho$ {df` _| ^r g` h& '' {hXr Ho$ W_ _m{bH$
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgH$ma {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r Zo'Vmam dm g-Hw$b-H$_{bZr'(1902),
'gwVmZm a{O`m ~oJ_ dm aJ_hb _| hbmhb'-(gZ 1904),
'X`hm[aUr dm AmXea_Ur'(1904),'bdJbVm dm AmXe~mbm'(gZ 1904),
'_{bH$mXodr dm ~J gamo{OZr'(1905), 'gmoZm Ama gwJY dm nZm~mB'(W_ ^mJ gZ1909 _| VWm Xwgam ^mJ-1911 _|), 'Jwb~hma dm AmXe ^mVZoh'(gZ-1916),
'bIZD$ H$s H$~ dm emhr_hbgam'(gZ-1917 _o gmV ^mJm| _|, 15 df _| gmV ^mJ),
H$ZH$-Hw$gw_ dm _VmZr (AWmV ~mOramd noedm Ama _VmZr H$s H$hmZr) "'Bg Cn`mg
_| H$nZm H$_ h, Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm A{YH$'' `h gMmB hr Cn`mg Ho$ _hd H$mo A{H$V H$aVr
h& Cn`mg H$bm H$s {> go 'Vmam' {V{Z{Y h& {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r, Cg g_` Ho$ A`
gm_m{OH$ ZoVmAm| Ho$ g_mZ, Xoe H$s AYmoJ{V H$m H$maU ImoOVo-ImoOVo _``wJ VH$ nhMo
Ama Bbm_r emgZ Ho$ {dH$mam| H$mo XoIH$a d` ^r AmM`M{H$V hmo Jò Ama nmR>H$ H$mo ^r
CZgo gmdYmZ H$aZo bJo& `hr H$maU h {H$ do Bbm_r gH${V H$m {MU g\$bVmnydH$ Zht
H$a nmò h& ''(dhr, n-208) Jwb~hma, a{O`m ~oJ_ Am{X Cn`mg _wpb_ emgZ H$mb go
g~YrV h& A` Cn`mgm| _| ^r `hr >r CZH$s ahr h&
A` Cn`mgH$mam| _| _hdnyU h _WwamgmX e_m H$m 'ZyaOhm ~oJ_ d
OhmJra', Oàm_Xmg JwV Ho$ 'Zdm~r n[aVmZ dm dm{OXAbremh, 'H$_ra nVZ',
amoeZAmam, 'aJ _| ^J'Ama '_m`mamZr' ~OZXZ ghm` H$m 'bmbMrZ' (1916)
{_l~YwAm| Ho$, 'nwn{_', '{dH$_m{X`', Ama 'dra_{U' (1927) JJmgmX JwV Ho$
ZyaOhm (1902) dranZr (1903), Hw$_maqgh goZmn{V (1903), h_ra (1903) Am{X
_wI h& Bg `wJ Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| CnXoem_H$Vm, AmXem_H$ _ZmoaOZ H$s
YmZVm ahr h&
262
KQ>Zm_H$/{Vb_r, Omgygr, AX^yV Cn`mg :'{Vb_' eX Amg\$mS> {S>eZar Ho$ AZwgma JrH$ ^mfm H$m 'Q>obo_m' eX
Aa~r ^mfm _| '{Vb_' ~Zm, AJoOr _| 'Q>o{b_Z' h {OgH$m AW h- Vm~rO, VWm OmXy Ho$
boI Omo {OgHo$ A{YH$ma _| hmo Cgo bm^ nhMmVo hmo& {hXr _| CgH$m AW h BOmb, OmXy ,
Abm{H$H$ H$maZm|& lr ~OaZXmg Ho$ AZwgma 'AmMÒZH$ H$nZm Omo {XIbmB Z nS>o''
Eogo Cn`mg ah` Ed amo_mM go âo hmoVo h {OZ_| o_H$WmZH$ ^r A`V _ZmoaOH$,
Hw$VwhbOZH$, amoMH$ ~Z OmVo h& {hXr _| {Vb_r, Eo`mar Cn`mgm| Ho$ OZH$ ~m~y
XodH$sZXZ Ir (1861 go 1913) _mZo OmVo h& Bhm|Zo 'MH$mVm' (gZ 1888 H$m
boIZ {H$`m& BgH$s g\$bVm H$mo XoIH$a 'MH$mVm gVVr' (1894-1905) Ho$ Mm~rg
^mJ {bIo& {XZ-XwZr amV MmJwZr H$s Vah BZH$s bmoH${`Vm ^r ~T>r H$B A{hXr ^mfr`m| Zo
Chr Cn`mgm| H$mo nT>Zo hoVy {hXr {gI br& ~mX _| '^yVZmW' (1907) H$m gOZ {H$`m&
Cht Ho$ nw XwJmgmX Ir Zo 1915 go 1935 Ho$ ~rM MmXh ^mJ {bIo& XodH$sZXZ Ir
Ho$ A` Cn`mgm| _| 'H$mOa H$s H$moR>ar', Hw$gw_ Hw$_mar', draodra Am{X {gX h& nmR>H$m|
H$s H$mVwhb dmr H$mo OJmH$a, Cgo CgHo$ OmXyB _moh _| ~mYo aIH$a CZH$m _ZmoaOZ {H$`m&
{hXr _| amo_mg H$s nanam Mb nS>r {d{M KQ>ZmAm| go âo Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ Xma Bg
H$mb _| Am`m& {Vb_ {dm H$m `moJ ^maV _| mMrZ H$mb go hmoVm Am`m h& Bgr Ho$ VhX
AZoH$ bmoH$H$WmE, {ddmg, nanamE ~T>r Mbr Am`r& `h ah`_`r H$WmE 'MH$mV' Ogr
hr ahr h&
Eo`ma
{Vb_r Cn`mg H$m mU Eo`ma h& 'MH$mVm' Cn`mg _| Zm`H$ drao qgh
H$mo Vmo '{g\$ AnZr VmH$V H$m âmogm h' naVy Eo`ma VoOqgh H$mo 'AnZr VmH$V Ama Eo`mar
XmoZm| H$m' ... Eo`mar EH$ {dm (hZa) h, {OgH$m _yb gy h YmoIm XoZm... Eo`ma bmoJ _m`m Ho$
CnmgH$ hmoVo h& MH$mVm, MH$mVm gV{V Ho$ 24 ^mJ Bgr H$ma Ho$ Cn`mg h&
Omgwgr Cn`mg :{Vb_r-Eo`mar go AbJ {H$_ Ho$ Omgygr Cn`mg boH$a Jmonmbam_ Jh_ar Zo
{hXr _| Yy_ _Mm Xr& BZHo$ AZwXrV, H$m{eV, _m{bH$ VWm Omgwgr H$WmnwVH$m| H$s g`m
200 h& bJ^J 100 _m{bH$ _mZr OmVr h& 'AX^yV bme' (gZ 1896), JwVMa
(1899), ~oH$gwa H$s \$mgr (gZ-1900), gaH$mar bme (1900), IwZr H$moU'. ~oJwZmh
H$m IyZ', 'O_wZm H$s ^yb', ^`H$a Mmoar, 'OmXyJaZr _Zmobm' (gZ 1909), S>mHo$ na S>mH$m
(gZ-1910) 'Omgyg M$a _|' (gZ-1900) 'IwZr H$m ôX' (gZ-1910), IyZr H$s
ImoO (gZ- 1910), BOm{bH$ Omgyg (gZ- 1910) MmBZ na bme (1907), {H$bo
_| IyZ (1910), ^moOnya H$s R>Jr (gZ- 1911), JwV ôX (gZ 1913), Omgyg H$s
Eo`mar (gZ-1914) Am{X {gX h& dVwV: 19 eVr _| AJoOr _| ga AmWa H$mZZ S>m`b
mam (gZ-1859-1930) Ho$ g_` _| Omgygr Cn`mg H$m\$s bmoH${`Vm hm{gb H$a
MwHo$ Wo& CgH$m ^md ~Jbm Ama Cggo {hXr _| `h nanam {dH${gV hB& ~Jbm Cn`mg
263
'hrao H$m _mob' AZwdmX n _| W_ H$m{eV {H$`m& nmR>H$m| Zo Cgo gamhm {\$a ~mX _| Bgr
H$ma Ho$ Cn`mgm| mam nmR>H$m| H$m {deyX _ZmoaOZ H$m` Jhâr Zo {H$`m h&
{H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r Zo ^r '{OXo H$s bme', '{Vb_r ere_hb', brbmdVr,
'`mHy$Vr VVr' CboI{Z` h& Jh_ar H$s nanam _| am_gmX bmb, Oàm_Xmg JwV,
am_bmb d_m, Am{X AmVo h& am_gmX bmb H$m 'h_mX H$m _yXm' (gZ 1903) 'hgrZm
C\$ gbr_m' (1903 go 1915 _| Mma ^mJm| _|), Oàm_Xmg JwV Ho$ 'H$mbmMX `m gmVobr
_m' VWm 'bJS>m IyZr', am_bmb d_m Ho$ 'MmbH$ Mmoa', 'KQ>ZmMH$', 'Omgyg Ho$ Ka IyZ',
'Omgygr Hw$mm', 'Agr hOma H$s Mmoar Am{X' VrZ XOZ Cn`mg {bIo h&
AX^yV Cn`mg :Bg dJ Ho$ Cn`mgm| na A`j ^md aoZmS> H$s {gX aMZm '{_Q>rO Am\$
{X H$moQ> Am\$ bX>Z'AWdm 'bXZ ah`' H$m nS>m Wm& {hXr _| BgHo$ 16 ^mJ N>no& `h
Cn`mg AmM` H$m IOmZm, {d{MVm H$m ^mS>ma, KQ>Zm H$m g_w, {XbMdr H$m nhmS>,
Iy~gyaVr H$m AImS>m,o_ H$m ZZyZ-H$mZZ, hgr-_OmH$ H$m \$dmam, grZ-grZar H$m
H$mohoH$m\$ Ama XJm \$ao~, Omb-OwAm, Mmoau-IyZ Iam~r, Mmoar S>H$mVr, VWm A`mMmaA{dMma H$m ~m`H$mon h& '' Eogo Cn`mgH$mam| _| {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r H$m 'IyZr AmaV H$m
gmV IyZ'(gZ-1916), {ZhmbMX d_m H$m 'o_ H$m \$b AWdm {_g Omham'(gZ
1913), n{S>V {d>bXmg ZmJa H$m '{H$_V H$m Iob', o_{dbmg e_m H$m' o__mYwar dm
AmZH$mVX'(gZ 1915) Am{X CboIZr` h& A` Cn`mgm| _| AS>g{Zdmgr gyaO^mZH$m
do` 'H$Q>m hAm {ga' am_bmb d_m Ho$ 'Ab~obm am{J`m' Ama dr.E.H$s ~~mXr', XwJmgmX
Ir Ho$ 'aV _S>b','{VemoY','bmbnOm' {gX h& XwJmgmX Ir Ho$ BZ Cn`mgm| Ho$
g~Y _| H$hm OmVm h H$s, '' ò am>r` ^mdZm go qhgmnyU H$m{V H$m dUZ H$aVo h& ''
H$m{VH$m[a`m| Ho$ {bò oaUm XoVo aho h&
Bg H$mb _| 1898 _| H$moB AkmV gr 'A~bm' Zo' gwhm{gZr {bIm Ama H$m{eV
{H$`m& CgHo$ ~mX {`dXm Xodr Zo 'b_r'(1908), Hw Vr Xodr Zo,nmdVr(1909) èmoXm
Xodr Zo'gMm n{Vo_'(1911), ho_V Hw$_mar MmYar Zo 'AmXe _mVm'(1912), ~Hw$_mar
^JdmZ Xodr Xw~o Zo 'gmX` Hw$_mar'(1914) lr_Vr Hw$_wX~mbm Xodr Zo 'gXmMaUr'(1917)
Am{X Cn`mgm| mam r AmXem}, _y`m|, {Z>mAm|, {e>mMma g~Yr r-nwf CnXoe na `h
Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m h& `h r bo{IH$mAm| H$m ma^ h&
o_MX `wJrZ {hXr Cn`mg :31 OwbmB 1880 H$mo S>mH$ _wer AOm`~ bmb H$mo EH$ nw aZ mV hAm {Ogo
H$Wm g_mQ> o_MX Ho$ Zm_ go OmZVo h& ~mn Zo Zm_ aIm YZnVam` Ama MmMm Zo Zdm~am`
naVy CZH$s {H$_V _| Z YZn{V hmoZm g^d hAm Z Zdm~& C_ Ho$ gmVdo df _| _m Mb ~gr
nhbr nZr go ~Zr Zht& {\$a Cg O_mZo _| EH$ H$mVrH$mar H$X_ CR>mZo hE ~mb {dYdm
{edamZr Xodr go Xwgar emXr H$s& Q>`yeZ H$aHo$, {H$Vm~o ~oMZo BQ>og nmg {H$`m, {\$a Hw$b
_mQ>a hmo Jò& CZH$s Ama{^H$ {ejm \$magr _| hB Ama gm{hp`H$ gH$ma CXy H$m {_bm&
264
1901 _| gm{h` OrdZ H$s ewdmV H$aVo hE nhbo CXy _| {\$a {hXr _| {bI MwHo$ h& 1908
_| nmM H$hm{Z`m| H$m gJh 'gmoOodVZ' H$m{eV hAm& Omo {~{Q>e H$boQ>a mam 'amOmoh' Ho$
A{^`moJ _| Obm`m J`m& CXy _| Chm|Zo H$B Cn`mg {bIo h "Aghmao _Am{dX C\$
XodWmZ ah`' (1903-05), "h_Iw_m d h_gdm~' (1906), "{H$gZm' (1908),
"Obd E Bgma' (1912) Am{X& ''nhbm Cn`mg Chm|Zo YZnVam` Ho$ Zm_ go, Xygam
Zdm~ am` Ho$ Zm_ go Ama ApV_ 'o_MX' Ho$ Zm_ go {bIm Wm& ... h_Iw_m d h_gdm~ H$m
Chm|Zo o_m AWmV Xmo g{I`m| H$m {ddmh (1907) _|, Obd E Bgma H$m daXmZ (1921) _|,
o_MX H$mo {hXr _| {V{>V H$aZodmbm nhbm Cn`mg godmgXZ (1918) _|, Omo CXy _| hr,
'~mOmao hZ' erfH$ go {bIm J`m Wm, na CgH$m CXy $n {hXr $nmVaU Ho$ ~mX H$m{eV
hAm& Bgr AmYmana 'godmgXZ' H$mo o_MX H$m nhbm {hXr Cn`mg _mZm OmVm h& '' `hr
go Zò `wJ H$m ma^ hmo OmVm h& ~mX _| 'o_ml_' (1922) VWm 'aJ^y{_' ^r H$_e:
ZmH$m_/ZoH$Zm_/JmoeE-Am{\$`V Ama MmJmZo hVr Ho$ Zm_ go CXy _| hr {bIo Jò Wo&
1926 _| nhbm {hXr _| H$m{eV 'H$mWmH$n' Am`m, {\$a '{Z_bm' (1927) 'J~Z'
(1931), 'H$_^y{_' (1933) Ama Xw{Z`m H$m _hmZ Q>oOo{S>H$ ^maVr` OrdZ VWm gm_Vr
nyOrdmXr H$mb Ho$ boH$a {bIm J`m 'JmoXmZ' (1935) _| Am`m& AmO VH$ CZH$s VrZ gm
H$hm{Z`m, ~mah Cn`mg, VrZ ZmQ>H$, Xmo gm go D$na boI Ama bJ^J EH$ XOZ AZwdmX
H$m{eV hE h& AnZo boIZ Ho$ gX^ _| Chm|Zo nmR>H$m| H$mo AJmh {H$`m Wm, ''nhmS>m| H$s ga
Ho$ eH$sZ gOZm| H$mo Bg gnmQ> H$hmZr _| AmH$fU H$s H$moB MrO Z {_boJr'' `h gmYaUVm
hr CZH$s Imgr`V h&
{hXr _o nhbr ~ma Cn`mg H$mo _ZmoaOZ, ah`H$Wm H$s Xw{Z`m go {ZH$mbH$a
gm_m{OH$ `WmW H$s Xw{Z`m _| {V{>V {H$`m& g_mO Ed `{V OtXJr Ho$ {d{^Z nhbwAm|
H$mo gm_Zo bm`m& 'godmgXZ' _| do`m g_`m, r g_`m, qhXy-_wpb_ g~Y, {ddmh
g_`m na H$me S>mbm h& '{Z_bm' _| XhoO Wm, AZ_ob {ddmh, Ama Cggo hmoZodmbm
nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z, Vmo 'J~Z' _| r-Am^yfU bmbgm VWm _`dJu` Hw$R>m, {Vkm _|
{dYdm {ddmh, H$_^y{_ _|' X{bV g_`m, aJ^y{_ _| amOZr{VH$ Ed Amn{ZdoerH$Vm H$s
g_`m', Ama JmoXmZ _| ^maVr` {H$gmZ VWm XoemoZVr H$m ^md VwV hAm h& o_MX Ho$
gm_Zo H$B g_`mE Wr, Xoe H$s namYrZVm, r CXma, AmOmXr, Xoe H$m emofU,
Amn{ZdoerH$ emgZ, nyOrdmX, gm_Vr, _hmOZr H$s nZnVr g`Vm, AVaOm{V`-Y{_`
g_`m, gmXm{`H$Vm, X{bV, {H$gmZ Am{X& `h `mnH$ n>^y{_ h {OZna Chm|Zo boIZ
{H$`m h&
o_MX Ho$ g~Y _| AmMm` hOmargmX {XdoXr Zo H$hm h- ''o_MX eVmpX`m| go
nXX{bV, An_m{ZV Ama {ZMo{fV H$fH$m| H$s AmdmO Wo; nX} _| H$X, nX-nX na bm{N>V
Ama Aghm` Zmar Om{V H$s _{h_m Ho$ O~XV dH$sb Wo; Jar~m| Ama ~oH$gm| Ho$ _hd Ho$
MmaH$ Wo& AJa Amn Cma ^maV H$s g_V OZVm Ho$ AmMma-{dMma, ^mfm-^md, ahZghZ, Amem-AmH$mjm, Xw:I-gwI Ama gyP-~yP H$mo OmZZm MmhVo h Vmo o_MX go Cm_
n[aMm`H$ AmnH$mo Zhr {_b gH$Vm& Pmon{S>`m| go boH$a _hbm| VH$, Imo_Mo dmbm| go boH$a
~H$mo VH$ Jmd go boH$a {dYmZg^mAm| VH$, AmnH$mo BVZo H$mebnydH$ Ama m_m{UH$ ^md go
H$moB Zht bo Om gH$Vm& Amn ~oIQ>Ho$ o_MX H$m hmW nH$S>H$a _oS>m| na JmVo hE {H$gmZ H$mo,
265
AV:nwa _| _mZ {H$E {`V_m H$mo, H$moR>o na ~R>r dmad{ZVm H$mo, amo{Q>`m| Ho$ {bE bbH$Vo hE
{Î_Jm| H$mo, Hy$Q> nam_e _| brZ JmoMXm| H$mo, T>m|Jr n{S>Vm| H$mo, \$ao~r nQ>dmar H$mo, ZrMme`
A_ra H$mo XoI gH$Vo h Ama {ZpMV hmoH$a {ddmg H$a gH$Vo h {H$ Omo Hw$N> AmnZo XoIm h
dh JbV Zht h& Cggo A{YH$ gMmB go {XIm gH$Zo dmbo n[aXeH$ H$mo A^r {hXr-CXy
H$s Xw{Z`m Zht OmZVr naVy gd hr Amn EH$ ~mV b` H$aoJ|, Omo gH${V`m| Ama
gnXmAm| go bX Zht JE h, Omo A{e{jV Ama {ZYZ h, Omo Jdma Ama Om{hb h, do CZ
bmoJm| H$s Anojm Am_~b aIVo h Ama A{YH$ `m` Ho$ {V g_mZ {XImVo h Omo {e{jV h,
gwgH$V h, Omo gnZ h, Omo MVwa h, Omo Xw{Z`mXma h, Omo ehar h& `hr o_MX H$m AnZm
OrdZ-XeZ h& ''
'aJ^y{_' Ama 'JmoXmZ' CZHo$ gdlo> Cn`mg h& BZ XmoZm| Cn`mgm| _| X{bV
r Ed {H$gmZ {V dVVm H$s _mJ do H$aVo h& S>m. Zm_da qgh Zo BZ Cn`mgm| Ho$ gX^
_| H$hm h, ''o_MX H$m 'aJ^y{_ dVwV: gm_m`dmX Ama gm_VdmX Ho$ JR>~YZ H$m geV
{damoY h& Bg {damoY H$m Zm`H$ h- 'gyaXmg', EH$ AYm, {Îmar, Om{V H$m M_ma {Og_|
Ama Mmho {OVZo XwJwU hmo, bo{H$Z EH$ JwU Eogm h {Og_| gmao XwJwU {N>n OmVo h Ama dh h:
''A`m` XoIH$a Cggo Z ahm OmVm Wm, AZr{V CgHo$ {bE Aghm` Wr& ... 'gwaXmg'
^maVr` gm{h` _| EH$ Z`m M[a h, A{d_aUr` Ama A_a ''VWm'' o_MX H$m nadVu
gm{h` Bg Xma Ho$ Q>{OH$ `WmW H$m _m{_H$ XVmdoO h& 'JmoXmZ' Omo CZH$s _`w go Hw$N> hr
g_` nhbo H$m{eV hAm, o_MX H$s BZ H${V`m| _| A`V_ h& `hm Z 'aJ^y{_' H$m {hamoBH$
Cgmh h, Z o_ml_ H$m `yQ>mo{n`m& `WmW `hm AnZr nyar ^`mdhVm Ho$ gmW ZJm IS>m h&
`hm AmZo na o_MX H$mo Ahgmg hmoVm h Xw_Z H$ht ~mha Zht, ~pH$ Ka Ho$ AXa hr h&
'JmoXmZ' _| {~{Q>e gm_m`dmX nX} Ho$ nrN>o h- naXo Ho$ gm_Zo h {_b _m{bH$, O_tXma,
_hmOZ, H$m[aXm, nQ>dmar, nwamo{hV Ama AnZr hr {~amXar& ò g^r EH$ Amoa h Vmo Xygar
Amoa h nmM ~rKo H$m H$mVH$ma-hmoar& ... 'JmoXmZ' Ho$ hmoar Ogm Q>{OH$ hramo ^maVr` gm{h`
_| Xygam Zht h& `{X 'aJ^y{_' H$m gyaXmg AnZr _`y _| ^r A_a h, namO` _| ^r AOo` h,
Vmo hmoar H$s _`y Bg OrdZ Ho$ {bE EH$ MwZm{V h& ''
o_MX H$m {hXr _| AmZm EH$ H$mVrH$mar KQ>Zm ahr gm_m{OH$ Ed gm{hp`H$ {>
go& gm_m{OH$ {> go do H$~ra Ho$ gJ IS>o aho Vmo gm{hp`H$ {> go {Vb_-Eo`ma, Omgwg
VWm AX^yV OmXwB Xma I_ hAm& o_MX Ho$ g_H$mbrZ Cn`mgH$mam| _|, Or. nr.
lrdmVd, OJXre Pm, {d_b, _Xmarbmb JwV, MS>r gmX Xòe, ~oMoZ e_m 'CJ',
{J[aOmXm ewb, XodZmamÙ {XdoXr, \w$bM AmoPm '_wV', {ednwOZ ghm`,
n[anyUmZX d_m, F$f^MaU OZ, {ddZmWqgh e_m, {ddâZmW e_m 'H$m{eH$',
OèH$a gmX, gy`H$mV {nmR>r '{Zambm' Am{X&
gZ 1936 _| 'bog' H$s WmnZm hB Ama CgHo$ Hw$N> g_` ~mX Bgr df o_MX
H$m 8 AQw>~a 1936 {ZYZ hAm& Cn`mg H$s d{m _| ~Xbmd Am`m& Bg H$mb Ho$ boIH$
Bg {> go _hdnyU h& OJXre Pm '{d_b' Zo '{ZYZ H$`m' (1920), "Iam gmoZm'
(1921), 'AmXe XnVr' (1921), 'OrdZ `mo{V' (1922), "brbmdVr' (1924),
"Amem na nmZr' (1925), "a_Ur ah`' (1926), "Ho$ga' (1936) Am{X& Cn`mg
266
gm_m{OH$ ~war{V`m|, AJoOr {ejm Ho$ Hw$^md go JV `wdmAm|, O_rZXmam| mam {H$gmZm| H$m
emofU, ^> A{YH$mar O_mZm Ho$ ^>mMma, nm[adm[aH$ g_`mAm| H$m g_H$mbrZ `WmW
BZH$s gm{h` H${V`m| _| Am`m h&
Or. nr. lrdmVd Ho$ "_hme` ^Sm>_qgh e_m' (1919), "bVImoar bmb'
(1931), "{dbm`Vr Cby' (1932), "dm_r MmIQ>mZX' (1938) A{X hm`-``
aMZmE h& "mUZmW' (1925), "JJmO_wZr' (1927) "{Xb H$s AmJ C\$ {XbObo H$s
Amh' (1932) Am{X _|, {Z:dmW o_, XhoO Wm, {ddmh VWm lmX _| hmoZodmbm An``,
{hXy-_wpb_ EH$Vm, T>moJr _hm_mAm| H$m nmIS> H$m dUZ {H$`m h&
_Xmarbmb JwV Zo "JmareH$a' (1923), "gImam_' (1924) "_m{ZH$ _pXa'
(1926) VWm MS>rgmX Xòe Zo "_Zmoa_m' (1924) VWm "_Jb ^mV' (1925) {bIo
h& nmS>o` ~oMZ e_m 'CJ' Zo 'MX hgrZm| Ho$ IVyV' (1927), "{Xbr H$m Xbmb'
(1927), "~wYwAm H$s ~oQ>r' (1928), "eam~r' (1930), "gaH$ma Vwhmar AmIm| _|'
(1937), "Or. Or. Or' (1939) _| VWm "\$mJwZ Ho$ {XZ Mmoa' (1960) Am{X Cn`mg
{bIo& BZHo$ gm{h` H$mo Kmgbo{Q> gm{h` H$hm J`m Omo gm_m{OH$ H$m{VH$marVm H$m n[aM`
XoVm h& 'MX hgrZm| Ho$ IVwV' _| {hXy-_wpb_ `wdH$-`wdVr H$m o_ {ddmh VWm
gmXm{`H$ gX^md H$m {MU {H$`m h& '{Xr H$m Xbmb' _| N>mo{Q> bS>{H$`m| VWm `wd{V`m|
H$m H$`-{dH$` H$aZodmbr gWmAm| H$mo ~oZH$m~ H$a {X`m h& '~wYwAm H$s ~oQ>r' _|
ANy>VmoXma AWmV ^{J`m| H$m ZmaH$s` OrdZ `WmW VwV {H$`m h& 'eam~r' _| do`mAm|
Ama eam~Kam| H$m Z `WmW AH$Z {H$`m J`m h& 'gaH$ma Vwhmar AmIm| _|' _| gm_Vr
OrdZ H$s {dbmg{`Vm, Eo`mer, mm H$s X`Zr`Vm, {ZYZVm, {dbmgr amOm H$m An``,
Xoer amOmAm| H$s emgZ g~Yr A`dWm, Om-nrS>Z H$m {MU h& 'Or Or Or' _| {hXw
n[adma Ama g_mO _| r A`mMma H$s XmgVm CâH$a Am`r h&
{J[aOmXm ewb '{J[ae' Zo gXoh (1925), o_ H$s nrS>m (1930), AUmoX`
(1930), nmn H$s nhobr (1931), ~m~y gmh~ (1932), mo\o$ga (1946) Am{X
Cn`mgm| _| g_gm_{`H$ g_`mAm| H$m AH$Z {H$`m h&
\w$bM AmoPm Zo 'g`m{gZr (1926), nVPS> (1930), nmn Ama nw`
(1930), Oob`mm (1931), VbmH$ (1932) Am{X Cn`mg {bIo h&
{ednyOZ ghm` Zo 'XohmVr Xw{Z`m (1926), n[anyUmZX d_m Zo o_ H$m _y`
(1927), _oar Amh (1932) Am{X& F$f^MaU OZ Zo ngo H$m gmWr (1928), {Xr H$m
`m{^Mma (1928), do`mny (1929), _mQ>a gmh~ (1929), g`mJh (1930),
ah`_`r (1931), {Xr H$m H$bH$ (1936) _| {d{^ g_`mAm| H$mo aIm h& Ogo {dYdm
{ddmh, AVaOmVr` {ddmh, `wdH$-`wd{V`m| Ho$ {ddmh nyd o_, {hXy g_mO _| `mV
Hw$[a{V`m, _hmZJa _| \$bo ^>mMma, do`m OrdZ H$m {MU, do`mg~Yr \$bZodmbo ^_,
`m{^Mma, AnamY H$m dUZ Am{X _wI h&
{ddZmWqgh e_m Zo H$gmQ>r (1929), doXZm (1930) `mJr `wdH$ (1933)
VWm {ddâZmW e_m 'H$m{eH$' Zo '_m' (1929) VWm {Îm[aUr, gKf (1945) _|
H$m{eV hAm&
267
Xmo N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo gm_m{OH$ Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m CZ_| EH$ h gmXH$m (1930), "{VVbr' (1936) VWm EH$ AnyU Cn`mg 'BamdVr' (1936) {bIm h&
BamdVr _| VrWWmZm| na Y_ Ho$ Zm_ na MbZodmbo `m^rMma H$m {MU h Vmo {VVbr _| {hXy
Y_ lo>Vm H$m AVam>t` gX^ _| narjU {H$`m J`m h& Vmo Xwgao h {Zambm Bhm|Zo "Agam'
(1931), "AbH$m' (1933), "{Zn_m' (1936) Ama "^mdVr' (1936) "MmoQ>r H$s
nH$S>' (1946), "H$mbo H$maZm_o' (1950) Am{X Cn`mgm| H$m gOZ {H$`m h& Ama ^r H$B
_hdnyU Cn`mgH$ma h& S>m. ZJo {OZH$s g` Xmo-T>mB gm ~VmVo h {\$a ^r _hd H$s
{> go {ZZ Cn`mgH$ma Ed Cn`mgm| H$m CoI H$aZm Oar h& MVwagoZ emr Zo "X`
H$s `mg' (1927), "A_a A{^bmfm' (1933) "Am_Xmh' (1934) {bIo h& Hw$N> Eogo
Cn`mgH$ma ^r h {Ohm|Zo Cn`mg boIZ H$m ma^ Vmo Bgr H$mb _| {H$`m naVy o_MXmoma
H$mb _| do {V{>V hE& JmoqdXd^ nV Zo "gy`mV' (1922), "{V^m' (1934), "_Xmar'
(1935), AZwnbmb _S>b Zo "{Zdm{gVm' (1929), "g_mO H$s doXr na' (1931),
"gmH$s' (1932), "naoIm' (1934), "`mo{V{_`r' (1934), Vmn ZmamÙ lrdmVd
Zo '{dXm' (1928) ^JdVrMaU d_m Zo "{MboIm' (1934) "VrZ df' (1936), {g`mam
eaU JwV Zo "JmoX' (1933) VWm "ApV_ AH$mjm' (1934) A{X&
Bg H$mb _| gm_m{OH$ {> go _Zmodkm{ZH$ {> H$s Amoa WmZ H$aZodmbo
Cn`mgH$mam| _| VrZ Cn`mgH$ma CoI{Z` h& ^JdVrgmX dmOno`r Zo "o_nW'
(1926), "AZmW nZr' (1928), "_wgH$mZ' (1929, `hr `mJ_`r go nwZH$m{eV
1932 _|) o_{Zdmh (1934), VWm n{VVm H$s gmYZm (1936) Am{X H$m boIZ {H$`m h&
BbmM Omoer Zo 'U_`r (1929), OZoHw$_ma Zo "naI' (1930), "gwZrVm'
(1935) Am{X _Zmodkm{ZH$ Cn`mgm| H$s aMZm H$s& H$Wm OJV _| o_MX Ho$ Cmam{YH$mar
Ho$ n _| Bho OmZm OmVm h naVy BZH$s {> _Zmo{dkmZ VH$ hr gr{_V ahr o_MX H$s Vah
`mnH$ OZ ~moY H$m A^md ahm naVy H$Wm H$s {H$gmJmoB Ed CgHo$ H$hZo H$m T>J g~ Hw$N>
o_MX H$s Vah H$m hr h&
Bg H$mb _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgH$mam| _| dXmdZbmb d_m Zo "gJ_' (1927),
"`mJV' (1927), "bJZ' (1928), "Hw$S>brMH$' (1932) Am{X g_H$mbrZ
g_`mAm| na {bIo Vmo "JT>Hw$S>ma' (1930) VWm "{damQ>m H$s n{X_Zr' (1936) Zm_H$
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg {bIo h& A` Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| JmoqdXd^ nV H$m "gy`mV'
(1922), am_M {_l H$m "o_n{WH$' (1926), H$UZX Jw H$m Ho$Z (1930), MVwagoZ
emr H$m Idmg H$m `mh (1932) am_`mao {nmR>r H$m {Xr H$s emhOmXr (1933),
{Zambm H$m '^mdVr (1936), ~OZXZ ghm` H$m "{d_V g_mQ>' (1936) Am{X
CoIZr` h&
Hw$N> _hdnyU _{hbm bo{IH$mAm| Zo ^r Cn`mg {bIo h& ''{hXr H$s nhbr
_m{bH$ Cn`mg bo{IH$m H$moB 'gmdr gVr mU A~bm' Wr {Ohm|Zo AnZm dmV{dH$ Zm_
Jw aIH$a, 1890 _| 'gwhm{gZr' Zm_H$ Cn`mg {bIm Ama H$m{eV H$am`m Wm& `{X h
'A~bm' ~OaZ Xmg Ho$ AZwgma _{bH$m Xodr hr h, Vmo Chr H$mo {hXr H$s nhbr _m{bH$
Cn`mg bo{IH$m ^r _mZZm hmoJm& '' CgHo$ ~mX o_MX H$mb _| p_Ur Xodr Zo '_o_ Ama
268
gmh~' (1919), Hw$Vr Zo 'gwXar' (1922), {d_bm Xodr MmYamZr Zo 'H$m{_Zr'
(1923), aZdVr Xodr e_m Zo 'gw_{V' (1923) ebHw$_mar Xodr Zo 'C_m gwXar'
(1924), {J[aOm Xodr Zo 'H$_b Hw$gw_ (1925), Hw$_mar VoOamZr Xr{jV Zo 'X` H$m
H$mQ>m' (1928) lr_Vr `mo{V_`r R>mHw$a Zo '_YwdZ' (1933), ^mdVr ^Q>ZmJa Zo
'namO`' (1934), OJX~m Xodr Zo 'hrao H$s AJyR>r' (1934) Cfm Xodr {_m Zo 'dMZ H$m
_mob' (1936) VWm Hw$Qw>_ `mar Xodr ggoZm Zo 'X` H$m Vmn' (1936) Am{X& BZ r
bo{IH$mAm| Zo qhXy g_mO _| r H$s pW{V H$mo gm_Zo bmZo H$m _hdnyU H$m` {H$`m h& r
dVVm, {ejm H$m g_WZ CZH$m _hdnyU {dMma h& Jmonmb am` Ho$ AZwgma ''BZ
bo{IH$mAm| H$m Zmar g~Yr {>H$moZ o_MX Zo Cn`mg H$mo _`dJ Ho$ gmW OmoS>m, CZH$m
`WmW Cn`mg _| Am`m& Cn`mg {dYm OZ gm_m` Ho$ {ZH$Q> Am`r& gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg Ed
dmW H$s {> go `h _hdnyU ^r h& AZoH$ {dMma q~XyAm| go gm_m{OH$ n[adVZ H$s bS>mB
Bg H$mb Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| Am`r h& n[adVZ Ho$db {> H$m Zht h ~pH$ gm_m{OH$ J{VAdamoYH$m| H$mo VmoS>Zo H$m h& nanam, {T>`m|, {dH$V lXmAm|, AY{ddmgm| H$mo VmoS>Zo H$s
Amd`H$Vm na Bg H$mb Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| ~b {X`m& Xoe, Xoe H$s dVVm, X{bV, r,
{H$gmZ H$s XmgVm, bwQ>, CZH$s dVVm, Amn{Zdo{eH$ emgZ Umbr H$m {damoY, Y_~YZm|
Ho$ VmoS>H$a gX^mdZm \$bmZo H$s H$mo{ee, _mZdVmdmX, H$`mU ^mdZm na Omoa Ed Cgr _|
T> AWm BZ Cn`mgm| _| `V hB h& M[a {dH$mg H$s {> go `h H$mb ~h_wIr h& ha
dJ, qbJ, d{m, d^md dmbo nmm| Ho$ {d{dY Va Bg H$mb Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| Amò h& nmm|
H$s {OVZr A{YH$ {d{dYVm AHo$bo o_MX _| nm`r Om{V h A` {H$gr _| Zht& d`-{df`
H$m {dVma ^s Cgr H$ma hmo MwH$m h& nanam ~X {df` Ogo o_, lJma, Omgygr, Eo`mar,
{Vb_, Ho$ Xmào H$mo VmoS>H$a, Jmd go boH$a eha VH$, _`dJ go boH$a nyOrnVr VH$,
{Îmar, X[a, ZJo, bmoJm| H$m OrdZ {MU Cn`mgm| _| Am`m h& JVrerb {>H$moZ,
OZdmXr ^mdZm H$m C^ma Bgr Xma _| ma^ hAm& X{bE Ed Zmar Ho$ CWmZ, Ho$ {bE n`mV
CnbpY Bgr g_` {_br& dVwV: Zmar AnZo gnyU pW{V H$mo boH$a Bg H$mb Ho$ Cn`mgmo
_| Am`r h& ^maV _| ''Cn`mg H$m O_ _`dJ Ho$ H$maU hAm, _`dJ Ho$ {bE _`dJ
mam hAm'' Eogm _mZm OmVm h& naVy S>m. Zm_da qgh H$hVo h H$s ^maV _| Cn`mg H$m CX`
_`dJ Ho$ _hmJmWm Ho$ n _| Zhr, ~pH$ {H$gmZ OrdZ H$s _hmJmWm Ho$ n _| hAm... ^maV
_| _`dJ Bg bm`H$ Zht Wm {H$ CZrgdr eVmXr _| {H$gr ZB n {dYm H$mo O_ Xo gHo$
Ama AnZr gH${V H$m {dH$mg H$a gHo$& '' naVy o_MX H$mb _| Cn`mg gm_m{OH$
n[adVZ H$s Ia H$m_Zm boH$a Ho$ Am`m& {H$gmZ g_`m am>r` g_`m Ho$ n _| VwV
hB& r g_`m Ho$ H$B nhbwAm| H$mo Cn`mgm| _| COmJa {H$`m J`m& dm{YZVm, AmXmobZ,
gmXm{`H$ EH$Vm, r-nwfm| Ho$ g~Y, nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z, o_, Xn` OrdZ,
_y`{df`H$ gKf H$m OrdZ {MU Bg H$mb Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$s gOZerbVm, {deofVm h&
ghO, grYr, ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm, ^mdm{^`{V H$s {d{e> ^{J_m Ama nmR>H$m| Ho$ nT>Zo _|
Mr Ho$ gmW g~{YV `m H$ho {M{V g_`m na CobrV `m H$ho gmoMZo Ho$ {bE ~m H$aVm
h& AZoH$ Zò {df` Ama CgH$m grYm g~Y gm_m` dJ go ahm h `h ^r Bg H$mb Ho$
Cn`mg H$s Im{g`V h&
269
o_MXmoma {hXr Cn`mg: {d{^Z d{m`m :o_MXmoma `wJ _o {hXr Cn`mg H$m {dH$mg Vrd J{V go hAm& AZoH$
{V^mgnZ boIH$m| Zo Zò {df`m| H$mo Z`m {en-{dYmZ XoH$a A{^`V {H$`m& `hr
H$maU h H$s o_MXmoma H$mbIS> _| {hXr Cn`mg _| {d{^ d{m`m| H$m {dH$mg hAm&
CZ_| go Hw$N> _wI Cn`mgH$mam| VWm Cn`mgm| H$m CboI `hm hmoJm& Cn`mg {dYm H$m
{dVV Z^ Bg Xma _| _Zw` _Z H$s H$B gMmB`m| H$mo AnZo _| g_oQ>H$a Am`m h& Bh|
H$mb-g_` _| R>rH$-R>rH$ ~mYZm Ag^d Zht bJVm Bg{bE d{m`m| Ho$ VhV BgH$m
A``Z {H$`m OmEJm& S>m. ZJo Zo BgH$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| ~mQ>m h- 1950 VH$ Ho$ Cn`mg,
1950 go 1960 VH$ Ho$ Cn`mg Ama gmR>momar Cn`mg& nhbm XeH$ _w`V: \$m`S> Ama
_mg H$s {dMmaYmam go ^m{dV h, Xygam `moJm_H$ {deofVmAm| go Ama Vrgam
AmYw{ZH$VmdmXr {dMmaYmam go&'' naVy h_ gm_m{OH$, _Zmodkm{ZH$, J{VdmXrg_mOdmXr `m amOZr{VH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ama AmM{bH$ Cn`mg H$s YmamAm| H$m n[aM` XoH$a
gmR>momar Ama ~mX dmbo H$mbIS> H$m dV A``Z H$aoJ|&
gm_m{OH$ Cn`mg :gm_m{OH$ `WmW o_MX H$s XoZ ahr h& 'JmoXmZ' Cgr H$m _hmH$m` ahm h, Ama
d` hmoar `WmW H$s Q>oOS>r& dJu` M[a H$s H$nZm H$a Cg `WmW H$mo JmoXmZ _| o_MX Zo
{d{dY Am`m^ {Xò h& dVwV: d` o_MX Zo ZmZm{dY d{m`m| H$mo O_ {X`m Bgr AW _| do
H$Wm g_mQ> hmo OmVo h& Bhr H$s nanam H$m {dH$mg gmX Ho$ H$H$mb _| CâH$a Am`m h&
H$bmVaU _| {Zambm, CnoZmW AH$, nmS>o` ~oMZ e_m 'CJ', MVwagoZ emr,
dXmdZbmb d_m, ^JdVrMaU d_m, {dUw ^mH$a, A_Vbmb ZmJa, Zaoe _ohVm, M
{H$aU gmZ aogm Am{X boIH$m| Zo Cn`mg {dYm H$mo g_X {H$`m& BZ g~Ho$ boIZ H$s
AnZr-AnZr {deofVm h& naVy gm_m{OH$ {> go n[adVZH$mar ^mdZm Zo OS> Ed
`WmpW{VdmXr nanam, _y`, gH$ma H$s Ztd {hbmH$a aIZodmbo BZHo$ Cn`mgm| H$m _hd
A{YH$ h& BZH$m AdXmZ AZoH$ {>H$moZ go qMVZnaH$ h&
o_MX Ho$ A{V[aV gm_m{OH$ Cn`mg H$m boIZ H$aZodmbo _| gmX CnoZmW
AH$, ^JdVrgmX dmOno`r, ^JVrMaU d_m, A_Vbmb ZmJa, nmS>o` ~oMZ e_m 'CJ'
Am{X _hdnyU h&
{hXr Cn`mg _| ma^ go hr gm_m{OH$Vm H$m da AZwJwO ahm h& narjm Jw
g_V o_MX `wJ Ho$ AZoH$ Cn`mg gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| go nyarV h& o_MX Ho$ {Vkm _|
{dYdm g_`m, godmgXZ _| do`m g_`m, {Z_bm _| AZ_ob {ddmh Ama gmVobr _m H$s
g_`m, aJ^y{_ _| amOZr{VH$ V` H$m`mH$n, H$_^y{_, Ama JmoXm_ _| r Ed {H$gmZ
g_`mAm| H$m AH$Z hAm h&
aJ^y{_ _| gwaXmg Omo Om{V go M_ma h, AYm VWm {Îmar h Cgo Zm`H$ ~ZmH$a
X{bV OrdZ H$s g_`m H$mo gm_Zo bmVo h& 'JmoXmZ' Vmo ^maVr` {H$gmZ H$m _hmH$m` hr
~Zm h& hmoar, Y{Z`m, _mbVr, Jmo~a, Pw{Z`m Ogo nmm| mam gm_m{OH$ XX hr A{^`V
hAm h& o_MX H$s Bgr nanam H$m {dH$mg AmJo MbH$a gmX Ho$ 'H$H$mb' '{VVbr'
(1934) (1930) _| boIZ hAm Wm& 'H$H$mb' Vmo Y_ Ho$ Zm_ na MbZodmbo `m{^Mma,
270
CgHo$ {d{Y {ZfoY na MmoQ> H$s h&
nmS>o` ~oMZ e_m 'CJ':CJOr H$m gm{h` AmdoenyU ebr _| OS> gm_m{OH$ _m`VmAm| na H$R>moa hma
H$aVm h& boIH$ H$s H${V H$s Vah hr CZH$m gm{h` 'CJ' AWmV AmbmoMH$m| eXm| _|
KmgboQ>r ` Z, Abrb _mZm OmVm h& naVy Chm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| _| AZw^y{V H$mo
`mnH$Vm Xr h& o_MX `wJ H$s _hdnyU g_`mE BZHo$ gm{h` H$s ^r ahr h& do`md{m,
An`Vm, gmXm{`H$Vm Am{X H$mo H$mebnyU T>J go `V {H$`m h& CZHo$ _hdnyU
Cn`mgm| _| 'MX hgrZm| Ho$ IVyV' (1927), {Xbr H$m Xbmb (1927), ~wYwdm H$s ~oQ>r
(1928), eam~r (1930), gaH$ma Vwhmar AmIm| _| (1930), H$mQ>m (1937), H$T>r _|
H$mo`bm (1955), Ama '\$mJwZ Ho$ Mma {XZ' (1960) Am{X h& 'MX hgrZm| Ho$ IVyV'
{hXy-_wpb_ gmhm> H$mo o_ Ho$ _m`_ go `V {H$`m h& EH$ Hw$brZ ~mU bS>H$m _wamar
ImZ ~hmXya _wh_X hgZ H$s bS>H$s Z{Jg go o_ H$aVm h& `hr H$Wm gZmVZ {hXy Y_ H$s
OS> nmIS> gmoM H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h, Cg na {VIr {V{H$`m boIH$ XoVo h& '~wYdm H$s ~oQ>r'
X{bV gdoXZm H$mo boH$a {bIm J`m h& Vmo '{Xr H$m Xbmb' do`m dmr _| Sw>~r AnV
bS>{H$`m| H$s ZaH$-JmWm H$mo gm_Zo bmVm h& Ama '\$mJyZ Ho$ Mma {XZ' mam gZmVZ Y_ Ama
r Ho$ g~Y _| CmoOH$ ~hg VwV H$aVm h&
CJOr H$B ~ma {ddmXm| Ho$ Koao _| aho h& naVy gm_m{OH$ n[adVZ H$s Omo bS>mB
o_MX Zo ma^ H$s Wr Cgr H$mo {d\$moQ>H$ T>J go CJOr Zo Cn`mgm| mam aIm h& gm_m{OH$
AdZVr Ho$ {bE do qhXy Y_ H$mo H$maU _mZVo h& AnZo AmXeuH$V H$Vrmam gm_m{OH$
CVr H$m _mJ eV H$aVo h&
{Zambm :Agam (1931) {Zambm H$m W_ Amn`m{gH$ gOZ H$_ h& CZH$s H${d N>dr
go H$B JwZm A{YH$ gm_m{OH$ `WmWdmXr H${V J _| Câr h& CZHo$ H${d N>{d H$s MMm
A{YH$ hmoVr ahr J H$s Zht naVy {Zambm MmoQ>r Ho$ JH$ma h& ~mX _| AbH$m (1933),
^mdVr (1936), {ZnVm (1936), Hw$br^ma (1939), {~bogwa ~H$[ahm (1942),
MmoQ>r H$s nH$S> (1946) Ama H$mbo H$maZm_o (1950) Am{X _hdnyU Cn`mg Chm|Zo {bIo
h& {Zambm Ho$ Cn`mgm| Ho$ gX^ _| _Ywaoe Zo _hdnyU ~mV H$ht h, {Zambm Ho$ Cn`mg n
aMZm Ama gJR>Z H$s {> go {H$gr CoIZr` {eIa H$mo ^bo hr Z Ny>Vo hmo, bo{H$Z Cnr{S>V
OZVm Ho$ gKf Ama {VamoYr MoVZm H$s {> go CZH$m {deof _hd h& '' ({hXr Cn`mg
H$m {dH$mg, n-100) 'Agam' _| A{ÔmV Hw$b H$m `wdH$ Ama EH$ do`mnwr Ho$ o_ Ama
{ddmh H$m {MU H$aVo hE Zmar-_w{V Ho$ gdmb go h_o aZ-~-aZ {H$`m h& 'AbH$m' AdY
jo Ho$ A^mdJV {H$gmZm| H$s {dfmXnyU H$Wm h& '{Zn_m' {Zambm g_` Ho$ Am{WH$ Ama
dMm[aH$ {> go {nN>S>o {T>JV gH$mam| _| OH$S>o Jm_rU g_mO H$s VI' gMmB`m| H$mo
gm_Zo bmVm h& ^mdVr Eo{Vhm{gH$ aMZm h& {~boogwa ~H$[ahm X{bV OrdZ H$m AH$Z
H$aVm h& BZ g^r Cn`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ `WmW Ho$ {d{dY nhby CâH$a Amò h&
271
CnoZmW AH$ Zo {JaVr Xrdma| (1946), J_ amI (1952), ~S>r ~S>r AmIo
(1955), nWa Ab nWa (1957), eha _| Kw_Vm AmBZm (1962), EH$ amV ZaH$
(1968), EH$ Zht H$Xrb (1969) ~mYmo Z Zmd Bg R>md (1974), VWm {Z{_fm
(1980) Am{X H$m{eV h& AH$ Ho$ Cn`mg gm_m{OH$ gdoXZm H$s {> go _hdnyU aho
h& ''{JaVr Xrdma| go boH$a {Z{_fm VH$ Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| {ZZ _`dJ Ho$ Am{WH$ gKf, Bgr
dJ Ho$ `wdmAm| H$s gnZm|,Z{VH$ _y`m|,AH$mjmAm| go nXm hB Hw$R>mAm|, nwamZr nrT>r go CZHo$
gKf, ^Q>H$Z, {Zamem, o_ Ho$ jo _| Ag\$bVm, Xmn` OrdZ H$s H$Qw>Vm Ama AgVmof
VWm g_mO mam {ZYm[aV _y`m| H$s b_UaoIm _| KwQ>Vr Ama VS>nVr {`m| H$m {MU BZ
Cn`mgm| H$s {deofVm h& ''
^JVrgmX dmOno`r Zo '{nnmgm' (1937), Xmo ~hZ| (1940), Ama {ZÙ
(1942), MbVo MbVo, gwZr amh, {ddmg H$m ~b, AnZm {~H$ J`m, H$_nW Am{X _wI
Cn`mgm| H$m gOZ {H$`m h& ''r-nwf Ho$ ~rM _wV o_ Ama Z{VH$ g{hVm go CgH$m
Q>H$amd, _Zmodkm{ZH$ AVXX VWm r Ho$ nanwf go o_ H$aZo Ho$ Zg{JH$ A{YH$ma H$m
{VnmXZ BZHo$ ma{^H$ VrZ Cn`mgm| _| {_bVm h& ''
'o_ nW' _| {ddem{V, _Zw` _m H$m H$`mU, g` Ama A{hgm, '^yXmZ' _| {H$gmZm| _|
^y{_ H$m g_mZ {dVaU, gm_m{OH$ gX^md, 'gyZr amh' _| H$V` Ho$ {V B_mZXmar, Jmo_Vr
Ho$ VQ> na' _| ^maVr` gH${V H$s _hmm, 'CgZo Z H$hm' _| _`dJu` n[adma H$s g_`mE,
'Qw>Q>Vo ~YZ' _| nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z, 'A{YH$ma H$m Z' _| nr{T>`m| H$m n[adVZerb
{>~moY, Z`r nrT>r H$m {dmoh Am{X'' na _WZ {H$`m J`m h&'H$_ nW' _| EH$ dmdb~r
`wdH$ Ho$ OrdZ gKf H$mo n> {H$`m h&
^JdVr MaU d_m Bg H$mb Ho$ _hdnyU boIH$ h& Bhm|Zo '{MboIm' (1934)
H$mo {bIH$a nmn-nw` Ho$ {V gm_m{OH$m| Ho$ {>H$moZ H$mo gm_Zo bm`m h& ''H$Wm H$s {> go
^JdVrMaU d_m Ho$ Cn`mg CZrgdr gXr Ho$ A{V_ XeH$ (1890) go boH$a ^maV na
MrZ Ho$ AmH$_U (1962) VH$ Ho$ g_` H$mo CgHo$ `mnH$ Ama d{d`nyU Am`m_ _| VwV
H$aZo H$m `mg H$aVo h& BZ Cn`mgm| _| Bg Ad{Y _| ^maV _| hmoZodmbo amOZr{VH$Am{WH$ Ama gm_m{OH$ CWb-nwWb H$m AH$Z {H$`m J`m h& Bg {> go '^ybo {~gao {M
(1959), gm_` Ama gr_m (1962), grYr gr ~mV| (1968), Z Ama _ar{MH$m
(1973), Q>oT>o _oT>o amVo (1948), Ama g~{h ZMmdV am_ JmogmB (1970) {deof n go
CoIZr` h& '' BZHo$ A` _hdnyU Cn`mgm| _| Am{Iar Xmd (1950), AnZo {IbmZo
(1957), dh {\$a Zht Am`r (1960), WHo$ nmd (1963), aoIm (1964) Am{X h& '^ybo
{~gao {M' ^JdVrMaU d_m H$m gdlo> Cn`mg h {Og_| VrZ nr{T>`m| (1890-1930)
H$s gmoM Ama _mZ{gH$Vm Ho$ ~Xbmd, nwamZr nrT>r Ho$ gmW Z`r nrT>r Ho$ gKf, Amn{Zdo{eH$
emgZ Ho$ {V ~wpXOrdr dJ Ho$ _moh^J Ama {dmoh H$m AH$Z {H$`m J`m h& ''
A_Vbmb ZmJa Bg g_` Ho$ EH$ Amoa _hdnyU Cn`mgH$ma h& BZH$m nhbm
Cn`mg '_hmH$mb' (1947) _| H$m{eV hAm Ama '~yX Ama g_w' (1956) go do MMm _|
Amò& _`dJu` ZmJ[aH$ OrdZ H$m `WmW Bg_| n> hAm h& `{V Ama g_mO Ho$
A`mo`m{YV g~Ym| H$mo do `V H$aVo h& CZHo$ A` M{MV Cn`mgm| _| eVaO Ho$ _mohao
272
(1959), gwhmJ Ho$ Zwnwa (1960), A_V Ama {df (1966), gmV KyKQ>dmbm _wIS>m
(1968), EH$Xm Z{_fmaò (1972), VwbgrXmg Ho$ OrdZ na '_mZg H$m hg' (1972),
Zm`mo ~hV Jmonmb (1978), gwaXmg Ho$ OrdZ na 'IOZ Z`Z' (1981), {~Iao {VZHo$
(1982), ApZJ^m (1983), H$adQ> (1985), nr{T>`m (1990) Am{X h& 'Zm`m| ~hV
Jmonmb' X{bV OrdZ H$s ZmaH$s` pW{V`m| H$mo nQ> {H$`m J`m h&'' 'EH$Xm Z{_fmaò' Ho$
Amn`m{gH$ {dOZ _| ^maVr` `m qhXy gH${V Ho$ {Z_mU H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am`moOZ h Omo
ZmJa Or Ho$ AZwgma Z{_f AmXmobZ H$s XoZ h& Bg AmXmobZ Ho$ mam nwZO_,
H$_H$mS>dmX, CnmgZmdmX, kmZ_mJ Am{X H$m ApV_ n go g_d` hAm Wm& Bg g_d`
Ho$ _wb _| am>r` EH$Vm H$m ^md Wm& ~mU Ama l_U gH${V`m| H$m gKf Cg H$mb H$s
am>r` g_`m Wr& {OgHo$ H$maU Xoe {N>-{^ hmo ahm Wm& ~mUm| Ho$ hr EH$ J{VH$m_r
dJ Zo l_U gH${V H$mo d{XH$ n_am go OmoS>H$a EH$ {_br-Owbr gH${V H$m n {X`m Omo
AmO {hXy gH${V Ho$ Zm_ go OmZr OmVr h& ZmJa Or Zo Bgr gmH${VH$ {dOZ H$mo EH$Xm
Z{_fmaò H$m AmYma ~Zm`m h& ' ZmJaOr Bg H$mb Ho$ erfW Cn`mgH$ma h& BZH$m
òH$ Cn`mg Z`r OrdZ {> H$m n[aMm`H$ h&
CXèH$a ^> Zo Zò _moS> (1954), gmJa bha| Ama _Zw` (1956), bmoH$
nabmoH$ (1958), eof Aeof (1960), Zò _moS> (1956)) Am{X _hdnyU Cn`mgm| H$m
gOZ {H$`m h& ''Zò _moS> _| EH$ gw{e{jV Ama Am_{Zâ ^maVr` Zmar H$s {ddeVm H$mo
{M{V {H$`m h& gm_m{OH$ ~YZm| _| OH$S>r hB S>m. eo\$mbr H$mo AnZm nhbm {ddmh drH$m`
Zht h Ama AnZr BN>m go Xwgam {ddmh drH$m` Zht h Ama AnZr BN>m go Xwgam {ddmh H$m
H$a Zht gH$Vr& Bgr q~Xy na Cho Zò _moS> H$s Vbme h& ''CZH$m Xwgam _hdnyU Ed M{MV
Cn`mg Omo _w~B dgm}dm Ho$ gmJa {H$Zmao Ho$ _Nw>Amam| Ho$ OrdZ na {M{V h& '' n[adVuV
hmoZodmbo Jmd H$s V~ra 'bmoH$ nabmoH$' _| CVmar JB h, Vmo gmYw g`m{g`m| Ho$ OrdZ H$m
`WmW 'eof Aeof' _| Am`m h&
{dUw ^mH$a Zo AnZm W_ Cn`mg 'T>bVr amV' (1951), VQ> Ho$ ~YZ
(1955), dZ_`r (1957), BZHo$ H$B Cn`mg Xwgao Zm_ go nwZ: H$m{eV hE h Ogo
'XbVr amV' H$m '{Z{eH$mV' (1986 _|), 'XnU H$m `{V H$m 'gH$ma' (1993),
dZ_`r H$m 'dZ' Am{X& '' BZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| {df` H$m d{d` Z Ho$ ~am~a h& Zmar
{Z_{V H$s ~hAm`m^r mgXr hr CZHo$ Cn`mgm| H$m H|$r` H$` h& '' Zmar H$s {d{^
g_`mE Cn`mgmo _| Am`r h& 'VQ> Ho$ ~YZ' _| o_ Ama {ddmh, Y_ Ama Om{V, {VbH$
XhoO, AVa OmVr` Ama AVaY_u` {ddmh, Zmar _w{V, nanamJV Zmar g{hVm Ho$
AV{damoY Ama CZH$m {damoY, Zmar H$s Am{WH$ dVVm H$m {VnmXZ Am{X Zm| H$mo
CR>m`m J`m h& '' 'T>bVr amV' _| dmYrZVm gJm_ _| ^mJ boZo Ama {~{Q>e emgZ H$mb _|
gaH$mar ZmH$ar H$aZo Ho$ X Ho$ gmW gm_m{OH$ Va na Om{V`m| Ama Y_m] Ho$ ~rM H$s
Q>H$amhQ>, Y_, Om{V, qbJ, Am{X go OwS>o {ZZ_`dJu` `wdH$ H$m Am_gKf {M{V hAm
h& '' Hw$N> Cn`mg gmR>momar H$mb _| {bIo Jò h&
A` _hdnyU Cn`mgm| _| CboIZr` h A_Vam` H$m ~rO (1952),
Zm^\$Vr H$m Xoe Ama hmWr Ho$ XmV (1956), ^mH$a _mMdo H$m naVy (1952), EH$Vmam
273
(1953), Xm^m (1954), gmMm (1955) Am{X& amOm am{YH$m a_U gmX qgh H$m 'am_
a{h_' (1937), {g`mam_eaU JwV H$m 'JmoX' (1932), ApV_ AH$mjm (1934) Zmar
(1937) goR> JmoqdX Xmg H$m 'B_Vr' MVwagoZ emr Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgH$ma hmoZo Ho$
~mdOyX Y_nw, IJmg, Jmobr Ogo Cn`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| H$mo ~S>o gwXa T>J go
A{^`V {H$`m h& am_mZX gmJa Zo Ama BgmZ _a J`m, `kXm e_m Zo BgmZ, H$_boda
Zo bmoQ>o hE _wgm{\$a Am{X Cn`mgm| _| {hXw-_wpb_ g_`m na _mZdVmdmXr {> go {bIm
h&
AV: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h H$s o_MX Ho$ ~mX gm_m{OH$ Cn`mgm| H$s geV
Ymam CâH$a Am`r& 1960 Ho$ ~mX `h A{YH$ {dVma nmVr J`r naVy ~mX Ho$ gm_m{OH$
Cn`mgm| _| g_mO H$_, `mZ g_`mE A{YH$ _wIa hB& Cn`mgm| Ho$ {df` d{d` Zo
CgH$mo A{YH$ {demb ~Zm`m&
_Zmodkm{ZH$/_Zmo{dbofUm_H$ Cn`mg :o_MX Zo hr OrdZ H$s Amoa XoIZo Ho$ Xmo {>H$moZ VwV {H$ò Wo& EH$ gm_m{OH$
Ama Xwgam _Zmodkm{ZH$& o_MXmoma H$mb _| `h XmoZm| YmamE dV n go {dH${gV hB&
o_MX Ho$ hr {e` OZoHw$_ma Zo _Zmodkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ H$mo AnZm`m _Z H$s gw_, J^ra,
JhZ ^mdm| H$m AH$Z BZ Cn`mgm| H$s {deofVm h& gZ 1930 Ho$ ~mX ^maV _| \$m`S>,
ES>ba, `wJ H$s {dMmaYmamAm| H$m, gmW, H$\$m Ho$ ApVddmX H$m ^md ~T>Vm J`m& \$m`S>
Ho$ MoVZ, AdMoVZ Ama AMoVZ _Z Ho$ ^mdm|, dZm|, BN>mAmo, dmgZmAm| H$m {dVV {MU
Cn`mgm| _| Am`m& \$m`S> Ho$ AZwgma 'H$m_' Ed 'Ah' {OXJr Ho$ oaH$ Ed {Z_mU Vd _mZo
Jò& gm_m{OH$, Z{VH$ ~YZm| H$mo VmoS>m J`m& X_Z H$s OmZodmbr H$m_ ^mdZm H$m IwbH$a
{MU Cn`mgm| _| hmoZo bJm& AMoVZ _Z, B{S>g, {b{~S>mo J{W`m| go V`ma EH$ XbXb ~Zr
Ama Cgr go BZ J{W`m| H$m {hQ>r[a`m, C_mX, nmJbnZ, {Zamem CâH$a Am`r&
Cn`mgH$mam| H$mo bJm H$s BZ J{W`m| H$mo COmJa H$aZm gm{hp`H$ H$_ h& `h J{W`m ha EH$
_| hmoVr h& CgH$m H$_ A{YH$ ^md hmoVm h& `{V H$^r Bgo CXmm n XoVm, H$^r BZH$s
{dH$Vr`m| Ho$ H$maU {dH$V hmo OmVm h& EH$ H$ma go nmJbnZ, _mZg Ho$ ^rVa-~mha H$mo
OmZZm boIm{H$V Xm{`d hmoVm h&
ES>ba \$m`S> H$s Vah Zw OrdZ H$mo H$m_ X_Z go nr{S>V _mZVm Zht h dh
hrZVm H$s ^mdZm go nr{S>V _mZVm h& ''BZHo$ _VmZwgma ~MnZ _| hr `h hrZ ^mdZm {Z_mU
hmo OmVr h& VWm Bg hrZVm H$s j{VnyVu Ho$ {bE `{V AnZo dmVmdaU H$mo ^m{dV H$aZm
MmhVm h& {H$gr-Z-{H$gr H$ma go dh AnZm ^md O_mZm MmhVm h& Bgr H$maU
Agm_m` H$m`m] Ho$ _yb _| '{V>m' H$s ^mdZm hmo gH$Vr h& '' Bg H$ma H$s _Zmodmr H$mo
A{^`V H$aZm BZ gm{h`H$mam| H$mo A{ôV h&
`wJ Ho$ _VmZwgma 'OrdZoN>m' hr OrdZ H$m _wbmYma h& ''{V>m, gn{m Ama
gVmZ BZ VrZm| _| go {H$gr EH$ H$s AWdm VrZm| H$s m{ Ho$ {bE `{V qOXJr â ~oMZ
ahVm h& BZ_| go AJa EH$ H$s ^r H$_r hmo OmE Vmo Cg_| _mZ{gH$'' hrZVm H$s JWr {dH${gV
hmo OmVr h&
274
_Zmodkm{ZH$ Cn`mg _| nmm| Ho$ ^md nj H$m AH$Z hmoVm h& `hr ^md nm Ho$
{>H$moZ {dMma _| n[aUV hmoH$a CgH$m `mnH$ n YmaU H$aVm h& Bg{bE nmm| H$s aMZm
Agm_m` n go VH$-{dVH$, \w$V, Cgw\$, {V{H$`mdmXr hmoVr h& _mZ{gH$ Va na dh
ah`nyU, H$m_O`, AhdmXr, gX AhdmXr `m gwna BJmo hmoVr h& EH$ Vah go _Zw` H$s
AVa-~m O{Q>bVmAm| H$s A{^`{V hmoVr h&
Ogm H$s h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| o_MX Ho$ A{d^md Ho$ gmW
_Zmo{dkmZ H$m doe {hXr H$Wm gm{h` _| hAm& CZHo$ Cn`mg OrdZ H$m M[a _m h
{dMma Zo nmm| Ho$ _Zmo{dkmZ H$s naI ew H$s& {OgH$m ^maVr` gH$aU dmbm n OZ|
Hw$_ma Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| Am`m h& CZH$m W_ Cn`mg 'naI' (1929) _| Am`m& `h naI
dVwV: EH$ Jhao Z{VH$ X go JwOaZo H$s VZmdnyU {H$`m h'' Omo _mZg H$s JwT>Vm, AmMaU
H$s {H$S>mJwT>Vm H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h& CgHo$ ~mX gwIXm (1952), {ddV (1952), `VrV
(1923), O`dXZ (1956), _w{V~moY (1965), AZVa (1968), AZm_dm_r
(1974), XemH$ (1983) Am{X _Zmo{dboeUm_H$ Cn`mgm| H$m gOZ {H$`m& OZ| Zo BZ
Cn`mgm| Ho$ mam ^md, ^mfm, {en, H$s {> go ZdrZVm Ed gmWH$Vm Cn`mg H$mo XmZ
H$s h& BZ Cn`mgm| _| _mZemr` gw_, Vab Ed JhZ gdoXZmAmo H$mo A{^`V {H$`m
J`m h& OZ| Ho$ Cn`mg dMm[aH$ H$mobmhb nXm H$aZodmbo h, ''AnZo _mQ>a na o_
H$aZodmbr EH$ VU {dYdm Ama AmXe VWm ò`dmX Ho$ {V B_mZXmar go g_{nV '_mQ>a'
Ho$ ~rM H$s ^mdZm_H$ CWb-nwWb 'naI' H$m {df` h& '' Vmo 'gwZrVm' _| Zm`H$ h[a
g Ama Zm{`H$m gwZrVm Ho$ ~rM H$m Vrd Ed JwT> hmoVm AmH$fU {MU Am`m h& h[a g
H$s _mZ{gH$ nrS>m gwZrVm H$mo {dV H$aVr h, CgHo$ n{V H$m ^r {damoY Zht h& {damoY h Vmo
h[ag Ed gwZrVm Ho$ gH$mam| H$m& h[a g H$s Hw$>m H$mo XoIH$a doXZm go nr{S>V gwZrVm
CgHo$ gm_Zo '{dd' hmoVr h Ama CgH$s `h A{narjm XoIH$a h[a g ^mJ OmVm h&
Bg_| H$Wm Zht h, Omo h dh EH$ Vab, `{_l, Z{VH$Vm H$mo AmdmhZ H$aZodmbm H$Um go
Amny[aV OrdZmZw^d'' h& '`mJn' _| _Umb Ho$ ~hmZo {hXy g_mO `dWm VWm n[adma
`dWm na Jham AmKmV H$aVr h& ò AKmV _yH$ hmoVo h bo{H$Z ^mdr hmoVo h& '' {d{e>
{hXy g_mO _Umb H$mo `m` Zht Xo nmVm Bg{bE CgH$m ^VrOm OO nX go '`mJn' XoVm
h& 'H$`mUr' CZH$m A` _hdnyU Cn`mg h& Bg_| ''AWmOZ H$aZo H$mo ~m` r
S>mQ>a Ho$ _Z H$s {dbjU ItMVmZ {M{V H$s J`r h& r Zo nm{Vd` H$s Anojm ^r H$s
OmE Ama AWmOZ Ho$ {bE nwf g_mO gnH$ H$s {ddeVm ^r hmo- Bg H$Mr _|
N>Q>nQ>mZodmbr Zmar Ho$ n{V AJa nwamUnWr hmo, nZr H$mo AnZr d`{VH$ {_b{H$`V _mZH$a
MbVm hmo Vmo Eogr Zmar H$s nrS>m ~hV Vrd hmoVr h& {hXy r H$s _mZ{gH$ `Wm H$s `h H$U
H$Wm g_gm_m{`H$ OrdZ Ho$ Ama Zmar doXZm Ho$ AZoH$ gX^ ImobVr h& '' OZo Zo nVr,
nZr Ama o_r Ho$ {H$moUm_H$ o_m`mZm| mam {hXy g_mO H$s OS> Ed ImoIbr Z{VH$
nanamAm| H$mo COmJa {H$`m h& Ama g~Ym| Ho$ VH$ Omb mam _Zw` _Z Ho$ AVOmb H$mo
`m`m{`V {H$`m h& o_MX H$s Cn`mg '_mZd M[a-_m' ^mdZm H$m {dVma ~S>r
Hw$ebVm go OZ| _| hAm h& {\$a ^r qhXy gm_mO _m`VmAm| ImgH$a, o_, {ddmh, n[adma,
g_mO, Z{VH$Vm AmH$fU, {dH$fU, H$m _mZ{gH$ gKf CZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| Am`m h& CgH$m
275
{damoY m`: jrU hmo MwH$m h&
BbmM Omoer H$m 'KUm_`r (1929) _| Am`m& `h CZH$m W_ Cn`mg h&
CgHo$ ~mX g`mgr (1941), nX} H$s amZr (1941), o_ Ama N>m`m (1946), {Zdm{gV
(1946), _w{VnW (1950), gw~h Ho$ ^ybo (1952), {Ogr (1952), OhmO H$m nN>r
(1955), F$VyMH$ (1969), ^yV H$m ^{d` (1973), H${d H$s o`gr (1976) Am{X
Cn`mg _Zmo{dkmZ H$m {M{H$gH$ {MU VwV H$aVo h& ma^ _| npM_r _Zmo{dkmZ H$m
`moJ H$aVo hE 'Ho$g Q>S>r' Ogo Cn`mg H$m gOZ Chm|Zo {H$`m& {\$a ~mX _| do CgH$s
_`mXm H$mo OmZH$a ^maVr` _Zmo{dkmZ H$m I AnZmVo h& CZH$m ApV_ Cn`mg BgH$m
gm` h&
^JdVrMaU d_m H$m nmn-nw` H$s `m`m VwV H$aZodmbm '{MboIm'
(1934) _| H$m{eV hAm& {OgH$m n[adoe _m`H$mbrZ ahm naVy nmn-nw` H$s g_`m
emdV ahr h& Ama AV _| g~Hw$N> ^moJ, `mJ _| n[ad{VV hmo OmVm h& CgHo$ ~mX 'Q>oT>o-_oT>o
amVo (1946), Am{Iar Xmd (1950), AnZo {IbmZo (1957), ^ybo {~gao {M
(1959), dh {\$a Zht AmB (1960), gm_` Ama gr_m (1962), WHo$ nmd (1963),
aoIm (1964), grYr gr ~mV| (1968), g~{h ZMmdV am_ JmogmB (1970), Z Ama
âr{MH$m (1973) Am{X H$m{eV hAm& ^ybo {~gao {M H$mo lo> _mZm OmVm h& ^JdVrMaU
d_m {Z`VrdmX, _mZdr` {ddeVm, g_mOdmX, gm`dmX, JmYrdmX, AmVH$dmX Am{X Ho$
g~Y _| AnZo nydJhm| go H$ht ^r _wV Zht hmo gHo$ h& '' H$B H$ma Ho$ Xmofm| go `wV hmoH$a
^r d_mOr _hdnyU hmo MwHo$ Cn`mgH$ma h&
Ako` H$m {hXr Cn`mg _| A{d^md EH$ H$mVrH$mar g`moJ h& AnZr Ia MoVZm
go ny[aV _Zw` _Z H$s Jhar nS>Vmb H$aVo hE g_`, g_mO, Xoe Ho$ gX^m} H$mo ImobZodmbo
CZHo$ Cn`mg dVwV: gdoXZerb Ed _mZdr` _y`m| {V qMVZ erbVm Ho$ n[aMm`H$ h&
1940 _| 'eoIa EH$ OrdZr' H$m nhbm ^mJ Ama 1944 _| Xygam H$m{eV hAm Ama {hXr
g_rjm _| ^yMmb-gm Am`m& {\$a ZXr Ho$ Xrn (1951) Ama AnZo AnZo AOZ~r (1961)
_| H$m{eV hE& VrZmo Cn`mg Zò `{Vd H$s Vbme _| {bIo Jò h& eoIa EH$ OrdZr _|
`{Vd {Z_mU _|, ''Ah, gog Ama ^` H$s OrdZ _| Omo {H$S>m MbVr h, CZH$m Omo WmZ
Ed dn h, CZH$s OrdZ H$s g_wMr Mhb-nhb _| Omo g{H$`Vm h, Cgo XoIZo H$m `mg
h& eoIa AnZo dmV` Ama dmV` H$mo ~m{YV H$aZodmbr d{m`m|/pW{V`m| H$m
AZwgYmZ H$aVm h& `{V Ama g_mO, `{V Ama CgH$s dmYrZVm, o_, KUm, X^,
PyR> H$m OrdZ _| WmZ B`m{X na {MVZ H$aZodmbm eoIa _ybV: EH$ gdoXZerb `wdH$ h&
'' dhr BgH$m H|${` {M Ed M[a h& gmWH$ OrdZ ~ZmZo H$s CgH$s gH$ne{V 11
Cn`mg H$mo {d{e> ~ZmVr h&
"ZXr Ho$ rn' EH$ o_H$Wm h, aoIm, ^yfU Ama Jmam H$s& VWm "AnZo AnZo
AOZ~r' '"Xme{ZH$ Voda _| {bIr H$bm_H$ aMZm h'' Omo {hXr _| W_ Ed erfW h&
AVrddmX H$m ^md Bgna g_rjH$m| Z| nm`m h& Ako` H$s qMVZm, JhZ gdoXZm Ama
A{^`{V Hw$ebVm go VrZm| Cn`mg MMm Ho$ H|$ _| AmO ^r aho h& AmYw{ZH$Vm Zo _Zw`
H$mo Ogo ~Zm`m dgo Ako` Zo Cgo VwV {H$`m h&
276
S>m. XodamO Ho$ "nW H$s ImoO', "~mha-^rVa', "amoS>o Ama nWa', "AO` H$s
S>màr' Am{X Cn`mg H$m{eV h& ' _Zmodkm{ZH$Vm H$m g\$b boIH$ OrdZ Ho$ AVa~m H$m CXKmQ>Z H$aVm h& ''{e{jV, ~wpXOrdr g_mO Ho$ OrdZ H$s H$U `WmWVm H$m
_Zmodkm{ZH$ {MU BZ Cn`mgm| _| {_bVm h& ''
A_Vam` Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| MmadmXr gm`dmX H$hr Zht h& ~H$s CgHo$ {V
{V~XVm H$m da ahm h& ' YwAm' _| `wdm nrT>r H$m ^Q>H$md, ZgbdmX, {XemhrZ hmoVr
amOZr{V, gm_m{OH$ {T>`m| H$s {dH${V Am{X Ho$ ~rM PybgVr OtXJr H$m gM CâH$a Am`m
h&
^r gmhZr :BZH$m nhbm Cn`mg 'PamoIo' (1967) _| H$m{eV hAm& J{Verb {> BZHo$
g^r Cn`mgm| _| _wIa hB h& ~mX _| 'H${S>`m (1970), V_g (1973), ~gVr (1980),
'_`mXmg H$s _mS>r (1988) 'Hw$Vmo' (1993) Ama Zrby, Zr{b_m, Zrbmo\$a (2000)
H$m{eV hE&
'PamoIo' Am`g_mOr gH$madmbo ~Mo H$s _mZ{gH$ _{V {M H$mo gOmo`m J`m
h& 'H${S>m' _o gH$mam| H$s OS>Vm `wV _`dJu` n[adma h, naVw _wI H$Wm Xmn`
g~Y H$s H$Qw>Vm Ama r H$s Aghm` pW{V go OwS>m h& 'V_g' dm{YZVm m{V Ho$ nyd
_mM-Ab-1947 _| hE ^rfU gmXm{`H$ XJm| H$s nmM {XZ H$s H$hmZr Cn`mg _|
VwV H$s J`r h& gmXm{`H$Vm H$m gOrd naVy H$Qw> {MU H$aZodmbo Bg Cn`mg Ho$
^r_ gmhZr H$mo lo> Cn`mgH$ma H$s n{V _| {~R>m`m& dVVmnyd nOm~ _| EH$ gmW
ahZodmbo qhXy-_wpb_ EH$ Xwgao Ho$ gwI-Xw:I Ho$ {hgoXma ~ZVo Wo naVy {~{Q>e Zr{V Ho$
H$maU _mhmb _| gmXm{`H$ VUmd \$b OmVm h Ama nS>mgr Xw_Z _| ~Xb OmVo h&
A{ddmg, eH$m, H$moY, C_mX, AmVH$, ^`, qhgm _| VpXb hmo OmVo h& _mZdr`Vm H$m
jaU hmoVm h& ~mX _| 'Zrby, Zr{b_m, Zrbmo\$a' _| gmXm{`H$Vm na {dO` o_ hr nmVm h
H$m {dMma boIH$ Zo `V {H$`m h&
amO| `mXd H$m 'gmam AmH$me' S>m. bmb Ho$ 'YaVr H$s AmIo', '~`m H$m Km|gbm
Ama gmn', '_Z dXmdZ' Am{X Cn`mg ^r J{VdmX go {V~X h&
J{VdmXr Ymam _| {bIo Jò BZ V_m_ Cn`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ `WmW Ho$ {d{^
nhbwAm| H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h& gm_m{OH$ gKf Ho$ {^ n Bg_| _wIa hE h& AmM{bH$
Cn`mg H$m ma^ ^r Bgr H$mb go hmoVm h&
AmM{bH$ Cn`mg :AmM{bH$ Cn`mg H$m W_ AmYma JmoXmZ hr _mZm OmVm h naVy AmM{bH$Vm H$s
_wI dmr \$Urda ZmW aoUy Ho$ '_bm AmMb' (1954) go MMm _| Am`r& H$Wm Ed M[a
H|${V Cn`mgm| Ho$ ~mX H$Wm Ho$ H|$ _| 'AmMb' hr _wI hmo CR>m Bgr H$maU Bh| AmM{bH$
Cn`mg H$hm OmZo bJm& dhm H$s ^mfm, gH${V, nanam, {T>`m, AY{ddmg, Cgd,
`mhma, AImS>o, JrV, Ym{_H$, Z{VH$, gm_m{OH$ AmMma-{dMma, AmWm-{ddmg,
277
_ZmoaOZ, `dgm`, {ejm, dm`, `gZ, OrdZ {>H$moZ Am{X H$mo A{^`{V H|${`
n _| AmM{bH$ Cn`mg _| {_bZo bJr& dVVm Ho$ ~mX ~T>Vm ZmJ[aH$aU Ama CgH$m Jmd
OrdZ na nS>Vm ^md nhbr ~ma BZ Cn`mgm| _o Am`m& {dH$mg H$s `moOZmAm| Zo EH$ Amoa
CZ_| n[adVZ H$s g^mdZm OJm`r Omo Xwgar Amoa bS>mB, PJS>o, gKf, {hgm, byQ>, ^>mMma,
AZmMma, XwamMma, H$s ~r^gVm, Hw$gm H$mo `V {H$`m& Y_ Ho$ Zm_ na MbZodmbo nmIS>,
`mZ emofU, _mZ{gH$ Jwbm_r H$m WmonZm, {ZaVa Omar ahm Vmo BgHo$ {dX dkm{ZH$ gmYZm|
go g_mO H$mo CZV ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {ejm,{M{H$gm H$m AmJh ^r ahm h& n[aUm_V: OZOrdZ
H$s gw_ AH$Z, OrdV hmo J`m& ZmJmOwZ, aoUy, CXèH$a ^Q>Q>, amhr _mgw_ aOm, am_Xae
{_l, {edgmX qgh, amO| AdWr, {edgmX {_l '', eboe _[Q>`mZr, {ddoH$s am`,
lrbmb ewb, JmoqdX {_l, H$U ~bXod d Am{X Cn`mgH$mam| Zo Zò A{^ÒZ H$meb
go Bg Ymam H$mo g_X {H$`m h&
ZmJmOwZ :- Ho$ '~bMZ_m' H$mo {hXr H$m nhbm AmM{bH$ Cn`mg _mZm OmVm h&
`h 1952 _| H$m{eV hAm& '_bm AmMb' Ho$ H$maU {hXr _| AmM{bH$ Cn`mg Ymam H$s
WmnZm hB naVy '~bMZ_m' Ama '_bmAmMb Ho$ nyd A_Vbmb ZmJa H$m 'goR> ~mHo$_b'
Ama {edgmX {_l '' H$m '~hVr JJm' _| AmM{bH$Vm Ho$ gHo$V Oa {_bVo h naVy
ZmJmOwZ _| dJ gKf `WmW n go CâH$a Am`m h '~bMZ_m' BgH$m CXmhaU h& 'Z`r
nmY', '~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW', 'dU Ho$ ~oQ>o', XwI _moMZ', `h AmM{bH$ Cn`mg hr h&
~Q>ogaZmW H$m Zm`H$ hr Ed dQ>dj h Cgr Ho$ N>md Vbo Jmd Ho$ CWmZ-nVZ, H$bh, of,
emofU, AY{ddmg, ^yMmb, ~mT>, nMm`Vr, amOZr{V, H$mJogr dmWu _Zmod{m Am{X H$m
{MU hAm h& 'dU Ho$ ~oQ>o' 'gmJa bhao Ama _Zw`' H$s Vah _Nw>Amao Ho$ OrdZ na hr
{bIm J`m h& AmM{bH$Vm H$s d{m H$mo Zò Am`m_ ZmJmOwZ Zo {Xò h&
\$UrdaZmW aoUw :- {_{Wbm Ho$ ny{U`m {Obo Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o go Jmd _oarJO Ho$ ~hmZo
g_J ^maVr` Jmd H$s H$Wm '_bm AmMb' (1954) Ho$ ~hmZo aoUw Zo A{^`V H$s h&
AmM{bH$ Cn`mg H$s gd drH$Vr {_bZodmbm `h nhbm Cn`mg h& `h {Zhm`V {nN>S>m
hAm Jmd h, Jmd _|, A{ejm, Jar~r, X[aVm, A^md, `m{^Mma, Y_ Ho$ Zm_ na `mZ emofU
Ogr XbXb _| `h \$gm h& {\$a ^r Zd {Z_mU H$s ~b AH$mjm boH$a S>m. emV Ama Jmd
H$s H$m`W Q>mobr Ho$ _w{I`m VhgrbXma {ddZmW gmX H$s ~oQ>r H$_bm _| h& AZoH$
CnH$WmE Bg_| OwS>r h Ama ha H$Wm EH$ g_`m VwV H$aVr h& ~bXod Ama b_r H$s
H$Wm, _hV am_Xmg Ama am_{n`[a`m, H$mbrMaU Ama ~mdZXmg Am{X& S>m. gm{dr {ghm
Zo Bg Cn`mg Ho$ g~Y _| {bIm h, ''ny{U`m Jmd Ho$ eyb Ama \w$b, H$sMS> Ama MXZ,
Yyb-Jwbmb g^r Ho$ aJ BgHo$ AMb _| h& CgH$s gmH${VH$-^mJmo{bH$ {deofVm H$s
n>^y{_ _| OZdmXr {> go AMb Ho$ AZoH$ _wIr {M ItMo Jò h, Omo EH$ Amoa gw_,
gpb> Ama {j h, Xygar Amoa {d{dY Ama ~h_wIr& '' '_bm AmMb' _| bmoH$gH${V H$m
{OVZm JmT> {MU hAm h, dgm A` Xwb^ h& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX `h Jmd Zd{Z_mU H$s
n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ Xma _| ^r nrN>S>m h& _bo[a`m C_wbZ Ogo H$m`H$_ Bg Jmd Ho$ nwamZo Ed
nrN>S>onZ H$mo EH$ Y$m hr h& {Oggo n[adVZ H$s hdm ~hVr h&
278
'naVr-n[aH$Wm' ^r H$mogr ZXr {H$Zmao ~go Jmd 'namZnya' _| ~go X[a OrdZ Ho$
Cbmg, AhmX H$s H$Wm h& Jmonmb am` Zo Bg Jmd Ho$ g~Y _| H$hm h,'' namZnya Jmd
_oarJO H$s VwbZm _| EH$ ~Xbm hAm Jmd h- `h dh ~Xbmd h Omo amJXa~mar Ho$ {ednmbJO
_| AnZr nyUVm na nhMVm h& naVr n[aH$Wm _| AnT> Jm_rUm|. AjaH$Q>Qy> `wdH$m|, Hw$bm|
Ama H$mboOm| _| nT>Zodmbo N>mm|. Om{VdmXr gH$mam| go JV Za- Zm[a`m|, Yw_Vw Ama ZmaXr
d{m H$s {`m|, g^r amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$s emImAm| Ho$ AYH$ao ZoVmAm|, em{Va _wH$X_o~mOm|
Ama, BgHo$ gmW-gmW, bmoH$ H$Wm- JrVm| Ho$ Jm`Z, bmoH$ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ _MZ Am{X Ho$ `WmW
{M CnbY hmoVo h& '' BZ Cn`mgm| Ho$ ~mX aoUw H$m H$moB AmM{bH$ Cn`mg Zht ahm
'XrKV`m' (1962) _| nQ>Zm Ho$ EH$ d{H$J dr_|g hmoQ>b _| nZnZodmbo ^>mMma, {`m| H$m
`mZ emofU Am{X H$m {MU hAm h& 'Owbwg' (1965), '{H$VZo Mmamho (1966) Ama 'nbQy>
~m~y amoS>' (1979) {ZpMV hr CoIZr` Cn`mg h&
CXèH$a ^Q>Q>- dh Omo _Zo XoIm (1945), AmYma (1963) naVy CZH$m ~h
M{MV Cn`mg 'gmJa bha| Ama _Zw`' (1956) _| _w~B Ho$ _Nw>Amao OrdZ H$m AVaJ
VwV H$aVm h& _w~B Ho$ npM_r VQ> na ~go dagmodm BgHo$ H|$ _| h& Xodo g`mWu- H$m
Jm|S> OZ- gH${V na 'aW Ho$ n{hE' (1950), Ho$ab, Ag_ Ama CS>rgm H$s gH$Vr H$mo
H$_e: 'XyYJmN>' (1954), '~h_nw' (1955) Ama 'H$Wm H$hmo Cder' (1956) H$m
gOZ {H$`m h& amJo` amKd- H$m 'H$~ VH$ nwH$m? H$aZQ>m| H$s ^Q>H$Vr O_mV H$m {MU
H$aVm h& Bg_| X{bVm|, nr{S>Vm| H$s gdJrU emofU H$s XmU nR>^y{_ _| o_ H$hmZr H$m
_wbm`_ YmJm ^r h& amhr _mgy_ aOm- H$m JJmbr Ho$ {e`m _wgb_mZm| H$m {MU H$aZodmbm
'AmYmJmd' dVwV: ''am>r` _wgb_mZ H$s mgXr'' H$mo ~`m H$aVm h& {d^mOZ Ho$ ~mX
CâH$a Amò XJo `m d` {d^mOZ EH$ mgXr Ho$ n _| gm_Zo AmVm h naVw JJmbr Ho$
_wgb_mZm| H$s O_rZXmar Z> hmoZo Ho$ ~mX CZH$s Hw$brZVm H$m X^ _m H$m`_ ahVm h& Bg
Cn`mg na d` aOm H$s {Q>nUr ~ohX _hdnyU h,'' `h Cn`mg {bIZo Ho$ ~mX _Zo Omo
g~go `mXm _hdnyU ~mV OmZr dh `h h {H$ `hm H$m _wgb_mZ nm{H$VmZ Zht J`m Ama
`{X J`m ^r Vmo qhXwAm| go S>a Ho$ Zht J`m& dh H$amMr J`m& dh bmhma J`m& dh T>mH$m J`m....
nm{H$VmZ Zhr J`m& ho eha Ama Xoe _| \$H$ H$aZm Mm{hE& JJmobr _| Vmo qhXy-_wpb_ XJo
Zhr hE Wo& na O_rZXmar JJmobr _| ^r I_ hB& O_rZXmar Ho$ gmW g_mO H$m nyam T>mMm Qy>Q>
J`m& JJmobr H$m O_rZXma JmOrnya _| nmZ H$s XwH$mZ Zht Imob gH$Vm Wm& na H$amMr _| Cgo
H$mZ OmZVm Wm& Bgr{bE O~ Cggo JJmbr Ny>Q>r Vmo dh JJmbr go BVZr Xya Mbm J`m Ohm
H$moB H$m_ H$aHo$ OrZo _| Cgo e_ Z AmE& O_rZXma J`m Vmo CgHo$ gmW OrZodmbo ^r JE {H$
Cho ^r R>rH$ go OrZm Zht AmVm Wm& BZ nm{H$VmZ OmZodmbm| H$mo _wgb_mZ H$hZm R>rH$ Zht
h...'' nadVu Cn`mgm| _| 'Q>monr ewbm' Am{X Cn`mg {bIo na AmMb Zm__m hr ahm h&
{h_mew lrdmVd- H$m 'ZXr {\$a ~h Mbr', ~b^ R>mHw$a H$m 'Zonmb H$s dmo
~oQ>r'(1960) 'KZo Ama ~Zo' (1961) 'bham| H$s N>mVr na' (1962) am_Xae {_l H$m
'nmZr Ho$ MrZ', 'Ob Qy>Q>Vm hAm', gwIVm hAm Vmbm~, AnZo bmoJ, amV H$m g\$a, {~Zm
XadmOo H$m _H$mZ CboIZr` h& lrbmb ewb H$m 'amJ Xa~mar', {edgmX qgh H$m
'AbJ-AbJ dVaUr', 'Jbr AmJo _wS>Vr h, 'Zrbm MmX' ddmZa Am{X& eboe _[a`mZr
279
H$m '~moardbr go ~moar~Xa VH$' (1959) 'H$~wVaImZm' (1960) {Z[a`m ^br Z H$mR> H$s
(1961), {H$gm Z_Xm~oZ JJy~mB (1961) Am{X _w~B`m {hXr, gH${V na A{H$V h&
amOo Ad`r H$m 'gyaO {H$aZ H$s N>md' (1959), 'OJb Ho$ \w$b' (1960) CVaVo dma
H$s gr{n`m (1968), OmZo {H$VZr AmIo (1969), ~hZm XwAm nmZr (1971), ~r_ma eha
(1973), AHo$br AdmO (1976), _mdbr ~mOma (1977), EH$ aOZrJYm Mmoar (1985)
Am{X& {dmgmJa Z[a`mb H$m 'CbPo [aVo' (1959) ^r_ AHo$bm (1994), gyaO g~H$m
h (1997) _ Hw$_m`y JT>dmb Ho$ nhmS>r OrdZ Ho$ H$Qy> `WmW AZw^d Ho$ gmW dhm H$s OZOrdZ gH${V, H$m B{Vhmg VwV {H$`m J`m h& {ddoH$s am` H$m '~~wb' (1967), nwf
nwamU (1975), bmoH$-F$U (1977), doV-n (1979), gmoZm_mVr (1983), g_a
eof h (1988) Ama _Jb ^dZ (1994) _| Amò& '~~yb' JmOrnya OZnX Ho$ nydmMb Ho$
_OXyam| na H|${V h& Jmd OrdZ H$s AbJ-AbJ V~ra| BZ Cn`mgm| _| Am`r h&
Bg Xma _| AZoH$ Eogo _hdnyU Cn`mgH$ma hE {Ohm|Zo AmM{bH$Vm H$mo
_wIV: Zht Xr naVy do _hdnyU h&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg :{hXr _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg H$m dVZ lo` dXmdZbmb d_m H$mo OmVm h& BZHo$
nhbo {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r, JJmgmX JwV, Oàm_Xmg JwV Am{X Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg
{bIo naVy Ch| ''Eo{Vhm{gH$ amo_mg'' H$hm OmVm h& ~OZXZ ghm` H$m 'bmb MrZ' h
naVy eognrà Ho$ _H$~oW go ^m{dV h& Eogo _| dXmdZbmb d_m Zo 'JT>Hw$S>ma' (1927) go
Eo{Vhm{gH$ boIZ H$m ma^ {H$`m&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg boIZ Ho$ N>h H$ma h& EH$, AVrV H$m Am^mg XoZodmboOgo, {MboIm& Xmo,Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmVmdaU _m VwV H$aZodmbo- Ogo, '{X`m,' 'A{_Vm'
'_wXm] H$m Q>rbm' Am{X& VrZ, Eo{Vhm{gH$ `mm|na gOrV- Ogo, 'dembr H$s ZJadYy',
'Amnmbr' '{damQ>m H$s nX>_rZr','~mU^Q>Q> H$s Am_H$Wm' Am{X& Mma, Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$Wm
Ho$ AmYma na {bIo Jò- 'Qy>Q>o H$mQ>o'& nmM, Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm H$mo AmYma _mZH$a {bIo Jò'A{_Vm', ^wdZ{dH$_' Am{X& Ama N>h, Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmVmdaU, H$Wm VWm nm go `wV
Cn`mg- Bho {dewX Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg H$hm OmVm h Ogo, 'Pmgr H$s
amZr','Ah`m~mB', 'MmU`','eVaO Ho$ _mohao' Am{X&
dVVm nyd {bIo Jò Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| AmOmXr Ho$ AXmobZ H$mo oaUm XoZo
H$m ^md {Z{hV Wm Vmo dmV`moma H$mb Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| _mZdr` g` Ama _y`
H$mo OJmZo Ho$ aho h& Bg{bò BZ Cn`mgm| _| Eo{Vh{gH$ KQ>Zm H$s Anojm H$nZm H$m mYm`
ahm h& H$nZm go {~Iar Ama _y`hrZ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo EH$ gw _| ~mYH$a dV_mZ _y`, Z,
VH$, dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ H$m {dH$mg {H$`m h& ^JdVrMaU d_m H$m '{MboIm' hmo `m ènmb
H$m '{X`m' 'A{_Vm' BZ_| Ia ~mpXH$Vm, `dWm gKf, Zmar Z H$mo A{H$V {H$`m h&
`hr BZ Cn`mgm| H$s CnbpY h&
280
dXmdZbmb d_m :- Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| Ho$ Bg boIH$ Zo H$B g\$b Cn`mg {hXr
gm{h` H$mo {Xò h& ~wXobIS> H$m Jmad BZH$s aMZm H$m AmYma h, "JT>Hw$S>ma' Ama '{damQ>m
H$s nX_rZr' (1936) ~wXobIS> Ho$ B{Vhmg, gH${V, bmoH$JrV, bmoH$H$Wm, em`,
A{^_mZ H$mo A{^`V {H$`m h& 'JT>Hw$S>ma' _| amOnwm| H$s PyR>r emV, BOV hr Amngr
H$bh H$m H$maUr ~Zr Ama do EH$ Xwgao Ho$ {dX bS>Vo aho& Pmgr H$s amZr' (1946) _| Xoe
Ho$ W_ JXa _| _hmamUr b_r~mB Ho$ A{Vr` em`, gmhg H$s JmWm H$hr JB h& dVVm
nyd {bIo Jò BZ Cn`mgm| _| ^maVr` dUu_ AVrV, draVm, Am{X H$s lo>Vm H$m dUZ
{H$`m h& dmW, gH$sU am>r`Vm, Ogr d{m`m| na hma ^r {H$`m J`m h& d_m Or Ho$ A`
_hdnyU Cn`mgm| _| 'H$MZma' (1947), '_JZ`Zr' (1950), 'Qy>Q>o H$mQ>o' (1954),
'Ah`m~mB' (1955), '^wdZ{dH$_' (1957), '_mYdOr qg{Y`m' (1957), am_JT> H$s
amZr (1961), '_hmamZr XwJmdVr' (1964) Am{X _hdnyU Cn`mg h& '_JZ`Zr' BZH$m
gdlo> Cn`mg h& {Og_| dm{bà Ho$ _hmamOm _mZqgh Vmo_a Ama CZH$s amZr _JZ`Zr
H$s o_ H$hmZr h& Bg H$Vr _| B{Vhmg, o_, gmX` Am{X H$m Anyd {_lU H$Vr H$mo CH$>
~Zm XoVm h& o_MX Zo d_mOr Ho$ B{Vhmg boIZ H$mo eH$m H$s {> go XoIm Wm naVy g_` Ho$
n[ao` _| d_mOr Zo B{Vhmg Ama H$nZm H$m gwXa g_d` H$aVo hE CH$> aMZmAm| H$m
gOZ {H$`m& CZH$s gr_mAm| H$m CboI H$aVo hE _Ywaoe Zo H$hm h,'' d_m Or gm_VdmX H$s
Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^y{_H$m Ho$ {dX Zht OmVo& Z hr do gm_m`V: B{Vhmg _| dVwnaH$Vm H$m
AmJh N>moS>H$a nmm| go CgHo$ {dX Hw$N> H$hbdmVo h& B{Vhmg H$s gr_mAm| _| hr do
gm_VdmX H$s gr_mAm| H$m gHo$V H$aVo h& '' ~H$mb {`dX _m BZHo$ Cn`mgm| H$mo Xw{fV
am>r`Vm Ho$ ofU H$m Amamon bJmVo h- `m|{H$ qhXyddmX H$m amVm gm\$ H$aZo _| ò H$m\$s
_X>XJma gm{~V hmo MwHo$ h {Oggo AmYw{ZH$ ^maV _| gmXm{`H$Vm H$m Omoa ~T>Vm J`m&
''{Og AmX_r Ho$ {Xb _| Bg {dMma Ho$ nZnZo Ho$ {bE Amd`H$ KUm H$mo O_ XoZo _| dfm]
bJVo Cgo BZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgH$mamo Zo ~hV erKVm, {ddmg{Z`Vm Ama gw_Vm Ho$
gmW _`dJ _| Amamo{nV H$a {X`m& '' (hg, _| H$m{eV boI, n-31) o_MX Zo Bgr
H$maU BZHo$ Cn`mg na eH$m `V H$s Wr&
MVwagoZ emr :- AZoH$ lo> Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| H$m gOZ H$aZodmbo emrOr
{hXr Ho$ ~hMMuV Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgH$ma h& CZH$s òH$ aMZm H$m d{d` Cho
A{{V` ~Zm XoVm h& Chm|Zo 12 Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m h& 'nyUmh{V'
(Idmg H$m `mh) (1932), 'dembr H$s ZJa dYy' (1948), aV H$s `mg (1951),
XodmJZm (_pXa H$s ZVH$s) (1951), gmo_ZmW (1954), Amb_Jra (1954),
'dàj_:' (1955), gmoZm Ama IyZ (AnyU) (1958), bmb nmZr (1956), gh`m{ H$s
MQ>Q>mZ| (1961), {~Zm {MamJ H$m eha (1961), haU {Z_U (aV H$s `mg na
AmYm[aV) (1961) Am{X& naVy BZ_o go ~hMMuV Cn`mg h 'dembr H$s ZJa dYy' {Og_|
_JY g_mQ> q~~gma Ama ZVH$s Am_nmbr H$s U` H$Wm h& XmoZm| ~wX H$s Amoa AmH${fV
hmoZo h& Am_nmbr AV _| Chr H$s eaU _| OmVr h& JUV Umbr VWm {ZaHw$e emgZ
gm_m` _| Zmar H$s X`Zr` pW{V VWm gm_m{OH$ AV{damoY H$mo boIH$ Zo gm_Zo bm`m h&
281
'd` aj_:' EH$ mJ{Vhm{gH$ n>^y{_ na AmYmarV aMZm h {Og_| Am`-AZm` gKf _|
amdU H$s gH${V Ho$ Mma gma Ho$ H$maUm| H$s ImoO hB h& 'gmo_ZmW' _| do EH$ Amoa
_h_wX JOZdr Ho$ _mZdr` Ama amJ-nj H$mo Jhar gdoXZm Ho$ gmW A{H$V H$a gHo$ h, dhr do
Om{VdmX Ama Ym{_H$ gH$sUVm Ho$ H$maU {dK{Q>V hmoVo am> Ho$ {V ^r AnZr qMVm H$Q>
H$aVo h& '' 'Amb_Jra' AmaJOo~ na H|${V h& 'gmoZm Ama IyZ' EH$ ~hVH$m` aMZm Wr na
Xmo T>mB ^mJ hr do {bI nmò&
hOmar gmX {doXr :- '~mU^Q>Q> H$s Am_H$Wm' (1946) Ama 'MmM boI
(1963) 'nwZZdm' (1973), Ama 'AZmWXmg H$m nmoWm' (1976) _hdnyU Cn`mg h&
~mU^> H$s Am_H$Wm MMuV H$Vr h& Jmonmb am` Zo BgHo$ g~Y _| H$hm h,'' ~mU^> H$s
Am_H$Wm' H$m {dOZ o_ H$s gdoXZm VH$ hr gr{_V Zht h& BgHo$ ^rVa am>r` gH$Q> H$m
B{Vhmg ~moY ^r g{{hV h& {Og g_` `h Cn`mg {bIm J`m Wm, ^maV namYrZ Wm Ama
{Vr` {dd`wX H$s {dZme ZrVm AnZo Ma_ na Wr& Cn`mgH$ma H$s MoVZm _| ^maV H$s
naVVm am>r` gH$Q> Ho$ n _| {d_mZ Wr {OgH$s A{^`{V ~mU^Q>Q> H$s Am_H$Wm _|,
namoj n _|, hfdYZ H$mb Ho$ am>r` gH$Q> Ho$ n _| hB h& _hm_m`m âdr Bg am>r` gH$Q>
go _w{V Ho$ {bE ZmOdmZm| Ama ~wpXOr{d`m| H$mo bbH$maVr h& ' 'Mm M boI' _| 12 eVr
Ho$ CmamY Ama Voahdr eVr Ho$ nydmY H$m {MU h& `h Cn`mg amOm gmVdmhZ H$s
Am_H$Wm n _| {bIm J`m h& 'nwZZdm' ''g_mQ> g_wJwV Ho$ `wJ H$s qZOYar Ama
bmoH$H$WmAmo go ~wZm J`m Cn`mg h& '' 'AZmWXmg H$m nmoWm' Cn{ZfXH$mbrZ ^maV H$s
F${f nanam, gH${V na aMm J`m h&
ènmb :- _mgdmXr {> go '{X`m' VWm 'A{_Vm BZ Xmo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| H$m
boIZ ènmb Zo {H$`m h& '{X`m' ~mXH$mbrZ ^maV _| `mV dU`dWm, Ho$ YmQ>m| _|
Zmar XmU H$Wm Ho$ `V H$aVr h Vmo 'A{_Vm' g_mQ> AemoH$ Ho$ H$qbJ {dO` `wX H$s
KQ>Zm na aMm J`m h&
amhb gmH$`m`Z :- Zo 'qgh goZmnVr' (1944), O` `mYo` (1944),'_Ywa
dZ'(1949), {d_V `mr (1954), Ama '{XdmoXmg' (1961) Am{X Eo{Vhm{gH$
Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m h& 'qgh goZmnVr _| do 'JUV ~Zm_ amOV' na ~hg H$aVo h
JUV H$s g_VmnyU g_mO`dWm H$m AmXe VwV H$aVo h& ~mXH$mbrZ ^maV amhbOr
Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$m AmYma h& 'O` `mXo`' ^r Bgr H$ma H$s aMZm h& '{d_V `mr' N>R>r
eVmXr Ho$ EH$ ~mX {^jy Ama `m`mda Zao è H$mo H|$ _| aIH$a aMm J`m h&
'{XdmoXmg'go d{XH$ Am` gH${V H$mo g_PZo Ho$ `mg _| {bIr JB aMZm h&
amJo` amKd :- Ho$ {gX Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| '_wXm} H$m Q>rbm' (1948),
'{VXmZ' (1950), 'Mrda'> (1951), 'AYoao Ho$ OwJZy' (1953), 'njr Ama AmH$me'
(1957), 'amh Z aZH$s' (1958) Am{X h& BZ_| '_wXm] H$m Q>rbm' _| {dS> g`Vm H$m
282
AH$Z h& ''Cn`mg _o Am`m} H$mo AmH$_UH$mar, ghmaH$ Ama A`mMmar n _| {M{V {H$`m
J`m h& Bg_| 'Hw$bJUm|' H$m {dZme Ama gde{V_mZ amOm H$m CX` hmoVo {XIm`m J`m h&''
'AYoao Ho$ OwJZy' _| Xmg Wm H$mo ~MmE aIZo Ho$ {bE Hw$brZ dJ mam EH$V Ho$ WmZ na
JUV H$s WmnZm VWm d` dJ Ama j{` dJ Ho$ CZ `Zm| H$m {MU {H$`m J`m h
{OZgo ChmoZo ~mUm| H$s gdm{Vem`r gmm H$mo g_m H$aZo _| g\$bVm m H$s Wr& {VXmZ
_| _hm^maV `wJ _| ~mU-j{` gKf VWm Mrda _| hfdYZ H$mb Ho$ hmg_mZ ^maVr`
gm_VdmX H$m {M VwV {H$`m h& '' amhb, ènmb Ama amKd ò VrZ Cn`mgH$ma
JVrdmXr h& CZ_| g`dmX H$s Ia ~mpXH$Vm {dhrV h&
BZHo$ A{V[aV A` _hdnyU boIH$ h, {Ohm|Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg {bIo h,
JmoqdX d^ nV H$m 'gw`mV' (1922), {Zambm H$m '^mdVr' (1936), ~OZXZ ghm`
H$m '{d_V g_mQ>' (1936), {_l~YwAm| Ho$ VrZ Cn`mg nw`{_, {dH$_m{X` Ama
MJw _m` (1945, 46, 47) A_Vbmb ZmJa H$m 'eVaO Ho$ _mohao' (1959), 'gmV
KwKQ> dmbm _wIS>m (1968), ~mbemar ao>r H$m 'bwH$_m' (1969), {edgmX {_l '
H$m{eHo$`' H$m '~hVr JJm' (1952), {J[aYa Jmonmb H$m 'MmXZr Ho$ IS>ha' (1954)
{J[aamO {H$emoa H$m 'nhbm {Ja{_{Q>`m (1999), X{jU A{\$H$m _| JmYrOr mam Mbm`m J`m
g`mJh AmXmobZ H$s n>^y_r _| {bIm J`m h& {edgmX {gh H$m '{Xr Xya h' (1993),
AgJa d_mhV H$m 'gmV Amg_mZ' (1996) _| _wJb gm_m` Ho$ nVZ Ho$ {XZm| ApVd _|
Amò Zdm~ gm_Vm| H$s emZmo emH$V {\$OwbIMu, gZH$ Ama XrdmZJr H$s B{Vhmg-H$Wm go
Ama^ H$m Yrao-Yrao CZHo$ Qw>Q>Zo Ama nV hmoZo H$s H$Wm H$ht J`r h& '' hmb hr _| {`dX H$m
'^maV {d^mOZ H$s AVH$Wm' ^r {d^mOZ H$s OmgXr, g`, H$maUm| H$mo gm_Zo bmVm h&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg Zo B{Vhmg g~Yr {d{dY {>H$moZm| H$mo gm_Zo bmVo hE CgHo$
g~Y _| {ZaVa Z`r gmoM-{dMma H$mo A{H$V {H$`m h& `h ZaV` hr Cn`mg H$mo A{YH$
{ZH$Q> bmVm h& H$_boIm H$m {H$VZo nm{H$VmZ Ogr aMZm _| B{Vhmg Ama H$nZm, \$Vmgr
H$m `moJ AmYw{ZH$ `WmW H$mo gm_Zo bmZo _| gj_ hAm h&
Zò-da Zò {d_e/dmV`moma {hXr Cn`mg
Hw$N> A` _Zmodkm{ZH$ Cn`mgH$mam| _| _mohZ amHo$e H$m 'AYoao ~X H$_ao',
'AVamb', 'Z AmZodmbm H$b', VWm dmV`moma H$mbIS> _| H$m{eV {Z_b d_m H$m 'do
{XZ', [anmoQ>a, Cfm {`dXm H$m 'nMnZ Iô, bmb Xrdma|, _ho ^bm H$m 'EH$ n{V Ho$
ZmoQ>g' H$U gmo~Vr H$m '{_mo _aOmZr', amOo `mXd H$m 'eh Ama _mV', Y_dra ^maVr H$m
'JwZmhm| H$m XodVm' Ama 'gyaO H$m gmVdm KmoS>m', b_rZmamÙ bmb H$m 'YaVr H$s AmIo',
'~`m H$m Ymom|gbm Ama gmn', 'H$mbo \w$b H$m nmYm' Ama 'nOrdm' gd}da X`mb ggoZm
H$m 'gmo`m hAm Ob, ^mH$a _mMdo H$m 'gmMm', b_rH$mV d_m H$m 'Imbr Hw$gu H$s
Am_m' Ama 'Q>oarH$moQ>' VWm ^maV^yfU AJdmb H$m 'bmQ>Vr bham| H$s ~mgwar Am{X
_hdnyU h& _Zmo{dbofU Ho$ gmW `moJerb Cn`mgH$mam| H$s EH$ AVYmam Mbr Am`r
Bhr _| go S>m. bmb, ggoZm, _mMdo, d_m, AJdmb Am{X Cn`mgH$mam| Zo Amn`m{gH$
283
{d`mg _| _moh^J, Jm_rU `WmW, ehar AOZ~rnZ, ImoIbo hmoVo _mZdr` g~Ym| H$mo `moJ
Ho$ `mnH$ `WmW n _| A{^`V {H$`m h&
JVrdmXr, g_mOdmXr AWdm amOZr{VH$ Cn`mg :_mgdmX H$m ^md {hXr gm{h` na 1930 go hr n[ab{jV hmoVm ZOa AmVm h&
amOZr{V Ho$ jo _| {Ogo h_ _mgdmX H$hVo h, gm{h` Ho$ jo _| JVrdmX, g_mOdmX
_mZVo h& _mgdmX Zo Y_, AYlXm, AWm, OS> Ed ImoIbr nanam, Am{WH$ {df_Vm,
gm_m{OH$ emofU Am{X H$m {damoY H$aVo hE CgH$m gm_mYmZ Xm_H$ ^m{VH$dmX Ho$ ghmao
dkm{ZH$ g_mOdmX _| n[aUrV H$aZo hoVy gm{h` H$mo JVrerb hmoZo H$m AhmZ {H$`m& Ama
H$bmdm{X`m| Ho$ {>H$moZ go H$bm_H$Vm Ed H$bmH$ma H$s h`m hmo J`r H$m da ~mX _|
CR>m`m J`m& naVy JVrdmX Ho$ gm_m{OH$ {d^mOZ, emofU, Am{WH$ {dgJVr`m| na {Z^`
hma H$a Cn`mg H$mo g_mOmon`moJr {dYm ~Zm`m& Ama gm{h` n[adVZ H$m gmYZ _mZH$a
CgH$m Cn`moJ {H$`m& Bg {H$`m _| Hw$N> _hdnyU Cn`mg gm_Zo Amò&
amhb gmH$`m`Z :amhbOr na ~mX Y_ H$m ^md Wm {\$a ^r Cn`mg {bIVo g_` ~mXm| H$s
JUVm_H$ emgZ Umbr H$mo Chm|Zo gm`dmXr ~ZmH$a VwV {H$`m `mo{H$ CZna 1917
H$s gr H$mVr H$m ^md Jham Wm& '~mBgdt gXr' {Ogo Cn`mg Zht _mZm OmVm, ~H$mb
Jmonmb am`& ''bo{H$Z KQ>ZmAm| Ama nmm| H$s CnpW{V Ho$ H$maU `h \$Q>ogr Ho$ n _|
{b{IV Cn`mg hr h& '' Omo ''_Zw` Ho$ H$`mU, l_ Ama ^moJ H$s g_Vm Ho$ gmW EH$
dJ_wV emofUhrZ g_mO H$m gnZm h, Omo _mZdr` l_ Ama gKf mam `WmW _| ~Xbm Om
MwH$m h& '' BZHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| _mgdmXr {> H$m {d{Z`moJ hAm h& CZHo$
CoIZr` Cn`mgm| _| 'OrZo Ho$ {bE' (1940), 'qgh goZmnVr' (1942), 'O` `mYo`'
(1944), '_Ywa dZ' (1950), '{d_V `mr' (1953) Ama '{XdmoXmg' (1962)
Am{X& ~mX Y H$s dpdH$ _mZdVmdmXr, H$Um, g_Vm, JUVm_H$ emgZ Umbr H$m
JhU {ddoMZ CZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| hAm h&
ènmb :_mgdmX H$m Jham ^md H$m{VH$mar ènmb na ahm h& _mgdmXr amOZr{V na
AnZo {dMmam| H$mo Cn`mg Ho$ _m`_ go H$Q> {H$`m h& CZH$m nhbm Cn`mg 'XmXmH$m_aoS>' (1941) _| H$m{eV hAm CgHo$ ~mX 'Xoemohr' (1943), '{X`m' (1945),
'nm{Q>-H$m_aoS>' (1946), '_Zw` Ho$ n' (1949), 'A{_Vm' (1956), 'PyR>m-gM'Xmo ^mJ (1958-60), '~mah KQ>o' (1963), 'Agam H$m lmn' (1965), '`mo \$go'
(1968), _oar Voar CgH$s ~mV' (1973) Am{X& _`dJ H$s Amem- AmH$mjmAm| go
ènmb OwS>o h& Bg{bE CZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| AY{ddmg, Zò-nwamZo gH$mam| _| gKf,
CbPZ, Zmar, {ejm, emofU, _OXyam|, ZmH$am| H$s pWVr, Xoe {d^mOZ H$s mgXr,
amOZr{V H$m dUZ _wIV: go CâH$a Am`m h& 'PwR>m-gM' Xmo ^mJm| _| {bIm _hdnyU
284
Cn`mg h& {Og_| {d^mOZ Ho$ H$maUm| H$m {dbofU H$aVo hE Xoe H$m ^{d` H$gm hmoJm Bgo
`V {H$`m h& gmW hr H$mJog nmQ>u H$s Zr{V`m| H$s AmbmoMZm ^r H$s JB h& Xoe-{d^mOZ
Ho$ ~mX CnOm ^rfU Zaghma', {dWm{nVm| H$s XwXem _Zw` _| nZnVr A_mZdr`Vm H$s dmr
H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h& `h CZH$m gdlo> Cn`mg h& ' {X`m' Ogm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg h&
{Og_| Zmar H$s {Z`Vr, CgH$m dV ApVd Ama VH$mbrZ g_mO Ho$ AV{damoY
CâH$a Amò h& '' B{Vhmg H$s n>^y{_ na Zmar H$s {Z`{V, `wX Ama em{V Ed dJ gKf
H$s g_`mAm| H$mo A{H$V {H$`m h& '' {dXdmZm| Zo Bgo Eo{Vhm{gH$ amo_mg H$s gkm Xr h,
~mdOyX `h _hdnyU h& '`m| \$go' _| r na nwafm{YH$ma H$m {damoY h, Vmo '~mah KQ>o' _|
o_ H$m _hd A{H$V h Vmo, 'Agam H$m emn' _| Xw`V Ho$ bnQ>, dMH$ Ama dmWu n
H$mo gm_Zo bm`m h& '_oar Voar CgH$s ~mV' gZ 42 H$s H$mVr n>^y{_ _| `mnH$ OZMoVZm Ho$
gma-Mma na H|${V h&
ZmJmOwZ :Jm_mMb H$mo H|$ _| aIH$a ZmJmOwZ Zo Jmd OrdZ H$m `WmW Cn`mgm| mam
A{^`V {H$`m h& AMb go A{YH$ _hd do nmm| Ho$ {MU, gKf, _Zmo{dkmZ, n[adoe
Ama Cggo mV MoVZm, oaUm, XeZ H$mo gmWH$ T>J go CHo$am h& 'a{VZmW H$s MmMr'
(1948), ~bMZ_m (1952), ZB nmY (1953), ~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW (1954), Xw:I_moMZ
(1956), dU Ho$ ~oQ>o (1957), Hw$^rnmH$ (1960), hraH$ O`Vr (1961), CJVmam
(1963), B_a{V`m (1968), Ama 'O_{Z`m Ho$ ~m~m' (1970) Am{X _hdnyU Cn`mg
h& CZH$s aMZm_H$ D$Om _`dJ, X{bV, {H$gmZ H$s gKfâr JmWm VwV H$aZo _| bJr
h& Bg{bE Xw:I_moMZ, dVwV: g^r H$m Xw:I_moMH$ hr h& {_{Wbm H$s JY CZ_| aMr-~gr
h& ZmJmOwZ nwamZo gS>o hE g_mO Ho$ Hw$^rnmH$ H$mo g_mV H$a XoZm MmhVo h Ama Zò-g_mO
H$s aMZm H$aZm MmhVo h& CZ_| g_mOdmX Ho$ {V ~mpXH$ bJmd hr Zht, hm{XH$Vm ^r h&
CZHo$ òH$ Cn`mg _| Zò g_mO H$s gH$nZm {Z{hV h& 'a{VZmW H$s MmMr' _| Hw$brZ
{H$Vw {ZYZ {dYdm H$s H$U H$hmZr mam AMb g_mO Ho$ AV{damoY H$mo COmJa {H$`m h&
'~bMZ_m' _`dJu` {H$gmZ H$s {nS>mXm`H$ H$Vr h& Omo gVV A`m` Ed A`mMma Ho$
{Ibm\$ gKfaV h& ZB nmY _| AgJV AZôb {ddmh H$s g_`m H$mo H|$ _| aIH$a OOa
gm_m{OH$ _m`VmAm| H$m {damoY H$aVr h& ' ~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW' EH$ nwamZo ~aJX Ho$ dj H$s ajm
hoVy g`wV _moMm ~ZmH$a A`m` H$m {damoY H$aVo h& 'dU Ho$ ~oQ>o' _| _Nw>Amam| Ho$ gmh{gH$
OrdZ H$mo nmH$ma XoVr h& 'CJVmam' _| nw{b{g`m ~~aVm H$mo gm_Zo bmVo hE r H$s `mZew{MVm Ho$ {_WH$ H$mo VmoS>Vm ZOa AmVm h& ZmJmOwZ d` _| OZVm H$m gKf h, gmhg,
oaUm, D$Om, H$[Q>~XVm Amam ZB nmY' H$s gOZm h&
amJo` amKd :amJo` amKd 'KamXm' (1946) H$mo boH$a 18 df H$s Am`w _| hr Amò Ama gmW _|
'{dfmX_R>' ^r bmò& Bg_| ~Jmb Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ AH$mb H$m OrdV {MU Am`m h&
Jmonmbam` H$m H$hZm h H$s, ''BgH$m erfH$ ~o{H$_M MQ>Ou Ho$ ''AmZX_R>>' go o[aV Wm,
285
{OgH$m `` `h Wm {H$ {H$g H$ma ~Jmb H$m 'AmZX_R>' '{dfmX_R>>' _| n[ad{VV hmo J`m
h& '' BgHo$ ~mX '_wXm] H$m {Q>bm (1948), Omo _mohZ OmoXS>mo H$s n>^y{_ _|, Am` AmH$_U
H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {bIm J`m h& ' Bhm|Zo gm_m{OH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, OrdZ M[aVm_H$, ZmQ>m|
bmoh nrQ>m| Ho g_mO na Cn`mg {bIo h& eha Ama Jm_ OrdZ na g_mZ gdoXZm go do {bI
nmVo h& eha OrdZ g~Yr, 'KamXo', '{dfmX_R>', 'hOya'(1951), 'grYm-gmam amVm' Omo
^JdVrMaU d_m Ho$ 'Q>oT>o-_oT>o amVo' H$m Cma XoVo hE {bIm J`m h& 'amB Ama
ndV'(1958) Ama 'N>moQ>r-gr ~mV'(1959) Am{X& Jm_ OrdZ na {bho Cn`mgm| _| 'nW
H$m nmn'(1959), Ama 'A{Iar AmdmO'(1962) _hdnyU h& ZQ>m| Ama bm|h nrQ>m| Ho$
H$~rVmB g_mO na 'H$~ VH$ nwH$m'(1957) Ama 'YaVr _oam Ka'(1960) CboIZr`
h& Eo{Vhm{gH$ nanam _| ' _wXm] H$m {Q>bm' Ho$ ~mX 'Mrda'(1951), 'AYoao Ho$
OwJZy'(1953), 'njr Ama AmH$me'(1957), 'Ama amh Z gH$s'(1958) _hdnyU h&
OrdZ M[aVm_H$ Cn`mgm| _| 'XodH$s H$m ~oQ>m' (1954), 'èmoYam OrV JB'(1954),
'bmoB H$m VmZm(1954), 'aZm H$s ~mZ'(1954), '^maVr H$m gnyV'(1954), 'b{I_m
H$s AmI|'(1957), 'YyZr H$m YwAm'(1959) Am{X CbIZr` h&
'H$~ VH$ nwH$m' aoUy Ho$ ~mX H$s g\$b AmM{bH$ Cn`mg _mZm OmVm h& Omo
X{bV OrdZ gdoXZm H$mo geV n go gm_Zo bmVm h& CZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| A{ÔZ `m
Hw$brZ dJ AnZr gmm Ama `dWm H$mo ~Zmò aIZo hoVy `Z H$aVo {X~mB XoVo h Eogo _| dJ
gKf A{Zdm` h, Bgr H$mo amKd Zo Cn`mgm| _| {M{V {H$`m h& 'Mrda' Ogr aMZm ~mU~mX {dMmam| Ho$ gKf H$s \$blwVr h&
âdgmX JwV :J{VdmXr AmXmobZ Ho$ aMZm_H$ g{H$` boIH$ Ho$ ZmVo CZH$m `moJXmZ _hdnyU
h& 'emobo'(1946), '_emb'(1948), 'JJm _`m'(1952), 'OOrao Ama Z`m
AmX_r'(1955), 'gmr _`m H$m Mmam'(1959), 'YaVr'(1962), 'Amem'(1963),
'H$m{bXr'(1963), 'a^m'(1964), 'ZmOdmZ'(1972), 'H$mer ~m~y'(1987), 'Zm
O~mZ'(1974), '^m`XodVm'(1992), Ama 'N>moQ>r gr ewdmV'(1997) Am{X h& naVy
'JJm _`m' Ama 'gmr _`m H$m Mmam' H$mo hr lo> _mZm OmVm h& 'JJm _`m' _| Xmo {H$gmZ
n[adma H$s eyVm, {dof, nw{bg V Ama g_mO _| {dYdm r H$s pW{V H$mo H|$ _| aIm h
Ama 'gmr _`m H$m Mmam' O_rZXmar `dWm Ho$ H$maU hmoZodmbo A`m`, A`mMma, emofU
Ho$ gmW CgHo$ {dX {H$gmZmo H$m gKf H$mo A{^`V {H$`m h& gmW hr Jmd OrdZ Ho$ {_bo
A{êmnr ZoVmAm|, gaH$mar V, nS>o Ama nwamo{hV, {ejm gWmZ Am{X H$m AH$Z {H$`m h&
A_Vam` :'~rO' BZH$m nhbm Cn`mg h& 'hmWr H$m XmV '(1956), 'ZmJ\$Zr H$m Xoe',
'gwIXwI'(1969), '^{Q>`mbr'(1969), 'OJb'(1969), Ama 'YwAm'(1977) Am{X
_hdnyU Cn`mg {bIo h&
286
11.3 ~moY Z 1. {hXr Cnmg H$s {dH$mg mm H$mo aoIm{H$V H$s{OE&

2. {hXr Cnmg {dH$mg H$ H$s MMm H$s{OE&
287
{hXr J {dYmE
H$hmZr
ZmQ>H$
{Z~Y
boIH$ - S>m. nr. Ho$. Ywmi
288
12
{hXr H$hmZr CX^d Ama {dH$mg

12.0 BH$mB H$s $naoIm
12.1 BH$mB H$m Co
12.2 VmdZm
12.3 {hXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg
12.4 ~moY Z
12.1 Co nmR>H$ | {ZYm[aV H$hmZr H$m CX^d Ama {dH$mg H$m {dVV AZ
H$aZm Bg BH$mB H$m wI Co h& Bg BH$mB Ho$ AZ Ho$ XmamZ {hXr H$hmZr Ho$
{dH$mg | oMX nyd H$hmZr, oMXwJrZ H$hmZr, oMXmoma H$hmZr Ama ZB H$hmZr H$m
{dVV AZ {dmWu H$a gH|$Jo&
12.2 VmdZm {hXr gm{h | H$hmZr H$m CX^d Hw$N> {db~ go hAm h& {OZ H$hmZrH$mam| Zo
H$hmZr Ho$ jo | nXmnU {H$m Cggo H$hmZr Ho$ {dH${gV hmoZo Ho$ gmW gmW H$hmZrH$mam| H$mo
^r {V>m {br& m|{H$ H$Wm, AmmZ Ama nmam{UH$ JmWmAm| H$m| H$hmZr H$m m$n mZm
Jm& H$hmZr H$m hr d$n dmMH$ Ho$ {bE ZmoaOZ Ama CnXoe H$m H$m H$aVm h&
12.3 {hXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg

{hXr H$hmZr H$s nyd nr{R>H$m {hXr H$hmZr H$m dmV{dH$ ma^ ^maV|Xw
H$mb Ho$ CnamV 20 dr eVr Ho$ Ama^ _o hAm& Bg `wJ go nyd "~Vmc nrgr', "qghmgZ
~mrgr' Am{X H$WmAm| H$m gH$V go AZwdmX {H$`m J`m Wm& Hw$N> bmoJ JmoHw$bZmW H$s
"Mmamgr dUdZ H$s dmVm' H$mo {hXr H$s nhbr J-H$hm{Z`m| H$m gJh _mZVo h& {Og_|
_wI H$U^V dUdm| H$m OrdZ-M[aV {X`m J`m h& naVw Bho H$hm{Z`m Z _mZH$a
nwamZr ebr Ho$ OrdZ-M[aV _mZZm hr A{YH$ C{MV h& bx bmbOr, gXb {_l, BemAm
Im Ho$ JW EH$ H$ma go {d{^ H$WmAm| Ho$ gJh _m _mZo Om gH$Vo h& AJa "H$hmZr' eX
_m go H$hmZr H$m AW {b`m OmE Vmo "amZr Ho$VH$s H$s H$hmZr' {hXr H$s gdW_ _m{bH$
H$hmZr _mZr OmZr Mm{hE& Bg_| H$Wm H$mo N>moS>H$a H$hmZr Ho$ A` Vdm| H$m A^md h& Bgr
H$ma amOm-{edgmX "{gVma-E-{hX' mam {c{IV "amOm ^moO H$m gnZm' VWm
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289
{MU Ama H$WmonH$WZ H$m A^md h& ^maV|X `wJ Ho$ AV _o Cn`mg Vmo {bIo OmZo bJo Wo
naVw H$hm{Z`m {bIZm Ama^ Z hmo nm`m Wm& Cn`mgmo H$s ^m{V ^maV|X `wJ _| ~Jbm,
_amR>r Ama AJoOr go Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m| H$m AZwdmX Ad` {H$`m J`m Wm&
{hXr H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mg H$m A``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_ H$Wm g_mQ> _wer o_MX H$mo
`{X Ho$-{~X _mZ b| Vmo Cgo Mma ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$a gH$Vo h {hXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg
o_MX nyd H$hmZr
o_MX `wJrZ H$hmZr o_MXmoma H$hmZr
ZB H$hmZr
(dmV`moma H$hmZr)
A) o_MX nyd H$hmZr {hXr _o gdW_ H$hmZr bmZo H$m lo` "gadVr' _m{gH$ n{H$m H$mo hr h& Bg_|
g~go nhbo {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r H$s "BX_Vr' Zm_H$ H$hmZr H$m{eV hB& {J[aOmHw$_ma
Kmof Zo "nmdVrZXZ' CnZm_ go ~Jbm H$s AZoH$ H$hm{Z`m| H$m {hXr _| ^mdmZwdmX {H$`m&
"~J _{hbm' Zm_H$ EH$ _{hbm Zo Hy$N> _m{bH$ H$hm{Z`m {bIr, {Og_| "XbmBdmbr' H$hmZr
{g h& Bgr g_` go lr ^JdmZXmg Zo "coJ H$s MwS>b', am_M ewbOr Zo "`mah df
H$m g_`' VWm {J[aOmXm dmOno`r Zo "n{S>V Ama n{S>VmZr' Zm_H$ H$hm{Z`m {bIr& BZ_|
go _m{_H$Vm H$s {> go "BX_Vr', "`mah df H$m g_`' VWm "XbmBdmbr' hr {hXr H$s
_m{bH$ gm{hp`H$ H$hm{Z`m _mZr Om gH$Vr h& Am. ewbmOr "BX_Vr' H$mo {hXr H$s
nhbr gdlo> H$hmZr _mZVo h& Bhr g^r H$hm{Z`m| go {hXr H$hmZr gm{h` H$m Ama^
hAm h& BgHo$ CnamV OèH$a gmX Zo "BX' Zm_H$ n{H$m H$m H$meZ ma^ {H$`m,
{OgZo {hXr H$hmZr Ho$ dW {dH$mg _o _hdnyU `moJ {X`m& Bgr n{H$m | gmX H$s W_
H$hmZr "Jm_' gZ 1811 _o H$m{eV hB& hmàg H$s H$hm{Z`m {bIZo dmbo Or. nr.
lrdmVd H$s nhbr H$hmZr "BX' _o gZ 1811 _| H$m{eV hB& Bgr g_` n. {dd~a
ZmW e_m Zo ^r H$hmZr {bIZm ma^ {H$`m& CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr "ajm ~YZ' gZ 1813
_o gadVr _o N>nr& Bgr H$ma amOm am{YH$ma_U gmX qgh H$s nhbr H$hmZr "H$mZm| _|
H$JZm' gZ 1813 _| "BX' _| H$m{eV hB& AVw&
"BX' H$m `moJXmZ - h_ H$h gH$Vo h {H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$hmZr Ho$ dmW $n H$s nanam
"BX' Ho$ H$meZ Ho$ gmW gZ 1811 go Ama^ hmoVr h& "BX' Zo EH$ Amoa ZdrZ
H$hmZrH$mam| H$mo mogmhZ XmZ {H$`m Ama, Xygar Amoa CgHo$ H$maU H$hmZr H$s H$bm _|
gwYma hAm, gmW hr H$hmZr Ho$ Co` gm_Zo Amò&
{hXr H$hmZr H$m ^m` gmX Ho$ Bg jo _o nXmnU H$aVo hr M_H$ CR>m& gZ 1911 _|
Chm|Zo "BX' Zm_H$ n{H$m _o AnZr "Jm_' H$hmZr N>ndmB& BgHo$ CnamV CZH$s
AZoH$mZoH$ C-H$mo{Q> H$s H$hm{Z`m H$m{eV hB {OZ_| AmH$mern, N>m`m, {Vd{Z
AmYr, {~gmVr, BOmb, dJ Ho$ IS>ha Am{X H$hm{Z`m {hXr gm{h` H$s A_y` {Z{Y
290
_mZr JB& gmXOr H$s H$hm{Z`m| Zo H$mVwhb H$s YmZVm h& BZH$s AmoOnyU gH$V-{Z>
ecr H$Wm Ho$ AZwn C{MV dmVmdaU Cn H$a CgHo$ ^md H$mo A`{YH$ YZr^yV ~Zm
XoVr h& AV Ama ^mdmZwHy$b H${V {MU BZH$s {deofVm h& M[a-{MU,
H$WmonH$WZ Am{X Ho$ H$bm_H$ $n Zo BZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| Anyd ZmQ>H$s`Vm, a_Ur`Vm H$m
g_mdoe H$a {X`m h& BZ H$hm{Z`m| H$m Ama^ AX^wV ZmQ>H$s`Vm Ho$ gmW hmoVm h& naVw
gmX H$hmZr H$mo OZdmXr $n XmZ H$aZo _| Ag_W aho Wo& AnZr gH$V-{Z> mOb
ebr Ama {d{e> H$` Ho$ H$maU CZH$s H$hm{Z`m {d{e> nmR>H$-dJ VH$ hr gr{_V hmoH$a
ah JB& hmàg-g_mQ> Or. nr. lrdmVd Zo ^r Bgr g_` hmàg YmZ H$hm{Z`m
{bIZm Ama^ {H$`m Ama A^yVnyd bmoH${`Vm m H$s& amOm am{YH$ma_U gmXqgh H$s
"H$mZm| _| H$JZm' Zm_H$ H$hmZr ^r A`V bmoH${` hB& {ddâZmW e_m "H$m{eH$' H$s
nhbr H$hmZr "ajm~YZ' gZ 1911 _| "gadVr' _o H$m{eV hB& H$m{eH$ H$s H$hm{Z`m| _|
nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$m {MU {deof $n _o hAm h& BZH$m nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$m A``Z,
{ZarjU, _ZZ J^ra Ama gy_ Wm& CZH$s "VmB' Zm_H$ H$hmZr- Bg {> go CoIZr h&
Bg wJ Ho$ H$hmZr boIH$m| _| dmbmXm e_m Ama MVwagoZ emr Ho$ Zm ^r CoIZr h&
gZ 1915 | MYa em Jwboar H$s W_ H$hmZr "CgZo H$hm Wm' H$m{eV hB& `h H$hmZr
n{d o_ Ho$ {bE {H$ò JE {Z:dmW ~{bXmZ H$s H$hmZr h& ewbOr Ho$ eXm| _| ""Bg_o
`WmWdmX Ho$ ~rM gw${M H$s Ma_ _`mXm Ho$ ^rVa ^mdwH$Vm H$m Ma_ CH$f A`V
{ZnwUVm Ho$ gmW gnw{Q>V h& ...... BZH$s KQ>ZmE ~mob ahr h, nmm| Ho$ ~mobZo H$s Anojm
Zhr&'' Bg H$hmZr Zo JwboarOr H$mo A_a ~Zm {X`m h& {hXr H$s `hr g~go nhbr gdmJnyU
`WmWdmXr H$hmZr h Omo H$bm Ho$ òH$ AJ na Iar CVaVr h& dVwV: "CgZo H$hm Wm' go
hr {hXr-H$hmZr H$m dmV{dH$ {dH$mg _mZZm mm{hE&
~) o_MX `wJ
_wer o_MX Ama^ _o CX _| H$hm{Z`m {bIVo Wo, {OZ_o am>r` ^mdZm H$m C_of
ahVm Wm& "gmoOo dVZ' (gZ 1907 _| H$m{eV) CZH$m nhbm CX _| {bIm ~hM{MV
H$hmZr gJh Wm& Cg_| `$ VrIr am>r` ^mdZm go ZmamO hmoH$a AJoO gaH$ma Zo Cgo OV
H$a {b`m Wm& BgHo$ ~mX o_MX Zo {hXr _o H$hm{Z`m {bIZm ma^ {H$`m Wm& {hXr H$hmZr
Ho$ {Vr` CWmZ Ho$ ApV_ MaU _o gm_m{`H$, gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| H$m {dbofU
H$aZodmbr o_MX H$s H$hm{Z`m H$me _o AmB Wr& o_MX Ho$ Bg jo _| AmZo go {hXrH$hmZr-gm{h` _| EH$ Anyd n[adVZ Am J`m& Bggo nyd Hw$N> gr_m VH$ h_mam H$hmZr
gm{h` Xgao gm{hp`H$mo Ho$ F$U go AnZm H$m_ MbmVm Am ahm Wm& o_MX Zo AmH$a Cgo
dmdb~r ~Zm`m& CZHo$ g_wI H$hmZr-H$bm Ho$ $n Ama dVw XmoZmo H$s g_`mE Wr
BZHo$ {ZamH$aU Ho$ {bE Chm|Zo {d{^ gm{h` H$s H$hmZr-aMZm-{d{Y`mo H$m A``Z H$a
d` AnZr H$hmZr-H$bm Ho$ {en H$m {Z_mU {H$`m Ama Cgo Ma_ {dH$mg VH$ nhMm`m& do
OZVm Ho$ boIH$ Wo& AnZr H$hm{Z`m| mam Chm|Zo ghmo _yH$ Ama hrZ-XrZ {H$gmZm| Ama
_OXam| H$m {V{Z{Yd {H$`m, Omo nhbo gm[h` _| ANy>V _mZo OmVo Wo& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m
291
m`: KQ>Zm-YmZ h& CZH$m gmgm[aH$ OrdZ H$m kmZ A`V {dVV Ama gy_ Wm& Bgr
go do AnZr H$hm{Z`moo _| h_mar gm_m{`H$, amOZr{VH$, Am{WH$ Ed gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| Ed
AmXmobZm| H$m g\$b {MU H$aZo _o g\$b hmo gH|$& "H$m_Zm V', "Am_mam_', "H$\$Z',
"nyg H$s amV', "eVaO Ho$ {IbmS>r', "~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r', Am{X CZH$s gdlo> H$hm{Z`m| _o go
h& M[a-{MU, H$Wm-dUZ, dmVmdaU {Z_mU, Co H$s g\$b A{^`{$. H$WmonH$WZ
Am{X H$s {>go [dd H$s gdlo> H$bm_H$ H$hm{Z`mo Ho$ g_H$j aIr Om gH$Vr h& {hXr
o_MX H$s H$hm{Z`m nmH$a JmadmpdV hB h&
Bg H$ma Bg `wJ _o gmX Hy$b VWm o_MX Hy$b H$s H$hm{Z`m {XImB XoVr h&
XmoZmoZo CH$mo{Q> H$s H$bm_H$ H$hm{Z`m XmZ H$s& gmX Hy$b H$s H$hm[Z`m AmJo {dH${gV
Zhr hmo gH$s, {H$Vw o_MX Hy$b H$s H$hm[Z`m "gm_m` OZ-OrdZ Ho$ {V{~~' Ho$ H$maU
AmO ^r {dH$mg nm ahr h& Hw$N> Cgmhr boIH$m| H$m g_wh H$Wm-gm{h` Ho$ jo _| Cdb
Zj Ho$ g_mZ Cr hmo CR>m, {OZ_o gwXeZ, n.nw. ~er, {ednyOZ ghm` Am{X CoIZr`
Wo& gwXeZ EH$ H$ma go o_MXOr Ho$ Cmam{YH$mar _mZo OmVo h& ~erOr Zo Hw$N> ^mdm_H$
H$hm{Z`m {bIZo Ho$ ~mX Bg jo H$mo `mJ {X`m&
W_ _hm`w Zo ^maVr` OZ-OrdZ H$mo {dM{bV H$a {X`m& Hw$N> A` bmoJm| Zo
AbJ-AbJ H$ma H$s H$hm{Z`m {bIr& Ogo "Xòe' Or Zo Hw$N> ^mdm_H$ gH$V{Z>
ebr H$s H${ddnyU H$hm{Z`m {bIr& {hXr Ho$ bJ^J g^r Cn`mgH$mam| Zo H$hm{Z`m
{bIr& Hw$N> H${d`m| Zo ^r H$hm{Z`m {bIr h, Ogo nV, {Zambm, _hmXodr, ^JdVrMaU d_m
Am{X& Omo H$bm Ama ^md H$s {>go ~hV hr gwXa H$hm{Z`m _mZr JB h& - Bg H$mo
gmX-o_M `wJ H$hm OmVm h& gmXOr Zo Hw$b {_bmH$a 70 H$hm{Z`m {bIr& BZH$s
H$hm{Z`m ^md Ama ebr H$s {> go AnZm {d{e> WmZ aIVr h& o_MXOr Zo bJ^J 225
H$hm{Z`m {bIr {OZ_| OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY AJmo na H$me S>mbm J`m VWm H$WmZH$ g_mO Ho$
_`_ dJ Ama {ZZ dJ Ho$ OrdZ go {bò JE& Bg H$ma H$hmZr gm{h` H$m `h CWmZ
gm_m{OH$ VWm AmXedmXr {>H$moU boH$a Am`m& Bg `wJ Ho$ A` _wI H$hmZrH$ma h {dZmoXeH$a `mg, am_H$UXmg, MS>r gmX Xòe, MVwa goZ emr, dmMn{V nmR>H$,
{ddâ ZmW e_m "H$m{eH$' gwXeZ, OoZo Hw$_ma, nmS>o` ~oMZ e_m "CJ' ènmb,
^JdVr gmX ~mOno`r, {ednyOZ ghm`, nX_bmb nwmbmb ~er Am{X&
H$) o_MXmoVa `wJ
o_MX Ho$ ~mX Ho$ `wJ Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma npM_ Ho$ Xmo {MVH$mo. H$mb _mg VWm $m`S>
go {deof $n go ^m{dV hE& Bg `wJ H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h {H$ H$hmZr Ho$ nm {H$gr
dJ {deof H$m {V{Z{Yd Zhr H$aVo h& do `pV Ho$ $n _| {H$gr Z {H$gr _Zmodkm{ZH$
g_`m go JV Ed _V {XImB XoVo h& Bg H$ma H$s H$hmZr {bIZo dmbm| _| _wI Zm_ h OZoX Hw$_ma, amJo` amKd, Ako` VWm BbmMX Omoer& dgo ò H$hmZrH$ma AnZr nyddVu
gmX o_M nanam go ^r g~ {XImB XoVo h& Bg `wJ _| Xygao H$ma Ho$ do H$hmZrH$ma h
{OhmoZo o_MX nanam H$mo J{V_mZ {H$`m& Bg g~Y _| {deof CoIZr` Zm_ h ènmb, Cno ZmW "AH$', MJwV {dmbH$ma, {dUy ^mH$a, A_Vbmb ZmJa,
292
^JdVr MaU d_m, dXmdZ bmb d_m Am{X&
g_mOdmXr {>H$moU go ^m{dV {hXr Ho$ AZoH$ H$hmZrH$mam| Zo gm_m{OH$ {dgJ{V`m|
H$mo `WmWnaH$ ebr _| VwV {H$`m h& OZo Ed Ako` H$m A[YH$ `mZ gy_ {Md{m`m|
na Ho$pV Wm, O~{H$ g_mOdmXr boIH$m| Zo n> $n go g_`mAm| H$m CXKmQ>Z {H$`m h&
_mgdmXr g_mOdmXr ènmb Zo AR>mah H$hmZr gJh {hXr OJV H$mo {Xò& ènmb Ho$ {bE
H$hmZr "Ho$db _ZmoaOH$ KQ>ZmMH$ `m {ddaU Zhr h' A{nVw {dMma H$s nw{> Ho$ {bE MyZm Ed
~wZm J`m >mV h& ènmb Ho$ nm, IyQ>mo na Q>Jo hE g` h& Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m Eogr ^r h
{OZHo$ nm boIH$ na hmdr hmo Jò Ama CgHo$ {ZÙ go ~mha hmo OrdZ H$s grYr-gr
~mV H$hVo h& ènmb EH$ H$mpVH$mar J{VdmXr boIH$ Wo& boIZ CZHo$ {bE AmOr{dH$m
H$m gmYZ ^r Wm Ama H$mpV H$m dmhH$ ^r& Chm|Zo g_mO H$s Jbr-gS>mo _m`VmAm| na ~S>o
VrIo hma {H$ò& qnOao H$s CS>mZ, dmo X{Z`m, VH$ H$m Vw\$mZ, \y$bm| H$m Hw$aVm, Cm_r H$s _m
Am{X BZHo$ {g H$hmZr-gJh h& ènmb H$s H$hm{Z`m Co`naH$, gm\$-gwWar Ama
ge$ h& _H$sb Cmam{YH$mar, {M H$m erfH$, {V>m H$m ~moP, EH$ `mbm, Vw\$mZ H$m
X` Am{X BZH$mo ~hM{MV H$hm{Z`m h&
MJw {dmbH$ma H$mo H$hm{Z`m _o gm_m{OH$ gamoH$mam| H$m {MU ^mdr T>J go hAm
h& MH$mVm, ^` H$m am`, A_mdg Am{X BZHo$ CoIZr` H$hmZr-gJh h& {dmbH$ma
H$s ~mX H$s H$hm{Z`m VrH$m_H$ h, O~{H$ nhbo H$s H$hm{Z`m o_M nanam H$m
AZwgaU H$aVr h&
CnoZmW AH$ Ho$ AZoH$ H$hmZr gJh H$m{eV hE h, {OZ_| do _`dJu`
g_`mAm| H$mo CR>mVo hE pW{V`m| na `` H$aVo MbVo h& Bggo aMZmAm| H$s mg{JH$Vm
Ed nmR>H$s` {M CZHo$ gmW OwS> OmVr h& S>mMr, AmH$medmUr, H$mH$S>m H$m Vobr BZH$s
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am`, _Z_WZmW Jw, âd gmX Jw Ho$ Zm_ AJJ` h& amJo` amKd H$s H$hmZr "JXc' EH$
A{d_aUr` aMZm h, Omoo EH$ JyOa r Ho$ nw$f `{$d Ed Zo{hb OrdZ H$s dN> Ymam
H$mo aoIm{H$V H$aVr h&
dVVmnyd aMZmH$mam| _| ~hV-go Eogo H$hmZrH$ma ^r h, Omo _mgdmXr Zhr h
A{nVw, gXme` d{m`m| H$m {VnmXZ H$aVo h& ^JdVrMaU d_m Eogo hr H$hmZrH$ma h& BZH$s
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gm{h`H$ma {dUy ^mH$a H$r H$hm{Z`m gm_m{OH$ g` H$mo CXKm{Q>V H$aZodmbr
Co`naH$ H$hm{Z`m h& Am_ AmX_r H$m XX BZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| EH$mEH$ gmH$ma hmo CR>Vm h&
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H$hm{Z`m h&
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293
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_Zmod{m`m|H$mo ~S>r hr _m{_H$Vm Ho$ gmW {M{V {H$`m J`m& BZ H$hm{Z`m| _| g_mO Ho$
{d{^Z dJm] _| `V {deofH$a emgH$-emgH$ dJ _| `m H$_Omo[a`m| H$m nXm\$me {H$`m
J`m& AZoH$ hm`-`` YmZ H$hm{Z`m ^r {bIr JB&
Zr H$hmZr Ho$ wI boIH$m| | {Zb dm, mohZ amHo$e, amOo mXd, ^r
gmhZr, H$U ~bXod dX, aoe ~er, y ^S>mar, Cfm {dXm, eoIa Omoer, AaH$mV,
mH$S>o, Zaoe ohVm, kmZaOZ, amOo AdWr, adr H$m{bm, AZrVm AmbH$ Ho$ Zm
CoIZr h&
{Zb dm H$s H$hm{Zm mZ hmoH$a ^r wIa h& H$mmH$Vm, An> A{ÔZm,
hoqdo gr gHo$VmH$Vm BZH$s H$hm{Zm Ho$ {d{e> JwU h& BZHo$ {V{Z{Y H$hmZr-gJh h
- n[aXo, ObVr PmS>r, {nN>br J{m| |, ~rM ~hg |, H$do Ama H$mbm nmZr Am{X& {Zb
dm AZoH$ dfm] VH$ {dXoem| | aho h. Bg{bE nmMm gH${V H$m ^md ghO hr XoIm Om
gH$Vm h&
moohZ amHo$e H$s H$hm{Zm| | r-nwf g~Ymo H$s {dS>~Zm, ehar OrdZ H$s
294
H${Vm, Xmn Ed nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$s {dgJ{Vm {M{V hB h& BZHo$ wI H$hmZrgJh h BgmZ Ho$ IS>ha, Zo ~mXb, OmZda Ama OmZda, EH$ Ama {OXJr Am{X& b~o
H$m m{bH$, dmbr, O, namm H$m Hw$mm, {g nmb Am{X BZH$s ~hM{MV H$hm{Zm h&
BZ| Kmoa WmW H$m {MU Ho$ Va na hAm h&
H$boda H$s H$hm{Zm| | H$~mB Zw Ho$ hmZJa | nhMZo go Cn AHo$bmnZ,
gyZmnZ, K~amhQ> VWm AOZ~rnZ PbH$Vm h& BZH$s H$hm{Zm| | {dH$mg Ho$ {d{dY Amm
{>JmoMa hmoVo h& "Xodm H$s m' | {X nwamZr nrT>r Ho$ OrdZ H$m {MU h, Vmo "Zrcr Prc' |
mZdr dhma Ed AmH$mjm Ho$ AZoH$ nhby COmJa hmoVo {XImB XoVo h& pV Z | EH$
Mmh H$m {MU Zrbr AmIm| Ama Prb Ho$ Zrbo nmZr Ho$ m go CâVm h& mg H$m X[am,
mZgamoda Ho$ hg, amOm {Z~{gm H$boda H$s hdnyU H$hm{Zm h&
amOo mXd Amnm{gH$ MoVZm Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma h VWm dh H$hmZr H$mo Cnmg Ho$
{ZH$Q> bo OmZo H$m Z H$aVo h& mXd mnH$ gmm{OH$ gX^mo Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma h VWm
An> Ed Aj H$WZ Ho$ m go H$hmZr H$m VmZm-~mZm ~wZVo h& Ohm br H$X h,
A{^w H$s AmH$Wm, N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o VmOhb, {H$Zmao go-{H$Zmao VH$, Vrjm, Qy>Q>Zm Ama
A H$hm{Zm, AnZo nma Am{X BZHo$ wI H$hmZr-gJh h&
^r gmhZr J{Verb MoVZm Ho$ Eogo H$hmZrH$ma h Omo nanamJV ym| H$m, {dKQ>Z
go CnZ pW{Vm| H$m gmnaH$ {MU H$aVo h VWm EH$ mZ naVw ^mdembr {Xem
XoZo H$m Z H$aVo h& BZHo$ {V{Z{Y H$hmZr-gJh h - nhbm nmR>, ^Q>H$Vr amI, emo^m
mm, {ZemMa Am{X& Mr$ H$s XmdV, H$R>Kao,oS> BZ BQ>br Am{X H$hm{Zm Zr H$hmZr Ho$
lo> CXmhaU h&
dmVmoma wJ | H$B H$hmZr AmXmobZ g{H$ hE, {OZ| {ZZ{b{IV wI h
gMoVZ H$hmZr
Zr H$hmZr H$s {VpVm | Câm "gMoVZ H$hmZr' AmXmobZ& H${Vn

grjH$m| H$m mZZm h {H$ gMoVZ H$hmZr H$m Zmam CZ H$hmZrH$mam| Ho$ mam bJmm Jm,
{OZH$m Zm "Zr H$hmZr' Ho$ H$UYmam| Ama {ebm-V^m| H$s loUr | AmZo go Ny>Q> Jm Wm&
BZ| AmZX H$me OZ, hrn qgh, amOrd ggoZm VWm m nama Ho$ gmW-gmW Zha
MmhmZ, moJoe JwV, doX amhr, gwI~ra, OJXre MVwd}Xr, {hmew Omoer, Yo Jw, Xoe
Am{X H$hmZrH$mam| Ho$ Zm CoIZr h&
gMoVZ H$hmZr Ho$ gyYma AmZX H$me OZ Ed hrn qgh h& S>m. hrn qgh Zo
gZ 1964 | ~rg gMoVZ H$hm{Zm| H$m EH$ gMoVZ H$hmZr {deofmH$ {ZH$mbm Wm& S>m. hrn
qgh Zo gMoVZ H$hmZr H$mo Bg H$ma n[a^m{fV {H$m h& ""gMoVZVm EH$ {> h& dh {>
{Og| OrdZ {Om ^r OmVm h Ama OmZm ^r OmVm h& AnZo gH$mpV H$mb | Mmho h| AnZm
OrdZ AN>m bJo m ~wam bJo... naVw OrdZ g| hmar gn{$ Qy>Q>Vr Zhr& Zw H$s H${V
OrdZ go ^mJZo H$s Zht ahr h& OrdZ H$s Amoa ^mJZm hr CgH$s {Z{V h& Ama O~ OrZm hr
CgH$s {Z{V h Vmo dh H$go {Oo? {> H$s gMoVZm emX BgH$m Cma h&''
295
ghO H$hmZr
"ghO H$hmZr' Ho$ Amap^H$ dVH$ AV am h& gmVd| XeH$ Ho$ ma^ |
H${dVm H$s VO na AVam Zo "ghO H$hmZr' eX H$m moJ {H$m Ama Kmo{fV {H$m {H$
H$hmZr H$m b AnZo H$hmZrnZ H$mo ImoH$a OrdZ H$s Vw{V ghO n | H$aVo hE OrdZ
go H$Qw> gm| Ama dWm H$s ^>Vm H$mo COmJa H$aZm h&
g{H$ H$hmZr
ghO H$hmZr AmXmobZ | AVam AHo$bo nS> Jo& Z Vmo Chm|Zo H$moB JwQ>
~ZmH$a AnZm {dMma {Vnm{XV {H$m Ama Z hr Ch| {H$gr n{H$m H$mo gnmXH$s
~gm{Im {br& hr ~mV amHo$e dg mam {Vnm{XV "g{H$ H$hmZr' Ho$ gX^ | ^r H$hr
Om gH$Vr h&
Bg H$hmZr-nanam Ho$ aMZmH$mam| | aoe ~Vam, gwao gwHw$ma, amHo$e dg,
g{XmZX YyHo$Vw, Hw$ma g^d Am{X Ho$ A{V[aV ldUHw$ma, ^r gmhZr, {U
YwH$a Ho$ Zm ^r gp{bV {H$o Jo h&
A-H$hmZr
{Og H$ma H${dVm | H$e: Zr H${dVm Ho$ nMmV "AH${dVm' H$m AmJZ
hAm, bJ^J Cgr H$ma H$hmZr | ^r Zr H$hmZr Ho$ ~mX "AH$hmZr' H$m mX^md hAm& Zr
H$hmZr Ama Zr H${dVm H$m pV{Z> WmWdmX AH${dVm Ama A-H$hmZr | AmH$a Kmoa
pVdmX, A{V WmWdmX Ama CN>Ib mZdmX | n[ad{VV hmo Jm& Bg AmXmobZ go
OwS>o hE H$hmZrH$mam| | wI h - JJm gmX {db, OJXre MVwd}Xr, m nama, XYZmW
qgh Am{X&
A-H$hm{Zm| | A{YH$me H$hm{Zm r-nwf Ho$ o-g~Ym| H$mo hr {M{V
H$aVr h& A-H$hmZr Ho$ AVJV yS> m jU H$s H$hm{Zm AmVr h&
gmVa H$hmZr
A-H$hmZr H$s ^mooJdmXr d{mm| H$s A{VeVm H$moo b ~ZmVo hE H$boda Zo

YwJ | "Eome oVmo| H$m {dmoh' erfH$ go boImbm Ho$ AVJV A-H$hmZr Ho$ aM{VmAm|
H$s WmoWr Xme{ZH$Vm H$moo CImS> |$H$Zo H$m Zmam ~wbX {H$m& gmZmVa H$m {dMma-~rO Vmo
gZ 1971 o hr ~mom Jm Wm naVw gZ 1974 VH$ nhMVo-nhwMVo H$boda Zo Cgo
"gm[aH$m' Ho$ m g| Mm[aV g Ho$ {bE H$hmZr ^rWar hmo Jr& H$mVmZmW, YwH$a
qgh B~m{h ear$, ldU Hw$ma, {Znm godVr, Xbm JJ Am{X Bg Ymam Ho$ d[a>
H$hmZrH$ma h&
296
AmM{bH$ H$hmZr
AZoH$ H$ma Ho$ H$hmZr AmXmocZm| Ho$ gmZmVa "AmM{bH$' H$hmZr ^r AnZr
Mmb Ed AnZr Vr go ~am~a J{Verb h& S>m. {edgmX qgh Zo AmM{bH$ H$hmZr H$mo Bg
H$ma n> {H$m h - ""AmM{bH$ do hr H$mhm{Zm H$hr Om gH$Vr h, Omo {H$gr OZnX Ho$
OrdZ ahZ-ghZ, ^mfm whmdao, H$mo {M{V H$aZm hr AnZm b mZ|& AmM{bH$ Vd hr
CZHo$ gm hmoVo h&''
gZ "50 go AmM{bH$ H$hmZr {bIr OmVr ahr h Ama h nanam {ZaVa
dhmZ h m|{H$ h H$moB MH$mMmY Cn H$a gm hmoZo dmbm AmXmobZ Zhr h ~pH$
h Vmo JmrU n[adoe H$s YS>H$Zm| H$mo {Mm{H$V H$aZo dmbm AZwemgZ h& Vrgar H$g,
Rw>ar, ag{m, bmb nmZ H$s ~oJ ($UrdaZmW aoUw), hgm OmB AHo$bm, gym, mhr
(mH$S>o), {~Xm hmamO, waXm gam ({ed gmX qgh), H${nbm, hmam hAm, ^dao H$s
OmV (eboe {Q>mZr), H$mogr H$m KQ>dma (eoIa Omoer), AYoao | (YwH$a qgh), H$[aE
{N>m ({edmZr), ~b|g (~XrCmm), $ma (B~m{h ear$), aWMH$ ({hmew Omoer)
H$MH$mY (Jmo{dX {l), Wy~y H$s amI (IoamO Jw gmJa), Zdr H$s XhbrO
({H$emoarbmb d), nmbZhmao (~bam), Abmd (Ho$ed), rN>d, Q>Q>, $Xm, oZm
(gwerc Hw$ma w$), JbmMmar (gwXa bmo{hm), Xe (gwXeZ d{e>) Am{X M{MV
AmM{bH$ H$hm{Zm h&
AmO H$hmZr-jo | Hw$N> {hbmE ^r AnZr boIZr H$m CnmoJ H$a ahr h& BZ |
VoOamZr nmR>H$, H$bm MmYar, hodVr, gdVr {bH$, {edmZr, w ^S>mar, H$Um
gmo~Vr, Umb nmS>o, gy~mbm, oh{gm nadoO, Xr{ IS>obdmb, Vm H$m{bm,
eer^m emr, H$Um A{hmor, mbVr Omoer, Zm{gam em, Z{Vm qgh, amOr goR>,
MH$mVm, Hw$gw Agb, bVm ewb, gwZrVm OZ, gwYm Aamoam, Owb ^JV, AbH$m
gam~Jr, JrVmO{b lr Am{X {g h& BgHo$ A{V[aV nmMm H$hm{Zm| Ho$ Hw$N> AZwdmX
^r {H$E h& BZ H$hm{Zm| o H$bm Ho$ AZoH$ {dYmZmoo Ho$ gmW gmm{OH$ OrdZ, B{Vhmg Ed
gH$V Ho$ AZoH$ AJmo H$m ne {H$m h& ~Jmb H$m AH$mb, H$bH$mm Ama nOm~ Ho$
OZghma, wH$mbrZ AdWm, Am{WH$ Ed Z{VH$ gKf H$m {MU BZ H$hm{Zm| | hAm
h& gVr mdgm{H$ m{gH$ n{H$mAm| Ho$ H$maU H$hmZr boIH$m| H$s ~mT>-gr Am JB h&
{hXr H$hmZr AmO ^r H$ Ama {en Ho$ ZE {VmZ aMVo hE {dH$mg H$s AZoH$ {XemAm|
g| AmJo ~T> ahr h&
12.4 ~moY Z 1. {hXr H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mgH$ H$mo aoIm{H$V H$s{OE?

2. oMX wJrZ H$hmZr H$s {deofVmAm| H$m CoI H$s{OE?
297
13
{hXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

BH$mB H$m Co
VmdZm
{hXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg
~moY Z
13.1 BH$mB H$m Co nmR>H$ | {ZYm[aV {hXr ZmQ>H$ Ama CgHo$ {dH$mg na {dVV AZ
H$aZm Bg BH$mB H$m wI Co h& {hXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo VrZ wJm| | {d^m{OV {H$m Jm h&
^maVoX wJ, gmX wJ, Ama gmXmoma wJ& Bg BH$mB | VrZm| wJm| H$m {dVV {dcofU
hAm h {Oggo {dmWum| H$mo AZ | AmgmZr hmoJr&
13.2 VmdZm
ZmQ>H$ gm{h H$m {dH$mg ^maVoX wJ | mZm OmVm h, gH$V ZmQ>H$m| H$s
j{V hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX Am{XH$mb Ama H$mb | ZmQ>H$ H$mo {H$gr H$ma H$m j Zht {bm
hm nanam Ho$ AZwgma bmoH$ZmQ> Ad M{bV aho&
13.3 {hXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg

{hXr _| ZmQ>H$ gm{h` H$m CX^d H$~ go _mZm OmE, Bg na {dmZm| _|
_VôX h& S>m. XeaW AmoPm Zo AnZo AZwgYmZ _| gdV 1289 _| {b{IV 'Jm` gwHw$_ma
amg' H$mo {hXr H$m W_ CnbY ZmQ>H$ _mZm h& ^maVoXwOr Zo AnZo {nVm JmonmbM mam
{bIo "Zhf' ZmQ>H$ (gZ 1814 B.) H$mo {hXr H$m W_ ZmQ>H$ _mZm h& Am. am_M ewb
Zo {ddZmW qgh mam a{MV ZmQ>H$ "AmZX aKwZXZ' H$mo {hXr H$m W_ _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$
drH$ma {H$`m h& S>m. gmo_ZmW JwV, S>m. b_rgmJa dmU}`, ~m~y Jwbm~ am` Am{X {dmZm| Zo
AmZX aKwZXZ H$mo {hXr H$m W_ _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$ drH$ma {H$`m h& S>m. XeaW AmoPm Zo
Bgo gH$V ebr H$m W_ {hXr ZmQ>H$ Kmo{fV {H$`m h& S>m. {dOò ZmVH$ VWm S>m.
H$Ubmb Zo "Zhf' H$mo {hXr H$m W_ _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$ _mZ {b`m h& S>m. ZmVH$ Ho$ eXm|
_|- ""Jmonmb M H$V 'Zhf' hr {hXr H$m W_ ZmQ>H$ h&'' BgHo$ A{V[aV {hXr _|
_{Wbr ZmQ>H$, (JmoqdX H$m Zb-M[aV ZmQ>H$, {dmn{V H$m Jmoaj-{dO`, am_Xmg Pm H$m
AmZX {dO` ZmQ>H$, XodmZX H$m Cfm haU, a_mn{V Cnm`m` H$m p_Ur haU, C_mn{V
298
Cnm`m` H$m nm[aOmV haU Am{X) amg-brbm ZmQ>H$ (ZXXmg Or H$m JmodYZ brbm Ed
em_ gJmB brbm) Ed n-~X ZmQ>H$ (Xàm_ H$m am_mÙ _hmZmQ>H$, hZ_mZmQ>H$,
~Zmagr Xmg H$m g_`gma ZmQ>H$, Jw Jmo{dX qgh H$m MS>r M[a, èdV qgh H$m ~moY
MmoX`, ZodmO H$m ewH$Vbm ZmQ>H$ Am{X) ^r CnbY hmoVo h qH$Vw Bh| h_ {dewX {hXr
Ho$ ZmQ>H$ drH$ma Zht H$aVo h&
{hXr _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ dm H$m g_w{MV {dH$mg AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ Ama_ go
hmoVm h& gZ 1850 go A~ VH$ Ho$ ZmQ>H$ gm{h` H$mo VrZ ^mJmo _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm
hA) ^maVoXw `wJ (gZ 1850 go 1900 B.)
~) gmX `wJ (gZ 1900 go 1930 B.)
H$) gmXmoma `wJ (gZ 1930 go A~ VH$&)
A) ^maVoXw `wJ :{hXr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ dmV{dH$ O_XmVm `m dVH$ ^maVoXw h[aM hr h&
BZHo$ nhbo gH$V gm{h` _| ZmQ>H$ Mwa _mm _| {bIo OmVo aho& gH$V ZmQ>H$m| H$s EH$
A`V g_X nanam ^r ahr, naVw {hXr _| ZmQ>H$, AmYw{ZH$ AmWm] _| {Oho ZmQ>H$ _mZm
gH$Vm h, H$m {dH$mg 19 dt eVr Ho$ CmamY _| hr hAm& ' ^maVoXw `wJ _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ CX` H$m
EH$ H$maU `h h {H$ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ Ama^ _| AJoOr am` Ho$ emofU Ama A`mMmam| go
OZMoVZm H$m O~ CX` hAm, Vmo n[aUm_V: ZmQ>H$ Bg OZ-MoVZm H$m dmhH$ ~ZH$a
gm{h`-jo _| CVam& Bg `wJ _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ CX` H$m EH$ H$maU `h ^r _mZm Om gH$Vm h {H$
Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{h`H$ma ZB `wJ-MoVZm H$m Mma H$aZo Ho$ {bE ZmQ>H$ H$mo {deof n go ZmQ>H$
Ho$ EH$ AJ 'hgZ' H$mo gmYZ ~ZmVm MmhVo Wo& hgZ Ho$ _m`_ go AnZr ~mV `` Ama
hm` Ho$ AmdaU _| AmgmZr go `V H$s Om gH$Vr h& `hr H$maU h {H$ Bg `wJ _| hgZ
n`mV _mm _| {bIo JE&
dVwV: {hXr _| dmV{dH$ n _| ZmQ>H$ {bIZo H$m lo` ^maVoXw H$mo hr h&
Chm|Zo gH$V ZmQ>`-em Ho$ AZoH$ T> {Z`_m| H$m n[a`mJ H$aHo$ {hXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo EH$
gdWm A{^Zd Ama ZdrZ `wJ Ho$ AZwn n XmZ H$aHo$ Cgo am>r` ^mdZm Ho$ gma H$m
geV gmYZ ~Zm`m& ^maVoXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s ga`m bJ^J 18 h& BZ_| Eo{Vhm{gH$,
nmam{UH$ Ed AmYw{ZH$ gm_m{OH$ g^r H$ma Ho$ ZmQ>H$ Am JE h& hm` Ed ``-{dZmoX H$m
^md ^r BZ_| gd {d_mZ h& ^maVoXw Or Zo BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| OrdZ Ho$ m`: g^r jom| go
gm_Jr JhU H$s h& Bhm|Zo Aga g_mO-gwYma, Xoe-o_, gmH${VH$ Jmad H$s _hmm
Am{X {df`m| H$mo AnZm`m VWm ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ _m`_ go Ch| {Vnm{XV {H$`m h& Eo{Vhm{gH$nmam{UH$ H$Wm-H$WmZH$m| H$mo ^r AnZo g_gm_{`H$ n`mdaU XmZ H$aZo H$m g\$b gmWH$
`mg {H$`m h&
^maVoXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$ _w`V: nmam{UH$, gm_m{OH$ Ed amOZr{VH$ {df`m| na
AmYm[aV h& 'g` h[aM', 'YZO` {dO`', '_wm amjg', 'H$nya-_Oar' ò Mmam|
ZmQ>H$ AZwdm{XV h& AnZo _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| Chm|Zo gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m| Ed Y_ Ho$ Zm_ na
299
hmoZodmbo Hw$H$`m| Am{X na VrIm `` {H$`m h& 'nmIS>-{dS>~Z', 'd{XH$s qhgm, qhgm Z
^d{V' Bgr H$ma Ho$ ZmQ>H$ h& '{df` {df_mfY_' Zo Xoer Zaoem| H$s XwXem na Amgy ~hmò
Jò h& gmW hr Ch| MoVmdZr Xr JB h {H$ `{X do Z g^bo Vmo Yrao-Yrao AJoO g^r Xoer
[a`mgVm| H$mo AnZo A{YH$ma _| bo b|Jo& '^maV-XwXem' _| ^maVoXw H$s am>-^{V H$m gma
CXKmo{fV hAm h& Bg_| AJoO H$mo ^maV-XyXd Ho$ n _| {M{V H$aVo hE ^maVdm{g`m| Ho$
Xw^m` H$s H$hmZr H$mo `WmW n _| VwV {H$`m J`m h& Bg_| WmZ-WmZ na {dXoer
emgH$m| H$s doN>mMm[aVm, nw{bgdmbm| H$m Xw`dhma, ^maVr` OZVm H$s _mohmYVm na Jhao
AmKmV {H$ò Jò h&
^maVoXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm h- {OXm{Xbr& BZHo$ g^r
ZmQ>H$ A{^Z` h& nanam Ho$ AZwn dn-{dYmZ H$s {> go BZHo$ Hw$N> Amap^H$ ZmQ>H$m|
Ho$ gdmXm| _| nm| H$s `moOZm ^r {_bVr h& M[a-{MU, gKf, H$m`-`mnma H$s EH$Vm
Am{X H$m ^r m` `mZ aIm J`m h& BZHo$ ZmQ>m| H$m EH$ _m Co` ^maVr` OZ-_mZg
_o Zd-OmJ{V, am>r` MoVZm H$m {dH$mg , Xoeo_ Ed dm{^_mZ H$m ^md âZm Wm& Bhm|Zo
AnZo _hmZ Co` H$m {Zdmh A` {dYm_H$ nm| Ho$ g_mZ ZmQ>H$m| _| ^r nyU Hw$ebVm go
{H$`m h& Bg H$ma ZmQ>`-H$bm Ho$ g^r AJm| H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo H$m `mg ^maVoXw
h[aM Zo {H$`m h& ''`{X h_ EH$ Eogm ZmQ>H$H$ma Ty>T>|, {OgZo ZmQ>`-em Ho$ J^ra
A``Z Ho$ AmYma na ZmQ>`-H$bm g~Yr gXmpVH$ JW {bIm hmo, {OgZo mMrZ Ama
ZdrZ, dXoer Ama {dXoer ZmQ>H$m| H$m A``Z d AZwdmX ^r {H$`m hmo, {OgZo d`{VH$,
gm_m{OH$ Ed am>r` g_`mAm| H$mo boH$a AZoH$ nmam{UH$, EoVrhm{gH$ Ed _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$m|
H$s aMZm H$s hmo Ama CgZo ZmQ>H$ H$s aMZm hr Zht; A{nVw Ch| aJ_M na Iob H$a ^r
{XIm`m hmo- BZ g~ {deofVmAm| go gn ZmQ>H$H$ma {hXr _| hr Zht, g_V {dd gm{h`
_| Ho$db Xmo-Mma hr {_b|Jo Ama CZ_| ^r ^maVoXw H$m WmZ gdm}M hmoJm& ''CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _|
OrdZ Ama H$bm, g`_ Ed gwXa_, _ZmoaOZ Ama _Jb H$m gwXa g_d` {_bVm h&
CZH$s ebr gabVm, amoMH$Vm Ed dm^m{dH$Vm Ho$ JwUm| go n[anyU h&
^maVoXw`wJrZ A` ZmQ>H$H$ma :^maVoXw Or H$s oaUm Ed ^md go Bg `wJ Ho$ AZoH$ gm{h`H$mam| Zo ZmQ>àMZm H$s& BZ_| CboI{Z` ZmQ>H$H$ma h- VmnZmamÙ {_l, amYmH$UXmg, bmbm
lr{ZdmgXmg, ~rZmamÙ MmYar 'o_KZ', ~mbH$U ^>, ~m~y grVmam_, g`ZmamÙ
'H${daZ', am_H$U d_m, nZmamÙ nmS>o` Am{X& BZ_| VmnZmamÙ {_l Ama
amYmH$UXmg XmoZm| ^mdembr ZmQ>H$H$ma Wo& BZ g^r ZmQ>H$H$mam| Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| ^maVoXw
h[aM H$s hr d{m`m| H$m AZwH$aU hAm h& m`: g^r _| g_mO-gwYma, Xoe-o_ `m
hm`-{dZmoX H$s d{m {_bVr h& BZ_| J IS>r~mobr _| VWm n ~O^mfm _| `wV hAm
h& ^mfm nmm| Ho$ AZwn aadr J`r h& ebr _| gabVm, dm^m{dH$Vm Ed amoMH$Vm H$mo
AnZm`m h& dVwV: ^maVoXw `wJ H$m ZmQ>H$ gm{h` OZVm Ho$ ~hV g_rn Wm VWm dh
'bmoH$aOZ' Ed 'bmoH$-ajU' XmoZm| Vdm| go `wV ahm h& Chm|Zo nmR>` Ama `-XmoZm|
nm| _| VH$mbrZ bmoH$ X` H$m AZwaOZ {H$`m&
300
^maVoXw `wJ Ho$ _wI ZmQ>H$H$ma VmnZmamÙ {_l Or Zo 'JmogH$Q>',
'H${b^md', OwAmar dmar', 'H$br H$mVwH$ nH$', 'gJrV emHw$Vb' Ama 'hR>>r h_ra'
Am{X {gX ZmQ>H$ {bIo& Bg `wJ Ho$ Xygao ^mdembr ZmQ>H$H$ma amYmH$UXmg h& Bhm|Zo
'_hmamZr nX_mdVr', '_hmamUm Vmn', 'Xw:{IVr ~mbm' Zm_H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m
{Z_mU {H$`m& 'Xw:{IVr ~mbm' BZH$s W_ ZmQ>`-aMZm h, {Og_| ^maVr` {dYdm H$s
X`Zr` Xem H$m {MU h& nX_mdVr BZH$m drag nyU Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ h {Og_| {MVmS> Ho$
_hmamUm aZgoZ H$s _hmamZr nX_mdVr Ho$ gmX` na AmH${fV hmoH$a AbmCrZ Ho$
AmH$_U H$s Mm{bV H$Wm A{H$V h& ^maVoXwOr Ho$ g_H$mbrZ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| bmbm
lr{ZdmgXmg Or H$m {deof WmZ h& ChmoZ| CXy ZmQ>H$ {bIo, {Og | {deof CboIZr`
h- 'hmX M[a' 'aUYra Ama o__mo{hZr', g`mo{JVm d`da' VWm 'VVmgdaU'& Bg
`wJ Ho$ A _wI ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| ~rZmamÙ MmYar 'o_KZ' H$m Zm_ CboIZr` h& CZH$s
Mma ZmQ>`-H${V`m CnbY h& '^maV gm^m`', 'dmamJUm ah`', '`mJ am_mJ_Z', Ama
dX{dbmn& '`mJ am_mJ_Z' _o am_ VWm grVm Ho$ '^mamO Aml_' _| Am{V` JhU H$aZo
H$s H$Wm H$mo JhU {H$`m J`m h& 'dmamJUm ah`' _| AmO Ho$ XwXemJV g_mO H$m `WmW
{M h_mao gm_Zo aIm J`m h& Bg `wJ Ho$ EH$ Ama CboIZr` ZmQ>H$H$ma h- n. ~mbH$U
^>& Bhm|Zo 'X_`Vr d`da', '~hZbm' 'doUw ghma', 'H${bamO H$s g^m', 'aob H$m
{~H$Q> Iob', '~mb-{ddmh', "Ogm H$m_ dgm n[aUm_' Am{X _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s
h& BZ ZmQ>H$mo _| nmam{UH$ H$WmAm| Ama AnZo `wJ H$s ZB g_`mAm| H$m AH$Z {H$`m J`m h&
AZw{XV ZmQ>H$ :^maVoXw-`wJ _| _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$ g`m H$s {> go H$_ {bIo Jò, BgrH$maU
CZHo$ A^md _| A` ^mfmAm| Ho$ lo> ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ AZwdmX H$s nanam Iy~ Mbr& ò AZwdmX
~Jbm, gH$V Ama AJoOr go hE& ~m~y grVmam_ Zo 'ZmJmZX', '_N H${Q>H$','_mbVr
_mYd' Am{X ZmQ>H$m| H$m VWm g`ZmamÙ 'H${daZ'Zo ^d^y{V Ho$ 'Cma am_M[aV' Ama
'_mbVr _mYd' H$m gH$V go AZwdmX {H$`m h& ò AZwdmX A`V gwXa ~Z nS>o h& ~Jbm
Ho$ {gX ZmQ>H$H$ma {Oobmb am` Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m AZwdmX nZmamÙ nmS>o` Ama
am_H$U d_m Or Zo {H$`m& ò ZmQ>H$ A`V bmoH${` hE& lr. ZmWwam_ o_r, Y`Hw$_ma OZ
Ed_ n. ~mbH$U ^> Or Zo ^r AZoH$ ~Jbm ZmQ>H$m| H$m AZwdmX {H$`m& AJoOr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$
AZwdmXH$m| _| JJmgmX nmS>o`, nwamo{hV JmonrZmW, _WwamXmg Cnm`m` Am{X _wI h&
ChmoZo {deof n go eog{nà Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m AmZwdmX {H$`m&
~) gmX `wJ :{hXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo gm{hp`H$ ^y{_H$m XmZ H$aZo H$m `mg gdW_
^maVoXwOr Zo {H$`m Wm& CZHo$ nyd gm{hp`H$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m EH$ H$ma go A^md gm Wm& nmagr
ZmQ>H$ H$n{Z`m| mam A{^ZrV ZmQ>H$ Agm{hp`H$ Ama Hw${MnyU hAm H$aVo Wo& ^maVoXwOr
Zo d` ZmQ>H$ {bIZ Ama AnZo gm{hp`H$ gh`mo{J`m| H$mo Bg Amoa dm H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr
gmW A`mdgm{`H$ aJ_M H$s Ztd ^r S>mbr& CZHo$ mam Wm{nV H$s JB ZmQ>H$ Ama aJ_M
301
H$s nanam H$mo hr OèH$a gmXOr Zo AmJo ~T>mVo hE Cgo Z`m OrdZ Ama ZB {Xem XmZ
H$s& ^maVoXw Ho$ nMmV gmX Ogm gdmJrU, {V^membr, aMZm_H$ `{Vd gnZ
Xygam H$moB ^r H$bmH$ma {hXr _| CnZ Zht hAm& {hXr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ {dH$mg H$m Omo Ama^
^maVoXw `wJ _| hAm Wm dh gmX `wJ _| AnZo nyU CH$f H$mo nhMm& dVwV gmX Bg jo
Ho$ g_mQ>> h Ama dh Bg{bE Zhr {H$ Chm|Zo ZdrZ ebr go ZmQ>H$m| H$m eJma {H$`m, ~pH$
Bg{bò {H$ Chm|Zo gdW_ {hXr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ nmm| H$mo dV `{Vd XmZ H$aHo$ CZ_|
erb-d{M`, e{V Ama AmXm` H$m g_mdoe {H$`m Ama CZHo$ AV H$m
H$bm_H$VmnyU {MU {H$`m& B{Vhmg Ho$ _wI nmm| _| Chm|Zo Z`m OrdZ â {X`m&
CXmhaU Ho$ {bE JmV_ ~wX, MmU`, MJwV, am`lr, Ywddm{_Zr Am{X Eo{Vhm{gH$
nm h, na gmX Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| Câm hAm CZH$m n BZ nmm| Ho$ `{Vd go {ZVmV {^Z
h& gmX H$s nm `moOZm H$s EH$ CboIZr` {deofVm `h ^r h {H$ Chm|Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _|
BVZo {d{dY nmm| H$s g{> H$s h {H$ CZHo$ _m`_ go nyam `wJ hr gOrd hmoH$a gm_Zo
CnpWV hmo J`m h&
^maVoXw `wJ Ho$ gm{h`H$mamo Zo Xoe H$s XyXem H$m dUZ ~ma~ma AnZr
aMZmAm| _| {H$`m, {OgHo$ ^md go ^maVdm{g`m| _| H$Um, bm{Z, X` Ed_ AdgmX H$s
^mdZm H$m {dH$mg hmo OmZm dm^m{dH$ Wm& Eogr _ZpW{V _| g_mO Ed am> {dXoer
e{V`m| go gKf H$aZo H$s j_Vm go ey` hmo OmVm h bo{H$Z gmXOr Zo AnZo Xoedm{g`m| _|
A_Jmad, Cgmh,~b Ed oaUm H$m gMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE AVrV Ho$ JmadnyU `m| H$mo AnZr
aMZmAm| _| {M{V {H$`m& `hr H$maU h {H$ CZHo$ A{YH$me ZmQ>H$m| H$m H$WmZH$ Cg ~mX
`wJ go g~pYV h, O~{H$ gmH${VH$ nVmH$m {dd Ho$ {d{^Z ^mJm| _| \$ham ahr Wr&
mMrZ B{Vhmg Ed gH${V H$mo gmXOr Zo ~S>r gy_Vm Ho$ gmW VwV {H$`m h& Cg_|
Ho$db Cg `wJ H$s Wyb aoImE Zht {_bVr,VH$mbrZ dmVmdaU Ho$ gOrd AH$Z H$s aJrZr
^r {_bVr h& Y_ H$s ~m n[apW{V`m| H$s Anojm Chm|Zo XeZ H$s AVaJ JwpW`m| H$mo
n> H$aZm A{YH$ C{MV g_Pm h& nmm| Ho$ M[a-{MU _| ^r Chm|Zo _mZ{gH$ AV
H$m {MU H$aVo hE CZ_| n[apW{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma n[adVZ `m {dH$mg {XIm`m h& _mZd
M[a Ho$ gV Ama AgV XmoZm| njm| H$mo nyU {V{Z{Yd Chm|Zo XmZ {H$`m& Zmar n H$s
Ogr _hmZVm, gy_Vm, embrZVm Ed J^raVm, H${d gmX Ho$ hmWm| mV hB h, Cggo ^r
A{YH$ g{H$` Ed VoOdr n Cgo ZmQ>H$H$ma gmX Zo XmZ {H$`m& Zmar n H$s Ogr
{V>m gmXOr mam hB h dh A` Xwb^ h& gmX Ho$ m` g^r ZmQ>H$m| _| {H$gr-Z{H$gr Eogo Zmar nm H$s AdVmaUm hB h, Omo YaVr Ho$ XwInyU AYH$ma Ho$ ~rM gZVm
H$s `mo{V H$s ^m{V CrV h; Omo nme{dH$Vm, XZwOVm, Ama Hy$aVm Ho$ ~rM j_m, H$Um Ed
o_ Ho$ {X` gXoe H$s {V>m H$aVr h; Omo AnZo ^md go XwOZm| H$mo gOZ, XwamMm[a`m| H$mo
gXmMmar Ama Zeg A`mMm[a`m| H$mo CXma bmoH$godr ~Zm XoVr h& "Zmar Vw_ Ho$db lXm hmo'
H$s C{V gmX H$s BZ {X` Zm{`H$mAm| na nyUV bmJy hmoVr h& >
BgH$ma gmX Or H$s gmH${VH$ nwZWmZ H$s ^mdZm, CZH$m Xme{ZH$
{MVZ, CZH$s dm^m{dH$ M[a-H$nZm, am>r`Vm Ho$ {V CZH$m CH$Q> AmJh, CZH$m
gKf Ho$ {df go OrdZ Ho$ A_V H$s ImoO H$aZm Am{X Eogr {deofVmE h, {Ohm|Zo gmX Ho$
ZmQ>H$m| H$mo A`V AmH$fH$, `wJmZwHy$b ZdrZ Ama ^` n XmZ H$a {X`m& BgrH$maU do
302
AnZo `wJ Ho$ {hXr Ho$ gdlo> ZmQ>H$H$ma gm{~V hE& dVwV: gmX H$mo AnZo `wJ H$m hr Zht;
A{nVw AmO VH$ Ho$ g_V {hXr-ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| gdlo> ZmQ>H$H$ma _mZm Om gH$Vm h&
ZmQ>`-{en H$s {> go gmX Or Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| nydu Ama npM_r Vdm| H$m
gp_lU {_bVm h& Ohm CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _| H$Wm-dVw, ag, Zm`H$, {VZm`H$, {dXyfH$,
erb-{ZnU, g` Ama `m` Ho$ {df` _| ^maVr` ZmQ>`-gm{h` H$s nanamAm| H$m nmbZ
hAm h, dhm nmMm` ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ gKf Ed `{V-d{M` H$m {ZnU ^r CZH$s aMZmAm| _|
hAm h& ^maVr` ZmQ>H$m| H$s agm_H$Vm BZ_| ânya {_bVr h, Vmo Xygar Amoa nmMm`
ZmQ>H$m| H$s H$m`-`mnma H$s J{VerbVm ^r CZ_| {d_mZ h& ^maVr` ZmQ>H$H$ma gwImV
H$mo ngX H$aVo h- npM_ Ho$ H$bmH$ma Xw:ImV H$mo& gmX Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| H$m AV Bg
T>J go {H$`m h {H$ h_ Ch| gwImV ^r H$h gH$Vo h Ama XwImV ^r& dVwV: CZH$m AV EH$
Eogr dam`nyU ^mdZm Ho$ gmW hmoVm h, {Og_| Zm`H$ H$s {dO` Vmo hmo OmVr h; {H$Vw dh
\$b H$m Cn^moJ d` Zht H$aVm, Cgo dh {VZm`H$ H$mo hr bmQ>m XoVm h& Bg H$ma Ho$
{d{M AV H$mo AmbmoMH$m| Zo gwImV Z _mZH$a Ch| ''gmXmV'' H$s gkm Xr h&
H$bm_H$Vm H$s {> go gmXOr Ho$ 'AOmVew', 'H$XJw', 'MJw'
Ama 'Ywddm{_Zr' {gX Ed lo> ZmQ>H$ h& AmYw{ZH$ ZmQ>H$-{dYm Ho$ {>H$moZ go Ama
gm_m`V: ZmQ>`-H$bm Ho$ {ZIma H$s {> go 'Ywddm{_Zr' gmXOr H$m gdlo> ZmQ>H$ h&
Bg ZmQ>H$ Ho$ AmYma na h_ gmXOr H$mo {hXr-ZmQ>`-gm{h` _| 'g_`m-ZmQ>H$m| H$m
dVH$' H$hH$a ^r g~mo{YV H$a gH$Vo h& Bg_| VbmH$ Ama nwZ{ddmh H$s g_`m H$mo ~S>o
H$me` go CR>m`m J`m h& Bg ~mV go `h _m{UV hmo OmVm h {H$ gmXOr {H$VZo `wJY_u
Wo& `h gmX H$s A{V_ ZmQ>` H${V h&
Chm|Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$ 'H$XJwV' _| g_pX Ama Eod` Ho$ {eIa na AmgrZ
JwV gm_mO H$s Cg pW{V H$m {MU {H$`m h, Ohm AmV[aH$ H$bh, nm[adm[aH$ gKf Ama
{dXoer AmH$_Um| Ho$ \$bdn CgHo$ ^mdr j` Ho$ bjU H$Q> hmoZo bJo Wo& {df` Ama aMZm
{en XmoZm| hr {>`m| go 'H$XJwV' gmX H$s gdlo> ZmQ>`H${V _mZr OmVr h&
CZHo$ {gX ZmQ>H$ 'MJwV' H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h {H$ Bg_|
{dXo{e`m| go ^maV Ho$ gKf Ama Cg gKf _| AVV: ^maV H$s {dO` H$s Wr_ CR>mB J`r h&
gmX Ho$ _Z _| ^maV H$s namYrZVm H$mo boH$a Jhar `Wm Wr, Ama Eogm bJVm h Ogo Chm|Zo
Bg Eo{Vhm{gH$ gJ Ho$ _m`_ go AnZo BpN>V {ddmg H$mo dmUr Xr hmo& Bg {> go
'MJwV' H$s H$WmdVw 'H$XJwV' go ^r CXmm h&
'H$m_Zm' CZH$s EH$ d{e>`nyU ZmQ>`H${V h; {Og_| {d{^Z _Zmo{dH$mam|
H$mo VrH$ Ho$ n _| aJ_M na CnpWV H$aVo hE CZHo$ H$m`H$bmnm| mam _mZd-g`Vm
Ama gH${V Ho$ {dH$mg H$s H$Wm VwV H$s JB h& CZH$s {gX H${V 'EH$ KyQ>' H$m _hd
BgHo$ EH$mH$s hmoZo _| h& g_yMo ZmQ>H$ _| EH$ AH$ Ama EH$ ` h&
gmX `wJrZ A` _wI ZmQ>H$H$ma :gmX `wJrZ A` _wI ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| h[aH$U 'o_r' Ama b_rZmamÙ
{_l Or H$m Zm_ {deof n go CboIZr` h& o_r Or Zo gmX H$s ^m{V hr Eo{Vhm{gH$
303
ZmQ>H$m| H$mo aMZm H$s, `{n XmoZm| Ho$ b` Ama H$mbIS> Ho$ MwZmd _| ~hV AVa h&
o_rOrZo ^maVr` B{Vhmg Ho$ _wpb_-H$mb H$mo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| H$m AmYma ~Zm`m Ama {hXy_wpb_-EH$Vm Ho$ {VnmXZ na {deof ~b {X`m& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$ am>r`Vm Ama Xoe-o_ Ho$
^mdm| go AmoVmoV h Ama Bg n _| AnZo `wJ Ho$ gMo {V{Z{Y h& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _|
'dU{dhmZ', 'ajm~YZ' nmVmb {dO`' Am{X {deof CboIZr` h&
o_r Or Ho$ g_H$mbrZ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| b_rZmamÙ {_l Or H$m Zm_ {deof
CboIZr` h, {Ohm|Zo gmX Ho$ gdWm {^Z _mJ na MbH$a {hXr ZmQ>H$ gm{h` H$mo Z`m
_moS> {X`m& CZHo$ 'g`mgr' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ gmW {hXr ZmQ>H$ Ho$ {df` Ama {en XmoZm| _| ~Xbmd
Am`m& gmX Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| Ohm dN>XVmdmXr d{m H$m mYm` Wm dhm {_l Or Ho$
ZmQ>H$m| _| ~mpXH$Vm H$m g_mdoe hAm& Chm|Zo ZmQ>èm H$s {Xem _| ^r AZoH$ _m{bH$ Ed
H$m{VH$mar `moJ {H$ò& CZHo$ g^r ZmQ>H$ VrZ AH$m| Ho$ h Ama AH$m| H$m {d^mOZ `m| _|
Zht {H$`m J`m h& AnZo ZmQ>H$m| H$s {df`dVw Ho$ {bE Chm|Zo B{Vhmg Ho$ n>m| _| Zht, g_mO
Ho$ {dVV AJZ _| PmH$m Ama g_gm_{`H$ g_mO _| {deof n go Zmar H$s pW{V Ama
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H$m_ Ama Z{VH$Vm {df`H$ AZoH$ g_`mAm| H$mo CR>mVo hE gm_m{OH$ df` H$s n>^y{_ _|
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n[aUm_ H$s {> go h_mam `mZ AmH$> H$aVm h& Bg `wJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$-gm{h` H$mo h_ {ZZ
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hmoZo na ^r am>-Jmad Ama g_gm_{`H$ am>r` MoVZm go n[anyU h& Bg dJ Ho$ AVJV
A{~H$mXm {nmR>r H$m ' -d`da ZmQ>H$', am_M[aV Cnm`m` H$m 'Xodr mnXr', am_ Zaoe
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gmX H$m 'AOm{_bM[aV ZmQ>H$', n[anyUmZX d_m H$m 'dra A{^_`w ZmQ>H$', JmoHw$bM
d_m H$m 'O`W-dY' H$bmeZmW ^Q>ZmJa H$m '^r_ {Vkm', b_rZmamÙ JJ H$m
'lrH$UmdVma' h[aAmY H$m 'p_Zr n[aU`' {H$emoarXmg dmOno`r H$m' 'gwXm_m' Am{X
CboI{Z` h&
(I) Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ :Bg `wJ Ho$ JmU Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| JUoeXm B H$m '_hmamUm
gJm_qgh', ^dabmb gmoZr H$m' dra Hw$_ma N>gmb', MamO ^S>mar H$mo "g_mQ> AemoH$',
304
~XarZmW ^> Ho$ 'XwJmdVr' Ama 'MJwV', {OVodagmX Zm`b H$m '^maV Jmad AWmV
g_mQ> MJwV', XeaW AmoPm H$m '{MmmS> H$s Xodr', b_rZmamÙ JJ H$m '_hmamUm
Vmn', OJZmWgmX {_{bX H$m 'Vmn {Vkm', CXèH$a ^> H$m '{dH$_m{X`',
o_MX H$m 'H$~bm' Am{X CboIZr` h BZ_| go A{YH$Va ZmQ>H$m| H$mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm|
H$m dmVmbmn nmVa _m H$hm Om gH$Vm h&
(J) gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$ :nmam{UH$ Ama Eo{mhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$mo Ho$ gmW-gmW Bg `wJ _| AZoH$ gm_m{OH$
ZmQ>H$m| H$s ^r aMZm hB, {OZ_| H$m{eH$ Or H$m 'A`mMma H$m n[aUm_', Ama '{hXy {dYdm
ZmQ>H$'. o_MX H$m 'gJm_', BdargmX e_m H$m 'H$fH$ XwXem', gwXeZ H$m 'AOZm'
Ama ^m`MH$' Jmo{dXdb^ nV H$m 'H$Oyg H$s ImonS>r' Ama "AJya H$s ~oQ>r', am_odar
gmX 'am_' H$m 'AN>VmoXma ZmQ>H$' N>{~Xmg nmS>o` H$m 'g_mO' Am{X {gX h& BZ
ZmQ>H$m| _| EH$ H$ma H$s gm_m{OH$ MoVZm H$s PbH$ {_bVr h, {Oggo n> hmoVm h {H$ Bg
`wJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma OrdZ Ho$ `WmW Ho$ {ZH$Q> AmZo H$m `Z H$a aho Wo&
(K) Jr{VZmQ>` :Bg `wJ _| H${Vn` Jr{VZmQ>` ^r {bIo Jò {OZ_| _{WbreaU JwV H$m
'AZK', h[aH$U o_r H$m 'dU-{dhmZ', ^JdVrMaU d_m H$m 'Vmam', CXèH$a ^> Ho$
'_`JYm' Ama '{dd{_' Am{X CboIZr` h& BZ_| go 'Vmam' g\$b Jr{VZmQ>` h& ^>
Or Ho$ Jr{VZmQ>`mo _| H${dd Ho$ gmW ZmQ>H$s` gKf Ama VrH$m_H$Vm H$m gwXa g_d`
{_bVm h& Bg `wJ Ho$ A` Jr{VZmQ>`m| _| Jmo{dXdb^ nV H$m 'da_mbm' Ama CXèH$a
^> H$m '{dmo{hZr A~m' ^r CboIZr` h&
(M) hm`-`` YmZ ZmQ>H$ :gmX `wJ Ho$ nhbo m` hm` nyU `m| H$m g_mdoe {hXr ZmQ>H$m| _| hmoVm
Wm, bo{H$Z ewX hm` ZmQ>H$ H$m gOZ H$_ g`m _| hr hAm Wm& Bg `wJ _| AZoH$ hm``` YmZ ZmQ>H$ {bIo JE, {OZ_| gm_m{OH$ Ama `{VJV Mm[a{H$ {dgJ{V`m| na
H$me S>mbm J`m h& Bg H$ma Ho$ ZmQ>H$ {bIZodmbm| _| Or.nr. lrdmVd H$m Zm_ {deof
CboIZr` h& CZHo$ 'Xw_Xma AmX_r','JS>~S>Pmbm', ZmH$ _o X_ C\$ OdmZr ~Zm_ ~wT>mnm
C\$ {_`m H$s OyVr {_`m Ho$ ga', '^ybMyH$', 'Mmoa Ho$ Ka {N>N>moa',Mmb ~oT>~','gm{h` H$m
gnyV', 'dm_r MmIQ>mZX' Am{X hm-`` YmZ ZmQ>H$ {deof CboIZr` h&
H$) gmXmoma `wJ :gmXmoma H$mb go boH$a AmO VH$ H$m {hXr ZmQ>H$ H$B YmamAm| _| {d^V
hmoH$a AnZr {dH$mg H$s `mm V` H$a ahm h& Bg `wJ _| Eo{Vhm{gH$, nmam{UH$, g_`m
YmZ, VrH$dmXr, `{VdmXr MoVZm go AZwm{UV gm_m{OH$, gmH${VH$ MoVZm go
AZwm{UV, amOZr{VH$ MoVZm go AZwm{UV, Jr{VZmQ>`, `` ZmQ>H$ VWm {dgJV ZmQ>H$
305
{bIo Om aho h& Bg `wJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s _w` d{m`m| H$mo BgH$ma {dbo{fV {H$`m Om gH$Vm
h(1) Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ :gmXmoma `wJ _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m n`mV {dH$mg hAm& Bg jo _|
h[aH$U o_r, dXmdZbmb d_m, JmoqdXdb^ nV, goR> JmoqdXXmg, CXèH$a ^> VWm
OJXreM _mWwa Ama A` H${Vn` ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo _hdnyU `moJ {X`m& h[aH$U o_r Ho$
Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| 'ajm~YZ', '{edm gmYZm', '{VemoY', 'dZ^J', 'Amh{V',
'CXma', 'enW', '^ mMra', 'AmZ H$m _mZ' Am{X CboI{Z` h& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _|
am>^{V, Am_-`mJ, ~{bXmZ, {hXy-_wbr_ EH$Vm Am{X ^mdm| Ed d{m`m| H$mo n>
XoIm Om gH$Vm h& ChmoZ| B{Vhmg H$m Cn`moJ amo_mg H$s g{> Ho$ {bE Zht, A{nVw AmXe
H$s WmnZm Ho$ {bE {H$`m h&
dXmdZbmb d_m B{Vhmg Ho$ {deofk Wo& CZH$s `h {deofVm CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m|
_| `V hB h& CZHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$mo _| 'Pmgr H$s amZr', 'nyd H$s Amoa','~ra~b',
'b{bV {dH$_' Am{X CboI{Z` h& Jmo{dXdb^ nV Or Zo AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ Ed
amOZr{VH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s h& CZHo$ 'amO_wHw$Q>' Ama 'AVnwa H$m {N>' Eo{Vhm{gH$
ZmQ>H$ h& amO_wHw$Q> _| _odmS> H$s nZm Ym` H$m nw-~{bXmZ VWm Xygao _o dgamO CX`Z Ho$
AVnwa H$s H$bh H$m {MU ^mdmonmXH$ n _| {H$`m J`m h& BZ _wI ZmQ>H$H$mam| Ho$
Abmdm Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ {bIZodmbo ZmQ>H$H$mam| Ho$ Zm_ ^r CboI{Z` h& {OZ_| MJwV
{dmbH$ma Ho$ 'AemoH$' VWm 'aodm' goR> Jmo{dXXmg Ho$ 'hf', 'Hw${bZVm' Ama 'e{eJwV',
CXèH$a ^> Ho$ '_w{V-nW', 'Xmha', 'eH$-{dO`', b_rZmamÙ {_l Ho$ 'J$S>dO, 'dgamO', '{dVVm H$s bhao', 'CnoZmW' AH$ H$m 'O`-namO`', OJXreMX
_mWwa H$m 'H$moUmH$', XodamO {XZoe Ho$ 'èdr ^moO' Ama '_mZd Vmn' MVwagoZ emr H$m
'N>gmb' Am{X h&
(2) nmam{UH$ ZmQ>H$ :Bg `wJ _| nmam{UH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s nanam H$m ^r n`mV {dH$mg hAm& BZ
ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ H$WmZH$ nmam{UH$ hmoVo hE ^r CgHo$ `mO go AmO H$s g_`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ
VwV H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m J`m h& nmam{UH$ M[am| mam {H$gr Zo H$V` Ho$ AmXe H$mo
nmR>H$m| Ho$ g_wI aadm h, {H$gr Zo {H$gr Cno{jV nm Ho$ gmW ghmZw^y{V Ho$ Xmo Amgy ~hmò
h& {H$gr Om{V-nm{V H$s ôX H$s g_`m H$m g_mYmZ Ty>T>m h Vmo {H$gr Zo Zmar Ho$ Jmad Ho$
{V AnZr lXm Ho$ \y$b A{nV {H$ò h&'' {d{^Z boIH$m| Zo nmam{UH$ AmYma H$mo JhU
H$aVo hE CH$> ZmQ>H$ {bI| {OZ_| _wI h- goR> Jmo{dXXmg H$m 'H$V`', MVwagoZ emr
H$m '_oKZmX', 'ndramO e_m' H$m 'C{_bm' gXJweaU AdWr H$m '_Pbr amZr',
am_dj doZrnwar H$m 'grVm H$s _m' {H$emoarXmg dmOno`r H$m 'gwXm_m', MVwagoZ emr H$m
'amYmH$U', H$bmeM ^Q>ZmJa Ho$ '^r_-{Vkm', Ed 'lrdg' draoHw$_ma JwV H$m
'gw^m-n[aU`' CXèH$a ^> Ho$ '{dmo{hUr A~m', Ama 'gmJa {dO`', nmS>o` doMoZ
e_m 'CJ' H$m 'JJm H$m ~oQ>m', S>m. b_U dn H$m 'ZbX_`Vr' Vmam {_l H$mo Xod`mZr',
306
Jmo{dXXmg H$m 'H$U' C_meH$a ~hmXwa H$m 'doMZ H$m _mob', H$m_{Z{Y emr H$m 'Uny{V'
Jmo{dXdb^ nV H$m '``m{V', S>m. H$UXmg ^mamO H$m 'AkmV~mg', b_rZmamÙ
{_l Ho$ 'ZmaX H$s drUm', Ama 'MH$`yh', amJo` amKd H$m 'dJ^y{_ H$m `mr', _wIOu
JwOZ H$m 'e{VnyOm', gy`ZmamÙ _y{V H$m '_hmZme H$s Amoa' Am{X& Bg_| H$moB gXoh Zht
{H$ ò ZmQ>H$ {df`-dVw H$s {> go nmam{UH$ hmoVo hE ^r h_| AmO Ho$ OrdZ H$s gH$sUVmAm|
Ed gr_mAm| go Cna CR>H$a OrdZ H$s `mnH$Vm Ed {dembVm H$m gXoe XoVo h&
(3) g_`m-YmZ ZmQ>H$:Bg `wJ _| g_`m-YmZ ZmQ>H$m| H$m MbZ _w`V: BgZ, ~ZmS> em
Am{X, nmMm` ZmQ>H$H$mam| Ho$ ^md go hr hAm h& BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| H$m
g_mYmZ {dewX ~mpXH$ {>H$moZ go {H$`m J`m h& BZ_| {deofV: `mZ-g_`mE, Zmar
{ejm, Zmar dmV`, {ddmh-g_`m, g`wV-n[adma g_`m, Ama Om{V-nm{V, D$MZrM gm_m{OH$ df` Am{X g_`mAm| H$m AH$Z VwV {H$`m h& Bg dJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _|
b_rZmamÙ {_l, goR> Jmo{dXXmg, CnoZmW AH$, dXm~Zbmb d_m, h[aH$U o_r,
S>m. eH$a eof, Ama S>m. ^r_ gmhZr H$m _hdnyU `moJXmZ ahm h&
b_rZmamÙ {_l Ho$ g_`m-YmZ ZmQ>H$m| _| 'g`mgr', 'amjg H$m
_{Xa', '_w{V H$m ah`', '{gXya H$s hmobr', 'AmYr amV' Am{X CboIZr` h& CZHo$
A{YH$me ZmQ>H$m| _| `mZ g~Yr d{m`m| Ed H$m_-g_`mAm| H$mo hr gdm{YH$ _hd {X`m
J`m h& BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| ~m{H$VmdmX, `WmWdmX Ed \$m`S>dmX H$s _wIVm h& BZ na BgZ
VWm ~ZmS> em H$m n> ^md h& goR> Jmo{dXXmgOr Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$, nmam{UH$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$
A{V[aV gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| H$m {MU H$aZodmbo ZmQ>H$ ^r {bIo h, {OZ_| _wI h'Hw$brZVm' 'godmnW', 'XwI `m|?' '{gXmV dmV`' '`mJ H$m JhU' 'gVmof H$hm?'
"nm{H$VmZ', 'Jar~r Ama A_rar' VWm '~S>m nmnr H$mZ' Am{X& goR>Or Zo AnZo BZ ZmQ>H$m|
_| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s {d{^Z gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Ed am>r` g_`mAm| H$m {MU
g\$bVmnydH$ {H$`m h&
CnoZmW AH$ AmXem}_wI `WmWdmXr ZmQ>H$H$ma Wo& Chm|Zo AnZo
ZmQ>H$m| _o `{V, g_mO Ama am> H$s {d{^Z g_`mAm| H$m {MU Ohm `WmW Ho$ Va na
{H$`m h, dhr CgHo$ _yb _| gwYma `m H$mpV H$s ^mdZm {Z{hV h, Omo AmXedmX H$s gyMH$ h&
CZHo$ _wI ZmQ>H$m| _| 'dJ H$s PbH$', 'H$X', 'CS>mZ', 'N>Q>m ~oQ>m', VWm 'AbJ-AbJ
amVo' Ama 'AOmo XrXr' {deof CboIZr` h& Chm|Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _o Zmar-{ejm, Zmar
dmV`, {ddmh g_`m, g`wV n[adma Am{X go g~{YV {d{^Z njm| na gm_m{OH$ {>
go VrIo `` {H$ò h& AZoH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| Chm|Zo AmYw{ZH$ g_mO H$s dmWnaVm, YZbmobwnVm, AZ{VH$Vm Am{X H$m ^r {MU `WmWdmXr ebr _o {H$`m h& AH$ Or Ho$ ZmQ>H$m|
H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h {H$ do g_`mAm| Ama g_mYmZm| H$mo CnXoem_H$ Ed J^ra n
_| VwV Zht H$aVo, A{nVw CZH$m {ZXeZ hm`-`` ebr _| H$aVo h, {Oggo CZH$m
^md Ama A{YH$ VrIm hmo OmVm h&
dXmdZbmb d_m Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ A{V[aV gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$ ^r
{bIo h& d_mOr Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _| {ddmh, Om{V-nm{V, D$M-ZrM gm_m{OH$ df`,
307
ZoVmAm| H$s dmW-namÙVm Am{X go g~pYV {d{^Z d{m`m| Ed g_`mAm| H$m AH$Z
VwV {H$`m h& CZHo$ Bg dJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| 'amIr H$s bmO', '~mg H$s \$mg', '{IbmZo H$s
ImoO' 'Ho$dQ>' ' {ZbH$R>', 'gJwZ', '{ZVma' Ama 'XoIm-XoIr' Am{X _wI h&
Jmo{dXdb^ nV Ho$ gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| 'AJya H$s ~oQ>r' Ama '{gXya H$s
{~Xr' Am{X CboIZr` h& 'AJya H$s ~oQ>r' _| _{XamnmZ Ho$ {df` Ed ^`H$a n[aUm_m| H$m
{XXeZ H$amVo hE AV _o Bg `gZ go _w{V nmZo H$s {d{Y na H$me S>mbm J`m h&
'{gXya H$s q~Xr' _| ^> Ed n[a`V Zmar H$s g_`m H$m {MU A`V ghmZw^y{VnydH$
VwV {H$`m J`m h&
ndrZmW e_m Or Zo 'Xw{dYm', 'AnamYr' 'gmY' Am{X gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$m|
H$s aMZm H$s h, {OZ_| C_wV o_, {ddmh VWm gm_m{OH$ `m go g~pYV {d{^Z
Zm| H$mo VwV {H$`m h& 'Xw{dYm' H$s Zm{`H$m dN>X-o_ Ed {ddmh _| go {H$gr EH$ H$mo
MwZZo H$s Xw{dYm go JV {XImB JB h&
Bg `wJ Ho$ A` gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| CXèH$a ^>, h[aH$U o_r,
MVwagoZ emr, am_Zaoe {nmR>r, S>m. eH$a eof, ^r_ gmhZr, S>m. Zao _mohZ, Am{X
CboIZr` h&
(4) Jr{VZmQ>` :Bg `wJ _| ^mdYmZ AWmV Jr{VZmQ>` H$s aMZm ^r n`mV g`m _| hB&
Bg dJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ {bò ^md _wIVm Ho$ gmW-gmW n H$m Cn`moJ ^r Amd`H$ hmoVm h&
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| a{MV {hXr H$m nhbm Jr{VZmQ>H$ OèH$a gmX mam a{MV 'H$Umb`"
_mZm OmVm h& BgHo$ AZVa _{WbreaU JwV mam 'gZK' h[aH$U o_r mam '{~hmZ'
CXèH$a ^> mam '_`JYm' '{ddm{_' Ama 'amYm' ^JdVrMaU d_m mam 'Vmam'
Am{X g\$b Jr{VZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm hB& Jr{V ZmQ>H$m| H$s Bg nanam _| gw{_mZXZ nV Ho$
'aOV {eIa' Ama '{enr' ({Og_o CZHo$ Zm Jr{V-ZmQ>` gJ{hV h), S>m. Y_dra ^maVr
H$m 'AYm`wJ', {J[aOmHw$_ma _mWwa Ho$ 'H$nmVa', 'XJm' Ama 'am_', Ako` H$m 'Cma
{`Xeu', Ama Xw`VHw$_ma Ho$ 'EH$ H$R> {dfnm`r' VWm AmagrgmX qgh Ho$ '_X{ZH$m'
Ama 'YynN>md', OmZH$sdb^ emr Ho$ nmMmbr', '_XZ XhZ', 'Jmonm', 'Cder',
'nmfmUr', {gXZmW Hw$_ma Ho$ 'g{> H$s gmP', '{dH$bmJmo H$m Xoe' 'bmh `wJ' 'gKf',
Ho$XmaZmW {_l '^mV' Ho$ 'dUm}X`', 'AJw{b_mb' 'gdm' VWm '_mZd {ZM` hr
bmQ>oJm' Am{X {deof CboIZr` h&
(5) VrH$dmXr ZmQ>H$ :VrH$dmXr ZmQ>H$m| H$s nanam H$m CWmZ gmX Or Ho$ 'H$m_Zm' ZmQ>H$ go
_mZm OmVm h& BZHo$ AZVa {bIo Jò VrH$dmXr ZmQ>H$m| _| gw{_mZXZ nV H$m
'`mogZm', ^JdVrgmX dmOno`r H$m 'N>bZm', goR> Jmo{dXXmg H$m 'Zdag', Hw$_ma X`
H$m 'Zeo H$m aJ' Am{X CboI{Z` h& AmJo MbH$a Ama ^r H$B boIH$m| Zo VrH$m_H$
ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ _m`_ go AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s {dgJ{V`m| Ho$ CXKmQ>Z H$m `mg {H$`m h& Bg
{> go S>m. b_rZmamÙ bmb Ho$ '_mXmH$Q>g', gwXa ag', 'XnZ, kmZXod A{Zhmor H$m
308
'eVw_wJ', gd}daX`mb ggoZm H$m '~H$ar' Am{X ZmQ>H$ {deof CboIZr` h&
(6) gm_m{OH$-gmH${VH$ MoVZm go AZwm{UV ZmQ>H$ :gm_m{OH$-gmH${VH$ MoVZm go AZwm{UV ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo OrdZ H$mo `mnH$
{> go XoIVo hE CgHo$ {d{^Z AJm|, njm| Ama nm| H$m {MU gy_VmnydH$ {H$`m h, {Og_|
`{V, n[adma, g_mO Ed gH${V Ho$ {d{^Z V`m| Ed Vdm| H$m CXKmQ>Z ghO hr hmo
nm`m h& {deofV: AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| CnZ Z{VH$ Ed gm_m{OH$ _y`m| Ho$ {dKQ>Z d
gmH${VH$ nVZ H$s pW{V go AdJV H$admZo H$s {> go Bg dJ Ho$ boIH$m| H$m `moJXmZ
A`V _hdnyU h& Bg dJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| OJXreM _mWwa, {dUw ^mH$a, Zaoe
_ohVm, {dZmoX aVmoJr, S>m. b_rZmamÙ bmb, S>m. eH$a eof, ^r_ gmhZr, ^y{V H$s
aMZmE AmVr h&
O`XreM _mWwa Zo 'H$moUmH$', 'nhbm amOm', 'XeaW ZXZ', Am{X
ZmQ>H$m| _| AmXem}_wIr pQ> go gm_m{OH$, Z{VH$ Ed gmH${VH$ _y`m| H$s ajm Ho$ {bE
`mg {H$`m h& H$moUmH$ _| Ohm EH$ {enr Ed H$bm {dofr emgH$ H$m gKf {XIm`m J`m h
Vmo 'nhbm amOm' _| amOm nWw Ho$ nmam{UH$ AmmZ Ho$ _m`_ go `{V Ama amOgmm H$m
AV {M{V {H$`m h& 'XeaWZXZ' _| am_ Ho$ _m`_ go `{V H$m AV VwV
hAm h&
Bg dJ Ho$ _wI ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| S>m. b_rZmamÙ bmb H$m Zm_ CboIZr`
h& CZH$s _wI aMZmAm| _| 'AYm-Hw$Am' 'amVamZr', 'XnU', 'H$`y', 'AXwbm {XdmZm',
'EH$ g` h[aM', '{_Q>a A{^_`w' Am{X _hdnyU h& S>m. bmb Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m jo
A`V `mnH$ h, {OZ_| ^maVr` Jmdmo go boH$a A`mYw{ZH$ ehar OrdZ H$s {d{^Z
nm[adm[aH$, gm_m{OH$ Ed amOZr{VH$, gmH${VH$, _Zmodkm{ZH$ g_`mAm| H$m {ZnU
Hw$ebVmnydH$ {H$`m J`m h& dVwV: BZHo$ ZmQ>H$ OrdZ Ed g_mO H$s {d{^Z AgJ{V`m|
Ama {df_VmAm| H$m CXKmQ>Z g\$bVmnydH$ H$aVo h&
{dUw ^mH$a Zo 'S>mQ>a', '`wJo-`wJo H$m{V' "Qy>Q>Vo n[adoe' Am{X ZmQ>H$mo _|
nm[adm[aH$ Ed gm_m{OH$ OrdZ H$s H${Vn` g_`mAm| H$mo {M{V {H$`m h& Zaoe _ohVm Zo
'gw~h Ho$ KQ>o' _| AmYw{ZH$ amOZr{V {deofV: X{b` OmV-Umbr H$s {df_VmAm| H$m
CXKmQ>Z {H$`m h& gmW hr ChmoZo AnZo Xygao ZmQ>H$ 'IpS>V `mmE' _| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ _|
Qy>Q>Vo hE _y`m| H$s `ma`m H$s h& {dZmoX aVmoJr Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$ 'Zò hmW' Ama '~\$ H$s
_rZma' _| H$_e: O_tXmar C_ybV Ho$ \$bdn CnZ pW{V Ed AmYw{ZH$ n[adma H$s
_Z:pW{V H$m {MU {H$`m h& S>m. eH$a eoof Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _| {d{^Z _mZd ^mdZmAm| H$m
{dbofU H$aVo hE `{V, g_mO Ed gH${V Ho$ jo _| `mV AV H$mo CXKm{Q>V H$aZo
H$m `mg {H$`m h& Bg {> go CZHo$ '{~Z ~mVr Ho$ Xrn', '\$Xr', 'IOwamhm| H$m {enr',
'EH$ Ama moUmMm`' CboIZr` h&
(7) `{VdmXr MoVZm go AZwm{UV ZmQ>H$ :Bg dJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| _w`V: _mohZ amHo$e, gwao d_m, a_oe ~jr, _wmamjg
Am{X ZmQ>H$H$mam| H$s aMZmE AmVr h& _mohZ amHo$e Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$ 'AmfmT> H$m EH$ {XZ',
309
'bham| Ho$ amOhg', Ama "AmYo AYyao' _| `{V Ed g_mO Ho$ go CnZ H${Vn`
{d{^Z pW{V`m| H$m {MU {d{^Z H$WmZH$m| Ho$ _m`_ go {H$`m h& 'AmfmT> H$m EH$ {XZ '
gH$V Ho$ _hmH${d H$m{bXmg H$s OrdZr Ed 'bham| Ho$ amOhg' AdKmof Ho$ 'gmXaZX' na
AmYm[aV h {H$Vw XmoZm| _| hr mMrZ {df` dVw Ho$ _m`_ go AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s gdoXZmAm|_w`V: `{V Ho$ Ah, H$m_, o_ Am{X go g~pYV AV H$s ÒZm g\$bVmnydH$
H$s JB h& 'AmYo AYyao' _| nanamJV Z{VH$ _y`m| Ed AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ {> Ho$ ~rM K{Q>V
gKf H$m {MU H$aVo hE Xmn` Ed nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ Ho$ {dKQ>Z H$mo aoIm{H$V {H$`m J`m
h& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$ aJ_M Ed {en H$s {> go ^r A`V g\$b {gX hE h&
gwao d_m Zo 'mnXr', 'gy` H$s A{V_ {H$aU go gy` H$s nhbr {H$aU VH$'
Ed "AmR>dm gJ' Am{X ZmQ>H$m| _o nanamJV _m`VmAm| H$mo MwZmVr XoVo hE Zmar-nwf Ho$
`mZ-g~Ym| H$s dVVm, ddm{hH$ ~YZ H$s {ZgmaVm, gm{h` _| AbrbVm Am{X Ho$
g~Y _| Zò {>H$moZ H$mo VwV H$aZo H$s Mo>m H$s h&
Bgr nanam H$mo AmJo ~T>mVo hE a_oe ~jr Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$ 'Xod`mZr H$m H$hZm
h' _| EH$ Amoa Vmo ddm{hH$ gWm H$s Cn`mo{JVm na Z{Mh bJm`m h Vmo AnZo Xygao ZmQ>H$
' Vrgam hmWr' _| Xygar Amoa `wdm nrT>r Ho$ {bE {nVd Ho$ ~moP H$mo hmWr H$m ~moP {gX {H$`m
h&
Bg dJ Ho$ A` ZmQ>H$H$ma _wmamjg Zo AnZo '{VbM>m' ZmQ>H$ _| H$m_, o_
Ama {ddmh Ho$ g~Y _o nanamJV _y`m| Ho$ {V {dmoh {H$`m h, Vmo Xygao ZmQ>H$ 'mog
\o$W\w$br' _| H$m`mb` Ho$ ~m~y bmoJm| H$s Ùm H$mo `V {H$`m h& {ZH$fV: H$hm Om gH$Vm
h {H$ Bg dJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| H$s {> _w`V: `{V dmV`, Ah, H$m_ Ed dN>X o_
g~Ym| Ho$ {MU _| hr A{YH$ Ho$pV ahr {OgHo$ \$bdn nanamJV _y`m| Ed AmXem]
H$m {damoY dm^m{dH$ Wm&
(8) amOZr{VH$ MoVZm go AZwm{UV ZmQ>H$ :dgo Vmo amOZr{VH$ {df`m| H$mo boH$a ZmQ>H$ {bIZo H$s nanam ~hV nwamZr
ahr h, bo{H$Z AmR>do XeH$ _| '^maVr` amOZr{V _| {Og H$ma VoOr go CVma-MT>md Am`m
CgHo$ ^md go {hXr _| Eogo H$B ZmQ>H$ {bIo Jò h {Og_| g_H$mbrZ amOZr{VH$
n[apW{V`m| na `j `m A`j n _| VrIm `` {H$`m J`m h& BZ_| EH$ Amoa Vmo
OmV Ho$ Zm_ na OZVm H$m emofU H$aZodmbo CZ amOZr{VH$m| H$m ^S>m\$moS> {H$`m J`m h Omo
{H$ MwZmd OrVZo Ho$ {bE Ed gmm H$s m{V Ho$ {bE {d{^Z H$ma Ho$ nmIS>m| Ed PyR>o
AmdmgZm| H$m Aml` JhU H$aVo h Vmo Xygar Amoa BZ_| gmmYmar dJ Ho$ mam {H$ò OmZodmbo
XwamMma, ^>mMma Ed AZmMma H$m ^r {MU n> n _| {H$`m J`m h& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _|
amOZr{VH$ ZoVmAm| Ho$ AmXem], _y`m| Ed {ddmgm| Ho$ nVZ H$m EH$ amoMH$ {M BZ
ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo AnZr-AnZr {> go VwV {H$`m h& BZ_| X`m H$me {ghm Ho$'B{VhmgMH$', Ed 'H$Wm EH$ H$g H$s', {d{nZ AJdmb H$m 'D$Mr-ZrMr Q>mJ H$m Om{K`m',
h_rXwbm H$m 'g_`-gX^' {J[aamO {H$emoa H$m 'Om hr ahZo Xmo', gwerbHw$_ma qgh H$m
'qghmgZ Imbr h!' _{U _YwH$a H$m 'ag-JYd', kmZXod A{Zhmor H$m 'ewVwa_wJ',
gd}daX`mb ggoZm H$m '~H$ar', ^r_ gmhZr Ho$ 'hmZye' VWm 'H${dam IS>m ~mOma _|
310
'Am{X {deof n go CboIZr` h&
(9) Zmar MoVZm go AZwm{UV ZmQ>H$ :Bg dJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo Zmar dJ H$s {d{^Z _`mAmo H$mo {^Z {^Z
{>H$moZ go VwV {H$`m h& Bg {> go h_rXwbm H$m '`mb ^ma_br', {dUw ^mH$a H$m
'A~ Ama Zhr' {J[aamO {H$emoa H$m 'Ho$db _oam Zm_ bmo' ^r_ gmhZr H$m '_mYdr' _wXybm
JJ H$m 'EH$ Ama AOZ~r' Am{X ZmQ>H$ {deof CboIZr` h& '`mb ^ma_br' ZmQ>H$ H$s
_yb g_`m Zmar Ho$ emofU go g~pYV h, {OZ_o Xmo Vam| na Om{VJV A`m` Ed dJ
gKf H$mo CR>m`m J`m h& 'A~ Ama Zht ' ZmQ>H$ _mZdr` gdoXZmAm| go gnZ h& Bg_| Zmar
OrdZ H$s {dgJ{V`m| H$m {MU H$aVo hE `h ~Vm`m J`m h {H$ CgHo$ OrdZ H$s gmWH$Vm
AnZo `{Vd Ho$ dV Ed gmWH$ Vbme _| h Z {H$ Am_ g_nU Ama {ZâVm _|&
'Ho$db _oam Zm_ bmo' _| {nVm-nwr Ho$ g~Ym| H$s _Zmodkm{ZH$ JWr H$m CXKmQ>Z nmMm`
n[adoe Ho$ AZwn {H$`m h& ~O{H$emoa lrdmVd Ho$ 'ZtX H$s Xama|' ZmQ>H$ _| g`wV
n[adma Ho$ Qy>Q>Z H$s H$hmZr {M{V h& ^r_ gmhZr Ho$ '_mYdr' ZmQ>H$ _| `wJm|-`wJm| go emo{fV
Zmar H$mo dmUr XoZo H$m `mg {H$`m h&
(10) `` ZmQ>H$ :Bg dJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| eaX Omoer VWm S>m. {dZ` Ho$ Zm_ {deof
CboIZr` h& eaX Omoer Zo 'AYm| H$m hmWr', Ed 'EH$ Wm JYm C\$ AbXmX Im' ZmQ>H$ Ho$
mam VWm S>m. {dZ` Zo 'nhbm {dmoh' Ama 'Bh| OmZVo h' Am{X Ho$ mam `` ZmQ>H$m| H$s
nanam H$mo AmJo ~T>m`m h&
BgHo$ A{V[aV Zd| XeH$ _| Hw$N> _{hbm ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo ^r {hXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo
AnZm _hdnyU `moJXmZ {X`m h& BZ_| S>m. Hw$gw_ Hw$_ma, _Umb nmS>o, {nwamar e_m, em{V
_ohmom, _Zw ^S>mar, _Xybm JJ Am{X {deof n go CboIZr` h& BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| S>m.Hw$gw_
Hw$_ma Ho$ '{Xbr CMm gwZVr h, "gH$ma H$mo Z_H$ma" Ama 'amdU brbm' Am{X _hdnyU
h _Umb nmS>o H|$ 'AmX_r Omo _Nw>Amam Zht Wm', 'Mmoa {ZH$b ^mJm', '_w{V nW '
'_mOwXm hmbmV H$mo XoIVo hE' VWm {nwamar e_m Ho$ '~h', '~mT> H$s JmS>r, ~mP KmQ>r',
'aoe_r _mb, em{V _ohbmom H$m 'EH$ Ama [ab,' _Zw ^S>mar H$m '_hm^moO' Ama _Xwbm JJ
H$m 'EH$ Ama AOZ~r' CboIZr` h&
Bg H$ma {hXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg AZoH$ nm|Am| AZoH$ {XemAm| _| hAm h&
AnZo `wJ Ama g_mO H$s ZdrZV_ pW{V`m|, n[apW{V`m|, gdoXZmAm| Ama AZw^y{V`m| H$mo
`{OV H$aZo H$s pQ> go {hXr ZmQ>H$ nyU gj_ Ed g\$b h&
13.4 ~moY Z 1. {hXr ZmQ>H$ Ho$ {dH$mgH$ H$mo aoIm{H$V H$s{OE?

2. ^maVoX wJrZ ZmQ>H$ H$s [deofVmAm| H$m CoI H$s{OE?
311
14
{hXr {Z~Y gm{h` H$m {dH$mg

14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
BH$mB H$s $naoIm

BH$mB H$m Co
VmdZm
{hXr {Z~Y gm{h H$m AZ
~moY Z
14.1 BH$mB H$m Co Bg BH$mB H$m Co {hXr {Z~Y gm{h H$m AZ H$aZm h& BgHo$
AVJV {dmWu {hXr {Z~Y H$m AwWmZ, {hXr {Z~Y H$m n[amOZ, {hXr {Z~Y H$m
CH$f, {hXr {Z~Y H$m gmaU H$s {dVV OmZH$mar hm{gb H$a gH|$Jo Ama wI
{Z~YH$ma Ama CZHo$ mam {b{IV {Z~Ymo H$m ^r AZ H$a gH|$Jo&
14.2 VmdZm "^maVoX h[aM' Ho$ AmZo go {hXr gm{h H$mo Zr {Xem {br ChmoZo
H$B {dYmE {hXr gm{h H$mo Xr CZ| go EH$ {Z~Y h& ^maVoX wJ gmm{OH$ Ama
amOZr{VH$ hbMb H$m wJ Wm& boIH$m| Zo gmO gwYma H$s ^mdZm go o[aV hmoH$a gm{hpH$
boI, Ama ^mdmonmXH$ ebr H$m moJ H$a {Z~Y aMZm H$s Omo H$mb Ho$ AZw$n Ama
AmdH$ Wr&
14.3 {hXr {Z~Y gm{h H$m AZ '{Z~Y' J gm{h` H$s EH$ {deof {dYm h& {hXr _| {Z~Y H$m g_w{MV
gwnmV am>r` OmJaU Ho$ Cf:H$mb ^maVoXw H$mb _| hAm& BgHo$ H$maU n> hr h- EH$ Vmo
A~ J H$m {dH$mg hmo MwH$m Wm Ama Xygao _wUV VWm g_mMma nm| Ho$ MbZ Zo gm{h`
Ho$ Bg AJ H$mo mogmhZ {X`m& BgHo$ A{V[aV ^maVoXw `wJ Ho$ gm{h`H$ma na {d{dY_wIr
Xm{`d Wm; {OgH$s ny{V J gm{h` Ho$ A` AJm| H$s Anojm {Z~Y Ho$ mam ghO VWm
g~b n_| hmo gH$Vr Wr& ^maVoXw nyd H$mb _| Cg gm_m{OH$ Ama amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m ^r
C_oe Zht hAm Wm; {OgZo AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ {Z~Ymo _| mU \y$Ho$&
^maVoXw `wJ go boH$a A~ VH$ Ho$ {Z~Y gm{h` H$mo Mma {d^mJm| _|
{d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h&(1) ^maVoXw `wJ (gZ 1857-1900) '{hXr {Z~Y H$m A`wWmZ'
312
(2) {doXr `wJ (gZ 1900-1920) '{hXr {Z~Y H$m n[a_mOZ'
(3) ewb `wJ (gZ 1920-1940) '{hXr {Z~Y H$m CH$f'
(4) ewbmoma `wJ (gZ 1940- A~VH$) '{hXr {Z~Y H$m gaU&
(1)^maVoXw `wJ: {hXr {Z~Y H$m A`wWmZ
^maVoXw `wJ Ho$ gm{h`H$ma na {ZpMV n go {d{dY_wIr Xm{`d Wm&
Ohm EH$ Amoa Cgo gm_m{OH$ gwYma H$aZm Wm; dhm Xygar Amoa gmH${VH$ MoVZm H$m g_w{MV
{dH$mg H$aZm ^r Cgo A{^Q> Wm& EH$ Amoa Cgo {ejm H$m A{YH$m{YH$ gma H$aZm Wm, Vmo
Xygar Amoa Cgo gm{h` Ho$ {d{dY AJmo H$mo nw> H$aZm dmN>Zr` Wm& BZ gnyU Xm{`d H$s
ny{V H$aZo Ho$ {bE {OVZm {Z~Y Cn`moJr hmo gH$Vm h; CVZr gm{h` H$s Xygar {dYm Zht&
m`: Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{h`H$ma, gnmXH$ Ama boIH$ ^r h& Bhm|Zo AnZr n-n{H$mAm| _|
gm_m{OH$ {df`mo; 'gm_m{`H$ AmXmobZm| VWm Xygao AZoH$ H$ma Ho$ {df`m| H$s MMm {Z~Ym|
Ho$ n _| H$s h& AV: Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| Ohm {df` `mnH$Vm h, dhm CZ_| nH$m[aVm Ho$
^r g^r JwU h& CZHo$ {Z~Ymo H$s g_`mE OZVm H$s g_`mE Wr; AV: Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~Y
gm{h` _| VH$mbrZ `wJ H$s g_J MoVZm g`H$ n go {V{~p~V h`r h& J Ho$ {H$gr
gd-drH$V n Ho$ A^md _| ^mfm Ama ebr _| EH$nVm H$m AmZm Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~Ym| _|
H${R>Z Wm; AV: Bg jo _| d`{VH$ `moJ hr MbVo aho& AVy ! Bg `wJ _| {Z~Y Iy~
{bIo Jò Ama g^dV: Bg `wJ Ho$ J-gm{h` H$m g~go CZV AJ {Z~Y hr h& Bg `wJ
Ho$ _wI {Z~YH$ma h- ^maVoXw, ~mbH$U ^>, VmnZmam`Z {_l, ~XarZmamÙ MmYar
o_KZ, dmbmgmX, VmoVmam_, Ap~H$mXm `mg, Ama amYmMaU Jmodm_r ^y{V Am{X&
(1) ^maVoXw h[aM- (1850-1885)^maVoXw h[aM gdVmo_wIr {V^m gnZ {hXr Ho$ W_ {Z~YH$ma
h& H${dVm Ama ZmQ>H$ Ho$ g_mZ BZHo$ {Z~Ymo H$s n[a{Y ^r ~hV `mnH$ h& B{Vhmg, Y_,
g_mO, amOZr{V, AmbmoMZm, ImoO-`mm, H${V-dUZ, Am_M[aV Ama ``-{dZmoX
Am{X g^r {df`m| na Bg _hm_mZd Zo H$b_ CR>m`r h&
Chm|Zo AnZo Ym{_H$ {Z~Ym| _| AY{ddmgmo; {_`m nanamAm| Ama
~m-AmS>~am| na VrIr MmoQ> H$s h& gm_m{OH$ {Z~Ym| _| Hw$ar{V`m| H$m IwbH$a {damoY
{H$`m h Ama amOZr{VH$ {Z~Ym| _| {dXoer emgZ na _rR>o-VrIo `` H$go h& BZHo$ `mmdUZ A`V gOrd Ama mH${VH$ {Z~Y AVrd _Zmohar h& 'H$mp_a-Hw$gw_',
'H$mbMH$', '~mXemh XnZ' Am{X {Z~Ym| _| CZH$s gy_ Eo{Vhm{gH$ {> H$m n[aM`
{_bVm h& Vmo 'dZmWYm_', 'h[ama Ama ga`wnma H$s `mm' g~pY {Z~Ym| _| ^maVr`
gH${V Ed ^maV^y{_ Ho$ {V AZwamJ N>bH$Vm h&
^maVoXw Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| {df` Ho$ AZwn {d{^Z H$ma H$s ^mfme{b`m| H$m
`moJ hAm h& CZH$s ^mfm _| _m{_H$ A{^ÒZm.. gOrd ~hnVm Ama _Z_mohH$ dN>Vm
{_bVr h& Cg_| H$ht dm^m{dH$ AbH$ma `moOZm h, Vmo H$ht JmoQ>r-dmVmbmn H$m T>J
AmnZm`m J`m h& VmOJr, {OXm{Xbr, Amp_`Vm, `{Vd H$s A{^ÒZm, _m{bH$Vm
313
Ama ``m_H$Vm BZHo$ {Z~Ym| Ho$ {d{e> JwU h& {deofH$a BZHo$ {Z~Y `m`m_H$ Ama
{dMmam_H$ ebr _| {bIo Jò h& 'bodr mUbodr, dJ _| {dMma g^m H$m A{YdoeZ', 'Om{V
{ddoMZr g^m', nmMdo nJ~a', 'AJoO moV', H$H$S> Vmo' Am{X BZHo$ {gX {Z~Y h&
(2) ~mbH$U ^> ò ^maVoXw `wJ Ho$ {V^membr boIH$, gH$V Ho$ H$mS> n{S>V VWm `wJ
Ho$ gdlo> {Z~YH$ma _mZo OmVo h& Bhm|Zo gm{hp`H$, Z{VH$, _Zmodkm{ZH$, amOZr{VH$,
gm_m{OH$ Am{X AZoH$ {df`m| na gwXa {Z~Y {bIo& ^>Or nmMm` {Z~YH$ma 'E{S>gZ'
go A{YH$ ^m{dV Wo& Bhm|Zo '{hXr-Xrn' n{H$m Ho$ gnmXZ Ho$ gmW hr gmW
dUZm_H$, {ddaUm_H$, {dMmam_H$, Ed ^mdm_H$ g^r H$ma Ho$ {Z~Y {bIo& ^>Or Ho$
{Z~Ym| _| {dMmam| H$s _m{bH$Vm, {df` H$s `mnH$Vm Ama ebr H$s amoMH$Vm {d_mZ h&
'gm{h`-gw_Z', '^> {Z~Ymdbr', '^> {Z~Y_mbm' Am{X CZHo$ {Z~Y gJh {gX
h& BZHo$ _wI {Z~Ym| Ho$ Zm_ h - 'MmM[a', M[a-nmbZ, {V^m, 'Am_{ZâVm',
'Amgy', _wY-_mYwar, 'h_mao _Z H$s' _Ywd{m, 'H$nZm', _mYw`, MbZ, Amem, _mVm H$m
Zoh, 'MmoX`', eH$amMm`, 'ZmZH$', 'Bpbe nT>o Vmo ~m~y hmo`' Am{X&
(3) n. VmnZmam`Z {_l ò '~mU' Ho$ gnmXH$ Wo& Bhm|Zo ^r {d{^Z {df`m| na boI {bIo& BZHo$
{Z~Ym| _| _whmdam| H$m `moJ A`{YH$ _mm _| hAm h& AZwmg Ama bof Ho$ M_H$ma go ò
AnZo nmR>H$ Ho$ gmW nyU Amp_`Vm Wm{nV H$a boVo h& BZHo$ A~ VH$ Mma {Z~Y gJh
H$m{eV hmo MwHo$ h(1) '{Z~Y ZdZrV', (2) 'Vmn nr`yf', (3) 'Vmn-g_rjm', (4) 'VmnZmam`Z
JWmdbr&' BZHo$ {gX {Z~Y h- ~mV, dX, YmoIm, XmZ, Ammn, ^m, hmobr, ~oJma
[adV nwN>, _mZg-ah`, OdmZr H$s ga, h_mam H$V`, _Zmo`moJ, {ed_y{V, ~Xam| H$s
g^m, g_PXma H$s _mV Am{X& {_lOr Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| BZHo$ `{Vd H$s N>mn n> {>JmoMa
hmoVr h& BZH$s ebr _| gm_{`H$ ^mfm Ho$ JwU-AdJwU hmoVo hò ^r Amp_`Vm Ama amoMH$Vm
H$m AmH$fU ^wbm`m Zht Om gH$Vm& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| H$ht-H$ht dm` H$m {dbjU Ama
Xw~m}Y n ^r {_bVm h& gmameV: {_lOr '_Z H$s dN>X ^Q>H$Z' Umbr Ho$ {Z~YH$ma
Wo&
(4) ~mb_wHw$X JwV Bhm|Zo '~Jdmgr', '^maV-{_' Am{X H$m gnmXZ H$aVo hò {Z~Y
{bI|& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| {dXoer emgH$m| H$s Zr{V na VrU `` {H$`m J`m h& {Z~Y boIZ
_| Bhm|Zo AnZm CnZm_ '{ede^y' aadm Wm& BZHo$ {Z~Y '{ede^y Ho$ {M>m' Zm_ go
{gX h& H$ht-H$ht BZH$m `` ~S>m VrIm hmo J`m h& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| AVrV-o_ Ho$
gmW amOZr{VH$ {dMmam| H$s gOJVm {deof Câr h`r h& Bhm|Zo H$B OrdZ-M[a VWm
'{hXr ^mfm', '{bnr', '`mH$aU' Ama 'am>^mfm' Am{X Ho$ g~Y _| {Z~Y {bI|&
314
(5) MmYar n. ~XarZmamÙ 'o_KZ'
BZHo$ {Z~Y BZHo$ mam gnm{XV Xmo n{H$mAm| _|- 'AmZX-H$mXp~Zr'
(_m{gH$-n{H$m) Ama 'ZmJar-ZraX' (gmVm[hH$) H$m{eV hmoVo Wo& BhmoZo {dMmam_H$,
AmbmoMZm_H$, ^mdm_H$ VWm dUZm_H$ {Z~Y {bI|& ^maVoXw H$mb _| Bhm|Zo hr
{dMmam_H$ {Z~Ym| H$m lrJUoe: {H$`m& BZH$s ebr _| _whmdam| Ama H$m`m_H$Vm H$m
gm_O` {_bVm h& BZ_| ``-{dZmoX H$m ^md ^r {deof XeZr` h& BZHo$ {gX {Z~Y
h- '~Zmag H$m ~wT>dm _Jb', '{Xr Xa~ma _| {_-_S>br Ho$ `ma g_` Am{X&
BZHo$ A{V[aV amYmMaU Jmodm_r, R>mHw$a OJ_mohZqgh, bmbm
lr{ZdmgXmg, _mohZbmb {dUwbmb nS>`m, n. Amp~H$mXm `mg, n. _hmXod Xw~o, n.
_wabrYa nmR>H$, n. JUoeXm e_m, n. ^mZwXm, n. h[aM Cnm`m`, ~m~y H$m{eZmW Ir
Am{X Zo ^r Bg_| `moJXmZ {X`m h&
^maVoXw `wJ Ho$ {Z~Y m`. {d{^Z gm_{`H$ g_`mAm| go o[aV Ed
AmXmo{bV h& Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| {df` jo H$s `mnH$Vm Ama {d{dYVm {>JmoMa hmoVr h&
BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| d`{VH$Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW gm_m{OH$Vm ^r h& BZH$s ``m_H$Vm gmoo`
h Ama dh {H$gr Z {H$gr gm_m{OH$ `m amOZr{VH$ {df_Vm na Jhar MmoQ> H$aVr h& gabVm
BZ {Z~Ym| H$m ZrO JwU h Ama BZ {Z~Ym| _| `wJ-MoVZm {V{~p~V h`r h& `{n
{dH$mgH$_ H$s {> go `h `wJ {hXr {Z~Y H$m ~m`H$mb hr {gX hmoVm h {\$a ^r `h
{ZgH$moM H$hm Om gH$Vm h {H$ ò {Z~Y n`mV amoMH$ Ed _hdnyU h&
(2){doXr `wJ: {hXr {Z~Y H$m n[a_mOZ
Bg `wJ H$s g_V gm{h` MoVZm _hmdra gmX {doXr _| g_m{hV h&
{doXr `wJ H$m ma^ _hmdra gmXOr Ho$ 'gadVr' (1903) n{H$m Ho$ gnmXZ Ho$ gmW
hr _mZ gH$Vo h& gadVr _| OmVo hr Bhm|Zo g~go nhbm H$m` VH$mbrZ boIH$m| H$s ^mfm
H$mo gH$m[aV Ed n[a_m{OV H$aZo H$m {H$`m& Chm|Zo ^mfm Ho$ `mH$aU g_V `moJ VWm
{hXr _| {dam_{Mhm| Ho$ Cn`moJ na A`{YH$ ~b {X`m& {doXrOr Ho$ Z{VH$Vm {` hmoZo Ho$
H$maU Cg `wJ _| Z{VH$ {Z~Y A{YH$ {bIo Jò& {doXr `wJ Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| J^raVm Ed
embrZVm AmZo bJr Ama CZH$m _w` g~Y g` Ed {e{jV g_mO go hmo J`m& Bggo
{doXrH$mbrZ {Z~Ym| _| ~mpXH$Vm A{YH$ AmB Ama hm{XH$Vm H$s H$_r ahr Ama CZ_|
^maVoXwH$mbrZ Amp_`Vm VWm {OXm{Xbr Z ahr& {doXr Ho$ AZwgma kmZam{e H$m A{OV
^mS>ma hr gm{h` h& AV: Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~YH$ma H$m `mZ AnZo gm{h` H$mo g{MV
kmZH$mof ~ZmZo H$s Amoa ^r J`m& n[aUm_V: Xygar ^mfmAm| Ho$ {Z~Ym| Ho$ AZwdmX H$aZo H$s
nanam ^r Bg `wJ _| Mb {ZH$br& Bg `wJ Ho$ _wI {Z~YH$ma h- _hmdragmX {doXr,
~m~y `m_gwXa Xmg, nX_qgh e_m, {_l~Yw, _mYdgmX {_l, MYa e_m Jwboar Ama
gaXma nyU{gh&
(1) AmMm` _hmdragmX {doXr{Z~YH$ma {doXr H$m _hd Eo{Vhm{gH$ h, gm{hp`H$ Zht& {Z~YH$ma
315
{doXr H$m AmXe '~oH$Z' Wm& ~oH$Z H$s ^m{V {doXrOr ^r {Z~Ym| _| {dMmam| H$mo _wIVm XoVo
Wo& Chm|Zo ~oH$Z Ho$ {Z~Ym| H$m '~oH$Z {dMma aZmdbr' Ho$ Zm_ go AZwdmX ^r {H$`m& CZHo$
{Z~Ym| _| ^mfm H$s ewXVm, gmWH$ dnVm, eX`moJ nQw>Vm Am{X JwU Vmo {_bVo h,
{H$Vw n`dojU H$s gy_Vm, {dbofU H$s J^raVm, {MVZ H$s _m{bH$Vm CZ_| ~hV H$_ h&
{\$a ^r CZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| `mg ebr Ho$ H$maU n`mV gabVm Am`r h& H$ht-H$ht hm``` Ed ^mdm_H$Vm H$m ^r \w$Q>Z hAm h& CZHo$ {gX {Z~Y h- 'H${d Ama
H${dVm', 'H${d-H$V`', '{V^m', 'ZmQ>H$ Ama Cn`mg', XS>Xod H$m Am_{ZdoXZ,
'H$m{bXmg H$m ^maV', Jmo{n`m| H$s ^JdV ^{V Ama Zb H$m XwVa XyV H$m`'&
(2) _mYdgmX {_l {_lOr 'd`monH$maH$' Ho$ gnmXH$ ah MwHo$ Wo Ama H$mer go Bhm|Zo
'gwXeZ' Zm_H$ n {ZH$mbm Wm& BZ n{H$mAm| _| BZHo$ {Z~Y H$m{eV hmoVo ah| Omo A~
'_mYd{_l {Z~Y_mbm' _| gJhrV h& Chm|Zo OrdZ M[a, nwamVd, nd `mhma, gm{h`,
amOZr{V, WmZ-dUZ Am{X {d{^Z {df`m| na {Z~Y {bI|& {_lOr nwamVZ gH${V Ama
gZmVZ Y_ Ho$ gMo g_WH$ Wo& Xoe Ho$ {V CZHo$ _Z _| AJmY AZwamJ Wm& `hr H$maU h
{H$ Chm|Zo AmnZo A{YH$me {Z~Y _m{_H$ {df`m| na {bIo& am_-brbm, nd-`mhma,
hmobr, lrnM_r Am{X Eogo hr {Z~Y h& Y{V, j_m, g` Ogo {df`m| na J^ra ebr _|
{dMmam_H$ {Z~Y {bIZo _| ^r CZH$mo n`mV g\$bVm {_br h& CZH$s ^mfm gH$V
JûV, mT> Ed geV h& BZH$s H${V`m| _| ^maVr` gH${V H$m nX-nX na A{^_mZ H$Q>
hmoVm h&
(3)gaXma nyUqgh H$hmZr gm{h` _| Omo WmZ Jwboar Or H$mo mV h, dhr WmZ {Z~Y
gm{h` _| gaXma nyUqgh H$mo mV h& Bhm|Zo Ho$db AmR> hr {Z~Y {bIo& n[a_mU H$s {>
go BZH$s {Z~Y g`m H$_ h, na JwUm| H$s {> go CZH$m ~S>m _hd h& CZHo$ {Z~Ym| _|
dV {MVZ, ^md-dUVm, Ama _YwaVm H$mo {deof WmZ {_bm h& CZHo$ ^mdm_H$
{Z~Ym| _| _mZdVmdmXr {>H$moZ H$s YmZVm h& BZHo$ {Z~Y 'AmMaU H$s g`Vm, gMr
draVm, _OXyar Ama o_, ~-H$mpV, 'H$`mXmZ', 'n{dVm' Am{X Ch| {Z~YH$ma Ho$ n
_| {V{>V H$a XoVo h&
(4)S>m. `m_gwXaXmg ~m~y `m_gwXaXmg EH$ CM H$mo{Q> Ho$ AmbmoMH$ hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW
g\$b {Z~YH$ma ^r Wo& Chm|Zo m`: J^ra AmbmoMZm_H$ {df`m|na boI {bIo h&
{df`dVw H$s {> go Chm|Zo gm{hp`H$, gmH${VH$ Ama ^mfm-dkm{ZH$ {df`m| na {Z~Y
{bI|& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| {dMmam| H$m gJh Ama g_d` hr A{YH$ {>JmoMa hmoVm h&
Am_mZw^y{V`m| H$m H$meZ `m ^mdm_H$Vm CZ_| ~hV H$_ h& BZH$s ebr mT> hmoVo hE ^r
gab h& ~m~yOr EH$ J^ra {dMmaH$ Wo, AV: CZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| CZHo$ {dMmam| H$s hr
316
A{^`{V _w`V: h`r h& CZHo$ {gX {Z~Y h- ^maVr` gm{h` H$s {deofVmE, g_mO
Ama gm{h`, h_mao gm{h`moX` H$s mMrZ H$Wm, H$V` Ama g`Vm B.&
(5)nX_qgh e_m BZHo$ Xmo {Z~Y gJh- "nX_- namJ', Ama '~Y- _Oar' H$m{eV hmo
MwHo$ h& BZHo$ {Z~Y \$S>H$Vr h`r ^mfm Ho$ H$maU n`mV AmH$fH$ ~Z nS>o h& Chm|Zo Hw$N>
OrdZr`m Ama g_aUm_H$ boI ^r {bIo h&
(6)Jwboar JwboarOrZo H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ g_mZ {Z~Y ^r H$_ {bIo h, {\$a ^r do A{Vr`
Ama AZyR>o h& CZHo$ '_mao{g _mo[h Hw$R>md', 'H$Nw>Am Ya_' Ama 'gJrV' Am{X {Z~Ym| _|
g_mO na VrIo `J h&
(7){_l~Yw{_l~YwAm| Ho$ {Z~Y g`m _| H$m\$s h na CZH$m _hd {ejm _ybH$ h&
{doXr `wJ Ho$ A` {Z~YH$mam| _| Jmo{dX ZmamÙ {_l, OJmWgmX MVwd}Xr, JUoe eH$a
{dmWu, {H$emoarXmg dmOno`r, {ednyOZ ghm` Am{X CoI{Z` h&
{doXrH$mbrZ {Z~Ym| _| ^maVoXwH$mbrZ {Z~Ym| H$s gr VmOJr,
{OXm{Xbr Ama ``-{dZmoX {`Vm Zht h, ~pH$ {dMmam|H$s YmZVm Ama J^raVm h&
^maVoXwH$mbrZ {Z~Ym| _| n`mV _m{bH$Vm h, {H$Vw BZ_| kmZ H$s gM`m_H$Vm h&
dVwV: ò {Z~Y H$_ h Ama {dMmam| Ho$ gJh A{YH$& Jwboar Ama nyUqgh H$mo N>moS>H$a {doXr
`wJ Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| d`{VH$Vm H$m ^r m`: A^md h& BZ {Z~Ym| H$m dm ^r gr{_V h, BZ_|
^maVoXwH$mbrZ {Z~Ym| Ho$ g_mZ gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Ama Ym{_H$ MoVZm H$m {V{~~
Zhr h& CnXoem_H$Vm BZ {Z~Ym| H$s Img {deofVm h& Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~Y ^mfm H$s {> go
A{YH$ ewX Ama n[aH$V h&
(3)ewb `wJ: {hXr {Z~Y H$m CH$f
{hXr gm{h` _| {Z~Y Ho$ {dH$mg H$s {> go ewb `wJ CH$fH$mb h&
{df`, ebr, dn, ^md, VWm ^mfm Ho$ {dMma go gdm{JU {dH$mg Bg wJ o hAm& ^maVoXw
`wJrZ amO{H$` H$Qw>Vm, {hXr-CXy {ddmX, Am{X Z> hmoZo go pXdoXr `wJ _| dm^m{dH$ Wm {H$
{Z~YH$mam| H$m b` {d{dY {df`m| H$m ~Z gHo$ VWm kmZ-dYH$ {Z~Y VwV {H$ò Jò&
{df` d{d`, H$s {> go ewb `wJ _| ej{UH$, gm{hp`H$, amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$,
Am{WH$, VWm {d{dY Ama Cn`moJr {df`m| na {Z~Y {bIo Jò& Bg `wJ _| m`: {dMmam_H$,
AmbmoMZm_H$, ^mdm_H$, dUZm_H$ VWm {ddaUm_H$ Am{X g^r H$ma Ho$ {Z~Y {bIo
Jò&
317
(1)Am. am_M ewb AmbmoMH$-AmMm am_M ewb H$m WmZ {hXr {Z~Y nanam _| erf
WmZr` h& Am. ewb Ho$ {Z~Y gJh '{MVm_{U' go {hXr {Z~Y Ho$ {dH$mg H$s J{V _|
Vrgam _moS> CnpWV hmoVm h& Chm|Zo _Zmodkm{ZH$, gm{hp`H$, VWm gXmpVH$ g^r
H$ma Ho$ {Z~Y {bI|& CZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| EH$ Amoa {MVZ H$s _m{bH$Vm, {ddoMZ H$s
J^raVm, {dbofU H$s gw_Vm Ed mT>Vm {>JmoMa hmoVr h, Vmo Xygar Amoa CZ_| boIH$ H$s
d`{VH$Vm, ^mdm_H$Vm Ed ``m_H$Vm H$m XeZ ^r WmZ-WmZ na hmoVm h& CZHo$
{Z~Ym| _| {df` Ama `{V H$m Eogm g_d` hAm h {H$ Bg ~mV H$m {ZU` H$aZm H${R>Z hmo
OmVm h {H$ Ch| {df`-YmZ H$h| `m `{V- YmZ H$h|? B`m, lXm,bOm H$moY,
bmo^, r{V Am{X _Zmod{m`m| H$m {dbofU Chm|Zo A`V nZr {> go {H$`m h& EH$
_Zmodkm{ZH$, g_mOemr Ed gm{h`H$ma VrZm| Ho$ H$m` H$s g\$bVmnydH$ ny{V AHo$bo
ewbOr Zo '{MVm_{U' _| H$s h&
ewbOr EH$ _m{bH$ {Z~Y {bIZodmbo lo> {Z~YH$ma h& dVwV: Eogr
'ZdZdmo_ofem{bZr {V^m' H$mo boH$a AdV[aV hmoZodmbo {Z~YH$ma Ama AmbmoMH$
eVmpX`m| Ho$ nMmV EH$-Xmo-hr {XImB nS>Vo h& ewbOr Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| n`mV _m{bH$Vm
n>Vm Ama amoMH$Vm h& ewbOr OrdZ go A`mnH$, _pVH$ go AmbmoMH$ Ama X` go
H${d h& gy, `m`m Ama {ZH$f CZHo$ {Z~Ym| H$m Va h& CZH$s ebr Ho$ g~Y _| S>m.
JUnVrMJwV {bIVo h- '{Z~YH$ma ewbOr Ho$ ebr _| ^r {ZOr {d{e>Vm {_bVr h&
^maVoXw `wJ H$s gr _m{bH$Vm Cg_| h, {H$Vw do CgHo$ {N>N>bonZ go Xya h, {doXr `wJ H$s
{dMmam_H$Vm Cg_| h, {H$Vw dgr ewH$Vm H$m A^md h& {dMmam| H$s J^ra Km{Q>`m| Ho$ ~rM~rM _| CVar hm`-`J go AmoVmoV C{V`m {H$gr dN>-erVb {ZPa Ho$ H$mo_b-_Ywa
H$bH$b da H$s Vah gwZmB nS>Vr h& hm, CZHo$ Hw$N> {Z~Y A{VJ^raVm, A{V mT>Vm Ed
A{V gy_Vm Ho$ H$maU gmYmaU nmR>H$ Ho$ {bE nho{b`m| Ho$ Vw` O{Q>b, Xwh Ed ewH$
Ad` ~Z Jò h&
(2)~m~y Jwbm~am` AmnHo$ {Z~Ym| H$mo _w`V: Mma dJm] _| {d^V {H$`m Om gH$Vm hXme{ZH$-{dMmam_H$, gm{hp`H$- AmbmoMZm_H$, Am_-g_aUm_H$, hm`
{dZmoXm_H$& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| `{Vd H$s gabVm, {dMmam| H$s n>Vm, Ed ebr H$s
gw~moYVm {_bVr h& gm{h`, _Zmo{dkmZ Ama XeZ Am{X go g~pYV {df`m| H$mo boH$a
{bIo Jò {Z~Ym| _| Ohm BZHo$ A``Z jo H$s `mnH$Vm Ed {dMmam| H$s n>Vm {~p~V h,
dhm CZH$s ebr H$s gabVm Ed gw~moYVm CZHo$ Am`mn{H$` `{Vd H$m n[aM` XoVr h&
`{V Ama {df`, {dMma Ama AZw^y{V, H$` Ama H$WZ-BZ XmoZmo njm| H$m gwXa g_d`
BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| {>JmoMa hmoVm h& A~ VH$ BZHo$ {ZZ {b{IV {Z~Y gJh H$m{eV hmo
MwHo$ h& - "R>bwAm b~', '_oar Ag\$bVmE, {\$a {Zamem `m|,' '~Y-^mH$a', '_Z
H$s ~mVo', '{gXmV Ama A``Z', 'H$m` Ho$ n', '{hXr-H$m` {d_e',
'gm{h`g_rjm', 'Hw$N> CWbo, Hw$N> Jha|, '_oao {Z~Y', 'A``Z Ama AmdmX', Am{X&
318
Bg H$ma Bhm|Zo {hXr {Z~Y gm{h` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {d{e> `moJ {X`m h& {hXr-{Z~Y Ho$
lo> {Z~YH$mam| _| BZH$s JUZm H$s OmVr h&
(3)lr nXw_bmb nwZmbmb ~er~erOr ^r ewb `wJ Ho$ _wI {Z~YH$ma h& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| {dMmam| H$s
_m{bH$Vm Ama ebr H$s ZyVZVm {>JmoMa hmoVr h& S>m. AmoH$maZmW e_m Zo BZHo$ {Z~Ym| H$mo
Mma dJm] _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h{dMmam_H$- _oam OrdZ H$_, {dkmZ, g_mOgodm, Zm_lo> Am{X&
AmbmoMZm_H$- {ddgm{h`, {hXr gm{h`- {d_e _| gJhrV {Z~Y
^mdm_H$- am_bmb n{S>V, Hw$O{~hmar, {V_{V, Cgd, lXmObr Ho$ Xmo
\y$b, Am{X&
{ddaUm_H$- MMm, EH$ nwamZr H$Wm, ~Xa H$s {ejm Am{X&
~erOr Ho$ {Z~Y gJh 'nM_m', '{ddgm{h`' '_H$aX {~Xw,
~Y-nm[aOmV, {hXr gm{h` {d_e, '{doUr, Hw$N> Ama Hw$N>' ~erOr Ho$ {Z~Y, `mr
Am{X h&
Bg `wJ Ho$ A` {Z~YH$mam| _| {emam_eaU JwV, _madZbmb MVwd}Xr,
{d`moJr har, am_ H$UXmg, dmgwXodeaU AmJdmb, Ama empV{` pXdoXr Am{X H$m Zm_
CboI{Z` h&
ewb `wJ Ho$ {Z~Ymo Ho$ g~Y _| {ZH$f n _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h {H$
BZ_| {df`-d{d` h; J^raVm Ama gy_Vm h& ^mfm H$s mT>Vm, gabVm, ebr H$s
{d{e>Vm Ama d`{VH$Vm H$s {> go Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~Y pXdoXr `wJ Ho$ {Z~Ym| go CZV h&
(4) ewbmoma `wJ: {hXr {Z~Y H$m gaU Bg `wJ Zo A`V CM H$mo{Q> Ho$ {Z~Y boIH$m| H$mo O_ {X`m h& BZ
{Z~YH$mam| _| Am. hOmargmX pXdoXr, Am. ZXXbmao dmOno`r, S>m. ZJo, S>m. am_{dbmg
e_m, OZo, Ako`, BbmM Omoer, {edXmZqgh MmhmU, ^mH$a _mMdo, Y_dra ^maVr,
S>m. XodamO Ama Z{bZ {dbmoMZ e_m Am{X {deof n go CboI{Z` h& ò {dMma Ama ebr
H$s {> go ewb go {^Z h, na Bh| OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _| Omo Hw$N> H$hZm h, ewb Ho$ g_mZ
gm{h` Ho$ _m`_ go H$hVo h& gm{h` AmbmoMZm_H$ {Z~Y boIH$m| _| nV, gmX,
{Zambm Ama _hmXodr d_m VWm {e`mam_eaU JwV Ho$ Zm_ CboIZr` h& Bg `wJ Ho$
dUZm_H$ Ed `mm g~Yr {Z~Y boIH$m| _| g`Xod, amhb gmH$`m`Z Ama Xodo
g`{f Ho$ Zm_ {deof CboI{Z` h& BZHo$ A{V[aV gXJweaU AdWr, ^JdVrMaU
d_m, ^XV AZV H$me`m`Z, Ama Zah[a {dUy JmS>Jrb Am{X Zo ^r {hXr {Z~Y jo _|
gwXa Ama g\$b `moJ {H$ò h&
(1) Am. hOmargmX pXdoXr ewbmoma {Z~YH$mam| _| Am. pXdoXr H$m erfW WmZ h& pXdoXr
^maVr` gH${V Ama B{Vhmg Ho$ nwOmar h& AmnHo$ {Z~Ym| H$m {df` jo A`V `mnH$ h&
319
CZ_| ^maVr` gm{h`, ^maVr` gH${V Ed nanamJV kmZ {dkmZ Ho$ gmW AmYw{ZH$ `wJ
H$s {d{^Z n[apW{V`m|, d{m`m| Ed g_`mAm| H$m gwXa g_d` {>JmoMa hmoVm h&
gabVm Ho$ gmW ``-{dZmoX-{`Vm BZHo$ {Z~Ym| H$s ZrOr {deofVm h& Bhm|Zo gm{h`,
g_mO, gH${V Ama `mo{Vf, Am{X AZoH$ {df`m| na {bIm h& nmR>H$ Ho$ gmW Amp_`Vm
Wm{nV H$aZo _| {doXrOr {gXhV h& CZHo$ AZoH$ {Z~Y gJh H$m{eV hE h- AmemoH$
Ho$ \y$b, H$nVm, {dMma Ama {dVH$, {dMma-dmh, h_mar gm{hp`H$ g_`mE, J{Verb
{MVZ, Hy$Q>O, gm{h` H$m __ Am{X&
{doXrOr Ho$ {Z~Ym| H$s ebr boIH$ Ho$ _Zmo^md Ed {df`-H${V Ho$
AZwHy$b ~XbVr ahVr h& H$m{bXmg `wJrZ dmVmdaU {MU H$aVo g_` Ohm CZH$s
eXmdbr gH$V-J{^V hmo OmVr h; dhm Jm_rU OrdZ Ho$ gJm| _| bmoH$ ^mfm H$s gw~moYVm
^r {d_mZ h& CZH$s ^mfm _| gd CZH$m `{Vd PmH$Vm h& m`: {doXrOr Ho$ g^r
{Z~Y CZH$s aMZm_H$ {V^m, J^ra A``Z Ama JmT> nm{S>` Ho$ n[aMm`H$ h&
(2) Am. ZXXwbmao dmOno`r :dmOno`r AmbmoMZm (_m{gH$) n{H$m Ho$ gnmXH$ aho h& Bg H$maU
BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| EH$ n-gnmXH$ H$s N>mn gd {d_mZ ahVr h& ò ewb-nanam Ho$
{Z~YH$ma h& CZHo$ {Z~Y {dMma-YmZ dJ Ho$ AVJV AmVo h& BZHo$ {Z~Y {MVZ_ZZ na AmYm[aV h& {Z~Ym| _| Ohm CZH$m {dMmaH$ A`V J^ra hmo OmVm h, dhm CZH$s
ebr ^r JyT> Ed ~mo{Pb hmo OmVr h& CZH$s ebr H$s ~mpXH$Vm Ed VmH$sH$Vm CM Var`
nmR>H$m| H$mo ~mpXH$ AmZX XmZ H$aVr h& dmOno`r Zo {hXr-gm{h` ~rgdt eVmpX,
AmYw{ZH$ gm{h`, Z`m gm{h`, Zò Z Am{X nwVH$mo _| CM H$mo{Q> Ho$ AmbmoMZm_H$
{Z~Y {bIo h& BZ {Z~Ym| _| gm{hp`H$ {df`m| H$s hr _m{_H$ {ddoMZm h`r h& BZH$s ^mfm
gH$V-J{^V hmoVo hò ^r n> VWm ~moYJ` h&
(3) em{V{` pXdoXr Am_mZw^y{VnaH$ d`{VH$ {Z~Y VwV H$aZo H$s {> go BZH$m {hXr
gm{h` _| {d{e>> WmZ h& Bhm|Zo m`: H$bm Ed gm{h` g~Yr {df`m| na hr
dmZw^y{V_ybH$ {dMma VwV {H$ò h& CZH$s ebr A`V gag Ed ^mdmonmXH$ h, Omo
H$ht-H$ht H$UmonmXH$ ^r ~Z J`r h& BZHo$ AZoH$ {Z~Y gJh H$m{eV hmo Jò hOrdZ-`mm, gm{hp`H$s, h_mao gm{h` {Z_mVm, H${d Ama H$m` gMm[aUr, `wJ Ama
gm{h`, YamVb' Am{X&
(4) S>m. ZJo Bhm|Zo gm{hp`H$ Ed AmbmoMZm_H$ {Z~Ym| H$s A{^dpX _| AgmYmaU
`moJ {X`m h& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| H$m _yb da {df`-YmZ h& BZH$m `mg nmR>H$ H$m `mZ
{ddo` {df` `m _yb g_`m H$s Amoa AmH${fV H$aZo H$m ahm h& EH$ Hw$eb `ma`mVm H$s
Vah ò {H$gr ^r g_`m na AnZm g_mYmZ VwV H$aVo h& `hr H$maU h {H$ JyT> go JyT>
{df` H$mo ^r nmR>H$ {MnydH$ JhU H$aVm MbVm h& CZH$m 'gmYmaUrH$aU' g~Yr {Z~Y
320
Bg ebr H$m gdm}H$> {Z~Y h& BZH$s ^mfm gwJ{R>V, gmYw VWm emV h& CZHo$ {gX
{Z~Y-gJh Bg H$ma h- '{dMma Ama AZw^y{V', '{dMma Ama {ddoMZ', '{dMma Ama
{dbofU', 'H$m_m`Zr Ho$ A``Z H$s g_`mE' Am{X& gmame `h h {H$ S>m. ZJo Zo AnZo
AmbmoMZm_H$ {Z~Ym| mam AnZo JhrV {df`m| H$mo g\$bVmnydH$ gab Ama n> ~Zm`m h&
ò {Z~Y BZH$s Am_m{^`{V Ho$ gmYZ ^r h&
(5) OZoHw$_ma BZHo$ {Z~Y m`: gm{hp`H$ {df`m| na hr AmYm[aV h, Ama 'hg'
n{H$m _| A{YH$Va H$m{eV hò h& Bhm|Zo Xme{ZH$, _Zmodkm{ZH$, gm{hp`H$ Am{X AZoH$
{df`m| na AnZo {dMma H$Q> {H$ò h& {dMmam_H$ {Z~Ym| _| BZH$m _hdnyU WmZ h& gmW
hr Xme{ZH$ {df`m| na ^r Bhm|Zo AnZo J^ra {dMma H$Q> {H$ò h& gm_m` {df`m| na ^r
Bhm|Zo Zmomar ebr _| CMH$mo{Q> Ho$ {Z~Y {bIo h& Bg H$ma Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| BZH$m
`{Vd n> {XImB nS>Vm h& BZHo$ {Z~Y nmR>H$ H$mo {H$gr EH$ gwn> {ZU` VH$ Zht
nhMmVo, A{nVw Cgo MH$aXma _mJ go bo OmH$a EH$ g{XY pW{V _| N>moS> XoVo h& OZo
nmR>H$ na AnZm {ZU` Zht WmonVo; A{nVw CgH$s {ZU` e{V CVo{OV Ed AmXmo{bV H$a
XoVo h, {Oggo dh d` hr {ZU` na nhM OmVm h& CZHo$ {Z~Y gJh - OZo Ho$ {dMma,
OS> H$s ~mV, nydm}X`, gm{h` H$m lo` Ama o, VwV Z, gmoM-{dMma, _WZ Am{X h&
(6) S>m. am_{dbmg e_m AVZ-`wJ Ho$ J{VdmXr (_mgdmXr) {Z~YH$mam| _| S>m. am_{dbmg
e_m AJJ` h& BZHo$ A{YH$me {Z~Y AmbmoMZm_H$ h& A`V VrIr, ``nyU Ed
geV ebr _| AnZo {df` H$mo VwV H$aZodmbo {Z~YH$mam| _| BZH$m {deof WmZ h&
Chm|Zo gm{h`, H$bm, gH${V Ed amOZr{V g~Yr {df`m| na eVm{YH$ {Z~Y VwV
{H$ò h, Omo 'gH${V Ama gm{h`', 'J{V Ama nanam,' 'J{Verb gm{h` H$s
g_`mE', 'dmYrZVm Ama am>r` gm{h`' Am{X gJhm| _| gJ{hV h&
(7) am_Ymar qgh '{XZH$a'{hXr Ho$ gw{gX H${d am_Ymar qgh {XZH$aOr Zo {Z~Y Ho$ {dH$mg _|
^r AnZm `moJmXmZ {X`m h& 'AYZmarda', 'h_mar gmH${VH$ EH$Vm', 'gmX, nV Ama
_{WbreaU', 'am>^mfm Ama am>r` gm{h`' BZHo$ {Z~Y gJhm| Ho$ Zm_ h&
(8) S>m. dmgwXodeaU AJdmb :AJdmb Zo ^maVr` gH${V, B{Vhmg, H$bm VWm nwamVd Am{X {df`m| na
{Z~Y {bIo h& BZ Ho$ n{Wdrnw, _mVm^y{_, VWm H$bm Ama gH${V' Am{X {Z~YgJh ~S>o
{gX h& Bhm|Zo AnZo {Z~Ym| _| ^maVr` gH${V Ho$ ah`_` V`m| VWm AZoH$ CbPmdm|
H$mo n> H$aZo Ho$ {bE emoY nyU `m`m YmZ {Z~Y {bIo h&
(9) H$h`mbmb {_l ^mH$a :^mH$aOr Zo aoadm{M Ed g_aUm| Ho$ A{V[aV b{bV {Z~Y ^r {bIo
h& CZHo$ {Z~Ym| Ho$ {df` `mdhm[aH$ OJV VWm OZgmYmaU H$s g_`mAm| go g~{YV h,
321
CZ_| Am_m{^ÒZm _wI h VWm boIH$ Ho$ `{Vd H$s N>mn n> {XImB XoVr h& qMVZ
Ho$ gmW-gmW d`{VH$ AZw^y{V`m BZHo$ {Z~Ym| H$s {deofVm h& '{OXJr _wH$amr, ~mOo
nm`{b`m, KwJ _hHo$ AJZ,, MhHo$ ma, _mQ>r hmo J`r gmoZm, Xrn Obo ead ~Oo Am{X BZHo$
{gX {Z~Y-gJh h&
(10) Ako`
Ako` H${d-n _| {OVZo M{MV hE, CVZo hr H$WmH$ma Ho$ n _| ^r& gmW
hr gmW {Z~YH$ma Ho$ n _| ^r Ch| {deof `m{V mV h`r h& CZHo$ _wI {Z~Y gJh
h- {eHw$, Amb~mb, AmVZ, OmoJ {bIr, Yma Ama {H$Zmao, Ho$ Ama n[a{Y, ^dVr,
gOZm Ama gX^, _{VboIm Am{X& Ako` Zo {ddoMZm_H$, `m`m_H$ VWm ZmQ>H$s`
ebr H$m `moJ H$aVo hE {hXr {Z~Y gm{h` H$mo g_X {H$`m h&
(11) {dm{Zdmg {_l :AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ {V^mgnZ {Z~YH$mam| _| n. {dm{Zdmg {_l H$m
_hdnyU WmZ h& {_lOr gH$V Ho$ H$mS> npS>V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$s aMZmAm| _| EH$
Amoa Vmo ^maVr` gH${V H$m nwZam`mZ hAm h Vmo Xygar Amoa bmoH$OrdZ Ed bmoH$ gH${V
H$m Cdb AmbmoH$ ^r Cg_| H$m{eV hmo ahm h& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| H$s _wI {deofVm `h h
{H$; gmYmaU {df` H$mo boH$a ^r Ch| nmam{UH$, gm{hp`H$ Ed Eo{Vhm{gH$ gX^m] go `wV
H$aHo$ BVZm ^mdembr ~Zm {X`m h {H$ Ch| nT>Vo hr _Z gZ hmo CR>Vm h& BZHo$ {gX
gH$bZm| Ho$ Zm_ h- {MmdZ H$s N>mh, Vw_ MXZ h_ nmZr, AmJZ H$m nN>r Ama ~ZOmam
_Z, ~gV Am J`m na H$moB CH$R>m Zht, _Zo {gb nhMmB Am{X& {_lOr Ho$ {Z~Ym| _|
^maVr` gH${V ~mobVr h& Am_ _Oar, KZo Zr_ V Vbo, qd` H$s YaVr H$m daXmZ,
{h_mb`, H$X_ H$s \y$br S>ma, {earf H$m AmJh Ama _oao am_ H$m _wHw$Q> ^rJ ahm h BZHo$
{gX {Z~Y h&
(12) Hw$~oaZmW am` :{hXr Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ {dewX b{bV {Z~YH$mam| _| Hw$~oaZmW am` H$m
A{Vr` WmZ h& CZHo$ {Z~Y `{V-YmZ h, {Og_| _m{bH$ {MVZ, nmpS>` H$s N>mn
Ho$ gmW-gmW ``-{dZmoX H$m nwQ> ^r {d_mZ h& BZHo$ mam {bIo Jò {Z~Y amoMH$, kmZ
dYH$, AmH$fH$ Ed _ZmoaOH$ h& gwXya AVrV Ho$ nmam{UH$ n`mdaUm| _| {bnQ> H$a dV_mZ
OrdZ H$m gmH$ma dn C^ma XoZo _| Hw$~oaZmW am` {gXhV h& AnZo `wJ n[adoe H$s
g_`mAm| H$mo B{Vhmg nwamU Ho$ gX^ _| EH$ ZyVZ Am`m Ho$ gmW, dV {MVZ-_ZZ
H$s n[a{Y`m| _| nm{`V H$aZo H$s AX^yV e{V CZ_| h& BZHo$ {Z~Y gm{h` _| EH$ Amoa
^mdwH$Vm h Vmo Xygar Amoa `WmW OrdZ H$m OrdV dn ^r h& Hw$~oaZmW Or Ho$ {gX
{Z~Y gH$bZ h- {`m {ZbH$R>r, ag AmIoQ>H$, JY_mXZ, {dfmX `moJ, {ZfmX ~mgwar, nU
_wHw$Q>, _hmH${d H$s VOZr, H$m_YoZw _Z ndZ H$s ZmH$m, {H$amV ZXr _| M_Yw, {>
A{^gma, _amb, Cma Hw$, dmUr H$m jragmJa, AYH$ma _| A{{eIm Am{X& BZ gH$bZm|
_| gH${bV {Z~Y Mma H$ma Ho$ h- ^mdm_H$, {dMmam_H$, dUZm_H$ Ama
322
{ddaUm_H$/^mdm_H$ {Z~Ym| H$mo b{bV {Z~Y H$hm Om gH$Vm h& BZHo$ {gX b{bV
{Z~Y h- Bg AmIoQ>H$, O~wH$, Xoh dH$b, {dnmj, {H$aU gVnXr, {M {d{M, eaX
~mgwar Ama {dnZ _amb, doUw H$sMH$, XnU {ddmgr, gmaJ VWm amKd: H$Umo ag: Am{X&
(13) R>mHw$agmX qgh :R>mHw$agmX qgh _ybV: b{bV {Z~YH$ma Ho$ n _| {gX h& BZHo$
'nwamZm Ka Zò bmoJ' VWm '_moa nI' Xmo {gX {Z~Y-gJh h& R>mHw$agmX qgh H$s
CboI{Z` {deofVm `h h {H$ ò `{V Ho$ _Z Ho$ ^rVa doe H$aHo$ CgHo$ __q~Xw go AnZo
AmnH$mo OmoS> boVo h& CZHo$ A{YH$Va {Z~Y g_aUm_H$ Ama Am_H$`naH$ h&
(14) Y_dra ^maVr Y_dra ^maVr H${d hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW {hXr Ho$ g\$b {Z~YH$ma h&
BZHo$ nmM {Z~Y-gJh CnbY h- R>obo na {h_mb`, n`Vr, H$hZr AZH$hZr, Hw$N>
Mohao Hw$N> {MVZ Ama epXVm& BZ {Z~Ym| _| ^maVr H$s {Z~Y-boIZ {V^m COmJa h`r
h& 'n`Vr' _| Omo {Z~Y gH${bV h, do ^maVr Ho$ `mnH$ Ama J^ra A``Z-_ZZ Ama
_m{bH$ {ddoMZ go n[anyU h&
(15) h[aeH$a nagmB :AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ hm` Ama `` Ho$ {Z~Y boIH$m| _| h[aeH$a nagmB
{V{Z{Y {Z~YH$ma Ho$ n | {V{>V h& {hXr gm{h` _| `` {dYm H$mo ghr AWm] _|
{V{>V H$aZodmbm| _| nagmB H$m Zm_ ~S>o Jmad Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVm h& Chm|Zo AmYw{ZH$
{hXr `` boIZ H$mo EH$ gdWm ZdrZ _moS> {X`m h& AmO Ho$ OrdZ Ama g_mO _| `mV
AV{damoYm| {dgJ{V`m|, ^>mMma Ama T>m|J H$s H$bB ImobZo Ama ^Vm Ho$ _wImQ>o YmaU
H$aZo dmbm| H$mo ~oZH$m~ H$aZo H$s H$bm _| nagB Or AnZm gmZr Zht aadVo& gm_m{OH$ Ama
amOZr{VH$ jo _| \$br AgJ{V`m| na Chm|Zo AnZo {Z~Ym| Ho$ _m`_ go H$amam `` {H$`m
h& nagmB Or Ho$ {gX {Z~Y gJh h- nJB{S>`m| H$m O_mZm, Ogo CZHo$ {XZ {\$ao,
gXmMma H$m VmdrO, {eH$m`V _wPo ^r h, {R>Rw>aVm hAm JUV, AnZr-AnZr ~r_mar, dUd
H$s {\$gbZ, {dH$bmJ lXm H$m Xma, ^yV Ho$ nmd nrN>o, ~oB_mZr H$s naV, gwZmo ^mB gmYm,
VwbgrXmg MXZ {Kgo, H$hV H$~ra, hgVo h amoVo h, V~ H$s ~mV Ama Wr, Eogm ^r gmoMm
OmVm h, nmIS> H$m A`m_ Ama Amdmam ^rS> Ho$ IVao Am{X& {ZM` hr nagmB Or
``m_H$ {Z~Y-boIZ _| AnZm {V_mZ Amn h&
(16) lrbmb ewb :lrbmb ewb {gX H$WmH$ma Ho$ gmW-gmW {gX `` {Z~YH$ma ^r
h& Bhm|Zo AnZo {Z~Ym| _| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s {dgJ{V`m| na hma ^r {H$`m h Ama H$htH$ht MwQ>H$s ^r br h& ewbOr H$s lo> `` aMZmE h- AJX H$m nmd, `hm go dhm, Hw$N>
O_rZ na Hw$N> hdm _|, AmAmo ~R> b| Hw$N> Xoa Ama AJbr eVmXr H$m eha Am{X&
323
(17) eaX Omoer :{hXr `` {Z~YH$mam| _| eaX Omoer H$m Zm_ ^r CboI{Z` h& nagmB
H$s Vah eaX Omoer Zo ^r amOZr{V, g_mO VWm gH${V H$s {dgJ{V`m| H$mo AnZo {Z~Ym| _|
AZmdm {H$`m h& BZHo$ {gX {Z~Y gJh- Orn na gdma P{b`m, {H$gr ~hmZo, ahm
{H$Zmao ~R>, {Vb_, Xygar gVh, g^r gmjr h Am{X&
(18) eH$a nwUVm~oH$a :eH$a nwUVm~oH$a H$s JUZm ``H$ma h[aeH$a nagmB Ama eaX Omoer Ho$
~mX H$s nrT>r _| hmoVr h& AnZo {Z~Ym| _| nwUVm~oH$a Zo gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am`mp_H$
Ama OrdZ Ho$ A`m` jom| H$s {dgJ{V`m| na Jham hma {H$`m h& CZHo$ {gX ``gJh h- aoS>r_oS> H$nS>o, H$Q>g Ho$ H$mQ>o, o_ {ddmh, {d{OQ> `_amO H$s, AJya IQ>Q>o Zht h,
~XZm_Mm, Jwbob ^mJ-1, Jwbob ^mJ-2, Jwbob ^mJ-3, Jwbob ^mJ-4, Jwbob ^mJ-5,
nVZObr, eVaO Ho$ {IbmS>r, _oar \$mgr, {J _S>am ahm h, Voahdm {S>Za, namO` H$s
Ow~br Am{X&
(19) am_Xae {_l :am_Xae {_l H${d H$WmH$ma-g_rjH$ Ho$ gmW-gmW b{bV {Z~YH$ma
^r h& Jm_rU MoVZm Ama CgHo$ gH$mam| go OwS>o hE {_lOr Ho$ {Z~Y ^r CZH$s Bgr MoVZm Ho$
dmhH$ h& R>oR> Jm_rU gdoXZm Ama OrdZ-_w`m| go OwS>o ahH$a {_lOr Zo AmO Ho$ _Zw` H$mo
o[aV Ama ^m{dV H$aZo dmbo _yb Zm| H$mo AnZo {Z~Ym| _| CR>m`m h& '{H$VZo ~Oo h'',
'~~yb Ama H$Q>g', Ka-n[adma {_lOr Ho$ VrZ {gX {Z~Y-gJh h&
(20) {ddoH$s am` :{ddoH$s am` AmOmXr Ho$ nMmV {dH${gV Ama n[ad{VV Jmdm| H$s
gH$mpV-MoVZm Ho$ {enr h& {H$gmZm| H$m Xoe, Jmdm| H$s Xw{Z`m, {Ymam, {\$a ~Vbdm S>mb
na, Owbyg H$m h, JdB JY Jwbm~, Z`m JmdZm_, Am_ amVm Zht h, AmWm Ama {MVZ,
OJV VnmodZ gm {H$`m Ama ~Z Vwbgr H$s JY BZHo$ {gX {Z~Y-gJh h& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _|
AmYw{ZH$ `dWm Ho$ AVJV Jmdm| H$s gmar dW nanamAmo Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo Amoa gmH${VH$
_y`m| Ho$ {dK{Q>V hmoZo H$s {H$`m H$mo ~hV JhamB go XoIm-naIm J`m h&
(21) {edgmX qgh :{edgmX qgh Am. hOmargmX {doXr H$s nanam Ho$ {gX b{bV
{Z~YH$ma h& {eIam| Ho$ goVw, H$Vwar _J, MVw{XH$, _Zgr JJm, {H$g {H$gH$mo Z_Z H$$,
`m H$$ Hw$N> H$hm Z Omò Ama Im{bg _mO _| BZHo$ H$m{eV {Z~Y gJh h& BZHo$ {Z~Y
boIZ _| {dVm, mmdar d{m, bmoH$-H$Wm o_, gy_ {dMma e{V Ama J H$m` H$s ebr
{d_mZ h&
324
(22) {dUwH$mV emr :emr _w`V {MVZerb g_rjH$ Ho$ n _| {d`mV h& BZHo$ VrZ
{Z~Y gJh H$m{eV h- 'Hw$N> MXZ H$s, Hw$N H$nya H$s', '{MVZ-_wm' Ama
'AZw{MVZ'& emrOr H$m {Z~Y boIZ CZHo$ JhZ-J^ra {dMmam| H$m {V\$bV h&
(23) {Z_b d_m :{Z_b d_m ^maV H$s AmWm- {ddmg _ybH$ AVMoVZm go g_X
{hXr {Z~YH$ma h& MrS>m| na MmXZr, ha ~m[ae _|, eX Ama _{V, H$bm H$m Omo{I_,
T>bmZ go CVaVo hE, VWm eVXr Ho$ T>bVo dfm] _| BZHo$ {gX {Z~Y gJh h&
Cn`wV> {Z~YH$mam| Ho$ A{V[aV Zm_da qgh, a_oeM emh, a{dZmW
`mJr, Jmonmb MVwd}Xr, a{d H$m{b`m, gwXeZ _Om{R>`m, ^mH$a lmo{`, H$UXm
nmbrdmb, lram_ n[ahma VWm H$U{~hmar {_l Am{X Ho$ Zm_ CboI{Z` h& {Oggo H$hm Om
gH$Vm h {H$ {hXr {Z~Y H$m ^{d` Cdb h&
14.4 ~moY Z 1. {hXr {Z~Y gm{h Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo aoIm{H$V H$s{OE?
2. {hXr {Z~Y gm{h | ^maVoX Ho$ moJXmZ H$m| aoIm{H$V H$s{OE?
325

Con. 1670 (a)-10
2
(REVISED COURSE)
(3 Hours)
RV-7382
[Total Marks: 100]
gyMZm (1) g^r Z A{Zdm h&

(2) Cma nwpVH$m na Z H$mH$/Cn Z H$mH$ Ad {bI|&
(3) AmB.S>r.Amo.Eb, (nmMma) Ho$ {dmWu Cma nwpVH$m Ho$ w n> na
AmB.S>r.Amo.Ec. (nmMma) Ad {bI|&
1. draJmWm H$m H$s d{mm| H$m gmm n[aM Xr{OE&
AWdm
Am{XH$mbrZ gV H$m H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo {deX H$s{OE&
20
2. ^pVH$mbrZ gV H$m H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo {deX H$s{OE&

AWdm
am^pVemIm H$s d{mm| H$m dUZ H$s{OE&
20
3. am^pVemIm H$m ZmH$aU H$aVo hE ar{VwV gm{h H$m n[aM Xr{OE&

AWdm
ar{V~ H$m H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo H$me S>m{bE&
20
4. N>mmdmXr H$m H$s d{mm {deX H$s{OE&

AWdm
{hXr {Z~Y gm{h H$m H${H$ {dH$mg {b{IE&
20
5. (A) {H$gr EH$ {df na {Q>nUr {b{IE 10

(1) H$U^pVemIm
(2) ^maV|X wJ&
(~) g^r dVw{Z> Zm| Ho$ Cma {b{IE 10
(1) {hXr H$m W H${d {H$go mZm OmVm h?
(2) ommZ H$m {H$g ebr | {bIo Jo h?
(3) H${d {m {H$gH$s aMZm h?
(4) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb | {bIm Jm IS>r~mobr H$m W hmH$m H$mZ-gm h?
(5) ZB H$hmZr H$m ma^ H$~ go mZm OmVm h?
(6) "Pmgr H$s amZr' erfH$ H${dVm Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm {b{IE&
(Q>) OeH$agm
(S>) gw^mHw$mar MmhmZ
(R>) {XZH$a
(T>) mIZbmb MVwd}Xr
326
(7) "{hXr Xrn' Ho$ gnmXH$ BZ| go H$mZ Wo?
(Q>) ^maV|X
(S>) ~mbH$U ^>
(R>) VmnZmamU {l (T>) hmdragmX {doXr
(8) BZ| go H$mZ-gm ZmQ>H$ gmX Or H$m Zht h?
(Q>) H$XJw
(S>) Ywdd{Zr
(R>) MJw
(T>) AYoaZJar
(9) "EH$ Ama moUmMm' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ aM{Vm H$mZ h?
(Q>) gwa| dm
(S>) {U YwH$a
(R>) eH$a eof
(T>) amHw$ma dm
(10) "Yw$S> em' Ho$ boIH$ H$mZ h?
(Q>) Ako
(S>) amJo amKd
(R>) amhb gmH$mZ (T>) enmb
327

Con. 376 & (a)-11
1470
(OLD COURSE)
(3 Hours)
RD-1469[Total Marks: 100]

(2) Cma nwpVH$m na Z H$mH$/Cn Z H$mH$ Ad {bI|&
(3) AmB.S>r.Amo.Eb, (nmMma) Ho$ {dmWu Cma nwpVH$m Ho$ w n> na
AmB.S>r.Amo.Eb. (nmMma) Ad {bI|&
1. draJmWm H$m H$s d{mm| H$m gmm n[aM Xr{OE&
AWdm
Am{XH$mbrZ OZ gm{h Ama bm{H$H$ gm{h H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
20
2. ^pVH$mb Ho$ gV H$m H$s {deofVmAm| na H$me S>m{bE&

AWdm
am ^pV H$m H$s d{mm| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
20
3. ar{VH$mb H$m ZmH$aU H$aVo hE ar{V~ H$m H$m gmm n{aM Xr{OE&
AWdm
ar{V~ H$m Ymam H$s {deofVmAm| H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&&
20
4. moJdmXr H$m H$s d{mm| na H$me S>m{bE&

AWdm
{hXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg H$ {b{IE&
20
5. (H$) {H$gr EH$ {df na {Q>nUr {b{IE (1) ZmW gm{h&

(2) ^maV|XwJrZ H${dVm&
(I) g^r dVw{Z> Zm| Ho$ Cma {b{IE (1) "gXoe amgH$' Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm {b{IE&
(2) gy$s H$mYmam Ho$ gdlo> H${d H$mZ h?
(3) ar{VH$mb Ho$ {H$g wI H${d Zo dra ag YmZ H${dVmE {bIr&
(4) "H$mmZr' | {H$g XeZ H$s A{^pV hB h?
(5) "e~yH$' ZmH$ H${V Ho$ aM{Vm H$mZ h?
(6) Zm^mXmg {H$g H$m Ymam Ho$ H${d h?
(Q>) H$U ^pV H$m (S>) gV H$m
(R>) am H$m
(T>) gy$s H$m
10
10
328
(7) "H${d{m' {H$gH$s aMZm h?
(Q>) a{h
(S>) KZmZX
(R>) Ho$edXmg
(T>) gyaXmg
(8) BZ| go H$mZ-gr H${V Ako H$s Zht h?
(Q>) har Kmg na jU â (S>) Aar Amo H$Um ^m
(R>) AmJZ Ho$ nma ma
(T>) ggX go gS>H$ VH$&
(9) "H${~am IS>m ~Oma |' Ho$ aM{Vm H$mZ h?
(Q>) ^r ghmZr
(S>) JmoqdX MmbH$
(R>) gwa| dm
(T>) OJXreM mWwa
(10) "oMX H$s OrdZr {H$g Zm go {bIr JB h?
(Q>) H$b H$m OXa
(S>) H$b H$m {gnmhr
(R>) H$bH$ma
(T>) Amdmam grhm
329

Con. 376 & (a)-11
2
(REVISED COURSE)
(3 Hours)
RD-1470
[Total Marks: 100]

(2) Cma nwpVH$m na Z H$mH$/Cn Z H$mH$ Ad {b{IE&
(3) AmB.S>r.Amo.Eb, (nmMma) Ho$ {dmWu Cma nwpVH$m Ho$ wn> na
AmB.S>r.Amo.Eb. (nmMma) Ad {bI|&
1. {hXr gm{h Ho$ H$mb {d^mOZ Ed ZmH$aU Ho$ gX^ | {d{^ {dmZm| Ho$
V-VVmam| H$s MMm H$s{OE&
AWdm
draJmWm H$mbrZ H$m H$s gmm {deofVmAm| na H$me S>m{bE&
20
2. gV H$m H$s gmm d{mm| H$mo g{dVa n> H$s{OE&

AWdm
H$U ^pV gm{h H$s gmm {deofVmAm| H$m dUZ H$s{OE&
20
3. ar{V wV H$m H$s d{mm| H$mo g{dVa n> H$s{OE&

AWdm
ar{V~ H$m H$s {deofVmAm| na H$me S>m{bE&
20
4. N>mmdmXr H${dVm H$s wI d{mm| H$m CoI H$s{OE&

AWdm
{hXr H$hmZr {dYm H$s {dH$mg mm na H$me S>m{bE&
20
5. (H$) {H$gr EH$ {df na {Q>nUr {b{IE 10

(1) {g gm{h
(2) moJdmX
(I) {ZZ{b{IV g^r Zm| Ho$ Cma {b{IE 10
(1) {hXr gm{h H$mo Ama{^H$ wJ H$mo "Am{XH$mb' Ho$ Zm go {H$gZo
A{^{hV {H$m h?
(2) âJrV Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE?
(3) ar{VH$mb Ho$ {H$g H${d Zo draag YmZ aMZmE H$s h?
(4) "gamoO{V' ZmH$ aMZm {H$g H${d Zo H$s h?
(5) "{MVm{U' {H$gHo$ {Z~Ymo H$m gH$bZ h?
(6) {hXr gm{h Ho$ Am{XH$mb H$mo "{g gmV H$mb' {H$gZo H$hm h?
330
(Q>)
(R>)
amM
amhb gmH$mZ
(S>)
(T>)
amHw$ma dm
S>m. ZJo
(7) "nw{>mJ' H$m OhmO {H$g H${d H$mo H$hm Jm h?

(Q>) H$~raXmg
(S>) KZmZX
(R>) VwbgrXmg
(T>) Ho$edXmg
(8) H$mZ-gm H${d "EH$ ^maVr Amm' Ho$ Zm go {g h?
(Q>) amZaoe {nmR>r
(S>) Zao em
(R>) mIZbmb MVwd}Xr (T>) nV
(9) gadVr Ho$ gnmXH$ BZ| go H$mZ Wo?
(Q>) VmnZmamU {l (S>) hmdra gmX {doXr
(R>) hOmar gmX {doXr (T>) h[aAmY
(10) "mJn' Cnmg Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm ~VmBE?
(Q>) enmb
(S>) AVbmb ZmJa
(R>) OeH$a gmX
(T>) OZoHw$ma

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V{V df H$bm

qhXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg

S>m. amOZ doiyH$a

S>m. YZoda h[aMXZ

H$mH$ gdH$ Ed$ - S>m. gm Eg. JO}

- S>m. nr. Ho$. Ywmi

AmZX ^dZ, $moQ>, _w~B - 400 001.

- m`mnH$ Ed gMmcH$, Xa Ed _w$ A``Z gWm

1. {hXr gm{h : H$mb-{d^mOZ Ed ZmH$aU

T.Y.B.A. HIND PART - IV

nmR>H$ Ho$ {bE {ZYm[aV {df 1. {hXr gm{h

{ZYm[aV dVw{Z> Zm| H$s gyMr

27. "gamoO {V' ZmH$ aMZm {H$g H${d Zo H$s h? - {Zambm

55. "~rOH$' Ho$ aM{Vm H$m m Zm h?

73. J{VdmX {H$g XeZ go ^m{dV h?

90. {hXr H$m nhbm Cnmg {H$go mZm OmVm h?

{hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg

AmMm amM ewb

{hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg

{hXr gm{h H$m Am{XH$mb

Am. hOmar gmX {doXr

{hXr gm{h : CX^d Ama {dH$mg

Am. hOmar gmX {doXr

{hXr gm{h : wJ Ama d{mm

{hXr gm{h H$m AmbmoMZmH$ B{Vhmg

{hXr gm{h H$m dkm{ZH$ B{Vhmg

{hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg

S>m. brgmJa dmU}

{hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg

S>m. {dOo ZmVH$

{hXr gm{h H$m Xgam B{Vhmg

{hXr gm{h VWm gm{ho{Vhmg:

S>m. Xodoe R>mHw$a

dmVmoma {hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg

S>m. brgmJa dmU}

AmYw{ZH$ {hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg

{hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg

g. S>m. amgOZ nmS>o

gmR>moma {hXr H${dVm

S>m. aVZ Hw$ma nmS>o

H$mbrZ H$m d^d

S>m. erVb gmX X~o

{hXr gm{h : H$mb-{d^mOZ Ed ZmH$aU

{hXr gm{h : H$mb-{d^mOZ Ed ZmH$aU

(1445 - 1560 {d.)

3. AcH$V H$mc / nydmcH$V H$mc

(1681 - 1790 {d.)

(1890 - 1925 {d.)

(1926 {d. go A~ VH$)

1.3 {hXr gm{h H$m ZmH$aU

BH$mB H$s $naoIm

amgmo gm{h (dra H$m)

OZ gm{h H$s gmm {deofVmE

Am{XH$mcrZ cm{H$H$ gm{h

amgmo gm{h`/ H$m` H$s gm_m` {deofVmE

^{V H$m CX^d Ama {dH$mg

^{V H$m CX^d Ama {dH$mg

2. ^pV H$mb H$s n[apW{Vm

3A.2 gV H$m Ho$ wI H${d

3A. 3 gV H$m H$s gmm {deofVmE

3Am. 2 gy$s H$m Ho$ wI H${d

3Am. 3 gy$s H$m H$s {deofVmE

3B. 2 am ^pV H$m Ho$ wI H${d

3B. 3 am^pV gm{h H$s gmm {deofVmE