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STUDENT NAME:RESHMINDER KAUR

MATRIX NO: A132843


KKKH4284 PERANCANGAN BANDAR LESTARI
LECTURERS
i. Prof. Ir. Dr. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH BIN O.K. RAHMAT
ii. Dr. MUHAMAD NAZRI BIN BORHAN
iii. Puan NORLIZA BINTI MOHD AKHIR


TASK 6: GLOBAL WARMING
Supposed you are living in a coastal city. The city administrator has noticed that the mean sea
level has been rising for the past 50 years. The raising is small but over a long period of time it
may cause problems in the city centre as the level of that part of the city is quite low. If you are
hired as a consultant, write a plan of action on what can be done to reduce or mitigate the
problems.
Your report must include Mitigation and Adaptation measures

As the hired Consultant its important to analyze thoroughly what causes the sea level rising
before planning for the actions to reduce and mitigate the problems in the city centre as the level
of that part of the city is quite low.
Over the past century, the burning of fossil fuels and other human and natural activities has
released enormous amounts of heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere. These emissions have
caused the Earth's surface temperature to rise, and the oceans absorb about 80 percent of this
additional heat.



The rise in sea levels is linked to three primary factors, all induced by this ongoing global
climate change:

a) Thermal expansion
When water heats up, it expands. About half of the past century's rise in sea level is attributable
to warmer oceans simply occupying more space.

b)Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps
Large ice formations, like glaciers and the polar ice caps, naturally melt back a bit each summer.
But in the winter, snows, made primarily from evaporated seawater, are generally sufficient to
balance out the melting. Recently, though, persistently higher temperatures caused by global
warming have led to greater-than-average summer melting as well as diminished snowfall due to
later winters and earlier springs. This imbalance results in a significant net gain in runoff versus
evaporation for the ocean, causing sea levels to rise.

c)Ice loss from Greenland and West Antarctica
As with glaciers and the ice caps, increased heat is causing the massive ice sheets that cover
Greenland and Antarctica to melt at an accelerated pace. Scientists also believe meltwater from
above and seawater from below is seeping beneath Greenland's and West Antarctica's ice sheets,
effectively lubricating ice streams and causing them to move more quickly into the sea.
Moreover, higher sea temperatures are causing the massive ice shelves that extend out from
Antarctica to melt from below, weaken, and break off.




Consequences

When sea levels rise rapidly, as they have been doing, even a small increase can have devastating
effects on coastal habitats. As seawater reaches farther inland, it can cause destructive erosion,
flooding of wetlands, contamination of aquifers and agricultural soils, and lost habitat for fish,
birds, and plants.

When large storms hit land, higher sea levels mean bigger, more powerful storm surges that can
strip away everything in their path.

In addition, hundreds of millions of people live in areas that will become increasingly vulnerable
to flooding. Higher sea levels would force them to abandon their homes and relocate. Low-lying
islands could be submerged completely.

Mitigations is the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something.The
emphasis is on the identification and mitigation of pollution.

1. Reduce Air Travel as its combustion of fuels increases the Green House Gases.
2. Energy Conservation
Promotes the usage of renewable energy such as solar,wind and water to generate
electricity
Reduce emission of heat and greenhouse gases in the city by legalize law of
reducing emission of gas act.
Reduce usage of paper and use more advance technologies for readings
Reduce glass material construction and use steel more for more sustainable design
Educates the teen to save the environment
Use steel structure for better performance and higher lifespan
Researchers will have new field study to determine how to use sea water more
often than using fuel or gases to heat the house

3. Reduced Motorised Transportation
Increase public transport and increase campaign on using bicycles for normal
routine
People must help reduce emission of gas and heat by stop using own cars
Expand Public Transport to attract the attention of its user covering a larger area
which is convenient,safe and fast.

4. Landfill Gas Management
A proper landfill gas management shall be proposed that involves treating landfill
gas namely Methane gas by way of flaring in the initial stage,and subsequently
generating electricity from the landfill gas as a sustainable source of energy,with
the prospect of supplying power to national grid.

Adaptations is the action or process of adapting or being adapted.Thus,the adaptation shall be
the strategy to cater the risk of sea level rising to a critical level.

1. Protection of Communities







Actively confront encroaching seas by building structures such as polders, which reclaim
inundated coastal regions, and coastal defenses such as dikes and beach nourishments,which
provide an impediment to rising waters. When that is no longer adequate, one might move on to
the next step--accommodating some degree of inundation. That might include building flood-
proof structures, and floating platforms for agriculture.The final step is retreat. It can involve
managed retreating, such as the building of sea walls, and planned evacuation when no other
options are available.

2. Use barriers at the sea to prevent high tides. The inner side can become marine bay
an improve tourism.

3. Drainage Upgrade and Stormwater Management
Use earth drainage system (soil only) to provide better infiltration of rain
water,improvised by plant vegetation and beautification
Help to absorb stormwater by storing the water for daily uses.
Develop new research on how to use sea water efficiently in daily life

4. Heat Alert System
5. Install water suction pump from the sea to absorb sea water to be process and used
for daily routines
6. Business Continuity Plan identifies an organization's exposure to internal and
external threats and synthesizes hard and soft assets to provide effective prevention
and recovery for the organization, while maintaining competitive advantage and
value system integrity
7. Plant vegetation at coastal to make new design of green coast design.
8. Plant more green vegetation along the roads and use naked street system with
permeable pavement with increased expansion of tree canopy



In conclusion,it is not necessary to use expensive technology to cater this problem but a synergy
approach which includes integration of multiple elements in a system to produce an effect
different from or greater than the sum of their individual effect.These methods might be costly.
But if well planned and participated by all parties, it is possible and logical. To help getting rid of
storm water and sea water from flooding the city, we must efficiently use them to balance the
system. The runoff must be designed properly and all parties must help to make the water cycle
become better and optimized.


REFERENCES
i. http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/critical-issues-sea-level-rise/
ii. https://www.udemy.com/sustainable-urban-development/#/lecture/279534
iii. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/220

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