1. Who is the client? The client is a 55 year old female who lives with her husband. She has two children aged 22 and 26 and currently lives with her husband of 34 years in a two story home, but predominately stays downstairs where the master bedroom resides. The client works full time at Target as a guest services manager and ambulates for approximately 9 hours while at work.
2. Why is the client seeking services and/or what are the clients concerns relative to engaging in occupations and in daily life activities? The client is seeking services to make meal prep easier after her 9 hour days at work on her feet and legs. She currently cooks for her husband and frequently for her son, her sons girlfriend, and their two children. She also cooks for a large group of friends and extended family during the holidays and some weekends as well. Finding ways to make meal prep easier after long days at work is a goal the client hopes to reach. 3. What areas of occupation are successful and what areas are causing problems or risks? The clients key problems occur within the instrumental activities of daily living. Meal preparation is giving the client the most difficulty specifically chopping the food that is going to be cooked while standing. Another concern is standing to prepare and cook the food, which proves to be difficult and painful for the client. The client has knee problems after tearing her ACL three years ago and has foot pain after work. Completions of ADLs are not difficult for the client and standing does not affect clients areas of occupation. 3
4. What contexts and environments support or inhibit participation and engagement in desired occupations? The clients kitchen is very large and spread out, requiring ambulation to move from the stove, to the counter space, to the pantry and refrigerator. The client lives in a two story house, but does not need to ambulate up and downstairs frequently. Her bedroom and area where she completes her ADLs is on the first floor, and there are not any steps or stairs to reach her bedroom. 5. What is the clients occupational history? The clients occupations include walking around the neighborhood with friends, going out to eat with co-workers, swimming in the backyard with her children and grandchildren, and going to art galleries in the downtown area. She enjoys cooking for her husband, children and grandchildren especially during the holidays when she prepares three-course meals for family members. The client works full-time at a local retail store and enjoys attending work events with co-workers and family. The client frequently plays racquetball with her husband during the week after dinner time for about 30 minutes. 6. What are the clients priorities and desired outcomes? The clients desired outcomes are ways to adapt or to ease the process of meal prep, specifically standing while she peels, chops and cooks potatoes to make mashed potatoes. After working on her feet for 9 hours, the client tires easily when preparing meals for her family and finds it difficult to stay focused on cooking and making the meal properly. The client also feels very stressed at the end of the day especially after work and meal prep.
4
Occupational Analysis
1. Occupation: Area(s) of occupation for the client: Subcategory: 1. Activities of daily living 2. Instrumental activities of daily living X Meal preparation (cleaning, pealing and mashing potatoes) 3. Education 4. Work 5. Play 6. Leisure 7. Social participation
2. Values, beliefs, spirituality associated with participation:
The client values family and caring for her loved ones, she finds cooking an important part of keeping her family well-nourished and fed with healthy food. The client beliefs include a family that eats together, stays together; the client believes eating together is valuable family time which incorporates communication, chore sharing, and unity. The client feels that feeding her family gives them that good start to the day and will have more success.
3. Contexts: Context Supports Inhibits Physical/space demands Electric can opener Materials are accessible above counter space, does not require a lot of bending Moderate counter space for materials and tools The kitchen is large, and requires more than 5 steps to reach materials for meal prep The kitchen is an odd shape, does not meet the kitchen triangle to reach materials easily Social Help from family, if client plans ahead to ask members to assist in meal prep and serving Client at times has family members bring prepared food items to big meals during the holidays or if friends come over for dinner. During holidays, client takes on the role of cooking for large parties Meal prep is much longer during the holidays due to increased demand 5
Cultural It is English tradition for family members to bring appetizers and desserts to meals, which decreases some demands of the activity. In the English culture, friends and family trade off each year, alternating who has Christmas dinner and thanksgiving at the household. English holiday meals require many dishes and appetizers, requiring the client to get up and down throughout the day to check on items and prepare food. The client uses expensive china for English meals that require proper cleaning and warming up before serving, another added step to meal prep that tires the client during specific holidays and events. Personal The client feels accomplishment and excitement when serving the finished product of a meal to family members and friends. This supports the activity of meal prep and cooking for the client. Large dinners stress the client out, especially if the client has to work before preparing meals, not having adequate time to relax and rest in between meal prep.
Temporal On the clients days off, she has more time to space out meal prep and relax in between each step of meal prep. The client works long days and varying hours, and therefore does not have a lot of time at night to relax before prepping dinner for the family.
Virtual The client uses electronic devices to search for recipes.
4. Objects and their properties used: Equipment: Gas Stove, Refrigerator Tools: Drainer, chopping knife, boiling pot, potato masher, glass serving bowl, large mixing bowl, chopping board, water strainer. Materials: milk, butter, pepper, salt, potatoes.
6
5. Social demands: The client has to take into consideration the needs of the family and adapt the ingredients to the wants and needs of the family members. Also, she must work around family member schedules to for meal prep, with further consideration towards the amount of food she must prepare in relation to who is attending. 6. Sequence and timing: Preparing potatoes for mashed potatoes 1. Retrieve chopping board from cabinet 2. Place chopping board on counter top 3. Retrieve potato bag from pantry 4. Un-tie knot off potato bag 5. Select potatoes and place on chopping board 6. Retrieve potato peeler from utensil drawer 7. Grasp a single potato 8. Use peeler to peel a single potato over the chopping board (repeat this for each potato client uses: 6-7 in a pot) 9. Retrieve saucepan from cabinets 10. Fill saucepan with water from sink 11. Place saucepan over stove 12. Retrieve chopping knife 13. Chop peeled potatoes into quarters over chopping board 14. Place chopped potatoes into water filled saucepan 15. Pick up chopping board and slide hand over left over peels into trash 16. Place stove on medium heat until water boils 17. Once potatoes are finished, turn heat off 18. Retrieve water strainer from cabinets 19. Place strainer in the sink 20. Empty the contents of the saucepan into the strainer 21. Empty the strained potatoes into large mixing bowl 22. With potato masher, begin mashing potatoes until mashed completely 23. With spoon, mix in butter, milk, pepper, and salt. (amounts vary according to clients wants and how many people client is serving) 24. Pour finished mashed potatoes into serving bowl 25. Place serving bowl on table for people to eat
7
Body functions required: Function How I t I s Used None Minimally Challenged Greatly Challenged Judgment The client must know when and where to slice the potatoes and how to cut them X Concept formation The client will form a concept of how the potatoes will come out and how she wants them to taste X Metacognition The client must reflect on how she likes her mashed potatoes done and how to get there X Cognitive flexibility The client must be able to work around kitchen barriers if something is out of place when engaging in meal prep X Insight/awareness The client must be aware of where she is, when dinner time is, and how to peel and slice the appropriate food X Sustained attention The client must sustain enough attention to finish peeling and cutting the potatoes safely X Selective attention The client must be able to block out background noise of television, kids, or other family members talking X Divided attention The client must be able to communicate with others while engaging in the meal prep X Short-term memory The client must use STM to remember which step she just finished and what is next X Working memory The client must use working memory to remember what step she is currently on and what materials she may need X Long-term memory The client must use the LTM to remember the recipe for the mashed potatoes or how to peel or chop the potatoes X
8
Discrimination of senses: Auditory Be able to discriminate between the sounds of people talking and the sounds of the water boiling on the stove X Discrimination of senses: Tactile Be able to discriminate the feeling between expired or rotten potatoes or if the potatoes are not fully cooked X Discrimination of senses: Visual Be able to discriminate between potatoes and other vegetables when gathering materials X Discrimination of senses: Olfactory Be able to discriminate specific smells, if the potatoes are burning or if the stove is on fire etc. X Discrimination of senses: Vestibular-proprioception Proprioception of where the body is when chopping and peeling potatoes at the counter top X Multisensory processing Be able to process seeing if the potatoes are peeled, feeling if they too soft, and smelling if they are finished or not X Sensory Memory Remembering how cooked potatoes smell, feel, and how finished mashed potatoes taste X Spatial relationships The client must be aware of where the materials are during meal prep and how far away her body is from the materials X Temporal relationships The client must understand what time of day it is, what day it is, what month it is, especially if cooking for others X Recognition The client must recognize the materials and equipment and their properties for proper use X Categorization The client must be able to categorize the materials, knowing which materials go in which steps and the difference between butter and milk, or potatoes and carrots. X
9
Generalization
The client must be able to generalize that a knife is used similarly for foods, and a peeler is used a specific way for specific foods
X Awareness of reality Client must be aware of her surroundings and where she is X Logical/coherent thought Client must attain logical thoughts pertaining to the activity and what is required of the activity X Appropriate thought content The client must display emotions appropriate to the activity X Execution of learned movements The client uses movements to engage in meal prep such as peeling, chopping, and mashing the potatoes X Coping The client must cope if the recipe does not turn out the way it should or if a material or equipment is not working properly X Behavioral regulation The client must behave in a way that enables the client to effectively carry out the activity and not hinder or delay the activity X Body image X Self-concept The client must be aware of her role as a mother; this is one of her main reasons for cooking for the family X Self-esteem The client must believe her in abilities to make the mashed potatoes and do it effectively X Arousal The client must stay aroused throughout the activity to complete it to the best of her ability X Consciousness The client must maintain consciousness throughout the activity X Orientation to self It is important for the client to be aware of who she is in relation to the activity X 10
Orientation to place
It is important for the client to know where she is and why she is there
X Orientation to time It is important for the client to know the day, month, and year X Orientation to others It is important for the client to know who she is in relation to other family members; the client finds cooking for others important and embraces the role of the food provider X Emotional stability It is important for the client to maintain emotional stability while working with sharp objects, materials and equipment X Motivation The client must find importance in the activity to maintain adequate motivation to complete the activity X Impulse control The client must control impulses to maintain a safe work environment X Appetite Client must control urges to eat the food X Sleep Client must control urges to sleep X
Function How I t I s Used None Minimally Challenged Greatly Challenged Detection/registration Registration of materials and their properties for using them effectively to complete the activity X Visual modulation Be able to sustain focus on the item at hand and filter out all other irrelevant stimuli present in the environment X Integration of senses Feel if the potatoes are mashed enough or if they need to be mashed more X Awareness at distances Awareness of the materials in relation to the clients body; the position of clients arms as she mashes the potatoes X 11
Tolerance of ambient sounds
The client must be able to handle slight background noises such as the sound of boiling water or possible noises from family members
X
Location and distance of sounds Location and distance of sounds is minimally used when chopping potatoes to hear when the knife hits the chopping board. X Moving against gravity The client must have a sense of direction and upright position for postural control. Especially when going from a sitting position to standing. X Taste The client might need to taste the mashed potatoes to see if they are made the way she likes X Smell The client does not need intact smell to complete this activity X Body in space The client needs to be aware of her body in space when carrying items and chopping food X Comfort with touch This activity requires the client to be comfortable with holding the materials and objects needed for the activity X Localizing pain X Thermal awareness The client may need to test if the potatoes are hot and cooked X Joint range of motion Joint range of motion is required for this activity, specifically within the wrists (radial carpal joint) X Joint stability/alignment Joint stability is needed within the wrists and possibly the thigh and legs if client stands to do activity X Strength Some strength is needed to effectively mash the potatoes and peel the vegetables X Muscle tone Some muscle tone is required X 12
to hold materials while mixing or mashing, or to transfer the potatoes from the chopping board to the cooking pot Muscle endurance The client must be able to stand for the activity which requires muscle endurance X Stretch reflex X ATNR X STNR X Righting and supporting reflex The client must have the abilities to position the body correctly if she trips or loses her balance while standing X Eye-hand coordination The client must be able to use her eye-hand coordination to chop and peel the potatoes X Bilateral coordination The client needs be able to position one limb while using the other limb to engage in meal prep X Crossing midline The client must be able to cross the midline to grab objects and materials needed for the activity X Fine motor control The client needs some fine motor control for grasping materials and tools needed to engage in the activity X Oculomotor control The client needs oculomotor control to control eye movements to focus on the needed objects and materials for the activity X Gait patterns Gait patterns are not needed to complete this activity, sitting is optional if materials are within arms reach X Blood pressure Not much endurance is required there for blood pressure would not fluctuate if activity is done sitting. X Heart rate Normal heart rate is required for this activity, if client had heart condition, sitting would be a better option X 13
Respiratory rate The client requires normal respiratory rate to stand and engage in the activity. X Respiratory rhythm The client requires normal respiratory rhythm to stand and engage in the activity safely X Respiratory depth The client requires normal respiratory depth to engage in the activity safely without breathing problems X
Physical endurance, aerobic capacity
This activity does not require much physical endurance, only standing while engaging in meal prep, and resting while food cooks
X
Voice functions Voice functions are only needed if the client needs help and has to explain the steps of the activity X Voice rhythm and fluency Voice rhythm and fluency are only required if the client needs to verbalize help to others X Alternative vocalization Alternative vocalization is not needed X Digestive system An intact digestive system is need to complete the activity without multiple disruptions X Metabolic system A normal metabolic system is required to provide adequate energy for the client to complete the activity X Endocrine system Regulation of hormones are required for this activity X Urinary functions Regulation of urinary functions is necessary to complete the activity without multiple disruptions X Genital and reproductive function X Protective functions of the skin This is required for the client to protect herself from burns, scrapes etc. X Repair functions of the skin This is required if the client gets hurt during the activity proper repair will occur to heal the X 14
wound
7. Muscular analysis of movements required: Muscle Required? Shoulder flexion X Shoulder extension X Shoulder abduction X Shoulder adduction X Shoulder internal rotation X Shoulder external rotation X Elbow flexion X Elbow extension X Wrist supination X Wrist pronation X Wrist flexion X Wrist extension X Thumb flexion X Thumb abduction X Finger flexion X Finger extension X Trunk flexion X Trunk extension X Trunk rotation X Lower extremities X
8. Body structures required:
Category
Body Structure Required? Check If Yes Nervous system Frontal lobe X Temporal lobe X Parietal lobe X Occipital lobe X Midbrain X Diencephalon X Basal ganglia X Cerebellum X Brain stem X Cranial nerves X Spinal cord X 15
Spinal nerves X Meninges X Sympathetic nervous system X Parasympathetic nervous system X Eyes, ears, and related Eyeball: Conjunctiva, cornea, iris, retina, lens, vitreous body X structures Structures around eye: Lachrimal gland, eyelid, eyebrow, external ocular muscles X Structure of external ear X Structure of middle ear: Tympanic membrane, Eustachian canal, ossicles X Structures of inner ear: Cochlea, vestibular labyrinth, semicircular canals, internal auditory meatus X Voice and speech structures Structures of the nose: External nose, nasal septum, nasal fossae X Structure of the mouth: Teeth, gums, hard palate, soft palate, tongue, lips X Structure of pharynx: Nasal pharynx and oral pharynx Structure of larynx: Vocal folds Cardiovascular system Heart: Atria, ventricles X Arteries X Veins X Capillaries X Immune system Lymphatic vessels X Lymphatic nodes X Thymus X Spleen X Bone marrow X Respiratory system Trachea X Lungs: Bronchial tree, alveoli X Thoracic cage Respiratory system (continued) Muscles of respiration: Intercostal muscles, diaphragm X Digestive, metabolic, Salivary glands X and endocrine systems Esophagus X Stomach X Intestines: Small and large X Pancreas X Liver X Gall bladder and ducts X Endocrine glands: Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal X Genitourinary and Urinary system: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra X 16
reproductive systems Structure of pelvic floor X Structure of reproductive system Ovaries, uterus, breast and nipple, vagina and external genitalia, testes, penis, prostate X Structures related to Bones of cranium X movement Bones of face X Bones of neck region X Joints of head and neck X Bones of shoulder region X Joints of shoulder region X Muscles of shoulder region X Bones of upper arm X Ligaments and fascia of upper arm X Bones of forearm X Wrist joint X Muscles of forearm X Ligaments and fascia of forearm X Bones of hand X Joints of hand and fingers X Muscles of hand X Ligaments and fascia of hand X Bones of pelvis region X Joints of pelvic region X Muscles of pelvic region X Ligaments and fascia of pelvic region X Bones of thigh X Hip joint X Muscles of thigh X Ligaments and fascia of thigh X Bones of lower leg X Knee joint X Muscles of lower leg X Ligaments and fascia of lower leg X Bones of ankle and foot X Ankle, foot, and toe joints X Muscle of ankle and foot X Ligaments of fascia of ankle and foot Structures related to Cervical vertebral column X movement (continued) Lumbar vertebral column X Sacral vertebral column X Coccyx X Muscles of trunk X Ligaments and fascia of trunk X 17
Skin and related structures Areas of skin: Head, neck, shoulder, upper extremity, pelvic region, lower extremities, trunk, and back X Structure of skin glands: Sweat and sebaceous X Structure of nails: Fingernails and toenails Structure of hair 9. Performance skills required:
Skill Required? How the Skill Is Used
Motor/praxis X A sequence of movements is needed to peel the potatoes and chop the potatoes. Sensory (perceptual) X
Processing of sensory stimuli is necessary for the client to understand the environment she is working in; to know whether the potatoes are burning, if they are too soft, or if the kitchen is smoking or the stove is on fire. Emotion regulation X
Regulation of emotions is required for the client to effectively complete the activity with appropriate emotions and without letting her emotions get in the way of completing the activity. Cognitive X
Cognition is a large part of this activity, the use of judgment and memory is necessary to properly and safely complete the activity and the steps required in the activity with logic and cognitive flexibility. Communication/social X
The client enjoys making the meals and preparing food for her family, communication with others is necessary if she requires help or wants to communicate with others by initiating and answering questions.
10. Performance patterns:
Pattern Describe X Useful habit Before leaving the house, the client makes sure she has necessary materials to make dinner for her family.
X Dominating habit Every day she makes sure that dinner is delicious, this puts strain on the client and at times she spends too much time preparing food and not enough time relaxing, especially after work.
X Routine The client cooks dinner every day for her family, she automatically thinks about what she will prepare for her family for that night and what materials she will need and how long it will take
X Ritual The client uses her grandmothers cook book when trying new recipes 18
and when looking up new sauces and gravys to make with dinner.
X Role The client is a mother to two children 23 and 26, and a grandmother to two grandchildren. She is also a devoted wife, and enjoys providing meals to her family every night and friends during the holidays.
Intervention Plan Objective Goal: Have client make dinner for her family after work without being too tired to eat and spend time with her family during and after dinner. Measurable Goal: Decrease the time it takes for client to prepare and cook dinner while still satisfying her familys needs. Type of Outcome: Adaptation and Quality of life. Adaptation: Changing the clients normal performance patterns due to the challenge the client is facing during long meal prep and cook times. Finding ways to work with the occupation the client has chosen to make the occupation easier on the client. Modify behaviors of the client so that the occupation is less stressful for the client and easier to handle after a long day of work. Quality of Life: Active participation in meal prep and cooking while maintain enough energy to spend time with her family after work, meal prep, and cooking. Possibly asking family members to help with meal prep more to decrease the level of stress the client experiences during dinner time, increasing her quality of time with her family after work and dinner. 1. Intervention approach:
Approach Describe X Create/promote Promote endurance to enable the client to stand longer during meal prep after a long day at work to cook for her family. Promote effective handling of stress during meal prep and cooking. Work on enhancing current performance skills that help meal prep. Establish/restore 19
Maintain
X Modify Modify the clients environment to help with fatigue during meal prep on days after work. Modify the schedule of meal prep for the client to include breaks during the meal prep process to allow for rest. Prevent
2. Activity selection Activity Describe Occupation-based intervention Work on sitting down and peeling the potatoes all at once instead of standing to peel each potato and placing a single peeled potato in the boiling water.
Purposeful activity On the clients days off, have the client work on leg and knee endurance exercises to build up strength in the legs so that when the client needs to stand during meal prep fatigue does not set in easily. Strengthening the legs will also help with fatigue during the clients days at work, so the client is not as tired after a day at work on her legs.
Preparatory method Sitting down after work and engaging in activities that promote resting and healing of sore legs after work before meal prep.
Discuss how activity selection relates back to occupational profile and occupational analysis Occupation-Based Intervention: The client is a mother to a large family and extended family where cooking and dinner time is very important to the client. Working on an intervention that focuses on the clients passion for cooking and working on limitations that affect the clients functioning during this occupation is a very important intervention to the client that would provide the most carryover. The occupation chosen by the client does not require a large amount of endurance, but in the past the client has chosen to stand during the occupation, in turn increasing the activity demands, specifically: standing, muscle endurance, and strength. Modifying those specific activity demands will increase the clients functionality for this occupation. 20
Purposeful activity: Have the client work on leg and knee exercises will increase muscle strength and endurance. Increasing muscle strength and endurance will allow the client to stand for longer periods of time during the activity (if the client needs to stand) and will also decrease the amount of stress and fatigue the client experiences during her 9 hour work days on her legs, making meal prep when she returns home less stressful and decreasing the amount of stress on the legs during meal prep and cooking. This focuses on the occupation at hand, making mashed potatoes for her family, and embraces the clients role as a mother and sole meal provider for her family and friends during the holidays. These exercises work on the clients limitations within the activity demands (standing, endurance, and muscle strength), and hope to work on these limitations to enhance her quality of life and decrease the stress of the activity. Preparatory activity: This involves having the client participate in activities that allow the client to rest her legs and feet. Rest may include having the client rest her legs after work by taking a warm shower to relieve tense muscles within the legs, having the client soak her feet in warm water to also relieve stress and muscle soreness after work, or having the client lay on the couch for 30 minutes to elevate the legs. Elevation of the legs allows for adequate blood flow to the muscles, veins, and arteries decreasing swelling in the muscle compartments. Resting will decrease the amount of stress and pain the client feels during the occupation of meal prep and cooking. Discuss how activity selection will support achievement of client identified goals and goal of the intervention plan These activity selections will support the clients goal of decreasing fatigue during meal prep and cooking by addressing her current limitations of leg and foot fatigue. Fatigue is addressed by suggesting rest after work and on her days off, having the client engage in 21
exercises during her day off to increase muscle strength to use during meal prep and her long work days, and working on preparing food sitting down to decrease some of the activity demands that are not necessarily needed during some of the steps of the activity (peeling the potatoes).
Describe how intervention can be graded or adapted and why The intervention can be graded down by having the client sit during the process of peeling the potatoes, have the client request help from other family members to help peel the potatoes, which will promote socialization and communication among family members, and having the client place all the materials, tools, and equipment on the table to avoid the need to sit and stand constantly with each step of the activity. Another way to grade down the activity would be to use instant potatoes instead of fresh potatoes. The intervention can be adapted by having the client use an electric potato peeler or an electric potato masher to decrease the activity demands and required body functions.
Safety concerns and/or precautions The only safety concern would be possible knee re-injury during purposeful activities. Exercises given to the client may be done wrong or used repetitively incorrectly and may cause pain and overuse of the muscles.
Discuss the role of the occupational therapy practitioner during the intervention The role of the occupational therapy practitioner during the intervention is to provide ways to increase the quality of life for the client and to suggest ways to relieve stress the client experiences during the activity (physical and mental stress). The intervention 22
outcomes listed were quality of life and modifications; these are two outcomes that should address the clients problem areas of fatigue and stress of meal prep after work.
Discuss what is expected of the client during the intervention During intervention, it is expected that the client will be engaged in the occupation-based, purposeful, and preparatory activities suggested by the practitioner. These activities and intervention approaches address her limitations for an occupation that is very important to the client. Working on activities and treatments that are meaningful are a way to keep the client engaged and maintain motivation for further treatment. Practicing client-centered treatments increase the likelihood of carryover after treatment.