Surfaces and Curves: Resumo Sobre Curvas e Superfícies

1
CAPlT0l0 00 llvR0
Surfaces auJ Curves
Resumo sobre curvas e superficies
4N1ONlO M4kMO u OLlvlk4
20/1/2011
cooce|tos qeomett|cos e teosot|o|s
2 motmo jooe|to 2011
Curvc and 5urIacc Thcnry
The chaler is designed as an informaI inlroduclion lo lhe geomelry of curves and
surfaces in sace. This invoIves lhe concel of lorsion and curvalure of curves, and
lhe curvalure of surfaces.
5-Curtes
We began our exosilion by giving some basic resuIls from lheory of curves on
LucIidean sace L
3
5.1 Purumetrlc Representutlon of Curtes
A curve C in L3 vilh arameler l salisfying a l b is a conlinuous ma X(l) of a
inlervaI |a, bj lo LucIidian sace L3:
X(t) |x(l) y(l) z(l)j (5.1)
The curve slarls al lhe oinl X(a) and ends al lhe oinl X(b). Somelimes, one or
bolh endoinls of lhe curve are absenl, so in generaI lhe domain of a curve may be
an inlervaI of any kind. X(t): is caIIed a aramelric reresenlalion of a curve
ReguIur Curte
Ior our uroses, ve shaII suose lhal our curves are dierenliabIe, in lhe sense
lhal lhe comonenls, a, are reaI funclions of l ossessing derivalives of aII orders .
Consider a curve C vilh a aramelric reresenlalion X(t) |x(l) y(l) z(l)j
The derivalive of such a veclor X evaIualed al i i
0
is given by
X( t0 ) |x(l
0
) y(l
0
) z(l
0
)j (5.2)
The curve X(t) is reguIar if lhe condilion X( t0 ) = 0 is salisfied.
Any oinl al vhich lhe condilion is nol salisfied is caIIed a singuIar oinl.
If lhe derivalives of aII oinls on lhe curve lo lhe order r exisl and if lhe curve
is reguIar lhroughoul, lhen lhe curve is said lo be C
r
.
J motmo jooe|to 2011
LxumpIe
The circuIar heIix is defined as foIIovs:
X(i) ( 2cos(l), 2sin(i), 3i )
The foIIoving figure shovs lhe curve in inlervaI |0 sl s4PIj. The iniliaI oinl is (2,
0, 0) and lhe endoinl is (2, 0, 12PI). Nole lhal lhis curve Iies on lhe cyIinder of
radius 2 and axis lhe z-axis.
Il has derivalive veclor
X(l)(-2sin l, 2cos l, 3)
Tungent Vector
Consider a fixed oinl Q and a moving oinl P on a curve. As oinl P moves
lovard X, lhe veclor from Q lo P aroaches lhe langenl veclor al Q. The Iine lhal
conlains lhe langenl veclor is lhe langenl Iine.
Comuling lhe langenl veclor al a oinl is very simIe. RecaII from your caIcuIus
knovIedge lhal lhe derivalive of aramelric curve X(i) is lhe foIIoving:
, ) , ) , ) , ) , )
' ' , ' , ' . t x t v t : t = X
In generaI, lhe Ienglh of lhe langenl veclor X'(u) is nol one, and normaIizalion is
required.
length und nuturuI purumetrlzutlon
The Ienglh L of a reguIar curve X(l) can be defined as
, ( ) ,
b
a
L t dt ' =
}
X
The Ienglh of a curve is invarianl under rearamelrizalion and lherefore a
differenliaI geomelric roerly of lhe curve.
Ior each reguIar Cr-curve X(l) ve can define a funclion
0
( ) , ( ) , , ( ) ,
t
ds
s t X t dt X t
dt
' ' = =
}
Nov vriling ll(s)
ve gel a rearamelrizalion of X(l) vhich is caIIed naluraI, arc-Ienglh
aramelrizalion X(l(s))
, ) , )
t s ( ) s = X X
.
s(l) is caIIed lhe naluraI arameler of X(l) .
Arc Iength of pIune curte X(t) = |I(t) , g(t){
The, aramelric curves oflen reresenl lhe molion of a arlicIe or mechanicaI
syslem.
When ve lhink of a aramelric curve as reresenling Iane molion, ve need a vay
lo measure lhe dislance lraveIed by lhe arlicIe. This dislance is given by lhe arc
Ienglh, , of a curve. Ior a aramelric curve , X(t) |f(l) , g(l)j , lhe arc Ienglh of
lhe curve for aslsb is given beIov:
Unlt Tungent Vector T
Nov if ve consider lhe naluraI aramelrizalion , ) , )
t s ( ) s = X X
, ve oblain
, ( ) , 1
ds
s
ds
' = = X
Is lo say ( ) s ' = T X
is a unil langenl lo curve

LxumpIe
Lel lhe circuIar heIix is defined as foIIovs:
X(i) ( 2cos(l), 2sin(i), 3i )
Then
, ) , ) , ) , ) , )
2 2
2
t 2sin t, 2cos t, 3 and t 2sin t 2cos t 3 4 4 9 17 = = + = + + = X X
0
2 2 3
( ) sin
s
( ) , ( ) , 17 and t
17
s
,
s
So
17 17 1
cos ,
is a unit tangent vector to heli
7 17 17
x
t
s
d
s
ds
t X t dt t ' = =
| |
| |
\ . \
|
=
|
\ . .
}
X T

NormuI Vector n
Lel T(s) a Inil Tangenl Veclor lo curve X(s) , lhal is
, ) , ) , ) 1
d
s s s
ds
' = =
X
T X T
Nov, need lo find lvo olher unil veclors erendicuIar lo T(s) .
We can gel one of lhem by roving lhe foIIoving :
Proposltlon
, ) if
d
s
ds
'
T
T lhen T(s) and T'(s) are orlhogonaI for aII s. We can rove T(i) and
T'(i) are orlhogonaI by shoving T(i)T'(i) 0:
proof
, ) , ) , )
, ) , ) j
, ) , ) , ) , )
, ) , )
, ) , )
2
1
1
0
2 0
0
s s s
d d
s s
ds ds
s s s s
s s
s s
= =
= 1
]
' ' + =
' =
' =
T T T
T T
T T T T
T T
T T
Then ve can define lhe unil veclor n, erendicuIar lo T by lhe exression:
, )
, )
( )
s
s
s
'
'
T
n
T
The lrenet Serret lormuIus for u Curte
Given a curve X (s), Irenel and Serrel buiIl a sct of lhree orlhogonaI unil veclors:
1. T, lhe unil langenl veclor lo lhe curve,
2. n, lhe unil normaI veclor lo lhe curve coIIinear vilh lhe veclor
, )
d
s
ds
'
T
T
3. B, lhe unil binormaI veclor defined as Tn.
The rales of change of lhese veclors vilh resecl lo arc Ienglh s lhen lake lhe
simIe form
0 0
0
0 0
d ds
d
d ds
ds
d ds
1 1 1 1

=

] ] ] ]
T T / T
n n / n
B B / B

n
n

]
T + B
vhere
d
ds
=
T
is lhe curvalure and
d
ds
=
B
is lhe lorsion of lhe curve.
Aboul 1880 }ean Gaslon Darboux generaIized lhis resuIl lo surfaces and around
1900 LIie Carlan fuIIy generaIized il.
LxumpIe
Considering lhe heIix in lhe revious examIe ve have
, )
2 2 3
( ) sin , cos ,
s s
17 17 1
-0.485sin(0.243s) ,0.485cos(0.243s), 0
7 1
.728
7 17
d
s
ds
|
=
|
\ .
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .
T X
Differenlialing T yieIds
d
ds
=
T
(-(2/(17))cos(1/(17))!(17)s, -(2/(17))sin(1/(17))!(17)s , 0)
(-0.11765cos(0.243s), -0.11765sin(0.243s), 0)
2
2
d
ds
=
T
(-(2/(17))cos(1/(17))!(17)s)+(-(2/(17))sin(1/(17))!(17)s)
4
289
and
4
0.11765
289
d
ds
= = =
T
1
0.11765
d
ds
=
T
N | -cos(0.243s), -sin(0.243s), 0j
TN|0.72761sin0.243s , -0.72761cos0.243s , 0.485j
|0.17681cos(0.243s) , 0.17681sin(0.243s) , 0 j
dB
ds
0.17681 , 0.17681 (heIix is Iefl-handed)
The oscuIutlng pIune
DcIinitinn
Thc nscu!ating p!anc in lhe geomelry of LucIidean sace curves can be described
in being lhe IIinear sam of lhe langenl veclor T and normaI n
Surfuces
A sheII is a inin |aqcr of maleriaI. ConsequenlIy, lhe kinemalics of a sheII are
inlimaleIy reIaled lo lhe geomelry of surfaces, lhe boundary surfaces, or some
inlermediale surface. In mosl raclicaI lheories, lhe dierenliaI geomelry of one
reference surface comIeleIy delermines lhe slrain comonenls lhroughoul lhe
lhickness. Our sludy is Iimiled lo lhose asecls of lhe geomelry vhich are
essenliaI lo a fuII underslanding of lhese lheories of sheIIs.
6.0 Purumetrlc surfuces
Secifying a surface aramelricaIIy requires lvo aramelers. Ior examIe every
surface lhal is lhe grah of a funclion f(x,q) can aIso be described aramelricaIIy by
Ielling lhe aramelers be x and q.
Oflen lhe lvo aramelers are IabeIed u and t, lhus lhis concel exlends lo
aramelerizalion of a surjacc in lhree dimensionaI sace as an oulul of lhe veclor
vaIued funclion:
r(u,t) x(u,v)i + y(u,v)| + z(u,v) k | x(u,v) , y(u,v) , z(u,v) j
The aramelerized surface is a veclor vaIued funclion r(u,t) of lvo variabIes,
vhere lhe oinls (u,v) Iie in some region R of lhe uv Iane.
Lel us comare and conlrasl lhe aramelerizalion of a surface vilh lhal of a sace
curve. A sace curve is described by lhe veclor funclion:
X(t) |x(l) y(l) z(l)j
vhere a<l<b. A sace curve is a one-dimensionaI ob|ecl, simiIar lo a iece of
slring. Lach coordinale x,y and z deends onIy on one arameler, l. Lach oinl on
lhe curve corresonds lo a differenl vaIue of l.
A surface is a lvo dimensionaI ob|ecl. One needs lvo aramelers lo uniqueIy
define a oinl on a surface.
vaIued funclion:
vaIued funclion:
Iigure 1 Surface r(u,v)
y fixing u and varying lhe olher arameler v ve gel a uconsl curviIinear
coordinale
LxumpIe huIf-cone
Iind a aramelrizalion of lhe haIf-cone z .
SoIulion:
Ior a fixed z, lhe cross seclion is a circIe vilh radius z.
So, if z u, lhe aramelerizalion of lhal circIe is
x u cos v, y u sin v, for 0 s v s 2.
The aramelerizalion of vhoIe surface is
r(u,v) (x(u,v),y(u,v),z(u,v)) (u.cos(v), u.sin(v), u)
for 0 s v s 2, 0 s u s~.
The curves u conslanl are circIes, vhereas lhe curves
v conslanl are slraighl Iines lhal ass lhrough lhe verlex of
lhe cone
Busls tectors on Surfuce
coordinale
LxumpIe huIf-cone
SoIulion:
for 0 s v s 2, 0 s u s~.
lhe cone
coordinale
LxumpIe huIf-cone
SoIulion:
for 0 s v s 2, 0 s u s~.
lhe cone
Consider a surface r(u,t) x(u,v)i + y(u,v)| + z(u,v) k.
The differenliaI dr veclor lhe osilion r is given by:
..
Proposltlon
The veclors
1 2
and a a are langenl veclor fieIds aIong lhe arameler curves
vconslanl and uconslanl resecliveIy.
Proof
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
u s
where is the unit tangent along the curve vconstant.
s
ds ds
du du
| c c
= = =
|
c c
\ .
c
=
c
r r
a t
r
t
Thal roosilion is aIso cIear lhal lhe a1 moduIe, vhich viII be indicaled by h1, is
given by:
1
1 11 11 1 1 2
, where
ds
h a a
du
= = = = a a a
Notutlons
In lhe lheory of sheIIs, lradilionaIIy, lhe a1 moduIe is indicaled by A, vhiIe lhe
moduIe of a2 is denoled by .
Thus ve have lhe foIIoving nolalions:
1 2
1 2
du dv u v
u v
where
and
u v
are the vectors of a base, located at a point P on the surface
More precisely such vectors are the tangent plane passing through P
d d d
c c
= + = +
c c
c c
= =
c c
r r
r a a
r r
a a
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2
and
Futhermore
and
h A h B
A B
= = = =
= =
a a
a t a t
Notutlon ln sheII Theor
In lhe lheory of sheIIs lhe aramelers u and v are usuaIIy indicaled by Greek Iellers
U
1
and U
2
resecliveIy. To describe lhe sace of lhe sheII is inlroduced a lhird
arameler 0
3
The osilion veclor lo a oinl P on lhal surface is
K(U
1
, U
2
, 0) = r(U
1
, U
2
).
Lel 0
3
be lhe dislance aIong lhe normaI lo our reference surface (0
3
0) and
Iel a
3
denole lhe unil ncrna| veclor al lhe oinl P . Then lhe osilion veclor lo
an arbilrary oinl P is
F(0
1
, 0
2
, 0
3
) r(0
1
, 0
2
) + 0
3
a
3
(0
1
, 0
2
).
Observe lhal 0
o(
o 1, 2) are arbilrary coordinales of lhe surface, vhiIe
0
3
is a seciaI coordinale, lhe !isiancc aIong lhe normaI.
Then lhe langenl base veclors g is
_
o
r
,o
+ 0
3
a
3,o
, _
3
a
3
, (8.3a, b)
vhere lhe Greek indices have lhe range 1, 2. Lel us denole lhe langenl veclors
al lhe reference surface as foIIovs:
a
i
(0
1
, 0
2
) = _
i
(0
1
, 0
2
, 0).
1 2 1 2
and

c c
= =
c c
R R
a a
AIso, Il foIIovs lhal
,
A air of veclors langenl lo lhe coordinale curves on lhe surface may be defined
by.
, 1 or 2.

c
= =
c
a

Here and lhroughoul lhis seclion, ve adol lhe convenlion lhal Greek indices can
have onIy lhe vaIues 1 or 2. The veclors
1 2
( , ) g g are lhe covarianl base veclors
associaled vilh lhe surface coordinales
1 2
( , ) . If lhe condilion
0 =
1 2
a a
A arlicuIar IocaI choice of coordinales is caIIed a cccr!inaic paicn and il is simIy a
ma from a orlion of L_2 inlo L _3 .
Regulur coorJlnute putchex
}usl as for a curve ve vanl aramelrizalion vilh a suilabIe degree of
differenliabiIily and a reguIarily condilion. Ior curves ve vanled lhe derivalives
lo be nonzero, for surfaces lhe corresonding requiremenl is lhal lhe lvo arliaI
derivalives are IinearIy indeendenl. This can be formuIaled as lhe foIIoving
definilion.
DcIinitinn . A cccr!inaic paicn (or cnari or |cca| parancirizaiicn) of cIass C| is a one-
lo-one C| ma r : U _3 , vhere U is an oen subsel of _2 vilh coordinales (
1
u,
2
t) and r/u_ r/v 0 on U. The air (u, t) are caIIed |cca| parancicrs or |cca|
cccr!inaics, and lhe image of lhe Iines t conslanl or u conslanl are caIIed lhe firsl
and second parancicr |incs resecliveIy, see Iigure.
Observe lhal if r : U _3 is a coordinale alch of cIass C|, and V U is and
oen subsel of U, lhen r+V : V _3 is a coordinale alch of cIass C| loo.
, )
3 3
, a

c
c

g a R

, )
3 3
a a

c
c
= + g

1J motmo jooe|to 2011
Fxumplex of Surfucex
Lx.. 1 . The surface of revoIulion
Lx. 2. On lhe righl heIicoid given by
shov lhal lhe aramelric curves are circuIar heIices and slraighl Iines.
1he tungent plune
The ian_cni spacc al a oinl p of a surface is lhe sel of aII veclors langenl al p lo curves on
lhe surface assing lhrough p. In generaI lhis sace viII be 2-dimensionaI, and in lhis case,
il is caIIed lhe ian_cni p|anc lo lhe surface al lhe oinl p.
Ior a surface given aramelricaIIy, lhe langenl Iane usuaIIy can be comuled by
comuling lhe langenls lo lhe aramelric curves lhrough lhe oinl p and (if lhey
are nol araIIeI) .
Unlt normuI tector n to u reguIur surfuce
The unil normaI veclor N lo a reguIar surface is given by:
3 3
1 2
1 2
= =
a a
g a N
a a

The surface ermulalion lensor may be used lo caIcuIale lhe cross roducl of lvo
surface veclors and v : u u g v g

= =
u v . u v

= N
5n N can be defined by
1
.
2
a
where a
= =
=
1 2
o
1 2
a a
N a a
a a
Reclprocul buxe vector
The reciprocal base vector which is normal to the surface is given by

k k
a
1 2 1 2
( , ) ( , , 0),
k k
a g
3
` ` .
3 3 3
a a g a
The veclors
o
a can be exressed as a Iinear combinalion of
o
a and vice versa:
o o
o o
a a a ,a a a .
Conlravarianl base veclors ( )
1 2
a , a , vhich aIong vilh lhe covarianl base
veclors
1 2
(a , a ) Iie in a Iane langenl lo lhe surface, may be defined by
.
=
o
a .a
A surface lensor is a lensor lhal can be resoIved aIong ( )
1 2
a , a or
1 2
(a , a ) , for
examIe,
v , T . v T

= =

o
a a a
Metrlc propertles of u surfuce fundumentuI forms
There are lhree lyes of so-caIIed fundamenlaI forms. The mosl imorlanl are lhe
firsl and second (since lhe lhird can be exressed in lerms of lhese). The
fundamenlaI forms are exlremeIy imorlanl and usefuI in delermining lhe melric
roerlies of a surface, such as Iine eIemenl, area eIemenl, normaI curvalure,
Gaussian curvalure, and mean curvalure.
llRST lUNDAMLNTAl lORM
The dislance of lvo oinls P and P+dP on a curve in a reguIar surface is found by
caIcuIalig
2
ds d d = r r
subsliluling for dr lhe vaIue
1 2
du dv + a a , ve find
ds
2
(
1 2
du dv + a a ) (
1 2
du dv + a a )
2 2
E du 2F du dv G dv + + , ()
vhere
1 1 1 2 2 2 11 12 22
E a , F a , G a and = = = = a a a a a a ()
The exression () for ds
2
is caIIed lhe firsl fundamenlaI form of lhe surface. Il is a
quadralic differenliaI form, ils square rool ds can be laken as lhe moduIus of lhe
veclor differenliaI dr on lhe surface, and is caIIed lhe eIemenl of arc. Since ds is a
Ienglh,
2 2 2
( , ) 2 ds I du dv E du F du dv G dv = = + +
is aIvays osilive (excel zero for du dv 0), such a form is caIIed osilive
definile.
The above exression can be vrillen in lensor nolalion as foIIovs
, )
2
2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2
11 12 22
( , ) 2 ( ) ds I d d a d a d d a d a d d

= = + + =
Thal is
2 1 2
( , ) ds I d d a d d

= =
The dlfferentluI Iength of urc uIong the purumetrlc curtes
AIong lhe aramelric curves lhemseIves, lhe differenliaI Ienglh of arc lakes lhe
simIified forms:
2
1
2
2
1 2
E du E du Adu (along vconstant)
E dv G dv Bdu (along uconstant)
1 1
and
v
ds
ds
s A u s B
=
=
c c c c
= =
c c c c
Unltury vectorx: buxe
The unil veclor langenliaI lo lhe curve v consl, is lhus
1 1
1
1 1
s A u A
c c
= = =
c c
r r
a e
SimiIarIy lhe Ienglh of an eIemenl of lhe curve u consl is ds2, and lhe unil langenl
lo lhis curve is
2 2
2
1 1
s B v B
c c
= = =
c c
r r
a e
OrthogonuI purumetrlc curtes
The angIe
v conslanl (hence u arbilrary, dv 0), is given by
2 2
1 2
12
a F dv du F
cos(
0)
E G
G dv E du
h h
= =
Then lhe aramelric curves are orlhogonaI if I 0
SLCOND lUNDAMLNTAl lORM
The curtuture tector
The second fundamenlaI form can be oblained by laking on lhe surface a curve C
assing lhrough a oinl P, and considering lhe curvalure veclor of C al P
When T is lhe unil langenl veclor of C, lhis curvalure
veclor k is
n
s

c
= =
c
T
k
We nov decomose k inlo a comonenl k n
normaI and a comonenl kg langenliaI lo
lhe surface
k kn + kg.
The normuI curtuture
The veclor k n is caIIed veclor and can be exressed in lerms of lhe unil surface
normaI veclor N :
, vhere
n
is lhe scaIar normaI curvalure. The veclor kn is delermined by C aIone
(nol by any choice of lhe sense of l or N), lhe scaIar
n
deends for ils sign on lhe
sense of N.
The second fundumentuI form
Irom lhe exressions
n n
s
c
= =
c
T
N k N and equalion N T 0 ve oblain by
differenlialion aIong C:
kn(dT/ds) dN -TdN /ds -(dr/ds).(dN/ds)
or
n 2
dr.dN

ds
|
=
|
\ .
Lel us consider lhe firsl lhe righl-hand side of lhis exression.
Nov, if ve nolice lhal
n
n
n
n
or
=
=
N k
k N
, )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
dr.dN du dv 2 v v
where L , 2M , N
and
ds E du 2F du dv G dv
N
du dv Ldu Mdud Nd
u v
u v u u
c c
|
+ = + +
|
c c
\ .
c c c c
+
c c c c
+ +
1 2
1 1
N
a a
N N N N
a a a a
And if subslilule lhe foregoing exressions inlo
n 2
dr.dN

ds
|
=
|
\ .
, ve oblain
The numeralor
, )
2 2
II du,dv Ldu 2MdudvNdv
Is referred lo as lhe second fundamenlaI differenliaI form
PrlnclpuI curtutures
The rinciaI curvalures are lhe rools x1, x2 of lhe quadralic equalion
or
Guusslun curtuture K und the meun curtuture H
The Gaussian curvaturc K x1x2 and lhe mcan curvaturc H 1/2(x1 + x2) can be
comuled as foIIovs:
, )
, )
2 2
n 2 2
II du,dv
Ldu 2MdudvNdv
I du,dv E du 2F du dv G dv
= =
+ +
The rinciaI curvalures and lhe mean curvalure change lhe sign if lhe orienlalion
of lhe surface is reversed, and lhe Gaussian curvalure is enlireIy indeendenl of
lhe aramelrizalion. The sign of K coincides vilh lhe sign of IN - M
2
, lhe
delerminanl of lhe second fundamenlaI form.
The shupe of the surfuce neur thut polnt P
The sign of lhe Gaussian curvalure al a oinl delermines lhe shae of lhe surface
near lhal oinl: for K > 0 lhe surface is IocaIIy convex and lhe oinl is caIIed c||ipiic,
vhiIe for K < 0 lhe surface is saddIe shaed and lhe oinl is caIIed nqpcr|c|ic. The
oinls al vhich lhe Gaussian curvalure is zero are caIIed para|c|ic. In generaI,
araboIic oinls form a curve on lhe surface caIIed lhe para|c|ic |inc.
Thc curvaturc tcnsnr B
Lel us redenole lhe coecienls of lhe second fundamenlaI form using index
nolalions:
lhal is
3,
, b b

= =
o
a a
3,
. b

=
o
a a
lhe coefficienls b
i|
of lhe second fundamenlaI form II, invoIving onIy lhe
derivalives of r.
ij ij
b r N =
vhere
2
i j
0 0
if
=
c
c c
r
r
. Now we can write in terms of the tensor b, the second form II as follows
11 11 1
12 21 12 2 1
22 22 2
1 2 1 2
1
1 2
2
b ,
b b , ,
b ,
where
, and , ,
v
L
M
N
u
= =
= = = =
= = =
c c c c
= = = =
c c c c
N r N a
N r N a N a
N r N a
N N N N
N N
II (du
o
, du
) b
o
du
o
du
Fxumple: xpherlcul xurfuce

Conslder a sphere ol radlus r, whose expresslon ls as lollows
, ) , ) , ) , ) , )
, ) , )
, , , , , ,
sin cos , sin sin , cos sin cos , sin sin , cos r r r r

=
= =
r r r r
1he basls vectors are
, )
, )
1
2
cos cos , cos sin , sin
sin sin , sin cos , 0
r r r
r r

= =
= =
r a
r a
now we can calculate the metrlc lactors L, l, C, the unltary normal
vector n and the elements L, M, n and the second lundamental lorm
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
cos cos cos sin sin
cos sin
sin cos sin cos sin cos sin cos
0
sin sin sin cos
sin
E r r r
r r r
F r r
G r r
r

= = + +
= + =
= = +
=
= = +
=
r r
r r
r r

, ) sin cos , sin sin , cos
since

= =
r r
N
r r
, ) , ) , ) , )
2
2
sin sin cos sin sin cos
and
sin
r i f k
r

= + +
=
r r
r r
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
sin cos sin sin cos
sin cos sin cos sin cos sin cos 0
sin cos sin sin sin
L r r r r
M r r
N r r r

= = =
= = + =
= = =
N r
N r
N r
II (du
o
, du
) b
o
du
o
du

, ) , ) , ) , ) , )
, ) , )
, , , , , ,

=
= =
r r r r
, )
, )
1
2
r r r
r r

= =
= =
r a
r a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
cos cos cos sin sin
cos sin
0
sin sin sin cos
sin
E r r r
r r r
F r r
G r r
r

= = + +
= + =
= = +
=
= = +
=
r r
r r
r r

since

= =
r r
N
r r
, ) , ) , ) , )
2
2
and
sin
r i f k
r

= + +
=
r r
r r
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
sin cos sin sin cos
sin cos sin sin sin
L r r r r
M r r
N r r r

= = =
= = + =
= = =
N r
N r
N r
II (du
o
, du
) b
o
du
o
du

, ) , ) , ) , ) , )
, ) , )
, , , , , ,

=
= =
r r r r
, )
, )
1
2
r r r
r r

= =
= =
r a
r a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
cos cos cos sin sin
cos sin
0
sin sin sin cos
sin
E r r r
r r r
F r r
G r r
r

= = + +
= + =
= = +
=
= = +
=
r r
r r
r r

since

= =
r r
N
r r
, ) , ) , ) , )
2
2
and
sin
r i f k
r

= + +
=
r r
r r
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
sin cos sin sin cos
sin cos sin sin sin
L r r r r
M r r
N r r r

= = =
= = + =
= = =
N r
N r
N r
, )
, ) , )
, )
2 2 2
1 2 2 4 2 2
3 2
1 2
2 4 2
1 2
sin 1 1 1
KGaussian curvature
sin
1 2
1 2 sin 1 1 1 1 1
HMean Curvature
2 2 2 2 sin
1
LN M r
EG F r r r r
LG MF NE
r
r r r EG F r
r
| |
= = = = =
| |
\ . \ .
+

| |
= = = = + = +
`
| |
\ . \ . )
|
= =
|
\ .
Chrlxtogel xymbolx for the xurfuce
In accordance vilh ( ), ve dehne lhe ChrisloeI symboIs for lhe surface
coordinales:
,
, ( 1, 2, 0)

I a a
Here, lhe ( ( 1, 2, 0)
I ) signifies lhal lhe symboI is evaIualed al middIe surface

0
3
0
erlvutlvex of buxlx vectorx
In this particular case the connection I provide the evaluation of the curvilinear
derivatives of system of vectors as follows:
1 2 3 3 3
1 2 3 3
( )
k
k

c
= I = I + I + I = I + I = I + I
c
a a a a a a a a N
where
3
I are related with the coefficients B
of the second fundamental form of the

surface by
3
B

I =
where
3 ,
b

= a a
for o and
1, 2
. So
( ) b
c
= I +
c
a a N
SimiIarIy ve can caIcuIale lhe derivalives of lhe veclor N for lhe coordinales q1
and q2 by lhe exression:
3
3 3
( )

c
= I + I
c
N a N
Deriving N.N 1 ve see lhal
3
3
I 0. Thus lhe above exression can be reduced lo
3
( )

c
= I
c
N a
0uuxx-Welngurten equutlons
DeveIoing aII lhese derivalives exIicilIy, ve oblain a sel of exressions knovn as
"Gauss-Weingarlen equalions":
1 2
1 11 1 11 2 11 1
1 2
2 12 1 12 2 12 1 1 2
1 2
2 22 1 22 2 22 2
1 2
31 1 31 2 1
1 2
32 1 32 2 2
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
b
b
b
c
= I + I +
c
c c
= I + I + =
c c
c
= I + I +
c
c
= I + I
c
c
= I + I
c
a a a N
a a a N a
a a a N
N a a
N a a
and
3
3 3
( )

c
= I + I
c
N a N
3
3
3
( )

c
= I
c
N a
1 2
1 11 1 11 2 11 1
1 2
2 12 1 12 2 12 1 1 2
1 2
2 22 1 22 2 22 2
1 2
31 1 31 2 1
1 2
32 1 32 2 2
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
b
b
b
c
= I + I +
c
c c
= I + I + =
c c
c
= I + I +
c
c
= I + I
c
c
= I + I
c
a a a N
a a a N a
a a a N
N a a
N a a
and
3
3 3
( )

c
= I + I
c
N a N
3
3
3
( )

c
= I
c
N a
1 2
1 11 1 11 2 11 1
1 2
2 12 1 12 2 12 1 1 2
1 2
2 22 1 22 2 22 2
1 2
31 1 31 2 1
1 2
32 1 32 2 2
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
b
b
b
c
= I + I +
c
c c
= I + I + =
c c
c
= I + I +
c
c
= I + I
c
c
= I + I
c
a a a N
a a a N a
a a a N
N a a
N a a
and
2J motmo jooe|to 2011
1 1 2 3
31 31 1 1
1 1 2 2
32 32 2 2
( ) , ( )
( ) , ( )

c c
I = I =
c c
c c
I = I =
c c
N a N a
N a N a

Surfaces and Curves: Resumo Sobre Curvas e Superfícies

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Surfaces and Curves: Resumo Sobre Curvas e Superfícies

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1

is a unil langenl lo curve

14 motmo jooe|to 2011

Reclprocul buxe vector

The reciprocal base vector which is normal to the surface is given by

Fxumple: xpherlcul xurfuce

Fxumple: xpherlcul xurfuce

Fxumple: xpherlcul xurfuce

I ) signifies lhal lhe symboI is evaIualed al middIe surface

I are related with the coefficients B

of the second fundamental form of the

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