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6/7/10
DesignExpert8UsersGuide FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial1
FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial
Introduction
Attheoutsetofyourexperimentalprogramyoumaybetemptedtodesignone
comprehensiveexperimentthatincludesallknownfactorstogettheBIGPicture
inoneshot.Thisassumesthatyoucanidentifyalltheimportantfactorsandtheir
optimallevels.Amoreefficient,andlessrisky,approachconsistsofasequenceof
smallerexperiments.Youcanthenassessresultsaftereachexperimentanduse
whatyoulearnfordesigningthenextexperiment.Factorsmaybedroppedor
addedinmidstream,andlevelsevolvedtotheiroptimalrange.
Highlyfractionatedexperimentsmakegoodbuildingblocksforsequential
experiments.ManypeopleusePlackettBurmandesignsforthispurpose,butwe
preferthestandardtwolevelapproachortheminimumrun(MinRun)options
offeredbyDesignExpert

software.Regardlessofyourapproach,youmaybe
confoundedintheinterpretationofeffectsfromtheselowresolutiondesigns.Of
particularconcern,maineffectsmaybealiasedwithplausibletwofactor
interactions.Ifthisoccurs,youmightbeabletoeliminatetheconfoundingby
runningfurtherexperimentsusingafoldoverdesign.Thistechniqueaddsfurther
fractionstotheoriginaldesignmatrix.
Wewilldiscussfoldoverdesignsthatoffertheabilityto:
freemaineffectsfromtwofactorinteractions,or
dealiasamaineffectandallofitstwofactorinteractionsfromothermain
effectsandtwofactorinteractions.
DesignExpertsFoldoverfeatureautomaticallygeneratestheadditionaldesign
pointsneededforeithertypeoffoldover.
SaturatedDesignExample
LanceLegstronghasoneweektofinetunehisbicyclebeforetheearlybirdSpring
meet.Hedecidestotestsevenfactorsinonlyeightrunsaroundthequartermile
track.WeshowLancesdesignbelow,whichcanbesetupfromDesignExpertvia
itsfactorialtabwiththedefaultdesignbuilderfora2LevelFactorial.Itis
saturatedwithfactors,thatis,nomorecanbeaddedforthegivennumberof
runs.(InspirationforthiscasestudycamefromStatisticsforExperimenters,2
nd

Edition(Wiley,2005)byBox,HunterandHunter(BHH).InSection6.5,BHH
reportsaverysimilarstudywithafewfactorsandresultsdifferingfromthose
shownbelow.)
Whenyourtelevisionsetmisbehaves,youmaydiscoverthatakickintherightplace
oftenfixestheproblem,atleasttemporarily.However,foralongtermsolutionthe
reasonforthefaultmustbediscovered.Ingeneral,problemscanbefixedortheymay
besolved.Experimentaldesigncatalyzesbothfixingandsolving.
Box,HunterandHunter.

2FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide
Std Run A:
Seat
B:
Tires
psi
C:
Handle
Bars
D:
Helmet
Brand
E:
Gear
F:
Wheel
covers
G:
Gener-
ator
Time
1/4
mile
secs
1 2 Up 40 Up Windy Low Off Off 77
2 1 Down 40 Up Atlas High Off On 74
3 4 Up 50 Up Atlas Low On On 82
4 7 Down 50 Up Windy High On Off 47
5 6 Up 40 Down Windy High On On 72
6 3 Down 40 Down Atlas Low On Off 77
7 8 Up 50 Down Atlas High Off Off 48
8 5 Down 50 Down Windy Low Off On 83
Experimentaldesignandresults
Asyouwillseeinamomentviaanevaluation,thisisaresolutionIIIdesignin
whichallmaineffectsareconfoundedwithtwofactorinteractions.(Toalertusers
abouttheselowresolutiondesigns,theyareredflaggedinthedesignbuilder
withinDesignExpert.)

TwolevelfactorialdesignbuilderinDesignExpert
LancewouldprefertorunaresolutionVorhigherexperiment,whichwouldgive
clearestimatesofmaineffectsandtheirtwofactorinteractions.Unfortunately,at
theveryleastthiswouldrequire30runsviatheminrunResVdesign(also
knownasMR5)inventedbyStatEasestatisticians.But30runsaretoomanyfor
theshorttimeremainingbeforecompetition.Lancebrieflyconsiderschoosingan
intermediateresolutionIVdesign(colorcodedacautionaryyellowinDesign
Expert),butseeingthatitrequires16runs,hedecidestoperformonlythe8runs
neededtoachievethelesserresolutionIII.
Tosavetimeondataentry,selectFile,Open DesignandchooseBiker.dxp.After
lookingoverthedata,checkoutthealiasstructureofthedesignbyclickingthe
Evaluationnodeontheleft.NotethatDesignExpertrecognizesthatthismeager
designcanonlymodelresponse(s)totheorderofmaineffects.Theprogramisset
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DesignExpert8UsersGuide FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial3
toproduceresultsshowingaliasinguptotwofactorinteractions(2FI)ignoring
termsof3FIormore.

Evaluatingthebikersexperiment
NowpresstheResultsbuttonatthetopofthedatawindowtoseetheimpactof
onlyrunningaResIIIdesigninthiscase.

Aliasstructureforfirstblockofbikingtimetrials
Thisdesignisa1/16thfraction,soeveryeffectwillbealiasedwith15othereffects,
mostofwhichareignoredbydefaulttoavoidunnecessaryscreenclutter.The
outputindicatesthateachmaineffectwillbeconfoundedwiththreetwofactor
interactions.
Dontbotherstudyingtheremainingdesignevaluationreport.ClicktheTime
milenodeintheanalysisbranchattheleftandEffectsatthetopofthedisplay
window.Startingfromtheright,clickthethreelargesteffects(orropethemoffas
4FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide
picturedbelow).Noticehowthelinejumpsupandagapappearsbetweenthe
trivialmanyeffectsnearthezeroeffectlevelandthevitalthreeeffectsthatyou
picked.

Effectgraphthreelargestonesselected
OnthefloatingEffects Tool,clickPareto Chart.

ParetochartselectedonEffectsTool
Thenonthechartitself,rightclickthebiggestbar(E)toshowitsaliasesasbelow.
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ParetochartofeffectswithaliasesdisplayedforthebarlabeledE
FactorsB(Tires),E(Gear),andG(Generator)areclearlysignificant.ClickANOVA
totestthisstatistically.Beforeyoucangothere,youareremindedviathewarning
shownbelowthatthisdesignisaliased.

Aliaswarning
Youknowaboutthisfromthedesignevaluation,soclickNotocontinue.(Option:
clickYestogobackandseethelist.ThenclicktheANOVAbutton.)Theoutput
shownbelowhastheView, Annotated ANOVAoptionturnedofftoprovidea
cleanerlookatthestatistics.
6FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide

ANOVAoutputunannotated
Lancegetsagreatfittohisdata.BasedonthenegativecoefficientforfactorB,it
seemsthathardtiresdecreasehistimearoundthetrack.Ontheotherhand,the
positivecoefficientsforfactorsEandGindicatethathighgeargiveshimbetter
speedandthegeneratorshouldbeleftoff.Thewholeapproachlooksvery
scientificanddefinitive.Infact,afteradjustinghisbicycleaccordingtotheresults
oftheexperiment,Lancegoesoutandwinshisrace!
However,Lancesfriend(andpersonalcoach)SherylSongbirdspotsafallacyinthe
conclusions.Shepointsoutthatallthemaineffectsinthisdesignareconfounded
withtwofactorinteractions.Maybeoneofthoseconfoundedinteractionsis
actuallywhatsimportant.Youmustrunatleastonemoreexperimenttoclearthis
up,saysSheryl.Thatsoundslikeagreatidea,saysLancetiredly,realizingthat
hewillneversleepeasyknowingthatsomedoubtremainsastotheidealsettings
forhisbike.
CompleteFoldoverDesign
TountanglethemaineffectsfromtheinteractionsinhisinitialresolutionIIIdesign,
Lancecanrunafoldover,whichrequiresareversalinallofthesignsonthe
originaleightruns.CombiningbothblocksofrunsproducesaresolutionIVdesign
allmaineffectswillbefreeandclearoftwofactorinteractions(2FIs).However,
allthe2FIsremainconfoundedwitheachother.
Tocreatethenewrunsforthefoldoverdesign,clicktheDesignnodeandthen
selectDesign Tools,Augment Design,Augment.
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Augmentthefirstblockofruns
Thisselectionbringsupthefollowingscreen.

Foldoveroptionsuggestedbydefault
ThedefaultsuggestionbyDesignExpertforFoldoverisgood,soclickOKto
continue.Theprogramnowlistswhichfactorstobefoldedover.Bydefault,
DesignExpertselectsallthefactors.Thisrepresentsacompletefoldover.Factors
canbeselectedorclearedwitharightclickonthefactor,orbydoubleclickingon
thefactor.

Choiceoffactorstofoldover
Inthiscaseitisbestthatallfactorsbefoldedover,soclickOKtocontinue.The
programdisplaysthefollowingwarning(reallyjustasuggestion).
8FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide

Suggestiontoevaluatefoldoverdesign
ClickYesandpressResultstoseetheaugmenteddesignevaluationmuch
better!

Aliasingafterfoldover
CompletefoldoverofaresolutionIIIdesignresultsinaresolutionIVdesign.The
proofforthiscaseisthatthemaineffectsarenowaliasedonlywiththreefactor
interactionsignoredbydefaultbecausetheyaresounlikely.SeeMontgomerys
DesignandAnalysisofExperimentstextbookforthedetailsonwhythishappens.By
theway,thepoweralsoincreasesduetothedoublingofexperimentalruns.If
youdliketoassessthis,gobacktotheModelscreenandchangetheOrdertoMain
effectsbeforerecomputingtheResults.ThenpressthePowerbuttononthe
floatingBookmarktool.
NowreturntothemainDesignnodeandselectView,Display Columns,Sort,
Std Order.(Tip:Aquickerroutetosortinganycolumnisviaarightclickonthe
header.)Noticehoweachruninblocktwoisthereverseofblockone.For
example,whereastheseat(factorA)wentup,downinblock1,itgoesdown,up
inblock2everythinggoesopposite.
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Foldedoverdesigninstandardorder
Lancesresultsfortheadditionalrunsappearinthefollowingtable.
Std Blk A:
Seat
B:
Tires
psi
C:
Handle
Bars
D:
Helmet
Brand
E:
Gear
F:
Wheel
covers
G:
Gener-
ator
Time
1/4 mile
secs
9 2 Down 50 Down Atlas High On On 57
10 2 Up 50 Down Windy Low On Off 93
11 2 Down 40 Down Windy High Off Off 84
12 2 Up 40 Down Atlas Low Off On 87
13 2 Down 50 Up Atlas Low Off Off 94
14 2 Up 50 Up Windy High Off On 57
15 2 Down 40 Up Windy Low On On 86
16 2 Up 40 Up Atlas High On Off 83
Experimentalresultsforfoldoverblock
TocontinuefollowingalongwithLance,withinyourResponse1column,enterhis
abovetimesforthefoldoverblock(Block2)ofeightruns,asshownbelow.Firstbe
sureyouhavechangedthedesignmatrixtostandardorder.Inputfactorsmust
matchupwiththeresponses,otherwisetheanalysisisnonsense.

Foldedoverdesigninstandardorderwithblock2times(secs)keyedin
10FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide
ClicktheTime milenodeanddisplaytheEffectsplot.Startingfromtheright,
clickthethreelargesteffects(orropethemoffasshownearlier).

Halfnormalplotofeffectsafterfoldover
ItnowappearsthatwhatlookedtobeeffectGreallymustbeAF.Becarefulthough
recallfromthedesignevaluationthatAFisaliasedwithBEandCDinthisfolded
overdesign.(Toseethis,youcangobackandlookatthescreenshotfrombefore
orpressEvaluationonyourscreenandlookattheReport.Or,evenbetter,just
rightclickonAFontheHalfNormalPlot(aspicturedabove)).DesignExpertpicks
AFonlybecauseitisthelowestinalphabeticalorderofallthealiasedterms.
Fromtheirsubjectmatterknowledge,LanceandSherylknowthatAF,the
interactionoftheseatpositionwiththewheelcovers,cannotoccur;andCD,the
interactionofhandlebarpositionwiththebrandofhelmet,shouldnotexist.They
aresuretheonlyfeasibleinteractionisBE,theinteractionoftirepressureand
gears.However,proceedwiththeANOVAonthemodelwiththetwofactor
interactionatthedefaultofAF
Thesoftwaregivesthefollowingwarningaboutmodelhierarchy.

Warningthatmodelisnothierarchical
BecauseyouselectedinteractionAF,theparentfactorsAandFmustbeincludedin
themodeltopreservehierarchy.Thismakesthemodelmathematicallycomplete.
ClickYestocorrectthemodelforhierarchy.
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Hierarchycorrected
Noticethatthesetwonewmodelterms,AandF,fallinthetrivialmanynearzero
populationofeffects.Thereforeyoumayfindthatoneorbotharenotvery
significantstatistically.Nevertheless,itisimportanttocarrythemalong.
PressforwardtoANOVAagain.YouarenowwarnedthatThis design contains
aliased terms. Do you want to switch to the View, Alias list?ClickNoto
continue.(YouwillreturnlatertothisAliasList,sodontworry.)
TheANOVAlooksgood.(FactorAisnotsignificantbutitsinthemodeltopreserve
hierarchy.)

ANOVAoutputafterfoldover
12FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide
ClickDiagnostics.Youwillseenothingabnormalhere.ThenclickModel Graphs
toviewtheAFinteractionplot.BecauseneitherAnorFasmaineffects
changestheresponseverymuch,theinteractionformsanX,asshownbelow.

TheAFinteractionplot
KeepinmindthatLanceandSherylknowthisinteractionoftheseatpositionwith
thewheelcoversreallycannotoccur,sowhatsshownonthegraphisnot
applicable.
InvestigationofAliasedInteractions
Lancedecidestoinvestigatetheother,moreplausible,interactionsaliasedwithAF.
Youcanfollowalongonyourcomputertoseehowthisworks.Lanceclicksback
ontotheEffectsbutton.Then,onthefloatingEffects Tool,heselectsAlias List.
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Viewingthealiaslist
HelocatesandrightclickstermAF,belowleft,thenselectsBE,resultinginthe
nextscreenshotshown.

SubstitutingBEforAF(beforeandafter)
Notethatthisactionisreversible,thatis,AFcanbesubstitutedbackinforBE.But
fornow,justtodosomethingdifferent,LanceselectsPareto Chartonthefloating
EffectsTool.TheeffectsofAandFremainfromthepriormodelinhierarchical
supportoftheAFinteraction.
14FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide

ParetochartwithBEsubstitutedforAF
NowwithinteractionBEasthesubstitute,thesetwomaineffects,clearly
insignificant,arenolongerneeded,soclickthebarslabeledF(ranked4
th
)andA
(6
th
)toturnoffthesevestigialmodelterms.Noticehowthissimplifiesintoafamily
ofeffects:B,EandBE.Inotherwords,thismodelachieveshierarchywithallterms
beingsignificantonanindividualbasis.Asageneralrule,asimpler(oras
statisticianssaymoreparsimonious)modellikethisshouldbefavoredoverone
thatrequiresmoreterms.Thisisespeciallytrueformodelswithparenttermsthat
arenotsignificantontheirown,suchastheoneyoucreatedearlierwiththe
orphanAF.
LancenowdisplaystheBEinteraction.Takealookatityourselfbyclickingthe
Model Graphsbutton.(ClickNoifadvisedtoviewaliasedinteractions.)
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TheBEinteractionplot(effectoftiresatlowversushighgear)
Lancefeelsthatitreallymakesmuchbettersensethisway.
NoticethatDesignExpertdisplaysagreenpointonthegraph,whichinfractional
factorials,onlyappearsundercertainconditions.Clickittoidentifythese
conditions.

Actualexperimentalrunidentified(enlargedcircle)
Attheleftofthegraphyounowseethatatthispointthetirepressure(B)equals40
psiandthegear(E)issethigh.Abovethatyouseetherunnumberidentified
(yoursmaydifferduetorandomization)andtheactualtimeof83seconds.The
otherfactors,notdisplayedonthegraph,wouldnormallydefaulttotheiraverage
levels,butbecausetheyarecategorical,thesoftwarearbitrarilychoosestheirlow
levels(redslidebarstotheleft).Thissetupmatchesthelastrowofthefoldoverin
standardorder.(Note:duetorandomization,yourrunnumbermaydifferfromthat
shownattheleftofthegraph.)
Ifyouprefertodisplaytheresultsasanaverageofthelowandhighlevels,clickthe
listarrowonthefloatingFactorsToolandmakeAverageyourselection,asshown
16FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide
below(alreadydoneforfactorsA:Seat,C:HandleBars,D:HelmetBrand,
F:Wheelcovers,andG:Generator).

Changingtoaveragelevelsforfactorsnotdisplayedintheinteraction
Noticethatthepointonthegraphnowdisappearsbecausetheaverageseatheight
wasnotoneofthelevelsactuallytested.Toreturntheinteractionplotbackto
originalsettings,pressDefaultontheFactorsTool.Thenplaywiththeother
settings.Seeifyoucanfindanyotherconditionsatwhichanactualrunwas
performed.Rememberthatevenwiththefoldover,youveonlyrun16outofthe
possible128(2
7
)combinations,soyouwontseeverymanypoints,ifany,onthe
graphs.Forexample,asshownbelow,oneoftheotheractualpoints(thegreen
circle)canbefoundwiththefactorssetonthefactorstoolsasshownbelow(high
generator).

AnotheractualpointdisplaybyresettingG:Generatortoitshighlevel
Justtocoverallbases,LancedecidestolookatthesecondaliasforAFtheCD
effect,eventhoughitjustdoesntmakesensethatC(handlebars)andD(helmet
brand)wouldinteract.Lanceseesthattheinteractionplotslookquitedifferent.
Whatasurprise!Ifyoucansparethetime,checkthisoutbygoingbacktothe
EffectsbuttonandselectingtoAliasList.ThenreplaceBEwithCDviatheright
clickmenu.(YoumustthenselectthefactorsCandDinthemodeltomakeit
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DesignExpert8UsersGuide FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial17
hierarchical.)Basedonhisknowledgeofbiking,Lancemakesaleapoffaith
decision:HeassumesthatBEistherealeffect,notCD.
NowwouldbeagoodtimetosaveyourworkbydoingaFile,Save Asandtyping
inanewname,suchasBiker2.
Inspiredbytheseexcitingresults,Lancebeginsworkonaletteradvisingthe
bicyclesuppliertochangehowtheyinitiallysetthemupforracers.However,
Lancesfriendandpersonalcoach,Sheryl,remindshimthatduetothealiasingof
twofactorinteractions,theystillhavenotproventheirtheoryaboutthecombined
impactoftirepressureandgearsetting.Youmustrunathirdexperimentto
confirmtheBEinteractioneffect,admonishesSheryl.IsupposeImust,replies
Lanceresignedly.
SingleFactorSemiFoldover
Sheryldeclares,Bymakingjusteightmorerunsyoucanproveyourassumption.
Wonderful,sighsLance,Pleaseshowmehow.Well,repliesSheryl,Ifyourun
thesamepointsasinthefirsttwoexperimentalblocks,butreversethepatternonly
fortheBfactor,thenBandallofitstwofactorinteractionswillbefreeandclearof
anyothertwofactorinteractions.Butthatrequires16moreruns,Lance
complains.Holdon,saysSheryl,IsawanarticlepostedbyStatEaseonHowTo
SaveRuns,YetRevealBreakthroughInteractions,ByDoingOnlyASemifoldoverOn
MediumResolutionScreeningDesignsat
http://www.statease.com/pubs/semifold.pdf.Itdetailshowyoucandoonlyhalf
thefoldoverandstillaccomplishtheobjectivefordealiasinga2FI.Thus,Lance
allowshimselftobecajoledintoanothereighttimesaroundthetrack.
YoucancreatetheextrarunsbyreturningtotheDesignnodeofDesignExpert
andfromthereselectingDesign Tools,Augment Design,Augment.The
programnowadvisesyoudotheSemifold.

Augmentingviasemifold
PressOKtobringupthedialogboxforspecifyingwhichrunswillbeaddedinwhat
nowwillbecomeathirdblockofrunsforLancetoride.InthefieldforChoose the
factor to fold on,selectB.LanceandSherylpuzzleoverthenextquestion,
Choose the factor and its level to retain,buttheyquicklysettleonD+the
Windybrandofhelmet,figuringthatthisfactordefinitelydoesnotaffectthe
response(andSheryllikesthelookofLancewearingthisbrandofhelmet!).
18FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide

Specifyingthesemifold
GivethistheOK,clickYesasadvisedtogotodesignevaluation,andifthewarning
aboutmissingdatacomesup,pressYesagain.Youshouldnowseethestarting
screenforEvaluationpressResultstoseethenewaliasstructure.Scrolldown
toviewthe2FIsandnoticethatBEisnowaliasedonlywiththreefactor
interactions.

Aliasingafterthesemifold
Noticethatsomeeffects,forexampleAB,arepartiallyaliasedwithothereffects.
Thisisanoffshootofthesemifold,causingtheoveralldesigntobecomenon
orthogonal,thatis,effectsnolongercanbeindependentlyestimated.Youwillseea
repercussionofthiswhenDesignExpertanalyzesthedata.
ClickthemainDesignbranchtoseetheaugmentedruns.ThenrightclicktheStd
columnheaderandselectSort by Standard Ordertogetitbackinstandard
order.
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Sortingbystandardorderagain
Lancesresultsforthethirdblockrunscanbeseeninthefollowingtable.
Std Blk A:
Seat
B:
Tires
psi
C:
Handle
Bars
D:
Helmet
Brand
E:
Gear
F:
Wheel
covers
G:
Gener-
ator
Time
1/4
mile
secs
17 3 Up 50 Up Windy Low Off Off 98
18 3 Down 40 Up Windy High On Off 88
19 3 Up 50 Down Windy High On On 61
20 3 Down 40 Down Windy Low Off On 92
21 3 Up 40 Down Windy Low On Off 91
22 3 Down 50 Down Windy High Off Off 60
23 3 Up 40 Up Windy High Off On 90
24 3 Down 50 Up Windy Low On On 97
Experimentalresultsforthirdblock(semifold)
Enterthetimesshownaboveintoyourblankresponsefields.Again,becertain
everythingmatchesproperly.ThengototheanalysisoftheTime Mileand
presstheEffectsbutton.Thefollowingwarningcomesupthatthedesignisnot
orthogonal(asexplainedabitearlier).

Warningaboutsemifoldnotbeingorthogonal
PressOK.Then,startingfromtheright,clickthethreelargesteffects(orropethem
aspicturedbelow).YouwillfindB,E,andinteractionBEtobesignificant.
20FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide

Halfnormalplotaftersemifold
NowontheEffectsToolpressRecalculate.

Recalculatingeffects
Theeffectsmayshiftveryslightlyyoumaynotnoticethechange.Thereisan
optiontoautomaticallyrecalculatethegraphuponselection.Rightclickwithinthe
graphborderandclickGraph Preferences.ClickintheRecalculate effects on
selectionboxsothecheckmarkappears(shownbelow).Ifthecheckmarkalready
appears(whichisthedefault),yourgraphautomaticallyrecalculatedsoyouwont
seeanychangewhenclickingrecalculate.

Automaticallyrecalculateeffectsoption
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DesignExpert8UsersGuide FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial21
WhenyoupressANOVA,theThisdesigncontainsaliasedtermswarningagain
appears.ClickYestoseethealiaslist,whichnowlooksmuchbetterthanbefore:
Themodel(M)termsarealiasedonlywithhighorderinteractionsthatarevery
unlikelytohaveanyimpactontheresponse.

Aliaslistbroughtupbysoftware
ClickANOVAagainandreviewtheresults.ThenmoveontoDiagnostics.Check
outallthegraphs.ThenclickModel Graphs.TheinteractionplotofBElooksthe
sameasbefore.Checkitout.Justtoputadifferentperspectiveonthings,onthe
Factors Tool,rightclickE:GearandselectitfortheX1axis.Younowgetaplotof
EB,ratherthanBE.Inotherwords,theaxesareflipped.Notethatthelinesare
nowdottedtosignifythatgearisacategoricalfactor(highorlow).OntheBEplot
thelinesweresolidbecauseB(tirepressure)isanumericalfactor,whichcanbe
adjustedtoanylevelbetweenthelowandhighextremes.

InteractionBEwithgearchosenforX1axis
22FractionalFactorialwithFoldoverTutorial DesignExpert8UsersGuide
Conclusion
Thankgoodnessfordesignedexperiments!exclaimsLance.IknownowthatifI
aminlowgearthenitdoesntmattermuchwhatmytirepressureis,butifIamin
highgearthenIcouldimprovemytimewithhighertirepressure.
Or,cautionsSheryl,Youcouldsaythatatlowtirepressureitdoesntreally
matterwhatgearyouarein,butathighpressureyouhadbetterbeinhighgear!
Whatever,moansLance.
AnotherthingInoticed,prodsSheryl,Youraveragetimeforeachsetofeight
runsincreasedalot.Itwas70secondsinthefirstexperiment,80inthesecondset
andalmost85secondsinthelastsetofruns.Youmusthavebeengettingtired.Its
agoodthingwecouldextracttheblockeffectorwemighthavebeenmisledinour
conclusions.
ItdoesntgetanybetterthanDOE,agreesLance.
Inthisinstance,bycarefulaugmentationofthesaturateddesignthroughthe
foldovertechniquesassuggestedbyDesignExpertsoftware(defaultsprovidedvia
augmentationtool),Lancequicklyfoundthesignificantfactorsamongthesevenhe
startedwith,andhepinneddownhowtheyinteracted.Heneededonly24runsin
totalbrokendownintothreeblocks.Amoreconservativeapproachwouldbeto
startwithaResolutionVdesign,whereallmaineffectsandtwofactorinteractions
wouldbefreefromothermaineffectsandtwofactorinteractions.Butthiswould
haverequired30experimentalrunsattheleastwiththeMR5design(offeredonly
byStatEase!),orfarmore(64)withthestandard,classicaltwolevelfractional
factorialdesign(2
71
).Andlestyouforget,LanceLegstrongmaynothavewonthe
earlybirdSpringmeetwithouttheresultsfromhisfirsteightrunexperiment.
Inthiscase,LancediscoveredawinningcombinationwiththesaturatedResolution
IIIdesign.Thus,hedevelopedafixfortheproblemviadesignofexperiments.
However,withoutthepromptingofSherylSongbird,hisfriendandpersonalcoach,
Lancemaynothavedonethenecessaryfollowupexperimentsviafoldoverto
determineexactlywhatcausedtheimprovement.ShehelpedhimuseDOEtosolve
theproblem.