Temperature and Heat

Engr. Albert S. Revilla, MSERM

Instructor
Temperature is a quantitative measure of hot and
cold or a relative measure, or indication of hotness
or coldness of a bod. The temperature of an
ob!ect is a number that uniquel determines
"hether it is hotter or colder than another ob!ect.
Atoms, molecules, and the phases of matter
An atom is the smallest unit of an element. A
molecule, "hich is a bound combination of atoms,
is the smallest unit of a compound. E#. $ater
molecule is composed of t"o atoms of hdrogen
and one atom of o#gen.
Matter e#ists in various phases, most commonl as
a solid, liquid, or gas. Molecules in a solid are
bound to one another as if connected b springs. A
solid has rigidit and retains its shape because the
average positions of the molecules in it are fi#ed.
Molecules in a liquid are freer to move, acting li%e
stic% ball bearings. Strong forces %eep the
molecules in a liquid from getting too close together
or too far apart, but the can slide over one another
"ith ease. A liquid "ill flo" and cannot retain its
shape unless it is in a container. In a gas,
molecules are much farther apart than in either
solids or liquids. &ecause of the large average
separation the forces bet"een molecules of a gas
act almost independentl of one another and "ill
escape if not in a closed container.
Temperature scales and the thermometer
The most familiar temperature scale in the united
states is the 'ahrenheit scale, "orld"ide the
(elsius scale, and the last "hich is important
mostl in scientific and technical "or% is the )elvin
scale. The ma!or difference bet"een temperature
scales are the si*e of their basic unit +the degrees,
and the temperature that the refer to as *ero. -ne
"a to define a temperature scale is to pic% t"o
easil reproducible temperatures and assigns them
arbitrar values. &oth the 'ahrenheit and the
(elsius scales are based on the free*ing and
boiling points of "ater.
The (elsius scale has .
.
( as the free*ing point
and /..
.
( as the boiling point. The 'ahrenheit
scale , 01
.
' as the free*ing point and 1/1
.
' as the
boiling point of "ater. Temperature on the t"o
scales can be converted to one another b using
the follo"ing equations2
T+
.
', 3 456T+
.
(, 7 01, T+
.
(, 3 6548 T+
.
', 9 01
.
:
$hen the temperature of an ob!ect is lo"ered,
some of the %inetic energ of its molecules is
removed. There is a lo"er limit to temperature; at
that limit all the energ possible has been removed
from the molecules. This lo"er limit is called the
absolute *ero, occurs at <1=0
.
(. the relationship
bet"een degrees (elsius and the )elvin is 2 T+), 3
T+
.
(, 7 1=0. The temperature scale is an absolute
temperature scale.
A thermometer is an device that measures
temperatures. The most common are mercur
thermometers and bimetallic strips. &oth of these
devices depend on the fact that most materials
e#pand "hen their temperatures is increased. A
thermometer ma ma%e use of an temperature<
dependent propert of an ob!ect, not onl the si*e
of changes in length or volume, but even the
character of electrical changes, or changes in color.
>ensit of an ob!ect depends on its temperature. If
the si*e of an ob!ect increases "hen its
temperature is increased, then the same amount of
mass occupies a larger volume. The densit of an
ob!ect therefore decreases "ith increasing
temperature. That is "h hot air rises. Hot air is
less dense than cold air and floats up"ard.
Heat
Is a form of molecular energ "hich ma be
produced and converted into other forms of energ.
The molecules of all bodies are in rapid motion and
an increase in the velocit of these particles
increases the heat of the bod. Similarl , a
decrease in the velocit of the molecules "ill
reduce the heat of a bod.
The la" of conservation of energ states that,
energ cannot be created, nor destroed. Ho"ever,
it ma be changed from one form to another.
Heat describes energ that is transferred from one
ob!ect to another because of a temperature
difference. Heat is an energ in motion, and once
transferred, the energ becomes part of the total
energ of the molecules of the ob!ect or sstem, its
internal energ.
The traditional unit of heat is the %ilocalorie +%cal,,
"hich is defined as the amount of heat needed to
raise the temperature of / %g of "ater /
.
(, at an
atmospheric pressure.
The &ritish unit of heat is the &ritish Thermal ?nit
+&T?,. -ne &T? is the quantit of heat required to
raise the temperature of / lb of "ater /
.
'. the
relation bet"een the %cal and the &T? is2 / &T? 3
..161 %cal.
Heat is a form of energ, and the proper unit of
energ is a !oule or a ft<lb, then the equivalence
bet"een heat energ is 2 / %cal 3 /... calories 3
@/AB C, /&T? 3 ==A ft<lb 3 /.66 C
Heat2 one cause of temperature change
Heat is defined as energ that flo"s as a result of
temperature differences. In nature, heat al"as
flo"s from hot to cold until a common temperature
is reached. Heat is onl one of man forms that
energ ma ta%e. Heat is the energ caused to flo"
b a temperature difference. $hen heat flo"s into
an ob!ect, it changes into another form of energ.
-ne obvious effect of heat input is to increase
temperature in "hich case it is converted to thermal
+internal, energ. Heat gain can increase
temperature. Heat transfer ma also cause phase
changes, such as melting, boiling, free*ing, and
condensation. In all instances, once heat has been
transferred, it no longer e#ists as heat, it has been
converted to some other form of energ.
Heat measurement2 "hen t"o ob!ects at different
temperatures are together, heat passes from the
hot ob!ect to the cold ob!ect and the heat lost b the
hot ob!ect equals the heat gained b the old ob!ect.
Heat capacit of a substance is the number of
calories required to raise the temperature of one
gram of that substance one degree centigrade.
>ifferent substances require different amounts of
heat to cause change equal amount of mass of the
substances to change equall in temperature. This
difference is indicated b the specific heat of
substances.
The amount of heat needed to cause a temperature
change depends on the mass of the ob!ect, the si*e
of the temperature change, DT, and the substance
of "hich the ob!ect is made. This is e#pressed as2
E 3 cmT, "here E is the amount of heat, m is the
mass of the ob!ect, and c is the specific heat of the
substance. The more massive an ob!ect is, the
more heat it "ill ta%e to increase its temperature. It
ta%es considerabl more heat to increase the
temperature of some substances than others. This
propert is ta%en care b the factor s in the
equation. The units for specific heat are calories
per gram per degree (elsius, so that E "ill be in
calories if mass is in grams and (elsius
temperature are used. The calorie is defined as the
amount of heat that it ta%es to increase the
temperature of / gram of "ater one (elsius degree.
The calorie is equivalent to @./AB C that is /.. cal 3
@./ABC, /...cal 3 / %cal 3 @/AB C
-ther units of heat and their equivalents
/ C 3 1.04 #/.
<@
%cal 3 4.@A #/.
<@
&T?
/ %cal 3 0.4= &T? 3 @/AB C 3 0.== ft<lb
/&T? 3 ..161 %cal 3 ==A ft<lb 3 /.6@ C
Specific heat of a substance is the ratio of the
amount of heat required to change its temperature
to cause the same temperature change in the same
mass of "ater.
c 3 E5mDt
the smbol c is the specific heat, its unit is
e#pressed as +cal5g.
.
(, , C5+%g.
.
(, its other
equivalent units are the follo"ing2 +%cal5%g<
.
(, and +
&T?5lb<
.
',
among the different materials "ith specific heat,
"ater is said to have the highest specific heat
capacit. Ice and steam , "hich are the changes in
phase of "ater have lo"er specific heats than
"ater.
The high heat capacit or specific heat of "ater
ma%es a large bod of "ater a reservoir for
absorbing as "ell as releasing enormous quantities
of heat and thereb moderating the temperature of
its surroundings. $hen the earth is receiving much
heat from the sun, a large bod of "ater "ill
absorb much of the heat and %eep the temperature
of the surroundings lo"er than it "ould other"ise
be. & the release of this stored heat "hen the cold
"eather arrives, the temperature of the vicinit is
prevented from reaching as lo" as it other"ise
"ould be.
Sample problem
Ho" much heat is needed to increase the
temperature of 1.. g of "ater 6..
.
(F
Ho" much heat is needed to increase the
temperature of 1.. g of lead 6..
.
(F
Ho" much heat "ould be needed to raise the
temperature of @. grams of "ater from 1. to B.
.
(F
ho" much heat is lost b copper boil "eighing /..
grams "hen it cools from A. to 1.
.
(. the specific
heat of copper is ...41 cal5g<
.
(
Substance ( +C5g
o
(,
Air /../
Aluminum ..4.1
(opper ..0A6
Gold ../14
Iron ..@6.
Mercur ../@.
Ha(l ..AB@
Ice 1..0
$ater @./A