Ord€r Hdichondrida

regions; sPorgm
, Microscleres usually absenb spicules not localized to distinct
us'trally disorganized or
fibers poorly developed or absenq skeleAl stnrcture
widr cris.crossed sPicules'

1. Halicllondria
o Krrown as b,read cnrmb sponge. A thin dermal meutbrane reintorced
withtangentiallyplacedspicules.Massiveandamorphous.

Order HaPlosclerida
o Microscleres usuallY absenf skeleton mainly composed of spongin
fibers.

l. Oulina(Haliclona)
r Tubes undefined; irregular shape; vertical growth'

2. Adrcia

Reniera
o Creeping sPonge; oscula Foiect on one side only; zurface is smooth
but appeart *oolly due to the very closely arranged Pores'

Callyspongia
o Tubular branching growth forms; the surface usually has ridges.

5. Pellinn
found
o spherical or tubular growth forms buried in the surface; oscula
ui tt apices of fist'les on the surface of the skeleton.
"
Petrosia
in the
o vase-shaped sponge with a stony texture due to lack of spongin
skeletory with a smooth zurface'

7. XestosPongia
o coralline sponge; enormous sPonge resembling a miniature volcano;
the outer surface
the single .r"ry i*g" osculum t"pt ttt" corrical-body;
is rougf,ened rarittrnumerous warts, pliates' and ridges'
o some taxonomists have placed this sPonge into a sePamt: taxonomic
Menrbers of this
class called sclerospongiae or scleracinia.
taxonomic auftit-a basal skeleton of calcite or argonite' and
"f""r plan'
they also possesssilicous spicules organized into a leuconoid

8. Spongiha
o Freshwater; produces coated with spongin for buoyancy;
massive or cushion-shaPed'

-lr
 Order Astrophorida
o With asterose microscleres; wift radial skeletal ardritecture at least at the
zurface.

1. Iaspis
o Withnumerous papilla-like prottrberances and o6cula.

2. Stryphnus
o Encnrsting or massive; spherical body; oscula with stellate or funnel
shaped ends.

Order Hadromerida
o With monaxon spicules only; spongrn poorty developed; with development
of a parenchymella larva.

'l.,.Potcion
o NePtune's cup; giant cup with a tall stenr- Its texture resembles that
of.Ieiotbrmatium.

2. Spirastrella
o Encmsting and excavating sponges; with papillae protruding above
the surface.

Her Lithistida
o A polyphyletic assemblage of sponges; the species retained the primitive
feahrre of having siliceous spicules.

1. Izioilermatium
o ElePhanfs ear sponge; osculum so wide that the animal is reduced to
a thin sheet usually resembling the ear lobe (floppy, ear shaped
grayish).

Subclaes Ceractinomorpha
o TyPically with welldeveloped spongin fibers; spicules are monaxonic.

A. Body skeleton made up o{ siliceous spicules and spongin fibers:

Order Poecilosclerida
o With discrete siliceous spicules; megaderes localized to distinct regions.

1,. Clnthrin
o Encrusting massive, b'randdng growth forrrs; finger-Iike form, stiff
texture, brick red color; smoottr surface; viviparous.

Z Biemna
o Encrusting erect skeleton with shaggy surface.
B. Body skeleton without spicules; spoogin fib€rs are the principd componerrb of the
ekeletory includes the two keratoee sPonge aders:

Order Dictyoceratida
. Lack mineral spicules, although detritus and contaminating spicules may h
acquired; sponges are usually buglu difficult to teat, and frequently with
differences in pigmentation betrreerr the zurface and subectosomal regions.

1,. Phyllospngin
o Leaf-like; oscula small; not resilierrl

2. Spongia
o Common bath sponge; commercial commodity; colonia} more or less
globular or hemispherical in shape with lobes bearing oscula at the
tips; skeleton is a complex network of elastic spongin fibers with solid
indusions; very resilient.

S.Ircinio
. Known as basket sponge. Spongin fibers with inclusions (e.g. grains
of sand or fragmmts of spicules) and accompanied by thin spongin
filaments that fill the mesohyl. Skeleton usually with collagenous
filaments that makes the sponge very tough and difficult to tear.
Growth form cupshaped.

Order Dendroceratida
. Without mineral spicules, in whidr the main skeleton is dendric or reticulate,
and fibers originate from a basal plate, without any obvious differences
between prinrary and secondary spongin fiber elemenb; fibers are strongly
laminate4 with distinct pith; larvae are incubated parendrymella, evenly
ciliate4 with or without a posterior tuft or long flagella.

1. Dysitua
o Massive; surface with draracteristic sculpturing g"ing it a lace-like
appearance; usually soft, compressible or brittle; small amount o{
collagen in the body.

" Dactyloclmlina
o identification is not yet confirmed. Muy form big colonies consistiry
of long delicate b'randring ttrbes open at their tips. The tubes are
smaller than a pencil the walls are very Porous.
 Subclaes Anrphidiscophora
o Six-rayed microecleree abeent these sponges are not attadred to the substratun but
embedded in soft sediments by si"gl" tufts of basal monactine spicules.

1'
!W*^*d; vase-shaped or cohrmnar; oscule single and terudnal or
grouPed.

2. Walonena
o Spheroid or ovoid bodies and anchored by tufts of spicules in soft
sediments.

Sublcags Hexasterophora
o With six-rayed microscleres; sponges with permanentbasal attachment.

1'
?'T,rrt-r"r-shaped and tubular, branching forms with each branch ending
with an oscule.

2'
:*T*Iflowet baske! solitary; meshes irregular skeleton of siliceous
spicules and fibers woven in a fine lafticen'ork; tubular body with the
smaller end bearing fibers (attached end) and the free end is provided
with a sieve plate. In life, this is dirty, yellowish-brown and
unatbactive. In the spongocoel may be found decapods or
crustaceans (i.e. the shrimp Spongicola,the spider crab Chorilk, and the
isopod Aega\ in commensalism with the sponge. A species of
Euplectellnfound in |apanese waters often has a pair of red shrimps
liri.g in its central cavity. The male and the female enter the sponge
when they are youn& and after they reach a certain size they can no
longer escape. The cleaned skeletons containing the dried shrimps are
usually grtem to newlyweds as symbols of undying love and
devotion.

Clase Demospongiae
Contains about 95o/oof. all living species of sponges. Skeletoq when present, is
siliceous and of the monaxon or tetraxon type and/or of spongin All are marine, except for
the freshwater species of the Family Spongillidae; all are leuconoid; bdlliant coloration
becauseof pigment granules.

Sublaes Tetractinomorpha
o Parenchymella or creeping blastula larvae; spicules of tetraxon or monaxon type.

Order Spirophorida
o With spherical growth forrr; tetraxon or monaxon spicules have a radiate
pattern that forsrs a perfect radial skeleton.

1. Tetilla
o GoIf ball sponges. Attached end of colony with thick fibers; no
distinct osculum.
 without flagellated cells) or a parendryrnrelly'parenchlmrula (soli4 corrpact, with out4
layer of flagellated cells, irner mass of cells).
16. Sponges diverged early from the main line of animal evolution. No other meullrer of th1
Animal Kingdom arose from the sPonges.

Clagsification:

Class Calcispongiae (Cdcarea)

Spicules of calcium carbonate which often form a fringe around the orulurt
spicules monaxon, triaxoo tetraxon. AII are marine and live in shallow water; asconoid
syconoid and leuconoid types of organization or construction present. Sexual reproductiol
viviparous.

Subclass Calcinea
. Larval development through a parenchymellalarva; spicules free and triradiate.

1. Clathrina
o Tubular organization; usually encnrsting sessile and low-growing
surface is smooth and soft texhrred; the oscutraare not obvious.

2'
'iffi*^torm theosculaan
tubularandthesurfaceis evenbut coarse;
also tubular and apica! with a solidbody and leuconoid canal system

Subclass Calcaronea
o Larval development through an amphiblastula larva; spicules free and monaxonic o
triradiate and sagittal (trn'orays are paired and the thfud is longer than the others).

Order Leucoeoleniida
o Ascorioid (Family Leucosoleniidae) and syconoid body plan (other families).

l. lnrcogolenia
o Known as organ pipe sponge; upright tubes connected below b1
horizontal tubes.

2' yffi:mshaped;
osculaapicalor marginal
compressed;
tateratly

Order Lithonida
o Massive sponges with hypercalcified skeleton and free spicules shaped lik
tunin#orks; inhabit caves and tunnels.

1. Petrobiotw
o Growth forrn heurispherical or conica} basal skeleton made of calci&
fused to forn the herrispherical rnass.

Clase Hydospongiae (Hexactinelida)

The glass sponges. Spictrle are siliceous and are of the hexaxon type; deepse
inhabitants; syconoi4 although prirrcipally leuconoi4 body is tubular or basket shaped
spicules fonn a continuous skeleton reserrbling spun glass.
 PTTYLI,JM
PORIFERA
Characteristics:

1. Most are rvlrine; few freshwater; occur most abundantly in shallow coastal water.
L Usually attached and sessilestationary animals.
3' Multicellular; of loose aggregations of cells poorly arranged into tiszues.
4. No distirrct organ systems preent.
5. Radially al or asymmetrical.
6. Body is exbrnally perforated by numerous, minute incurrent ostia and by
one or more
large excurrent oscula.
7' Water Passes through a body cavity, the epongocoel, via complex
-built. systems of canals
about and upon whidr the whole organism is Tlre moiemeni of the water is
accomplished by flagellar action of the choanocyte layer in the spongocoel
or in the
flagellated chambers.
8' The skeleton material consisb of spicules, spongin or with a basal skeleton
made up of
calcium carbonate.
9. Types of spicules:
a. monar(on - straight and needleshaped
b. triaxon - three.rayed
c. tetraxon-four-raved
d. hexaxon - six-rayed
Spicules may also be classified as either megascleres, which function in support,
and
microscleres, which fun$9nin protection and also aid in support
11. A su_pporting layer called the mesohyl, gelatinour *u-t i, collagen, is
usually present This layer contains several_a typ", of cells.
72. Types of cells presentin the mesohyl:
a. choanocytes - circulate water by their flagellar action.
b. pinacocytes - secretematerial for attachment to the substratum.
c. porocytes - regulate watrerintake by making their apertures larger or
smaller.
d. amoebocytes - for sforage and distributionr of food, secretion of spiclles,
and
production of collagen.
e. alcheogtes - can transforrr into any specialized cell type, including cells
that secretespicules (totipotent).
t. myocytes - contractile cells around oscula.
1.3.Types of canal systems or organization:
a. asconoid - the simplest canal system; consists of incurrent pores, a
spongocoelwith collar cells and an osculum; asc-onoidsponges
are very small.
b. syconoid - more complex than the asconoid type; increase surface area of
c_hoangcytglayer due to in- and out-foldings of thebodywal!
there is reduction of the spongocoel.
c. leuconoid - efficient type of canat Jystea the spongocoel virtually
Tott
disappears; folding of body walls forrrnumerous flagellated
dnmbers.
14. Asexual repnrduction usually by budding and genunule fornration.
15. Mostly nerrnphlg$tic, producing isogamous lanral development may b"
through an amphiblastula (oval in shape with front hatf of flagelated'cells, rear
half