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All Documents and Materials - Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement - Special

Collections & Archives Research Center. Oregon State University, n.d. Web. 19 Jan.
2014. <http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/peace/materials/index.html>.

This archive provided many photographs and documents relating to the Pugwash
scientists and Linus Pauling for my website.

"Arms Race Cartoon." Walter's World: The Nash Collection. Archives New Zealand, 9 Feb.
2010. Web.
<http://archives.govt.nz/gallery/v/Walter+Nash+Exhibition/Issues+Morality+and+Spirit
uality/Nuclear/Only+Terror/R20967690_+Folio+143+_Arms+race+cartoon_.jpg.html>.

This cartoon was used in my project to illustrate the danger of the Cold War arms race,
helping to further the idea that action had to be done reign in nuclear weapons.

Associated Press. "North Korea May Be Preparing Missile Launch, South Korea Says." National
Post. Postmedia Network Inc., 7 Apr. 2013. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
<http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/04/07/north-korea-may-be-preparing-missile-
launch-south-korea-says/>.

This article discusses the presence of nuclear weapons in North Korea, which was vital
in understanding the how the issues concerning these weapons have evolved since the
first atomic bomb. This article also provided the photograph that I used when discussing
North Korea in the "Nuclear Weapons Today" page on my website.

Atomic Archive. National Science Digital Library, n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/hbomb/page_02.shtml>.

This archive provided photographs of the Manhattan Project, its scientists, and nuclear
testing, which I put into my website for historical background and the involvement of
scientists in nuclear non-proliferation in the following years. This also provided the
interview of Oppenheimer after the Trinity test.

""BE FRANK ABOUT ATOMIC BOMB"." The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957) 5 Jul
1946: 2. Web. 30 Feb 2014 <http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22321724>.

This interview was used to reinforce the idea that scientists worked hard to control the
atomic bomb and was used in the collection of documents called the Scientists
Crusade.

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 10 Dec. 1945: n. pag. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
<http://thebulletin.org/>.

This first article written by the newly formed Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
provided the immediate efforts of scientists to gain control of nuclear weapons. It gave a
general understanding of why they existed and what their goals were, which supports the
thesis of my project.

Butcher, Sandra. E-mail interview. 17 Dec. 2013.

As the history correspondent for the Pugwash Organization, Sandra Butcher was able to
provide insight on the organizations dynamics and goals. She also included documents
with a more detailed telling of Pugwashs history.

Digital Archive International History Declassified. Woodrow Wilson International Center for
Scholars, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/theme/nuclear-
history>.

This archive provided many photographs that I was able to use in my website. It
provided photographs of diplomatic meetings and those relating to United States-Soviet
Union relations during the Cold War. It also provided photographs concerning nuclear
proliferation, such as the bombs and testing that took place.

Darling, Ding. "We've Tried Everything but Dynamite." J.N. "Ding" Darling Foundation. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/dynamite.html>.

This comic was included in my project to show the ideological divide, the "Iron
Curtain," and how difficult it was to surpass this divide--as depicted in this comic.

Douglas, Heather. E-mail interview. 7 Jan. 2014.

Professor Heather Douglas of science and philosophy gave her interpretation of the
rights and responsibilities of scientists, the inevitable conflict between the two, and the
moral issues in science. Amongst the various opinions of scientists, she helped in my
understandingand, eventually, definitionof the everlasting obligations of scientists.

Einstein, Albert, and Bertrand Russell. Russell-Einstein Manifesto. Rep. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Pugwash
Conferences on Science and World Affairs. 9 July 1955. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.pugwash.org/about/manifesto.htm>.

This founding document of Pugwash aided the formation of my thesis, as it provided
insight on the major issues of the time that prevented arms control and expressed why
scientists had to convene. It shows the importance of the organization, as Albert Einstein
was involved in writing this statement.

Emilio Segr Visual Archives. Niels Bohr Library & Archives: American Institute of Physics.,
n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2014.

Many of the photographs of Pugwash scientists in my website were taken from this
archive. I used these photographs to show who was involved. It also provided the
photographs of Bikini Atoll, which I also included on my website.

Eugene Rabinowitch. N.d. University of Illinois Archives. Web. 17 Jan. 2014.
<http://archives.library.illinois.edu/archon/packages/digitallibrary/files/4309/pl_000286
4.jpg>.

This photograph of Rabinowitch was used in my website when I spoke of scientists
pressing for the formation of the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs.

Fisher, Max. "Why Is the U.S. Okay with Israel Having Nuclear Weapons but Not Iran?" The
Washington Post. N.p., 2 Dec. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/12/02/why-is-the-u-s-
okay-with-israel-having-nuclear-weapons-but-not-iran/>.

This article summarized the issues with nuclear weapons in Israel, and provided
photographs, which I used in my website when discussing contemporary issues
concerning nuclear weapons.

Gilbert Illingworth, Leslie. "Cold War Arm-wrestling." National Library of Wales - Illingworth
Cartoons Exhibition. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.llgc.org.uk/illingworth/illingworth_s002.htm>.

This cartoon was included in my project because it depicts the tensions concerning the
arms race between the Cold War superpowers. The drawing of the leaders arm-wrestling
demonstrate the use of a nuclear build up as a means of strength as both nations vied for
power.

Hayashi, Shigeo. Hiroshima After the Atomic Bomb. 1945. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.
Hiroshima Peace Site. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/index_e2.html>.

This photographers panoramic photographs of the destruction the atomic bombs was
included in my website in order to show the immensity of power of these weapons,
furthering the idea that arms control was needed.

Jackson, David. "Obama: Nuclear Terrorism Is 'the Single Biggest Threat' to U.S." USA Today.
Gannett Co. Inc., 11 Apr. 2010. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
<http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2010/04/obama-kicks-off-
nuclear-summit-with-five-leader-meetings/1#.U4vWvHZevlx>.This article helped my
understanding of the prevalent issues with nuclear terrorism today. I included the
photograph of President Obama and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at the
Nuclear Security Summit that is in this article.

Jim, Pierogy. "Neat Anti-Communist Propaganda Before and During the Cold War - AMOG."
AMOG. Alpha Brand Media, Inc., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.amog.com/offbeat/neat-anticommunist-propaganda-cold-war/>.

This site contained much of the anti-communist propaganda I used in my project in
order to illustrate the ideological divide between the East and the West.

Johnson, Lyndon B. "Remarks on Signing the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (July 1, 1968)."
Miller Center: University of Virginia. Web. 2 May 2014.
<http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/4037>.

An excerpt of Johnson's address was included in my project in order to show the relief
that came along with the signing of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, therefore
showing how monumental the treaty was during the Cold War.

Kristensen, Hans. E-mail interview. 14 Dec. 2013.

Hans Kristensen of the Federation of American Scientists helped in my understanding of
how the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty came about. He also talked about the issues of
the NPT today, which helped in the contemporary connection and conclusion of my
project.

Loretz, John. E-mail interview. 10 Dec. 2013.

John Loretz of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War explained
the importance of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which helped to guide my
project towards this monumental document. He also provided a different perspective
which I had not considered, that disarmament will always be difficult because of
nations self interest; this eventually helped in my argument that Pugwash superseded
nations self interest with the interest in science and humanity.

Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. <http://marxists.org/>.

This site provided photographs from the Russian side of the Cold War.

McMaster University Library Digital Collections. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.
<http://digitalcollections.mcmaster.ca/>.

This archive supplied many of the photographs and documents of Pugwashs history, of
its development, early years, and its members. I used these documents to explain
Pugwashs accomplishments.

Mydans, Carl. "After Hiroshima: Portrait of Survivors." LIFE Photos. Time Inc., n.d. Web. 5
Feb. 2014. <http://life.time.com/history/hiroshima-portraits-of-survivors/?iid=lb-gal-
viewagn#3>.

This gallery provided many of the photographs of the impact of the atomic bombs on
people and on the land, supporting the idea that these weapons were unconventional and
to be feared.

National Archives and Records Administration. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.archives.gov/>.

This archive provided many documents and photographs during my research to
understand the historical context of the arms race. I included some of these documents
and photographs in my project in order to illustrate the Cold War, by its proxy wars and
bomb testing, and also included important writings of scientists to show how they
responded to political decisions.

Nike Historical Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2014. <http://nikemissile.org/>.

This site helped me understand the development of nike missiles from the first atomic
bomb and provided photographs of such missiles for my project.

"NO DEFENCE AGAINST ATOMIC BOMB." The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957) 4 Jul
1946: 2. Web. 2 Jun 2014 <http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22320252>.

This interview with Albert Einstein foreshadows his anti-proliferation efforts in the
nuclear age, which motivates him to help create Pugwash. I used this article in my
project to demonstrate the Scientists Crusade in controlling their discoveries.

Petition from Leo Szilard and Other Scientists to President Harry S. Truman, 7/17/1945; S-1
Interim Committee - Scientific Panel; General Correspondence 1940-1950; Record
Group 77: Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1789-1999; NACP

This document was put into my project as a way to prove that scientists had little voice
against government decisions prior to Hiroshima. It also shows why Leo Szilard, who
wrote this document, would want to join Pugwash in the following years.

Rotblat, Joseph. "Interview with Joseph Rotblat, 1986." Interview. Open Vault WGBH Media
Library and Archives. WGBH Educational Foundation, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2014.
<http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/wpna-db6dc9-interview-with-joseph-rotblat-1986>.

A section of this interview of Rotblat was included in my website to explain the
conceptions of the role of scientists prior to the atomic bomb, inevitably helping to
discuss how scientific responsibility changed after Hiroshima. Rotblats opinion gave
insight on why he left the Manhattan Project and why he would urge for the creation of
Pugwash.

Rotblat, Joseph. "Leaving the Bomb Project". Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, August 1985, pp.16-
19.

Joseph Rotblat, a driving force in the creation of Pugwash, wrote about why he left the
Manhattan Project. This article he wrote helped my understanding of not only his moral
scruples, but the lack of moral reflection in scientists prior to the atomic bomb; this
would later help in my project, where I explained the importance of moral reflection and
responsibility of scientists after Hiroshima.

Sherwin, Martin J. E-mail interview. 11 Dec. 2013.

Historian Martin Sherwin provided his views on the issues of disarmament and helped in
understanding the contemporary issues with nuclear weapons that have remained.

Socialism: Throttling the Country. N.d. The American Vision, Inc, July 2010. Web. 19 Jan.
2014. <http://americanvision.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/socialism.jpg>.

This political cartoon was included in my website to help illustrate the ideological divide
between the East and West.

"The Atomic Testing." Monte Bello Island Safari. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2014.
<http://montebello.com.au/atomic_tests.html>.

This article provided information and photographs of atomic testing at the Montebello
Islands during the Cold War, which I included in my website to illustrate nuclear
proliferation.

The Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/photo-archive.html>.

This archive discussed Lyndon B. Johnson's involvement with the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty and provided photographs from the signing of the treaty.

The National Security Archive. The George Washington University, n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2014.
<http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/>.

This archive provided photographs of Einstein, Szilard, and the aftermath of the
bombing Hiroshima, which I included in my website.

The Nuclear Weapon Archive - A Guide to Nuclear Weapons. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Feb. 2014.
<http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/>.This archive provided many of the photographs of
bomb detonations included on my website, which helped to show the increasing power
of nuclear weapons.

The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.
Web. 16 Jan. 2014. <http://www.trumanlibrary.org/>.

This archive provided photographs of detonations, proxy wars, and Cold War posters,
which I included in the website.

"The Soviet Union and the United States - Revelations from the Russian Archives." The Library
of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2014.
<http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/sovi.html>.

This source provided documents and photographs in order to understand the Soviet and
American relations from before the Cold War, throughout the latter half of the 20th
century, some of which I used in my project. This helped to make the timeline in my
project, as it remarked on the most important events in relations between these two
nations.

Time Archives. Time Inc., n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://content.time.com/time/archive>.

Portraits of important people in the 20th century was supplied by this site. I used the
photographs in the timeline on my website, such as the one of Mitchell Palmer.

United States, Russia, Et Al. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Treaty on the Non-
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPTtext.shtml>.

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was immensely important in my project. Reading
the clauses of the statement, I was able to understand the rights the treaty granted, its
restrictions, and what nations were involved. It also reflected the pressing issues of these
weapons, as the treaty aimed to resolve such problems.

"Voice of U.S. Diplomacy and the Berlin Wall." N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.
<http://diplomacy.state.gov/berlinwall/prologue.html>.

We Tried Everything But Dynamite. 1947. J.N. "Ding" Darling Foundation. Web. 16 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/dynamite.html>.

This political cartoon was included in my website because it correctly depicts the lack of
communication between the superpowers during the Cold War. This would help in my
argument that the gap between the East and West needed to be bridged, since this
cartoon illustrates that this gap did, in fact, exist.

Wintermute, Bobby. Personal interview. 27 Feb. 2014.

Professor Bobby Wintermute contributed much to the historical background of the
Soviet Union and nuclear weapons. I included quotations from this interview to support
my argument of the tensions between the Soviet Union and United States during the
Cold War and the need for disarmament, or some means of restricting nuclear weapons.



Secondary

"876 Nobel Laureates since 1901." Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB, n.d. Web. 31 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/>.

The Nobel Prize site provided the accomplishments and photograph of scientists in the
Pugwash movement and also spoke about why Pugwash won a Nobel peace prize. This
helped my understanding of the organization in the grand scheme of the nuclear age.

"Albert Einstein." Peace Pledge Union, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.ppu.org.uk/people/einstein.html>.

This source provided the origins of the Manhattan Project on Albert Einsteins side of
the story. It also talked about his disarmament efforts, involvement in Pugwash, and his
views on scientific progress and responsibility; this helped in understanding how
Pugwash came about.

Butcher, Sandra I. "The Origins of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto." Pugwash History Series 1
(May 2005): 3-4. Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. Pugwash
Conferences on Science and World Affairs. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.pugwash.org/publication/phs/history9.pdf>.

This publication released by Pugwash gave an in-depth history of the organization; the
details of the interactions between the scientists made it into my project to support the
achievements of Pugwash, which would lead to the NPT.

Calamur, Krishnadev. "Crimea: A Gift To Ukraine Becomes A Political Flash Point." National
Public Radio, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/02/27/283481587/crimea-a-gift-to-ukraine-
becomes-a-political-flash-point>.

This article looks into Nikitia Khruschev and supplied the photograph of him that was
included in my website when discussing his relationship with Leo Szilard.

CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. <http://edition.cnn.com/>.

This site had galleries that looked back to the Berlin Blockade, Mao Zedong, and also
had many articles about the current nuclear situation in Iran. I used this information and
photographs on my website to depict the Cold War and contemporary issues with
nuclear weapons

Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers Ltd., n.d. Web.
<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ushome/index.html>.

Articles about the bombings of Japan and the anniversary of the bombings helped to
understand the effects of the attacks, immediate and even to today. Photographs of the
the rubble and the memorial of the bombings were used in my project.

Davis, Mary B., and Arthur H. Purcell. Weapons of Mass Destruction. New York: Facts on File,
2006. 14-15,86-87. Print.

This book led me to create a project about how the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
came to be. It provided explanations of the various nuclear treaties created throughout
history and gave an overview of the statistics of these nuclear weapons and the efforts to
restrict these weapons. It also supplemented the actual document of the NPT by
explaining the history of how the treaty came to the signing.

"In Memoriam: Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906-2005)." The Net Advance of Physics. The
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2014.
<http://web.mit.edu/redingtn/www/netadv/FCbethe.html>.

This site provided information and the photograph of Hans Bethe which I used in my
website when discussing the individual efforts of Pugwash scientists.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.iaea.org/>.

This site helped to provide information and photographs in order to talk about an
alternative point of view with regards to my thesis. It spoke about the goals of this
agency and what it has accomplished over the years since its inception. The site also
provided the full text of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which was important to
include in my project.

Jarrett, Chris. "Into the Cold - 60 Years since Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech." Radio Prague.
N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/into-the-cold-60-
years-since-churchills-iron-curtain-speech>.

This article discussed the importance of Winston Churchills Sinews of Peace speech
and provided photographs, which I included in the timeline of Soviet-U.S. relations.

Lanouette, William. Rep. Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, n.d. Web. 28
Dec. 2013. <http://www.pugwash.org/reports/ees/lanouette.htm>.

This report gave details on interactions between the Pugwash scientists, which supported
my argument that Pugwash aided the formation of the NPT. It proves the achievements
of Pugwash concerning international cooperation and the voice of the scientist. I also
incorporated Lanouettes definition of the responsibilities of scientists in the theme of
my project.

"Milestones." Office of the Historian. United States Department of State, n.d. Web. 30 Dec.
2014. <http://history.state.gov/>.

This site aided my research about important events during the Cold War, specifically
how the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty came to be signed admist Cold War conflicts.
This site also provided photographs of such events, which I used in my website.

Military History Monthly. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.military-history.org/>.

This website provided information and photographs about alliances during the Second
World War. This helped to explain Soviet-U.S. relations and how, as tensions rose, the
coming arms race would be difficult to reign in.

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. N.p.: n.p., 2000. Pugwash Conferences on
Science and World Affairs. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.pugwash.org/publication/PWbrochure08-5.pdf>.

This brochure has the mission statement of the Pugwash Organization, which I included
in my documentary to show how the desire to control the destruction of science had led
to the creation of Pugwash.

Reuvers, Paul, and Marc Simons. Crypto Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.cryptomuseum.com/>.

This source provided more information about the Washington-Moscow hotline created
during the Cold War, which helped me understand the importance of this development. I
included this information in my project, as well as a map of the hotline that this site
provides.

"The Manhattan Project." US History. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp>.

This source gave historical background to the creation of the Manhattan Project and the
members involved, the latter of which I used in my project to discuss how some of the
scientists turned against the nuclear bomb.

Walker, Tom. "10 Amazing Cold War Propaganda Posters - Design Daily News." 10 Amazing
Cold War Propaganda Posters. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Feb. 2014. <http://www.designer-
daily.com/10-amazing-cold-war-propaganda-posters-2901>.

Not only did this site provide anti-communist propaganda for my project, but it also
supplied the anti-American posters for my website. It translated the Russian posters and
explained the context of them, which further helped my understanding of the Russian
perspective in the Cold War.

"World War II Timeline." National Geographic. National Geographic Society, n.d. Web. 31 Oct.
2013. <http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/history/wwii_timeline.html>.

This timeline helped in my understanding of how the Manhattan Project and the creation
of the atomic bomb fit into the context of the historical period.

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