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Abstract -- We are proposing SCUC to identify annual


congestion in large scale grid. Our approach was tested on the
WECC grid and the results obtained from this test were mapped
on a Geographical Information System (GIS). This mapping
was used to visually locate the congested transmission lines in
WECC. By linking the transmission congestion information with
other cost information in WECC, our approach allows for
viewing the price of electricity at various WECC locations. Our
approach provides efficient solutions for proactively identifying
bottlenecks in WECC, understanding congestion patterns in
bulk power grid network, studying hourly LMPs at WECC,
developing efficient power-generation capacity and transmission
line planning, and developing efficient integration of power
grids with renewable energy resources such as wind and solar
generation.

Index Terms-- WECC, SCUC, LMP, Transmission Congestion
Study.

I. INTRODUCTION
large-scale electric grid is a very complex engineering
system. A major constraint in an electric grid is the fact
that electricity produced must be consumed at the same time,
i.e., electricity cannot be stored in an efficient way.
Electricity is becoming very vital for social and economic
development everywhere around the world. Therefore,
electric grid operators must ensure reliable and economical
operation and delivery of electricity to end users.
Several factors affect electric grid operations; the most
significant factor is the congestion in transmission branches,
which occurs when the intended flow in a transmission
branch exceeds its capacity. Congestion increases the cost of
delivered electricity to end users [1]-[2]-[3]. In addition to
cost increases, congestion can affect grid reliability when
increasing the chance of transmission outages. In order to
maintain and ensure the reliability and affordability of
electric grid services, an electric grid infrastructure must be
properly managed by planning new transmission lines,
generating units, and other elements necessary for optimizing
grid operations [4].
Congestion analysis in power grids is to evaluate and
enhance the transmission line adequacy. However,
transmission capacity expansion must ensure optimal power

*
The author is a visiting researcher at IIT and he is with the Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
(E-mail:mhalbaijat@ucdavis.edu).

The author is with the Electrical and Computer Engineering


Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
(E-mail: kaflakik@iit.edu).

The author is a professor with the Electrical and Computer Engineering


Department, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA (E-mail:
mukherje@ucdavis.edu)

grid operations. Hence, transmission capacity expansion must
enable grid operators to provide low-cost electricity while
maintaining reliable operation of the power grid. Since
congestion affects the reliability of delivering power and
increases its cost, the congestion analysis in power grid
networks is an important subject. Therefore, next-generation
power grids require novel methodologies for studying and
managing congestion in electric grids [5].
A detailed mathematical modeling and representation of
such a large electric grid needs to be analytically captured to
provide a solution that determines the optimal grid operation
and planning. Different approaches have been used for
capturing various aspects of solving for the price at each grid
node location as a method for congestion management. These
approaches have been used for studying grid expansion
challenges, electric grid fuel diversity options, and different
generation methods available to produce electricity by type.
Overall, electric grid design is a complex engineering system
with many elements involved; hence, its efficient design
normally results in dealing with a complex joint optimization
problem. Thus, current solution approaches have simplified
the problem in order to solve it for a large number of nodes in
the electric grid. Other methods do not consider all grid
constraints. Also, in certain cases, solution approaches do not
consider long time frames which are needed in a restructured
electric grid in order to understand the grid behavior for its
long-term operation.
Therefore, this study introduces a novel methodology that
considers practical power grid parameters to overcome these
limitations. Our approach considers the dynamic sensitivity
of power-generation unit availability versus power demand,
which is a problem known as the Unit Commitment (UC)
problem [6]. UC is an optimization problem for determining
the optimal schedules of generating units that can be
committed for producing electricity in the short-term (2-hour)
or long-term future (1-year time scales). Our model also
considers two important constraints in electric grids
operations: emission and fuel consumption. Our solution
uses two steps: (1) determine the optimal schedule of
available generating units and determine the exact output of
each generating unit based on current electric grid conditions;
and (2) the first-stage solution is used to evaluate if the
electric grid operation for that time period is tolerant to the
outage of any single electric grid component (or predefined
set of components) [7]-[8].
Our approach has been tested on the bulk grid of the
Western Interconnection which covers a geographical area of
13 states in the Western United States, parts of Canada, and
parts of Mexico. The Western Interconnection Grid
encompasses a large number of nodes, transmission lines, and
generating units. Therefore, this large grid network provided
Congestion Management in WECC Grid
Mohammad Albaijat
*
, Member, Kaveh Aflaki

, Student Member, and B. Mukherjee

, Fellow, IEEE
A
978-1-4577-2159-5/12/$31.00 2011 IEEE
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us with a wealth of data about electric grid operation patterns
which is very useful for grid operation, engineering, and
planning. The results obtained from our study were mapped
on a Geographical Information System (GIS).
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Chapter II
describes the proposed approach for indentifying congestions
and its cost, including the problem formulation and
congestion metrics. Chapter III presents the congestion study
results for the Western Interconnection grid network in the
year of 2009 and the forecasted data of the Western
Interconnection grid for the year of 2018. The study results of
2009 and 2018 are also compared with the results in the
National Electric Technical Congestion Study (NETCS)
[7]-[8]. This chapter includes the LMP results at each node of
whole the Western Interconnection Grid demonstrated on the
map for 2009 and 2018 data. Finally, Chapter IV concludes
this report and also presents future research directions.

II. TRANSMISSION CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
A. Congestion Cost Model
Congestion is defined as a state in which the flow of
electricity across the transmission line has exceeded the
maximum capacity of that line.
The problem of finding the optimal solution of
generating schedules and their output is known as Unit
Commitment (UC). UC is an optimization problem where the
objective function is to minimize the electric grid operation
cost over a defined time horizon while satisfying a set of
electric grid constraints. Our proposed method uses two
phases: (1) finding the optimal solution of the generating
units schedule and their output and (2) using the results from
(1) to evaluate the resilience of electric grid against
predefined set of contingencies. We iterate between the two
stages until an optimal generating units schedule and their
output are found. The iterations continue until (1) all
generating units in the electric grid are checked and (2) all
time intervals over the defined time horizon are checked. This
is known as the Security-Constraint Unit Commitment
(SCUC) problem. The formal definition of SCUC is to
optimally determine unit commitment decisions (ON/OFF)
and generation units MW (Output Mega Watt) with least cost,
while satisfying system constraints under the base case and
contingencies. The SCUC provides non-discriminatory
schedules among generating units. Actually, SCUC maintains
a secure and economical power system operation. In
addition to the security constraints, our formulation
encompasses generating unit fuel constraints and
system-wide emission constraints.
The above proposed method can match the results with
GIS information of the plants, substations, and transmission
lines on the geographical map that cover the footprint of the
electrical grid. Demonstrating the results on the geographical
map as a visual aid can help to locate congested lines which
are shown by different colors and can easily be used for
further studies (e.g., where to build a new transmission lines
to alleviate congestion, and study generation portfolios).
SCUC provides functionality for simulating the hourly
electricity market operation for identifying possible
congestions, and the results are compared to (1) historical
data of the congestion for previous years to verify the results
of our proposed methodology with known historical data and
(2) Optimal Power Flow (OPF) for future years. We are using
the historical data to verify the proposed methods capability
to identify congestion correctly for the long-term operation of
a large electric grid. In addition, the results provided by OPF
for futuristic cases are used to verify the capability of our
proposed methodology. In the both cases, the proposed
methodology can provide a wealth of data to execute different
studies of power systems for long-term operation and
planning.


Fig. 1 Model for Congestion Management

Analytically, the problem is formulated as a Mixed-Integer
Program. Implementing decomposition and coordination
strategy is used as shown in Fig. 1.
The security constraints unit commitment is a dynamic
mathematical problem where the decisions are obtained for a
sequence of time periods. It is also an inter-temporal problem
such that what happens in one time period affects what
happens in another time period. Therefore, the solution is not
provided for each time period independent of the solutions in
other time periods. In addition, the decision variables are
mixed integer. An example of decision variables are: (1)
integer variables, e.g., a generating units status is ON or OFF,
and (2) continuous variables, e.g., a generating units output.
The problem is stated as follows:
Given:
Electric grid topology
Hourly load curve for time period
Cost curve for each generator
Physical limits and characteristics of each
generating units
Variables:
Generator unit status (On/Off) for each time
interval
Output of each generating units for each time
interval
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Flow in transmission branches
Phase angle at each node
Voltage magnitude at each node
Tap changer of each transformer
Objective:
Minimize generation and startup/shutdown costs
in the base case for all generating units over
specified time horizon.
Constraints:
First-stage constraints
(Base Case)


System constraints
UC constraints
Network constraints
Power flow equations
Transmission flow
limits
Second-stage
constraints
(Scenarios/contingencies)

System constraints
UC constraints
Network constraints
Power flow equations
Transmission flow
limits


III. CASE STUDIES
In order to verify the usefulness of our proposed
methodology, we used real system data of the WECC of the
United States. The results were obtained for the years 2009
and 2018. The results for 2009 were compared with 2009
congestion lines historical data and the results of the 2009
OPF-based method. The results for 2018 were compared with
2018 OPF-based method. The results for 2009 and 2018
based on our method are presented in Subsections 3.1 and 3.2,
while the analysis and merits of proposed method are
presented in Subsections 3.3. The results were divided into
three sub-sections: Subsection 3.1 presents results for the year
2009, Subsection 3.2 presents results for the year 2018, and
Subsection 3.3 presents comparison between 2009 OPF
results and our results and also comparison between OPF
2018 results and our results for the same year. In addition, our
results were compared with 2009 congestion historical data.
Finally, a comparison between 2009 and 2018 results based
on our proposed methodology is shown.
3.1 Case Study for 2009
Using the Western Interconnection actual data and load
profile for 2009, the operation of the electric grid was studied
for the entire year (8760 hours) using the proposed
methodology. Actual data for generators, transmission lines,
and load data profile in the Western Interconnection were
used. In order to compare our results of the study with
OPF-based results published in NETCS [8], [9], usage
metrics were defined and then applied to our study. Usage
metrics include binding hours metric. Binding hours are the
number of hours during which a constrained transmission line
is loaded to its limit. Additionally, we used the U90 metric
which shows the number of hours during which a constrained
transmission line or path is loaded over 90% of its Operating
Transfer Capability (OTC). A transmission line which is
highly loaded for most of the time is likely to result in
congestion. The Department of Energy (DOE) has used
binding metric hours such as U99, U90, and U75 in its
OPF-based NETCS report [8], [9].
3.1.1 Congestion Based on Binding Hours Metric
The results show that, in 2009, there were 305 congested
branches in different voltage levels, which all have a
non-zero binding hour. The most congested branches are in
Phoenix and Seattle regions. Furthermore, there are several
congested branches in San Francisco, Southern California,
and along the Northwest border of the United States and
Canada. Moreover, the transmission line in Alberta province
of Canada is usually congested throughout the year. Fig. 2
shows the congested branches in the Western Interconnection
based on the binding hours metric.
Red lines indicate branches (a branch is a transmission
line) which were congested throughout the year 2009 (total of
107 branches). Blue lines show branches that became fully
congested at least for an hour in 2009. Comparing our results
with congested lines historical data presented in
[9]-[10]-[11]-[12], showed our proposed method was able to
identify mostly all the historically congested transmission
lines. Furthermore, our proposed method was able to identify
more number of congested regions and transmission lines
than the results obtained based on OPF. Historical data is
used as a benchmark to study the effectiveness of our method.
Our method was successfully able to mostly identify all
historically- known congested transmission lines in 2009,
which was not the case for the OPF-based method. Our
proposed method identifies almost all historically-congested
transmission lines, so its an accurate representation of
real-life operation conditions of the electric grid. On the
contrary, the OPF-based method is alike an optimization
problem with relaxed and fewer constraints. This case leads
to unrealistic representation of real-life operation conditions.
Therefore, OPF-based identified fewer historically
congested-transmission lines in the electric grid than our
proposed method did.


Fig. 2 Binding Hours of the Western Interconnection in 2009

3.1.2 Number of Constrained Branches
A Table 1 summarizes the number of constrained branches
for 2009 based on binding hours and U90 hour metrics. Table
1 also shows different binding hours metrics like U80, U70,
U60 and U50. As transmission lines capacities became
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limited, the number of constrained transmission lines
increased in both categories: (1) At least one hour constrained
and (2) Year around constrained. Fig. 3 shows the maps for
different binding hours (U100 to U50). The number of
constrained branches decreases from U50 to U100.

Table 1: Summary of Constrained Branches in 2009
Constrained at Least
One hour
Constrained
Year Around
Binding Hours 303 108
U90 Hours 868 337
U80 Hours 1710 541
U70 Hours 2609 683
U60 Hours 3827 886
U50 Hours 5376 1122

3.1.3 Locational Marginal Prices (LMPs)
Fig. 4 represents annual average LMPs. The LMPs are
calculated based on results from our proposed methodology
for all substations. As show in Fig. 3, the San Francisco and
Phoenix areas show the highest LMPs. The reasons for such
high LMP can be attributed to limited local generation
capacity in such regions, congested transmission lines
connecting these regions to the rest of the electric grid, and
high demands in peak load of the year. On the other hand, for
annual study, the existing transmission lines congestion in
California, especially in San Francisco and southern parts of
that state, result in high LMPs.
Because of constrained transmission lines, there is a
limitation on importing low-cost power from low-cost
generating units outside these regions. So, the LMPs in these
regions are high due to their dependence on local expensive
units such as gas units and oil units for supplying the local
load. The LMPs in New Mexico, Las Vegas, and Northwest
of Idaho are relatively high for similar reasons.
Even though the Idaho northwest region exhibits high
average annual LMPs due to its transmission congestion, its
peak load LMP is not as high as those of other areas. This
study shows that the LMP in Idaho is fixed all over the year.
Large wind and hydro-generation developments in the
southern part of California, like Midway and Los Banos
areas, can provide large amounts of low-cost energy which
make their average annual LMPs mitigated. In NETCS
OPF-based study, there is no presentation of the LMPs. But
our proposed method was able to calculate LMPs at each
node in the grid, which gives clear indication of which areas
in the grid experience high LMPs [9]-[10]-[12]-[13].

3.1.4 Cost of Served Load and Cost of Congestion in 2009
Based on the 2009 SCUC results, the total cost of served
load is about thirty billion U.S. dollar. The total congestion
cost is about $3.6 billion which is about 12% of the total cost
of served load. The total production cost is about $12.3
billion. Table 2 summarizes the different types of cost.
Table 2 Summary of Different Types of Costs for 2009
Type of Cost Amount of Cost
% of Production
Cost
Congestion Cost $3.6 Billion 29%
Cost of Served Load $30 Billion 243%
Cost of Production $12.3 Billion 100%

2009 U50 2009 U60
2009 U70
2009 U80
2009 U90 2009 U100

Fig. 3 Changes in the Numbers of Congested Branches Based on
Different Ux Binding Hours Metric in 2009

3.1.5 Transmission Line Capacity Reduction
In 2009, we reduce the capacity of all congested
transmission lines of U100 to 80% at all hours during the
year, in order to study the ability of our method to calculate
the LMPs for this case. Reducing transmission line capacity
is equivalent to increasing congestion in the grid. Different
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types of costs and LMPs were studied. Table 3 presents
congestion cost, cost of production, and cost of served load
for the case when transmission lines capacity was reduced.
Our proposed method shows the effect of reducing the lines
capacity on congestion level, congestion cost, and cost of
served load, in addition to the LMP. Compare the costs
presented in Table 2 with the ones in Table 3 to see the effect
of reduced lines capacity. In the Increased Congestion
case, the average LMP for 2009 was $31.65/MWh which is
higher than the base case where the average LMP was
$30.77/MWh.


Fig. 4 Annual Average of the WECC LMPs for 2009

Table 3 Summary of Costs for Increased Congestion Level
Type of Cost
Amount of
Cost
% of
Production Cost
Congestion Cost $3.1 Billion 31%
Cost of Served Load $33.2 Billion 261%
Cost of Production $13.1 Billion 100%

3.2 Case Study for 2018
The WECC grid was also studied for the year 2018 using
our proposed method. The input data are based on the base
case used in the 2009 study with implementation of updates
derived from the WECC forecasts in the TEPPC study [19].
The loads are assumed to increase at an annual rate of 1.4%
based on the 2009 load profile. The fuel prices are assumed to
increase at an annual escalation rate of 4% for oil and gas, 2%
for coal, and 3% for nuclear fuels. The transmission and
generation projects that are under construction, either planned
or retired by 2018 in the WECC, are incorporated in the 2018
study. The results for 2018 allow comparing the results from
proposed method with the result based on OPF method for
the same year.

3.2.1 Transmission Congestion Based on the Binding Hours
Metric
The result of 2018 congestion is shown in Fig. 5. There are
403 branches congested for at least one hour, 129 of which
would be congested all over the year in 2018. Most of the
congested branches are in the San Francisco and San Jose
areas. Moreover, in Northern California, Pacific AC Intertie
is also congested the whole year. Certain low-voltage
transmission lines in the west side of Washington, near
Seattle region, are also congested.

Fig. 5 Binding Hours of the Western Interconnection for 2018

3.2.2 Constrained Branches Based on the U90 Hours Metric
Fig. 6 shows the constrained branches based on the U90
metric. There are 1,138 constrained branches based on U90
and 378 of these branches are continuously loaded in excess
of 90% of their capacities. Such branches are mainly located
in North, Center and South of California, certain parts of the
Washington including Seattle, and Phoenix and Tucson in
Arizona. A few branches are also constrained in the Idaho to
Oregon tie lines.

Fig. 6 U90 Hours of the Western Interconnection for 2018

3.2.3 Number of Constrained Branches
Table 4 shows different binding hours metric like U80,
U70, U60, and U50. As transmission lines capacity becomes
limited, the number of constrained transmission lines
increases in both categories: (1) at least one hour constrained
and (2) year around constrained. Fig. 7 shows the maps for
different binding hours (U50 to U100).

Table 4 Summary of Constrained Transmission Lines in 2018

Constrained for at
Least One Hour
Constrained Year
Around
Binding 403 129
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U90 Hours 1,138 378
U80 Hours 2081 586
U70 Hours 3147 738
U60 Hours 4472 942
U50 Hours 6153 1219

2018 U50 2018 U60

2018 U70 2018 U80

2018 U90 2018 U100

Fig. 7 Changes in the Numbers of Congested Branches Based on Different
Ux Binding Hours Metric in 2018

3.2.4 Locational Marginal Prices
Fig. 8 shows the annual average LMPs based on the results
of our proposed method for each substation. At peak load,
and because of congestion in Pacific AC intertie in North of
California, LMPs are higher. Moreover, San Francisco, Los
Angles, Phoenix, and Tucson have high LMPs due to
congestion in the transmission lines connecting those areas to
other parts of the grid. Congested transmission lines do not
allow importing energy from low-cost generating units
outside those areas. In order to supply the demand in the
presence of congestion, there is a higher dependency on local,
expensive, and limited-capacity generating units.
The annual LMPs in the Northwest part of Idaho and East
of Oregon are generally the highest, followed by annual
LMPs in areas around San Francisco and San Jose. High
LMPs are also encountered in Las Vegas in Nevada, and
Tucson and Phoenix in Arizona which are also indicating
transmission congestions.


Fig. 8 Annual Average LMPs in 2018

3.2.5 Cost of Served Load and Cost of Congestion
In 2018, the total cost of served load is about $47.8 billion
and the total cost of congestion is $5.7 billion, which is about
12% of the total cost of served load. The total production cost
is $16.85 billion. Summary of all types of costs are shown in
Table 5. Note that 12% of congestion cost spikes the cost of
served load to 283% of the production cost.

Table 5 Summary of Different Types of Costs for the WECC in 2018
Type of Cost
Amount of
Cost
% of Production
Cost
Congestion Cost $5.6 Billion 33%
Cost of Served
Load
$47.8 Billion 283%
Cost of Production $16.85 Billion 100%

3.2.6 Reducing Capacity of Congested Lines
In this subsection, we study the effect of reducing the
lines capacity. Reducing the lines capacity is a simulation of
creating more congestion in the electric grid. For 2018, for all
congested transmission lines of U100 for all hours during the
year, we reduced their capacity to 80%. Table 6 presents
congestion cost, cost of production, and cost of served load
when transmission lines capacity was reduced. Our proposed
method shows the effect of reducing lines capacity on
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congestion level, congestion cost, and cost of served load, in
addition to the LMP. In the Increased Congestion case, the
average LMP for 2018 was $42.80/MWh which is higher
than the base case where the average LMP was $42.58/MWh.

Table 6 Summary of Different Types of Costs in 2018 for Increased
Congestion Level
Type of Cost
Amount of
Cost
% of Production
Cost
Congestion Cost $6.1 Billion 33.1%
Cost of Served
Load
$51.8 Billion 290%
Cost of Production $17.85 Billion 100%

3.3 Analysis of Case Studies for 2009 and 2018
In this section, we present an analysis of the case study and
the merits of our results over the OPF-based results presented
in NETCS. The NETCS results reviewed the historical
congestions for 2009 and analyzed the 2009 and 2018
congestion in the Western Interconnection based on the
optimal power flow (OPF) method [11]-[12]. Regarding
[11]-[12], there are 23 major transmission lines out of 67
distinct lines interdicted in the Western Interconnection,
representing the major transmission links between control
areas and major resource and load areas of the
interconnection. However, in [11]-[12], flow direction of the
transmission lines and import/export for different regions are
not included in the study and this is one of the main goals for
our study. Also, the NETCS study did not consider the
changes in generating unit schedules over the study period.
Therefore, we believe many more transmission lines and
regions can be identified to be congested based on our
method. Our proposed method identified more congested
areas and transmission lines than OPF-based results.

3.3.1 Production and Congestion Costs
The total production cost is about $12.3 billion in 2009
compared to $16.85 billion in 2018. As expected, the hourly
production cost in 2018 is higher than that in 2009 due to the
load growth and fuel price escalations. The congestion cost as
a percentage of the cost of supplying the load increases from
11% in 2009 to 12% in 2018, which shows that the system is
more congested in 2018 due to the load growth and higher
fuel prices. Such increase means that the generation and
transmission projects investments that have been added to the
base case of 2009 are not sufficient to reduce the load
supplying costs in the next decade.

3.3.2 Effect of Transmission Line Capacity on Constraints
In this section, we study and present results of constrained
capacity as the transmission lines capacity changed. For 60%
of time the amount of constrained capacity in base-case was
25,000 MW. Once we increased lines capacity by only 20%,
at 60% of the time the amount of constrained capacity was
less than 10,000MW. While, if we decrease capacity of the
transmission lines to 80%, then, at 60% of the time, the
amount of constrained capacity was about 30,000 MW. Table
7 summaries the results for this case.

Table 7 Constrained Capacity for U100 in 2009 at 60% of the Time
Scenario Constrained Capacity
Increased Lines Capacity Less than 8 GW
Base Case About 25 GW
Decreased Lines Capacity About 30 GW

One interesting observation that, we added less than 3 GW
of capacity to ease the congestion in the grid, and the amount
of constrained capacity is reduced from about 25 GW to less
than 8 GW, it is a huge gain!

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The SCUC-based methodology was applied to identify all
congested branches in large-scale electric grids. SCUC has
implemented all network security constraints as well as fuel
and emission constraints. The proposed method was tested
using real data from the WECC for the years 2009 and 2018.
In both cases, LMPs for all nodes in the WECC were
calculated and associated with GIS data for each substation.
Maps were used to show LMPs for all substations and
different levels of congestion. Different kinds of cost were
calculated. Finally, the SCUC results were compared with
historical known congestion transmission lines for the year
2009. The SCUC results for the future year of 2018 were
compared with OPF results of the same year published in the
NETCS study. Our proposed method successfully identified
bottlenecks in an electric grid of historically known
congested areas and transmission lines. In addition, by
comparing the results from our proposed method with the
results based on OPF, we were able to show that our method
located more congested areas and many more transmission
lines than the OPF-based method. Further, our method was
able to calculate the cost of congestion system-wide.
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Mohammad Albaijat (M07) received his BS degree in Electrical
Engineering in 1993 from the University of Jordan. In 1998 got his MS
degree in Electrical Engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology,
Chicago. He is visiting researcher at IIT. He is pursuing the Ph.D. degree in
Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of California at Davis.
He has an intensive industry experiences in EMS and MMS applications. His
research interests include power system restructuring, computer networks,
Optimization, and algorithms
Kaveh Aflaki (S08) received his BS degree in Electronic Engineering in
2005. In 2009, he got his MS degree in Electrical Engineering from Iran
University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. He is currently pursuing
the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering at the Illinois Institute of
Technology, Chicago. His research interests include power system
restructuring and planning, High level wind and solar energy integration to
the bulk grids. He is student member of IEEE and HKN.
Biswanath Mukherjee (Fellow, IEEE) holds the Child Family Endowed
Chair Professorship at the University of California, Davis, where he has been
since 1987, and served as Chairman of the Department of Computer Science
during 1997 to 2000. He received his B.Tech. (Hons) degree from the Indian
Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, in 1980, and his Ph.D. degree from the
University of Washington, Seattle, in 1987. Dr. Mukherjee served as
Technical Program Co-Chair of the Optical Fiber Communications (OFC)
Conference 2009. He served as the Technical Program Chair of the IEEE
INFOCOM 96 conference. He is Editor of Springers Optical Networks
Book Series. He serves or has served on the editorial boards of eight
journals, most notably IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking and IEEE
Network

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