576

CHAPTER 1 2 HIGHER-ORDER DESlG

TABLE 12.2
SUM OF SQUARES AND DEGREES OF FREEDOM FOR EACH EFFECT IN A TWO-WAY
WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGN
E' ect General Expressionfor SS Specific Expression,for SS
-
S
k z l ] = I , = I
A f:tf.;
k = l , = I , = I
A x S $ e ?(G);,
k = l j = l r = I
B 555~;
k - l ] =I ! =I
B x S
5 2 2 (E):,
k = l j = l ) = I
A x B $ 5
k = l j = l , = I
A x B x S
k = I j = l ' = l
b a n
C C C ( y i l , - T i , - Y , . k - T I k +
k = l j - l r =l -
Y ! , L + Y . l . + u k - T ,j2
TABLE 12.3
EXPECTED MEAN SQUARES FOR EACH EFFECT
IN A TWO-WAY WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGN*
Design
Effect T(MSeiicct J
S u: + abui
A oj + bu:,2, + n be:
A x S u: + bu:,
B u: + auj , + na8;
B x S
0: + aoj ,
A x B
02 + a$, + n ~ $ ,
A x B x S 4 + u$n
*Results are for a design with a levels of factor A, b
levels of factor B, and n subjects. Factors A and B are
assumed to be fixed.
Table 12.3 shows the expected mean square associated with each effect, where it is assumed
that factors A and B are fixed but S is random. As usual, the error term for an effect should
be chosen so that the expected mean square of the effect itself contains only one additional
term over those in the denominator and that term should correspond to the effect being tested.
Given Table 12.3, it is easy to choose appropriate error terms for the A, B, and AB effects. For
example, the expected mean square for the A x S interaction differs from the expected mean
square for the A main effect only in that the latter includes an additional tern,, namely nbe:.
However, this term reflects the A main effect itself and is zero if the null hypothesis is true.
Thus, the A x S interaction is an appropriate error term for testing the A main effect. As a
result, when the null hypot
is distributed as an F statis)
of freedom (when requisite
is tested by
and the AB effect is tested
A general pattern shoul
of the F test is the interact.
a general rule that can be 1
subjects and are considerel
is considered to be randor
forming a ratio of the mea
between-the subjects fact0
In fact, this general ni
factors because the within
in Chapter 10. That Equl
reconsidering Figure 10.2
the design, the appropriate
interaction of the random
the form of the F statistic
As we pointed out in C1
an interaction between twc
not consistent across level!
the "effect" in question is
denominator of the F stal
from one subject to anoth
of Equation 5 (i.e., MS,ff,
subjects), whereas the den
Numerical Examp]
At this point, it is appropr
cell means and marginal I
table for these data. The s
and the appropriate erro.
discussed regarding Tabl'
the interaction are statisti
considered previously, si;