International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.
2, Issue 1, Jan, 2012
Print-ISSN: 2231-2013 e-ISSN: 2231-0347 RG Education Society (INDIA) INHIBITIVE EFFECT OF ORGANIC INHIBITORS IN CONCRETE CONTAINING QUARRY DUST AS FINE AGGREGATE
Prof. M. Devi
Department of Civil Engineering, Paavai Engineering College, Namakkal, Tamilnadu
Prof. V. Rajkumar Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem, Tamilnadu
Dr. K. Kannan
Department of Chemistry, Govt. College of Engineering, Salem, Tamilnadu, India devimcivil@gmail.com
Abstract- Concrete is the widely used building material in the world. River sand has been the most popular choice for the fine aggregate in concrete in the past, but overuse of the material has led to environmental concerns, reduction of sources and an increase in price. Quarry dust has been proposed as an alternative to river sand that gives additional benefit to concrete. The objective of this work is to study the strength and corrosion resistive properties of concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate along with organic inhibitors namely Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine at 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by weight of cement. The specimens were tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and bond strength in addition to water absorption. The resistance to corrosion is evaluated based on the performance of the concrete for the penetration of chloride ions by means of Polarization Technique, Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT) and Gravimetric weight loss method. From the results obtained, it is found that replacement of sand by well graded quarry dust along with super plasticizer increases the strength of concrete; with the addition of inhibitors it offers very good resistance against chemical attack and increases corrosion resistance in addition to overall properties of concrete. The optimum percentage addition of the organic inhibitors by weight of cement in concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate was also determined Key words: concrete, quarry dust, super plasticizer, corrosion resistance, inhibitor
1. INTRODUCTION Concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate is promising greater strength, lower permeability and greater density which enable it to provide better resistance to freeze/thaw cycles and durability in adverse environment (1,2). 100% replacement of quarry dust in concrete is possible with proper treatment of quarry dust before utilization (3,4). The compressive strength of quarry dust concrete can be improved with admixture E (5) and also super plasticizers can be used to improve the workability of quarry dust replaced concrete (6). Concrete produced using quarry fines shows improvement in higher flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and unit weight which are very important for reducing corrosion or leaching(7). Self- compacting concrete can also be produced using quarry dust (8). Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties (9,10). Corrosion of reinforcing steel is a major problem facing the concrete infrastructures (11,12). Many structures in adverse environments have experienced unacceptable loss in serviceability of safety earlier than anticipated due to the corrosion of reinforcing steel (13) and thus need replacement, rehabilitation or strengthening (14,15). Corrosion can be prevented by chemical method by using certain corrosion inhibiting chemical and coating to reinforcement. According to NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) inhibitors are substances which when added to an environment decrease the rate of attack on a metal (16). Corrosion inhibitors function by reinforcing a passive layer or by forming oxide layer and prevent out side agents and reduce the corrosion current (17). Corrosion inhibitors are becoming an accepted method of improving durability of reinforced concrete in chloride laden environments (18). Organic corrosion inhibitors consist of amines and fatty-acid act by adsorption on the metal surface forming an organic layer that may inhibit both the anodic and cathodic processes and they are considered as mixed inhibitors [19].The organic inhibitor inhibits the corrosion of steel in concrete by a twofold mechanism that involves the formation of a protective film on the steel surface and a reduction in the susceptibility of concrete to chloride ion penetration[20]. This paper deals with the experimental study to investigate the effect of two organic inhibitors namely Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine in concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate in resisting corrosion.
2. MATERIALS Ordinary Portland Cement (43 Grade) was used throughout the investigation. Locally available well-graded quarry dust, conforming to Zone-II having specific gravity 2.68 and fineness modulus 2.70 was used as fine aggregate. Natural granite aggregate having density of 2700kg/m 3 , specific gravity 2.7and fineness modulus 4.33 was used as coarse aggregate. High yield strength deformed bars of diameter 16mm was used for pullout and corrosion tests. To increase the workability of quarry dust concrete commercially available super plasticizer ROFF 320 has been used. The organic inhibitors used were Triethanolamine - N(CH 2 CH 2 OH) 3, Diethanolamine- HN(CH 2 CH 2 OH) 2 at the dosage of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by weight of cement. To attain strength of 20 N/mm 2 a mix proportion was designed based on IS 10262-1982 and International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.2, Issue 1, Jan, 2012
2 SP23:1982(21). The mixture was 1:1.517:3.38 with water cement ratio 0.45.
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM AND TEST SPECIMENS The following experiments were conducted to thoroughly investigate the strength, water absorption and corrosion resistance properties of the quarry dust replaced concrete with and without inhibitors. For each inhibitor, the dosage added were 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by weight of cement. Tests were conducted on a minimum of three replicate specimens after 3 days , 7 days and 28 days curing and the average values are reported.
Strength test Concrete cubes of size 150 X 150 X 150mm, beams of size 500 X 100 X 100 mm, cylinders of size 150mm diameter and 300 mm long were cast with and with out inhibitors for compressive, flexural and split tensile strength. After 24 hours the specimens were demoulded and subjected to water curing. After 3, 7and 28 days the specimens were tested as per IS: 516 1964. Cylinders of size150mm diameter and 300 mm long with rods of 70cm length kept at the centre were used for determination of bond strength. Water absorption of hardened concrete specimens was calculated based on ASTM C642-81.
Durability tests To assess the corrosion protection efficiency under accelerated test conditions, concrete cylinders of size 75mm diameter and 150mm length, with centrally placed steel rod of 16mm diameter were cast. The steel rod is placed in such a way that a constant cover is maintained all round (i.e.29.5mm). Polarization Technique or Impressed current method: Specimens were subjected to the acceleration corrosion process by impressed current method. 3% sodium chloride salt mixed with water which represents typical sea water was used as electrolyte solution; using a power pack the current was supplied to the specimens. The test specimens were subjected to a constant voltage of 6 volts from the D.C power pack. The reinforcement in specimens was connected to positive terminals of the power pack. Stainless steel plates connected to the negative terminal of the power pack was used as cathode to gather irons ions diffusing from embedded steel (anodic area). The galvanostat cell was created in FRP (fibre reinforced plastics) tank. After the process of accelerated corrosion was over the entire specimens were disconnected and removed from FRP tank.
Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (ASTM-C1202) The Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT) is used to determine the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. The RCPT is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that passes through concrete discs of 50mm thickness and 100mm diameter for a period of six hours. A voltage of 60 V DC is maintained across the ends of the specimen throughout the test. One lead is immersed in a sodium chloride(NaCl) solution(0.5N) and the other in a sodium hydroxide(NaOH) solution (0.3). The total charge passed through the cell in coulombs has been found in order to determine the resistance of the specimen to chloride ion penetration
Corrosion by weight loss method The steel rod of size 16 mm diameter and 150 mm long is immersed in the pickling solution (Hydrochloric acid +water in equal parts) for 15 minutes to remove the initial rust. The initial weight (W 1 ) of the rod was measured. At the end of accelerated corrosion process, the cylinder specimens were broken open and weight-loss rods were retrieved. After cleaning with water, the rod was air dried and its final weight (W 2 ) was measured. From the initial and final weight, the corrosion rate was calculated. The corrosion rate is calculated using the following formula: Corrosion rate in mmpy = 87.6 (W1 W2) / DAT Where, W1 = Initial weight in milligrams, W2 = Final weight in milligrams D = Density of steel gm/ cm 3, A = Area of the specimen in cm 2, T = Test period in hours.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Compressive, Split tensile, Flexural and Bond strength The compressive strength results after 28 days curing are shown in figure1.From the figure it is evident that 1% addition of Triethanolamine shows 9.8% increase in the compressive strength, while the addition of 2% of this inhibitor gives hike of 13% and this yields the maximum increase in the strength value. Further, addition of Triethanolamine to 3% and 4% gives 7.2% and 0.7% respectively which yields a comparatively lower value than using 2%.Similarly, the addition of Diethanolamine gives the maximum increase in the strength value at 2% dosage and the increase in strength values is 12.45%. The split tensile strength test results at the age of 28 days are shown in figure2. In accordance with figure 2, it is understood that addition of 2% of Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine shows the maximum increase in the strength value by 14.55% and 11.43%. Figure 3 shows the flexural strength test results after 28 days curing. Considering figure 3, it is observed that the maximum increase in the strength is given by 2% addition of Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine. The strength values are increased by 12.68%, 10.38% respectively. The Bond strength test results at 28 days are shown in figure 4. The specimens with 2% addition of Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine show a maximum increase in the bond strength by 15.28% and 13.38%. However, by increasing the inhibitor to 3% and 4 % there was a marginal reduction in the strength values. International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.2, Issue 1, Jan, 2012
3 From the results of the strength tests, it is observed that when compared to control specimens, all the inhibitor added specimens display slightly a higher strength than the control specimen. The ethanolamine based organic inhibitors Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine show improvement in strength properties for 1% and 2% dosage since the total porosity of the paste was lower in these percentages. For 3% and 4% addition of inhibitors, there was a slight reduction in strength due to retardation of C 3 S hydration (26). Compressive strength at 28 days 25 27 29 31 33 35 1% 2% 3% 4% Percentage of inhibitor C o m p r e s s i v e
s t r e n g t h
i n
N / m m 2 C S1 S2
Fig .1Compressive strength Split tensile strength at 28 days 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1% 2% 3% 4% Percentage of inhibitor S p l i t
t e n s i l e
s t r e n g t h
i n
N / m m 2 C S1 S2
Fig.2 Split Tensile Strength
Water absorption test Figure 5 shows the water absorption verses percentage of inhibitors for all the mixes after 28 days curing. The control specimen shows the highest water absorption value than all mixes. For all the inhibitors the absorption decreases as the concentration of inhibitor increases up to 2%, on the other hand, 3% and 4% addition of other inhibitors show relatively higher absorption than the optimal percentage. However, when compared to the control specimens, the addition of inhibitors definitely produces lower absorption values. Flexural strength at 28days 0 2 4 6 8 1% 2% 3% 4% Percentage of inhibitor F l e x u r a l
s t r e n g t h
i n
N / m m 2C S1 S2
Fig. 3 Flexural strength
Bond strength at 28 days 0 5 10 15 1% 2% 3% 4% Percentage of inhibitor B o n d
s t r e n g t h
i n
N / m m 2 C S1 S2
Fig. 4 Bond strength
Water absorption 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 1% 2% 3% 4% Percentage of inhibitors W a t e r
a b s o r p t i o n
i n
% C S1 S2
Fig .5 Water absorption
Durability Tests Rapid Chloride Permeability Test Figure6 shows the chloride diffusion results of the different percentages of inhibitors. The RCPT value for control concrete at 28 days is found to be 2426 Coulomb. From the figure it is evident that 1% addition of Triethanolamine shows 51.8%improvement, while the addition of 2%and 3% gives 96.59% and 41.7% respectively. Similarly the addition of Diethanolamine shows 50.3%, 91.78% and 33.07% improvement at 1%, 2% and 3% respectively. Further addition of 4% inhibitor yields a comparatively lower value than control specimen for all the organic inhibitors. The inhibitors reduce the ingress of chlorides by filling concrete pores and blocking the porosity International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.2, Issue 1, Jan, 2012
4 of concrete by the formation of complex compounds and reduce the extent of corroded area. Rapid chloride ion penetration 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 1% 2% 3% 4% Percentage of inhibitor C h a r g e
p a s s e d
i n
C o u l o m b s C S1 S2
Fig 6 Rapid chloride ion penetration Polarization (impressed current) method Corrosion initiation time of the organic inhibitors namely Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine, at the dosage of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by weight of cement in concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate are shown in figures 6 and 7. The corrosion initiation time for control concrete is found to be 168 hours. From figure 6and 7, it is to be noted that even the minimum value of the corrosion initiation time with respect to the addition of inhibitors is slightly higher than that of the control specimens. Among all the percentages added, 2% addition of Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine proves to be more effective in resisting corrosion. However the corrosion resistance is slightly reduced for 3% and 4% addition of inhibitors. The reasons for decrease in resistance are formation of C-S-H with higher C/S ratio, rapid initial setting followed by large heat development and a more porous structure.
Corrosion initiation Time for addition of Triethanolamine 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 66 132 198 264 330 396 Time in hours C u r r e n t
i n
m A C S11 S12 S13 S14
Fig. 6 Corrosion initiation time
Corrosion initiation Time for addition of Diethanolamine 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 66 132 198 264 330 396 Time in hours C u r r e n t
i n
m A C S21 S22 S23 S24
Fig. 7 Corrosion initiation time
Gravimetric Weight Loss test
Table 5 Weight Loss Readings
Corrosion rate from the weight loss measurements (Table 5) clearly indicates that the rate of corrosion decreases with the increase of percentage of inhibitor upto 2% and further addition shows a slight increase in corrosion rate. The results in Table 5 show the reduction of corrosion rate by the addition of inhibitor.
Test Images: (i) Compressive strength test:
Fig. 1.a.Cube specimens Inhibitor Corrosion rate in mmpy 1% 2% 3% 4% Control specimen 0.468 Triethanola mine 0.209 0.190 0.221 0.246 Diethanola mine 0.224 0.216 0.246 0.261 International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.2, Issue 1, Jan, 2012
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Fig. 1.b.Compressive strength Test set up
(ii) Split Tensile strength test:
Fig. 2.a.Cylindrical specimens
Fig.2.b.Split tensile strength test set up
(iii) Flexural Strength test:
Fig. 3.a. Beam specimens
Fig. 3.b.Flexural strength test set up
(iv) Bond Strength test:
Fig. 4.a.Cylindrical specimens
International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.2, Issue 1, Jan, 2012
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Fig. 4.b.Bond strength test setup
(v) Water absorption
Fig. 5.a.Specimens in water
Fig. 5.b.Specimens in oven
(vi) Durability Test
Fig. 6.a. Cylindrical specimens
Fig. 6.b.Accelerated corrosion set up
5. CONCLUSION From the experimental studies the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The concrete containing well graded quarry dust as fine aggregate along with plasticizer can be effectively utilized in the construction industry. 2. Among the various percentages (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) of Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine added, the quarry dust replaced concrete with 2% addition of inhibitor shows maximum improvement in the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and bond strength when compared to the control specimen. 3. By adding corrosion inhibitor permeability & water absorption properties were considerably reduced. 4. Addition of the organic inhibitors to quarry dust replaced concrete, offered very good resistance against chemical attack and increases corrosion resistance by forming thin oxide layer to prevent outside agents and shielding the anodic sites. 5. Considering strength as well as durability criteria, the optimum percentage of Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine to be added in concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate is 2% for delaying corrosion and to increase the strength and other durability characteristics.
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7 aggregate. CE and CR Journal, New Delhi. October.pp.40- 42. 5. E. Prachoom Khamput A study of compressive strength of concrete using quarry dust as fine aggregate and mixing with admixture type, Rajamangla University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani, Thailand. 6. R.Murugesan, N.R.Chitra, P.Saravanakumar, Effect of partial replacement of sand by Quarry Dust in concrete with and without Super plasticizer Proceedings of the National conference on Concrete Technology for the future, pp,167-170\ 7. Nagaraj T.S and Zahida Banu. Efficient utilization of rock dust and pebbles as aggregates in Portland cement concrete. The Indian concrete journal,pp,53-56 8. Professor David Manning and Dr. Jonathan Vetterlein. Explotation and use of quarry fines ReportNo: 087/MIST2/DACM/01. MST project reference: MA/2/4/2003. 9. S.N.Raman, Md.Safiuddin and M.F.M.Zain, 2007 Non Destructive of flowing concretes incorporating quarry waste. Asian journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing) VO.8. NO.6PAGES 597 -614. 10. M.S.Shetty. Concrete Technology theory and practice. 11. Concrete durability, Canadian strategic highway research programme, C-SHRP 12. R.D.Browne, M.P. Geoghegan and A.F.BAKER, In: A.P.Crane, Editor, Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete construction. London, UK, 1983, P.193. Transportation association of Canada 13. Ha-Won Song, Velu Saraswathy,2007 Corrosion monitoring of reinforced Concrete structures A review, International journal of electrochemical science, No. 2 1- 28. 14. A.Castel,R. Francois and G.Arligue, 2000 Mechanical behavior of corroded reinforced Concrete beams damaged by reinforcement steel corrosion .Material structural Journal.33 539- 544. Part1 15. Videm, Corrosion of Reinforcement in concrete. Monitoring, prevention and Rehabilitation. EFC No: 25. London, 1998, pa.104-121. 16. R.Vedalakshmi and N.S.Rengasamy, Quality assurance tests for corrosion resistance of steel reinforcementTheIndian concrete journal, April 2000. 17. Michael C.Brown, Richard E.Weyers, and Michael M.Sprinkel. July August 2002 Solution tests of corrosion inhibiting admixtures for reinforced concrete. ACI Material journal,. 18. Violetta F. Munteanu and Frederick D. Kinney,2000,"Corrosion Inhibition Properties of a Complex Inhibitor - Mechanism of Inhibition", CANMET, pp 255-269 19. Michael C.Brown, Richard E.Weyers, and Michael M.Sprinkel. 2001 Effect of corrosion Inhibiting admixtures on material properties of concrete. ACI Material journal,V.98. No.3. 20. Ping Gu, S.Elliott, R.Hristova, J.J.Beaudoin, R.Brousseau, and B.Baldock.Oct 1997 Study of corrosion inhibitor performance in chloride contaminated concrete by Electrochemical impedence spectroscopy. ACI Material journal, V.94 .No.5.
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