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Gh.

Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures


Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 1 -



FRAMES
FORCES METHOD
EXTERNAL LOADS

Using the forces method, let solve the following frame subjected to the indicated external loads.

Numerical data:
3,8 ; 3 ; 30 / ; 48 ; 64 L m H m p kN m F kN M kN m = = = = =

Solution:
4I
0
I
0
2I
0
F
4I
0
p
L L/3
3H/4
H


1. Establishing the static indeterminacy degree:
The degree of static indeterminacy is given by the following relationship:
3 ( ) 3 1 (0 6) -3 n c l r
s
= + = + =
The frame is three times statically indeterminate.

2. Choosing the primary system:
The forces method was originally developed by J .G. Maxwell and refined by Otto Mohr and Muller-
Breslau. This method was one of the first available for the analysis of statically indeterminate structures.
The force method consists of writing equations that satisfy the compatibility and forces displacement
requirements for the structure and involve redundant forces as the unknowns. The coefficients of these
unknowns are called flexibility coefficients. Since compatibility forms the basis for this method, it has
sometimes been referred to as the compatibility method or the method of consistent deformations.
Once the redundant forces have been determined, the structure are determined by satisfying the
equilibrium requirements for the structure. The fundamental principles involved in applying this method
are easy to understand and develop.
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 2 -
First, a primary system must be chosen and attached to the hyperstatic frame. The primary system must
be statically determinate and loaded with the external loads (forces, temperature variation, different
settlements) and with the internal efforts and/or reactive forces or bending moments which correspond
and must be compatible to all supplementary removed links, identified as
1, 2
,... X X . the unknowns to
be solved.
Theoretically, in the forces method an infinite number of primary systems could be attached to the
original hyperstatic system. Usually, the most suitable or the optimum primary system will be chosen
considering the numerical analysis the simplest way to draw the bending moment diagrams, the
minimum number of beams involved in the multiplications, the structure and/or the load symmetry etc.
For the above frame, some examples of primary systems are shown in Fig. 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e, and the
optimum one was considered the frame presented in Fig. 2.a

4I0
I0
2I0
F
4I0
p
3,8 1,27
2,25
3
X
1
X
2
X
3

a)
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
X
3
X
2
X
1
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
X
3
X
1
X
2

b) c) Mechanism!
Fig. 2
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 3 -
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
X
1
X
1
X
2
X
2
X
3
X
3
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
X
1
X
2
X
2
X
2

d) e) Critical system!
Fig. 2 (continued)

3. Elastic equilibrium equations

are obtained writing the compatibility relationships on each removed link, which means a
null displacement (translation or rotation) on each unknown direction
i
X ,


and, if expanded, the following equations system results:

11 1 12 2 13 3 1
21 1 22 2 23 3 2
31 1 32 2 33 3 3
0
0
0
p
p
p
X X X
X X X
X X X



+ + + =

+ + + =

+ + + =




4. Find out the unknowns coefficients and the corresponding free terms

4.1. The main and secondary coefficients

are obtained with the following simplified Mohr-Maxwell relationships (the axial and shear force
effects are neglected):
0
l
i
i
M M
dx
EI
ii


0 0
l l
i
j
j
i
M M
M M
dx dx
EI EI
ij ji
= =



where M
i
si M
j
are the bending moments diagrams on the primary system which is loaded only
with
i
X =1, and
j
X =1 respectively, representing the real load,
i
M and
j
M are the bending moments
diagrams on the primary system loaded only with a virtual unit force 1, representing the virtual load.

Of course, by the geometrical point of view, the real bending moments diagrams are identical with the
virtual bending moments diagrams, consequently only one diagram will be drawn.
0
i
a
X
=
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 4 -
- Primary system loaded with
1
X = 1, and with 1, respectively (
1 1
M M ):
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
5,25
3
M
1
X =1
1
1
M
1


0; 1 3 3 ; 0; 3 ;
1 5,25 5,25 ; 5,25 ; 5,25 .
AB CB BD
A B B B
BD DE
D D E
M M kNm M M kNm
M kNm M kNm M kNm
= = = = =
= = = =



( )
2 2 1 1
11
0 0
0
0 0
1 1 2 2,25
3 3 3 2 3 2 5,25 3 5,25 5,25 3
2 2 3 6
1 78,67
5,25 5.07 5.25
4
l
b
M M
dx
EI E I E I
E I EI
= = + + + + +

+ =



- Primary system loaded with
2
X = 1, and with 1, respectively (
2 2
M M ):
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
5,07
M
2
X =1
2
1
M
2


Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 5 -

0
A B C D
M M M M = = = =
5,07
E
M kNm =


2 2
22
0 0
0
1 1 2 10,86
5,07 5,07 5,07
4 2 3
l
b
M M
dx
EI E I EI
= = =



- Primary system loaded with
3
X = 1, and with 1, respectively (
3 3
M M ):
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
3,8
3,8
1,27
M
3
X =1
3
1
M
3

0
A
M = ;
0; 1 3,8 3,8 ; 0; 3,8 ; 3,8 ;
CB AB BC BD
C B B B D
M M kNm M M kNm M kNm = = = = = =
3,8 ; 1,27
DE
D E
M kNm M kNm = =

( )
3 3
33
0 0
0
2 2
0 0
1 1 2 1
3,8 3,8 3,8 3,8 2,25 3,8
4 2 3
5,07 41,8
2 3,8 2 1,27 3,8 1,27 1,27 3,8
6 4
l
b
M M
dx
EI E I E I
E I EI
= = + +

+ + =



The secondary coefficients are:
1 2 1 2
12 21
0 0
0 0
1 5,07 5,07 16,87
5,25
4 2
l l
b b
M M M M
dx dx
EI EI E I EI


= = = = =




1 3
13 31
0 0 0
0
1 (3 5,25) 2,25 1 1 1 43,69
3,8 3,8 5.07 5.25 1.27 5.07 5.25
2 4 2 2
l
b
M M
dx
EI EI E I EI

+
= = = + =


2 3 3 2
23 32
0 0
0 0
5,07 1,35
(2 5,07 1,27 5,07 3,8)
6 4
l l
b b
M M M M
dx dx
EI EI E I EI


= = = = =





Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 6 -
The sum of the unknowns coefficients is:
, 1
78,67 10,86 41,8 2 (43,69 16,87 1,35) 182,27
s
n
I
SS ij
i j

=
= = + + + =




4.2. The free terms are obtained applying also the simplified Mohr-Maxwell equation:

0
l
p i
ip
b
M M
dx
EI


where
p
M is the bending moment diagram on the primary system produced by the external loads (and,
of course, it represents the real load).

1
1
0
0
0 0
2,25
(2 216,6 3 2 108,6 5,25 216,6 5,25 108,6 3)
6
5,07 263,24
( 2 108,6 5,25 2 469,36 5,25 108,6 5,25 469,36 5,25)
6 4
l
p
p
b
M M
dx
EI E I
E I EI

= = + + + +

+ + + =


( )
2
2
0 0
0
5,07 889,09
2 469,36 5,07 108,6 5,07
6 4
l
p
p
b
M M
dx
EI E I EI

= = + =



3
3
0 0
0
0 0
1 1 3 1 (216,6 108,6) 2.25
3,8 216,6 3,8 3,8
4 3 4 2
5,07 1606
( 2 108,6 3,8 2 469,36 1,27 108,6 1,27 469,36 3,8)
6 4
l
p
p
b
M M
dx
EI E I E I
E I EI

+
= = +

+ + + =


48 kN
30 kN/m
3,8 1,27
2,25
3
A
B
C
D
E
3,8 1,27
2,25
3
216,6
108,6
469,36
M
p
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 7 -
The sum of all free terms is:
1
263,24 889,09 1606 2758.33
s
n
I
Sp ip
i=
= = =



5. Checking the unknown coefficients and the free terms

The coefficients are correctly solved if the following condition is checked:

2
1 1
0
s s
l
n n
I II s
SS ij SS
i j b
M
dx
EI

= =
= = =



3,8 1,27
2,25
3
M
s
3
3,8
9,05
1,09
6,8
X =1
3
X =1
2
X =1
1

( )
( )
2
0 0
0
2 2
0
2 2
0 0
1 1 2 1 1 2
3 3 3 3,8 3,8 3,8
2 2 3 4 2 3
2,25
2 6,8 2 9,05 6,8 9,05 6,8 9,05
6
5,07 182,27
2 9,05 2 1,09 9,05 1,09 9,05 1,09
6 4
l
II s
SS
b
M
dx
EI E I E I
E I
E I EI
= = + +

+ + + + +

+ + =



I II
SS SS
=

Condition checked, the unknown coefficients are correctly solved.

The free terms are correctly solved if the following condition is checked:
1
0
s
l
n
p s I II
Sp ip Sp
i b
M M
dx
EI
=

= = =



Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 8 -

( )
( )
0
0
0
0 0
1 1 3
216,6 3,8 3,8
4 3 4
2,25
2 216,6 6,8 2 108,6 9,05 108,6 6,8 216,6 9,05
6
5,07 2758.33
2 108,6 9,05 2 469,36 1,09 463,36 9,05 108,6 1,09
6 4
l
p s II
sp
b
M M
dx
EI E I
E I
E I EI

= =

+ + + +

+ + + =



I II
Sp Sp
=

Condition checked, the free terms are correctly solved.


6. Let solve the system of equations to find out the unknowns X
i


11 1 12 2 13 3 1
21 1 22 2 23 3 2
31 1 32 2 33 3 3
0
0
0
p
p
p
X X X
X X X
X X X



+ + + =

+ + + =

+ + + =




1 2 3
0 0 0 0
1 2 3
0 0 0 0
1 2 3
0 0 0 0
78,67 16,87 43,69 263,24
0
16,87 10,86 1,35 889,09
0
43,39 1,35 41,8 1606
0
X X X
EI EI EI EI
X X X
EI EI EI EI
X X X
EI EI EI EI

+ =

+ =

+ =



or

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
78,67 16,87 43,69 263,24
16,87 10,86 1,35 889,09
43,39 1,35 41,8 1606
X X X
X X X
X X X
+ =

+ =

+ =



having the following solution:

1
2
3
6.293
77.99
47.472
X kN
X kN
X kN
=
=
=


Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 9 -

7. Drawing the final internal efforts diagrams:

3.8
1.27
2.25
3.0
48kN
30kN/m
6.29kN
47.47kN
77.99kN


-
N
-
77.99kN
11.46kN
41.71kN
-
+
-
6.29kN
41.71kN
Q
47.47kN
66.53kN
+
-
11.46kN
+
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 10 -
M
39.37kNm
19.34kNm
54.48kNm
18.87kNm
35.61kNm
37.55kNm
1.58m



8. Checking the diagrams

8.1 Static equilibrium checks:

- J oint equilibrium of the node B:



41.71 48 6.29 0
77.99 11,46 66.53 0
54.48 18.87 35.61 0
X
Y
node
F
F
M
= + =
= =
= + + =

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures


Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 11 -
The final bending moment diagram M
f
could be checked applying the virtual work method on the
following floor mechanism or on any other local or global mechanism:

M
39.37kNm
54.48kNm
18.87kNm
48kN

1
=/2.25

2
=/3

( )
1 2
( ) (39,37 54,48) 48 18,87 39,37 54,48 48 18,87 0
2,25 3
VW

= + + = + + =

The bending moment diagram is checked.


8.2 Elastic checkings of the final bending moment diagram M
f
:

The final bending moment diagram M
f
is correctly drawn if the following condition is
checked:
0
0
i
l
f i
X
b
M M
dx
EI

= =


which means that the displacement on any unknown direction must be null.


( )
( )
1
1
0
0 0
5,07
2 39.37 5.25 2 19.34 5.25 39.37 5.25 19.34 5.25
6 4
2.25 1 1 2
2 39.37 5.25 2 3 54.48 39.37 3 54.48 5.25 18.87 3 3 0
4 2 3
l
f
X
b
M M
dx
EI E I
E I E I

= = + +

+ + =



Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 12 -
SUPPORT SETTLEMENTS

Applying the forces method, let draw the internal efforts diagrams caused by indicated
support settlements.

Numerical data:


0
3,8 ; 3 ; 30 / ; 48 ; 1 ; 1,4 L m H m p kN m F kN v cm = = = = = =

3,8m
1,27m
2,25m
3m
A
B
C
D
E
v


1. The same primary system as before will be used:

4I0
I0
2I0
4I0
3,8 m 1,27 m
2,25 m
3 m
X
1
X
2
X
3

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 13 -
2. The elastic equilibrium system of equations is:

11 1 12 2 13 3 1
21 1 22 2 23 3 2
31 1 32 2 33 3 3
c
c
c
X X X L
X X X L
X X X L



+ + =

+ + =

+ + =



The main and the secondary coefficients are the same, and they were calculated and checked in
the above application.

3. The free terms are calculated by the following virtual work relationships:
( )
1
i
k
ic i k
L R =


where:
1 is the virtual unit load (concentrated force/bending moment or a couple of concentrated
forces/bending moments, respectively) applied on the direction of the unknown X
i
;
i
- the corresponding support settlement on the direction of the unknown X
i
;
( ) i
k R the reactive forces in the k external link caused by the virtual unit load1.

The primary system is consecutively loaded with a virtual unit force1 on each X
i
direction, and
the reactive forces in the external links of the primary system will be calculated.
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
R
x1,1
R
x1,2
1



1,1
1 5,25 5,25
x
R = =

1,1
1 1
x
R = =

1
1,4
1 0 1 0 5,25 0,128
180
c
L

= + =
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 14 -



2,1
1 5,07 5,07
x
R = =
3,1
11,27 1,27
x
R = =
2,1
1 1
x
R = =
3,1
1
x
R =
2
1,4
1 0 1 0 5,07 0,124
180
c
L

= + + =
3
1,4
1 0,01 1 0 1,27 0,021
180
c
L

= + + =

The sum of all free terms is:
1
0,128 0,124 0,021 0,017
s
n
I
sc ic
i
L L
=
= = + + =




4. Checking the free terms

The free terms are correctly solved if the following condition is checked:

( )
( 1 ) ( )
s
II
k
sc i k
L R = +



The primary system is loaded with all unit forces applied on the corresponding X
i
directions, and the
reactive forces are calculated.
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
R
x2,1
R
x2,2
1
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
R
x3,2
R
x3,1
1
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 15 -
3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
R
s3
R
s2
R
s1
1
1
1


1
1
s
R =

2
2
s
R =

3
11,27 1 5,25 1 5,07 1,09
s
R = + =
Consequently,

1,4 3,1415
1 0,01 1 0 2 0 1,09 0,017
180
II
sc
L

= + + + =

Condition checked, the free terms are correctly solved.


5. Solving the system of elastic equilibrium equations
( )
7 4 3 2
0
2,1 10 72 10 151,2 10 E I kNm

= =

11 1 12 2 13 3 1
21 1 22 2 23 3 2
31 1 32 2 33 3 3
c
c
c
X X X L
X X X L
X X X L



+ + =

+ + =

+ + =




3
1 2 3
3
1 2 3
3
1 2 3
78,67 16,87 43,69 19,3536 10
16,87 10,86 1,35 18,7488 10
43,39 1,35 41,8 3,1752 10
X X X
X X X
X X X

+ =

+ =

+ =


having the solution

{ }
391.395
2302
258.775
X


=



Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 16 -
6. Drawing the final internal efforts diagrams:

The primary system is loaded with all the unknown reactive and/or internal efforts, considering
the resulted sign, and the diagrams will be drawn as for a statically determinate system.

3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B C
D
E
258,775
2302
391,395


3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B
C
D
E
2302
2043,225
391,395

N Diagrama final a eforturilor axiale

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 17 -

Q Diagrama final a forelor tietoare


3,8
1,27
2,25
3
A
B
C
D
E
983,345
1071,478
1174,185
190,84
9287,672
1071,478
M

M Diagrama final a momentelor ncovoietoare
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 18 -
Checking the final bending moment diagram M
f
applying the virtual work method for the following
floor mechanism:
M
1071.48kNm
190.84kNm
1174.18kNm

1
=/2.25

2
=/3


1 2
( ) ( 1071.48 190.84) 1174.18 ( 1071.48 190.84) 1174.18 0
2.25 3
LMV

= + + = + + =


The bending moment diagram is checked.
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 19 -

TEMPERATURE VARIATION

Let solve the following frame to the indicated non-uniform temperature variation
applying the forces method

Numerical data:
3
5 5 2 4
0
40 60
3,8 ; 3 ; 10 ; 2,1 10 / ;
12
t
L m H m E daN cm I cm


= = = = =
3,8 1,27
2,25
3
A
B
C
D
E
10
0
10
0
10
0
20
0
8
0


Considering for the beam with the reference moment of inertia a rectangular cross-section
3
4
0
40 60
12
I cm

=
and adopting the hypothesis that the width of all structural elements is the same (b = constant), it
results:
- for the beams with the moment of inertia of
0
2I
0 0
0
3 3
2
2
2 75
12 12
I I
I
b h b h
h cm

= =
- for the beams with the moment of inertia
0
4I
0 0
0
3 3
4
4
4 95
12 12
I I
I
b h b h
h cm

= =
where
3
0 0 nI I
h h n = .

1. Primary system and solving the unknown coefficients

The primary system which will be used is the same, consequently the main and secondary
coefficients are the same as before, and are already solved.
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 20 -
3,8 1,27
2,25
3
A
B
C
D
E
10
0
10
0
10
0
20
0
8
0
X
1
X
2
X
3



2. The compatibility equation system is:

11 1 12 2 13 3 1
21 1 22 2 23 3 2
31 1 32 2 33 3 3
0
0
0
t
t
t
X X X
X X X
X X X



+ + + =

+ + + =

+ + + =



3. The free terms will be calculated with the following relationship
i i
o
o
it t ax t N M
t
t
h


=


where:
t
is the linear variation coefficient -
5
1
10
t o
C


(quite the same for the concrete and steel);
o
ax
t is the average temperature in the longitudinal axis of the beam:
2
o o
o i e
ax
t t
t
+
= ;
o
t is the temperature difference between the extreme fibers of the cross-sectional area (usually
the temperature difference between the internal side of the beam and external one,
respectively):
o o o
i e
t t t = ;
h is the height of the beam cross-section;
,
i i
N M
are the corresponding axial effort and bending moment diagrams area, respectively,
of the beams.
The bending moment diagrams were already drawn before, in the first solved application, and
now, only the axial effort diagrams will be drawn, consecutively loading the primary system with
virtual unit forces1 on each X
i
direction.
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 21 -

A
B
C
D
E
X =1
1
N
1
1

A
B
C
D
E
X =1
2
N
2
1

A
B
C
D
E
X =1
2
N
3
1


The average temperatures in the longitudinal axis of the beams are:
2
o o
o o o o i e
ax i e
t t
t t t t
+
= =
BARA ti te Dt tax
AB 20 10 10 15
BC 20 10 10 15
BD 10 10 0 10
DE 10 8 2 9

The tensioned fibers due the temperature variation is drawn in the figure below with a dashed
line:
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 22 -
A
B
C
D
E
10
0
10
0
10
0
20
0
8
0
X
1
X
2
X
3

The primary system and tensioned fibers
due to the temperature variation

The free terms values are:

1 1 1 1 1
1 ,
, , , ,
5
10 1 2
10 9 5,07 3 3 0 0 5,07 5,25 156,41
0,75 2 0,95
o o o o
o BC AB BD DE
t t ax DE t
N M AB M BD M BC M DE
AB BD BC DE
t t t t
t
h h h h


= + + + =



= + + + =


5
10



( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2
, 2 , 2, , , , , ,
5
2 1
10 15 3 10 2,25 0 0 0 5,07 5
0,95 2
o o o o
o o BC AB BD DE
t t ax BD t ax AB N AB N BD M AB M BD M BC M DE
BD DE AB BC
t t t t
t t
h h h h






= + =
= + + + +
5
7 40,84 10 ,0


=




( )
3 3 3 3
3 ,
3, , , , ,
5 5
10 1 2 1 1
10 10 2,25 0 0 3,8 3,8 3,8 3,8 1,27 1,27 39,086 10
0,95 2 0,95 2 2
o o o o
o BC AB BD DE
t t ax BD t
N BD M AB M BD M BC M DE
AB BD BC DE
t t t t
t
h h h h



= + =



= + + + + + =





5 5
( 156,41 40,84 39,086) 10 158,164 10
I
st it

= = + =




4. Checking the free terms:

The free terms are correctly solved if the following condition is checked:
o
II o
st it t ax t
Ns Ms
t
t
h


= =




Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 23 -
A
B
C
D
E
N
s
1
2
1
M
ss
3
3,8
9,05
1,09
6,8



( )
5
5
10 1 10 1
10 15 3 10 4,5 9 5,07 3 3 3,8 3,8
0,75 2 0,95 2
2 1 1
4,25 9,05 1,09 0,545 158,14 10
0,95 2 2
II
st
I
st


= + + +




+ + = =





The free terms are correctly calculated.


5. Solving the equation system
( )
7 4 3 2
0
2,1 10 72 10 151,2 10 E I kNm

= =

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
78,67 16,87 43,69 236,5
16,87 10,86 1,35 61,75
43,69 1,35 41,8 59,1
X X X
X X X
X X X
+ =

+ =

+ =



with the following solution:

{ }
35.177
55.809
36.379
X


=



Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.


- 24 -
6. Drawing the final internal efforts diagrams (on the original statically indeterminate system):
3,8 1,27
2,25
3
A
B
C
D
E
10
0
10
0
10
0
20
0
8
0
36,379
55,809
35,177




105,53
138,24
52,07
46,44
M
32,71












55,809kN
19,43kN
35,177kN
N
Q
35,177kN
19,43kN
36,379kN

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