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Chapter 4 Study Guide � The Periodic Table

Section 1: How Are Elements Organized?

Key Terms:

* periodic law in chemistry, law stating that many of the physical and
chemical properties of the elements tend to recur in a systematic manner with
increasing atomic number.
* valence electron are the electrons in the last shell or energy level
of an atom
* group A vertical column in the periodic table; also called a family.
* period The elements in a horizontal row of the periodic table.

Section 2: Tour of the Periodic Table

Key Terms:

* main-group element are elements in groups, (periodic columns) whose


lightest members are represented by hydrogen, beryllium, boron,
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and helium as arranged in the
periodic table of the elements.
* alkali metal a series of chemical elements forming Group 1 of the
periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),
rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). (Hydrogen, although
nominally also a member of Group 1, very rarely exhibits behavior comparable
to the alkali metals). The alkali metals provide one of the best
examples of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with well
characterized homologous behavior down the group.
* alkaline-earth metal are a series of elements comprising of the
periodic table: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr),
barium (Ba) and radium (Ra). This specific group in the periodic table
owes its name to their oxides that simply give basic alkaline solutions.
These elements melt at such high temperature that they remain solids
* halogen are a series of nonmetal elements containing fluorine, (F);
chlorine, (Cl); bromine, (Br); iodine, (I); and astatine, (At)
* noble gas are a group of chemical elements with very similar
properties: under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless,
monatomic gases, with a very low chemical reactivity.
* transition metal an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell,
or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell
* lanthanide a series comprises the fifteen elements with atomic numbers
57 through 71, from lanthanum to lutetium.
* actinide a binary compound of a nonmetal (bromide, arsenide) or one of
a group of several elements (lanthanide, actinide),
* alloy is a partial or complete solid solution of one or more elements
in a metallic matrix.

Section 3: Trends in the Periodic Table

Key Terms:
* ionization energy The minimum amount of energy required to remove the
most loosely held electron of an isolated gaseous atom or ion.
* electron shielding Electrons in filled sets of s , p orbitals between
the nucleus and outer shell electrons shield the outer shell electrons somewhat
from the effect of protons in the nucleus; also called screening effect.
* bond radius There is a chemical bond between two atoms or groups of
atoms in case that the forces acting between
them are such as to lead to the formation of an aggregate with
sufficient stability to make it convenient for the chemist to consider it as
an independent "molecular species".
* electronegativity A measure of the relative tendency of an atom to
attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with another atom.

Section 4: Where Did the Elements Come From?

Key Terms:

* nuclear reaction Involves a change in the composition of a nucleus and


can evolve or absorb an extraordinarily large amount of energy
* superheavy elemen -??

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