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module 5

coefficient of thermal expansion eq 5.5


(for an ideal gas)
Grashof number eq 5.8
for D
3
or L
3
or
3
this is the gap for enclosed spaces
or L
3
Rayleigh number eq 5.11a
L = Area/Perimeter
Rayleigh number
sub in for Pr &
film temperature is an average
local value of HT coefficient for eq 5.11b
laminar
natural convection
vertical plate or cylinder
boundary layer thickness for same
natural convection for eq 5.13
turbulent region
vertical plate or cylinder
Gr
L
> 10
9
long plate angled (from vertical) eq 5.14
heated surface on bottom (or cooled from top)
10
5
< Gr
L
Pr cos < 10
11
heated surface on top use eq 5.13 (without cos)
0 89
10
5
Ra
L
10
7
horizontal plate top=hot or bottom=cool eq 5.15
10
7
Ra
L
10
10
horizontal plate top=hot or bottom=cool eq 5.16
10
5
Ra
L
10
10
horizontal plate top=cool or bottom=hot eq 5.17
L = surface area / perimeter
transition L to T is Ra
D
= 10
9
critical region for natural convection
HT coefficient for single wires or pipes for
horizontal
Pr > 0.5 natural convection
10
3
< Gr < 10
9
laminar
based on chart fig 5.13

=
T
1
Pr
D T g
Ra
2
3


=
(


+
2
T T
T
air element
air
( )
x
k
Pr 0.952
Gr
Pr 508 . 0 h
4
1
4
1
x 2
1
x c
+
=
( )
4
1
2
Gr Pr
0.56 Pr
x 3 . 4 x
(

+
=
( )
3
1
L
c
L
Pr Gr 0.13
k
L h
u N = =
( )
4
1
L
cos Pr Gr 56 . 0 uL N =
4
1
L L
Ra 54 . 0 u N =
3
1
L L
Ra 15 . 0 u N =
4
1
L L
Ra 27 . 0 u N =
( )
4
1
D D
Pr Gr 53 . 0 u N =

k
c D T g
Ra
p
2 3


=

D T g
Gr
2
3


=
enclosed spaces
angle from horizontal is = 90
2 < L/ < 10 Pr < 10 & Ra <10
10
enclosed spaces
angle from horizontal is = 90
2 < L/ < 2 10
-3
< Pr < 10
5
& 10
3
< (Ra

Pr)/(0.2 + Pr)
enclosed spaces
larger aspect ratios & = 90
10 < L/ < 40 1 < Pr < 2*10
4
& 10
4
< Ra

< 10
7
closely matched data for air enclosed spaces
Ra critical Ra

= 1700 ro Ra

= 10
8
horizontal plates
heated from below
eq 5.30a
eq 5.30b
above equation is for air this equation is for water
anything inside the [ ] brackets that is a negative number should be taken as zero
again horizontal plates natural convection
less than 70 from horizontal
L/ > 12 large aspect ratios eq 5.31
concentric cylinders eq 5.33
natural convection
horizontal
large aspect ratios
28 . 0
4
1
Ra
Pr 0.2
Pr

L
22 . 0 u N
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=

29 . 0
Ra
Pr 0.2
Pr
18 . 0 u N
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

( )
3 . 0
0.012 0.25
L
Pr Ra 42 . 0
Nu

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
(

+ =

1
5830
Ra
Ra
1708
1 44 . 1 1 u N
3
1
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

(
(

+
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
(

+ =
140
Ra
ln 1
3
1
3
1
3
1
140
Ra
0 . 2 1
5830
Ra
Ra
1708
1 44 . 1 1 u N
( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

(
(


+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
(

+ =
140
Ra
ln 1
3
1
3
1
6 . 1
3
1
140
cos Ra
0 . 2 1
cos 5830
1.8 sin Ra
cos Ra
1708
1 44 . 1 1 u N
( )
4
1
b
4
1
4
5
5
3
i
5
3
o
4
3
eff
Ra
Pr 861 . 0
Pr

D
1
D
1
b
Di
Do
ln
386 . 0
k
k
|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
b = (Do + Di)/2
0.7 Pr 6000
and
condition # 2 for eq 5.33
rate of solar gain must equal rate of convection from surfaces t & b + radiative HT from top
for steadystate the rate of convection to the thermocouple = radiation from thermocouple
concentric spheres on page 322 eq 5.34
rotating cylinders, disks, spheres, page 322 onwards
finned surfaces page 328 onwards
characteristic length for a circle-plate
HT from cylinder
( )
7
b
4
5
5
3
i
5
3
o
4
3
10 Ra
D
1
D
1
b
Di
Do
ln
10
(
(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+

( )( ) ( )
4
sky
4
s s b , c t , c
s
T T
2
1
T T h h
A
q
+ + = |
.
|

\
|


( ) ( )
4
encl
4
tc tc c
T T A T T A h +

( )
4
encl
4
tc
c
tc
T T
h
T T

+ =

4
D
D
D
P
A
L
2
4
=

= =

( )

= T T L D h q
s c c
( ) ( )
n i bulk out bulk p avg bulk s c
T T c m T T A h = &

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