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=
T
1
Pr
D T g
Ra
2
3
=
(
+
2
T T
T
air element
air
( )
x
k
Pr 0.952
Gr
Pr 508 . 0 h
4
1
4
1
x 2
1
x c
+
=
( )
4
1
2
Gr Pr
0.56 Pr
x 3 . 4 x
(
+
=
( )
3
1
L
c
L
Pr Gr 0.13
k
L h
u N = =
( )
4
1
L
cos Pr Gr 56 . 0 uL N =
4
1
L L
Ra 54 . 0 u N =
3
1
L L
Ra 15 . 0 u N =
4
1
L L
Ra 27 . 0 u N =
( )
4
1
D D
Pr Gr 53 . 0 u N =
k
c D T g
Ra
p
2 3
=
D T g
Gr
2
3
=
enclosed spaces
angle from horizontal is = 90
2 < L/ < 10 Pr < 10 & Ra <10
10
enclosed spaces
angle from horizontal is = 90
2 < L/ < 2 10
-3
< Pr < 10
5
& 10
3
< (Ra
Pr)/(0.2 + Pr)
enclosed spaces
larger aspect ratios & = 90
10 < L/ < 40 1 < Pr < 2*10
4
& 10
4
< Ra
< 10
7
closely matched data for air enclosed spaces
Ra critical Ra
= 1700 ro Ra
= 10
8
horizontal plates
heated from below
eq 5.30a
eq 5.30b
above equation is for air this equation is for water
anything inside the [ ] brackets that is a negative number should be taken as zero
again horizontal plates natural convection
less than 70 from horizontal
L/ > 12 large aspect ratios eq 5.31
concentric cylinders eq 5.33
natural convection
horizontal
large aspect ratios
28 . 0
4
1
Ra
Pr 0.2
Pr
L
22 . 0 u N
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
29 . 0
Ra
Pr 0.2
Pr
18 . 0 u N
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
( )
3 . 0
0.012 0.25
L
Pr Ra 42 . 0
Nu
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
+ =
1
5830
Ra
Ra
1708
1 44 . 1 1 u N
3
1
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
+
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
+ =
140
Ra
ln 1
3
1
3
1
3
1
140
Ra
0 . 2 1
5830
Ra
Ra
1708
1 44 . 1 1 u N
( )
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
+
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
+ =
140
Ra
ln 1
3
1
3
1
6 . 1
3
1
140
cos Ra
0 . 2 1
cos 5830
1.8 sin Ra
cos Ra
1708
1 44 . 1 1 u N
( )
4
1
b
4
1
4
5
5
3
i
5
3
o
4
3
eff
Ra
Pr 861 . 0
Pr
D
1
D
1
b
Di
Do
ln
386 . 0
k
k
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
b = (Do + Di)/2
0.7 Pr 6000
and
condition # 2 for eq 5.33
rate of solar gain must equal rate of convection from surfaces t & b + radiative HT from top
for steadystate the rate of convection to the thermocouple = radiation from thermocouple
concentric spheres on page 322 eq 5.34
rotating cylinders, disks, spheres, page 322 onwards
finned surfaces page 328 onwards
characteristic length for a circle-plate
HT from cylinder
( )
7
b
4
5
5
3
i
5
3
o
4
3
10 Ra
D
1
D
1
b
Di
Do
ln
10
(
(
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
( )( ) ( )
4
sky
4
s s b , c t , c
s
T T
2
1
T T h h
A
q
+ + = |
.
|
\
|
( ) ( )
4
encl
4
tc tc c
T T A T T A h +
( )
4
encl
4
tc
c
tc
T T
h
T T
+ =
4
D
D
D
P
A
L
2
4
=
= =
( )
= T T L D h q
s c c
( ) ( )
n i bulk out bulk p avg bulk s c
T T c m T T A h = &