NEBOSH IGC 2

1. List eight design features and/or safe practice intended to reduce the
ris of !ccidents on staircase used as interna" pedestrian routes #ithin
#or pre$ises.
The removal of obstructions
Provision of non slippery surfaces, together with reflective edging.
Adequate lighting.
Effective maintenance of the staircase.
Width of the staircase
Provision of handrails
Dimension of treads and risers
Provision of landings.
Provision for disabled persons.
Possible use of elevators life as alternative.
!mposing site rules for using appropriate foot wear.
2. Out"ine the precautions that $ight %e needed to ensure the safet& of
pedestrians in 'ehic"e $aneu'ering areas
"eparate systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
Appropriate road mar#ings.
$aintaining good visibility %mirrors, transparent door, provision of
lighting etc&.
Audible warning on vehicles.
The wearing of high visibility 'ac#ets.
(ood standard of house #eeping.
Training for, and supervision of all concerned.
Enforcement of site rules.
"upervision.
(. Out"ine the $eans %& #hich the ris accidents fro$ re'ersing 'ehic"es
#ithin a #orp"ace can %e reduced.
The various means by which the ris# of accidents from reversing vehicles
within a wor#place can be reduced are.
Trying to avoid the need of vehicle to be reversed. %)ne way or
drive through system, turning circles etc&.
"eparation of vehicles and pedestrians %barriers, signs etc&.
Aspects of vehicle and wor#place design %audible alarms,
mirrors on vehicles and at blind corners, refuges, lighting etc&
Procedural measures li#e use of ban#smen, site rules, driver
training etc.&
*+*,-./0.doc Page 1 of ,2
). Identif& the t&pes of ha*ard that $a& cause s"ips or trips at #or.
There are many reasons why people slip or trip at wor#. The main
reasons are floor poorly being maintained, changes in level %with ramp,
slopes or #erbs&, slippery surfaces caused by oil, water or ice,
inappropriate footwear, and general obstructions in wal#ways such as
trailing cables, pipes and air hoses.
+. Out"ine ho# s"ips and trip ha*ards in the #orp"ace $ight %e contro""ed.
3ontrol measures such as highlighting changes in level with ha4ard
warning strips, providing good lighting, introducing procedures for
reporting defects and for spillages, gritting oil and icy surfaces, using
non slip flooring and ensuring high standards of house#eeping to #eep
floors free of obstruction.
,. Out"ine the possi%"e causes of a for"ift o'erturning.
Driving too fast
"udden brea#ing
Driving on slopes.
Driving on debris
5nder6inflated tires.
Driving over holes in floor, such as drains.
Driving with load elevated.
)verloading 7 e8ceeding ma8imum capacity.
3ollisions with buildings or other vehicles.
!ncorrect choice of for#lift for the 'ob.
-. Out"ine the conditions and en'iron$ents in #hich a 'ehic"e accident
$a& occur.
!nadequate lighting
!nadequate direction signs
!nadequate signs or signals to identify the presence of vehicles.
Drivers unfamiliar with site.
9eed to reverse.
Poor visibility e.g. sharp bends mirror windscreen misted up.
Poor identification of fi8ed ob'ects e.g. overhead pipes, door ways,
storage tan#s, corners of buildings.
:ac# of separation of pedestrians and vehicles.
:ac# of safe crossing pints on roads and vehicle routes.
Pedestrians using doors provided for sole vehicle use.
*+*,-./0.doc Page , of ,2
:ac# of barriers to prevent pedestrians suddenly stepping from an
e8itentrance into a vehicle;s path.
Poor maintenance of vehicles e.g. tiers or bra#es
E8cessive speed of vehicles.
:ac# of vehicle management e.g. use of traffic control, <signaler;.
Environmental conditions e.g. poor lighting, rain, snow or ice.
.. /hat are the factors that to %e taen into account #hen p"anning traffic
routes for interna" transport.
The purpose of the route, the types of vehicle using the routes.
The li#ely volume of traffic, the layout of the area.
The possible need for one6way systems.
"peed limits.
$ar#ings
3rossing points and signs
The importance of separating pedestrians and vehicles possibly by the
use of physical barriers.
"uitability of floors as well as environmental issues such as lighting
levels and ventilation when diesel6powered transport is to be used
inside a building.
0. Identif& eight ru"es to fo""o# #hen a for1"ift is "eft unattended during a
dri'ers #or %rea.
There are a number of precautions that a driver must follow when leaving
hisher for#lift truc# unattended. The first one relates to leaving the for#lift
truc# on a firm level surface, in a designated area, to ensure that it cannot roll
away. The truc# must not be left in a position where it could obstruct the
emergency e8its, wal#ways or fire points, and must be par#ed away from
other vehicles.
The truc# should be left with the mast tilted slightly forward and for#s resting
on the floor to ma#e sure that it is stable and not li#ely to overturn. The truc#
must not be left until the brea# has been applied and the power switched off.
Where a start #ey is used, the #ey must be removed and returned it to a
responsible person, as appropriate. This will prevent the unauthori4ed use of
the truc#.
12. Out"ine the precautions to %e taen #hen using a $o%i"e e"e'ating #or
p"atfor$ 34E/56 to reach a high point such as a street"ight.
The need to inspect the equipment before use and to ensure it is in good
state of repair.
*+*,-./0.doc Page 0 of ,2
5sing only competent wor#ers
5sing outriggers and bra#es
Erecting warning signs and barriers to avoid collisions
Avoiding overhead obstructions
Wearing a harness.
Ensuring the platform is not overloaded.
11. List four specific t&pes of in7ur& that $a& %e caused %& the incorrect
$anua" hand"ing off "oads.
"pinal disc compression or slipped discs
Torn ligaments or strained or sprained tendons
=ernias,
Dislocations and fractures
$uscular strains
3uts and abrasions
3rushing and impact in'uries
12. Out"ine the factors in re"ation to the "oad that #i"" affect the ris of
in7ur&.
The factors in relation to the load that can affect the ris# of in'ury are si4e and
weight of the load the possibility that the contents might move and the load
become unbalanced, the weight distribution %the center of gravity not being in
the center of the load&, difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load, and the
presence of sharp edges or very hot or cold surfaces.
1(. Batter&1po#ered for"ift trucs are used to $o'e pa""eti*ed goods #ithin
a #arehouse.
a& Describe four ha4ards associated specifically with battery6powered
for#lift truc#s.
b& )utline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of
pedestrians in the areas where the for#6lift truc#s are operating.
A&
$ain ha4ards include hydrogen gas being released during battery charging.
Electricity problems during charging.
$anual handling of liquids for batteries.
3orrosive acids caused by charging.
>uiet so can cause accidents in areas where PPE is worn.
B)
"eparate systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
Appropriate road mar#ings.
*+*,-./0.doc Page . of ,2
$aintaining good visibility %mirrors, transparent door, provision of
lighting etc&.
Audible warning on vehicles.
The wearing of high visibility 'ac#ets.
(ood standard of house #eeping.
Training for, and supervision of all concerned.
Enforcement of site rules.
"upervision.
1). Out"ine a good hand"ing techni8ue that cou"d %e adopted %& a person
re8uired to "ift a "oad fro$ the ground.
(ive two e8amples of how a manual handling tas# might be avoided.
3onsider the si4e ? weight of the load
3orrect position of the feet.
Ta#e firm grip
@eeping the bac# straight
Aending only the #nees
5se strength of thigh muscles
:ifting smoothly #eeping the load close to the body.
The manual handling tas# can be avoided by mechani4ation and use of for#
lift truc#s, hoists, cranes and conveyors.
1+. Out"ine the precautions that shou"d %e taen in order to ensure the
safet& of e$p"o&ees carr&ing out $aintenance #or on process
e8uip$ent.
Permit to wor#
Pre6tas# assessment method statement
!solation loc# out Tag out procedure.
Pre6clean purging ventilation
Atmosphere testing
"afe access egress
"uitable tools %non spar#&
"uitable PPE
"uitable lighting
3ompetent trained personnel
Above ground support supervision
3ommunication %signals radio&
Emergency procedure.
*+*,-./0.doc Page + of ,2
1,. Out"ine the issues to consider #hen undertaing a $anua" hand"ing
assess$ent of a tas that in'o"'es "ifting %ucets of #ater out of a sin.
Brequency of the activity
Certical ? hori4ontal distances to be lifted transported.
Distance of load from the body
Aw#ward body movements ? so on
The type si4e of buc#et ? water temperature
Wet floors, space constraints ? ambient temperature.
Physical capabilities ? limitations of the individual.
1-. /hat are the four factors to %e considered #hen doing the assess$ent
for $anua" hand"ing9
:oad
!ndividual
Tas#
Environment
1.. Out"ine the steps for safe operation of a crane
Ensure operators slingers are trained and competent.
"elect the correct appliances and tac#le for the 'ob.
Ensure the appliance is stable when lifting.
5se correct slinging methods.
Protect sling from sharp edges.
Ensure the sling is securely attached to the hoo#.
Ensure the load is lifted to correct height and moved at an appropriate
speed.
5se standard signals
9ever drag a load or allow sudden shoc# loading.
9ever use any damaged equipment for lifting.
9ever e8ceed the safe wor#ing load.
9ever lift a load over the wor#ers.
10. Out"ine the ha*ards that cou"d %e faced %& the #orer #ho is using a
petro" dri'en stri$$er to $aintain roadside grass 'erges.
3ontact with the moving parts of the strimmer
The possibility of being struc# by flying stones or other materials.
"lips Trips Balls
$anual handling ha4ards.
The danger posed by moving traffic, noise and vibration.
*+*,-./0.doc Page / of ,2
Dust and fumes.
The ha4ards associated with the storage and transfer of petrol.
Weather condition li#e e8posure to ultraviolet radiation.
22. List the fi'e ite$s of personne" protecti'e e8uip$ent that shou"d %e
pro'ided to the #or #ho is engaged in using petro" dri'en stri$$er to
$aintain roadside grass 'erges.
Ear defenders
Eye protection
Despiratory protection
(loves
"afety footwear
(aiters
=igh visibility 'ac#ets that also offers protection against the weather
21. Out"ine $easures other than the use of protecti'e e8uip$ent that $ight
%e necessar& to ensure the hea"th and safet& of the #orer #ho is
engaged in using petro" dri'en stri$$er to $aintain roadside grass
'erges.
The use of traffic control or barriers.
The selection and maintenance of equipment to reduce to a minimum the levels
of noise and vibration.
The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision and health
surveillance.
Completion of a risk assessment for the job to be done.
22. Outline the sources and possible effects of four non-mechanical hazards
commonly encountered in a wood working shop.
Dust from sawing and sanding operations leading to lung disorders and
possibl! cancer)
Chemical ha"ards from vanishes, glues etc leading to a range of ill#health
effects)
$oise from machiner! causing noise#induced loss and other auditor! and non#
auditor! effects)
%harps and splinters causing noise#induced hearing loss and other auditor! and
non#auditor! effects).
&anual handling ha"ards resulting is musculoskeletal disorders)
'lectricit! causing shock, burns and fire).
23. Describe the possible effects of electricity on the body.
*+*,-./0.doc Page 2 of ,2
(nterference with nerve ) muscle action, tissue burns, possibilit! of damage to
internal organs.
Cardio#respirator! effects.
The risk of fatal injur! to disruption of heart rh!thm.
24. Outline four factors that may affect the severity of inury from contact with
electricity.
*oltage
Current path
Duration e+posed to the electricit!
,requenc!.
2!. "dentify four mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drill # outline in each
case how inury may occur.
'ntanglement of hair with the drill bit or chunk.
%tabbing injuries from the bit
Contact with the drill bit or chuck resulting in abrasions.
'jection of, or impact b!, unclamped work pieces, made worse b! the fact that
the work piece ma! be spinning at fast speed on the bit.
Cutting ha"ards ma! also be presented b! mental sward produced b! the
drilling process.
2$. Outline the principles of the following types of machine guard.
%.& 'i(ed )uards* 2& "nterlocked )uards
,i+ed guards- . fi+ed guard ) fence be fitted such that it cannot be removed other than
b! use of specialist tools which are not available to operators of the equipment.
(nterlock /uards- .n interlocked guard is similar to a fi+ed guard, but has movable
usuall! hinged) part, so connected to the machine controls that if the movable part is in
the open ) lifted position the dangerous moving part that the work point cannot operate.
2+. "dentify two advantages # disadvantages of fi(ed machine guards.
,dvantages- (t is less costl!, needs maintenance and periodic attention, no moving
parts, require a too to remove.
Disadvantages- &a! cause problems with visibilit! for inspection, if enclosed ma!
create problems with heat, machine can still be used even if the guard is removed.
2.. Outline four main categories of guards and safeguarding devices that may be sued
to minimize the risk of contact with the dangerous parts of machinery.
*+*,-./0.doc Page - of ,2
,i+ed guards
(nterlocked guards
.utomatic guards
Trip devices
2/. Outline four control measures to reduce the risk of inury from pedestal drill.
.void wearing loose clothing with sleeves, an! bracelets and chains while
working with pedestal drill.
.void placing hands under the drill while it is running 0 use of 11'
&ake sure that the work piece at which drill has to be used is secured enough to
sustain the drill operation
Double check the tightening of the drill bit 0 make sure that the correct si"e of
the bit is used.
30. 1rovide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical hazards
from moving parts of machinery.
'ntanglement
Crushing
Drawing#in
%hear
3%. Outline a range of check that should be made to ensure electrical safety in an
office environment.
*isual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and sockets.
The need to ensure that all fuses are the correct rating
The equipment is sited such that outlets are not overloaded and the cables are
not in vulnerable positions.
The equipment itself should be checked to ensure suitabilit! and conformit!
with recogni"ed standards.
%pecific testing procedure for portable appliances should be place.
1rocedure for reporting defects or damage.
32. "n relation to the use of electrical cables and plugs in the workplace identify four
e(amples of faults and bad practices that could contribute to electrical accidents.
,lso outline the corresponding precautions that should be taken for each of the
e(amples identified in.
,ailure to select the right equipment for the environment
(ncorrect rating of fuses.
(neffective or discontinuous earthing
*+*,-./0.doc Page * of ,2
2verloading of socket outlets
Cables unnecessaril! long or short.
The use of coiled e+tension leads
1oorl! wired plugs
The use of defective cables and plugs
The relevant precautions for the above identified e+amples are-
'arthing
Calculate correct rating for a fuse
3esidual current device
3educe voltage
Batter! powered.
Double insulation.
33. "n relation to electrical safety* e(plain the meaning of the following terms.
a& "solation
b& 2arthing
c& 3educed low voltage
d& Over current protection
"solation 4 it refers to shutting of the electricasl suppl! to an item of equipment or part
of an item of equipment or part of an electrical s!stem and preventing inadvertent
reconnection in order, for instance, to carr! out maintenance work.
2arthing 4 this means whereb! electrical equipment and conductive items are
connected to earth b! a cable or metal pope work such that the route to earth provides
the path of least resistance to a current flowing under fault conditions.
3educed low voltage 4 Commonl! used on construction sites, involves the reduction
of local suppl! voltage b! a transformer to a lower, safer voltage 4 t!picall! 556 or 77
volts.
Over current protection 4 is a method of preventing the flow of e+cess current b!
cutting the suppl! under fault conditions b! means of a fuse or circuit breaker.
89. Outline how earthing can reduce the risk of receiving an electric shock5
'arthing ma! prevent electric shock, the electricit! suppl! compan! has one of its
conductors solidl! connected to the earth and ever! circuits supplied b! the compan!
must have one of its conductors connected to earth. This means that if there is a fault,
such as a break in the circuit the current known as the earth fault current, will return
directl! to earth, which forms the circuit of least resistance.
3!. Outline the emergency actions to take if a person suffers a severe electric shock.
The action of discovering a person having suffered an electric shock should be to make
others aware of the situation and, at the same time or immediatel! afterwards, to turn off the
*+*,-./0.doc Page 1E of ,2
suppl!. (f this is not possible, and the victim is still in contact with, or in close pro+imit! to, the
live part, then he)she should be pushed clear using a non#conductive implement such as a
broom). ,irst#aid should then be administered, which, depending on the condition of the
person, ma! include cardio#pulmonar! resuscitation. (f successful, an airwa! should be
maintained b! placing the victim in the recover! position and breathing should be monitored
until medical help arrives.
3$. Outline the precautions to protect against electrocution when
a) :hen e+cavating near underground cables.
b) :orking near overhead power lines.
a& 2(cavating near underground cables
%uppl! isolation
Cable routes identification via plans and cable detectors
Checking for service bo+ covers
&arking of cable routes
Digging with hand tools.
b& 6orking near overhead power lines
(solation
/oal#post barriers defining clearance distances
;se of signs and bunting to clearl! mark danger "ones
%afe access routes under lines
;se of marshals and banks men when cranes, e+cavators or tipper lorries ma!
approach
3estriction on use of metal ladders and scaffold tubes
8<. 2utline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injur! from electricit! when using a
portable electrical appliance on a construction site.
'nsuring suitable equipment is used
3educed voltage suppl!
;se of 3CD=s
Double insulated tools
Batter! operated tools
%uitable connections
1re#use visual check on the plug, the lead and the drill
'quipment tested frequentl!
.void using in we conditions.
3.. 2(plain using a suitable sketch* the significance of a 7fire triangle8
*+*,-./0.doc Page 11 of ,2
,;'>
3/. "dentify four methods of heat transfer and e(plain how each can cause the spread
of fire
&ethods of heat transfer include-
9onduction- :here heat is transferred through a conducting material e.g., metal),
without the conductor itself is burning.
9onvection- .s the hot air and gases rise from the fire, cooler air is drawn in which, in
turn, his heated and rises. The continuous process of air being drawn in and heated,
then rising, cooling and descending, forms circulating currents which enable the fire to
spread.
3adiation- ?eat energ! from the fire, in the form of infrared radiation, is transmitted
through the air and ma! be absorbed b! other fuel sources causing them to heat up,
possibl! enough to cause ignition.
Direct burning- Combustible materials in direct contact with naked flame.
40. Outline measures that should be taken to minimize the risk of fire from electrical
e:uipment.
&easures such as the proper selection of equipment to ensure its suitabilit! for the task,
pre#use inspection b! the use, establishing correct fuse ratings, ensuring circuits and
sockets are not overloaded, disconnecting or isolating the equipment when it is not in
use, and ensuring that electric motors do not overheat e.g. b! checking that vents are
uncovered). .dditional measures include the need to uncoil cables particularl!
e+tension leads) to prevent the build up of heat and protecting cables from mechanical
damage. (mportantl!, electrical equipment and s!stems should be subject to regular
inspection, testing and maintenance b! competent persons. This should ensure, for
instance, that contacts are sound, thereb! reducing the likelihood of electrical arcing.
4%. 2(plain why water should not be used on fires involving electrical e:uipment
;sing water on an electrical fire can lead to electric shock since water is a good
conductor of electricit!. Carbon dio+ide and dr! powder were correctl! identified as
suitable e+tinguishing agents where electrical equipment is involved but references to
halon were discounted due to the fact that its use has been banned.
42. ;ist eight ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in a workplace.
The control of smoking and smoking materials
*+*,-./0.doc Page 1, of ,2
?'.T (gnition)
2@A/'$
/ood housekeeping to prevent the accumulation of waster paper and other
combustible materials
3egular lubrication of machiner!.
,requent inspection of electrical equipment for damage
'nsuring ventilation outlets on equipment are not obstructed
Controlling hot work
The provision of proper storage facilities for flammable liquids
%egregation of incompatible chemicals.
43. ;ist the five steps in doing an assessment on fire risks
<tep % 4 "dentify the fire hazards
(dentif! sources of ignition
(dentif! sources of fuel
(dentif! sources of o+!gen
<tep 2 4 "dentify people at risk
Consider people in the premises
?ow could fire, heat or smoke spread to areas that people occup!B
:ho and where are the people that ma! be at riskB
(dentif! people who are speciall! at risk
?ow will people be warned of fire and could people b! trapped b! fireB
<tep 3 4 2valuate* remove or reduce and protect from risk
3isk reduction b! prevention
3isk reduction b! protection
<tep 4 4 3ecord, 1lan, (nform, (nstructed train
%tep# 7 3eview and &onitor
44. , factory uses small :uantities of various to(ic chemicals which re obtained from
# returned to a central storeroom.
,& "dentify four possible routes of entry of to(ic substances into the body # in
each case* describe a circumstance in which the storeroom staff might be at risk of
such e(posure.
b& Outline the factors to consider when assessing the health risk to storeroom staff
from handling the chemicals.
9& Outline the control measures that might be re:uired in order to minimize the
risk to the health of those working in the store room.
a) The possible routes of entr! of to+ic substances into the bod! refers to inhalation,
ingestion, absorption 0 injection
*+*,-./0.doc Page 10 of ,2
The operations in which the storeroom staff would t!picall! be engaged 0 related
possible routes of entr! to these are
(nhalation in relation to spillage 0 the build up of vapors.
(ngestion due to poor personal h!giene practices
.bsorption through the skin as result of inadequate personal protective
equipment or uncovered wounds.
(njection from the use of damaged, broken or unsuitable containers for handling
the to+ic substances.
b) The factors to consider when assessing the health risks to storeroom staff from
handling the chemicals are-
Degree of to+icit! of the substance used.
The methods of work adopted which ma! determine the routes of entr!)
The possible duration 0 frequenc! of e+posures.
.n assessment of the effectiveness of e+isting control measures.
c) %pecific control measures include-
The use of suitable containers for the chemical 0 the methods for handling
them.
The provision of ventilation 0 appropriate personal protective equipment.
1rocedures for dealing with spillage.
The introduction of site rules to ensure personal h!giene
The provision of information 0 training to the staff involved.
4!. "dentify possible routes of entry of biological organism into the body.
(nhalation
(njection
'ntr! through broken skin
'+change of bod! fluids and ingestion
4$. Outline control measures that could be used to rescue the risk of infection from
biological organisms.
Cleaning and disinfecting
1ersonal protective equipment
'ngineering controls
*ermin control
/ood personal h!giene.
(mmuni"ation
4+. , worker is engaged in general cleaning a large veterinary practice.
a& "dentify four specific types of hazards that the cleaner might face when
undertaking the cleaning.
*+*,-./0.doc Page 1. of ,2
b& Outline the precautions that could be taken to minimize the risk of harm from
these hazards.
a) ,our specific t!pes of ha"ards are
Cleaning fluids
&anual handling
%lips ) Trips ) ,alls
%harp objects
Biological ha"ards
Contact with animals
Dangers associated with using speciali"ed equipment for cleaning
b)
The provision and use of personal protective equipment including overalls and
gloves)
The introduction of a procedure for the handling and disposal of sharp objects
The need for animals to be kept in secure enclosures.
The possible need for immuni"ation against diseases know to be transmitted b!
animals
%pecific training for the worker with related to the job to be done.
4.. , company produces a range of solid and li:uid wastes* both hazardous and non-
hazardous. Outline the arrangements that should be in place to ensure the safe storage of
the wastes prior to their collection and disposal.
The completion of risk assessments that address the nature, properties and
quantities of the wastes likel! to be stored.
&inimi"ing the quantities stored b! organi"ing regular collections.
'nsuring the separation of incompatible wastes.
1roviding appropriate means for containing the wastes in secure storage
facilities.
(nstalling and maintaining fire protection and fire#fighting s!stems in the case
of flammable or combustible wastes.
(nstalling bunds and drawing up procedures to deal with spillages that might
present environmental risks.
1roviding safe means of transport and access to the storage sites.
'nsuring that wastes are accuratel! identified and that warning signs are in
place where appropriate.
Training emplo!ees in the precautions to be taken
'nsuring that the! are provided with, and use, appropriate personnel protective
equipment, such as gloves, overall and e!e protection.
4/. 'or each of the following agents* outline the principle health and safety effects and
identify a typical workplace situation in which a person might be e(posed.
*+*,-./0.doc Page 1+ of ,2
a& "socyanides
b& ,sbestos
c& ;eptospira bacteria
d& ;ead
(soc!anates are a respirator! sensiti"er and ma! also cause dermatitis. 1ersons carr!ing
out work involving the use of insoc!nates based printing inks, adhesive or paints would be at
risk
'+posure to asbestos ma! cause asbestosis, lung cancer or mesothelioma. Carr!ing out
maintenance work on, or the demolition of, a building where asbestos is contained in the fabric
of the structure could lead to the inhalation of airborne fibres.
.n infection caused b! e+posure to the leptospira bacterium is called leptospirosis, with
s!mptoms that resemble influen"a.
The health effects of e+posure to lead are man! and varied but principall! include
anemia, fertilit! problems, damage to kidne!s etc.
!0. Outline the precautions to ensure the health # safety of persons engaged in spray
painting activities in a motor vehicle repair shop.
%egregation of the activit!, t!picall! b! means of a spra! booth fitted with local
e+haust ventilation 0 protected electrical equipment.
%uitable storage 0 fire precautions for flammable paints 0 solvents.
The provision 0 use of personal protective equipment clothing, respirator!
protection etc)
&onitoring emplo!ee=s e+posure to airborne substances.
'nsuring the e+amination 0 maintenance of control measures.
1roviding appropriate training to emplo!ees.
&aintaining welfare 0 h!giene facilities.
!%. Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of employees
in the workplace.
1oor ill#health 0 absence records
(ncrease in first 4 aid treatments
Complaints from emplo!ees
The findings of risk assessments
The results of inspections or monitoring 0 activities
Changes in methods of work
The relevant requirements of current legislation 0 approved codes of practice.
!2. ,n office building is about to be occupied by new owners.
*+*,-./0.doc Page 1/ of ,2
a& Outline the factors that should be considered by the new owners when assessing
the suitability of lighting within the building.
b& Describe the 'O=3 effects on health # safety that might result from
inade:uate lighting
c& Outline the welfare facilities that should be provided in the building
a& 'actors <uch as
The tasks to be undertaken 0 the equipment to be used.
The availabilit! of natural light
The adequac! of the e+isting lighting levels including that provided for specific
areas such as stairs 0 corridors
%ignificant contrasts in lighting levels between different areas.
The la!out of the office, including the position of screen dividers in relation to
overhead lighting 0 other areas that ma! be in shadow
The appropriateness 0 condition of the particular t!pe of artificial lighting
installed eg. ,luorescent 0 spot lighting)
1ossible glare created on computer screens lighting is another issue that should
have been considered.
b& >he possible health effects on health # safety from inade:uate lighting-
'!e strain
?eadaches 0 increased levels of stress
Trips 0 falls
The possibilit! of errors in performing tasks that might put others at risk
c& 6elfare facilities that should be provided include-
.n adequate number of well ventilated 0 lit sanitar! conveniences in relation to
the numbers of male 0 female emplo!ees.
:ashing facilities with hot 0 cold running water 0 means of dr!ing
. suitable source of drinking water clearl! marked where appropriate)
,acilities for taking rest 0 refreshments awa! from working areas.
.ccommodation for clothing not worn during working hours
,irst#aid facilities
3est facilities for pregnant woman 0 nursing mothers
1rotection for non#smokers from the effects of smoke
1ra!er facilities.
!3. Outline the main precautions to be taken to ensure the safe transport of hazardous
by road.
;oad-
$ature of load 4 information
%uitable containers ) able to withstand the transportation
Clear labeling
*+*,-./0.doc Page 12 of ,2
'mergenc! contact points
?ehicle-
1roperl! designed ) constructed for the load
&aintain in an efficient state
&arked with the approved signs ) s!mbols
Carr! emergenc! equipment
Driver-
Driver trained and competent for class of material
%afe s!stem for loading ) unloading
'mergenc! arrangements
Trained and competent for class of vehicle
!4. Outline the particular hazards that might be encountered by staff working in busy
hotel kitchen.
'lectrical 0 mechanical ha"ards associated with machiner! such as food mi+ers
0 processors
?ot surfaces
%harp implements
:et of obstructed floors increasing the risk of slips, trips 0 falls
Boiling water 0 hot cooking oils causing burns
&anual handling ha"ards
?ealth ha"ards e.g foodstuffs causing allergic reactions)C 0 cleaning materials
that ma! be corrosive.
?ot, bus! environment of a commercial kitchen.
!!. "dentify the possible indications of a dust problem in the workplace.
*isible signs of dust in the air or deposited on surfaces or clothes)
Complaints of discomfort b! emplo!ees
(mpaired health linked to e+posure possibl! detected b! health or medical
surveillance)
The results of workplace monitoring
1roblems associated with plant 0 equipment such as blocked filters.
!$. Describe how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects of airborne
dust.
Coughing 0 snee"ing
,iltering effect of nasal hairs
&ucus in the respirator! tract 0 bronchi
'!es watering
*+*,-./0.doc Page 1- of ,2
Blinking
!+. "dentify four possible health effects from e(posure to flammable solvents.
Dermatitis, ?eadaches
Drowsiness through to unconsciousness 0 death
(rritation of the mucous membranes of the e!es 0 respirator! tract, absorption
into the bod! ma! lead to kidne! or liver damage.
!.. Outline the safety precautions that should be taken when using flammable
solvents.
The removal of potential sources of ignition from the site of the operation
The provision of adequate ventilation
>imiting the quantit! of solvent in use at an! one time
Clear marking of containers
'nsuring that suitable fire#fighting equipment is in place
The provision of personal protective equipment such as gloves, e!e0
respirator! protection
'nsuring that operatives are informed of, 0 trained in, the procedures for the
safe use of solvents, especiall! those concerned with the cleaning of brushes 0
disposal of rags.
!/. ,n essential ingredient for a process is delivered in powdered form and poured b
y hand from bags in to a mi(ing vessel. Outline the control measure that might be
considered in this situation in order to reduce employee e(posure to the substance.
'limination e.g. b! introducing pre#formed components or outsourcing the
dust! operation)
%ubstitution e.g. of powder b! granules , liquid or paste)
(solation of the process in a separate room.
'nclosure in a glove bo+, for instance)
The provision of >'*
%uppression b! damping down 0 carr!ing out cleaning operations b!
vacuuming rather than sweeping
%uppl! of respirator and e!e protection
>imit time of e+posure
Carr!out measurement of dust level.
$0 Outline the re:uirement to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a building
in the event of a fire.
The means of raising the alarm
.n acceptable distance to the nearest available e+it.
'scape routes of sufficient width
*+*,-./0.doc Page 1* of ,2
Clear signing of escape routes
The provision of emergenc! lighting
'scape routes kept clear of obstructions with the fire door closed to prevent the
spread of smoke.
The provision of fire#fighting equipment
The appointment of fire marshals
1rocedures for the evacuation of those with a ph!sical impairment
The need to practice the evacuation plant at regular intervals.
$%. Outline the reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the workplace.
.s a legal requirement
To evaluate the current scenario of emergenc! response in case of a fire
,or checking whether the alarm can be heard in all parts of the building
,amiliari"ing emplo!ees with the alarms, evacuation procedures, escape routes
0 assembl! points so that, in case of a real emergenc!, the! would know the
actions to be taken.
1roviding an opportunit! for fire wardens 0 others with specific functions to
practice their designated roles.
$2. "dentify four health effects that may be caused in working in the hot conditions
?eat stress
?eat cataracts
Deh!dration
'+haustion
3espirator! distress.
$3. Outline the control measures that can be taken in order to minimize the health
effects of working in hot environments.
The gradual acclimati"ation of new personnel to the environment
The provision 0 consumption of adequate amounts of fluid
The provision of regular breaks awa! from the work
'nsuring adequate ventilationC the provision of screens to protect against
radiant heat.
The wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment
$4. "dentify 3 forms of biological agents
5. 'ungi- are a variet! of organisms that act in a parasitic manner
D. @acteria- are single cell organisms
8. ?iruses- are the smallest know t!pe of infectious agent.
$!. Define the ergonomics5
*+*,-./0.doc Page ,E of ,2
The stud! of the relationship between human begins the equipment with which
the! work and the ph!sical environment in which this worker#machine s!stem operates.
EE. Outline the factors of the physical environment that may cause a person for feel
stressed at work.
Cramped conditions
Dirt! or untid! working conditions
:orkplace la!out resulting in alack of privac! or securit!
1oor lighting
1roblems with glare
'+tremes of temperature and or humidit!
(nadequate ventilation resulting in stale air
'+posure to noise 0 vibration
(nadequate welfare facilities
Those working outside, inclement weather conditions.
$+. Outline the factors that may lead to unacceptable levels of occupational stress
amongst worker.
%hift work
;nsociable hours
'+cessive overtime
Fob insecurit!
,ear or redundanc!
3epetitive monotonous work
>ack of adequate breaks
>ack of control over the job
:ork load too high or too low
?arassment, bull!ing, fear of violence, poor communication
1ersonal and social factors e.g. financial, illness, famil!.
$.. "n relation to ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand held tools identify
the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected individuals.
.cute- Tingling in the hands and e+tremities
Chronic- $umbness and balancing of the fingers
%wollen painful joints
3eduction in manual de+terit!
3eduction in the sensation of touch.
*+*,-./0.doc Page ,1 of ,2
$/. Outline the control measures that may be used to minimize the risk of health
effects caused by using the vibrating hand held tools.
.lter the work process
%elect low vibration equipment
3educe the grip and push forces
3educe the time of e+posure
?ealth surveillance ) health promotion
:arm weather proof clothing
/loves, heating pads
(nformation and training.
+0. 'or each of the following types of non-ionizing radiation* identify a source an state
the possible ill-health effects on e(posed individuals.
a& "nfrared radiation
b& =ltraviolet radiation
>ypical sources are-
a) (nfrared 3adiation 4 ,ire or furnaces
b) ;* light 4 welding operations
Aealth effects caused are-
a) Burns to skin and e!e damage
b) 'ffects of the sun
+%. "dentify the general methods for protecting people against e(posure to non-
ionizing radiation.
%hielding
(ncreasing the distance between source and person
3educing the duration of e+posure
.ppropriate personal protective equipment
The use of barrier cream.
+2. 2(plain the following terms in relation to noise e(posure at work.
a& Boise-induced hearing loss
b& >innitus
$oise induced hearing loss is normall! caused b! prolonged e+posure to high noise
levels causing damage to the hair cells and leading to a permanent threshold shift at
particular frequencies, which worsens with continued e+posure both in terms of the
e+tent of the threshold shift and of the frequencies affected.
*+*,-./0.doc Page ,, of ,2
Tinnitus on the other hand is t!pified b! a ringing or similar sound in the ears caused
b! over#stimulation of the hair cells. (t can be acuter or chronic, permanent or
intermittent.
+3. "dentify four limitations of personnel hearing protection as a means of protecting
against the effects of noise.
1oor fit
3esistance to use
Comfort factors
(ncompatibilit! with other protective equipment
Costl! in terms of replacement and maintenance
(nterference with communication
?!giene with communication
The need for constant supervision and attention.
+4. Outline the specific causational factors that may have contributed to work related
upper limb disorders.
3epetitive finger, hand or arm movements
Twisting movements
%quee"ing
?ammering
1ushing, pulling or reaching movements.
+!. Outline the measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of work related upper
limb disorders.
3educe frequenc! of operation
3educe duration of operation
1rovide rest or recover!
(mprove posture
'nsure adequate space
(mprove environment
&echani"e task
;se correct tools and equipment
%uitable training.
+$. Outline four types of engineering control that may be used to reduce noise in the
workplace giving an e(ample of each.
<ource- 'liminating or reducing noise at the design stage e.g. n!lon bearings instead
of metal.
<ilencing- .n attachment is fitted to the e+haust of a machine the baffles reduce the
noise.
*+*,-./0.doc Page ,0 of ,2
Damping- 3eduction in structure born noise b! use of rubber)cork, springs etc in noise
path e.g. panels, motors etc or b! reducing vibration.
"solation- 1rotection of persons from noise source b! distance or sound proofed rooms.
;agging- 2n pipes carr!ing steam or hot mud=s insulation of pipes to reduce sound
transmission.
,bsorption- .bsorbing sound in the work area b! means of acoustic absorbent panels
on walls or ceilings
2nclosure- 1lacing a sound#proof cover over the noise source.
++. Outline the main factors to be considered when doing and ergonomic assessment
of a D<2 workstation.
'quipment
'nvironment
Task
(ndividual
3epetition
:orking posture of fingers, hands and wrists
:orking posture of shoulders and arms
1s!chosocial factors such as- pace work, unplanned overtime) shift work, little
control over own work, stressful, deadlines, lack of training.
+.. "dentify the features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for use at a D<2
workstation.
The chair is suitable
The chair is stable
The chair is adjusted correctl!
The user is aware if how to adjust the chair
There is proper backrest
%eat back height 0 tilt adjustment
%eat height adjustment
%wivel mechanism
Castors or glides
.re forearms hori"ontal when suing the ke!board
.re feet on the floor, without too much pressure from the seat on legs.
+/. Outline the main precautions to be taken when carrying out e(cavation works.
%upport of slides shoring, benching etc)
Detection of services from plans, use of cable ) pipe detectors etc)
%torage of materials, equipment 0 spoil awa! from edge.
&eans of preventing vehicles falling into the e+cavation or causing collapse
&eans of preventing people falling into the trenches
*+*,-./0.doc Page ,. of ,2
&eans of preventing collapse of adjacent structures
%afe means of access 0 egress
Testing for, 0 ventilation of, no+ious fumes
&eans of pumping out water
1rocedures for working with mechanical plant 0 general issues such as
inspection, training, supervision 0 the use of 11'.
.0. ;ist 2")A> safe practices to be followed when using a skip for the collection #
removal of waste from a construction site.
'nsure the integrit! of the skip
>ocating the skip in firm, level ground awa! from e+cavations
'nsuring clear accesses for filling 0 for removing from site b! vehicles
,illing b! chute or b! mechanical means unless items are to be placed in the
skip in hand
(ntroducing controls to prevent overfilling
The tipping of incomplete wastes
$etting or sheeting when the skip is full
The fire ha"ards created b! the skips 0
The probable need to site awa! from buildings 0 to protect against arson.
.ll construction waste is controlled waste 0 must be carried b! a licensed
waste carrier, under a waste transfer note s!stem, to a disposal site capable of
accepting the waste.
.%. Outline the main dangers associated with e(cavation work on construction sites.
:ho might be harmed b! a collapse of the e+cavationB
Contact with buried services
(ngress of water
Build#up of fumes or being struck b! falling materials
Dangers associated with the e+cavation machiner!
The effect on adjacent structures
The possibilit! of vehicles of people falling into unprotected e+cavations
Contact with buried materials that can be ha"ardous to health.
.2. Outline 2")A> precautions that may taken to ensure the safety of children who
might be tempted to gain unauthorized access to a construction site.
,encing hoarding sings securit!
Covering or fencing e+cavations
3emoving ladders
(mmobili"ing plant ) machiner!
>ocking awa! chemicals ) tools
3educing height of materials
*+*,-./0.doc Page ,+ of ,2
(solating services
Clearing awa! rubbish and debris
.3. 6hat are the hazards connected with construction activities
,alls from heights
,ragile roofs
,alling objects
%lips, trips
'+cavations
Demolition
'+plosives
:orking in or over water
:orking in tunnels vehicles
Traffic movements
1lant and equipment
Doors and gates
>ighting
:eather
,ire
&aterial storage
.4. Outline the precautions to be taken when carrying out repairs to the flat roof of a
building.
Carr! out surve!
%afe means of access
3oof edge barriers
3oof ladders ) crawling boards
(dentif!ing and covering roof lights
,acilities to raise and lower materials
1rotection of person below
1rovision of person below
1rovision of harness
$o work in severe weather
Competent worker.
.!. 6hat are the main hazards connected with the use of ladders at work.
2ver#reaching form ladder
;nsecured ) unstable ladder
>adder not e+tended above step off point
;sing a damaged ) worn ladder
&etal ladder contact with electrical cables
*+*,-./0.doc Page ,/ of ,2
,alling material being carried up ladder
*ehicle collision with base of ladder
&anual handling 4 carr!ing and erecting
.$. 2(plain how hazards connected with the use of ladders can be avoided
1roperl! secured before use.
,i+ed at the top, or base, or footed
;nable to run side wa!s or slide awa! from the wall
Top rested against a solid surface
$ever supported b! rungs
>andings required ever Gm vertical run
Tools and materials in holster or bag
2ne person at a time
:ork facing the ladder with one hand holding the ladder
.+. Outline the precautions to be taken using step ladder
>adder should be suitable for the job
$o work carried off top step
:orker maintains three point contact
%tep ladder in good condition
1roperl! created and legs full! e+tended
1ositioned on even ground
Close to work to avoid overreaching
$ot overloaded
,ooted if necessar!.
*+*,-./0.doc Page ,2 of ,2