Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Naijun Zhou
Department of Geography
University of Maryland
September 19, 2007
Lecture outline
(x1, y1)
X
de = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 ) 2
(x1, y1)
dm =| x1 − x2 | + | y1 − y2 |
(xa, ya)
(x1, y1)
X
n
dp = ∑ d i di is the Euclidean distance of segment i.
i =1
∑
N
i =1
( xi − X e ) 2 + ( yi − Ye ) 2
• Median center can be used to
9find the most accessible location: e.g., find a new
factory location that minimizes the sum of transport
costs (e.g., for raw materials or markets).
9track changes of a point distribution
9compare point distributions
∑ i =1
( xi − X C ) 2 + ( yi − YC ) 2
∑ ∑
N N
wi xi wi yi
Xw = i =1
Yw = i =1
∑ ∑
N N
i =1
wi i =1
wi
∑
N
i =1
wi ( xi − X we ) 2 + ( yi − Ywe ) 2
∑ ( xi − X ) 2 + ∑i =1 ( yi − Y ) 2
N N
SD = i =1
N −2
∑x '2
− ∑ yi' + (∑ xi' − ∑ yi' ) 2 + 4(∑ xi yi ) 2
2 2 2 ' '
i
tan θ = i =1 i =1 i =1
N
i =1 i =1
2∑ xi' yi'
i =1
Y x (x,y) x
tan θ =
y y
θ
X
∑ ( x cosθ − y sin θ )
'
i
'
i
2
Sx = 2× i =1
N −2
∑ ( x sin θ − y cosθ )
'
i
'
i
2
Sy = 2× i =1
N −2
a 2 − b2
e=
a
As e approaches 0, the ellipse becomes a circle.
As e approaches 1, the ellipse flattens to a line.
3 3, 3
Y
2 4, 2
1 1, 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
X
3 3, 3
2 2.67, 2 4, 2
1 1, 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
∑x '2
− ∑ yi' + (∑ xi' − ∑ yi' ) 2 + 4(∑ xi yi ) 2
2 2 2 ' '
i
tan θ = i =1 i =1 i =1
N
i =1 i =1
2∑ xi' yi'
i =1
N N
∑x −∑ y
i =1
'2
i
i =1
'2
i = [(−1.67) 2 + 0.332 + 1.332 ] − [(−1) 2 + 12 + 0 2 ] = 2.67
N
2.67 + 2.67 2 + 4 * 2 2
tan θ = = 1.87
2*2
θ=1.08 (radian), θ=1.08*180/π=61.9º
cosθ = 0.47, sinθ = 0.88
3 3, 3 Y
θ =61.9º
2 2.67, 2 4, 2
1 1, 1
X
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
∑ ( x cos θ − y sin θ )
'
i
'
i
2
∑ ( x sin θ − y cos θ )
'
i
'
i
2
Sx = 2 × i =1
Sy = 2× i =1
N −2 N −2
Y
9
3 3, 3 2.1
θ =61.9º
2 2.67, 2 4, 2
1.3
6
1 1, 1
X
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
a2 − b2 2.19 2 − 1.36 2
e= = = 0.78
a 2.19
6. Raster data
• Geospatial objects can be represented as raster or
vector data.
Legend (meter)