Autotransformer Connection Explained

Posted JUL 2 2012 by JI GUPA RMA R i n ENERGY A ND POWER, TRA NSF ORMERS wi th 3 C OMMENTS
High efficiency autotransformer with 6%, 4%, 2% tap settings (photo by Legend Power)
Autotransformer Connection
An Ordinary Transformer consists of two windings called primary winding and secondary winding.
These two windings are magnetically coupled and electrically isolated. But the transformer in which a
part of windings is common to both primary and secondary is called Autotransformer.
In Autotransformer two windings are not only magnetically coupled but also electrically
coupled. The input to the transformer is constant but the output can be varied by varying
the tapings.
The autotransformer is both the most simple and the most fascinating of the connections involving two
windings. It is used quite extensively in bulk power transmission systems because of its ability to
multiply the effective KVA capacity of a transformer.
Autotransformers are also used on radial distribution feeder circuits
as voltage regulators.
The connection is shown in Figure 1 below.
Figure1 Boosting autotransformer connection
The primary and secondary windings of a two winding transformer have induced emf in them due to a
common mutual flux and hence are in phase. The currents drawn by these two windings are out of
phase by 180. This prompted the use of a part of the primary as secondary. This is equivalent to
common the secondary turns into primary turns.
The common section need to have a cross sectional area of the conductor to carry (I2I1)
ampere. Total number of turns between A and C are T1. At point B a connection is taken. Section AB
has T2 turns. As the volts per turn, which is proportional to the flux in the machine, is the same for the
whole winding, V1 : V2 = T1 : T2
When the secondary winding delivers a load current of I2 Ampere the demagnetizing ampere turns
is I2T2. This will be countered by a current I1flowing from the source through the T1 turns such that,
I1T1 = I2T2
A current of I1 ampere flows through the winding between B and C. The current in the winding
between A and B is ( I2 I1 ) ampere. The cross section of the wire to be selected for AB is
proportional to this current assuming a constant current density for the whole winding. Thus some
amount of material saving can be achieved compared to a two winding transformer. The magnetic
circuit is assumed to be identical and hence there is no saving in the same.
To quantify the saving the total quantity of copper used in an autotransformer is expressed as a
fraction of that used in a two winding transformer as:
Copper in autotransformer / copper in two winding transformer
= ( ( T1 T2 ) I1 + T2 ( I2 I1 ) ) / T1I1 + T2I2
Copper in autotransformer / copper in two winding transformer
= 1 ( 2T2I1 / ( T1I1 + T2I2 ) )
But T1I1 = T2I2 so,
The Ratio = 1 ( 2T2I1 / 2T1I1 ) = 1 ( T2/T1 )
This means that an autotransformer requires the use of lesser quantity of copper
given by the ratio of turns. This ratio therefore the savings in copper.
As the space for the second winding need not be there, the window space can be less for an
autotransformer, giving some saving in the lamination weight also. The larger the ratio of the voltages,
smaller is the savings. AsT2 approaches T1 the savings become significant. Thus autotransformers
become ideal choice for close ratio transformations.
Figure 2 Close ratio transformations
The autotransformer shown in Figure 2 above is connected as a boosting autotransformer because the
series winding boosts the output voltage. Care must be exercised when discussing primary and
secondary voltages in relationship to windings in an autotransformer.
In two-winding transformers, the primary voltage is associated with the primary winding, the
secondary voltage is associated with the secondary winding, and the primary voltage is
normally considered to be greater than the secondary voltage.
In the case of a boosting autotransformer, however, the primary (or high) voltage is associated with the
series winding, and the secondary (or low) voltage is associated with the common winding; but the
voltage across the common winding is higher than across the series winding.
Limitation of the autotransformer
One of the limitations of the autotransformer connection is that not all types of three-phase
connections are possible. For example, the -Y and Y- connections are not possible using the
autotransformer.
The Y-Y connection must share a common neutral between the high-voltage and low-voltage
windings, so the neutrals of the circuits connected to these windings cannot be isolated.
A autotransformer connection is theoretically possible; however, this will create a peculiar
phase shift. The phase shift is a function of the ratio of the primary to secondary voltages and it can
be calculated from the vector diagram.
This phase shift cannot be changed or eliminated and for this reason, autotransformers are very
seldom connected as transformers.
Advantages of the autotransformer
1. There are considerable savings in size and weight.
2. There are decreased losses for a given KVA capacity.
3. Using an autotransformer connection provides an opportunity for achieving lower series
impedances and better regulation. Its efficiency is more when compared with the conventional
one.
4. Its size is relatively very smaller.
5. Voltage regulation of autotransformer is much better.
6. Lower cost
7. Low requirements of excitation current.
8. Less copper is used in its design and construction.
9. In conventional transformer the voltage step up or step down value is fixed while in
autotransformer, we can vary the output voltage as per out requirements and can smoothly
increase or decrease its value as per our requirement.
Disadvantages of the autotransformer
1. The autotransformer connection is not available with certain three-phase connections.
2. Higher (and possibly more damaging) short-circuit currents can result from a lower series
impedance.
3. Short circuits can impress voltages significantly higher than operating voltages across the
windings of an autotransformer.
4. For the same voltage surge at the line terminals, the impressed and induced voltages are
greater for an autotransformer than for a two-winding transformer.
5. Autotransformer consists of a single winding around an iron core, which creates a change in
voltage from one end to the other. In other words, the self-inductance of the winding around the
core changes the voltage potential, but there is no isolation of the high and low voltage ends of
the winding. So any noise or other voltage anomaly coming in on one side is passed through to
the other. For that reason, Autotransformers are typically only used where there is already some
sort of filtering or conditioning ahead of it, as in electronic applications, or the downstream
device is unaffected by those anomalies, such as an AC motor during starting.
Application
Used in both Synchronous motors and induction motors.
Used in electrical apparatus testing labs since the voltage can be smoothly and continuously
varied.
They find application as boosters in AC feeders to increase the voltage levels.
Used in HV Substation due to following reasons:
1. If we use normal transformer the size of transformer will be very high which leads to heavy
weight, more copper and high cost.
2. The tertiary winding used in Autotransformer balances single phase unbalanced loads connected
to secondary and it does not pass on these unbalanced currents to Primary side. Hence
Harmonics and voltage unbalance are eliminated.
3. Tertiary winding in the Autotransformer balances amp turns so that Autotransformer achieves
magnetic separation like two winding transformers.