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CHAPTER 2

Hoisting

This chapter covers the following items

Derricks
Draw-works
Hoisting tackle; including crown and traveling blocks, hooks and
elevators
Deadline anchors
Drilling lines


Derricks

Structure of square cross-section constructed of special
structure steel
Yield strength greater than 33,000 psi
Consists of four legs connected by horizontal structures
Equipped with a substructure (derrick floor)
The structure height above the ground varies with the
substructure
For base size 24-26 ft, height is 7.25 ft
For base 30 ft, height can be 7.25, 10, or 14 ft
Rating of the derricks is based on pipes setback load and
wind velocity
Derricks are designated by
Height: the vertical distance along the neutral axis of the
derrick leg from the top of the derrick floor joists to the
bottom of the water table
Base square: the distance from the heel to heel of the
adjacent legs at the top of the base plate
Window opening: distance measured parallel to the center
line of the derrick from the top of the base plate
Water table opening: an opening in the top of the derrick in
which the crown block is fit
Gin-pole is used to hoist the crown block to its place at the
water table opening
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Gin-pole clearance is the distance between the header of the
gin pole and the top of the crown block

Types of steel derrick

Standard which is a bolted structure
Portable (mast) moved as one unit on a truck or dismantled
into a number of pin-jointed section, each is one truck load



Fig. 1 Basic Rig Components
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Fig. 2 Hoisting System
Draw-works

Heart of the rig
Enabling equipment to be run in and out of the hole
Provide power for making or breaking joints
Principle components: drumshaft group, catshaft and coring
reel group, main drive shaft and jacketshaft group, rotary
component group, and controls


Fig. 3 Draw Works
Drumshaft group

Hoisting drum to reel the line to raise and lower loads
Brakes; used to stop the movement using the brake lever
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Cooling system; water cooling system to remove heat
generated during braking
Auxiliary brakes; hydrodynamic (hydraumatic) or eddy
current (uses magnetic forces)
With hydromatic, braking effect increases with weight
(depth) increase
Hydromatic used when electric supply on rig limited
On diesel electric rig use eddy current brake
Eddy current braking effect depends upon the intensity
of the electromagnetic current


Fig. 4 Drum and brakes

Catshaft and coring reel group
Comprises the catheads, the catshaft assembly and the
coring drum
Catheads are spool-shaped, rotating drum powered by the
jacketshaft assembly
Consists of friction and mechanical rotating heads
Friction catheads used to transport heavy objects around the
rig floor by means of a manila rope
The mechanical catheads comprises the makeup catheads on
the drillers side and the brake-out catheads on the opposite
side
Mechanical catheads are spooled with a suitable length of
wire line connected to the tongs
The tongs on the drillers side is called make-up tongs and on
the other side called break-out tongs
Coring reel drum contains sufficient small diameter (9/16 in)
wire line to reach the bottom of the hole
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Used for lowering and retrieving any device to the hole
bottom

Fig. 6 Catheads

Main drive shaft and jacket group

On many modern rigs
Used to generate electricity
Electric cables used to deliver power to motors attached
main drive power to the main drive shaft, rotary table and
mud pumps
Main drive shaft equipped with two sprockets connected by
roller chains to high- and low-drive sprockets on the
jackshaft
The jackshaft connected to catshaft and drumshaft through
roller chains and sprockets
Engagement of the high- or low-drive sprockets, catshaft or
hoisting drumshaft is achieved by sliding gear clutches
This engagement is driven with four-speed gear box
Reverse is obtained by reversing the rotation of the D.C.
electric motors

Rotary countershaft group

Required when the rotary table is powered directly from the
draw-works
Comprises all components required to transfer rotary
motion to the rotary table
Includes the rotary countershaft, drive-chain and sprockets,
air clutch, inertia brake and controls
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In modern rigs, the rotary table is powered by a separate
D.C. motor and drive shaft assembly

Hoisting Tackle

Block and tackle system used to handle weight of drill string
Continuous line is wound around a number of fixed and
traveling pulleys
The line segments between sets of pulleys act to multiply the
single pull exerted by the hoisting drum
This allows many thousands of pounds of drill string or
casing to be lowered into or pulled from hole
It includes different components: crown block, traveling
block and drilling hook, dead line anchor and weight
indicator, and drilling line

Crown block

Means of taking wire line from the hoisting drum to the
traveling block
Number of pulleys fastened to the top of the derrick
The drilling line is reeved around the crown block and
traveling bock sheaves
One end comes to an anchoring clamp called dead line
anchor
The other end goes to the hoisting drum described as fast
line
During hoisting the drum spools more fast line than the
distance traveled by the traveling block
The speed of the dead line is zero while that of the fast line is
equal to the number of drilling line times the speed of the
traveling block
Crown block must be positioned such that the fast line
sheave is close to the center line of the hoisting drum
The angle formed by the fast line and the vertical is called
fleet angle
Fleet angle should be less than 1.5 deg
Crown block is a steel framework with the sheaves mounted
parallel on a shaft
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The sheaves are mounted on a double-row tapered roller
bearings to minimize friction
A sheave for the line from coring reel shaft is also on the
block
Small sheave for the manila rope from friction catheads may
be also found


Fig. 7 Crown Block
Traveling block and drilling hook

Similar to the crown block
Manufactured from high quality steel, each mounted on
large diameter of anti-friction bearings
Sheaves diameter should be 30-35 times the diameter of the
drilling line to prevent excessive wear and increase fatigue
life of line
Manufactured to be
Short and slim for less room
Heavy to overcome the drilling line friction
Free of protrusions and sharp edges for safety of
workers
Combined with the hook into one unit named Hook Block
The hook is used to connect the traveling block to the swivel
and the rest of the drill string
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Fig. 8 Hook and Kelly
Deadline anchor and weight indicators
A base and slightly rotatable drum attached to the rig floor
Provide a means of securing the dead line and measuring the
hook load
Hook load measured by a sensitive load cell or pressure
transformer
A pressure signal is sent to the rig floor through a fluid filled
hose connected to a weight indicator
The weight indicators has two pointers; one shows total hook
load and other weight on bit


Fig. 9 Deadline Anchor
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Elevators
A set of clamps that grips a stand, or column, of casing,
tubing, drill pipe, or sucker rods, so the stand can be raised
or lowered into the hole.




Fig. 10 Elevators
Drilling line

A wire rope made up of number of strands wound around a
steel core
Each strand contains a number of small wires wound around
central core
Several types of wire ropes:
Round strand
Flattened strand
Locked coil
Half locked
Multi-strand
Difference in
Internal structure
Weight per unit length
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Breaking strength
Number of wires in each strand
Number of strands
Type of core
In oil well drilling, round-strand wire are only used



Fig. 12 Drilling Lines


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Round-Strand Rope

Widely used in most hoisting operation; oil or mining
More economical than others
Consists of six strands wound over a fiber core or a small
wire rope
The wire rope described by the number of strands
Described as:
Type A: either 6x9/9/1; means 6 strands each consists of 9
outer wires, 9 inner wires, and one central core, or 6x19,
meaning 6 strands each contains 19 wires
Type C: either 6x10/5/5/1 or 6x21
Also described by the type of lay: Langs lay or ordinary
(regular) lay
Langs lay, wires and strands are twisted in the same
directions; right hand or left hand
This type of twist increases wire rope resistance to wear
Ordinary lay; wires and strands twisted in opposite direction
Advantage, easier to install and handle than Langs lay

Drilling line design considerations

Typical line is round-strand, Langs lay, 6x19 construction
with independent wire rope core (IWRC)
Sizes varies from to 2 in (51 mm)
Described by nominal diameter, mass per unit length and
nominal strength
Specifications given in API Spec 9A

Fig. 13 Block and Tackle System
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Static and dynamic load

Static crown load for two sheaves (SCL)= fast-line
load+hook load+deadline load, 2 lines

) 1 ......( .......... .......... .......... 2
2 2
W
W
W
W
SCL = + + =
For three sheaves, 4 lines

) 2 ....( .......... .......... ..........
2
3
4 4
W
W
W
W
SCL = + + =
For N lines

) 3 ........( .......... .......... )
2
1 ( W
N
N
W
W
N
W
SCL + = + + =
Under dynamic conditions

EF = Block and tackle efficiency
K = Sheave and line efficiency=0.9815
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N = Number of lines stung on the traveling block
FL = Fast line tension
DL = Dead line tension
P = Tension in line stung between sheaves


1
2 1
2
2
.............
N
N
P FLxK
P PxK
P FLxK
P FLxK
=
=
=
=



1 2 3
2 3
2 3
........
........
( ......... )
N
N
N
W P P P P
FLxK FLxK FLxK FLxK
FL K K K K
= + + +
= + + + +
= + + + +


The Term in brackets forms a geometric series, the sum of
which is given by:


(1 )
(1 )
N
K K
K



) 4 ...( .......... .......... .......... ..........
) 1 (
) 1 (
K
N
K FLxK
W


=
Fast line load (FL)
) 5 ( .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
) 1 (
) 1 (
N
K K
K W
FL

=


Block and tackle efficiency (EF)

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In the absence of friction
1 2
..........
N
FL P P P = = = =

And Hook Load is given by:


Av
Av
W P xN
Or
W
P
N
=
=


Av
P
EF
FL
=


(1 )
...............................................(6)
(1 )
N
K K
EF
N K

=


Efficiency depends on K and N and decreases by increasing
the number of lines

Number of lines Efficiency
6 0.874
8 0.842
10 0.811
12 0.782

Fast line during lowering (FL)

) 7 .......( .......... ..........
) 1 (
) 1 (
N
K
K
N
WK
lowering
FL

=

Efficiency Lowering is given by:


(1 )
( )
(1 )
N
Lowering
N
NK K
EF
K



Dead line load (DL) for dynamic conditions

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) 8 .( .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
NxEF
N
HLxK
DL=

Design factor (DF)


Nominal Strength of Wire Rope (lb)
.........(9)
Fast Line Load
DF =

Power requirement (P)

.................(10)
HLxV
HL
L
Power xNxV
L EF
NxEF





= =


. ..............(11)
33000
HLxV
L
Power in horse power
EFx
=




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Ton-miles of a drilling line

Round trip operation

) 12 ........( .......... .......... 2 ) ( 4 CD D D
s
L
e
W WD
r
T + + + =

( ) C L W W BF
dc dp
=
17
.....(13) mile...... - ton
000 640 2
) 2 / (
000 560 10
) (
C M D
e
W D
s
L D
r
T
+
+
+
=

Drilling operation

3( ) 3( )....................(14)
2 1 2 1
T T at d T at d T T
r r
d
= =
Coring operation

2( )......................................................(15)
2 1
T T T
c
=

Setting casing operation

)
( )
1/2( ton-mile.......(16)
10560000 2640000
D L D W
MD
s es
T
s
+
= +

The total ton-mile is calculated and the cut of length is determined
from the tales depending on the size of the wire and the ton-mile
between two cut-off.

Wire rope diameter Ton-mile between cut-off
1 600
1 1/8 800
1 1100
1 3/8 1900
1 2600

API gives a table for the length of cut-off in terms of drum laps









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Example 16.2: Hook Loads
The following data refer to a 1.5 in block line with 10 lines of extra
improved plough steel wire rope strung to the travelling block.
hole depth =10,000 ft
drillpipe =5 in OD/4.276 in ID, 19.5 lb/ft
drill collars =500 ft, 8 in/2,825 in, 150 lb/ft
mud weight =10 ppg
line and sheave efficiency coefficient =0.9615

Calculate:

(1) weight of drill string in air and in mud;
(2) hook load, assuming weight of travelling block and hook to
be 23,500 lb;
(3) deadline and fast-line loads, assuming an efficiency factor of
0.81;
(4) dynamic crown load;
(5) wireline design factor during drilling if breaking strength of
wire is 228,000 lb
(6) design factor when running 7 in casing of 29 lb/ft.

Solution

(1) Weight of drillstring in air

=weight of drillpipe +weight of drill collars
=(10,000 - 500) x 19.5 +150 x 500
=260,250 lb

(Note: Weight of string in air is also described as pipe setback load).

Weight of drillstring in mud
=buoyancy factor x weight in air
=0.847 x 260,250
=220,432 lb

(2) Hook load
=weight of string in mud +weight of travelling block, etc.
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=220,432 +23,500
=243,932 lb

(3) Deadline load
HL K
10
243,932 x 0.9615
10

= =
N EF 10 x 0.81

=20,336 lb

HL 243,932
Fast-line load = =
N x EF 10 x 0.81

=30,115 lb

(4) Dynamic crown load

=DL +FL +HL
=20,336 +30,115 +243,932
=294,383 lb

breaking strength
(5) Design factor =
fast-line load

228,000
= =7.6
30,115

(6) Weight of casing in mud

=10,000 x 29 x BF
=245,630 lb

HL 269,130
FL= = =33,226 lb
N x EF 10 x 0.81


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228,000
DF= =6.9
33,226

Example 16.3: Power Requirements of The Drawwork

The following data refer to an oilwell block-and-tackle system:
Number of lines =10 with EF =0.81
Maximum expected hook load =500,000 lbf
Hook load speed =120 ft/min
Hoisting drum diameter =32"
Mechanical efficiency of draw works =0.88

Calculate
1. The power at the drawwork
2. The motor power required
3. The fastline
4. Motor to drum gear ratio when pulling out of hole the maximum
allowable load.

Note:Use an efficiency factor of 0.81.

Solution

Vw =velocity of hook load =120 ft/min

1. Power at drum=HL.Vw/EF.33000

=500,000 x 120 x 1/0.81 x 33000

=2245 HP

Power at drum=motor power x mechanical efficiency

2245 =Motor Power x 0.88
Motor Power =2551 HP

Select a motor with 3000 HP rating.
Fastline speed =10 x Hook load speed

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Vf =N x Vw_
=10 x 120 =1200 ft/min

fastline speed =drum speed x drum perimeter

1200 (ft/min) =drum speed (rpm) x 2 x x (32 in /2) x (1 ft/12 in)

Drum speed =143 rpm
motor speed
Gear ratio=
drum speed

1200
Gear ratio = =2.5
477.5
Assuming the motor speed is 1200 rpm, which is a reasonable speed
for a motor rated to 3000 HP.

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