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Electrical Engineering &


Telecommunications
Lecturer:
Ted Spooner
Node Voltage Analysis Node Voltage Analysis
Elec1111 Elec1111
Rm124A EE email: e.spooner@unsw.edu.au
Each Resistor
= 100
RESISTIVE CUBE PROBLEM
Find R between A-B
A
B
a b
reference
Node c
c
+
_
v
b
Objective: solve for the node voltages node voltages
+
_
v
a
node voltage
of node a
+
a b
c
_
v
a
+
_
v
b
Node voltage Node voltage =voltage of a node relative
to the reference node.
b bc
v v
a ac
v v
reference
Node c
Ground Ground =In early days of telegraph, a
single wire was used to carry current to
the receiver. The return path for current
was provided by making a connection to
the earth. Moisture and ion content allow
the soil to conduct electricity.
The term ground has come to mean any
common connection point to which other
points in the circuit are referenced.
Terms..Ground, Common and
Floating, Isolated
2
+
a b
c
_
v
a
+
_
v
b
+
_
v
ab
0
a ab b
v v v + + =

ab a b
v v v =
Apply KVL:
Voltage across 2 non-reference nodes
Reference
Node c
+
a b
c
_
v
a
+
_
v
b
+
_
v
ba
ba b a
v v v =
Voltage across 2 non-reference nodes
+
a b
c
_
v
a
+
_
v
c
Reference
Node b
+
a b
c
_
v
a
+
_
v
b
+
_
e
d
+
_
v
e
+
_
v
d
Reference
Node c
5
a
v V =
a
d
b
c
8
b
v V =
4
c
v V =
5 8 3
ab a b
v v v V = = =
v
ab
+
_
v
cb
+
_
4 8 4
cb c b
v v v V = = =
( ) ( ) 5 3 4 4 0
a ab cb c
v v v v V + + = + + =
J ust for checking, apply KVL:
LHS =RHS
3
REMEMBER..
Kirchhoffs current law (KCL)
Currents Out =currents IN
of currents INTO a node =0
of currents OUT of a node =0
Node voltage analysis
METHODOLOGY
Choose a Reference Node
Label all Non Reference Nodes
Write KCL equations for all non-
reference nodes
Express resistor currents as functions
of node voltages.
Solve simultaneous equations.
i
s
R
1
R
3 R
2
a b
+
_
v
a
2
a
v
R
+
_
( )
a b
v v
1
a b
v v
R

2 1
a a b
s
v v v
i
R R

= + KCL for node a:


i
s
R
1
R
3 R
2
a b
+
_
v
b
3
b
v
R
KCL for node b:
+
_ ) (
a b
v v
1
) (
R
v v
a b

0
) (
3 1
= +

R
v
R
v v
b a b
KCL for node a:
Ref: Dorf
3
2 3
=

+
b a a
v v v
KCL for node b:
Ref: Dorf
1 3
2
+ =

a b
v v
4
KCL for node a:
Ref: Dorf
3
2 4
=

+
b a a
v v v
KCL for node b:
Ref: Dorf
4
3 2
= +

b a b
v v v
Node voltage analysis
METHODOLOGY
Choose a Reference Node
Label all Non Reference Nodes
Write KCL equations for all non-
reference nodes
Express resistor currents as functions
of node voltages.
Solve simultaneous equations.
a
b
c
10
5A
3A 2A
20
4
2
a b
c
10
5A
3A 2A 20
4
2
a b
c
10
5A
3A 2A 20
4
2
5
a b
c
10
5A
3A 2A 20
4
2
a b
c
10
5A
3A 2A 20
4
2
Node voltage analysis Node voltage analysis
of circuits of circuits
with current and voltage sources with current and voltage sources
R
1
R
3
R
2
+
a b c
_
+
_
v
s2
i
s
How do we deal with this???!!!
+
a b c
_
+
_
Case 1: between a node
and reference.
Case 2: between two
non-reference nodes.
supernode
v
s1
R
1
R
3
R
2
+
a b c
_
+
_
v
s2
i
s
Sum of currents into a supernode =0
6
supernode
v
s1
R
1
R
3
R
2
+
a b c
_
+
_
v
s2
i
s
1 a s
v v = For node a:
Source between b and c:
2 b c s
v v v =
KCL to supernode:
1 2 3
b a b c
s
v v v v
i
R R R

= + +
10
10 10
30V
15V
3A
i
Final exam 2003
i =?
supernode
a b c
30
a
v = For node a:
(1)
Source between b and c: 15
b c
v v = (2)
25
b
v = 2.5
10
b
v
i A = = Solve:
KCL to supernode:
(3)
10 10 10
3
c b a b
v v v v
+ +

=
i
1
v
s
R
1
R
2
+
_
i
s
_
+
a
b
c
ri
1
a s
v v = Node a:
1
1
a b
v v
i
R

=
1
a b
v v
r
R

Node c:
1
a b
c
v v
v r
R

=
KCL to node b: s
c b a b
i
R
v v
R
v v
=

2 1
supernode
i
s R
1
R
2
_
+
a b
bv
x
+
_
v
x
Source between a and b:
x a
v v =
a
bv
KCL to supernode:
1 2
a b
s
v v
i
R R
= +
b a a
b a x
v v bv
v v bv
=
=
Choose a reference node and label node
voltages for all other nodes.
Express element currents in terms of node
voltages and write KCL equations for all
nodes (except reference node).
Voltage source: form a supernode if it
is not connected to reference node.
Node analysis Node analysis
v
s
R
1
R
3
R
2
+
_
i
s
_
+
R
4
ri
x
i
x
+
_
v
y
gv
y
a b
c
d
1 KCL equation for supernode
1 KCL equation for node c
2 equations for two voltage sources
7
More examples
10
12V
10V
2A
a
b
5A
c
40
Find v
a
, v
b
, v
c
10
12V
10V
2A
a
b
5A
c
40
12
b
v = Voltage source to node b: (1)
Voltage source between a and c: 10
a c
v v = (2)
KCL for supernode:
(3)
Node analysis Node analysis
supernode
2 5
40 10
=

b c b a
v v v v
12
b
v = (1)
10
a c
v v = (2)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(2) & (4) 5 70
a
v =
14
a
v V =
(2) 10 14 10 4
c a
v v V = = =
2 5
40 10
=

b c b a
v v v v
120 5 4 = +
c b a
v v v
60 4 = +
c a
v v
Airbus Power supply PROBLEM
Calculate:
Voltage across loads under normal conditions.
Voltage on load 1 if load 2 is s/c.
Generator
400V
15A
200V
0.1
10
0.5
Load 1
Load 2
a b c
d
8
Generator
400V
15A
200V
0.1
10
0.5
Load 1
Load 2
a b c
d
a b c
d
If the load 2 is short circuited then:
a b c
d
If the load 2 is short circuited then:
Mental exercises
+
_
i
i =
10V
5 10
10
9
+
_
i
i =
10V
5 10
10
i =
i
v
1
v
2
6
8 4
1
4 v V =
2
2 v V =
8 2
6 3
5
4
A
B
7
AB
R =
8 2 6
10V
A B
+
V
AB
_
AB
V =
8
10 5
6 8 2
V =
+ +
i
4
3A
2V
+
v
1
+
_
5V +
_
1A
_
+
_
2A
_
4V
a
b c
d
i
3
i
2
1
v = 1V
4
i =
2A
3
i = 2A
2
i =
4A

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