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ab a b
v v v =
Apply KVL:
Voltage across 2 non-reference nodes
Reference
Node c
+
a b
c
_
v
a
+
_
v
b
+
_
v
ba
ba b a
v v v =
Voltage across 2 non-reference nodes
+
a b
c
_
v
a
+
_
v
c
Reference
Node b
+
a b
c
_
v
a
+
_
v
b
+
_
e
d
+
_
v
e
+
_
v
d
Reference
Node c
5
a
v V =
a
d
b
c
8
b
v V =
4
c
v V =
5 8 3
ab a b
v v v V = = =
v
ab
+
_
v
cb
+
_
4 8 4
cb c b
v v v V = = =
( ) ( ) 5 3 4 4 0
a ab cb c
v v v v V + + = + + =
J ust for checking, apply KVL:
LHS =RHS
3
REMEMBER..
Kirchhoffs current law (KCL)
Currents Out =currents IN
of currents INTO a node =0
of currents OUT of a node =0
Node voltage analysis
METHODOLOGY
Choose a Reference Node
Label all Non Reference Nodes
Write KCL equations for all non-
reference nodes
Express resistor currents as functions
of node voltages.
Solve simultaneous equations.
i
s
R
1
R
3 R
2
a b
+
_
v
a
2
a
v
R
+
_
( )
a b
v v
1
a b
v v
R
2 1
a a b
s
v v v
i
R R
R
v
R
v v
b a b
KCL for node a:
Ref: Dorf
3
2 3
=
+
b a a
v v v
KCL for node b:
Ref: Dorf
1 3
2
+ =
a b
v v
4
KCL for node a:
Ref: Dorf
3
2 4
=
+
b a a
v v v
KCL for node b:
Ref: Dorf
4
3 2
= +
b a b
v v v
Node voltage analysis
METHODOLOGY
Choose a Reference Node
Label all Non Reference Nodes
Write KCL equations for all non-
reference nodes
Express resistor currents as functions
of node voltages.
Solve simultaneous equations.
a
b
c
10
5A
3A 2A
20
4
2
a b
c
10
5A
3A 2A 20
4
2
a b
c
10
5A
3A 2A 20
4
2
5
a b
c
10
5A
3A 2A 20
4
2
a b
c
10
5A
3A 2A 20
4
2
Node voltage analysis Node voltage analysis
of circuits of circuits
with current and voltage sources with current and voltage sources
R
1
R
3
R
2
+
a b c
_
+
_
v
s2
i
s
How do we deal with this???!!!
+
a b c
_
+
_
Case 1: between a node
and reference.
Case 2: between two
non-reference nodes.
supernode
v
s1
R
1
R
3
R
2
+
a b c
_
+
_
v
s2
i
s
Sum of currents into a supernode =0
6
supernode
v
s1
R
1
R
3
R
2
+
a b c
_
+
_
v
s2
i
s
1 a s
v v = For node a:
Source between b and c:
2 b c s
v v v =
KCL to supernode:
1 2 3
b a b c
s
v v v v
i
R R R
= + +
10
10 10
30V
15V
3A
i
Final exam 2003
i =?
supernode
a b c
30
a
v = For node a:
(1)
Source between b and c: 15
b c
v v = (2)
25
b
v = 2.5
10
b
v
i A = = Solve:
KCL to supernode:
(3)
10 10 10
3
c b a b
v v v v
+ +
=
i
1
v
s
R
1
R
2
+
_
i
s
_
+
a
b
c
ri
1
a s
v v = Node a:
1
1
a b
v v
i
R
=
1
a b
v v
r
R
Node c:
1
a b
c
v v
v r
R
=
KCL to node b: s
c b a b
i
R
v v
R
v v
=
2 1
supernode
i
s R
1
R
2
_
+
a b
bv
x
+
_
v
x
Source between a and b:
x a
v v =
a
bv
KCL to supernode:
1 2
a b
s
v v
i
R R
= +
b a a
b a x
v v bv
v v bv
=
=
Choose a reference node and label node
voltages for all other nodes.
Express element currents in terms of node
voltages and write KCL equations for all
nodes (except reference node).
Voltage source: form a supernode if it
is not connected to reference node.
Node analysis Node analysis
v
s
R
1
R
3
R
2
+
_
i
s
_
+
R
4
ri
x
i
x
+
_
v
y
gv
y
a b
c
d
1 KCL equation for supernode
1 KCL equation for node c
2 equations for two voltage sources
7
More examples
10
12V
10V
2A
a
b
5A
c
40
Find v
a
, v
b
, v
c
10
12V
10V
2A
a
b
5A
c
40
12
b
v = Voltage source to node b: (1)
Voltage source between a and c: 10
a c
v v = (2)
KCL for supernode:
(3)
Node analysis Node analysis
supernode
2 5
40 10
=
b c b a
v v v v
12
b
v = (1)
10
a c
v v = (2)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(2) & (4) 5 70
a
v =
14
a
v V =
(2) 10 14 10 4
c a
v v V = = =
2 5
40 10
=
b c b a
v v v v
120 5 4 = +
c b a
v v v
60 4 = +
c a
v v
Airbus Power supply PROBLEM
Calculate:
Voltage across loads under normal conditions.
Voltage on load 1 if load 2 is s/c.
Generator
400V
15A
200V
0.1
10
0.5
Load 1
Load 2
a b c
d
8
Generator
400V
15A
200V
0.1
10
0.5
Load 1
Load 2
a b c
d
a b c
d
If the load 2 is short circuited then:
a b c
d
If the load 2 is short circuited then:
Mental exercises
+
_
i
i =
10V
5 10
10
9
+
_
i
i =
10V
5 10
10
i =
i
v
1
v
2
6
8 4
1
4 v V =
2
2 v V =
8 2
6 3
5
4
A
B
7
AB
R =
8 2 6
10V
A B
+
V
AB
_
AB
V =
8
10 5
6 8 2
V =
+ +
i
4
3A
2V
+
v
1
+
_
5V +
_
1A
_
+
_
2A
_
4V
a
b c
d
i
3
i
2
1
v = 1V
4
i =
2A
3
i = 2A
2
i =
4A