You are on page 1of 10

1

- Basic Elements of Control


Systems -
FREDERICK UNIVERSITY CYPRUS
AMEM 326
Lecturer: Dr. Sotiris Omirou
Basic Elements of an open-loop system
Control
element
Correction
element
Process
input output
controller
signal expected
to produce
required output
controlled
variable
2
Example (1) of an open-loop system
An electric fire used to heat a room
Controlled variable:
Control element:
Correction element:
Process:
room temperature
the operator
the switch and the fire
the room
Identify the subsystems in an open-loop controlled
speed motor
Controlled variable:
Control element:
Correction element:
Process:
motor speed
the operator
the switch
the motor
Example (2) of an open-loop system
3
Basic Elements of a closed-loop system
Control
element
Correction
element
Process
input
output
controller
reference value
controlled
variable
measurement
element
error signal
+
-
feedback
comparison element
Comparison element
Control
element
Correction
element
Process
input
output
controller
reference value
controlled
variable
measurement
element
error signal
+
-
feedback
comparison element
Compares the reference value with the measured value
and produces an error signal
Error = reference measured value
4
Control element
Control
element
Correction
element
Process
input
output
controller
reference value
controlled
variable
measurement
element
error signal
+
-
feedback
comparison element
This element decides what action to take when it
receives an error signal
Correction element
Control
element
Correction
element
Process
input
output
controller
reference value
controlled
variable
measurement
element
error signal
+
-
feedback
comparison element
This element is used to produce a change in the process
to remove the error and is often called an actuator
5
Process element
Control
element
Correction
element
Process
input
output
controller
reference value
controlled
variable
measurement
element
error signal
+
-
feedback
comparison element
The process or plant is the system of which a variable is
being controlled
Measurement element
Control
element
Correction
element
Process
input
output
controller
reference value
controlled
variable
measurement
element
error signal
+
-
feedback
comparison element
This produces a signal related to the variable being
controlled and provides the signal fed back to the
comparison element to determine if there is an error
6
Feedback
Control
element
Correction
element
Process
input
output
controller
reference value
controlled
variable
measurement
element
error signal
+
_
feedback
comparison element
The feedback can be either positive or negative:
Error signal = reference value + feedback
Error signal = reference value - feedback
Example (1) of a closed-loop system
An electric fire used to heat a room with a thermo-
meter indicating the current room temperature
7
Example (1) of a closed-loop system (cont)
Controlled variable:
Reference value:
Comparison element:
Error signal:
Control element:
Correction element:
Process:
Measuring device:
the room temperature
the operator
the difference between measured and
required temperature
the operator
the required room temperature
the hand of the operator
the room
the thermometer
Example (2) of a closed-loop system
The automatic control of water level in a tank
8
Example (2) of a closed-loop system (cont)
Controlled variable:
Reference value:
Comparison element:
Error signal:
Control element:
Correction element:
Process:
Measuring device:
Water level in tank
the lever
the difference between the actual and
initial setting of the lever positions
the pivoted lever
Initial setting of lever position
the flap opening or closing
the water supply
water in the tank
the floating ball and lever
Example (4) of a closed-loop system
Driving a car
9
Example (4) of a closed-loop system (cont)
Controlled variable:
Reference value:
Comparison element:
Error signal:
Control element:
Correction element:
Process:
Measuring device:
direction of the car along the road
the driver
the difference between the actual and
required directions
the driver
the required direction along the road
the hands on the steering wheel
the vehicle dynamics
visual observation
Control of direction
Example (4) of a closed-loop system (cont)
Controlled variable:
Reference value:
Comparison element:
Error signal:
Control element:
Correction element:
Process:
Measuring device:
speed of the car along the road
the driver
the difference between the actual and
required speeds
the driver
the required speed along the road
the foot on the pedals
the vehicle dynamics
visual observation
Control of speed
10
Example (5) of a closed-loop system
Maintenance of the liquid level in a container
Example (5) of a closed-loop system (cont)
Controlled variable:
Reference value:
Comparison element:
Error signal:
Control element:
Correction element:
Process:
Measuring device:
level of liquid in the tank
the workman
the difference between the actual and
required levels
the workman
the required level
the valve
the water in the container
visual observation of the
gauge glass

You might also like