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d
=
C.
=
D.
=
103. The specific gravity of quartz, is
A. 2.65 B. 2.72
C. 2.85 D. 2.90
104. If the cohesive force, (c), is 1.5 t/m
2
, the density () of the soil is 2.0 t/m
3
, factor of safety (F) is 1.5 and
stability factor (S
n
) is 0.05, the safe height of the lope, is
A. 5 metres
B. 8 metres
C. 10 metres
D. 12 metres
105. Pick up the correct statement from the following:
A. The phenomenon of quicksand generally occurs in the cohesionless soil
B. At critical hydraulic gradient, the saturated sand becomes quick
C. The critical gradient depends on the void ratio and the specific gravity
D. The quick sand occurs more in fine sand and silt than coarse material (e) All the above.
106. If W1, W2, W3 and W4 are the sequential weights obtained during observations in pycnometer method for
determining water content, the formula to be used, is
A.
W =
B.
W =
C.
W =
D.
W =
16
107. Si particles
A. show dilatancy
B. swell when moist
C. possess high strength when dry
D. disintegrate easily.
108. Flow net is used for the determination of
A. quantity of seepage
B. hydrostatic pressure
C. seepage pressure
D. exit gradient
E. all the above.
109. If the back fill is having a uniform surcharge of intensity q per unit area, the lateral pressure will be
A. q times the lateral pressure within the surface
B. 1/q times the lateral pressure within the surface
C. equal to a fill of height Z equal to q/r, where r is the density of the backfill
D. none of these.
200. Pick up the correct statement from the following:
A.
Isotropic consolidation of clay can be obtained in the triaxial apparatus under equal all-round
pressure.
B.
If the present effective stress is the maximum to which the clay has ever been subjected, it is
called normally consolidated clay
C.
If the present effective stress in the past was more than present effective stress, it is called over-
consolidated clay
D. All the above.
PART-B
201. What is Darcys law?
For laminar flow in a homogeneous soil thevelocity of flow (v) is given byV= KiK= co-efficient of
permeabilityI-hydraulic gradient.
202. Define seepage.
Seepage is the flow of water undergravitational forces in a permeable medium. The flowis generally Laminar.
203. List the assumptions made in the Laplacesequation
The following assumptions are made in thederivation of the Laplace equation.
The flow is laminar.
17
Water & soil are incompressible.
Soil is isotropic & homogeneous.
The soil is fully saturated.
The flow is steady ie. flow condition do notchange with time.
Darcys law is valid
.204.What are the approximate methods ofdetermination of vertical stress under loadedareas?
Equivalent point load method
Two to one load distribution method
Sixty degree distribution
205. What are the reasons for compression of thesoil?
Compression of solid particles & water in thevoids.
Compression & expulsion of air in the voids.
Expulsion of water in the voids.
206. What are the stages of consolidation?
The stages of consolidation are
Initial consolidation
Primary consolidation
Secondary consolidation
207. What is a principal plane?
At every point in a stressed body, thereare three planes on which the sher stress arezero. These planes are known as principalplanes.
208. What are the limitations of coulombs theory?
The limitations of columb theory are
It neglects the effect of the intermediate principalstress.
It approximates the curved failure envelope by astraight line which may not give correct results.
209. Give the Coulombs shear strength equation.
The Coulombs shear strength equation isgivenby,S= c+
tan C= cohesion= Angle of internal friction
210. What is Unconsolidated- Undrained condition?
In this type of test no drainage is permittedduring the consolidation stage. The drainage is alsopermitted in the
shear stage.
211. What is consolidated- undrained condition?
In a consolidated- undrained test, the specimenis allowed to consolidate in the first stage. The drainageis
permitted until the consolidation is complete.
212. What is the main cause of slope failue?
Slope failures occur when the rupturing forceexceeds resisting force.
What are the factors affecting permeabilitytests?
The following five physicalcharacteristics influence the performance andapplicability of permeabilitytests:(1)
position of the water level,(2) type of material - rock or soil,(3) depth of the test zone,(4) permeability of the
test zone, and(5) heterogeneity and anisotropy of the test zone.
213. Define effective stress.
Effective stress equals the total stress minus thepore water pressure, or the total force in the soil grainsdivided
by the gross cross-sectional area over which theforceacts.Define Critical Depth.If there is no distinct change in
the character ofsubsurface strata within the critical depth, elasticsolutions for layered foundations need not
beconsidered. Critical depth is the depth below thefoundation within which soil compression
contributessignificantly to surface settlements. For fine-grainedcompressible soils, the critical depth extends to
thatpoint where applied stress decreases to 10 percent ofeffective overburden pressure. In coarse-grained
214. Give an empirical correlation between PSDand permeability.
An empirical correlation between PSD andpermeability has been developedk = c (D10)2 cm/sWhere 100 < c <
150Developed by Hazen for uniform, loose, clean sandsand gravels.
215. Define degree of saturation.
The degree of saturation is defined as theratio of volume of water to the volume of voids
18
216. Define Void Ratio
The void ratio of a soil is defined as the ratio ofvolume of voids to the volume of solids.
217. Define specific gravity
.It is defined as the ratio of the mass of a givenvolumes of solid gains to the mass of equal volume ofwater at
the same temperature
218. Define Density
The density of a substance is the mass per unitvolume of that substance. For water this is denoted byw, and its
value is about 1000 kg/m3. Small deviationsfrom this value may occur due to temperaturedifferences or
variations in salt content. In soilmechanics these are often of minor importance, and it isoften considered
accurate enough to assume that w =1000 kg/m3.
219. Define water content
.By definition the water content w is the ratio ofthe weight (or mass) of the water and the solids,w = Ww /Wp.
220. What are the factors that affect hydraulicconductivity?
The hydraulic conductivity is influenced by anumber of factors including:- Effective porosity- Grain size and
grain size distribution- Shape and orientation of particles- Degree of saturation
-Clay mineralogy
PART-C
221. Give the formulae to determine the verticalstress, radial stress Tangential stress,&shearstressuner a point loadWhat is
Immediate settlement
222. Give the formulae to determine the verticalstress, horizontal stress under a circularload
223. Give the Coulombs shear strength equation.
224. Write a note on piping.
225. What are methods available for determination ofk for a soil sample?
UNIT-4
SHEAR STRENGTH
PART-A
OBJECTIVE
226. The fundamental equation of specific gravity (G), dry density (
d
), unit weight of water (
d
=
B.
d
=
C.
d
=
D.
d
=
279. A moist soil sample weighing 108 g has a volume of 60 cc. If water content is 25% and value of G = 2.52,
the void ratio is
A. 0.55 B. 0.65
C. 0.75 D. 0.80
280. The shear resistance of a soil is con-tituted basically of the following component.
A.
The frictional resistance to translocation between the individual soil particles at their contact
point
B. To the structural relation to displacement of the soil because of the interlocking of the particles
C. Cohesion and adhesion between the surfaces of the soil particles
D. All the above.
281. The void ratio of a soil sample decreases from 1.50 to 1.25 when the pressure is increased from 25
tonnes/m
2
to 50 tonnes/m
2
, the coefficient of compressibility is
A. 0.01 B. 0.02
C. 0.05 D. 0.001
282. Pick up the incorrect statement from the following:
26
A. The smaller the size of the pores, the higher the water can rise above the water table.
B. Below the water table, the pore water may be static.
C. The hydrostatic pressure depends on the depth below the water level.
D.
The attractive forces between the particles, caused due to negative pressure of water held above
the water table is called soil suction.
E. None of these.
283. The maximum water content at which a reduction in water content does not cause a decrease in volume of a
soil mass, is known
A. liquid limit
B. plastic limit
C. shrinkage limit
D. permeability limit.
284. A sample of saturated soil has 30% water content and the specific gravity of soil grains is 2.6. The dry
density of the soil mass in g/cm
3
, is
A. 1.47
B. 1.82
C. 1.91
D. none of these.
285. The specific gravity of sands, is approximately
A. 1.6 B. 2.0
C. 2.2 D. 2.4
E. 2.6
286. If the coefficients of volume change and compressibility of a soil sample are respectively 6.75 x 10
-2
and 3
x 10
-2
, the void ratio of the soil sample, is
A. 1.10 B. 1.15
C. 1.20 D. 1.25
E. 1.30
287. The minimum centre to centre distance of friction piles of 1 m diameter, is
A. 2 m
B. 2 m to 3 m
C. 3 m to 4 m
27
D. 5 m
288. Over-consolidation of soils is caused due to
A. erosion of over burden
B. melting of ice sheets after glaciation
C. permanent rise of water table
D. all the above.
289. Darcy's law is applicable to seepage if a soil is
A. homogeneous
B. isotropic
C. incompressible
D. all the above.
290. An infinite slope is inclined at angle i and has its angle of internal friction , the stability number S
a
, is
A.
B.
C. (tan i - tan ) cos
2
i
D. (tan i - tan ) sin
2
i
PART-B
291. What is the significance of soil mechanics?
Soil mechanics has become a distinct andseparate branch of engineering mechanicsbecause soils have a number
of specialproperties, which distinguish the material fromother materials.
292. The following five physical characteristics influence the performance and applicability of
permeability tests:
(1) position of the water level,
(2) type of material - rock or soil,
(3) depth of the test zone,
(4) permeability of the test zone, and
(5) heterogeneity and anisotropy of the test zone.
293. Define effective stress.
Effective stress equals the total stress minus the pore water pressure, or the total force in the soil grains divided
by the gross cross-sectional area over which the force acts.
294. Define Critical Depth.
28
If there is no distinct change in the character of subsurface strata within the critical depth, elastic solutions for
layered foundations need not be considered. Critical depth is the depth below thefoundation within which soil
compression contributes significantly to surface settlements. For fine-grained compressible soils, the critical
depth extends to that point where applied stress decreases to 10 percent of effective overburden pressure. In
coarse-grained material critical depth extends to that point where applied stress decreases to 20 percent of
effective overburden pressure.
295. What are the rules to be followed while construction of flow net? rules for flow net construction
1. When materials are isotropic with respect to permeability, the pattern of flow lines andequipotentials
intersect at right angles. Draw a pattern in which square figures are formed between flow lines and
equipotentials
2. Usually it is expedient to start with an integer number of equipotential drops, dividing total head by a whole
number, and drawing flow lines to conform to these equipotentials. In the general case, the outer flow path will
form rectangular rather then square figures. The shape of these rectangles (ratio b/l) must be constant.
296. Give the formulae to determine the verticalstress, radial stress Tangential stress,&shearstressuner a point loadWhat is
Immediate settlement
The settlement which is caused by the elasticdeformation of dry soil and of moist and saturated soilswithout any
change in moisture content.
297. What is primary consolidation settlement?
The settlement which results of volumechange in the saturated cohesive soils because ofexpulsion of the water
that occupies the voids space.Give the formulae to determine the vertical stress,radial stress Tangential stress,&
shear stress unerauniformly distributed load load
298. Define Permeability.
The ease with which water can flow through asoil mass is termed as permeability
299. What is laminar flow.
Flow of fluids is described as laminar if a fluidparticles flow follows a definite path and does not crossthe path
of other particles.
300. Define quick sand
Sand is said to be quick sand condition whenthe flow is upward under a hydraulic gradient, whichreduces the
effective stress to zero.
301. What is Frost heave
Water migrates upward from the water table tothe capillary fringe. When the atmospherictemperaturefalls to the
freezing point & the ice is formed.This resultsin an increase in the volume of the soil. This isknown asfrost
heave.
302. Give the Allen Hazens Formula
K=cD102K- Co-efficient of permeability
D10- Effective size(cm)c-constant with a value between 100& 500.
Estimate the value of k of a soil with aneffective diameter of 0.2 mm.
K=cD102
C= 125, K= 125 x 0.022
303. Define degree of saturation.
The degree of saturation is defined as theratio of volume of water to the volume of voids
304. Define Void Ratio
The void ratio of a soil is defined as the ratio ofvolume of voids to the volume of solids.
305. Define specific gravity
.It is defined as the ratio of the mass of a givenvolumes of solid gains to the mass of equal volume ofwater at
the same temperature
306. Define Density
The density of a substance is the mass per unitvolume of that substance. For water this is denoted byw, and its
value is about 1000 kg/m3. Small deviationsfrom this value may occur due to temperaturedifferences or
29
variations in salt content. In soilmechanics these are often of minor importance, and it isoften considered
accurate enough to assume that w =1000 kg/m3.
307. Define water content
.By definition the water content w is the ratio ofthe weight (or mass) of the water and the solids,
w = Ww/Wp
308. What are the factors that affect hydraulicconductivity?
The hydraulic conductivity is influenced by anumber of factors including:- Effective porosity- Grain size and
grain size distribution- Shape and orientation of particles- Degree of saturation
-Clay mineralogy
309. What are assumptions made to derive theequation governing two dimensional steadystate seepage?
Several assumptions are required to derive theequation governing two dimensional steady stateseepage.
The soil is completely saturated There is no change in void ratio of the porous medium The hydraulic
conductivity is isotropic Darcys law is valid The water is incompressible
310. What is Unconsolidated- Undrained condition?
In this type of test no drainage is permittedduring the consolidation stage. The drainage is alsopermitted in the
shear stage.
PART-C
311. What are assumptions made to derive theequation governing two dimensional steadystate seepage?
What is a principal plane?
312. What are assumptions made to derive the equation governing two dimensional steady state
seepage?
313. What are assumptions made to derive the equation governing two dimensional steady state seepage?
314. Write a short note on shear and explain their types
315. explain about methods of slices.