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Problem #M
1c
: A 1-12 UNF steel bolt of SAE grade 5 is under direct shear
loading. he coefficient of friction bet!een "ating surfaces is #.$.
he bolt is tightened to its full %roof strength. ensile area is #.&&' in
2
(roof strength is )5 *%si+ and ,ield strength is -2 *%si
a. /hat shear force !ould the friction carr,0
b. /hat shear load can the bolt !ithstand !1o ,ielding if the friction
bet!een cla"%ed "e"bers is co"%letel, lost0 2ase the calculation
on the thread root area.
Data for this bolt3
At4#.&&' in
2
S%4)5### %si S,4-2### %si
he initial load in the bolt is3
Fi4AtS%4.&&'5)5###.45&'55 lbs
he friction force
Ff4Fi 4 #.$55&'55.4225$2 lbs
he direct shear stress force !1o ,ielding is3
Fs 4 2At5S,s.42At5#.5)S,.425#.&&'.5#.5).5-2###.46#6$# lbs
7f the bolt is sub8ect to shear in the shan* area+ then use the larger shan* area.
Problem #M3
Assu"ing a rigid brac*et+ the to% bolts elongate or strain ' ti"es "ore than the lo!er
bolts. a*ing "o"ents about the %i9ot %oint !e get3
he load %er bolt is half of this a"ount or )1## lbs. 7ncor%orating a factor of safet, of $+
the design load %er bolt is $5)1##.4'2$## lbs. he re:uired tensile area for each bolt is3
he a%%ro%riate bolt is a ;rade ) < = >1# UN?
Problem #M4
lbs F
F
F
d F D F L F
T
B
T
B T
1&2##
. $ 5
'
. 12 5 . $# 5 5$##
. 5 . 5 @
=
+ =
+ =
2
26 . #
12####
'2$##
in
S
F
A
p
t
= = =
he bolts are A-1'UN?. he distance bet!een bolts is 1.25. he load is
26## lbs and B4). Find the shear stress on each bolt.
he torsional shear force 5balancing the force cou%le. is3
he direct shear stress
he total force is3
he shear stress in each bolt using the shan* dia"eter is3
B
lbs
d
PL
F )&$#
. 25 . 1 5 2
. ) 5 26###
2
1
= = =
lbs
F
F -##
'
2
= =
lbs F F F )&)&
2
2
2
1
= + =
psi
A
F
$$2'6
. 5 5.
$
)&)&
2
= = =
Note that3
rad
n
'-$ . # $1& .
. 5 . # cos5
. '5 . # tan5
. cos5
. tan5
. tan5 = = = =
Exercise #M33 A %air of straight-tooth be9el gears 5as sho!n in the figure abo9e. are in
"esh trans"itting '5 h% at 1### r%" 5%inion s%eed.. he gear rotates at $## r%". he
gear s,ste" has a %itch of & and a 2#-degree %ressure angle. he face !idth is 2 inches
and the %inion has '& teeth. Deter"ine the tangential+ radial+ and aDial forces acting on
the %inion. Ans!ers 5)'- lbs+ 2)' lbs+ 11' lbs..
Fro" the gear geo"etric infor"ation3
in d and in
P
N
d
g
p
p
15 &
&
'&
= = = =
he %itch cone angle can be obtained fro" the ratio of %itch dia"eters.
. deg ) . 21 $ . # .
15
&
5 tan tan
1 1
= = = =
p
g
p
p
d
d
Fro" geo"etr,+ the a9erage dia"eter of the %inion is3
in b d d
p p avg p
2& . 5 . ) . 21 sin5 2 & . sin5
+
= = =
he %inionEs a9erage %itch-line 9elocit, is3
"in 1 1'66
12
. 1### .5 2& . 5 5
12
ft
dn
V
avg
= = =
No! !e can find the tangential force 3
lbs
V
W
F
avg
t
)'-
1'66
. '5 5 ''### ''###
= = =
he aDial and radial forces are3
lbs F F
lbs F F
t a
t r
11' . ) . 21 sin5 . 2# tan5 )'- . sin5 . tan5
2)' . ) . 21 cos5 . 2# tan5 )'- . tan5 . tan5
= = =
= = =
Exercise #M4: A !or" gear reducer is dri9en b, a 12## r%" "otor. he !or" has '
threads and the gear has $5 teeth. he circular %itch of the gear is %4#.5+ the center
distance is $.5 inches+ the nor"al %ressure angle is 2# degrees+ and face-!idth of the gear
is b41 inch. Use a coefficient of sliding friction of #.#2-. Deter"ine3
a. ;ear and !or" dia"eters+ and !or" Bead. 56.1&+ 1.)$+ 1.5 in.
b. he !or" gear efficienc, 5)).&F.
c. 7s the unit self-loc*ing 5No.
he gear %itch dia"eter can be found fro" the nu"ber of teeth and its circular %itch3
d
d
a9g
b
1& . 6
. 5 5. $5
= = =
p N
d
g
g
he %itch dia"eter of the !or" can be obtained fro" the center distance and the %itch
dia"eter of the gear3
in d c d
g w
)$ . 1 1& . 6 . 5 . $ 5 2 2 = = =
he lead is the nu"ber of threads in the !or" ti"es the !or"Es aDial %itch !hich is the
sa"e as the gearEs circular %itch3
in N p L
W a
5 . 1 . ' 5 5 . # = = =
he gear efficienc, can be obtained *no!ing the sliding friction as !ell as the nor"al
%ressure angle and the lead angle of the !or". he lead angle of the !or" is3
deg 5 . 1$ 2& . #
. )$ . 1 5
5 . 1
. tan5 = = = =
w
d
L
he efficienc,3
F & . ))
))& . #
. 5 . 1$ cot5 #2- . # . 2# cos5
. 5 . 1$ tan5 #2- . # . 2# cos5
. cot5 . cos5
. tan5 . cos5
=
=
+
=
+
=
e
f
f
e
n
n
he gear set is o9erhauling 5re9ersible. because the friction coefficient f4#.#2- is less
than that re:uired for loc*ing !hich is3
2$ . # . 5 . 1$ cos5 . 2# cos5 . tan5 . cos5 = =
n
Problem M #73 A 1#-!ide flat belt is used !ith a dri9ing %ulle, of dia"eter 1& and a
dri9en %ulle, of ri" dia"eter '& in an o%en configuration. he center distance bet!een
the t!o %ulle,s is 15 feet. he friction coefficient bet!een the belt and the %ulle, is #.)#.
he belt s%eed is re:uired to be '&## ft1"in. he belts are initiall, tensioned to 5$$ lbs.
Deter"ine the follo!ing. 5ans!ers are in %arentheses.3
2elt engage"ent angle on the s"aller %ulle, 5'.#' radians..
Force in belt in the tight side 8ust before sli%%age. 51### lbs..
MaDi"u" trans"itted G%. 5--.$ h%.
he engage"ent angle is3
rad
C
d D
d
#' . ' .
. 12 .5 15 5 2
1& '&
5 sin 2 .
2
5 sin 2
1 1
=
=
At the 9erge of sli%%age3
2 1
. #' . ' 5 ) . #
2
1
' . 11 F F e e
F
F
d
= = =
Also3
lbs F and lbs F F F F
i
)) 1### . 5$$ 5 2 2
2 1 2 1
= = = = +
he trans"itted G% is3
hp
V F F
HP 5 . --
''###
. '&## .5 )) 1### 5
''###
. 5
2 1
=
=
Problem #M
8
;i9en3 A "ulti-%late dis* clutch
d4#.5
D4&
(
"aD
41## %si
?oefficient of friction4#.1
(o!er trans"itted4 15 h% at 15## r%"
Find3 Nu"ber of friction surfaces
He:uired or:ue ?a%acit, for unifor" !ear
in lb
n
hp
T = = = &'#
15##
. 15 5 &'### &'###
or:ue ca%acit, %er surface
lb in d D
d fp
T
a
= = = 2 . 6# . 5 . # & 5
)
. 5 .5. 1## .5 1 5.
. 5
)
2 2 2 2
he re:uired nu"ber of surfaces is &'#16#.2 !hich is a%%roDi"atel, -
surfaces.
For unifor" %ressure bra*e %ads 5!hen the, are ne!.3
lb in d D
fp
T
a
= = = 5&5 . 5 . & 5
12
. 1## .5 1 5.
. 5
12
' ' ' '
Inl, t!o surfaces are needed for constant %ressure %ads.
Problem #M
9
: A bra*e !ith bra*ing tor:ue ca%acit, of 2'# ft-lb brings a
rotational inertia 71 to rest fro" 1)## r%" in ) seconds. Deter"ine the
rotational inertia. Also+ deter"ine the energ, dissi%ated b, the bra*e.
Solution hints3
?on9ert r%" to rad1sec3
1
4 1)) rad1sec
Note that
2
4#
Find the ratio 57
1
7
2
17
1
J7
2
. using ti"e and tor:ue4K-.6-
Note that 72 is infinitel, large 4K 714-.6- slugs-ft
Find energ, fro" e:uation4K16'### ft-lb
s rad 1 5 . 1)) .
&#
2
5 1)## = =
=
T
t
Since 7
2
KK7
1
+ !e conclude3 7
1
4-.6& slugs-ft
2
he energ, is3
BT! "
lb ft
"
& . 1)
16''-6 . # 5 . 1)) 5
2
6& . -
. 5 2
. 5
2
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
=
= =
+
=
Example #M
10
: ?onsider a helical co"%ression s%ring !ith the follo!ing infor"ation
5not all are necessaril, needed.3
Ends3 S:uared and ground
S%ring is not %reset
Material3 Music !ire 5steel. !ith S
ut
42)' *si
d4.#55 inches and D4#.$) inches
B
f
41.'& inches and N
t
41#
Find the follo!ing. Ans!ers are gi9en in %arentheses.
S%ring constant+ C 51$.)6 lb1in.
Bength at "ini"u" !or*ing load of 5 lbs 51.#2.
Bength at "aDi"u" load of 1# lbs 5#.&-.
Solid length 5#.55.
Boad corres%onding to solid length 512.#$ lbs.
?lash allo!ance 5#.1'6.
Shear stress at solid length 566&6& %si.
Surge fre:uenc, of the s%ring 5$15 GL.
he s%ring constant and 9arious lengths3
lbs F
F
L L
d N L
L L
L L
in lb
e
N D
# d
$
s%lid
s%lid
Fs%lid f s%lid
t s%lid
F f W
F f W
#$ . 12
)6 . 1$
'& . 1 55 . #
M 55 . # . #55 . # 5 1#
M &)6 . #
)6 . 1$
1#
'& . 1
M #2 . 1
)6 . 1$
5
'& . 1
1 )6 . 1$
. 2 1# 5 . $) . # 5 )
. & 5 . 11 5 . #55 5.
)
"aD "aD +
"in "in +
'
$
'
$
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
=
= =
?lash allo!ance3
M 1'6 . # 55 . &)6 . #
"aD +
= = =
s%lid w
L L CA
Stresses
#56 . 1
2
1
1
-'$-&
. #55 5.
. $) . # .5 #$ . 12 5 )
#56 . 1
)
' '
= + =
= = =
C
$
psi
d
FD
$
s
s
+
=
/ith
lb in T
(
= +
+
= 2#&-
2
. 5 . 1 .5 1 . # 5 125###
. 25 .5. 1 . # 5 . 1 5
. 1 .5 1 . # 5 #25 .
2
. 1 5 125##