Professional Documents
Culture Documents
air pollution
policy highlights
Health impacts
of road transport
The cost of
air pollution
Health impacts
of road tranport
policy highlights
Outdoor air pollution kills more than 3.5 million people a year
globally, far more than was previously estimated, according
to new data collected under the auspices of the World
Health Organization.
Air pollution has now become the biggest environmental
cause of premature death, overtaking poor sanitation and
a lack of clean drinking water. In most OECD countries,
the death toll from heart and lung diseases caused by air
pollution is much higher than from traffic accidents.
Building on this analysis, the OECD has estimated that
people in its member countries would be willing to pay USD
1.6 trillion to avoid deaths caused by air pollution. In OECD
countries, road transport is likely responsible for about half of
this.
Air pollution from all sources has fallen in many though not
all, OECD countries in recent years, helped by stricter policies
on emissions from vehicles. However, this has been offset by
the switch to more polluting diesel vehicles. Emissions are
increasing in China and India, because rapid growth in traffic
is outpacing the adoption of tighter controls on emissions
from vehicles.
Main recommendations
Remove any incentives for the purchase of
diesel cars over gasoline cars.
Maintain and tighten regulatory regimes, in
particular vehicle standards regimes such as
those currently in place in the European Union.
Make test-cycle emissions more similar to the
emissions the vehicles cause under normal
use.
Promote less-polluting forms of transport,
including improved public transport.
Continue the research on the cost of illness
caused by air pollution and on the specific
evidence linking it to road transport.
Mitigate the impact of air pollution on vulnerable
groups, such as the young and the old.
6%
3%
11%
Heart strokes
40%
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
Lung cancer
40%
policy Highlights
3,5
0,2
3
2,5
2
3,7
3,2
1,5
1
1,4
0,5
0,8
OECD
Environmental
Outlook to 2050,
2010 data
PM (2005)
PM (2010)
Ozone
PM+ ozone
Note: The Cost of Air Pollution is based on mortality figures from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. WHO has
later on published 2012 data that indicate that mortalities from outdoor air pollution are still increasing.
lungs. PM2.5 has a diameter of 2.5 microns or less, and can spread
emissions from diesel vehicles did not change during the last
decade.
million.
by 24% for PM10, by 27% for PM2.5 and by 31% for NOx
policy Highlights
3.5 MILLION
in clean air (green bars) and compared them to the PEOPLE KILLED A YEAR GLOBALLY BY OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
* THATS MORE DEATHS THAN FROM DIRTY WATER AND POOR SANITATION
50% OF DEATHS
160000
140000
Costs over baseline
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
Low
Mid
High
MTFR
www.oecd.org/environment/cost-of-air-pollution.htm
The OECD has estimated how much people in different countries would be willing to pay to avoid deaths caused
by air pollution. This is important because governments can use this information in setting the stringency of the
measures that should be applied to reduce pollution from the main sources of air pollution, including from vehicles.
The new estimates indicate that people are willing to pay much more for clean air than previously thought.
Currently, drivers pay to enjoy personal mobility,
but not for the damage they do to other peoples
health. People are powerless to solve the problem
individually. Governments on the other hand know
that if they take action (e.g. via tighter emission
standards, higher fuel taxes), they will impose costs
on car manufacturers and drivers. But if they do not,
the cost of illness and premature death falls on the
general population. So governments need some way
of weighing up both sets of costs.
The best way developed to date is to estimate the
monetary value of the well-being that people say
they would lose by dying early. Surveys are used to
assess how much people would be willing to pay to
reduce the risk, e.g. of death from air pollution. The
results are extrapolated to come up with something
called a Value of a Statistical Life (VSL). The VSL
multiplied by the estimated number of mortalities
gives an estimate of the consumption that people
would be willing to forgo to avoid all mortalities from
air pollution.
policy Highlights
Further reading
references
Bhaskan, K. et al. (2011), The effects of hourly differences in air
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg9qx8dsx43-en.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264130807-en
org/10.1787/9789264097339-en
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Vol. 129, pp. 3-13, http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.021.
Shah, A.S.V. et al. (2013), Global Association of air pollution and
heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis, The Lancet,
Vol. 382, pp. 1039-48.
World Health Organization, Ambient (outdoor) air quality and
health, Fact sheet N 313, March 2014.
3.5 MILLION
PEOPLE KILLED A YEAR GLOBALLY BY OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
* THATS MORE DEATHS THAN FROM DIRTY WATER AND POOR SANITATION
50% OF DEATHS
FROM OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN OECD CAUSED BY ROAD TRANSPORT
*DIESEL VEHICLES THE BIGGEST CULPRIT
www.oecd.org/environment/cost-of-air-pollution.htm
policy Highlights
www.oecd.org/environment/cost-of-air-pollution.htm