MATHS

"manishkumarphysics.in"
1
uaaai i +nat4ai
(Continuity & Derivability)
+i : +n- f(x), x = c =-- +tni-i t l<
c x
Limit

f(x) = f(c) ti .
= + -in+ n f, x = c =-- ti -i t l<
0 h
Limit

f(c h) =
0 h
Limit

f(c+h) = f(c) ti
~ii - x = c +n- +i i i =ini. x = c +n- +i <i i =ini ~i x = c +n- +i ni- - i
ti
l< +n- f (x), x = c =-- t - =n- l-< { c, f (c) } +n- f (x) +i niil-zi i t~i -ti tini. --
l< x = c +n- f(x) ~=-- t - x = c n i+ i t ~i ti ni
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
((i), (ii) ~i (iii), x = c ~=-- t )
((iv) x = c =-- t )
+i : +n- f l--- l+=i ii -i- l-il-i n ~=-- ti =+-i t
(i)
c x
Limit

f(x) +i ~l-- - ti ~ii-

c x
Limit
f(x) = +
c x
Limit
f (x) [fi (i)]
(ii) x = c +n- f (x) liili- - ti
[fi (ii)]
(iii)
c x
Limit

f(x) = f (c) [fi (iii)]

~ii - ilnl- = t +ti i =+-i t l+ +n- +i ~in i x= c - +i <lzi - + ni
a<iri # 1 : l< f(x) =

>
<
t
1 x , ] x [
1 x ,
2
x
sin
, ti . -i ai- +il( l+ x = 1 f(x) =-- t i -ti
ti [ . ] nt-in ii + +n- +i v<lzi - +-i t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
2
rn : f(x) =

>
<
t
1 x ] x [
1 x
2
x
sin
f(x) =

>
<
t
1 x ] x [
1 x
2
x
sin
, x = 1 =-- -i +i i - +- + ln(. f(1),

1 x
lim

f(x) (
+
1 x
lim
f(x) ai-
+- t
~ f(1) = [1] = 1

1 x
lim

f(x) =

1 x
lim

sin
2
x t
= sin
2
t
= 1
-ii
+
1 x
lim
f(x) =
+
1 x
lim
[x] = 1
~- f(1) =

1 x
lim

f(x) =
+
1 x
lim
f(x)
x = 1 f(x) =-- t
4iu +i4
(1) l< = i ti -i +i t ni- ai- +il(. l=+ ln x =
2
t
f(x) =-- ti l+
f(x) =

t
>
t +
t
t
=
t
<
+

2
x ,
2 x 2 4
x 2
2
x ,
2
x ,
x 2 cos 1
x sin 1
(2) a ( b +i ni- ai- +il(. l-+ ln +n-

t s <
t

t
s s
t
+
t
< s +
=
x
2
; x sin b x 2 cos a
2
x
4
; b x cot x 2
4
x 0 ; x sin 2 a x
) x ( f
x =
4
t
( x =
2
t
=-- ti
(3) l<

>
+
=
< +
=
0 x ;
x
1 ) c x (
0 x ; b
0 x ; ) ax 1 (
) x ( f
3 / 1
x / 1
ti . -i a, b, c + ni- ai- +il(. l-+ ln( x = 0 +n- f(x) =-- ti
Answers : (1) ~=-- (2) a =
6
t
, b =
12
t
(3) a = n 3, b =
3
1
, c = 1
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
3
uaa ai + s +i (Types of Discontinuity) :
(i) s i s +i +t uaa ai (Discontinuity of 1
st
kind) :
l<

c x
Lim
f(x) (
+
c x
Lim
f(x) <i -i lln- = lni- ti . -i +n- f +i x = c in +i +i
~=-- -i +t- t
l< <i-i =ini( ~ii-

c x
Lim
f(x) (
+
c x
Lim
f(x) i ti. -i ~=-- -i +i in +i +i l-ii-i
~=-- -i +t- t
:= l-il- n l< tn (+ +n- g(x) +i := +i liili- +- t -il+ g(x) =

=
=

c x ) x ( f Lim
c x ) x ( f
c x
fn ;
fn ;
ti . -i g(x) l-< x = c =-- ti ni
l-ii-i ~=-- -i +i - ni + - l+i i =+-i t
(a) fnifsa f-< uaaai :
ti
a x
Limit

f(x) lln- = lni- t -- f(a) liili- -ti t

-<iti f(x) =
) x 1 (
) x 9 ( ) x 1 (
2

+ ln( x = 1 lni l- l-< ~=-- -i t [fi (ii), s a 1]
(b) fnfna f-< uaaai
ti
a x
Limit

f(x) lni- t -ii f(a) ii lni- t --

a x
Limit

f(x) = f(a).
-<iti f(x) =

=
=

4 x 9
4 x
4 x
16 x
2
fn ;
fn ;
, x = 4 - t [fi(iii), s a 1]
(c) l<

c x
Lim
f(x) (
+
c x
Lim
i -ti ti. -i := in +i +i ~l-ii-i ~=---i +ti i-i
t -ii := l-il- n |R.H.L L.H.L.| +i ~=-- -i +i -zin (jump) +ti i-i t
ai a : l< +i : +n- l<( ~--in n -zini (jumps) +i l-lz-- = i i-i t . -i -= ~--in n +n-
i=i:= =-- i liini =-- +tni-i t a<ria {x} , [x]
(ii) fzat4 s+i +t uaaai
l< L.H.L. i R.H.L i <i -i lni- -ti ti . -i ~=-- -i +i l,-i +i +i ~=-- -i +t- t
-<iti f(x) =
4 x
1

i g(x) =
2
) 4 x (
1

, x = 4 (~lln- ~=-- -i)

i f(x) = sin
x
1
, x = 0 (<i n- ~=-- -i)
f-< +na i +n (+n l-< liili- ti-i t. ~=- - lni i-i t
-<iti- x = 1 f(x) = 1 x x 1 + =-- -ti t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
4
a<iri # 2 : l< f(x) =

>
<
1 x x
1 x x
2
; -i i - +il( l+ x = 1 f(x) =-- t i -ti . l< -ti ti -i ~=-- -i
+ +i l-ii +il(
rn : f(x) =

>
<
1 x x
1 x x
2

1 x
lim

f(x) =

1 x
lim

x = 1
-ii
+
1 x
lim
f(x) =
+
1 x
lim
x
2
= 1

1 x
lim
f(x) =
+
1 x
lim
f(x) = lln-
-ii f(1) liili- -ti t
~- x = 1 f(x) ~=-- t . -ii t vin v+i +i l-ii-i ~=-- -i t
4iu +i4
(4) l< f(x) =

=
>
<
1 x , 2
1 x , x
1 x , x
2
ti . -i ti l+= +i +i ~=-- -i t `
(5) l< f(x) =

s
<
x 1 ; x 2
1 x ; x
ti . -i ~=-- -i +i +i ai- +il(
Answers : (4) l-ii-i vin v+i +i ~=-- -i
(5) ~l-ii-i in +i +i ~=-- -i
a<iri # 3 : l< f(x) =

t
s t
t
<

2
x , 1 ] x [
2
x }, x {cot cos
1
ti . -i ~=-- -i +i -zin (jump) ai- +il(
ti [ . ] nt-in ii + +n- ( {.} li--in+ iin +n- +i <lzi- +-i t
rn : f(x) =
{ }

t
> t
t
<

2
x 1 ] x [
2
x x cot cos
1
fn ;
fn ;

2
x
lim
f(x) =

t

2
x
lim
cos
1
{cot x} = cos
1
{0
+
} = cos
1
0 =
2
t
+
t

2
x
lim
f(x) =
+
t

2
x
lim
t[x] 1 = t 1
~=-- -i +i -zin = t 1
2
t
=
2
t
1
uaa ai s s 4 (Theorems on continuity) :
(i) l< f ( g <i +n- t i x = c =-- t . - l--- +i = liili- +n-
F
1
(x) = f(x) g(x) ; F
2
(x) = K f(x), K +i : i--l+ = i t . ( F
3
(x) = f(x).g(x) ii x = c =--
ti - t l< g (c) zi - -ti t -i F
4
(x) =
) x ( g
) x ( f
ii x = c =-- ti ni
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
5
(ii) l< x = a f(x) =-- ti ~i g(x) ~=-- ti - n i- +n- | (x) = f(x) . g(x) =-- ti =+-i t
~i -ti ii. n l+- i n ( ~-- +n- | (x) = f(x) g(x), x = a l-lz-- = ~=-- ti ni
-<iti- f (x) = x ( g(x) =

=
=
t
0 x 0
0 x sin
x
(iii) l< x = a f (x) ( g(x) <i -i ~=-- t - x = a n i- +n- |(x) = f(x). g(x) =-- ti -i
~iz+ -ti t
-<iti- f (x) = g(x) =

<
>
0 x , 1
0 x , 1
-ii x = a f(x) + g(x) ( f(x) g(x) n = ~li+ = ~li+ (+ =-- t
a<iri # 4 : l< f(x) = [sin(x1)] {sin(x1)} ti . -i x = 1
2
+
t
f(x) +i =-- -i l-ii +il(
(ti [.] nt-in ii + +n- -ii {.} li--in+ +n- +i <zii-i t )
rn : f(x) = [sin (x 1)] {sin (x 1)}
ni-i g(x) = [ sin (x 1)] + {sin (x 1} = sin (x 1)
i l+ x =
2
t
+ 1 =-- t
l+ [sin (x 1)] ( { sin (x 1)} <i -i x =
2
t
+ 1 ~=-- t
f(x) i g(x) n = + n (+ x =
2
t
+ 1 =-- ti =+-i t
ni-i g(x), x =
2
t
+ 1 =-- t . ~- f(x) ~=-- ti -i -ilt(
l+--
1
2
x
lim
+
t

f(x) ( f
|
.
|

\
|
+
t
1
2
+i ni- ai- ++ ii f(x) +i =-- -i +i i- + =+- t
u 4 a +na +t uaa ai (Continuity of Composite Functions) :
l< x = c f =-- t ( x = f(c) g =-- t . - = +- +n- g(f(x)), x = c. =-- ti -i t -<iti-
f(x) =
2 x
x sin x
2
+
( g(x) = |x|, x = 0 =-- t ~- x = 0 =+- +n- (gof) (x) =
2 x
x sin x
2
+
ii =-- tini
4iu +i4
(6) l<

>
< +
=
0 x , 1 x
0 x , x 1
) x ( f
2
3
-ii

> +
<
=
0 x , ) 1 x (
0 x , ) 1 x (
) x ( g
2
1
3
1
ti. -i fog (x) liili- +il( -ii x = 1 gof(x) +i =-- -i l-ii +il(
Answer : [fog(x) = x, xeR ( x = 1 gof(x) ~=-- t ]
-ain uaa ai (Continuity in an Interval) :
(a) +n- f ~--in (a, b) n =-- +tni-i t . l< t := ~--in (a, b) + + l-< =-- ti
(b) +n- f -< ~--in [ a, b ] n =-- +tni-i t l< :
(i) f i n ~--in (a, b) n =-- t ~i
(ii) f, a <i = =-- t ~ii - +
a x
Limit
f(x) = f(a) = l-lz-- = i -ii
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
6
(iii) f, b i = =-- t ~ii -
b x
Limit
f(x) = f(b) = l-lz-- = i
(c) =ii t< +n-. lzi+iiln-i +n-. -ii-i+i +n- ( nni+i +n- ~-~- i--i n +
l-< =-- t
asia a4 + irii s +na +t uaaai +i faafnfia f-<i s st+ii +ai ifry
(i) +n- +i =-- -i -- l-< ~i i --i -ilt( ti +n- +i liiii ll- - ti-i t
(ii) {f(x)} ( [f(x)] +i =-- -i -- =ii l-<~i i --i -ilt( ti f(x) ii + ti i(
(iii) sgn (f(x)) +i =-- -i -- l-<~i i--i -ilt( ti f(x) = 0 (l< f(x) l-ln- = 0 +
i t l+ x a, - x = a ~=-- -i +i l-< -ti t )
(iv) =+- +n- f(g(x)) +i l-il- n =---i +i -- l-<~i i-ii +-i -ilt(. l- g(x)
~=-- ti ( -- l-<~i ti g(x) = c ti. ti x = c, f(x) +i ~=-- -i +i =-iil- l-<
t
a<iri # 5 : l< f(x) =

s s |
.
|

\
|

)
`

< s t
2 x 1 ;
4
5
x sgn .
3
2
x
1 x 0 ; ] x [sin
, ti { . } li--in+ iin +n- -ii [ . ] nt-in ii +
+n- +i <lzi - +-i t -i ~--in [0, 2] n +n- +i ~=-- -i l-ii +il(
rn : (i) + liiii + ~--in + ~-- (ziii) l-<~i ~ii- x = 0, 1, 2 ~=-- -i +i i- +-i
-ilt(
(ii) [sin tx] + ln( x + =ii ni-i ti sin tx e I ~=-- -i +i i - +-i -ilt(
~ii - x = 0,
2
1
(iii)
)
`

3
2
x
.sgn
|
.
|

\
|

4
5
x
+ ln(. x
4
5
= 0 (sgn (x), x = 0 ~=-- ti -i t ) ti . -i
=-- -i +i i- +-i -ilt(
~ii - x =
3
5
~i x
3
2
e I
~ii - x =
3
5
(- l+ {x} ~=-- t x e I )
:= +i x = 0,
2
1
, 1,
4
5
,
3
5
( 2 ~=-- -i +i i - +-i -ilt(
~=-- -i - ai- +il( x =
2
1
, 1
4
5
,
3
5
~=--
a<iri # 6 : l< f(x) =
1 x
1 x

+
( g(x) =
2 x
1

, ti . -i f(x), g(x) ( fog (x) +i =-- -i l-ii +il(

rn : f(x) =
1 x
1 x

+
f(x) ln +n- t t :=+ i-- n =-- ti -i -ilt( -ii x = 1 f liili- -ti t
x = 1 f ~=-- t
g(x) =
2 x
1

g(x) ii ln +n- t . t :=+ i-- n =-- ti -i -ilt( -ii x = 2 +n- 'g' liili- -ti t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
7
x = 2 g ~=-- t
:=i +i fog (x) l--- ni-i ~=-- ti ni
(i) x = 2 (g(x) +i ~=-- -i +i l-<)
(ii) g(x) = 1 ( g(x) = f(x) +i ~=-- -i +i l-< )
l < g(x) = 1

2 x
1

= 1
x = 3
x = 2 ( x = 3 fog(x) +i ~=-- -i +i i - +-i -ilt(
x = 2
fog (x) =
1
2 x
1
1
2 x
1

fog (2) liili- -ti t

2 x
lim

fog (x) =
2 x
lim

1
2 x
1
1
2 x
1

=
2 x
lim

2 x 1
2 x 1
+
+
= 1
x = 2 fog (x) ~=-- t -ii t x = 2 t l-ii-i ~=-- -i i-i t
x = 3 fog (x) liili- -ti t
+
3 x
lim
fog (x) =
+
3 x
lim
1
2 x
1
1
2 x
1

3 x
lim
fog (x) =

3 x
lim
1
2 x
1
1
2 x
1

=
x = 3 fog (x) ~=-- t -ii t l,-i +i +i ~l-ii-i ~=- -i t
4iu +i4
(6) l< f(x) =

s <
s <
|
|
.
|

\
|
)
`

5 . 3 x 3 ; } x {
3 x 1 ; ] x n [
2
1
x sgn
2

t l-< ai- +i ti +n- f(x) +i =-- -i +i i- +i i-i -ilt( ti [ . ] nt-in ii + +n-

-ii {.} li--in+ iin +n- +i v<lzi- +-i t
Answer : { 1,
2
3
,
2
5
, e, 3 ,
10
,
11
,
12
, 3.5 }
r4ia s 4 (Intermediate Value Theorem) :
+n- f i
| |
a b , n =-- t . l---lnli- n iin i-i t
(i) l< f(a) ( f(b) ll- l--t + ti -i in ~--in (a, b) n =ni+i f(x) = 0 +i +n = +n (+ tn
lni- ti-i t
(ii) l< f(a) ( f(b) + n +i: i--l+ =i K t - in ~--in (a, b) n =ni+i f(x) = K +i +n
= +n (+ tn lni- ti -i t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
a<iri # 7 : l< a > b > c > d ti . -i l=z +il( l+ =ni+i (x a) (x c) + 2(x b) (x d) = 0 + n n
i--l+ ( ~=ni- ti n
rn : (x a) (x c) + 2 (x b) (x d) = 0
f(x) = (x a) (x c) + 2 (x b) (x d)
f(a) = (a a) (a c) + 2 (a b) (a d) = + ve
f(b) = (b a) (b c) + 0 = ve
f(c) = 0 + 2 (c b) (c d) = ve
f(d) = (d a) (d c) + 0 = + ve
~- (x a) (x c) + 2(x b) (x d) = 0 + n n i--l+ ( ~=ni- t
4iu +i4
(7) l< f(x) = xe
x
2 ti . -i <lzi - +il( l+ f(x) = 0 +i ~--in (0, 1) n ai+ (+ n n t
a<iri # 8 : ni-i f(x) =
n
Lim
x sin n 1
1
2
+
ti . -i f
|
.
|

\
| t
4
ai- +il( -ii x = 0 =-- -i l-ii ii +il(
rn : ni-i f(x) =
n
lim
x sin n 1
1
2
+
f
|
.
|

\
| t
4
=
n
lim
4
sin . n 1
1
2
t
+
=
n
lim
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
1
n 1
1
= 0
~ f(0) =
n
lim
1 ) 0 ( sin . n
1
2
+
=
0 1
1
+
= 1
0 x
lim

f(x) =
0 x
lim

(
(

+

x sin n 1
1
lim
2
n
= 0
{ti sin
2
x t- zii ilzi t -- zi- -ti t -ii t- zii ilzi +i = nii l+i i-i t. -i
t ti i-i t }
x = 0 f(x) =-- -ti t
4iu +i4
(8) l< f(x) =
n
Lim
(1 + x)
n
x = 0 f(x) +i =-- -i +i i - +i ( l=z +i l+
0 x
Lim

e ) x 1 (
x
1
= +
Answer : ~=-- (~l-ii-i)
a<iri # 9 : l< f(x) = ~li+-n (sin t, 0 s t s x), 0 s x s 2t ti . -i x=
2
t
:= +n- +i =-- -i l-ii
+il(
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
rn : f(x) = ~li+-n (sin t, 0 s t s x), 0 s x s 2t
l< x e
(

t
2
, 0 ti . -i sin t z ni- +n- t
~- l< t e [0, x] ti . -i t = x. sin t :=+ ~li+-n ni- +i i-- + ni
f(x) = sin x l< x e (

t
2
, 0
l< x e (

\
|
t
t
2 ,
2
( t e [0, x] ti . -i t =
2
t
sin t :=+ ~li+-n ni- +i i-- + ni
f(x) = sin
2
t
= 1 l< x e (

\
|
t
t
2 ,
2
f(x) =

\
|
t
t
e
(

t
e
2 ,
2
x , 1
2
, 0 x
,
x sin
fn ;
fn ;
~ f
|
.
|

\
| t
2
= 1

2
x
lim
f(x) =

t

2
x
lim
sin x = 1
+
t

2
x
lim
f(x) =
+
t

2
x
lim
1 = 1
f(t/2) = L.H.S. = R.H.S.
x =
2
t
f(x) =-- t
+na + f+ut f-< s +nat4ai (Differentiability of a function at a point) :
(i) l-< x = a +n- f (x) +i <ii ~+n f '(a
+
) = <lzi- l+i i-i t. i l--- +i liili- l+i
i-i t
R.H.D. = f '(a
+
) = +
0 h
Limit
h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
, l+ =ini lni- t
(ii) l-< x = a +n- f(x) +i ii ~+n f '(a

) = <lzi - l+i i-i t i l--- +i liili- l+i

i-i t
L.H.D. = f ' (a

) = +
0 h
Limit
h
) a ( f ) h a ( f

, l+ =ini lni- t
x = a (+ +n- f(x) ~+n-i +tni-i t l< f '(a
+
) = f ' (a

) = lln-
liiii =. f '(a) =
0 h
Limit

h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
a<iri # 10 : x = 1 l< n +n- +i ~+n-i-i +i i - +il(
f(x) =

>
<
1 x , x
1 x , x
2
rn : R.H.D. = f' (1
+
) =
0 h
lim

h
) 1 ( f ) h 1 ( f +
=
0 h
lim

h
1 ) h 1 (
2
+
=
0 h
lim

h
1 h 2 h 1
2
+ +
=
0 h
lim

(h + 2) = 2
L.H.D. = f'(1

) =
0 h
lim

h
) 1 ( f ) h 1 ( f

=
0 h
lim

h
1 h 1

= 1
- l+ L.H.D. = R.H.D.~- x = 1 f(x) ~+n-i -ti t
a<iri # 11 : l< f(x) =

> +
< +
1 x , 2 B Ax 3
1 x , Bx A
2
-i A-ii B + ni- ai- +il( l-+ ln( x = 1 f(x) ~+n-i t
rn : f'(1
+
) =
0 h
lim

h
) 1 ( f ) h 1 ( f +
=
0 h
lim

h
2 B A 3 2 B ) h 1 ( A 3 + + +
=
0 h
lim

h
Ah 3
= 3A
f'(1

) =
0 h
lim

h
) 1 ( f ) h 1 ( f

=
0 h
lim

h
2 B A 3 ) h 1 ( B A
2

+ +
=
0 h
lim

h
Bh 2 Bh ) 2 B 2 A 2 (
2

+ +
l< =ini lni- t -i
2A + 2B 2 = 0
B = A + 1
f'(1

) =
0 h
lim

(Bh 2B) = 2B
x = 1 f(x) + ~+n-i ti- + ln(
f'(1

) = f'(1
+
)
3A = 2B = 2(A + 1)
A = 2, B = 3
a<iri # 12 : f(x) =

>
s t
1 x 1 } x { 2
1 x ] x [cos
+i x = 1 ~+n-i-i +i i - +il(
ti [ . ] nt-in ii + +n- -ii {.} li--in+ iin +n- +i v<lzi- +-i t
rn : f'(1

) =
0 h
lim

h
) 1 ( f ) h 1 ( f

=
0 h
lim

h
1 )] h [cos(

+ t t
=
0 h
lim

h
1 1

+
= 0
f'(1
+
) =
0 h
lim

h
) 1 ( f ) h 1 ( f +
=
0 h
lim

h
1 1 } h 1 { 2 + +
=
0 h
lim

h
h 2
= 2
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
f'(1
+
) = f'(1

)
~- x = 1 f(x) ~+n-i -ti t
4iu +i4
(9) l< f(x) =

> +
< +
1 x , 1 {x}
1 x , x [2x]
ti. -i
x = 1 =-- -i -ii ~+n-i-i +i i - + ti [ . ] nt-in ii + +n- -ii {.} li--in+ iin
+n- +i v<lzi - +-i t
(10) f(x) =

=
=

0 x , 0
0 x , x / 1 tan x
1
ti . -i
x = 0 f(x) +i ~+n-i-i +i i - +il(
Answers : (9) x = 1 ~=-- -ii ~+n-i -ti t
(10) x = 0 ~+n-i -ti t
szi ii +t riiii i ru+i +nat4ai u u-ri
(Concept of Tangent and its Association with Derivability) :
-zi ii - -zi ii +i ii i z<- ii +i =ini-- l-il- = liili- l+i i-i t
(a, f(a)) ~i (a + h, f(a + h)) +i lnni- ini ii +i i-i =
h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
P -zi ii +i vi-i = f'(a) =
0 h
Lim

h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
(+ =-- +n- + n i+ l-< x = a -zi ii t
(i) l-< P = n- ini ii l=+i cin f'(a) t l< f'(a) lni- ti
(ii) ii x = a l<
0 h
lim

h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
=
l< - -i l-il- (i) ~i - ti l-il- (ii) lni- ti. -i ni+ l-< P -zi ii -ti i-i
l-il- (i) n -zi ii +i =ni+i y f(a) = f'(a) (x a) = l<i i-i t ~i l-il- (ii) n x = a =
ai a : (i) -zi ii +i + l-i- ~-- zi <i =l--+ l-<~i +i lnni- ini ii = ii liili- l+i
i-i t
(ii) (+ +n- l-< x = a ~+n-i +tni-i t l< -= l-< (+ lln- cin +i -zi ii lni-
ti
f'(a
+
) = f'(a

) = lln- ni-
(iii) y = x
3
+i n n l-< -zi ii x-~-i ti ti-i t
(iv) y = |x| +i l-< x = 0 +i : -zi ii -ti ti -i t +i l+ L.H.D. = R.H.D
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
a<iri # 13 : x = 1 -ii x = 0 y = (x)
1/3
+i -zi ii +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : x = 1 ti f(x) = (x)
1/3
L.H.D = f'(1

) =
0 h
lim

h
) 1 ( f ) h 1 ( f

=
0 h
lim

h
1 ) h 1 (
3 / 1

=
3
1
R.H.D. = f'(1
+
) =
0 h
lim

h
) 1 ( f ) h 1 ( f +
=
0 h
lim

h
1 ) h 1 (
3 / 1
+
=
3
1
R.H.D. = L.H.D. =
3
1
+ ~- =i
-zi ii +i i-i =
3
1
y f(1) =
3
1
(x 1)
y 1 =
3
1
(x 1)
y = x
1/3
+i l-< (1, 1) -zi ii 3y x = 2
x = 0
L.H.D. = f'(0

) =
0 h
lim

h
0 ) h 0 (
3 / 1

= +
R.H.D. = f'(0
+
) =
0 h
lim

h
0 ) h 0 (
3 / 1
+
= +
L.H.D. ( R.H.D ~lln- ti - + ~- =i y = f(x) n n l-< -i i -zi ii t
y = x
1/3
+i n nl-< -zi ii x = 0 t
4iu +i4
(11) l< n +i +i n nl-< -zi ii ai- +il(
(i) y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 28x +1 , x = 0
(ii) y = (x 8)
2/3
, x = 8
Answers : (i) y = 28x + 1 (ii) x = 8
+nat4ai i uaaai + r4 u-ri
(Relation between Differentiability & Continuity) :
(i) l< f '(a) lni- t -i f(x), x = a =-- t
(ii) l< f(x) ~- i-- + =ii l-<~i ~+n-i t. -i t -= i-- n =-- ii ti-i t
aia : -i+- liini +i lnin = -ti t. ~ii- " l< x = a f(x) =-- t -i x = a f(x) ~+n-i t. =
-ti t
-<iti +n- f(x) = , x 2 ,, x = 2 =-- t l+-- x = 2 ~+n-i -ti t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
l< +n- f(x) := +i l+ R.H.D = f(a
+
) = ~i L.H.D. = f(a

) = m
l-il- - I
l< = m = +i : lln- ni-. -i +n- f(x) ~+n-i + =ii=ii =-- ii t
l-il- - II
l< = m = l+-- <i -i l+=i lln- ni- + i t . -i f(x) ~+n-i -ti ti ni l+-- =-- ti ni
l-il- - III
l< i m n = +n = +n (+ ii ~--- t. -i +n- ~+n-i -ti ti-i t l+-- tn f(x) +i =---i + i
n -ti +t =+- t
(i) (ii) (iii)
=-- ~i ~+n-i =-- l+-- ~+n-i -ti t - -i =-- - -ti ~+n-i
a<iri # 14 : l< x = a f(x) ~+n-i t -i x = a =i- +i i - +il(
rn : f'(a
+
) =
0 h
lim

h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
=
0 h
lim

[f(a+h) f(a)] = h
- l+ h 0
+
( lln- t . -i
+
0 h
lim
f(a + h) f(a) = 0

0 h
lim

f (a + h) = f(a).
ti
0 h
lim

[f(a h) f(a)] = h lln- t ~-

0 h
lim

f(a h) = f(a)

0 h
lim

f(a + h) = f(a) =
0 h
lim

f(a h)
~- f(x) =-- t
a<iri # 15 : l< f(x) =

< s +
< s +
4 x 2 , | 3 x | x sin
2 x 0 , } x { ] x sgn[ x
2
ti. -i x = 1, 2 f(x) +i =i--i -ii ~+n-i-i +i i-
+il( ti [ . ] nt-in ii + +n- -ii {.} li--in+ iin +n- +i v<lzi - +-i t
rn : x = 1 =i --i + ln(
+
1 x
lim
f(x) = +
1 x
lim
(x
2
sgn[x] + {x})
= 1 + 0 = 1

1 x
lim
f(x) =
1 x
lim
(x
2
sgn [x] + {x})
=1 sgn (0) + 1
= 1
f(1) = 1
L.H.L = R.H.L = f(1).
~- x = 1 f(x) =-- t
~ ~+n-i-i + ln(
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
R.H.D. = f'(1
+
) =
0 h
lim

h
) 1 ( f ) h 1 ( f +
=
0 h
lim

h
1 } h 1 { ] h 1 sgn[ ) h 1 (
2
+ + + +
=
0 h
lim

h
1 h ) h 1 (
2
+ +
=
0 h
lim

h
1 h h 2 h 1
2
+ + +
=
0 h
lim

h
h 3 h
2
+
= 3
~i L.H.D. = f'(1

) = =
0 h
lim

h
) 1 ( f ) h 1 ( f

=
0 h
lim

h
1 h 1 ] h 1 sgn[ ) h 1 (
2

+
= 1
f'(1
+
) = f'(1

).
~- x = 1 f(x) ~+n-i -ti t
x = 2

2 x
lim
f(x) =

2 x
lim
(x
2
sgn [x] + {x}) = 4 . 1 + 1 = 5
+
2 x
lim
f(x) =
+
2 x
lim
(sinx + |x 3|) = 1 + sin 2
~- L.H.L = R.H.L
~- x = 2 f(x) =-- -ii ~+n-i -ti t
4iu +i4
(12) l< f(x) =

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
0 x 2 / 1
0 x
} x 2 { ] x [
1 | x | e
] x [
ti . -i x = 0 =-- -i -ii ~+n-i-i +i i - +
ti [ . ] nt-in ii + +n- -ii {.} li--in+ iin +n- +i v<lzi- +-i t
Answer : ~=-- . ~- x = 0 ~+n-i -ti t
+nai + 4in, nia i u4ia +t +nat4ai
(Differentiabilty of sum, product & composition of functions) :
(i) l< f(x) ~i g(x), x = a ~+n-i t -i +n- f(x) g(x), f(x). g(x) ii x = a ~+n-i ti n
~i l< g(a) = 0 ti . -i +n- f(x)/g(x) ii x = a ~+n-i tini
(ii) l< f(x), x = a ~+n-i -ti t ~i g(x), x = a ~+n-i t. -i ni- +n- F(x) = f(x)
.
g(x),
x = a ~ii ii ~+n-i ti =+-i t
-<iti f(x) = |x|~i g(x) =x
2
(iii) l< f(x) ( g(x) <i -i x = a ~+n-i -ti t -i n i-+n- F(x) = f(x)
.
g(x), x = a ~ii ii
~+n-i ti =+-i t -<itiii f(x) = |x| & g(x) = |x|.
(iv) l< f(x) ( g(x) <i -i x = a ~+n-i -ti t -i i n +n- F(x) = f(x) + g(x) ~+n-i +n-
ti =+-i t -<iti f(x) = |x| & g(x) = |x|.
(v) l< f, x = a ~+n-i t . -i
0 h
lim

) h ( p ) h ( g
)) h ( p a ( f )) h ( g a ( f

+ +
= f'(a), ti
0 h
lim

P(h) =
0 h
lim

g(h) = 0
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
a<iri #16: f(x) = x + |x| +i ~+n-i-i +i l --i +il(
rn :
x = 0 ~+n-i -ti t
a<iri # 17 : f(x) = x|x| +i ~+n-i-i +i l --i +il(
rn : f(x) =

<
>
0 x , x
0 x , x
2
2
x = 0 ~+n-i t
a<iri # 18 : l< f(x) -ii g(x) ~+n-i t -i l=z +il( l+ f(x) . g(x) ii ~+n-i t
rn : l<i ni t l+ f(x) ~+n-i t
~ii -
0 h
lim

h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
= f'(a)
g(x) ~+n-i t
~ii -
0 h
lim

h
) a ( g ) h a ( g +
= g'(a)
~- p(x) = f(x) . g(x)
~,
0 h
lim

h
) a ( p ) h a ( p +
=
0 h
lim

h
) a ( g ). a ( f ) h a ( g ). h a ( f + +
=
0 h
lim

h
) a ( g ). a ( f ) a ( g ). h a ( f ) a ( g ). h a ( f ) h a ( g ) h a ( f + + + + +
=
0 h
lim

+
+
+ +
h
)) a ( f ) h a ( f )( a ( g
h
)) a ( g ) h a ( g ( ) h a ( f
=
0 h
lim

+
+
+
+
h
) a ( f ) h a ( f
). a ( g
h
) a ( g ) h a ( g
). h a ( f
= f(a) . g'(a) + g(a) f'(a) = p'(a) = p' (a)
~- p(x) ~+n-i t
a<iri # 19 : l< f(x) =

> +
<
0 x 2 x 3 x
0 x 3 x
2
g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|, -i f(|x|) -ii |f(x)| +i + -i+ g(x) +i =---i -ii ~+n-i-i +i i - +il(
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
rn :
f(|x|) aii |f(x)| +i +
g(x) +i =i - g(x) + =-- ti- + ln( f(|x|) -ii |f(x)| =-- ti - -ilt( -ii x = 0 f(|x|) =--
t nl+- |f(x)| ~=-- t
~- g(x), x = 0 ~=-- t -ii :=i +i x = 0, 1, 2 ii ~+n-i -ti t
-ain +nat4ai (Differentiability Over an Interval) :
l+=i l- ~--in n f (x) ~+n-i +tni-i t l< t ~--in + + l-< ~+n-i ti ~i l+=i
= -i ~--in [a, b] n f(x) ~+n-i +tni-i t l<
(i) l-<~i a ~i b + ln(, f '(a
+
) ~i f '(b

) lln- = lni- ti
(ii) +i: l-< c i := +i t l+ a < c < b, + ln(. f '(c
+
) ( f'(c

) lln- = lni- t -ii i

t
=ii t <i. ii-i +i. ni ni+i ~i lzi+i iln-i ( l-ni n lzi+i ilnl- ziilnn -ti ) +n- ~- i-- n
~+n-i ti - t
y = sin
1
2
x 1
x 2
+
+i ~in i y = sin
1
x +i ~in i
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
17
x = 1 ~i x = 1 ~+n-i -ti t x = 1 ( x = 1 ~+n-i -ti t
aia : l---lnli- l-< ~i ~+n-i-i +i i - +-i -ilt(
(i) -- =ii l-<~i ti =-- -i +i i- ~iz+ t
(ii) nii + + +i l-+ l-<~i ( l-ni n -i +n-
a<iri #20 : l< f(x) =

< s t
)
`

+
s s |
.
|

\
|

1 x 0 ], x [sin
3
1
x
2 x 1 ,
3
4
x sgn ] x 2 [
ti. -i l-< ai- +il( ti =-- -i -ii ~+n-i-i +i
i - +-i -ilt( -ii x = 1 f(x) +i ~+n-i-i -ii =---i +i i- +il ti [ . ] nt-in ii+
+n- -ii {.} li--in+ iin +n- +i v<lzi- +-i t
rn : f(x) =

s s |
.
|

\
|

< s t
)
`

+
2 x 1 ,
3
4
x sgn ] x 2 [
1 x 0 , ] x [sin
3
1
x
l-< ti tn =-- -i ( ~+n-i-i +i i - +-i -ilt(
x = 0,
2
1
,
3
2
, 1,
3
4
,
2
3
, 2 t
x = 1
L.H.L. =

1 x
lim
f(x) =

1 x
lim
)
`

+
3
1
x
[sin tx] = 0
R.H.L. =
+
1 x
lim
f(x) =
+
1 x
lim
[2x] sgn
)
`

3
4
x
= 2 { 1} = 2
L.H.L = R.H.L. ~- x = 1 f(x) ~=-- t -ii x = 1 t ~+n-i -ti t
4iu +i4
(13) l< f(x) = [x] + [1 x], 1 s x s 3 ti . -i f(x) +i + -i: -ii =-- -i -ii ~+n-i-i +i i -
+il( ti [ . ] nt-in ii + +n- +i v<lzi - +-i t
(14) f(x) =

s s
< s
2 x 1 ] x 2 x [
1 x 0 | x 4 1 |
2
2
, f(x) +i + -i -ii =-- -i -ii ~+n-i-i +i i - +il( ti
[ . ] nt-in ii + +n- +i v<lzi - +-i t
Answers : (13) f(x), x = 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ~=-- t ~- 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ~+n-i -ti t
(14) x = 1, 2 ~=-- -ii x =
2
1
, 1, 2 ~+n-i -ti t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
18
<t nr zia +i u-a a +a ini +na aia +ai
(Problems of finding functions satisfying given conditions) :
a<iri # 21 : l< =ii x, y e R + ln( +n- f(x) =--i f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) +i = - +-i t ~i l< f'(0) =
2 ti -ii +n- + l-< ~+n-i t. -i f(x) +i ni- ai- +il(
rn : f'(x) =
0 h
lim

h
) x ( f ) h x ( f +
=
0 h
lim

h
) 0 ( f ) x ( f ) h ( f ) x ( f +
( f(0) = 0)
=
0 h
lim

h
) 0 ( f ) h ( f
= f'(0)
f'(x) = 2

} }
= ' dx 2 dx ) x ( f
f(x) = 2x + c
f(0) = 2.0 + c
as f(0) = 0
c = 0
f(x) = 2x
fzat4 ffri :
-l+ f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), x -ii y + =ii ni-i + ln( = t ~- <i-i -ii +i x + =i-i ~+n-
+- (ti x + =i -i y l-- t ).
f'(x + y) = f'(x)
x = 0 i-
f'(y) = f'(0)
} }
= ' dy 2 dy ) y ( f
f(y) = 2y + c f(0) = 0 + c = 0
c = 0
f(y) = 2y f(x) = 2x.
a<iri # 22 : f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) x, y e R ~i f(x) (+ ~+n-i +n- t -ii =ii x + ln( f'(0) =1, f(x) = 0
t. -i f(x) +i ni- ai- +il(
rn : f(x) ~+n-i +n- t
f'(x) =
0 h
lim

h
) x ( f ) h x ( f +
=
0 h
lim

h
) 0 ( f ). x ( f ) h ( f ). x ( f
( f(0) = 1)
=
0 h
lim

h
)) 0 ( f ) h ( f ).( x ( f
= f(x) . f'(0) = f(x)
f'(x) = f(x)

dx
) x ( f
) x ( f
}
'
=
dx 1
}
n f(x) = x + c n 1 = 0 + c
c = 0 n f(x) = x
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
19
f(x) = e
x
a<iri # 23 : f
|
.
|

\
| +
2
y x
=
2
) y ( f ) x ( f +
x, y e R ~i f(0) = 1 -ii f'(0) = 1. l< +n- x + =ii ni-i + ln(
~+n-i t . -i f(x) +i ni- ai- +il(
rn : f'(x) =
0 h
lim

h
2
0 x 2
f
2
h 2 x 2
f |
.
|

\
| +
|
.
|

\
| +
=
0 h
lim

h
2
) 0 ( f ) x 2 ( f
2
) h 2 ( f ) x 2 ( f +

+
=
0 h
lim

h 2
) 0 ( f ) h 2 ( f
= f'(0) = 1
f'(x) = 1
<i -i -ii +i =ni+n- +-
f(x) = x + c
c = + 1 (as f(0) = 1)
f(x) = x + 1 = 1 x
4iu +i4
(15) f |
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
= f(x) f(y) x , y e R
+
~i f'(1) = 1 -i v<lzi - +il( l+ f(x) = nx.
r-si ui (Important Formula) :
=ini ai- +- + ln( =zi
0 h
lim

) h ( q ) h ( p
)) h ( q a ( f )) h ( p a ( f

+ +
= f'(a)
l<
0 h
lim

p(h) =
0 h
lim

q(h) -ii x = a f(x) ~+n-i t

a<iri # 24 :
0 h
lim

h
) h 3 a ( f ) h 2 a ( f +
+i ni- ai- +il( l< f'(a) = 3
rn :
0 h
lim

h
) h 3 a ( f ) h 2 a ( f +
=
0 h
lim

h 5
) h 3 a ( f ) h 2 a ( f +
. 5
= f'(a) 5 = 3 5 = 15
4iu +i4
(16) l< f(x) -ii g(x) ~+n-i t -i l=z +il( l+ f(x) g(x) ii ~+n-i t
(17) l< f'(2) = 4 t. -i
0 h
lim

tanh . sinh . h
sinh) 2 ( f ) h 2 ( f + +
+i ni- ai- +il(
Answers : (17) 2/3