Power Factor Regulator

Power Factor Regulator

Industri Teknologi Mikro Sdn. Bhd.
Electric Loads
Electric Loads

Resistive Load
Resistive Load
Power supplied is totally transformed into useful Power supplied is totally transformed into useful
work work
Current = Active Current (I Current = Active Current (I
A A
) )

Reactive Load
Reactive Load
Power supplied is Power supplied is NOT NOT transformed into useful transformed into useful
work work
Inductive load and capacitive load Inductive load and capacitive load
Current = Reactive Current (I Current = Reactive Current (I
R R
) )
V
V
-
-
I Vector Diagrams
I Vector Diagrams
Power
Power

Resistive Load
Resistive Load
Power
Power

Inductive Load
Inductive Load
Inductive + Resistive
Inductive + Resistive
Power
Power
Power
Power
Active Power (P)
Power actually consumed by the load
P = V I
A
(kW)
Reactive Power (Q)
Necessary power but not transformable in useful energy
Q = V I
R
(kVAR)
Apparent Power (S)
Total power that flows toward the load
S = V I (kVA)
Power Factor (PF)
Power Factor (PF)

PF is a measurement of how effectively a

PF is a measurement of how effectively a
system is converting electric power to
system is converting electric power to
useful output power.
useful output power.

PF always less than or equal to one (1).

PF always less than or equal to one (1).

The lower the PF, the lower the efficiency.

The lower the PF, the lower the efficiency.
Power Factor Readings
Power Factor Readings

Displacement Power Factor (

Displacement Power Factor (
DPF
DPF
)
)
Cos Cos - - Cosine of the phase angle ( Cosine of the phase angle () ) between between
the fundamental frequency of voltage and the fundamental frequency of voltage and
current. Only phase shift between V & I. current. Only phase shift between V & I.

Total Power Factor (

Total Power Factor (
PF
PF
)
)
True ratio of active power to apparent power True ratio of active power to apparent power
Phase shift and harmonic distortion Phase shift and harmonic distortion
PF =
Active Power (P)
Apparent Power (S)
=
kW
kVA
Power Triangle
Power Triangle

"Power triangle" without effect of

"Power triangle" without effect of
harmonics
harmonics
Harmonic Effect
Harmonic Effect

"Power triangle" with effect of harmonics

"Power triangle" with effect of harmonics
Causes of Low Power Factor
Causes of Low Power Factor

Most electrical systems have lagging power
Most electrical systems have lagging power
factor due to inductive loads such as motor,
factor due to inductive loads such as motor,
air
air
-
-
conditioner, fluorescent lighting etc.
conditioner, fluorescent lighting etc.
0.40 0.40 0.90 0.90 Phase controlled rectifier Phase controlled rectifier
0.50 0.50 Arc welding Arc welding
0.70 0.70
Fluorescent lighting Fluorescent lighting
0.70 0.70 0.80 0.80 Induction motor Induction motor
Power factor Power factor Load Load
Typical PF of loads
Benefits of PF Correction
Benefits of PF Correction

Reduced electricity bills

Reduced electricity bills

Gained in system capacity

Gained in system capacity

Reduced line losses

Reduced line losses

Improved voltage condition

Improved voltage condition
PF Correction Methods
PF Correction Methods

Connect capacitors in parallel to the

Connect capacitors in parallel to the
system.
system.
Capacitor produces leading PF thus
Capacitor produces leading PF thus
neutralize the lagging PF.
neutralize the lagging PF.

If low PF due to harmonics is significant,

If low PF due to harmonics is significant,
harmonic filter is required.
harmonic filter is required.
Capacitor will
Capacitor will
NOT
NOT
help to improve low PF
help to improve low PF
caused by harmonics.
caused by harmonics.
PF Correction by Capacitor
PF Correction by Capacitor
Before Before
After After
Calculate Required kVAR
Calculate Required kVAR
Table of Output Factor k
Table of Output Factor k
0.48 0.48 0.26 0.26 0.16 0.16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.90 0.90
0.75 0.75 0.52 0.52 0.42 0.42 0.27 0.27 0.13 0.13 - - - - - - - - - - 0.80 0.80
1.02 1.02 0.79 0.79 0.69 0.69 0.54 0.54 0.40 0.40 0.27 0.27 0.14 0.14 - - - - - - 0.70 0.70
1.33 1.33 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.85 0.71 0.71 0.58 0.58 0.45 0.45 0.31 0.31 0.16 0.16 - - 0.60 0.60
1.73 1.73 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.40 1.25 1.25 1.11 1.11 0.98 0.98 0.85 0.85 0.71 0.71 0.56 0.56 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50
1.00 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.95 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.60 0.60
(Cos (Cos
1 1
) )
Desired Desired PF(Cos PF(Cos
2 2
) )
Original Original
PF PF
Power Factor Regulator (PFR)
Power Factor Regulator (PFR)

What is PFR?
What is PFR?
A device to monitor and maintain the
A device to monitor and maintain the
required power factor of an electrical
required power factor of an electrical
network.
network.

Working principle of PFR

Working principle of PFR
PFR continuously measures the network's
PFR continuously measures the network's
reactive power (
reactive power (
kVAR
kVAR
) and then correct it by
) and then correct it by
switching in/out of the capacitor banks to
switching in/out of the capacitor banks to
achieve the targeted power factor.
achieve the targeted power factor.
Mikro's Power Factor
Mikro's Power Factor
Regulator
Regulator
Model PFR60
Model PFR60

6 switching outputs
6 switching outputs
Model PFR80
Model PFR80

8 switching outputs
8 switching outputs
Model PFR120
Model PFR120

12 switching outputs
12 switching outputs
Model PFR140
Model PFR140

14 switching outputs
14 switching outputs
Power Factor Measurement:
Power Factor Measurement:
DPF or PF?
DPF or PF?

Capacitor
Capacitor
banks
banks
are only designed to
are only designed to
compensate
compensate
the
the
reactive power
reactive power
of the
of the
fundamental frequency component.
fundamental frequency component.

Capacitor
Capacitor
banks are not designed to
banks are not designed to
correct total power factor where harmonic
correct total power factor where harmonic
currents are included.
currents are included.

DPF
DPF
measurement method is
measurement method is
more
more
suitable for power factor regulat
suitable for power factor regulat
or.
or.
How to measure DPF
How to measure DPF

Zero crossing method

Zero crossing method
Measure
Measure
s the
s the
phase angle
phase angle
difference
difference
between
between
the respective
the respective
zero crossing of the
zero crossing of the
voltage & current waveforms.
voltage & current waveforms.

Numerical
Numerical
m
m
ethod
ethod
The phase angle is computed using
The phase angle is computed using
mathematical method
mathematical method
through the regularly
through the regularly
sampled voltage and current waveforms.
sampled voltage and current waveforms.
DPF Measurement (1)
DPF Measurement (1)
DPF Measurement (2)
DPF Measurement (2)
Features of Mikro's PFR
Features of Mikro's PFR

DPF measurement by numerical method.

DPF measurement by numerical method.
Accurate measurement even in the presence
Accurate measurement even in the presence
of harmonics.
of harmonics.
Capacitors improve DPF only.
Capacitors improve DPF only.
Cause & Effect of Harmonics
Cause & Effect of Harmonics

Causes
Causes
Non
Non
-
-
linear loads draw non
linear loads draw non
-
-
sinusoidal
sinusoidal
currents.
currents.
e.g. Adjustable
e.g. Adjustable
-
-
speed motor drive &
speed motor drive &
energy saving lighting.
energy saving lighting.

Effects
Effects
Overheating and dielectric breakdown of
Overheating and dielectric breakdown of
capacitors.
capacitors.
Excessive current caused by resonance
Excessive current caused by resonance
Increase losses.
Increase losses.
Features of Mikro's PFR (2)
Features of Mikro's PFR (2)

Total harmonics distortion (THD)

Total harmonics distortion (THD)
measurement and alarm.
measurement and alarm.

Able to measure current THD.
Able to measure current THD.

Disconnect all capacitor banks in the
Disconnect all capacitor banks in the
event of THD alarm to prevent damage
event of THD alarm to prevent damage
of capacitors due to harmonics.
of capacitors due to harmonics.
Features of Mikro's PFR (3)
Features of Mikro's PFR (3)

Intelligent automatic switching program.

Intelligent automatic switching program.
Improve switching efficiency by reducing
Improve switching efficiency by reducing
the number of switching operation
the number of switching operation
s
s
.
.
Able to measure Able to measure kvar kvar required and select required and select the the
most appropriate most appropriate switching switching step steps. s.
Evenly distribute usage of each capacitor
Evenly distribute usage of each capacitor
bank.
bank.
Switch in least used capacitor Switch in least used capacitor
Switch out longest used capacitor Switch out longest used capacitor
Features of
Features of
Mikro's
Mikro's
PFR (4)
PFR (4)

Programmable switching sensitivity.

Programmable switching sensitivity.
Optimized switching speed.
Optimized switching speed.
Reaction time inversely proportional to the
Reaction time inversely proportional to the
reactive power
reactive power
required.
required.
Features of Mikro's PFR (5)
Features of Mikro's PFR (5)

Alarm functions
Alarm functions
Under/over voltage alarm.
Under/over voltage alarm.
Under/over load current alarm.
Under/over load current alarm.
Under/over compensate alarm.
Under/over compensate alarm.
THD alarm.
THD alarm.
Light indicator for alarm.
Light indicator for alarm.
Programmable last output
Programmable last output
step
step
as alarm
as alarm
output contact.
output contact.
Features of Mikro's PFR (6)
Features of Mikro's PFR (6)

Automatic
Automatic
current transformer (
current transformer (
CT
CT
)
)
polarity
polarity
Automatic correction of CT polarity when
Automatic correction of CT polarity when
reversed.
reversed.

Programmable rated step

Programmable rated step
Enable flexible usage of capacitor with
Enable flexible usage of capacitor with
different sizes.
different sizes.
Features of Mikro's PFR (6)
Features of Mikro's PFR (6)

Programmable re
Programmable re
-
-
connection time
connection time
Safety lockout time to prevent re
Safety lockout time to prevent re
-
-
connection
connection
of the same capacitor step before it is fully
of the same capacitor step before it is fully
discharged
discharged

Programming lock
Programming lock
To prevent inadvertent changes to the user
To prevent inadvertent changes to the user
programmed parameters.
programmed parameters.