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317
Ùe = interval of uncertainty associated with the strain value In previous papers u,B the effect caused by the uncertainty
measured associated with the gauge factor in the evaluation of
principal strains and stresses carried out by means of three
oe' = interval of uncertainty associated with the strain element rosettes, at room temperature, were examined.
corrected for the effect ofthe temperature The theoretical examinations point out the non-
negligibility of the effects caused by gauge factor
~ = principal angle uncertainty. This cause of error in strain pattern
determination has to be examined together with other
sources of error like misalignment 14 and strain gradient 15.
F*
aR, bR, dt
where the first subscripts a, b and c indicate the gauges OE taR, bR, dt = E aR, bR ,d!.
(G)
F aR, bR, dt
placed at the O, 45 and 90 degree positions relative to the
reference axis.
F* aR, bR ,d!.
E aR, bR, dt -[E
1
- aR,bR. dt
- &
app
]1-=---
F B =(E' ~ -E' cR ) + ( 2&' bR -
2
&' -E' cR )
2
aR, bR, dt (3) ~
a>,bD ,d)
E
a>, bD. d) F
a>, bO ,<D
a>,bD,d)
(M) + lE app : • a>. bD . <D
a>, bO ,d)
l
(N)
where
o. 5
Y= (o e' .O
2+ oe, 2)
bD
E'
.O
-E'
bD
l+
'
o. 5
l+
2
( OE' bD \ OE' dJ )
l E'
bD
-E'
dJ
o. 5 ~~0--------~~~00~----~~B~0--------~~~0----_j
2 IP!IIeg,.. .l
(oe'dl\oe' 10 ) le' d)-e' 10
1
Fig. l illustrates the variations of odE 1 with changes of The previous observations confirm the difficulty of
principal angle fora test area temperature constant (75°C) achieving accurate experimental analysis through strain
obtained for the following values of the principal strain: measurements. In fact, regardless of the remarkable
E1 = lOOOJ.Lmlm and E2 =750 J.Lm/m.From the examination sensitivity and precision offered by the modero strain
ofthis figure it appears that OEIE 1 =f(<j>) is periodic, and this gauge systems, and the ability to accurately replicate the
period is equal to 180 degrees and 60 degrees for a idealised stress state required by the mechanics
rectangular and a delta rosette, respectively. A relationship, there are numerous potential causes of error
comparative examination of the lines shows that the in the use of rosettes which, often, contribute significantly
difference in value between the highest and the lowest to the observed differences between theory and
value of OEIE 1 is greater for a rectangular than a delta experiment.
rosette.
Conclusions
The previous observation is more clearly illustrated in Fig.
2; in fact this figure depicts the influence of test area It has been shown that the effects caused by a variation of
temperature on the maximum and the minimum value of the temperature of a three element rosette installation can
OEIEI =f{<j>). determine relevant intervals of uncertainty in strain pattern
Strain gauge performance characteristics (6) McFarland K. "Unusual strain gage errors",
(95 per cent confidence leve!) Proceedings of Western Regional Strain Gage Committee,
Fall Meeting, (1966), 35.
Gauge factor at 24°C and 2.05 ± 1% (7) Berquist B.M. "Equipment for highly accurate and
50% RH repeatab1e strain gauge factor determination" Strain, 8, 4,
(1972), 170-176.
Temperature coefficient of (0.9 ± 0.2)% /100°C
gauge factor (8) Berquist B.M. "Accurate determination of gauge
factors and their variations. Examp1es of results obtained
Thermal output in j.tm/m -45.1+3.32T-6.76x10-2T2 with cemented resistance strain gauges in the F.F.A. strain
versus test area temperature +3.20x10-4T3 -2.86x10-7 laboratory", V International Conference on Experimental
in°C T4 j.tm/m StressAnalysis, Udine, ITALY, (1974), 1.137-1.146.
Interval of uncertainty ±0.22 j.tm/m .°C·l (9) Shelton A. "An experimental investigation of the
associated with the thermal cross sensitivity of resistance strain gauges" Journal of
output in j.tm/m versus the Strain Analysis, 3, 2, (1968), 115-121.
deviation from the room
temperature in °C. (10) Scott l.G. "Pre-attachment matching of resistance
strain gauges" Journal of Strain Analysis, 4, 4, ( 1969),
285-286.
Minimum and maximum value of 8~:/~: 1 (12) Cappa P. "Determinazione del campo di incertezza
(O deg :5: 4> :5: 360 deg, E 1 = 1000 j.tm/m, T= 75°C) associato alle tensioni principali calcolate mediate rosette
estensimetriche" (Evaluation of the intervals of uncertainty
!;2 8E/~:t associated to the principa1 stresses calculated by strain
gauge rosette), XV Convegno Nazionale A.I.A.S., (1987),
[!-!m/m] [per cent] 185-193. (In Italian).