Project Gutenberg's Handbook of Universal Literature, by Anne C. Lynch BottaCopyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check thecopyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributingthis or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this ProjectGutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit theheader without written permission.Please read the "legal small print," and other information about theeBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included isimportant information about your specific rights and restrictions inhow the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make adonation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts****eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971*******These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****Title: Handbook of Universal Literature From The Best and Latest AuthoritiesAuthor: Anne C. Lynch BottaRelease Date: May, 2005 [EBook #8163][Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule][This file was first posted on June 23, 2003]Edition: 10Language: EnglishCharacter set encoding: ISO-Latin-1*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HANDBOOK OF UNIVERSAL LITERATURE ***Produced by Anne Soulard, Tiffany Vergonand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.HANDBOOK OF UNIVERSAL LITERATURE _FROM THE BEST AND LATEST AUTHORITIES_BYANNE C. LYNCH BOTTA
PREFATORY NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION.Since the first publication of this work in 1860, many new names haveappeared in modern literature. Japan, hitherto almost unknown toEuropeans, has taken her place among the nations with a literature of herown, and the researches and discoveries of scholars in various parts ofthe world have thrown much light on the literatures of antiquity. To keeppace with this advance, a new edition of the work has been called for.Prefixed is a very brief summary of an important and exhaustive History ofthe Alphabet recently published.PREFACE.This work was begun many years ago, as a literary exercise, to meet thepersonal requirements of the writer, which were such as most personsexperience on leaving school and "completing their education," as thephrase is. The world of literature lies before them, but where to begin,what course of study to pursue, in order best to comprehend it, are theproblems which present themselves to the bewildered questioner, who findshimself in a position not unlike that of a traveler suddenly set down inan unknown country, without guide-book or map. The most natural courseunder such circumstances would be to begin at the beginning, and take arapid survey of the entire field of literature, arriving at its detailsthrough this general view. But as this could be accomplished only bysubjecting each individual to a severe and protracted course of systematicstudy, the idea was conceived of obviating this necessity to some extentby embodying the results of such a course in the form of the followingwork, which, after being long laid aside, is now at length completed.In conformity with this design, standard books have been condensed, withno alterations except such as were required to give unity to the wholework; and in some instances a few additions have been made. Where standardworks have not been found, the sketches have been made from the bestsources of information, and submitted to the criticism of able scholars.The literatures of different nations are so related, and have soinfluenced each other, that it is only by a survey of all that any singleliterature, or even any great literary work, can be fully comprehended, asthe various groups and figures of a historical picture must be viewed as awhole, before they can assume their true place and proportions.A.C.L.B.CONTENTS.LIST OF AUTHORITIESINTRODUCTION.THE ALPHABET.
1. The Origin of Letters.--2. The Phoenician Alphabet and Inscriptions.--3. The Greek Alphabet. Its Three Epochs.--4. The Mediaeval Scripts. TheIrish. The Anglo-Saxon. The Roman. The Gothic. The Runic.CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGESCHINESE LITERATURE.1. Chinese Literature.--2. The Language.--3. The Writing.--4. The FiveClassics and Four Books.--5. Chinese Religion and Philosophy. Lao-ts.
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Confucius. Meng-ts or Mencius.--6. Buddhism.--7. Social Constitution of
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China.--8. Invention of Printing.--9. Science, History, and Geography.Encyclopaedias.--10. Poetry.--11. Dramatic Literature and Fiction.--12.Education in China.JAPANESE LITERATURE.1. The Language.--2. The Religion.--3. The Literature. Influence ofWomen.--4. History.--5. The Drama and Poetry.--6. Geography. Newspapers.Novels. Medical Science.--7. Position of Woman.SANSKRIT LITERATURE.1. The Language.--2. The Social Constitution of India. Brahmanism.--3.Characteristics of the Literature and its Divisions.--4. The Vedas andother Sacred Books.--5. Sanskrit Poetry; Epic; the Ramayana andMahabharata. Lyric Poetry. Didactic Poetry; the Hitopadesa. DramaticPoetry.--6. History and Science.--7. Philosophy.--8. Buddhism.--9. MoralPhilosophy. The Code of Manu.--10. Modern Literatures of India.--11.Education. The Brahmo Somaj.BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN LITERATURE.1. The Accadians and Babylonians.--2. The Cuneiform Letters.--3.Babylonian and Assyrian Remains.PHOENICIAN LITERATURE.The Language.--The Remains.SYRIAC LITERATURE.The Language.--Influence of the Literature in the Eighth and NinthCentury.PERSIAN LITERATURE.1. The Persian Language and its Divisions.--2. Zendic Literature; theZendavesta.--3. Pehlvi and Parsee Literatures.--4. The Ancient Religion ofPersia; Zoroaster.--5. Modern Literature.--6. The Sufis.--7. PersianPoetry.--8. Persian Poets; Ferdusi; Eesedi of Tus; Togray, etc.--9.History and Philosophy.--10. Education in Persia.HEBREW LITERATURE.1. Hebrew Literature; its Divisions.--2. The Language; its Alphabet; itsStructure; Peculiarities, Formation, and Phases.--3. The Old Testament.--4. Hebrew Education.--5. Fundamental Idea of Hebrew Literature.--6. HebrewPoetry.--7. Lyric Poetry; Songs; the Psalms; the Prophets.--8. PastoralPoetry and Didactic Poetry; the Proverbs and Ecclesiastes.--9. Epic and
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