Biology

1.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
"FLAGTOP"
F: Follicle Stimulating Hormone
L: Luteinizing Hormone
A: ACTH
G: Growth Hormone
T: Thyroi Stimulating Hormone
O: !SH " melanOcyte #timulating hormone
P: Prolactin
FSH in males
irectly #timulate# #$ermatogene#i# " #$erm loo% li%e "FiSH." &n
'emale#( FSH o)*iou#ly #timulate# o*arian 'ollicle# +which #ecrete
e#trogen#( which #timulate enometrial $roli'eration,.
LH in males
#timulate# anrogen #ecretion #o male# )ecome "Li%e Hairy A$e#"
+LH - A,. Anrogen# al#o #timulate #$ermatogene#i#( #o LH al#o
inirectly #timulate# #$ermatogene#i#. &n 'emale#( LH #timulate# the
cor$u# luteum +which #ecrete# e#trogen# an $roge#terone( which
#timulate the enometrium,.
Autonomic Nervous System
Sym$athetic: 'ight or 'light
Para#ym$athetic: re#t an ige#t
Causes of Deviations from Hardy-Weinerg !"uilirium
"!aggie !ay .oe# /ot Smo%e"
!utation#( !igration( genetic .ri't( /on"ranom mating( Selection.
Cell Cycle
"Go Sally Go0 !a%e Chilren0"
G1( S( G1( !( C
Growth $ha#e 1( ./A Synthe#i# +re$lication,( Growth $ha#e 1( !ito#i#(
Cyto%ine#i#.
#itosis
"Peo$le !eet An Tal%"( or
"P!AT"
Pro$ha#e( !eta$ha#e( Ana$ha#e( Telo$ha#e.
#eiosis
"P!AT 21"
Pro$ha#e &( !eta$ha#e &( Ana$ha#e &( Telo$ha#e &(
Pro$ha#e &&( !eta$ha#e &&( Ana$ha#e &&( Telo$ha#e &&(
+/ote: 3 ha$loi aughter cell# in#tea o' 1 i$loi aughter cell#,
C$ordate Features
".o /ot Pinch Peo$le"
.or#al( hollow ner*e cor
/otochor
Pharyngeal #lit#
Po#tanal tail
Develo%mental Stages
"!u#t 4e Goo"
!orula( 4la#tula( Ga#trula
Fat-solule &itamins
"A.56"
7itamin# A(.(5( an 6
'astrointestinal Hormones
+i.e. one# that originate 'rom the G& tract,
"Garlic Clo*e# Smell 528ui#ite"
Hormone
So
ur
ce
(arget (riggers !ffects
Ga#trin
Ga
#tri
c
mu
co#
a
Stomach
Foo in
#tomach(
$#ychic
'actor#
&ncrea#e HCl
#ecretion 9
ga#tric
em$tying
Cholecy#t
o%inin
.u
o
Gall)laer 9
$ancrea#
Amino
aci#(
Contraction o'
gall)laer 9
+CC6,
en
al
mu
co#
a
$e$tie#(
'atty aci#
in
uoenum
#ecretion o'
$ancreatic
:uice
Secretin
Ga
#tri
c
mu
co#
a
Pancrea#
Aci in
uoenum
&ncrea#e
)icar)onate
#ecretion
5nteroga#t
rone
+ga#tric
inhi)itory
$e$tie,
.u
o
en
al
mu
co#
a
Stomach
Fat
ige#tion
$rouct# in
uoenum
.ecrea#e#
ga#tric
em$tying
Hormones t$at )ncrease Blood 'lucose
"ST5/GG"
Somatotro$in +growth hormone,
Thyroi hormone# +thyro2ine an triioothyronine,
5$ine$hrine
/ore$ine$hrine
Glucagon
Glucocortico#teroi#
)mmunogloulins
"!A.G5"
&g!( &gA( &g.( &gG( &g5
*ingdoms
"!y Poor Frien Pic%# A$$le#"
!onera( Proti#ta( Fungi( Plant#( Animal#
#ale +e%roductive (ract ,%at$ of s%erm-
"S575/ ;P"
Semini'erou# tu)ule#
5$iiymi#
7a# e'eren#
5:aculatory uct
+/othing,
;rethra
Peni#
#enstrual Cycle
"FOL+, !+a,PS"
O*arian cycle: Follicular $ha#e( O*ulatory $ha#e( Luteal $ha#e
!en#trual cycle: !en#trual 'low( Proli'erati*e $ha#e( Secretory $ha#e
The o*arian cycle control# the men#trual cycle. The cycle# )egin +ay
<, when men#trual 'low #tart#. At ay 13( the luteal an #ecretory
$ha#e# )egin an la#t until ay 1=( a'ter which the cycle# )egin again.
#olecular 'enetics
"5>on# 5>$re##e( &/tron# &/ the tra#h"
./A e2$re##ion into mature m?/A
"C;T the P@"
Cyto#ine( .racil( an (hiamine are P/rimiine# +one"ring #tructure#,
"GAPur"
'uanine an Aenine are P.+ine# +two"ring #tructure#,
"All Tiger# Can Growl"
Aenine )on# to (hymineA Cyto#ine )on# to 'uanine
Or( "Pure Sil*er Ta2i"
Purine#( A an '( )on to $yrimiine#( ( an C( re#$ecti*ely
O0y$emogloin Dissociation Curve
Thin% o' an e2erci#ing mu#cle 'or a rightwar #hi't:
52erci#ing mu#cle i#:
hot(
aciic +lactic aci,(
hy$ercar)ic(
an ha# increa#e 1(B".PG.
52erci#ing mu#cle )ene'it# 'rom increa#e o2ygen unloaing 'rom re
)loo cell#.
Proteases in t$e Duodenum
"5at Tener Chic%en Chun%# 5legantly"
5ntero%ina#e
Try$#in
Chymotry$#in
Car)o2y$e$tia#e
5la#ta#e
/ote: The 'ir#t enzyme i# $rouce )y inte#tinal muco#al cell#( while
the other# are $rouce in inacti*e $recur#or 'orm# )y the $ancrea#.
5ntero%ina#e con*ert# try$#inogen into try$#in
Try$#in con*ert# other try$#inogen molecule# into try$#in
Try$#in con*ert# chymotry$#inogen into chymotry$#in
Try$#in con*ert# $rocar)o2y$e$tia#e into car)o2y$e$tia#e
Try$#in con*ert# $roela#ta#e into ela#ta#e
Scientific #et$od
)nductive +easoning
"&S GOHH"
&nuction: S$eci'ic - General. Or( O)#er*ation - Hy$othe#i# -
Hy$othe#i#"te#ting.
The inucti*e $roce## $rocee# 'rom #$eci'ic o)#er*ation# to a general
hy$othe#i#.
Deductive +easoning
".+o,GS"
.euction: General - S$eci'ic
The eucti*e $roce## $rocee# 'rom a general hy$othe#i# to
$reiction# a)out #$eci'ic o)#er*ation#.
Sedimentation
?ate o' SeDimentation i# $ro$ortional to Size an Den#ity
!ore $reci#ely(
terminal *elocity o' $article raiu#
1
2 +en#ity " en#ity o' meium,
Si1es
"4owel !o*ement" or "4!"
A Bacterium i# a)out 1 #icron +1 m,
A eu%aryotic cell i# a)out 1< time# larger +1< m,
A *iru# i# a)out 1<< time# #maller +<.<1 m,
/ote: the#e are *ery( *ery rough guie#. The range# o' #ize# are wie.
Striated #uscle
"C&AH"
C"line( &")an( A")an( H"zone
(a0onomy
"6ing Philli$ Came O*er From Great S$ain"
6ingom Phylum Cla## Orer Family Genu# S$ecie#
&erterate Features
"C57ASAC6"
Ce$halization
5no#%eleton
7erte)rae
A2ial #%eleton
S%ull
A$$enicular #%eleton
Clo#e circulatory #y#tem
6iney#
W$ite Blood Cells
+&n orer o' ecrea#ing num)er#.,
"/o)oy Li%e# !y 5ucational 4ac%groun"
/ /eutro$hil#
L Lym$hocyte#
! !onocyte#
5 5o#ino$hil#
4 4a#o$hil#
'eneral C$emistry
Bonding
"HO/C"
H re8uire# 1 more electron in it# outer #hell to )ecome #ta)le.
O re8uire# 1.
/ re8uire# B.
C re8uire# 3.
Cation
The "t" in cation loo%# li%e a $lu# #ign: "caDion."
!lectroc$emistry
?euction occur# at the CathoeA O2iation at the Anoe.
?emem)er that the term# )eginning with con#onant# are together( an tho#e
)eginning with *owel# are together.
"L5O i# A G5?C +:er%,"
Lo## o' 5lectron# i# O2iation( which occur# at the Anoe. Gain o' 5lectron#
i# ?euction( which occur# at the Cathoe.
!lectrolysis
"!&T enough"
!ole# e$o#ite at an electroe E &tFnF
'i2s Free !nergy
"Goo Honey Ta#te# Sweet"
G E H " TS
"Gee0 Plu# Arty0 Than% you0"
G E G

D ?TlnG
".eliciou# Gra$e'ruit " /ot For 5*eryone"
G

E "nF5

Henderson-Hasselalc$ !"uation
"H6 D AHA"
or "Hong 6ong D American Ho#$ital A##ociation"
$H E $6a D log1<+A
"
FHA,
Hydrogen Bonding
"FO/"
Hhen a hyrogen atom i# attache to either a 'luorine( o2ygen( or nitrogen
atom( it can 'orm a hyrogen )on )etween it an another 'luorine( o2ygen( or
nitrogen atom.
Nernst !"uation
"He minu# Arty +i#, enough( than% you."
5 E 5

" +?TFnF,lnG
Paramagnetism
&' a com$oun ha# at lea#t one un%aire electron(
it i# Paramagnetic(
an will )e Pulle towar a magnetic 'iel.
&' not( it i# iamagnetic( an i# wea%ly re$elle )y a magnetic 'iel. There i#
al#o a thir ty$e o' magneti#m: 'erromagneti#m( which i# $re#ent in what we
ca#ually call "magnet#(" e.g. iron( nic%el( co)alt.
3uantum Numers
"/ational Li)rary +o', !eicine Sizzle#"
n( l( m( #
l 3uantum Numers
"Sen#ual Peo$le .o Fore$lay"
#( $( ( '. Then it 'ollow# the al$ha)et: g( h( i( :( %( etc.
State Functions
"7G PH5ST" +7ery Goo Fe#ti*al,
The 'ollowing are all #tate 'unction#:
7 'or *olume
G 'or Gi))I# 'ree energy
P 'or $re##ure
H 'or enthal$y
5 'or internal energy
S 'or entro$yT 'or tem$erature
Organic C$emistry
Addition of Amine to Caronyl 'rou%
"S5 P&" +or "S5e P&e",
Seconary amine - 5namine
Primary amine - &mine
+/ote: tertiary an 8uaternary amine# o not react with the CE< grou$.,
Cis4trans ,'eometric- )somers
"C: Came Cie
5: 5$$o#ite"
C 'or #ame #ie an 5 'or o$$o#ite #ie#
Conformations
Gauche con'ormation: &tI# "gauche" +ina$$ro$riate, 'or one methyl grou$ to #tan too
clo#e to another grou$.
Cyclohe2ane ring: Hhen you ha*e low energy( you #it own in a "CHA&?" to re#t.
"4OATS" can )e ti$$y( #o they are le## #ta)le.
)somers
"SS " 5. " CC"
&#omer# o' a #ugar: &' the #econ lowe#t "OH i# on the Le't( the molecule i# L.
&' the "OH i# on the ?ight( itI# ..
#eso Com%ounds
"#eSo com$oun# ha*e a #irror o' Symmetry"
Thu#( e*en though they may ha*e #tereogenic center#( they are achiral an #o
o not ha*e enantiomer#.
N#+
Down'iel i# De#hiele.
#eta-Directing 'rou%s on a Bene1ene +ing
"Gueen 5liza)eth SeconI# /a*y Comman#( Control#( Communicate#"
G Guaternary amino "/?BD
5 5#ter "COO?
S Sul'onic aci "SOBH
/ /itro "/O1
C Car)onyl "CHO
C Car)o2yl "COOH
C Cyano "C/
Ort$o- and Para- Directing 'rou%s on a Bene1ene +ing
"AHA AHA P"
A Al%yl "?
H Halogen ">
A Al%o2yl "O?
A Amino "/H1( "/H?( "/?1 +not "/?BD,
H Hyro2yl "OH
A Amie "/HCO?
P Phenyl "CJHK
(y%es of +eactions
"S5A !Ou?/S CA/ne P5A#"
Su)#titution 5lectro$hilic " Aromatic
!o#t Other ?eaction# " /ucleo$hilic Su)#titution
Car)onyl " Aition /ucleo$hilic
Pi )on# " 5lectro$hilic Aition
P$ysics
Basic P$ysical 3uantities
"Ta%ing Lu2uriou# Limo# !ore /o2iou# Than Cycling"
Tem$erature +6,Length +m,
Luminou# inten#ity +C,
!a## +%g,
/um)er o' $article# +mole#,
Time +#,
Charge +C,
Ca%acitors
"Guinte##ential Curriculum 7itae"
G E C7
"5nglan Hail# Gueen 7ictoria"
5 +energy #tore, E LG7
!lastic #odulus
"5##ay"
5la#tic moulu# E #tres# F #train
i.e. "e#" F "ai" or "e##ay"
Stress i# a##ociate with the 'orss +'orce, a$$lie.
Strain i# the e'ormation $rouce.
!lectromagnetic S%ectrum
"?&7;>Ga"
5lectromagnetic wa*e# in orer o' increa#ing 're8uency:
+aio wa*e#
)n'ra re
&i#i)le #$ectrum
.ltra *iolet
5"ray#
'amma ray#
Force on a C$arge #oving in a #agnetic Field
"Fa#t Guality 7italize# 4u#ine##"
F E G*4
+/ E C 2 mF# 2 T,
i.e.( i' the irection o' tra*el i# $er$enicular to the magnetic 'iel
Heat Ca%acity
"!CAT"
8 E mcT
where 8 i# heat energy( m i# ma##( c i# #$eci'ic heat ca$acity( an T i# the
change in tem$erature.
O%tics
". .;7"
For Di*erging mirror# an len#e#( the image i# alway# Dimini#he( .$right(
an &irtual( regarle## o' the i#tance o' the o):ect 'rom the mirror or len#.
Prefi0es in .nits of #easurement
#ulti%les
.amne .e%a a 2 1<
Hiccu$# Hecto h 2 1<
1

6ille 6ilo % 2 1<
B

!egI# !ega ! 2 1<
J

Gigantic Giga G 2 1<
M

Terra$in Tera T 2 1<
11

Fractions
.e2trou# .eci 2 1<
"1

Car$enter# Centi c 2 1<
"1

!a%e !illi m 2 1<
"B

!any !icro 2 1<
"J

/ice /ano n 2 1<
"M

Picture Pico $ 2 1<
"11

Frame# Femto ' 2 1<
"1K

&isile S%ectrum
&n orer o' increa#ing 're8uency:
"?oy G. 4i*"
"?ichar O' @or% Gaine 4attle# &n 7ain"
?e Orange @ellow Green 4lue &nigo 7iolet