1.

2 MAC PROTOCOL:
To design a good MAC protocol for the wireless sensor networks, we have considered the
following attributes. The first is the energy efficiency. As sensor nodes are likely to be battery
powered, so it is often very difficult to change or recharge batteries for these nodes [1]. In fact,
someday it expects some nodes to be cheap enough that they are discarded rather than recharged.
Prolonging network lifetime for these nodes is a critical issue. Another important attribute is
scalability and adaptivity to changes in network size, node density and topology. Some nodes may
die over time; some new nodes may join later. Some nodes may move to different locations.

The following problems that have to be solved, while designing a good MAC protocol
for wireless sensor networks are

1. Energy efficiency
Sensor nodes are expected to be battery-equipped. Due to their working environments,
recharging or replacing batteries for each node is difficult and uneconomical, sometimes even
impossible. Therefore, how to reduce the energy consumption to prolong the service lifetime of
sensor nodes becomes a critical issue [2]. To solve the energy problem, it is important to find out
the sources of energy waste. The view from hardware layer, radio communication consumes
most of energy. Moreover, the usage of radio has close relation with MAC protocols.

2. Scalability and self-configuration ability
For a wireless sensor network, its topology and size may change over time. So a good
MAC protocol should accommodate to such changes.

3. Latency, throughput, bandwidth utilization, fairness
There are common attributes for most of MAC protocols. For latency, its importance
depends on the actual applications. For most of sensor network applications, the speed of
changes on physical objects sensed by sensor nodes is much slower than the network speed. So
latency is less important and can be tolerated in a certain range in such cases.


4. Quality of Surveillance (QoSv)
QoSv represents how much area is covered with sensor nodes. If network partitioning
occurs or a sensing hole takes place since some nodes run out of energy, the network cannot
guarantee QoSv. In order to ensure QoSv, it is signicant for all nodes to survive for a
required network lifetime.
A good MAC protocol should gracefully accommodate such network changes. Other
typically important attributes including fairness, latency, throughput, and bandwidth utilization
may be secondary in sensor networks. A MAC protocol plays an important role for energy
efficiency. The MAC protocol turns on or off a radio transceiver of sensor nodes in the order to
control a medium using. A radio communication unit is a module which consumes the most of
energy. To optimize energy efficiency, the MAC protocol is necessary to be developed.
There are two types of MAC protocol which is applied to use in the WSNs, a
contention-based MAC protocol and a slot-based (schedule) MAC protocol.

1.3 S-MAC PROTOCOL:
Sensor-MAC (S-MAC) is a MAC protocol explicitly designed for wireless sensor networks.
While reducing energy consumption is the primary goal of design, S-MAC also achieves good
scalability and collision avoidance by utilizing a combined scheduling and contention scheme.

To achieve the primary goal of energy effecient, it is important to identify what are the main
sources that cause inefficient energy wastage as well as what tradeoffs can make to reduce energy
consumption.

Consider the following major sources of energy wastage. The first one is collision. When a
transmitted packet is corrupted, it has to be discarded, and follow on retransmissions increase
energy usage. Collision increasing latency as well. The second source is overhearing, meaning
that a node picks up packets that are destined to other nodes. The last major source of
inefficiency is idle listening, i.e., listening to receive possible traffic that is not sent. This is
especially true in many sensor network applications. If nothing is sensed, nodes are in idle mode
for most of the time. However, in many MAC protocols such as IEEE 802.11 ad hoc mode or
CDMA nodes have to listen to the channel to receive possible traffic.

Most sensor networks are designed to operate for long time, and nodes will be in idle state
for a long time. Thus, idle listening is a dominant factor of energy consumption in such cases.

S-MAC tries to reduce energy consumption from all the above sources. In exchange it
accepts some performance reduction in both per-hop fairness and latency [3]. The first technique
in S-MAC is to establish low-duty-cycle operation on nodes in a multihop network. It reduces idle
listening by periodically putting nodes into sleep state. In the sleep state, the radio is completely
turned off. In protocols for traditional data networks like the IEEE 802.11, bandwidth utilization
is a big concern, and nodes normally operate in fully active mode. Switching to low-duty-cycle
mode (called power-save mode in the IEEE 802.11) is an option of each node, and it normally
happens when a node has been idle for long time. In S-MAC, however, the low-duty-cycle mode
is the default operation of all nodes. They only become more active when there is traffic in the
network. To reduce control overhead and latency, S-MAC introduces coordinated sleeping among
neighbouring nodes.

1.4 OBJECTIVE
Reducing energy consumption and large end to end delay for wireless sensor networks and
design a good MAC protocol by providing the trade off between energy consumption and delay.

1.5 PROBLEM OF STATEMENT

1. Fixed listen and sleep period in SMAC frame.
2. Large energy consumption due to idle listening.
3. Large end to end delay due to fixed sleep period.
4. Did not provide good trade off between energy consumption and latency.
These drawbacks of S-MAC are tried to avoid by implementing early sleep scheme.







1.6 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT
The rest of the report is organised as follows. Chapter 2 deals with the design and problem
of existing S-MAC protocol. In chapter 3, the design and algorithm of proposed early sleep
mechanism is given. In chapter 4, the performance measures parameters of energy and latency
are discussed. Chapter 5 explains the simulator used to find the performance and the
performance analyses are shown in Chapter 6. Finally the report is concluded in chapter 7
followed by the references.