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PROFESSOR:
Thermodynamics,
all right, let's start.
10

00:00:20,020 --> 00:01:05,740 -->

00:00:31,370
00:01:06,380
Thermodynamics global warming.
is the science
of the flow of heat. 18
00:01:06,390 -->
11
00:01:10,600
00:00:31,380 --> In fact, it's
00:00:42,410
interesting to
So, thermo is heat, note that the first
and
calculation
dynamics is the
motion of heat.
19
00:01:10,610 -->
12
00:01:18,300
00:00:42,420 --> on the impact of
00:00:46,850
CO2 on climate
Thermodynamics was done in the
was developed
late
largely beginning
in the
20
00:01:18,310 -->
13
00:01:21,370
00:00:46,860 --> 1800's by
00:00:52,880
Arrhenius.
1800's, at the time
of the
21
Industrial
00:01:21,380 -->
Revolution.
00:01:26,340
Beginning of a
14
generation of
00:00:52,890 --> power moving
00:00:55,030
heat from fossil
So, taming of steel.
22
15
00:01:26,350 -->
00:00:55,040 --> 00:01:31,140
00:01:02,350
fuels to generating
The beginning of energy,
generating
locomotives,
power by burning etcetera.
fossil fuels.
23
16
00:01:31,150 -->
00:01:02,360 --> 00:01:34,590
00:01:05,730
So, he calculated
The beginning of what would
the problems
happen to this
with CO2 and
burning of
[NOISE OBSCURES]
24
17

00:01:34,600 -->
00:01:39,130
fossil fuels, and he
decided in
his calculation, he
basically

calculations
00:02:20,540 -->
throughout times 00:02:24,400
It turns out
31
everything around
00:01:58,260 --> us moves energy
00:02:01,890
around
since Arrhenius,
25
the time that
39
00:01:39,140 --> we're in trouble, 00:02:24,410 -->
00:01:42,900
2,000 years
00:02:25,240
got the calculation
in one way or the
right, by
32
other.
the way, but he
00:02:01,900 -->
came out that
00:02:06,390
40
and the
00:02:25,250 -->
26
calculation, has
00:02:27,240
00:01:42,910 --> gone like this, and If you're a
00:01:45,570
so now
biological
in 2,000 years
system, you're
from the time
33
burning
that he did the
00:02:06,400 -->
calculations,
00:02:08,580
41
we're really in
00:02:27,250 -->
27
trouble.
00:02:28,910
00:01:45,580 -->
calories, burning
00:01:48,650
34
ATP.
humans would be 00:02:08,590 -->
in trouble.
00:02:11,490
42
That's for a
00:02:28,920 -->
28
different lecture. 00:02:32,400
00:01:48,660 -->
You're creating
00:01:52,210
35
heat.
Well, since his
00:02:11,500 -->
calculation,
00:02:13,960
43
we've had an
So, anyway,
00:02:32,410 -->
exponential
thermodynamics 00:02:34,470
growth
dates from the
If you're a
same period
warm-blooded
29
animal.
00:01:52,220 --> 36
00:01:54,930
00:02:13,970 --> 44
in the amount of 00:02:19,540
00:02:34,480 -->
CO2, and if
as getting fossil
00:02:38,080
you go through the fuels
You need energy
calculations
out of the ground. to move your
arms around and
30
37
move around -00:01:54,940 --> 00:02:19,550 -->
00:01:58,250
00:02:20,530
45
of -- people have It's universal.
00:02:38,090 -->
done these
00:02:42,040
38

mechanical
systems,
obviously,
cars, boats,
etcetera.
46
00:02:42,050 -->
00:02:45,360
And even in
astrophysics, when
you talk about
stars, black
47
00:02:45,370 -->
00:02:47,070
holes, etcetera,
you're
moving energy
around.
48
00:02:47,080 -->
00:02:49,950
You're moving
heat around
when you're
changing matter
49
00:02:49,960 -->
00:02:51,680
through
thermodynamics.
50
00:02:51,690 -->
00:02:55,110
And the cause of
some
thermodynamics
have even been
51
00:02:55,120 -->
00:02:59,850
applied to
economics,
systems
out of equilibrium,
like big

52
00:02:59,860 -->
00:03:02,420
companies like
Enron, you
know, completely
out of
53
00:03:02,430 -->
00:03:04,430
equilibrium, crash
and burn.
54
00:03:04,440 -->
00:03:12,060
You can apply nonequilibrium
thermodynamics
to economics.
55
00:03:12,070 -->
00:03:16,180
It was developed
before people
knew about atoms
and molecules.
56
00:03:16,190 -->
00:03:18,980
So it's a science
that's
based on
macroscopic
57
00:03:18,990 -->
00:03:22,050
properties of
matter.

59
00:03:26,220 -->
00:03:30,390
can rationalize the
concepts
of
thermodynmamics
using
60
00:03:30,400 -->
00:03:35,160
microscopic
properties, and if
you are going to
take 5.62,
61
00:03:35,170 -->
00:03:36,080
that's what you'd
learn about.
62
00:03:36,090 -->
00:03:38,630
You'd learn about
statistical
mechanics, and
how the
63
00:03:38,640 -->
00:03:42,470
atomistic concepts
rationalize
thermodynamics.
64
00:03:42,480 -->
00:03:47,390
It doesn't prove it,
but it
helps to getting
more intuition

58
00:03:22,060 -->
00:03:26,210
65
Since then, since 00:03:47,400 -->
we know about
00:03:54,220
atoms and
about the
molecules now, we consequences

of
synthesized these
thermodynamics. experiments
into a few basic
66
empirical
00:03:54,230 -->
00:03:56,450
73
So it applies to
00:04:16,940 -->
macroscopic
00:04:20,570
systems that are in rules, empirical
laws, which
67
are the laws of
00:03:56,460 --> thermodynamics.
00:04:00,010
equilibrium, and 74
how to go from
00:04:20,580 -->
one equilibrium
00:04:26,155
state to
And then they've
taken these
68
laws and added a
00:04:00,020 --> structure of
00:04:03,950
another
75
equilibrium state, 00:04:26,165 -->
and
00:04:31,210
it's entirely
math upon it, to
empirical
build this
edifice, which is a
69
very solid
00:04:03,960 -->
00:04:06,420
76
in its foundation. 00:04:31,220 -->
00:04:37,570
70
edifice of
00:04:06,430 --> thermodynamics
00:04:08,970
as a
People have done science of
experiments
equilibrium
through the ages, systems.
and they've
77
71
00:04:37,580 -->
00:04:08,980 --> 00:04:43,890
00:04:12,020
So these empirical
accumulated the observations
knowledge from then are
these experiments, summarized
and they've
78
72
00:04:43,900 -->
00:04:12,030 --> 00:04:47,190
00:04:16,930
into four laws.

79
00:04:47,200 -->
00:04:52,170
So, these laws are,
they're really
depillars.
80
00:04:52,180 -->
00:04:56,750
They're not
proven, but
they're not wrong.
81
00:04:56,760 -->
00:05:00,150
They're very
unlikely
to be wrong.
82
00:05:00,160 -->
00:05:02,630
Let's just go
through these
laws, OK, very
quickly.
83
00:05:02,640 -->
00:05:07,950
There's a zeroth
law The zeroth
law every one of
these laws
84
00:05:07,960 -->
00:05:10,470
basically defines
the quantity
in
thermodynamics
and then
85
00:05:10,480 -->
00:05:12,180
defines the
concept.

86
00:05:12,190 -->
00:05:14,630
The zeroth law
defines
temperature.
87
00:05:14,640 -->
00:05:19,870
That's a fairly
common-sense
idea, but it's
important to

93
00:05:49,810 -->
00:05:52,700
And I'm going to
call this
the you can break
even law;

100
00:06:16,660 -->
00:06:21,190
a mathematical
foundation
on which way does
time go.

And I'm going to They cannot be

call this
circumvented.
the you can break
even at
114
00:07:30,960 -->
107
00:07:35,090
00:06:49,570 --> Certainly people
00:06:50,580
have tried to
zero degrees
do that, and every
Kelvin law.
year there's

101
00:06:21,200 -->
00:06:25,740
Clearly, if I take a 108
chalk like
00:06:50,590 -->
this one here, and I 00:06:54,640
throw it
You can only do it
88
95
at
00:05:19,880 --> 00:05:56,050 --> 102
zero degrees
00:05:24,023
00:06:00,950
00:06:25,750 --> Kelvin.
define it, and I call You don't lose
00:06:28,550
that
energy,
on the ground, and 109
the common-sense you can't gain
it breaks
00:06:54,650 -->
law.
energy.
in little pieces, if I 00:07:07,290
run
The third law is
89
96
going to give
00:05:24,033 --> 00:06:00,960 --> 103
a numerical value
00:05:31,040
00:06:03,050
00:06:28,560 --> to the
So this is the
You break even.
00:06:31,140
common-sense
the movie
110
law.
97
backwards, that
00:07:07,300 -->
00:06:03,060 --> doesn't make
00:07:14,750
90
00:06:10,640
sense, right?
entropy, and the
00:05:31,050 --> The second law is
third law is
00:05:38,700
going to
104
going to be the
The first law ends define entropy,
00:06:31,150 --> depressing one,
up defining
and is going to
00:06:34,410
energy, which
We have a concept 111
we're going to
98
of time going
00:07:14,760 -->
00:06:10,650 --> forward in a
00:07:24,680
91
00:06:12,800
particular way.
and it's going to
00:05:38,710 --> tell us about the
say, you
00:05:45,590
direction
105
can't get to zero
call u, and the
of time, something 00:06:34,420 --> degrees.
concept of
that
00:06:40,240
energy
How does entropy 112
conservation,
99
play into
00:07:24,690 -->
energy
00:06:12,810 --> that concept of
00:07:27,810
00:06:16,650
time?
These laws are
92
conceptually we,
universally valid.
00:05:45,600 --> clearly,
106
00:05:49,800
understand, but is 00:06:40,250 --> 113
can't be lost or
going to put
00:06:49,560
00:07:27,820 -->
gained.
00:07:30,950
94
00:05:52,710 -->
00:05:56,040
you can break
even law.

00:07:54,660 -->
00:07:58,240
and for the rest of
us, it's
going to be
wonderful.
121
00:07:58,250 -->
00:08:00,970
And they go
through these
arguments, and
they find

115
00:07:35,100 -->
00:07:39,580
a newspaper story,
Wall Street
122
Journal, or New
00:08:00,980 -->
York Times
00:08:04,010
venture money to
116
fund the
00:07:39,590 --> company, and they
00:07:43,230
get
about somebody
that has
123
invented the
00:08:04,020 -->
device that
00:08:07,760
very famous
117
people to
00:07:43,240 --> endorse them,
00:07:47,550
etcetera.
somehow goes
around the second 124
law and makes
00:08:07,770 -->
more energy than 00:08:12,010
But you guys
118
know, because you
00:07:47,560 --> have MIT degrees,
00:07:51,300
and you've,
it creates, and this
is going
125
to be -- well, first 00:08:12,020 -->
of all,
00:08:15,330
later, and you've
119
taken 5.60,
00:07:51,310 --> that can't be the
00:07:54,650
case, and
for the investors
this is going
126
to make them
00:08:15,340 -->
very, very rich,
00:08:17,340
you're not going to
120
get

fooled into
investing money
127
00:08:17,350 -->
00:08:19,740
into these
companies.
128
00:08:19,750 -->
00:08:24,260
But it's amazing,
that every
year you find
somebody coming
129
00:08:24,270 -->
00:08:27,620
up with a way of
going around
the second law
and somehow
130
00:08:27,630 -->
00:08:37,390
convincing people
who are very
smart that this will
work.
131
00:08:37,400 -->
00:08:40,570
So, thermo is also
a big
tease, as you can
see
132
00:08:40,580 -->
00:08:44,550
from my
descriptions
of these laws here.
133
00:08:44,560 -->
00:08:48,190

It makes you
believe,
initially, in the
feasibility

to transform heat 00:09:35,220 -->

into work.
00:09:39,280
And then the
141
second law
00:09:13,270 --> comes in and says
134
00:09:15,280
well,
00:08:48,200 --> It just says it's
00:08:51,140
energy.
149
of perfect
00:09:39,290 -->
efficiency.
142
00:09:41,530
00:09:15,290 --> that's not quite
135
00:09:17,770
right.
00:08:51,150 --> It's all the same
00:08:55,540
thing, right?
150
The first law is very
00:09:41,540 -->
upbeat.
143
00:09:44,470
00:09:17,780 --> The second law
136
00:09:20,660
says, yes,
00:08:55,550 --> So, you could
energy is pretty
00:08:59,850
break even if you much the same
It talks about the were very clever
conservation of
about it,
151
energy.
00:09:44,480 -->
144
00:09:47,550
137
00:09:20,670 --> in all this form, but
00:08:59,860 --> 00:09:23,840
if you
00:09:03,230
and that's pretty want to convert
Energy is
neat.
one form of
conserved
in all of its forms. 145
152
00:09:23,850 --> 00:09:47,560 -->
138
00:09:25,960
00:09:53,470
00:09:03,240 --> So, in a sense, it
energy into
00:09:06,120
says, you
another, if you
You can take heat know, if you
want to convert
energy and
wanted to build a work, heat into
convert it to work
energy and
146
153
00:09:25,970 --> 00:09:53,480 -->
139
00:09:31,010
00:09:57,110
00:09:06,130 --> boat that took
work, with 100%
00:09:10,270
energy out of
efficiency,
vice versa, and it the warmth of the you've got to go
doesn't say
air, to sail
down to zero
anything about
that you have
147
154
00:09:31,020 --> 00:09:57,120 -->
140
00:09:35,210
00:09:59,410
00:09:10,280 --> around the world, degrees Kelvin, to
00:09:13,260
you can do that. absolute
to waste heat if
zero if you want to
you're going
148
do that.

155
00:09:59,420 -->
00:10:02,970
Otherwise you're
going to waste
some of that heat
somewhere
156
00:10:02,980 -->
00:10:06,480
along the way,
some
of that energy.
157
00:10:06,490 -->
00:10:08,530
All right, so you
can't get
perfect efficiency,
but at
158
00:10:08,540 -->
00:10:11,530
least if you were
able to go
to zero degrees
Kelvin,
159
00:10:11,540 -->
00:10:13,110
then you'd be all
set.
160
00:10:13,120 -->
00:10:15,690
You just got to find
a good
refrigerator on
your boat,
161
00:10:15,700 -->
00:10:17,860
and then you can
still

go around the
world.
162
00:10:17,870 -->
00:10:20,310
And then the third
law
comes in, and
that's the
163
00:10:20,320 -->
00:10:21,440
depressing part
here.
164
00:10:21,450 -->
00:10:23,350
It says, well, it's
true.
165
00:10:23,360 -->
00:10:25,630
If you could get to
zero
degrees Kelvin,
you'd get
166
00:10:25,640 -->
00:10:29,365
perfect efficiency,
but you
can't get to zero
degrees
167
00:10:29,375 -->
00:10:32,850
Kelvin, you can't.
168
00:10:32,860 -->
00:10:35,860
Even if you have
an infinite
amount of
resources,

169
00:10:35,870 -->
00:10:44,440
you can't get
there.

176
00:11:08,170 -->
00:11:15,440
that when you do
problem sets,
especially at the
beginning,

00:12:20,400 --> the universe, that's

00:12:23,550
part
That's my system.
191
206
00:12:02,530 --> 199
00:12:43,260 -->
00:12:06,360
00:12:23,560 --> 00:12:45,360
170
It could be a hot 00:12:30,940
of the
00:10:44,450 -->
coffee in a
Then, after you
surroundings.
00:10:50,640
177
thermos.
define what
Any questions so 00:11:15,450 --> 184
your system is,
207
far?
00:11:19,800
00:11:46,580 --> 192
whatever is
00:12:45,370 -->
understanding the 00:11:52,360
00:12:06,370 -->
00:12:46,000
171
words and the
nailing down what 00:12:09,540
200
And then between
00:10:50,650 --> conditions of the the system
So the coffee and 00:12:30,950 --> the system
00:10:54,430
problem sets
is, not more, nor the milk and
00:12:34,190
and the
So
less, in
whatever else you left over of the
surroundings
thermodynamics, 178
like in your
universe
based on
00:11:19,810 --> 185
is the
208
these four laws
00:11:25,040
00:11:52,370 --> 193
surroundings.
00:12:47,010 -->
now, requires
is most of the way 00:11:54,900
00:12:09,550 -->
00:12:49,200
into
terms of the
00:12:10,850
201
is the boundary.
172
solving the
amount of stuff, coffee would be
00:12:34,200 -->
00:10:54,440 --> problem.
that's part of the the system.
00:12:37,350
209
00:10:58,140
system, it's
So, if I'm the
00:12:49,210 -->
an edifice, and it's 179
194
system,
00:12:59,080
a very
00:11:25,050 --> 186
00:12:10,860 --> then everything
And the boundary
mature science,
00:11:35,350
00:11:54,910 --> 00:12:14,080
else
is a surface
and it
So we're going to 00:11:57,800
It could be a glass
that's real, like the
talk
going to be often of
202
outsides
173
about things like very crucial.
water with ice in it. 00:12:37,360 -->
00:10:58,150 --> systems.
00:12:37,880
210
00:11:00,330
187
195
is the
00:12:59,090 -->
requires that we 180
00:11:57,810 --> 00:12:14,090 --> surroundings.
00:13:03,840
define
00:11:35,360 --> 00:11:58,960
00:12:15,470
of my skin, or the
things carefully.
00:11:38,890
So you've got the That's a fine
203
inner wall
The system, it's
system.
system.
00:12:37,890 --> of the thermos
174
that part
00:12:39,530
that has the
00:11:00,340 --> of the universe
188
196
You are my
00:11:02,860
that
00:11:58,970 --> 00:12:15,480 --> surroundings.
211
So we're going to
00:12:00,890
00:12:17,180
00:13:03,850 -->
spend a
181
For instance, it
Volume of air in a 204
00:13:08,140
little bit of time
00:11:38,900 --> could be a person. part of a room.
00:12:39,540 --> coffee in it, or it
making sure
00:11:40,480
00:12:41,410
could
we're studying.
189
197
Saturn is my
be an imaginary
175
00:12:00,900 --> 00:12:17,190 --> surroundings.
boundary.
00:11:02,870 --> 182
00:12:01,740
00:12:20,390
00:11:08,160
00:11:40,490 --> I am the system. Take four liters on 205
212
we define our
00:11:43,080
this
00:12:41,420 --> 00:13:08,150 -->
concepts and our These are going to 190
corner of the
00:12:43,250
00:13:11,460
words, and what be fairly
00:12:01,750 --> room.
As far as you can For instance, I can
you'll find
common-sense
00:12:02,520
go in
imagine
definitions, but
198
183
00:11:43,090 -->
00:11:46,570
they're important,
and when you
get to a problem
set, really

I could be a
system.

that there is a
boundary that

the inside wall of

the glass or

bit too much in

your system

00:14:24,320 -->
00:14:40,030
Mass and energy
flow
through boundary.

Hopefully, your
to transfer through
coffee is
the
going to stay warm
213
220
227
or
249
00:13:11,470 --> 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:48,340 -->
00:15:29,190 -->
00:13:14,270
00:13:36,130
00:13:52,900
242
00:15:30,810
surrounds the four the outside wall of or a bit too little. 235
00:15:06,990 --> boundary but not
liters of
the glass
00:14:40,040 --> 00:15:08,270
mass.
air that's sitting in and the inside of 228
00:14:45,980
hot in the
the thermos,
00:13:52,910 --> Mass and energy -- thermos.
250
214
00:13:53,700
I'm
00:15:30,820 -->
00:13:14,280 --> 221
More definitions. an open system, 243
00:15:34,580
00:13:14,880
00:13:36,140 -->
right?
00:15:08,280 --> So a closed system
the corner there. 00:13:37,770
229
00:15:09,870
would be,
that makes a
00:13:53,710 --> 236
It's not going to
for instance, a
215
difference;
00:14:01,460
00:14:45,990 --> get out.
glass of ice
00:13:14,890 --> different heat
The system can be 00:14:48,270
00:13:17,940
an open
Water vapor goes 244
251
It doesn't have to 222
system, or it can through my skin. 00:15:09,880 --> 00:15:34,590 -->
be a real
00:13:37,780 --> be a closed
00:15:11,520
00:15:37,730
container to
00:13:38,960
237
So the thermos is water with an ice
contain it.
capacity, etcetera. 230
00:14:48,280 --> not an open
cube in
00:14:01,470 --> 00:14:54,760
system.
it, with the lid on
216
223
00:14:08,890
I'm hot, compared
top.
00:13:17,950 --> 00:13:38,970 --> system, or it can to the air
245
00:13:23,580
00:13:42,090
be isolated.
of the room, or
00:15:11,530 --> 252
It's just an
So this becomes
cold if
00:15:15,770
00:15:37,740 -->
imaginary
where
231
In fact, the
00:15:40,100
boundary there.
defining the
00:14:08,900 --> 238
thermos is
The glass is not
system and the
00:14:11,340
00:14:54,770 --> an isolated system. very insulating.
217
The definitions are 00:14:57,160
00:13:23,590 --> 224
also important
I'm somewhere
246
253
00:13:26,350
00:13:42,100 --> here.
that's warm.
00:15:15,780 --> 00:15:40,110 -->
And where you
00:13:44,500
00:15:19,730
00:15:44,250
place that
boundaries, and 232
239
The isolated
Energy can flow
boundary becomes everything
00:14:11,350 --> 00:14:57,170 --> system is the
across the
important.
becomes
00:14:18,520
00:14:58,810
opposite of the
glass, but I put a lid
important.
An open system, So energy can go open system,
on top,
218
as the name
back and forth.
00:13:26,360 --> 225
describes, allows
247
254
00:13:30,390
00:13:44,510 --> mass and
240
00:15:19,740 --> 00:15:44,260 -->
So, for instance,
00:13:46,220
00:14:58,820 --> 00:15:24,530
00:15:45,890
for the
You've got to place 233
00:15:04,850
no mass and no
and so the water
thermos with the the
00:14:18,530 --> The thermos, with energy can
can't get out.
coffee in it,
boundary at
00:14:24,310
the lid on
flow through the
exactly the right
energy to freely
top, is not an open boundary.
255
219
flow
system.
00:15:45,900 -->
00:13:30,400 --> 226
through the
248
00:15:47,610
00:13:33,590
00:13:46,230 --> boundary.
241
00:15:24,540 --> And that's the
if you place the
00:13:48,330
00:15:04,860 --> 00:15:29,180
closed system.
boundary in
place, otherwise 234
00:15:06,980
The closed system
you've got a
allows energy
256

00:15:47,620 -->
00:15:52,790
Energy goes
through the
boundaries but
nothing else.

00:16:06,990 -->
00:16:10,876
That's the first
thing to
make sure that is
clear.

270
00:16:33,340 -->
00:16:38,410
they've created
more energy
than is being
brought in.

00:17:04,900 -->
00:17:09,470
properties of
matter, you don't
need very many
variables to

maybe even
magnetic

00:17:50,940 -->
00:17:55,660
it, or
285
heterogeneous,
00:17:30,760 --> like
00:17:33,180
water with an ice
susceptibility, the cube in it.
257
264
279
electric field.
00:15:52,800 --> 00:16:10,886 --> 271
00:17:09,480 -->
293
00:15:55,470
00:16:13,350
00:16:38,420 --> 00:17:14,290
286
00:17:55,670 -->
Important
If it's not clear, the 00:16:41,750
describe the
00:17:33,190 --> 00:17:58,110
definitions, even problem is going That's usually the system completely 00:17:35,610
So heterogeneous
though they may to be
case.
thermodynamicall We're not going to means
sound really
y.
worry about
that you've got
265
272
these magnetic
different
258
00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:41,760 --> 280
fields or
00:15:55,480 --> 00:16:16,850
00:16:45,370
00:17:14,300 -->
294
00:15:58,560
impossible to
Questions?
00:17:17,160
287
00:17:58,120 -->
kind of dumb, but solve.
You just need a
00:17:35,620 --> 00:17:59,580
they are
273
few macroscopic 00:17:37,490
phases in your
really important, 266
00:16:45,380 --> variables that are electric fields in
system.
because when
00:16:16,860 --> 00:16:47,610
very
this class.
00:16:21,120
Let's keep going.
295
259
And that's also
281
288
00:17:59,590 -->
00:15:58,570 --> how people find 274
00:17:17,170 --> 00:17:37,500 --> 00:18:02,390
00:16:01,690
ways to break the 00:16:47,620 --> 00:17:21,685
00:17:40,470
I'm the
you get the
second law,
00:16:51,010
familiar to you, like So, pretty much
heterogeneous
problem, figuring
So, now that we've the
we're going
system, soft stuff,
out whether you 267
got
pressure, the
to focus on this set hard
have an open,
00:16:21,130 --> a system, we've
temperature, the
00:16:27,340
got
289
296
260
because somehow
282
00:17:40,480 --> 00:18:02,400 -->
00:16:01,700 --> they've messed
275
00:17:21,695 --> 00:17:43,470
00:18:05,300
00:16:04,060
up on what their 00:16:51,020 --> 00:17:25,290
of variables here. stuff, liquid stuff.
closed, or isolated system is.
00:16:51,810
volume, the
system,
to describe it.
number of moles 290
297
what are the
268
of
00:17:43,480 --> 00:18:05,310 -->
surroundings?
00:16:27,350 --> 276
each component, 00:17:45,570
00:18:07,110
00:16:30,280
00:16:51,820 --> the
You're going to
Coffee is
261
And they've
00:17:00,070
have to know
homogeneous,
00:16:04,070 --> included too much So, let's describe 283
when you describe even though it's
00:16:04,850
or too little in the the system now. 00:17:25,300 --> the system,
made
What's the
system,
00:17:28,590
boundary?
277
mass of the
291
298
269
00:17:00,080 --> system.
00:17:45,580 --> 00:18:07,120 -->
262
00:16:30,290 --> 00:17:04,890
00:17:50,930
00:18:09,420
00:16:04,860 --> 00:16:33,330
It turns out that
284
if your system is
up of many
00:16:06,980
and it looks to
when you're
00:17:28,600 --> homogeneous,
components.
What is the
them that the
talking about
00:17:30,750
like your coffee
system?
second law is
macroscopic
You've got a
with milk in
299
broken and
magnetic field,
00:18:09,430 -->
263
278
292
00:18:11,840

Many different
kinds of
molecules make
up your coffee.

But
thermodynamics
takes
a bird's eye view.

300
00:18:11,850 -->
00:18:14,070
There are the
water molecules,
the flavor
molecules, the

307
00:18:28,660 -->
00:18:30,830
It looks pretty,
beautiful.

314
00:18:47,950 -->
00:18:50,030
using
thermodynamic
properties.
315
00:18:50,040 -->
00:18:54,490
Thermodynamics
talks about
equilibrium
systems and how

308
00:18:30,840 -->
301
00:18:35,490
00:18:14,080 --> So, that's a
00:18:15,570
homogeneous
316
milk proteins,
system, one phase. 00:18:54,500 -->
etcetera.
00:18:56,860
309
to go from one
302
00:18:35,500 --> state of
00:18:15,580 --> 00:18:38,340
equilibrium to
00:18:17,960
You have to know another
But it's all mixed if your
up
system is an
317
together in a
equilibrium
00:18:56,870 -->
homogeneous,
00:18:58,980
310
state of
303
00:18:38,350 --> equilibrium.
00:18:17,970 --> 00:18:41,170
00:18:20,130
system or not.
318
macroscopic
00:18:58,990 -->
fashion.
311
00:18:59,660
00:18:41,180 --> What does
304
00:18:43,240
equilibrium mean?
00:18:20,140 --> If it's an
00:18:23,560
equilibrium
319
If you drill down at system, then
00:18:59,670 -->
the level
thermodynamics 00:19:02,800
of molecules you
It means that the
see that
312
properties of
00:18:43,250 --> the system, the
305
00:18:44,870
properties that
00:18:23,570 --> can describe it.
00:18:25,060
320
it's not
313
00:19:02,810 -->
homogeneous.
00:18:44,880 --> 00:19:09,840
00:18:47,940
describe the
306
If it's not, then
system, don't
00:18:25,070 --> you're going
change in time or
00:18:28,650
to have trouble
in space.
describing it
321

00:19:09,850 -->
00:19:13,320
If I've got a gas in a
container, the
pressure of the
322
00:19:13,330 -->
00:19:15,730
gas has to be the
same
everywhere in the
container,
323
00:19:15,740 -->
00:19:18,110
otherwise it's not
equilibrium.

So it only talks
about
equilibrium
systems.
329
00:19:32,860 -->
00:19:34,210
What else do you
need to know?

328
00:19:29,040 -->
00:19:32,850

336
00:19:57,950 -->
00:20:00,470
is water, H2O.

330
00:19:34,220 -->
00:19:36,290
So, you need to
know
the variables.

337
00:20:00,480 -->
00:20:04,350
Two phases, but
one component.

331
00:19:36,300 -->
00:19:39,560
You need to know
it's
heterogeneous or
homogeneous.

338
00:20:04,360 -->
00:20:08,240
Latte, which is a
homogeneous
system, has a very,
very large

324
00:19:18,120 -->
00:19:21,170
If I place my
container of gas
on the table here,
and I come
332
00:19:39,570 -->
325
00:19:42,580
00:19:21,180 --> You need to know
00:19:23,880
if it's an
back an hour later, equilibrium, and
the
you also need
pressure needs to
be the
333
00:19:42,590 -->
326
00:19:51,150
00:19:23,890 --> to know how many
00:19:25,940
components
same when I come you have in your
back.
system.
327
00:19:25,950 -->
00:19:29,030
Otherwise it's not
equilibrium.

00:19:56,150 -->
00:19:57,940
heterogeneous
system, has only
one component,
which

334
00:19:51,160 -->
00:19:56,140
So, a glass of ice
water with
an ice cube in it,
which is a
335

339
00:20:08,250 -->
00:20:10,760
number of
components to it.
340
00:20:10,770 -->
00:20:12,420
All the
components that
make up the milk.
341
00:20:12,430 -->
00:20:15,960
All the
components that
make
up the coffee, and
all the
342
00:20:15,970 -->
00:20:19,190

impurities,
etcetera.
cadmium,
heavy metals,
arsenic,

the ones that scale the mass will

with
double.
350
00:20:46,640 -->
00:20:47,870
the size of the
system.

343
00:20:19,200 -->
00:20:25,480
whatever is in your 351
coffee.
00:20:47,880 -->
00:20:51,050
344
If you double the
00:20:25,490 --> system,
00:20:29,540
they double in
OK, any questions? there

358
00:21:06,360 -->
00:21:10,440
Intensive
properties don't
care
about the scale of
your system.

00:21:22,810 -->
00:21:27,890
dividing by the
number
of moles in the
system.
365
00:21:27,900 -->
00:21:31,570
So I can make a
quantity that
I'll call V bar, which
is the

371
00:21:58,190 -->
00:22:08,970
of equilibrium
systems, and it
also describes the
evolution

378
00:22:27,180 -->
00:22:28,190
called state
variables.

379
372
00:22:28,200 -->
00:22:08,980 --> 00:22:41,360
00:22:11,230
So the state
of one equilibrium variables describe
359
to
the equilibrium's
00:21:10,450 -->
another
state, and
00:21:14,390
equilibrium.
If you double
366
380
everything in the 00:21:31,580 --> 373
00:22:41,370 -->
345
352
system, the
00:21:36,030
00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:45,600
00:20:29,550 --> 00:20:51,060 --> temperature is not molar volume, the 00:22:13,500
they don't care
00:20:33,360
00:20:52,220
volume of one
How do you go
about how this
All right, so we've numerical number. 360
mole of a
from
state got to where
described the
00:21:14,400 --> component in my one to the other? it is.
system
353
00:21:16,140
00:20:52,230 --> going to change, 367
374
381
346
00:20:54,620
it's
00:21:36,040 --> 00:22:13,510 --> 00:22:45,610 -->
00:20:33,370 --> For instance, the not going to
00:21:40,940
00:22:17,590
00:22:48,570
00:20:34,500
volume.
double.
system, and that And so the set of They don't care
with these
becomes
properties
about the
properties.
354
361
an intensive
that describes the history of the
00:20:54,630 --> 00:21:16,150 --> quantity.
system -state.
347
00:20:57,550
00:21:17,660
00:20:34,510 --> If you double the The temperature 368
375
382
00:20:36,510
volume, the v
stays the same.
00:21:40,950 --> 00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:48,580 -->
Now these
doubles.
00:21:45,330
00:22:20,300
00:22:52,800
properties
362
A volume which is the equilibrium
They just know
come in two
355
00:21:17,670 --> an
doesn't change.
that's if you
flavors.
00:20:57,560 --> 00:21:19,900
intensive volume.
have water at zero
00:20:58,950
So the
376
degrees
348
I mean that's
temperature is
369
00:22:20,310 -->
00:20:36,520 --> obvious.
intensive, and you 00:21:45,340 --> 00:22:24,010
383
00:20:41,130
can make
00:21:55,150
So, these on00:22:52,810 -->
You have extensive 356
The volumes per changing
00:22:57,320
properties
00:20:58,960 --> 363
mole
properties that
Celsius with it ice
and intensive
00:21:01,660
00:21:19,910 --> of that stuff.
describe the
in, that
properties.
The mass, if you
00:21:22,800
you can define it
double
intensive
370
377
as a
349
the amount of
properties out of 00:21:55,160 --> 00:22:24,020 -->
00:20:41,140 --> stuff
the extensive
00:21:58,180
00:22:27,170
384
00:20:46,630
properties by
So, as I mentioned, state of the
00:22:57,330 -->
The extensive
357
thermodynamics is equilibrium
00:23:02,410
properties are
00:21:01,670 --> 364
the science
state of the system heterogeneous
00:21:06,350
are
system with a

certain density for define the

00:23:47,210 -->
the water
equilibrium state. 00:23:50,480
system, one
385
392
component,
00:23:02,420 --> 00:23:22,100 --> homogeneous
00:23:05,200
00:23:24,210
system, you
or certain density You can only use
for the
the state
399
ice, etcetera,
variables,
00:23:50,490 -->
etcetera.
independent
00:23:57,760
need n and two
386
393
variables.
00:23:05,210 --> 00:23:24,220 -->
00:23:08,190
00:23:26,180
400
It doesn't care how of history.
00:23:57,770 -->
you got there.
00:24:02,380
394
For instance, the
387
00:23:26,190 --> pressure
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:29,320
and the
00:23:10,830
And it turns out
temperature, or
We're going to find that for a one
the
other
component
properties that do system, one
401
care about
component
00:24:02,390 -->
00:24:04,460
388
395
volume and the
00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:29,330 --> pressure.
00:23:13,610
00:23:34,450
the history of the meaning one kind 402
system, like
of molecule in
00:24:04,470 -->
work, that you put the system, all that 00:24:09,370
in the
you need
If you have the
number of moles
389
396
and two intensive
00:23:13,620 --> 00:23:34,460 --> variables,
00:23:15,660
00:23:41,950
system, or heat
to know to
403
that you put in
describe the
00:24:09,380 -->
the system, or
system
00:24:11,820
some
is the number of then you know
moles for a
everything there
390
is to know about
00:23:15,670 --> 397
the system.
00:23:17,230
00:23:41,960 -->
other variables.
00:23:47,200
404
one component
00:24:11,830 -->
391
system, and to
00:24:15,230
00:23:17,240 --> describe one
About the
00:23:22,090
phase in that
equilibrium
But you can't use
state of that
those to
398
system.

405
00:24:15,240 -->
00:24:21,250
There are
hundreds of
quantities that you
can
406
00:24:21,260 -->
00:24:23,650
calculate and
measure that are
interesting and
important

blah, blah, blah.

412
00:24:46,850 -->
00:24:55,410
As we're going on
with our
definitions, we can
summarize a
413
00:24:55,420 -->
00:25:00,900
lot of these
definitions into a
notation, a
chemical notation

407
00:24:23,660 --> 414
00:24:27,680
00:25:00,910 -->
properties, and all 00:25:04,360
you need is
that that will be
just a few variables very important.
to get
415
408
00:25:04,370 -->
00:24:27,690 --> 00:25:08,500
00:24:30,100
So, for instance, if
everything out,
I'm
and that's
talking about three
really the power of moles
409
00:24:30,110 -->
00:24:33,480
thermodynamics,
is that it
takes so little
information to

416
00:25:08,510 -->
00:25:12,760
of hydrogen, at
one bar
100 degrees
Celsius.

410
00:24:33,490 -->
00:24:36,560
get so much
information out.

417
00:25:12,770 -->
00:25:16,360
I'm not going to
write, given
three moles of
hydrogen at one

411
00:24:36,570 -->
00:24:46,840
So little data to get
a lot of
predictive
information out.

418
00:25:16,370 -->
00:25:18,390
bar and three
degrees,

419
00:25:18,400 -->
00:25:21,460
I'm going to write
it
in a compact
notation.
420
00:25:21,470 -->
00:25:25,440
I'm going to write
it like
this: three moles
of hydrogen
421
00:25:25,450 -->
00:25:32,300
which is a gas, one
bar
100 degrees
Celsius.
422
00:25:32,310 -->
00:25:34,220
This notation gives
you
everything you
need to
423
00:25:34,230 -->
00:25:35,820
know about the
system.
424
00:25:35,830 -->
00:25:37,560
It tells you the
number of moles.
425
00:25:37,570 -->
00:25:38,570
It tells you the
phase.

426
00:25:38,580 -->
00:25:41,960
It tells you what
kind of
molecule it is, and
gives

00:25:59,600 -->
00:26:01,690
let's first start
with a mixture.

00:26:34,740 -->
00:26:40,860
commonplace, it's
100-proof
vodka 1/2 water,
1/2 ethanol

447
00:27:00,950 -->
00:27:04,380
with that system.

00:27:29,200 -->
00:27:29,960
from one to the
other.

00:27:54,875 -->
00:27:56,050
is going to go up.

462
434
448
455
00:27:56,060 -->
00:26:01,700 -->
00:27:04,390 --> 00:27:29,970 --> 00:27:58,290
00:26:06,740
441
00:27:06,220
00:27:36,020
I don't need to tell
427
Suppose that I give 00:26:40,870 --> All right, that's the So, if we took our you the
00:25:41,970 --> to a
00:26:46,390
equilibrium
three moles
volume here,
00:25:45,360
mixture like, this is -- that describes
system.
of hydrogen, which because you've
you two variables a
that
is a gas at
that
macroscopic
449
463
are state variables. 435
system.
00:27:06,230 --> 456
00:27:58,300 -->
00:26:06,750 -->
00:27:09,280
00:27:36,030 --> 00:28:01,130
428
00:26:10,350
442
Now we want to 00:27:42,710
got enough
00:25:45,370 --> homogeneous
00:26:46,400 --> show a notation, five bar and 100
information
00:25:48,530
system with two 00:26:48,380
how do we go
degrees
to calculate the
You could have the components, like You're missing all from one
Celsius, and, which volume.
volume
five moles of
the
is a nice
and the
impurities, all the 450
464
temperature.
436
little the
00:27:09,290 --> 457
00:28:01,140 -->
00:26:10,360 -->
00:27:12,060
00:27:42,720 --> 00:28:06,180
429
00:26:18,230
443
equilibrium state 00:27:44,760
The number of
00:25:48,540 --> H2O, which is a
00:26:48,390 --> like this
equilibrium state moles stays
00:25:51,410
liquid, at one
00:26:52,300
describes to
here, and we
the same, a closed
You could have the bar 25 degrees
flavor molecules another
say now we're
systems,
volume
Celsius, plus
that go into
going to change
and the pressure.
it, but basically,
451
465
437
that's the
00:27:12,070 --> 458
00:28:06,190 -->
430
00:26:18,240 -->
00:27:20,870
00:27:44,770 --> 00:28:08,150
00:25:51,420 --> 00:26:25,790
444
equilibrium state? 00:27:47,660
gas doesn't come
00:25:53,020
five moles of CH3, 00:26:52,310 -->
the equilibrium
out.
But this tells you CH2, OH,
00:26:55,230
452
state to
everything.
which is a liquid, homogeneous
00:27:20,880 --> something new,
466
and one
system we were 00:27:23,170
we're going to
00:28:08,160 -->
431
describing, two
So, we take our
00:28:10,370
00:25:53,030 --> 438
component
two equilibrium
459
Stays a gas, but
00:25:55,430
00:26:25,800 -->
states, and you
00:27:47,670 --> now the
I don't need to
00:26:30,840
445
just put an
00:27:53,020
pressure is less,
write
bar at 25 degrees 00:26:55,240 -->
do an expansion, the
it down in words. Celsius.
00:26:57,470
453
let's say.
homogeneous
00:27:23,180 -->
467
432
439
systems.
00:27:29,190
460
00:28:10,380 -->
00:25:55,440 --> 00:26:30,850 -->
equal sign
00:27:53,030 --> 00:28:11,180
00:25:59,590
00:26:34,730
446
between them,
00:27:54,865
temperature is
And then if I want This describes
00:26:57,480 --> and
We're going to
less.
to tell you
roughly
00:27:00,940
the equal sign
drop the
about a change of something that is Then you can do means go
pressure, the
468
state, or
fairly
all sorts
volume
00:28:11,190 -->
of predictive stuff 454
00:28:15,360
433
440
461

I've done some

484
sort of
476
00:28:40,960 -->
expansion on this. 00:28:28,790 --> 00:28:44,100
00:28:29,830
get out from doing
469
equilibrium states. this expansion.
00:28:15,370 -->
00:28:17,100
477
485
I've gone from 1 00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:44,110 -->
equilibrium
00:28:30,630
00:28:47,100
state to another
They're connected. How much energy
equilibrium
are you going
478
to get out, and
470
00:28:30,640 --> how far are you
00:28:17,110 --> 00:28:31,990
00:28:19,790
This means they're 486
state, and the
connected.
00:28:47,110 -->
equal sign
00:28:49,775
means you go
479
going to be able to
from this
00:28:31,000 --> drive a car
00:28:35,010
with this
471
And when I put
expansion, let's
00:28:19,800 --> this, I
00:28:20,800
have to tell you
487
state to that state. how
00:28:49,785 -->
00:28:51,410
472
480
say, so that's the
00:28:20,810 --> 00:28:35,020 --> problem.
00:28:22,140
00:28:36,010
It's not a chemical they are
488
reaction.
connected.
00:28:51,420 -->
00:28:54,520
473
481
So, I need to tell
00:28:22,150 --> 00:28:36,020 --> you how
00:28:24,000
00:28:38,210
you're doing the
That's why we
I have to tell you expansion,
don't have an
the
arrow here,
path, if you're
489
because we could going
00:28:54,530 -->
00:28:56,180
474
482
because that's
00:28:25,010 --> 00:28:38,220 --> going to tell
00:28:26,980
00:28:39,090
you how much
go back, this way to solve a problem. energy you're
too.
483
490
475
00:28:39,100 --> 00:28:56,190 -->
00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:40,950
00:28:58,100
00:28:28,780
For instance, you wasting during
We can go back
want to know
that expansion.
and forth
how much energy
between these
you're going to
491
two

00:28:58,110 -->
00:29:01,330
It goes back to the
second law.
492
00:29:01,340 -->
00:29:02,130
Nothing is
efficient.
493
00:29:02,140 -->
00:29:04,150
You're always
wasting energy
into heat
somewhere when
you
494
00:29:04,160 -->
00:29:08,140
do a change that
involves
a mechanical
change.
495
00:29:08,150 -->
00:29:12,200
All right, so I need
to tell
you the path,
when I go from
496
00:29:12,210 -->
00:29:14,510
one state to the
other.
497
00:29:14,520 -->
00:29:17,520
And the path is
going to be the
sequence,
intermediate
states
498

00:29:17,530 -->
00:29:20,120
going from the
initial
state the final
state.
499
00:29:20,130 -->
00:29:27,660
So, for instance, if I
draw a
graph of pressure
on one axis
500
00:29:27,670 -->
00:29:32,690
and temperature
on the other
axis, my initial
state is at a
501
00:29:32,700 -->
00:29:39,960
temperature of
100 degrees
Celsius and five
bar.
502
00:29:39,970 -->
00:29:47,990
My final stage is 50
degrees
Celsius and one
bar.
503
00:29:47,000 -->
00:29:51,150
So, I could have
two
steps in my path.

keep the pressure

constant
505
00:29:54,600 -->
00:29:58,830
and lower the
pressure.
506
00:29:58,840 -->
00:30:00,940
When I get to 50
degrees
Celsius, I could
choose to
507
00:30:00,950 -->
00:30:04,120
keep the
temperature
constant
and lower the
pressure.
508
00:30:04,130 -->
00:30:06,420
I'm sorry, my first
step would
be to keep the
pressure
509
00:30:06,430 -->
00:30:09,430
constant and
lower the
temperature, then
I lower the
510
00:30:09,440 -->
00:30:12,300
pressure, keeping
the
temperature
constant.

504
00:29:51,160 -->
00:29:54,590
I could decide first
of all to
511

00:30:12,310 -->
00:30:13,000
So there's my
intermediate
state there.
512
00:30:14,010 -->
00:30:17,820
This is one of many
paths.
513
00:30:17,830 -->
00:30:20,790
There's an infinite
number
of paths you could
take.
514
00:30:20,800 -->
00:30:24,630
You could take a
continuous
path, where you
have an
515
00:30:24,640 -->
00:30:29,320
infinite number of
equilibrium
points in between
the two, a
516
00:30:29,330 -->
00:30:33,670
smooth path,
where you drop
the
pressure and the
temperature

00:30:35,780 -->
00:30:41,010
All right, so when
you do
a problem, the
path is
519
00:30:41,020 -->
00:30:43,660
going to turn out
to be
extremely
important.
520
00:30:43,670 -->
00:30:48,780
How do you get
from the initial
state to the final
state?
521
00:30:48,790 -->
00:30:49,980
Define the initial
state.
522
00:30:49,990 -->
00:30:51,090
Define the final
state.
523
00:30:51,100 -->
00:30:52,610
Define the path.
524
00:30:52,620 -->
00:30:55,960
Get all of these
really
clear, and you've
basically

517
00:30:33,680 -->
00:30:35,770
simultaneously in 525
little increments. 00:30:55,970 -->
00:30:56,670
518

solved the
problem.

00:31:20,285 -->
00:31:23,650
every point along
the way,
my gas is an
equilibrium.

526
00:30:56,680 -->
00:31:01,290
You've got to
spend the time to 534
make sure that
00:31:23,660 -->
everything is
00:31:27,070
So I've got, this
527
piston here
00:31:01,300 --> is compressed, and
00:31:03,790
I slowly,
well defined
before you start
535
trying to work out 00:31:27,080 -->
00:31:30,500
528
slowly increase the
00:31:03,800 --> volume,
00:31:07,720
drop the
these problem.
temperature.

I expand it, and

reverse
it, no problem.
541
00:31:44,520 -->
00:31:55,150
So, I could have a
reversible
path, or I take my
gas, and
542
00:31:55,160 -->
00:31:59,260
instead of slowly,
slowly
raising it, dropping
the

543
00:31:59,270 -->
00:32:05,860
529
536
pressure, I go from
00:31:07,730 --> 00:31:30,510 --> five bar
00:31:09,310
00:31:35,030
to one bar
More about the
Then I can go back, extremely fast.
path.
the
gas is included at 544
530
00:32:05,870 -->
00:31:09,320 --> 537
00:32:07,340
00:31:13,800
00:31:35,040 --> What happens to
There are a couple 00:31:38,590
my gas inside?
ways you
every point of the
could go through way.
545
that path.
00:32:07,350 -->
538
00:32:10,040
531
00:31:38,600 --> Well, my gas inside
00:31:13,810 --> 00:31:40,500
is
00:31:16,140
That's a reversible going to be very
If I look at this
path.
unhappy.
smooth path here.
539
546
532
00:31:40,510 --> 00:32:10,050 -->
00:31:16,150 --> 00:31:41,610
00:32:12,260
00:31:20,275
That can reverse It's not going stay
I could have that the process.
in equilibrium.
path be very
slow and steady, 540
547
so that at
00:31:41,620 --> 00:32:12,270 -->
00:31:44,510
00:32:14,410
533

Parts of the system

are
going to be at five
bar.
548
00:32:14,420 -->
00:32:16,120
Parts of it at one
bar.
549
00:32:16,130 -->
00:32:19,760
Parts of it may be
even at zero
bar, if I go really
fast.
550
00:32:19,770 -->
00:32:21,410
I'm going to create
a vacuum.
551
00:32:21,420 -->
00:32:27,290
So the system will
not be
described by a
single state
552
00:32:27,300 -->
00:32:28,000
variable during the
path.
553
00:32:29,010 -->
00:32:33,230
If I look at different
points
in my container
during that
554
00:32:33,240 -->
00:32:36,790
path, I'm going to
have to use

a different value of outside, like heat

pressure
or extra

You can only have glue it back

583
an
together.
00:33:57,780 -->
irreversible path
00:34:01,170
555
562
go one way
576
The boundary is
00:32:36,800 --> 00:32:56,130 -->
00:33:41,240 --> impervious
00:32:38,350
00:32:58,940
569
00:33:42,730
to transfer of heat,
or different value work or extra heat 00:33:24,690 --> That would not be
of
or
00:33:26,440
the
584
temperature at
something,
in time, not the
same state as what 00:34:01,180 -->
different
because you've
other way.
00:34:02,420
done
577
like a thermos.
556
570
00:33:42,740 -->
00:32:38,360 --> 563
00:33:26,450 --> 00:33:46,760
585
00:32:40,640
00:32:58,950 --> 00:33:29,770
you started out
00:34:02,430 -->
points of the
00:33:00,480
Chalk breaks
with.
00:34:05,650
container.
an irreversible
irreversibly
Anything that
process.
and you can't put 578
happens inside of
557
it
00:33:46,770 --> the thermos is an
00:32:40,650 --> 564
00:33:48,060
adiabatic
00:32:43,970
00:33:00,490 --> 571
And then there are
That's not an
00:33:10,450
00:33:29,780 --> a
586
equilibrium
You've wasted a 00:33:31,300
bunch of words
00:34:05,660 -->
state, and that
lot of energy
back together so that
00:34:09,080
process
in doing that
easily.
change because
process.
579
the thermos has
558
572
00:33:48,070 --> no connection in
00:32:43,980 --> 565
00:33:31,310 --> 00:33:49,610
terms of
00:32:47,720
00:33:10,460 --> 00:33:34,720
describe these
turns out then to 00:33:15,370
You've got to
paths.
587
be in
I have to tell you pretty much take
00:34:09,090 -->
irreversible
whether the
that chalk, and
580
00:34:10,430
process.
path is reversible make a slurry
00:33:49,620 --> energy to the
or
00:33:53,550
outside world.
559
573
Words like
00:32:47,730 --> 566
00:33:34,730 --> adiabatic, which 588
00:32:48,000
00:33:15,380 --> 00:33:37,000
we'll be very
00:34:10,440 -->
Do it very quickly. 00:33:19,240
out of it, put
familiar with.
00:34:12,070
irreversible, and water, and dry
There's no heat
560
the
it back up, put in a 581
that can
00:32:49,010 --> irreversible path mold, and
00:33:53,560 --> go through the
00:32:52,040
also defines
00:33:56,190
walls
Now to reverse it
574
Adiabatic means
and get back
567
00:33:38,010 --> that there's no
589
to the initial point 00:33:19,250 --> 00:33:40,080
heat transferred 00:34:12,080 -->
is going
00:33:20,770
then you can have between the
00:34:13,420
the direction of
the chalk
of the thermos.
561
time.
again, but you
582
00:32:52,050 -->
can't just
00:33:56,200 --> 590
00:32:56,120
568
00:33:57,770
00:34:13,430 -->
to require some
00:33:20,780 --> 575
system and the
00:34:16,660
input from
00:33:24,680
00:33:40,090 --> surrounding.
Whereas, like
00:33:41,230
isobaric

means constant
pressure.
591
00:34:16,670 -->
00:34:21,580
So, this path right
here
from this top red
path
592
00:34:21,590 -->
00:34:24,300
is an isobaric
process.
593
00:34:24,310 -->
00:34:27,470
Constant
temperature
means
isothermal, so this
part
594
00:34:27,480 -->
00:34:29,190
means an
isothermal
process.
595
00:34:29,200 -->
00:34:34,840
So then, going
from the initial
to final states with
a red
596
00:34:34,850 -->
00:34:38,120
path, you start
with an
isobaric process
and then you
597
00:34:38,130 -->
00:34:40,230

end with an
isothermal
process.

either reversible or 00:35:20,940 --> define in your

not, and
00:35:21,160
system.
almost irreversible.
605
620
598
00:35:02,540 --> 613
00:35:52,670 -->
00:34:40,240 --> 00:35:07,290
00:35:21,170 --> 00:35:56,350
00:34:42,550
we're going to do 00:35:22,860
It becomes a gray
And these are
that probably
No, pretty much area, but
words that are
next time or two things
it should be pretty
very meaningful
times.
are either
clear if
when you read
reversible
606
621
599
00:35:07,300 --> 614
00:35:56,360 -->
00:34:42,560 --> 00:35:08,170
00:35:22,870 --> 00:36:03,930
00:34:48,640
Any other
00:35:25,630
you can treat
the text of a
questions?
or irreversible.
something is
problem
reversible are
or of a process.
607
615
irreversible.
00:35:08,180 --> 00:35:25,640 -->
600
00:35:12,510
00:35:35,100
622
00:34:48,650 --> Yes.
Now, in practice, it 00:36:03,940 -->
00:34:50,750
depends on
00:36:10,190
Any questions
608
how good your
Other questions,
before we
00:35:12,520 --> measurement is. It's
got to the zeroth 00:35:13,990
a good question.
law?
STUDENT: Is there 616
a boundary
00:35:35,110 --> 623
601
between
00:35:41,560
00:36:10,200 -->
00:34:50,760 --> reversible
And probably also 00:36:13,050
00:34:55,240
in practice,
So the zeroth law
We're pretty much 609
nothing is truly
we're going
done with
00:35:13,000 --> reversible.
to go through the
our definitions
00:35:14,870
laws now.
here.
and irreversible? 617
00:35:41,570 --> 624
602
610
00:35:49,820
00:36:13,060 -->
00:34:55,250 --> 00:35:14,880 --> So, it depends on 00:36:16,820
00:34:55,710
00:35:18,620
your
The zeroth law
Yes.
PROFESSOR: A
error bar in a
talks about
boundary between sense.
defining
603
reversible and
temperature and
00:34:55,720 --> irreversible?
618
00:34:59,070
00:35:49,830 --> 625
STUDENT: Was
611
00:35:51,420
00:36:16,830 -->
adiabatic
00:35:18,630 --> It depends on
00:36:18,690
reversible?
00:35:20,930
what what you
it's the commonLike something is define, exactly
sense law.
604
almost reversible what you
00:34:59,080 --> and
626
00:35:02,530
619
00:36:18,700 -->
PROFESSOR:
612
00:35:51,430 --> 00:36:20,290
Adiabatic can be
00:35:52,660
You all know how.

627
00:36:20,300 -->
00:36:22,820
When something
hot, it's got
a higher
temperature than

take something
which is hot and
635
00:36:41,250 -->
00:36:46,670
something which is
cold, and
you bring them
together, make

628
00:36:22,830 -->
00:36:24,600
636
when something is 00:36:46,680 -->
cold.
00:36:54,360
them touch, that
629
heat is going
00:36:24,610 --> to flow from the
00:36:28,150
hot to the
But it's important
to define
637
that, and define
00:36:54,370 -->
something
00:37:02,680
cold, and make
630
them touch, and
00:36:28,160 --> heat flows from
00:36:30,130
hot to cold.
that's a
thermometer.
638
00:37:02,690 -->
631
00:37:03,580
00:36:30,140 --> That's common
00:36:33,130
sense.
So what do you
know?
639
00:37:03,590 -->
632
00:37:09,540
00:36:33,140 --> This is part of your
00:36:34,970
DNA, And
What's the
then their final
empirical
product is an
information that
640
633
00:37:09,550 -->
00:36:34,980 --> 00:37:17,440
00:36:35,950
object, a b which
everybody knows? ends up at a
temperature or a
634
warmness which
00:36:35,960 -->
00:36:41,240
641
Everybody knows 00:37:17,450 -->
that if you
00:37:19,480

is in between the
hot and the cold.
642
00:37:19,490 -->
00:37:22,690
So, this turns out
to be warm.
643
00:37:22,700 -->
00:37:25,710
You get your new
equilibrium
state, which is in
between

649
00:37:49,520 -->
00:37:56,910
For instance, if a
were
metallic, you could
measure
650
00:37:56,920 -->
00:38:01,270
the connectivity of
a or
resistivity, and as
heat

651
644
00:38:01,280 -->
00:37:25,720 --> 00:38:08,380
00:37:34,670
flows out of a into
what this was, and b, the
what a and b were. resistivity of a
would change.
645
00:37:34,680 --> 652
00:37:40,980
00:38:08,390 -->
Then how do you 00:38:11,040
know that it's
Or you could have
changed
something
temperature, or
that's color metric
that
that
646
00:37:40,990 -->
00:37:44,170
heat has flowed
from a to b?

653
00:38:11,050 -->
00:38:16,520
changes color
when it's colder,
so you could see
the heat

647
00:37:44,180 -->
00:37:47,540
654
Practically
00:38:16,530 -->
speaking, you need 00:38:20,380
some sort of
flowing as a
property that's
changes color or
b changes color as
648
00:37:47,550 --> 655
00:37:49,510
00:38:20,390 -->
changing as heat is 00:38:21,680
flowing.
heat flows into b.

656
00:38:21,690 -->
00:38:24,030
So, you need some
sort of
property,
something you can

together and make 00:39:19,870 -->

them touch,
00:39:23,850
That would that
663
would give rise
00:38:55,840 --> to a perpetual
00:39:04,530
motion machine,
you know,
intuitively, that
671
657
heat will not flow 00:39:23,860 -->
00:38:24,040 --> like this.
00:39:24,740
00:38:27,440
breaking of the
see, something
664
second law.
you can
00:39:04,540 -->
measure, that tells 00:39:06,290
672
you
You know that's
00:39:24,750 -->
not
00:39:28,780
658
going to happen. It can't happen.
00:38:27,450 -->
00:38:28,460
665
673
that heat has
00:39:06,300 --> 00:39:28,790 -->
flowed.
00:39:10,380
00:39:30,940
You know that
But that's an
659
what will happen empirical
00:38:28,470 --> is that heat will
observation, that
00:38:32,750
flow from a
heat
Now, if you have
three objects,
666
674
if you have a, b,
00:39:10,390 --> 00:39:30,950 -->
and c, and
00:39:14,190
00:39:33,840
to b from b to c
flows in this
660
and from a to c.
direction.
00:38:32,760 -->
00:38:44,060
667
675
you bring them
00:39:14,200 --> 00:39:33,850 -->
together, and a
00:39:15,010
00:39:36,130
is the hottest, b is That's commonAnd that's the
the medium
sense.
zeroth
law
661
668
thermodynamic.
00:38:44,070 --> 00:39:15,020 -->
00:38:48,180
00:39:17,770
676
one, and c is the You know that.
00:39:36,140 -->
coldest, so
00:39:38,850
from hottest to
669
It's pretty simple.
coldest a,
00:39:17,780 -->
00:39:19,860
677
662
And the other way 00:39:38,860 -->
00:38:48,190 --> in the
00:39:46,230
00:38:55,830
circle will never
The zeroth law
b, c, -- if you bring happen.
says that if a
them
and b -- it doesn't
670
exactly say

678
00:39:46,240 -->
00:39:48,440
that, but it implies
this.
679
00:39:48,450 -->
00:39:52,020
It says that if a and
b are in
thermal
equilibrium, if
these
680
00:39:52,030 -->
00:39:55,540
two are in thermal
equilibrium,
meaning that
there's no heat
681
00:39:55,550 -->
00:39:58,160
flows between
them, so that's
the definition of
thermal
682
00:39:58,170 -->
00:40:00,930
equilibrium, that
no heat flows
between them,
and these two are
683
00:40:00,940 -->
00:40:04,030
in thermal
equilibrium, and
these two are in
thermal
684
00:40:04,040 -->
00:40:09,390

equilibrium, then a have an arrow

00:40:44,670 -->
and c will
here.
00:40:51,010
be also be in
it allows you to
thermal
692
define a
00:40:27,560 --> thermometer and
685
00:40:29,816
temperature.
00:40:09,400 --> That's what the
00:40:11,760
zeroth law says.
700
equilibrium.
00:40:51,020 -->
693
00:40:55,360
686
00:40:29,826 --> Because now you
00:40:11,770 --> 00:40:31,540
can say,
00:40:13,890
They're all the
all right, well, now
But if there's no
same temperature. b
heat flowing
between these
694
701
two, and no heat 00:40:31,550 --> 00:40:55,370 -->
00:40:32,200
00:40:56,350
687
That's what it says. can be my
00:40:13,900 -->
thermometer.
00:40:16,480
695
flowing between 00:40:32,210 --> 702
these two,
00:40:35,480
00:40:56,360 -->
then you can't
If two object are in 00:41:01,310
have heat
the same
I have two objects,
temperature, and I have an
688
two other
object which is in
00:40:16,490 -->
Madagascar
00:40:19,890
696
flowing between 00:40:35,490 --> 703
these two.
00:40:37,570
00:41:01,320 -->
object are in the 00:41:06,380
689
same
and an object
00:40:19,900 --> temperature, then which is in
00:40:23,080
all three
Boston, and I want
So if I get rid of
to know, are
these
697
arrows, there's no 00:40:37,580 --> 704
heat flowing
00:40:41,580
00:41:06,390 -->
must have the
00:41:08,960
690
same temperature. they the same
00:40:23,090 -->
temperature?
00:40:25,690
698
because they're in 00:40:41,590 --> 705
thermal
00:40:44,660
00:41:08,970 -->
equilibrium, then I It sounds pretty
00:41:12,090
can't
silly, but
So I come out with
it's really
a third
691
important because object, b, I go to
00:40:25,700 -->
Madagascar,
00:40:27,550
699
706

00:41:12,100 -->
00:41:13,630
and put b in
contact with a.

the same
temperature.
714
00:41:34,420 -->
00:41:36,520
B is my
thermometer that
tells me that a and
c are

707
00:41:13,640 -->
00:41:18,310
Then I insulate
everything, you
know, take it away
and see
715
00:41:36,530 -->
708
00:41:37,330
00:41:18,320 --> in the same
00:41:19,720
temperature.
if there's any heat
flow.
716
00:41:37,340 -->
709
00:41:40,325
00:41:19,730 --> And there's a
00:41:22,460
certain property
Let's say there's no associated with
heat flow.
heat flow with
710
00:41:22,470 -->
00:41:25,615
Then I insulate it,
get back on
the plane to
Boston, and go

717
00:41:40,335 -->
00:41:43,030
b, and it didn't
change.

It could be volume.
722
00:41:48,540 -->
00:41:52,170
And the
temperature then
is
associated with
that property.
723
00:41:52,180 -->
00:41:54,700
And if it had
changed, then the
temperature
between those
two
724
00:41:54,710 -->
00:41:58,070
would have
changed in a
very particular
way.

725
00:41:58,080 -->
00:42:04,950
718
So, zeroth law,
00:41:43,040 --> then, allows
711
00:41:44,670
you to define the
00:41:25,625 --> And that property concept of
00:41:27,120
could be color.
back and touch b
726
with c.
719
00:42:04,960 -->
00:41:44,680 --> 00:42:12,960
712
00:41:45,490
temperature and
00:41:27,130 --> It could be
the measurement
00:41:30,540
resistivity.
of temperature
If there's no heat
through
flow between
720
the b and c, then I 00:41:45,500 --> 727
can say
00:41:46,590
00:42:12,970 -->
It could be a lot of 00:42:16,270
713
different things.
a thermometer.
00:41:30,550 -->
00:41:34,410
721
728
all right, a and c
00:41:46,600 --> 00:42:16,280 -->
were
00:41:48,530
00:42:19,290

Let's very briefly It could be alcohol,

go
mercury,
through stuff that it could be a piece
of metal.
729
00:42:19,300 --> 736
00:42:20,500
00:42:43,260 -->
you've learned
00:42:46,570
before.
You need a
substance, and
730
then
00:42:20,510 --> that substance has
00:42:23,480
to have a
So, now you have
this object
737
which is going to 00:42:46,580 -->
tell you
00:42:49,300
property that
731
changes
00:42:23,490 --> depending
00:42:26,850
on the heat flow,
whether other
i.e.,
things are in
thermal
738
equilibrium now. 00:42:49,310 -->
00:42:52,440
732
depending on
00:42:26,860 --> whether it's
00:42:29,300
sensing that it's
What do you need the same
for that object?
739
733
00:42:52,450 -->
00:42:29,310 --> 00:42:53,790
00:42:35,170
temperature or
You need that
different
object to be a
temperature than
substance, to be
something.
740
00:42:53,800 -->
734
00:42:54,330
00:42:35,180 --> something else.
00:42:38,970
So, the active part 741
of the
00:42:54,340 -->
thermometer
00:42:59,200
could be water.
And that property
could be the
735
volume, like if you
00:42:38,980 --> have a
00:42:43,250
742

00:42:59,210 -->
00:43:01,580
mercury
thermometer, the
volume of the
mercury.
743
00:43:01,590 -->
00:43:02,520
It could be
temperature.
744
00:43:02,530 -->
00:43:06,110
It could be
resistivity, if
you have a
thermocouple.
745
00:43:06,120 -->
00:43:10,430
It could be the
pressure.
746
00:43:10,440 -->
00:43:11,570
All right, so now
you have an
object.
747
00:43:11,580 -->
00:43:13,840
You've got a
property
that changes,
depending
748
00:43:13,850 -->
00:43:14,660
on the heat flow.
749
00:43:14,670 -->
00:43:16,770
It's going to tell
you

about the
temperature.
750
00:43:16,780 -->
00:43:18,720
Now you need to
define
the temperature
scales.
751
00:43:18,730 -->
00:43:23,700
So, you need some
reference
points to be able
to tell you,
752
00:43:23,710 -->
00:43:30,380
OK, this
temperature is 550
degrees Smith,
whatever.
753
00:43:30,390 -->
00:43:34,910
So, you assign
values to very
specific states of
matter and

00:43:39,710 -->
00:43:42,170
water, the
standard ones.
757
00:43:42,180 -->
00:43:43,720
And then an
interpolation
scheme.

764
00:44:03,780 -->
00:44:06,270
And if you go back
into the
1800's when
thermodynamics
was

758
00:43:43,730 -->
00:43:48,980
You need a
functional form
that
connects the value
at one state

765
00:44:06,280 -->
00:44:10,330
starting, there
were a zillion
different
temperatures
scales.

759
00:43:48,990 -->
00:43:53,100
of matter, the
freezing point
of water, to
another phase

766
00:44:10,340 -->
00:44:14,280
Everybody had
their own
favorite
temperature
scales.

760
00:43:53,110 -->
00:43:55,040
change, the boiling
point of water.

754
00:43:34,920 -->
00:43:37,150
call those the
reference
points for your
temperature.

761
00:43:55,050 -->
00:43:59,030
You can choose a
linear
interpolation or
quadratic,

755
00:43:37,160 -->
00:43:39,700
For instance,
freezing
of water or boiling
of

762
00:43:59,040 -->
00:44:02,230
but you've got to
choose it.

756

And it turns out

not to be so easy.

763
00:44:02,240 -->
00:44:03,770

767
00:44:14,290 -->
00:44:16,690
The one that we're
most
familiar with is the
centigrade
768
00:44:16,700 -->
00:44:19,875
or Celsius scale
where mercury
was the substance,
and the
769
00:44:19,885 -->
00:44:21,660
volume of mercury
is the property.

770
00:44:21,670 -->
00:44:24,340
The reference
points are water,
freezing or boiling,
and the

Fahrenheit was a
German

00:45:08,020 -->
00:45:11,350
Two substances,
blood and water.

777
00:44:41,570 -->
00:44:45,660
785
instrument maker. 00:45:11,360 -->
00:45:13,310
771
778
Two reference
00:44:24,350 --> 00:44:45,670 --> points,
00:44:27,230
00:44:49,380
freezing and
interpolation is
The way he came blood-warm,
linear, and
up with his
then that morphed scale was actually 786
into the
he borrowed
00:45:13,320 -->
00:45:15,050
772
779
you know, the
00:44:27,240 --> 00:44:49,390 --> human body.
00:44:29,660
00:44:51,600
Kelvin scale, as
the Romer scale, 787
we're
which
00:45:15,060 -->
going to see later. came beforehand. 00:45:17,630
A linear
773
780
interpolation
00:44:29,670 --> 00:44:51,610 --> between
00:44:31,800
00:44:56,140
the two, and then
The Fahrenheit
The Romer scale some numbers
scale is
was, Romer was
an interesting
a Dane, and he
788
scale.
defined freezing 00:45:17,640 -->
00:45:20,540
774
781
associated with
00:44:31,810 --> 00:44:56,150 --> them,
00:44:33,870
00:45:02,080
7-1/2 and 22-1/2.
It turns out the
of water at 7.5
U.S. and
degrees
789
Jamaica are the
Roemer, and 22.5 00:45:20,550 -->
only two
degrees
00:45:23,850
Why does he
775
782
choose 7-1/2 as
00:44:33,880 --> 00:45:02,090 --> the freezing point
00:44:36,420
00:45:04,300
of water?
places on Earth
Romer as bloodnow that
warm.
790
use the Fahrenheit
00:45:23,860 -->
scale.
783
00:45:26,430
00:45:04,310 --> Because he
776
00:45:08,010
thought that
00:44:36,430 --> That was his
would be big
00:44:41,560
definition.
enough that in
Mr. Fahrenheit,
Daniel Gabriel
784
791

00:45:26,440 -->
00:45:30,470
Denmark, the
temperature
wouldn't go below
zero.
792
00:45:30,480 -->
00:45:32,060
That's how he
picked 7-1/2.
793
00:45:32,070 -->
00:45:33,830
Why not?
794
00:45:33,840 -->
00:45:36,420
He didn't want to
use negative
numbers to
measure
temperature
795
00:45:36,430 -->
00:45:39,080
in Denmark
outside.

everything by four. the mouth or

underneath
799
the armpit of a
00:45:48,150 --> living
00:45:54,380
I think it becomes 806
30 degrees
00:46:18,530 -->
for the freezing of 00:46:20,450
water and
man in good
health.
800
00:45:54,390 --> 807
00:45:57,860
00:46:20,460 -->
22.5 x 4, which I
00:46:22,240
don't know
What a great
what it is, 100 or temperature scale.
something
808
801
00:46:22,250 -->
00:45:57,870 --> 00:46:24,710
00:46:03,490
It turns out that 96
-- no, it's 90 I think. wasn't quite right.
802
00:46:03,500 -->
00:46:06,060
And then for some
reason, that
nobody
understands, he
decided

809
00:46:24,720 -->
00:46:29,200
Then he
interpolated and
found
out water boils at
212.

803
796
00:46:06,070 -->
00:45:39,090 --> 00:46:12,230
00:45:41,290
to multiply again
Well, Fahrenheit by 16/15, and
came along and
that's how we get
thought, well, you 32 for
know, 7-1/2,
804
797
00:46:12,240 -->
00:45:41,300 --> 00:46:16,510
00:45:44,310
freezing of water
that's kind of silly; and 96 in his
22-1/2
words for the
that's, kind of silly. temperature in

810
00:46:29,210 -->
00:46:32,130
But, you know, his
experiment
wasn't so great,
and, you know,

798
00:45:44,320 -->
00:45:48,140
So let's multiply

812
00:46:34,910 -->
00:46:36,840
with 96, whatever.

805
00:46:16,520 -->
00:46:18,520

811
00:46:32,140 -->
00:46:34,900
maybe had a fever
when he did
the reference
point

813
00:46:36,850 -->
00:46:39,200
It turns out that
it's not
96 to be in good
health,
814
00:46:39,210 -->
00:46:42,260
it's 98.6 -whatever.
815
00:46:42,270 -->
00:46:45,910
That's how we got
to
the Fahrenheit
scale.
816
00:46:45,920 -->
00:46:48,250
All right, next time
we're
going to talk about
a much
817
00:46:48,260 -->
00:46:51,500
better scale, which
is the
ideal gas
thermometer and
how
818
00:46:51,510 -->
00:46:53,610
we get to the
Kelvin scale.
819
00:46:53,620 -->
00:46:54,130