TMP 276 D

Canadian Open Mathematics Journal
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21

Available online at http://crpub.com/Journals.php Open Access

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Research article

Approximate analytical solution of the nonlinear
boundary value problem in thermal engineering
problem by using the Homotopy analysis method

#
Vembu Ananthaswamy
-
, Senthur Pandi Kala
*

-
Department of Mathematics, The Madura College, Madurai-625011, Tamil Nadu, India.
#
Corresponding Author E-mail: ananthu9777@rediffmail.com

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract
This research article is to establish the thermal stability of a reactive viscous combustible fluid flowing
steadily through a channel filled with a saturated porous medium. It is taken for granted that the system exchange
heat with the ambient following Newtons cooling law and the reaction is exothermic under Arrhenius kinetics,
neglecting the consumption of the textile. The Brinkman model is practiced and the approximate analytical
expressions of the velocity profile and the temperature profiles are derived from the governing nonlinear boundary
value problem using the Homotopy analysis method. Our analytical results are compared with the previous work and
a satisfactory arrangement is kept abreast. This method can be easily expanded to solve other strongly nonlinear
boundary value problems in solid fields of applied scientific discipline and all engineering subjects.
Keywords: Porous-saturated channel; Reactive viscous flow; Convective cooling; Thermal critically; Linear and
nonlinear boundary value problems: Homotopy analysis method.
______________________________________________

Corresponding Author E-mail: ananthu9777@rediffmail.com

Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


1. Introduction
The current apparent surge in research interest in fields of phenomena associated with the convective
hydromagnetic fluid flow can be excused by its wide applications in science, applied science and applied science.
The stream of electrically conducting viscous fluid between two parallel plates in the presence of a transversely
applied magnetic field has applications in many devices such as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generators,
MHD pumps, accelerators, aerodynamic heating, electrostatic precipitation, polymer technology, petroleum
industry, cooling of nuclear reactors, geothermal energy extraction, metal refining, etc. [6-11]. Getting to the
pioneering work of Hartmann [12], the theological community has tried to investigate hydromagnetic fluid flow and
heat transport in different geometries under varied physical effects. Mankind and Mhone [13] investigated
hydromagnetic instability of viscous incompressible fluid in a canal filled with saturated porous medium. Chamkha
[8] studied mixed convection of hydromagnetic fully developed laminar flow in a vertical channel with symmetric
and asymmetric wall heating conditions in the presence or absence of heat generation or absorption effects. The
convection current of an electrically conducting fluid past a vertical porous plate in the bearing of a transversely
imposed magnetic field was studied in [9, 14]. Liu [15-16] studied hydromagnetic flow over a stretching sheet
subject to a transverse magnetic field.
As noted earlier, one particular dimension that has been of especial interest in recent years is the study of flow
of fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian character. Prasad et al [17] explored the effects of thermal buoyancy in a non-
Newtonian power law fluid flow past a vertical continuous stretching sheet, while Olajuwon [18] examined
convection heat and mass transfer in a hydromagnetic flow of a second grade fluid past a semi-infinite stretching
sheet in the presence of thermal radiation and thermal distribution. Mankind and Chinyoka [11] studied unsteady
hydromagnetic Generalized Couette flow and heat transfer characteristics of a reactive variable viscous
incompressible electrically conducting third grade fluid in a channel with asymmetric convective cooling at the
walls in the bearing of a uniform transverse magnetic field. The literature survey reveals that studies as in [11] have
still not been widely exhausted, in particular the concept of reactive variable viscosity electrically conducting non-
Newtonian fluid as well as asymmetric convection as opposed to symmetric convection. In this report, the analytical
expressions for thermal stability of a reactive viscous fluid flowing steadily through a porous-saturated channel with
convective cooling at the boundaries are derived by using the Homotopy analysis method.

2. Mathematical formulation of the problem
Let us count the mathematical model of the steady state condition in hydrodynamically [1] and thermally
for unidirectional flow of a viscous combustible reacting fluid in the -direction between resistant boundaries
at H y = . In this case resistant boundaries filled with a homogenous and isotropic porous medium and subjected to
a convective cooling in the boundaries as illustrated in fig below. Neglecting reactant consumption, the governing
momentum and energy balance equations are
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


0
1
2
2
=
dx
dP
K
u
dy
u d
(1)
0
2
2
0
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +

Kk dy
d
K
e
K
A QC
dy
T d
RT
E

(2)
The eqn.(1) is the Brinkman momentum equation [3-5] while the additional viscous dissipation term in the eqn.(2) is
due to Al.Hadhrami et al. [1-2] and is valid in the limit of very small and very large porous medium permeability.
The appropriate boundary conditions are
( ) H, , on y T T h
dy
dT
k u = = =
0
, 0 (3)
0 on , 0 = = = y
dy
dT
dt
du
(4)
where T is the absolute temperature, P is the fluid pressure,
a
T is the ambient temperature, h is the heat transfer
coefficient, k is the thermal conductivity of the material, K is the porous medium permeability parameter, Q is
the heat of reaction, A is the rate constant, E is the activation energy, R is the universal gas constant,
0
C is the
initial concentration of the reactant species, ( ) y x, are the distance measured in the axial and normal directions,
respectively , and is the combustible material dynamic viscosity coefficient. Let ( )( ) dx dP Uu H M
2
= be a
constant axial pressure gradient parameter and U is the fluid characteristics velocity. To deduce the eqns. (1)-(3)
into the dimensionless form, we introduce the following dimensionless variables
( )
Rk T
e C
H
y
y
E
RT
RT
T T E
a
RT
E
a
a
a
2
0
2
2
0
QEAH
, , ,
= = =
= u (5)
k
hH
Bi
H
K
Da ,
Da

C QAH
e U
UM
u
W
a
RT
E
= = = = = ,
1
,
M
,
2
0
2
2 2
o (6)
Now substituting the eqns.(5) and (6) into the eqns. (1) and (2), we will get the following dimensionless equations:
0 1
2
2
2
= + W
dy
W d
| (7)
0
2 2
2
1
2
2
=
(
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
W
dy
dW
e
dy
d
o| o
u
u c
u
(8)
The corresponding boundary conditions for the eqns. (7) and (8) are as follows:
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


( ) , 1 , 0 ) 1 ( , 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( u
u u
Bi
dy
d
W
dy
d
dy
dW
= = = =

(9)
Where and , , , , Bi Da | o c denotes the Frank Kamenetskii parameter, activation energy parameter, the viscous
heating parameter, the porous medium permeability parameter, the Darcy number and Biot number, respectively.

3. Solution of the problem using Homotopy Analysis method (HAM)
HAM is a non perturbative analytical method for obtaining series solutions to nonlinear equations and has
been successfully applied to numerous problems in science and engineering [19-34]. In comparison with other
perturbative and non-perturbative analytical methods, HAM offers the ability to adjust and control the convergence
of a solution via the so-called convergence-control parameter. Because of this, HAM has proved to be the most
effective method for obtaining analytical solutions to highly nonlinear differential equations. Previous applications
of HAM have mainly focused on nonlinear differential equations in which the non-linearity is a polynomial in terms
of the unknown function and its derivatives. As determined in (8), the nonlinearity present in the thermal stability of
a reactive viscous combustible fluid flowing steadily through a channel filled with a saturated porous medium, and
thus, poses a greater challenge with regard to finding approximate solutions analytically. Our results indicate that
even in this case, HAM yields excellent results.
Liao [19-27] proposed a powerful analytical method for nonlinear problems, namely the Homotopy analysis
method. This method offers an analytical solution in terms of an infinite power series. Nevertheless, on that point is
a pragmatic need to value this solution and to obtain numerical values from the infinite power series. In order to
investigate the accuracy of the Homotopy analysis method (HAM) solution in a finite number of terms, the system
of differential equations was solved. The Homotopy analysis method is a good technique comparing to another
perturbation method.
Homotopy perturbation method is a special instance of the Homotopy analysis method. Different from all
reported perturbation and non-perturbative techniques, the Homotopy analysis method itself provides us with a
convenient means to hold and adjust the convergence region and rate of approximation series, when necessary.
Briefly speaking, the Homotopy analysis method has the following advantages: It is valid even if a given nonlinear
problem does not hold in any small/large parameter at all; it can be used to efficiently approximate a non-linear
problem by selecting different sets of basis functions. The Homotopy analysis method contains the auxiliary
parameter, which provides us with a simple means to adjust and hold the overlap area of the solution series. The
approximate analytical expressions of the velocity field and the temperature field using the Homotopy analysis
method are as follows:
( )
( )
( )
(
=
|
|
|
cosh
cosh
1
1
2
y
y W (10)
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
(
(
+
+
=
y y k
y k
y y
k
y d
h y k y
c
c
| | |
| o
| | |
| o
|
o
u
sin
6
2 cos
cosh
cosh 2
4 cosh
2 cosh
2
1
cos
1 cos
1
2
1
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
1
1
1
(11)
where
( ) ( ) sin cos
1
=
Bi
Bi
k (12)

( )
( ) ( )
| |
( )
( )
+
+
+
+
+
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
+
=
) sin(
6
) 2 cos( 2
cosh 4
) 2 cosh( 1
1
) cos( ) sin(
3
) 2 sin(
cosh
) sinh( 2
cosh 4
) sinh(2 2
) sin( ) cos(
1
1
2
1
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1
1
2
1
2 2 2
1
c
c
| |
o
| | |
| o
|
o
c
c
| | |
| o
| | |
| o

Bi k
k Bi Bi
Bi
k
Bi
k
k
Bi
d (13)

4. Previous work
The approximate analytical solutions for the velocity and temperature fields using the Hermite-Pade
approximation are given by
( )
( )
( )
(
= 1
cosh
cosh 1
2
|
|
|
y
y W (14)
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+ +
+
=
2 2 4 2 4
2 2 2 2 2 4
2 2 2 4 2
2 2 2 2
cosh / cosh
cosh 4 cosh sinh cosh 2
cosh 2 sinh cosh 2 cosh
cosh cosh 4 cosh sinh
2
1
| | | |
| o | | o | o | |
| | o | | | o | |
| | o | | o | o
u
O Bi Bi
Bi Bi Bi
Bi y
y Bi y Bi y Bi
y (15)

5. Results and Discussions
Figure.1 shows the operation of a catalytic converter in an exhaust pipe. Figure.2 is a ceramic honeycomb
catalyst structure of a catalytic converter (porous matrix). Figure.3 is the geometry of the problem of viscous flow
through a porous saturated channel. Figure. 4 indicates that the dimensionless velocity ( ) y W versus the
dimensionless distance y . From Fig.4, it is apparent that when the porous permeability medium parameter |
increases the dimensionless velocity ( ) y W decreases. Figure.5 shows that the dimensionless temperature ) (y u
versus the dimensionless distance y . From Fig.5, it is evident that when the Frank- Kamenetskii parameter and
the Biot number Bi increases the corresponding dimensionless temperature ) (y u also increases in some fixed
values of the activation energy parameter , c viscous heating parameter o and the porous medium permeability . |
Figure.6 shows that the dimensionless temperature ) (y u versus the dimensionless distance y . From Fig.6, it
is noted that, when the Frank- Kamenetskii parameter and the Biot number Bi , the porous permeability medium
parameter | increases the dimensionless temperature also increases in some specified values of the activation
energy parameter c , viscous heating parameter c , viscous heating parameter o . Figure.7 shows that the
dimensionless temperature ) (y u versus the dimensionless distance y . From Fig.7, it is apparent that when the
Frank- Kamenetskii parameter and the Biot number Bi increases the dimensionless temperature ) (y u

also
increases in some specified values of the activation energy parameter c , viscous heating parameter o and the
porous medium permeability parameter | .
Figure.8 shows that the dimensionless temperature ) (y u versus the dimensionless distance y . From Fig.8, it
is understood that when the Frank- Kamenetskii parameter increases the dimensionless temperature ) (y u

also
increases in some specified values of the activation energy parameter c , viscous heating parameter o , the porous
medium permeability parameter | and the Biot number Bi . Figure.9 shows that the dimensionless temperature
) (y u versus the dimensionless distance y . From Fig.9, it is apparent that when the Frank- Kamenetskii parameter
increases the dimensionless temperature also increases in some specified values of the activation energy
parameter c , viscous heating parameter o , the porous medium permeability | and the Biot number Bi .
Figure.10 shows that the dimensionless temperature ) (y u versus the dimensionless distance y . From Fig.10 it is
evident that when the Frank- Kamenetskii parameter increases the dimensionless temperature ) (y u also
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


increases in some fixed values of the activation energy parameter c , viscous heating parameter o , the porous
medium permeability | and the Biot number Bi .

6. Conclusion
The nonlinear boundary value problem for the thermal stability of a reactive viscous fluid flowing through
a channel filled with a saturated porous medium under the convective cooling conditions has been solved
analytically and compared with the Hermite-Pade approximation. The Analytical expressions of the velocity and
temperature fields can be deduced by using the Homotopy analysis method (HAM). The primary result of this work
is simple and approximate expressions of the dimensionless velocity and temperature for all values of the
dimensionless parameters and , , , , | c o Bi respectively. These analytical results and the previous study results
are advocated as an efficient instrument for investigating several other parameter dependent nonlinear boundary
value problems. This method is an extremely uncomplicated and is likewise a promising method to solve other
strongly non-linear boundary value problem in science and applied science.

Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the Secretary Shri. S. Natanagopal, the Principal Dr. R. Murali and the Head of the
Department of Mathematics Mr. S. Muthukumar, The Madura College, Madurai, India for their constant
encouragement.

References
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boundary conditions, Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 (2009), pp.1773-1777.
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Fig. 1: A picture showing the operation of a catalytic converter in an exhaust pipe.

Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


Fig. 2. A ceramic honeycomb catalyst structure of a catalytic converter (porous matrix).

Fig.3: Schematic diagram of the problem

Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


Fig.4: Dimensionless distance y versus the dimensionless velocity profile ) ( y W .The velocity profile were
computed using the eqn. (10) for various values of the porous medium permeability parameter
3.0. and 2.0 , 0 . 1 = = = | | |

Fig.5: Dimensionless distance y versus the dimensionless temperature profile ) (y u .The temperature profile were
computed using the eqn. (11) for various values of the Frank- Kamenetskii parameter Bi and
,
when
. 01 . 0 = h
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


Fig.6: Dimensionless normal distance y versus the dimensionless temperature profile ) (y u .The temperature profile
were computed using the eqn. (11) for various values of the Frank Kamenetskii parameter Bi and , |
,
when
. 01 . 0 = h

were computed using the eqn. (11) for various values of the Frank- Kamenetskii parameter Bi and
,
when
. 01 . 0 = h

Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


(a)

(b)

were computed using the eqn. (11) for various values of the Frank- Kamenetskii parameter , when 01 . 0 = h .

Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


(a)

(b)

were computed using the eqn. (11) for various values of the Frank- Kamenetskii parameter
,
when 01 . 0 = h

Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


(a)

(b)

Fig.10: Dimensionless normal distance y versus the dimensionless temperature profile ) (y u .The temperature
profile were computed using the eqn. (11) for various values of the Frank- Kamenetskii parameter
,
when
01 . 0 = h

Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


Fig.11: The h curve to indicate the convergence region for ) 01 . 0 ( u when 1 . 0 , 10 , 1 . 0 , 10 = = = = o | Bi
. 0 and = c

Fig.12: The h curve to indicate the convergence region for ) 01 . 0 (
'
u when 1 . 0 , 10 , 1 . 0 , 10 = = = = o | Bi
. 0 and = c

Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


Appendix A
Basic concept of the Homotopy analysis method
Consider the following differential equation [18-20]:
0 )] ( [ = t u N (A.1)
Where N is a nonlinear operator, t denotes an independent variable, ) (t u is an unknown function. For simplicity,
we ignore all boundary or initial conditions, which can be treated in the similar way. By means of generalizing the
conventional Homotopy method, Liao [13] constructed the so-called zero-order deformation equation as:
)] ; ( [ ) ( )] ( ) ; ( [ ) 1 (
0
p t N t phH t u p t L p = (A.2)
where | | 1 , 0 e p is the embedding parameter, 0 = h is a nonzero auxiliary parameter, 0 ) ( = t H is an auxiliary
function, L an auxiliary linear operator, ) (
0
t u is an initial guess of ) (t u , ) : ( p t is an unknown function. It is
important, that one has great freedom to choose auxiliary unknowns in HAM. Obviously, when 0 = p and 1 = p , it
holds:
) ( ) 0 ; (
0
t u t = and ) ( ) 1 ; ( t u t = (A.3)
respectively. Thus, as p increases from 0 to 1, the solution ) ; ( p t varies from the initial guess ) (
0
t u to the
solution ) (t u . Expanding ) ; ( p t in Taylor series with respect to p , we have:
+
=
+ =
1
0
) ( ) ( ) ; (
m
m
m
p t u t u p t (A.4)
where
0
) ; (
!
1
) (
=
c
c
=
p
m
m
m
p
p t
m
t u

(A.5)
If the auxiliary linear operator, the initial guess, the auxiliary parameter , h and the auxiliary function are so properly
chosen, the series eqn.(A.4) converges at 1 = p

then we have:
+
=
+ =
1
0
) ( ) ( ) (
m
m
t u t u t u . (A.6)
Differentiating (A.2) for m times with respect to the embedding parameter p , and then setting 0 = p and finally
dividing them by m !, we will have the so-called th m order deformation equation as:
) ( ) ( ] [
1
1

9 =
m
m m m m
u t hH u u L _ (A.7)
where
1
1
1
)] ; ( [
)! 1 (
1
) (

c
c
= 9
m
m
m
m
p
p t N
m
u

(A.8)
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


and
>
s
=
. 1 1,
, 1 , 0
m
m
m
_ (A.9)
Applying
1
L on both side of the eqn. (A.7), we get
)] ( ) ( [ ) ( ) (
1
1
1

9 + =
m m m m m
u t H hL t u t u _ (A.10)
In this way, it is easily to obtain
m
u for , 1 > m at
th
M order, we have
=
=
M
m
m
t u t u
0
) ( ) ( (A.11)
When + M , we get an accurate approximation of the original eqn.(A.1). For the convergence of the above
method we refer the reader to Liao [13]. If the eqn.(A.1) admits unique solution, then this method will produce the
unique solution.

Appendix B
Solution of the nonlinear eqns. (7)-(9) using the Homotopy analysis method (HAM)
In this Appendix, we indicate how the eqns. (10) and (11) is derived in this paper.
0 1
2
2
2
= + W
dy
W d
| (B.1)
0
2 2
2
1
2
2
=
(
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
W
dy
dW
e
dy
d
o| o
u
u c
u
(B.2)
when u c is small, then the eqn. (B.2) can be written as
0 ) 1 (
2 2
2
2
2
2
=
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + W
dy
dW
dy
d
o| o cu u
u
(B.3)
We construct the Homotopy for the eqn. (B.3) is as follows:
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
(
(
+ +
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
) 1 ( W
dy
dW
dy
d
hp
dy
d
p o| o cu u
u
u
u
(B.4)
The approximate solution of the eqn.(B.4) is
..........
2
2
1 0
+ + + = u u u u p p (B.5)
The initial approximations are as follows:
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
0
= =
dy
d
dy
dW u
(B.6)
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


0
0
) 1 ( , 0 ) 1 ( u
u
Bi
dy
d
W = = (B.7)
..... 3 , 2 , 1 , ) 1 ( and 0 ) 0 ( = = = i Bi
dy
d
dy
d
i
i i
u
u u
(B.8)

Substituting the eqn. (B.5) into an eqn. (B.4) we get
( )
( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+ + + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
=
(
(
+ +
+ + +
2
2
2
1 0
2
2
2
2
1 0
2
2
2
1 0
2
2
1 0
2
2
2
1 0
2
2
2
2
1 0
2
..........
..........
........
.........
........) (
........) (
) 1 (
W p pW W
dy
W p pW W d
p p
p p
dy
p p d
hp
dy
p p d
p
o|
o u u u c
u u u
u u u
u
u u u
(B.9)
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of p in an eqn.(B.9) we get
0 :
2
0
2
0
= + + u
u
dy
d
p (B.10)
0 :
2 2
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
1
2
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + W
dy
dW
dy
d
h
dy
d
p o| o cu u
u u
(B.11)
Solving the eqns. (B.1), (B.10) and (B.11) and using the boundary conditions eqns.(B.6)-(B.8) we can obtain the
following results:
( )
( )
(
=
) cosh(
cosh
1
1
2
|
|
|
y
y W (B.12)
( )
( ) ( )
1
sin cos
cos
) (
0

|
|
.
|
\
|
=

u
Bi
y Bi
y (B.13)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
+
+
=
) sin(
6
2 cos
) cosh(
) cosh( 2

4 cosh
) 2 cosh(
2
1
cos
1
2
1
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
1
1
1
y y k
y k y
y
k
y d
h y
c
c
| | |
| o
| | |
| o
|
o
u (B.14)
where
1
k and
1
d are defined in the text eqns. (12) and (13).
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


According to the HAM, we can conclude that
) ( lim
1 0
1
u u u u + = =
y
p
(B.15)
After putting the eqns.(B.13) and (B.14) into an eqn. (B.15), we obtain the solution in the text (11).

Appendix C
Determining the region of h for validity
The analytical solution should converge. It should be noted that the auxiliary parameter h controls the
convergence and accuracy of the solution series. The analytical solution represented by the eqn.(11) contains the
auxiliary parameter h which gives the convergence region and rate of approximation for the Homotopy analysis
method. In order to define a region such that the solution series is independent of h a multiple of h curves are
plotted. The region where the temperature profiles ) 01 . 0 ( u and ) 01 . 0 (
'
u versus h is a horizontal line known as the
convergence region for the corresponding function. The common region ) ( y u among and its derivatives are known
as the overall convergence region. To study the influence of h on the convergence of the solution, h- curves of
) 01 . 0 ( u and ) 01 . 0 (
'
u is plotted in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 respectively for 0 and 1 . 0 , 0 . 10 , 1 . 0 , 10 = = = = = c o | Bi .
These Figs. clearly indicate that the valid region of h is about (-0.4 to 0). Similarly, we can find the value of the
convergence control parameter for different values of the constant parameters.

Appendix E
Nomenclature

Symbol Meaning
W

Dimensionless velocity
u

Dimensionless temperature
T

Absolute Temperature
U

Fluid characteristic velocity
0
T

Wall temperature
h
Heat transfer coefficient
y
Normal distance
k

Thermal conductivity of the material
K
Porous medium permeability parameter
Q

Heat of reaction
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21


A

Rate constant
E

Activation energy
R

Universal gas constant
0
C

The initial concentration of the reactant species
a

Channel half width
3
|

Material coefficient
P

Fluid pressure

Fluid dynamic viscosity coefficient

Frank- Kamenetskii parameter
c

Activation energy parameter

Dimensionless non Newtonian parameter
o
Viscous heating parameter
|
Porous medium parameter
Bi
Biot number
Da
Darcy number
f
C

Skin- friction parameter
Nu

Nusselt number
w
l

Shear stress
w
q

Heat flux evaluated at the wall
) ( U

Local representation of an algebraic function of
H

Constant

c

Critical parameter
o

Critical Exponent

Algebraic function
x Axial direction

TMP 276 D

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Canadian Open Mathematics Journal

Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2014, pp. 1 - 21

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