1000 Critical Reasoning Questions

GMAT & LSAT CR 1
TEST A
Time 30 minutes 20 Questions
1. Mr. Janeck: I dont believe Stevenson ill in t!e election "or #overnor. $e
voters are illin# to elect a b%siness&an it! no 'olitical e('erience to s%c! a
res'onsible '%blic o""ice.
Ms. Si%)dak: *o%re ron#. T!e e('erience o" r%nnin# a &a+or cor'oration is a
val%able 're'aration "or t!e task o" r%nnin# a state #overn&ent.
M. Si%)daks res'onse s!os t!at s!e !as inter'reted Mr. Janecks re&ark to
i&'l, !ic! o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Mr. Janeck considers Stevenson %n0%ali"ied "or t!e o""ice o" #overnor.
.1/ 2o candidate it!o%t 'olitical e('erience !as ever been elected #overnor o"
a state.
.C/ Mr. Janeck believes t!at 'olitical leaders!i' and b%siness leaders!i' are
closel, analo#o%s.
.3/ A career s'ent in t!e '%rs%it o" 'ro"it can be an i&'edi&ent to ones abilit,
to r%n a state #overn&ent "airl,.
.E/ 4oters #enerall, overesti&ate t!e val%e o" 'olitical e('erience !en
selectin# a candidate.
5. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
7ne ta(8re"or& 'ro'osal t!at !as #ained increasin# s%''ort in recent ,ears is t!e
"lat ta(9 !ic! o%ld i&'ose a %ni"or& ta( rate on inco&es at ever, level.
7''onents o" t!e "lat ta( sa, t!at a 'ro#ressive ta( s,ste&9 !ic! levies a !i#!er
rate o" ta(es on !i#!er8inco&e ta('a,ers9 is "airer9 'lacin# t!e #reater b%rden on
t!ose better able to bear it. :oever9 t!e 'resent cra), 0%ilt o" ta( ded%ctions9
e(e&'tions9 credits9 and loo'!oles bene"its 'ri&aril, t!e !i#!8inco&e ta('a,er9
!o is conse0%entl, able to red%ce !is or !er e""ective ta( rate9 o"ten to a level
belo t!at 'aid b, t!e loer8inco&e ta('a,er. T!ere"ore9 ;;;;;;
.A/ !i#!er8inco&e ta('a,ers are likel, to lend t!eir s%''ort to t!e "lat8ta(
'ro'osal no bein# considered b, Con#ress
.1/ a "lat8ta( s,ste& t!at alloed no ded%ctions or e(e&'tions o%ld
s%bstantiall, increase act%al #overn&ent reven%es
.C/ t!e loer8inco&e ta('a,er &i#!t ell be 'enali)ed b, t!e instit%tion o" a
"lat8ta( s,ste& in t!is co%ntr,
.3/ t!e 'ro#ressive nat%re o" o%r 'resent ta( s,ste& is &ore ill%sor, t!an real
.E/ t!e "lat ta( o%ld act%all, be "airer to t!e loer8inco&e ta('a,er t!an an,
'ro#ressive ta( s,ste& co%ld be
<. As 'art o" o%r 'ro#ra& to !alt t!e in"l%( o" ille#al i&&i#rants9 t!e ad&inistration
is 'ro'osin# t!e creation o" a national identit, card. T!e card o%ld be available
http://www.chasedream.com/ by Gemj
GMAT & LSAT CR 5
onl, to =.S. citi)ens and to re#istered aliens9 and all 'ersons o%ld be re0%ired to
'rod%ce t!e card be"ore t!e, co%ld be #iven a +ob. 7" co%rse9 s%c! a s,ste& !olds
t!e 'otential9 !oever sli#!t9 "or t!e ab%se o" civil liberties. T!ere"ore9 all
'ersonal in"or&ation #at!ered t!ro%#! t!is s,ste& o%ld be !eld strictl,
con"idential9 to be released onl, b, a%t!ori)ed 'ersonnel %nder a''ro'riate
circ%&stances. T!ose !o are in co&'liance it! =.S. las o%ld !ave not!in#
to "ear "ro& t!e identit, card s,ste&.
In eval%atin# t!e above 'ro'osal9 a 'erson concerned abo%t t!e &is%se o"
con"idential in"or&ation o%ld be &ost interested in !avin# t!e a%t!or clari", t!e
&eanin# o" !ic! o" t!e "olloin# '!rases-
.A/ >all 'ersons? .line @/
.1/ >!oever sli#!t? .line A/
.C/ >civil liberties? .line B/
.3/ >a''ro'riate circ%&stances? .line 11/
.E/ >=.S. las? .line 5/
C. At one ti&e9 E%ro'ean and Ja'anese co&'anies tried to i&itate t!eir A&erican
rivals. Toda,9 A&erican a''liance &an%"act%rers i&'ort E%ro'ean scientists to
lead t!eir researc! sta""sD A&erican a%to&akers desi#n cars t!at &i&ic t!e st,lin#
o" Ger&an9 Italian9 and $renc! i&'ortsD and A&erican electronics "ir&s boast in
t!eir advertisin# o" >Ja'anese8st,le? devotion to 0%alit, and reliabilit,. In t!e
orld o" !i#! tec!nolo#,9 A&erica !as lost t!e battle "or international 'resti#e.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld !el' to s%''ort t!e clai& above
EECEFT:
.A/ An A&erican ca&era co&'an, clai&s in its 'ro&otional literat%re to 'rod%ce
ca&eras >as "ine as t!e best Siss i&'orts.?
.1/ An A&erican &aker o" stereo co&'onents desi#ns its 'rod%cts to rese&ble
t!ose o" a 'o'%lar Ja'anese "ir&.
.C/ An A&erican &an%"act%rer o" video #a&es %ses a brand na&e c!osen
beca%se it so%nds like a Ja'anese ord.
.3/ An A&erican &aker o" televisions st%dies Ger&an8&ade televisions in order
to ado't Ger&an &an%"act%rin# tec!ni0%es.
.E/ An A&erican &aker o" "ro)en "oods advertises its dinners as >Real E%ro'ean8
st,le entrees 're'ared b, "ine $renc! and Italian c!e"s.?
@. Jo!nson is on "ir& #ro%nd !en !e asserts t!at t!e earl, editors o" 3ickinsons
'oetr, o"ten distorted !er intentions. *et Jo!nsons on9 &ore "ait!"%l9 te(t is still
#%ilt, o" its on "or&s o" distortion. To standardi)e 3ickinsons o"ten
indeci'!erable !andritten '%nct%ation b, t!e %se o" t!e das! is to render
'er&anent a cas%al &ode o" 'oetic '!rasin# t!at 3ickinson s%rel, never e('ected
to see in 'rint. It i&'lies t!at 3ickinson c!ose t!e das! as !er t,'ical &ark o"
'%nct%ation !en9 in "act9 s!e a''arentl, never &ade an, de"initive c!oice at all.
GMAT & LSAT CR <
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best s%&&ari)es t!e a%t!ors &ain 'oint-
.A/ Alt!o%#! Jo!nson is ri#!t in critici)in# 3ickinsons earl, editors "or t!eir
distortion o" !er ork9 !is on te(t is #%ilt, o" e0%all, serio%s distortions.
.1/ Jo!nsons %se o" t!e das! in !is te(t o" 3ickinsons 'oetr, &isleads readers
abo%t t!e 'oets intentions.
.C/ 1eca%se 3ickinson never e('ected !er 'oetr, to be '%blis!ed9 virt%all, an,
atte&'t at editin# it &%st r%n co%nter to !er intentions.
.3/ Alt!o%#! Jo!nsons atte&'t to 'rod%ce a &ore "ait!"%l te(t o" 3ickinsons
'oetr, is ell8&eanin#9 !is st%d, o" t!e &aterial lacks s%""icient
t!oro%#!ness.
.E/ 3ickinsons editors9 incl%din# Jo!nson9 !ave "ailed to deal ade0%atel, it!
t!e 'roble& o" deci'!erin# 3ickinsons !andritten &an%scri'ts.
G. A la re0%irin# co&'anies to o""er e&'lo,ees %n'aid ti&e o"" to care "or t!eir
c!ildren ill !ar& t!e econo&ic co&'etitiveness o" o%r nations b%sinesses.
Co&'anies &%st be "ree to set t!eir on e&'lo,&ent 'olicies it!o%t &andated
'arental8leave re#%lations.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e concl%sion o"
t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ A 'arental8leave la ill serve to stren#t!en t!e "a&il, as a social instit%tion
in t!is co%ntr,.
.1/ Man, b%sinesses in t!is co%ntr, alread, o""er e&'lo,ees so&e "or& o"
'arental leave.
.C/ So&e o" t!e co%ntries it! t!e &ost econo&icall, co&'etitive b%sinesses
!ave stron# 'arental8leave re#%lations.
.3/ 7nl, co&'anies it! one !%ndred or &ore e&'lo,ees o%ld be s%b+ect to
t!e 'ro'osed 'arental8leave la.
.E/ In &ost 'olls9 a &a+orit, o" citi)ens sa, t!e, "avor 'assa#e o" a 'arental8
leave la.
A. I" A9 t!en 1.
I" 19 t!en C.
I" C9 t!en 3.
I" all o" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e-
.A/ I" 39 t!en A.
.1/ I" not 19 t!en not C.
.C/ I" not 39 t!en not A.
.3/ I" 39 t!en E.
.E/ I" not A9 t!en not 3.
B. 3ear A''licant:
GMAT & LSAT CR C
T!ank ,o% "or ,o%r a''lication. =n"ort%natel,9 e are %nable to o""er ,o% a
'osition in o%r local #overn&ent o""ice "or t!e s%&&er. As ,o% kno9 "%ndin#
"or s%&&er +obs is li&ited9 and it is i&'ossible "or %s to o""er +obs to all t!ose
!o ant t!e&. Conse0%entl,9 e are "orced to re+ect &an, !i#!l, 0%ali"ied
a''licants.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# can be in"erred "ro& t!e letter-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" a''licants "or s%&&er +obs in t!e #overn&ent o""ice
e(ceeded t!e n%&ber o" s%&&er +obs available.
.1/ T!e a''licant !o received t!e letter as considered !i#!l, 0%ali"ied.
.C/ 4er, little "%ndin# as available "or s%&&er +obs in t!e #overn&ent o""ice.
.3/ T!e a''lication o" t!e 'erson !o received t!e letter as considered
care"%ll, be"ore bein# re+ected.
.E/ Most o" t!ose !o a''lied "or s%&&er +obs ere considered 0%ali"ied "or t!e
available 'ositions.
H. St%dies o" "atal a%to&obile accidents reveal t!at9 in t!e &a+orit, o" cases in !ic!
one occ%'ant o" an a%to&obile is killed !ile anot!er s%rvives9 it is t!e
'assen#er9 not t!e driver9 !o is killed. It is ironic t!at t!e innocent 'assen#er
s!o%ld s%""er "or t!e drivers carelessness9 !ile t!e driver o"ten s%""ers onl,
&inor in+%ries or none at all.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion %nderl,in# t!e reasonin# in t!e 'assa#e
above-
.A/ In &ost "atal a%to&obile accidents9 t!e driver o" a car in !ic! an occ%'ant
is killed is at "a%lt.
.1/ 3rivers o" a%to&obiles are rarel, killed in a%to accidents.
.C/ Most deat!s in "atal a%to&obile accidents are s%""ered b, occ%'ants o" cars
rat!er t!an b, 'edestrians.
.3/ A%to sa"et, e('erts s!o%ld increase t!eir e""orts to 'rovide 'rotection "or
t!ose in t!e 'assen#er seats o" a%to&obiles.
.E/ A%to&obile 'assen#ers so&eti&es 'la, a contrib%tin# role in ca%sin# a%to
accidents.
Questions 10-11 are based on the following
As one !o !as ala,s believed t!at tr%t! is o%r nations s%rest ea'on in t!e
'ro'a#anda ar a#ainst o%r "oes9 I a& distressed b, re'orts o" >disin"or&ation?
ca&'ai#ns b, A&erican intelli#ence a#ents in 6estern E%ro'e. In a disin"or&ation
ca&'ai#n9 %ntr%t!s are disse&inated t!ro%#! #%llible local +o%rnalists in order to
da&a#e t!e interests o" o%r ene&ies and 'rotect o%r on. T!ose !o de"end t!is
'ractice sa, t!at l,in# is necessar, to co%nter Soviet disin"or&ation ca&'ai#ns ai&ed
at da&a#in# A&ericas 'olitical interests. T!ese a'olo#ists contend t!at one &%st
"i#!t "ire it! "ire. I o%ld 'oint o%t to t!e a'olo#ists t!at t!e "ire de'art&ent "inds
ater &ore e""ective.
GMAT & LSAT CR @
1I. T!e a%t!or o" t!e 'assa#e above bases !is concl%sion on !ic! o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ A circ%lar de"inition o" >disin"or&ation?
.1/ An e(a&'le o" t!e ine""ectiveness o" l,in# as a ea'on in t!e 'ro'a#anda
ar
.C/ An analo#, beteen tr%t! and ater
.3/ An a''eal to t!e a%t!orit, o" t!e "ire de'art&ent
.E/ An attack on t!e c!aracter o" A&erican intelli#ence a#ents in 6estern E%ro'e
11. T!e a%t!ors &ain 'oint is t!at
.A/ alt!o%#! disin"or&ation ca&'ai#ns &a, be e""ective9 t!e, are %nacce'table
on et!ical #ro%nds
.1/ A&ericas &oral standin# in t!e orld de'ends on its ad!erence to t!e tr%t!
.C/ t!e te&'orar, 'olitical #ains 'rod%ced b, disin"or&ation ca&'ai#ns
#enerall, #ive a, to lon#8ter& losses
.3/ Soviet disin"or&ation ca&'ai#ns !ave done little to da&a#e A&ericas
standin# in E%ro'e
.E/ disin"or&ation ca&'ai#ns do not e""ectivel, serve t!e 'olitical interests o"
t!e =nited States
15. Are ,o% still readin# t!e ot!er nes'a'er in ton- 3id ,o% kno t!at t!e Daily
Bugle is oned b, an o%t8o"8ton b%siness s,ndicate t!at co%ldnt care less abo%t
t!e 'eo'le o" Got!a& Cit,- Read t!e Daily Clarion9 t!e onl, real voice o" t!e
'eo'le o" Got!a& Cit,J
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# &ost directl, re"%tes t!e ar#%&ent raised in t!e
advertise&ent above-
.A/ 7ver !al" o" t!e advertisin# reven%es o" t!e Daily Clarion co&e "ro& "ir&s
!ose !ead0%arters are located o%tside o" Got!a& Cit,.
.1/ T!e Daily Clarion %s%all, devotes &ore o" its 'a#es to o%t8o"8ton nes
t!an does t!e Daily Bugle.
.C/ 2earl, CI 'ercent o" t!e readers o" t!e Daily Clarion reside o%tside t!e li&its
o" Got!a& Cit,.
.3/ T!e editor8in8c!ie" and all t!e ot!er &e&bers o" t!e editorial sta"" o" t!e
Daily Bugle !ave lived and orked in Got!a& Cit, "or ten ,ears or &ore.
.E/ T!e Daily Bugle !as been '%blis!ed in Got!a& Cit, "or a lon#er ti&e t!an
!as t!e Daily Clarion.
Questions 13-14 are based on the following.
T!e eart!s reso%rces are bein# de'leted &%c! too "ast. To correct t!is9 t!e =nited
States &%st kee' its reso%rce cons%&'tion at 'resent levels "or &an, ,ears to co&e.
1<. T!e ar#%&ent above de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ Fer ca'ita reso%rce cons%&'tion in t!e =nited States is at an all8ti&e !i#!.
GMAT & LSAT CR G
.1/ T!e =nited States astes reso%rces.
.C/ T!e =nited States %ses &ore reso%rces t!an an, ot!er co%ntr,.
.3/ T!e =nited States i&'orts &ost o" t!e reso%rces it %ses.
.E/ C%rbin# =.S. reso%rce cons%&'tion ill si#ni"icantl, retard orld reso%rce
de'letion.
1C. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ 2e reso%rce de'osits are constantl, bein# discovered.
.1/ T!e =nited States cons%&es one8t!ird o" all reso%rces %sed in t!e orld.
.C/ 7t!er co%ntries need econo&ic develo'&ent &ore t!an t!e =nited States
does.
.3/ 7t!er co%ntries !ave a#reed to !old t!eir reso%rce cons%&'tion at 'resent
levels.
.E/ T!e =nited States !as been conservin# reso%rces "or several ,ears.
1@. Alba: I dont intend to vote "or Senator $rank in t!e ne(t election. S!e is not a
stron# s%''orter o" t!e ar a#ainst cri&e.
Ta&: 1%t Senator $rank s'onsored t!e latest anticri&e la 'assed b, t!e Senate.
Alba: I" Senator $rank s'onsored it9 it cant be a ver, stron# anticri&e la.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# identi"ies t!e &ost serio%s lo#ical "la in Albas
reasonin#-
.A/ T!e "acts s!e 'resents do not s%''ort !er concl%sion t!at Senator $rank is
so"t on cri&e.
.1/ S!e ass%&es it!o%t 'roo" t!at cri&e is t!e &ost i&'ortant iss%e in t!e
%'co&in# election.
.C/ S!e ar#%es in a circle9 %sin# an %ns%''orted assertion to dis&iss con"lictin#
evidence.
.3/ S!e attacks Senator $rank on 'ersonal #ro%nds rat!er t!an on !e &erit as a
'olitical leader.
.E/ In decidin# not to vote "or Senator $rank9 s!e "ails to consider iss%es ot!er
t!an cri&e.
1G. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
t!e &ost serio%s "la in televisions covera#e o" election ca&'ai#ns is its
tendenc, to "oc%s on t!e !orse8race side o" 'oliticsKt!at is9 to concentrate on t!e
0%estion >6!os innin#-? at t!e e('ense o" s%bstantive covera#e o" t!e iss%es
and t!e candidates 'ositions on t!e&. T!e endless intervies it! ca&'ai#n
&ana#ers9 disc%ssions o" ca&'ai#n strate#ies9 and9 es'eciall,9 t!e obsession it!
o'inion 'olls !ave s%rro%nded elections it! t!e at&os'!ere o" a "ootball #a&e
or a 'ri)e"i#!t. To re"or& t!is sit%ation9 a "irst ste' &i#!t ell be;;;;;;
.A/ a s!ortenin# o" t!e len#t! o" election ca&'ai#ns to a 'eriod o" si( eeks
GMAT & LSAT CR A
.1/ a strin#ent li&it on ca&'ai#n s'endin#
.C/ a red%ction in t!e television covera#e o" o'inion 'olls d%rin# election
ca&'ai#ns
.3/ t!e '%blication and distrib%tion o" voter8ed%cation literat%re to in"or& t!e
'%blic abo%t eac! candidates 'osition on t!e &a+or iss%es
.E/ a li&it on t!e len#t! and n%&ber o" 'olitical advertise&ents broadcast on
television
1A. 6it! Fro'osition 1<9 i" ,o% bo%#!t ,o%r !o%se 11 ,ears a#o "or LA@9III9 ,o%r
'ro'ert, ta( o%ld be a''ro(i&atel, LH1C a ,ear .1 'ercent o" LA@9III increased
b, 5 'ercent eac! ,ear "or 11 ,ears/D and i" ,o%r nei#!bor bo%#!t an identical
!o%se ne(t door to ,o% "or L5II9III t!is ,ear9 !is ta( o%ld be L59III .1 'ercent
o" L5II9III/. 6it!o%t Fro'osition 1<9 bot! ,o% and ,o%r nei#!bor o%ld 'a,
LG9III a ,ear in 'ro'ert, ta(es .< 'ercent o" L5II9III/.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is t!e concl%sion "or !ic! t!e a%t!or &ost likel, is
ar#%in# in t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ Fro'osition 1< is %nconstit%tional beca%se it i&'oses an %ne0%al ta( on
'ro'erties o" e0%al val%e.
.1/ I" Fro'osition 1< is re'ealed9 ever, !o&eoner is likel, to e('erience a
s%bstantial increase in 'ro'ert, ta(es.
.C/ 1, 'reventin# in"lation "ro& drivin# %' 'ro'ert, val%es9 Fro'osition 1< !as
saved !o&eoners t!o%sands o" dollars in 'ro'ert, ta(es.
.3/ I" Fro'osition 1< is not re'ealed9 identical 'ro'erties ill contin%e to be
ta(ed at di""erent rates.
.E/ Fro'osition 1< !as bene"ited so&e !o&eoners &ore t!an ot!ers.
At an enor&o%s researc! cost9 a leadin# c!e&ical co&'an, !as develo'ed a
&an%"act%rin# 'rocess "or convertin# ood "ibers into a 'lastic. Accordin# to t!e
co&'an,9 t!is ne 'lastic can be %sed "or9 a&on# ot!er t!in#s9 t!e !%lls o" s&all
sailboats. 1%t !at does t!e co&'an, t!ink sailboat !%lls %sed to be &ade o"- S%rel,
t!e &ania "or !i#! tec!nolo#, can scarcel, #o "%rt!er t!an t!is.
1B. T!e a%t!ors o'inion o" t!e &an%"act%rin# 'rocess described in t!e 'assa#e is
based 'ri&aril, on t!e "act t!at
.A/ 'lastic is %nlikel, to be d%rable eno%#! "or !i#!80%alit, sailboat !%lls
.1/ t!e researc! costs o" develo'in# t!e 'rocess o%tei#! an, savin#s 'ossible
"ro& t!e %se o" t!e 'lastic
.C/ a s&all sailboat is not nor&all, re#arded as a !i#!8tec! 'rod%ct
.3/ !%lls "or s&all sailboats can be &ade "ro& ood it!o%t convertin# it into
'lastic
.E/ &an, ot!er s'!eres o" !%&an activit, are in "ar #reater need o" tec!nolo#ical
GMAT & LSAT CR B
researc!
1H. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e a%t!ors
concl%sion-
.A/ T!e 'lastic 'rod%ced b, t!e 'rocess is considerabl, li#!ter9 stron#er9 and
&ore aterti#!t t!an ood.
.1/ T!e ood %sed in 'rod%cin# t!e 'lastic is itsel" in increasin#l, s!ort s%''l,.
.C/ T!e cost o" t!e &an%"act%rin# 'rocess o" t!e 'lastic increases t!e cost o"
'rod%cin# a sailboat !%ll b, 1I to 1@ 'ercent.
.3/ M%c! o" t!e cost o" t!e researc! t!at develo'ed t!e ne 'rocess ill be
ritten o"" "or ta( '%r'oses b, t!e c!e&ical co&'an,.
.E/ T!e develo'&ent o" t!e ne 'lastic is e('ected to !el' &ake t!e c!e&ical
co&'an, an i&'ortant s%''lier o" boat8b%ildin# &aterials.
5I. A ,o%n# &an ea#er to beco&e a &aster sords&an +o%rne,ed to t!e !o&e o" t!e
#reatest teac!er o" sords&ans!i' in t!e kin#do&. :e asked t!e teac!er9 >:o
0%ickl, can ,o% teac! &e to be a &aster sords&an-? T!e old teac!er re'lied9 >It
ill take ten ,ears.? =nsatis"ied9 t!e ,o%n# &an asked9 >6!at i" I a& illin# to
ork ni#!t and da,9 ever, da, o" t!e ,ear-? t!e teac!er re'lied9 >In t!at case9 it
ill take tent, ,ears.?
T!e teac!ers &ain 'oint is t!at an i&'ortant 0%alit, o" a &aster sords&an is
.A/ !%&ilit,
.1/ illin#ness to ork !ard
.C/ res'ect "or ones elders
.3/ 'atience
.E/ deter&ination
TEST 1
1. 1elo is an e(cer't "ro& a letter t!at as sent b, t!e c!air&an o" a cor'oration to
t!e stock!olders.
A n%&ber o" c!ar#es !ave been raised a#ainst &e9 so&e serio%s9 so&e trivial.
Individ%als seekin# to control t!e cor'oration "or t!eir on '%r'oses !ave
de&anded &, resi#nation. Re&e&ber t!at no co%rt o" la in an, state !as "o%nd
&e #%ilt, o" an, cri&inal o""ense !atsoever. In t!e A&erican tradition9 as ,o%
kno9 an individ%al is considered innocent %ntil 'roven #%ilt,. $%rt!er&ore9 as
t!e cor'orations %nbroken si(8,ear record o" #rot! ill s!o9 &, cond%ct o"
&, o""icial d%ties as c!air&an !as onl, !el'ed en!ance t!e s%ccess o" t!e
cor'oration9 and so bene"ited ever, stock!older.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e e(cer't-
.A/ T!e c!air&an believes t!at all t!ose !o !ave de&anded !is resi#nation are
&otivated b, desire to control t!e cor'oration "or t!eir on '%r'oses.
GMAT & LSAT CR H
.1/ An, &isdeeds t!at t!e c!air&an &a, !ave co&&itted ere &otivated b, !is
desire to en!ance t!e s%ccess o" t!e cor'oration.
.C/ T!e c!air&an is innocent o" an, cri&inal o""ense.
.3/ T!e cor'oration !as e('anded steadil, over t!e 'ast si( ,ears.
.E/ An, le#al 'roceedin#s a#ainst t!e c!air&an !ave res%lted in !is ac0%ittal.
5. In t!e ,ears since t!e cit, o" London i&'osed strict air8'oll%tion re#%lations on
local ind%str,9 t!e n%&ber o" bird s'ecies seen in and aro%nd London !as
increased dra&aticall,. Si&ilar air8'oll%tion r%les s!o%ld be i&'osed in ot!er
&a+or cities.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion &ade in t!e ar#%&ent above EECEFT:
.A/ In &ost &a+or cities9 air8'oll%tion 'roble&s are ca%sed al&ost entirel, b,
local ind%str,.
.1/ Air8'oll%tion re#%lations on ind%str, !ave a si#ni"icant i&'act on t!e 0%alit,
o" t!e air.
.C/ T!e air8'oll%tion 'roble&s o" ot!er &a+or cities are basicall, si&ilar to t!ose
once s%""ered b, London.
.3/ An increase in t!e n%&ber o" bird s'ecies in and aro%nd a cit, is desirable.
.E/ T!e increased si#!tin#s o" bird s'ecies in and aro%nd London re"lect an
act%al increase in t!e n%&ber o" s'ecies in t!e area.
<. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
In o''osin# #overn&ent re#%lation o" b%siness9 conservatives o"ten a''eal to t!e
Je""ersonian ideal o" li&ited #overn&ent9 e('ressin# t!e is! t!at #overn&ent
o%ld >#et o"" t!e backs o" t!e A&erican 'eo'le.? *et9 'arado(icall,9 &an, o"
t!ese sa&e conservatives address 0%estions o" 'rivate &oralit,9 s%c! as t!ose
dealin# it! se(%al be!avior9 b, callin# "or;;;;;;
.A/ a ret%rn to t!e restrictive se(%al &oralit, o" t!e 4ictorian era
.1/ a stren#t!enin# o" t!e role o" t!e "a&il, in settin# &oral nor&s "or societ,
.C/ a li&itation on t!e a&o%nt o" se(%all, 'rovocative &aterial a''earin# in
books9 &otives9 and television s!os
.3/ #reater "reedo& "or individ%als to c!oose t!eir on a, o" !andlin# se(%al
iss%es
.E/ an increased #overn&ental role in t!e re#%lation and control o" 'rivate se(%al
be!avior
Questions 4-5 are based on the following
In an e('eri&ent9 to di""erent t,'es o" recorded &%sic ere 'la,ed "or neonates in
ad+acent n%rseries in a !os'ital. In n%rser, A9 classical &%sic as 'la,edD in n%rser,
19 rock &%sic as 'la,ed. A"ter to eeks9 it as "o%nd t!at t!e babies in n%rser, A
cried less9 s%""ered "eer &inor ail&ents9 and #ained &ore ei#!t t!an did t!e babies
in n%rser, 1.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1I
C. In eval%atin# t!e validit, o" t!e concl%sion s%##ested b, t!e e('eri&ent above9 it
o%ld be &ost i&'ortant to kno !ic! o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ T!e &%sical 're"erences o" t!e 'arents o" t!e to #ro%'s o" neborns
.1/ 6!et!er t!e neborns in bot! n%rseries ere e0%all, !ealt!, and !a'', at
t!e start o" t!e e('eri&ent
.C/ 6!et!er lo%d rock &%sic can da&a#e t!e !earin# o" neborns
.3/ 6!at t!e avera#e ei#!t o" t!e neonates as be"ore and a"ter t!e e('eri&ent
.E/ 6!et!er t!e &%sic as 'la,ed in t!e n%rseries at all ti&es or onl, at certain
ti&es
@. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# additional e('eri&ental data o%ld s%''ort t!e
!,'ot!esis t!at classical &%sic is bene"icial to t!e develo'&ent o" neborn-
.A/ T!e neonates in a n%rser, !ere no &%sic as 'la,ed "ared better t!an t!ose
in n%rser, 1.
.1/ 2%rser, A contained 1@ 'ercent &ore 're&at%re babies t!an n%rser, 1.
.C/ T!e neborns in n%rser, A cried less9 s%""ered "eer &inor ail&ents9 and
#ained &ore ei#!t t!an did neborns in a n%rser, it! no &%sic.
.3/ T!e &%sic 'la,ed in n%rser, A as lo%der t!an t!at 'la,ed in n%rser, 1.
.E/ T!e ratio o" n%rses to neborns in n%rser, 1 as 1 to CD in n%rser, A9 it as
1 to G.
G. T!e ancient cit, o" Ce'!esa as not b%ried b, an er%'tion o" Mt. A&nos in A.3.
<1I9 as so&e believe. T!e er%'tion in t!e ,ear <1I da&a#ed t!e cit,9 b%t it did not
destro, it. Ce'!esa s%rvived "or anot!er cent%r, be"ore it "inall, &et its
destr%ction in anot!er er%'tion aro%nd A.3. C1@.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e a%t!ors clai& t!at t!e
cit, o" Ce'!esa as not b%ried b, t!e er%'tion o" Mt. A&nos in A.3. <1I-
.A/ T!e cit, o" Ce'!esa is &entioned in a !istorical ork knon to !ave been
ritten in A.3. CII.
.1/ Coins bearin# t!e i&a#e o" an e&'eror !o lived aro%nd A.3. C1I !ave been
discovered in t!e r%ins o" Ce'!esa9 !ic! ere 'reserved b, t!e cinders and
as!es t!at b%ried t!e cit,.
.C/ Geolo#ical evidence s!os t!at t!e er%'tion o" Mt. A&nos in A.3. C1@
de'osited a 1I8"oot8t!ick la,er o" lava on t!e cit, o" Ce'!esa.
.3/ Artorks "ro& t!e cit, o" Ce'!esa !ave been "o%nd in t!e r%ins o" anot!er
cit, knon to !ave been destro,ed in A.3. C5I.
.E/ A !istorical ork ritten in A.3. C<I re"ers to t!e er%'tion o" Mt. A&nos in
A.3. C1@.
A. J%ne is taller t!an Mristin.
Lett, is taller t!an Maria.
GMAT & LSAT CR 11
Maria is s!orter t!an 2anc,.
Mristin and 2anc, are e(actl, t!e sa&e !ei#!t.
I" t!e in"or&ation above is tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e-
.A/ Lett, is taller t!an 2anc,.
.1/ Lett, is taller t!an J%ne.
.C/ Mristin is s!orter t!an Lett,.
.3/ J%ne is taller t!an Maria.
.E/ Mristin is s!orter t!an Maria.
B. C%rrent "ar& 'olic, is instit%tionali)ed 'enali)ation o" cons%&ers. It increases
"ood 'rices "or &iddle8 and lo8inco&e "a&ilies and costs t!e ta('a,er billions o"
dollars a ,ear.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld 'rovide s%''ort "or t!e
a%t!ors clai&s above-
I. $ar& s%bsidies a&o%nt to ro%#!l, L5I billion a ,ear in "ederal 'a,o%ts and
L15 billion &ore in !i#!er "ood 'rices.
II. Accordin# to a st%d, b, t!e 3e'art&ent o" A#ric%lt%re9 eac! L1 o" bene"its
'rovided to "ar&ers "or et!anol 'rod%ction costs cons%&ers and ta('a,ers
LC.
III. T!e avera#e "%ll8ti&e "ar&ers !ave an avera#e net ort! o" over L<II9III.
.A/ I onl,
.1/ II onl,
.C/ III onl,
.3/ I and II onl,
.E/ I9 II9 and III
H. Reva: =sin# e(traneo%s incentives to #et teena#ers to c!an#e t!eir attit%de toard
sc!ool and sc!oolork ont ork. Take t!e 'ro#ra& in 6est 4ir#inia9 "or
instance9 !ere t!e, tried to red%ce t!eir dro'o%t rate b, revokin# t!e drivin#
licenses o" kids !o le"t sc!ool. T!e 'ro#ra& "ailed &iserabl,.
Anne: Its tr%e t!at t!e 6est 4ir#inia 'ro#ra& "ailed9 b%t &an, sc!ools !ave
devised incentive 'ro#ra&s t!at !ave been ver, s%ccess"%l in i&'rovin#
attendance and red%cin# disci'line 'roble&s.
Accordin# to Anne9 t!e eak 'oint in Revas clai& is t!at it
.A/ "ails to consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e &a+orit, o" 'otential dro'o%ts in 6est
4ir#inia do not !ave drivin# licenses
.1/ doesnt 'rovide an, e(act "i#%res "or t!e dro'o%t rate in 6est 4ir#inia be"ore
and d%rin# t!e 'ro#ra&
.C/ i#nores a s%bstantial bod, o" evidence s!oin# t!at 'arents and e&'lo,ers
!ave been %sin# e(trinsic incentives it! 'ositive res%lts "or ,ears
GMAT & LSAT CR 15
.3/ ass%&es t!at a 'ositive incentiveKa 'ri)e or a reardKill be no &ore
e""ective t!an a ne#ative incentive9 like t!e revokin# o" a drivin# license
.E/ is based on a sin#le e(a&'le9 t!e incentive 'ro#ra& in 6est 4ir#inia9 !ic!
&a, not be t,'ical
1I. In &an, s%rve,s9 A&erican cons%&ers !ave e('ressed a illin#ness to s'end %'
to 1I 'ercent &ore "or 'rod%cts t!at are ecolo#icall, so%nd. Enco%ra#ed b, s%c!
s%rve,s9 1leac!87 Cor'oration 'ro&oted a ne la%ndr, deter#ent9 1leac!87
Green9 as sa"er "or t!e environ&ent. 1leac!87 Green cost @ 'ercent &ore t!an
t,'ical deter#ents. A"ter one ,ear9 1leac!87 Green !ad "ailed to ca't%re a
si#ni"icant s!are o" t!e deter#ent &arket and as it!dran "ro& sale.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# 0%estions is LEAST likel, to be relevant in deter&inin#
t!e reasons "or t!e "ail%re o" 1leac!87 Green-
.A/ :o e""ective as a deter#ent as 1leac!87 Green-
.1/ :o &an, ot!er deter#ents on t!e &arket ere 'ro&oted as sa"e "or t!e
environ&ent-
.C/ :o &%c! &ore did 1leac!87 Green cost to &an%"act%re t!an ordinar,
deter#ents-
.3/ To !at e(tent did cons%&ers acce't t!e validit, o" 1leac!87 Green
advertised and 'ro&oted to cons%&ers-
.E/ :o e""ectivel, as 1leac!87 Green advertised and 'ro&oted to
cons%&ers-
11. T!e b%rden o" &aintainin# t!e =.S. !i#!a, s,ste& "alls dis'ro'ortionatel, on
t!e tr%ckin# ind%str,. Tr%cks re'resent onl, abo%t 1I 'ercent o" t!e ve!icles on
=.S. roads. *et road %se ta(es assessed on tr%cks a&o%nt to al&ost !al" t!e ta(es
'aid "or !i#!a, %'kee' and re'air.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e tr%ckin# ind%str, !as en+o,ed record a"ter8ta( 'ro"its in t!ree o" t!e 'ast
"o%r ,ears.
.1/ 1eca%se o" t!eir ei#!t9 tr%cks ca%se over @I 'ercent o" t!e da&a#e
s%stained b, !i#!a, s%r"aces eac! ,ear.
.C/ 6it!o%t an econo&icall, viable tr%ckin# ind%str,9 t!e cost o" #oods in t!e
=nited States o%ld rise si#ni"icantl,.
.3/ Road %se ta(es 'aid b, tr%ckin# co&'anies !ave decreased b, < 'ercent over
t!e 'ast "ive ,ears.
.E/ 3%e to ,ears o" ne#lect9 =.S. !i#!a,s toda, are badl, in need o" &a+or
re'airs and reb%ildin#.
15. T!e %'co&in# 'residential election in t!e 6est A"rican re'%blic o" Ganelon is o"
#rave concern to t!e =.S. State 3e'art&ent. Ganelon 'resentl, !as stron#
'olitical and &ilitar, ties to t!e =nited States. :oever9 t!e Socialist 'art, is
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<
idel, e('ected to in t!e election9 leadin# to "ears t!at Ganelon ill soon break
aa, "ro& t!e 'ro8A&erican bloc and ado't a nonali#ned or o'enl, anti8
A&erican stance.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion &ade in t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ A Socialist 'art, #overn&ent in Ganelon is &ore likel, to o''ose t!e =nited
States t!an is a non8Socialist 'art, #overn&ent.
.1/ T!e 'eo'le o" t!e =nited States reco#ni)e t!eir nations interest in t!e
'olitical stabilit, o" 6est A"rica.
.C/ A eakenin# o" =.S. 'olitical ties it! Ganelon co%ld !ave serio%s
conse0%ences "or =.S. relations it! ot!er A"rican nations.
.3/ T!e Socialist 'art, leaders in Ganelon believe t!at t!eir nations interests
o%ld best be served b, an alliance it! anti8A&erican "orces.
.E/ T!e Socialist 'art, ill in t!e %'co&in# election in Ganelon.
1<. 2o nation can lon# s%rvive %nless its 'eo'le are %nited b, a co&&on ton#%e. $or
'roo"9 e need onl, consider Canada9 !ic! is bein# torn as%nder b, con"licts
beteen $renc!8s'eakin# N%ebec and t!e ot!er 'rovinces9 !ic! are do&inated
b, En#lis! s'eakers.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost e""ectivel, c!allen#es t!e a%t!ors
concl%sion-
.A/ Con"licts over lan#%a#e !ave led to violent clas!es beteen t!e 1as0%e8
s'eakin# &inorit, in S'ain and t!e S'anis!8s'eakin# &a+orit,.
.1/ Fro'osals to declare En#lis! t!e o""icial lan#%a#e o" t!e =nited States !ave
&et it! resistance "ro& &e&bers o" :is'anic and ot!er &inorit, #ro%'s.
.C/ Econo&ic and 'olitical di""erences9 alon# it! lin#%istic ones9 !ave
contrib%ted to t!e 'rovincial con"licts in Canada.
.3/ T!e '%blic o" India9 in e(istence sine 1HCB9 !as a 'o'%lation t!at s'eaks
!%ndreds o" di""erent9 t!o%#! related9 lan#%a#es.
.E/ Sit)erland !as s%rvived "or nearl, a t!o%sand ,ears as a !o&e "or s'eakers
o" t!ree di""erent lan#%a#es.
1C. As an e('erienced labor or#ani)er and t!e "or&er !ead o" one o" t!e nations
&ost 'oer"%l labor %nions9 Gra,son is an e(cellent c!oice to c!air t!e ne
co%ncil on b%siness8labor relations.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ T!e ne co%ncil &%st !ave t!e s%''ort o" t!e nations labor leaders i" it is to
s%cceed.
.1/ 3%rin# !is ,ears as a labor leader9 Gra,son establis!ed a record o" #ood
relations it! b%siness leaders.
.C/ T!e c!air o" t!e ne co%ncil &%st be a 'erson !o can co&&%nicate directl,
it! t!e leaders o" t!e nations lar#est labor %nions.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1C
.3/ Most o" t!e ot!er &e&bers o" t!e ne co%ncil ill be re'resentatives o"
b%siness &ana#e&ent interests.
.E/ An %nderstandin# o" t!e needs and 'roble&s o" labor is t!e onl, 0%ali"ication
necessar, "or t!e +ob o" c!airin# t!e ne co%ncil.
1@. In t!e e""ort to "ire a Civil Service e&'lo,ee9 !is or !er &ana#er &a, !ave to
s'end %' to L1II9III o" ta( &one,. Since Civil Service e&'lo,ees kno !o
!ard it is to "ire t!e&9 t!e, tend to loa". T!is e('lains in lar#e 'art !, t!e
#overn&ent is so ine""icient.
It can be 'ro'erl, in"erred on t!e basis o" t!e state&ents above t!at t!e a%t!or
believes !ic! o" t!e "olloin#-
I. Too &%c! +ob sec%rit, can !ave a ne#ative in"l%ence on orkers.
II. More #overn&ent orkers s!o%ld be "ired.
III. Most #overn&ent orkers are Civil Service e&'lo,ees.
.A/ I onl,
.1/ I and III onl,
.C/ II onl,
.3/ I9 II9 and III
.E/ III onl,
1G. So&e co&&entators co&'lain t!at a >liti#ation e('losion? in t!e 'ast decade !as
led to %nreasonabl, !i#! costs "or =.S. b%sinesses b, enco%ra#in# &ore 'rod%ct
liabilit, s%its a#ainst &an%"act%rers. :oever9 t!ese co&'laints are based &ainl,
on &,t!. Statistics s!o t!at t!e n%&ber o" s%ccess"%l 'rod%ct liabilit, s%its !as
re&ained al&ost t!e sa&e9 and t!e avera#e s%& aarded in da&a#es !as #ron
no "aster t!an t!e in"lation rate.
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" %ns%ccess"%l s%its !as sk,rocketed9 i&'osin# !%#e ne le#al
e('enses on b%sinesses.
.1/ Several o" t!e lar#est aards ever &ade in 'rod%ct liabilit, cases occ%rred
it!in t!e last to ,ears.
.C/ T!e rise o" t!e cons%&er &ove&ent !as enco%ra#ed citi)ens to seek le#al
redress "or 'rod%ct "las.
.3/ La,ers o"ten %ndertake 'rod%ct liabilit, cases on a contin#enc, basis9 so
t!eir 'a,&ent is based on t!e si)e o" t!e da&a#es aarded.
.E/ J%ries o"ten aard da&a#es in 'rod%ct liabilit, s%its o%t o" e&otional
s,&'at!, "or an in+%red cons%&er.
1A. Ronald: Accordin# to &, anal,sis o" t!e national econo&,9 !o%sin# 'rices s!o%ld
not increase d%rin# t!e ne(t si( &ont!s %nless interest rates dro' si#ni"icantl,.
Mark: I disa#ree. 7ne ,ear a#o9 !en interest rates last "ell si#ni"icantl,9 !o%sin#
'rices did not increase at all.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@
It can be in"erred "ro& t!e conversation above t!at Mark !as inter'reted
Ronalds state&ent to &ean t!at
.A/ !o%sin# 'rices ill rise onl, i" interest rates "all
.1/ i" interest rates "all9 !o%sin# 'rices &%st rise
.C/ interest rates and !o%sin# 'rices tend to rise and "all to#et!er
.3/ interest rates are t!e onl, si#ni"icant econo&ic "actor a""ectin# !o%sin#
'rices
.E/ interest rates are likel, to "all si#ni"icantl, in t!e ne(t si( &ont!s
1B. Its ti&e e sto''ed searc!in# "or ne statistics to s%##est t!at e are not
s'endin# eno%#! on ed%cation. In "act9 ed%cation s'endin# increased <I 'ercent
overall d%rin# t!e last decade.
.A/ 3es'ite increased s'endin# on ed%cation9 enroll&ent in o%r ele&entar, and
secondar, sc!ools declined abo%t C 'ercent d%rin# t!e last ten ,ears.
.1/ 7%r s'endin# on #asoline increased &ore t!an 1II 'ercent d%rin# t!e last
decade.
.C/ 6!en ad+%sted "or in"lation9 o%r 'er8'%'il e('endit%re on ed%cation t!is ,ear
is less t!an it as ten ,ears a#o.
.3/ Eleven ot!er econo&icall, develo'ed nations s'end &ore on ed%cation t!an
e do.
.E/ T!e ac!ieve&ent levels o" o%r st%dents !ave been declinin# steadil, since
1HGI9 and t!e last decade 'rod%ced no reversal in t!is trend.
1H. T!e =.S. cens%s is not 'er"ect: t!o%sands o" A&ericans 'robabl, #o %nco%nted.
:oever9 t!e basic statistical 'ortrait o" t!e nation 'ainted b, t!e cens%s is
acc%rate. Certainl, so&e o" t!e 'oor #o %nco%nted9 'artic%larl, t!e !o&elessD b%t
so&e o" t!e ric! #o %nco%nted as ell9 beca%se t!e, are o"ten abroad or travelin#
beteen one residence and anot!er.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent above de'ends-
.A/ 1ot! t!e ric! and t!e 'oor !ave 'ersonal and econo&ic reasons to avoid
bein# co%nted b, t!e cens%s.
.1/ All A&ericans &a, reasonabl, be classi"ied as eit!er 'oor or ric!.
.C/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" 'oor A&ericans %nco%nted b, t!e cens%s is close to t!e
'ercenta#e o" ric! A&ericans %nco%nted.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" !o&eless A&ericans is a''ro(i&atel, e0%al to t!e n%&ber o"
ric! A&ericans.
.E/ T!e 'ri&ar, '%r'ose o" t!e cens%s is to anal,)e t!e econo&ic stat%s o" t!e
A&erican 'o'%lation.
5I. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
GMAT & LSAT CR 1G
In toda,s 'l%ralistic societ,9 te(tbook '%blis!ers "ind t!e&selves in an
increasin#l, %nco&"ortable 'osition. Since t!e sc!ools are re#arded as a
re'ositor, o" societ,s &oral and c%lt%ral val%es9 eac! #ro%' it!in societ,
is!es to 'revent an, &aterial t!at o""ends its on val%es "ro& a''earin# in
te(tbooks. As a res%lt9 stance on an iss%e is certain to r%n a"o%l o" one #ro%' or
anot!er. And since te(tbook '%blis!ers &%st rel, on co&&%nit, #oodill to sell
t!eir books9 it is inevitable t!at;;;;;;
.A/ "eer and "eer '%blis!ers ill be illin# to enter t!e "inanciall, %ncertain
te(tbook ind%str,
.1/ t!e et!ical and &oral content o" te(tbooks ill beco&e increasin#l, ne%tral
and bland
.C/ &ore and &ore 'ress%re #ro%'s ill arise t!at seek to in"l%ence t!e content
o" te(tbooks
.3/ t!e #overn&ent ill be "orced to intervene in t!e increasin#l, rancoro%s
debate over t!e content o" te(tbooks
.E/ sc!ool boards9 teac!ers9 and 'rinci'als ill "ind it nearl, i&'ossible to
c!oose a&on# t!e variet, o" te(tbooks bein# o""ered
TEST C
Questions 1-! are based on the following.
6e !ave !eard a #ood deal in recent ,ears abo%t t!e declinin# i&'ortance o" t!e to
&a+or 'olitical 'arties. It is t!e &ass &edia9 e are told9 t!at decide t!e o%tco&e o"
elections9 not t!e 'oer o" t!e 'arties. 1%t it is ort! notin# t!at no inde'endent or
t!ird8'art, candidate !as on an, i&'ortant election in recent ,ears9 and in t!e last
nationide ca&'ai#n9 t!e to &a+or 'arties raised and s'ent &ore &one, t!an ever
be"ore in s%''ort o" t!eir candidates and 'lat"or&s. It see&s clear t!at re'orts o" t!e
i&&inent de&ise o" t!e to8'art, s,ste& are 're&at%re at best.
1. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion &ade in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e a&o%nt o" &one, raised and s'ent b, a 'olitical 'art, is one valid
criterion "or +%d#in# t!e in"l%ence o" t!e 'art,.
.1/ A si#ni"icant increase in t!e n%&ber o" t!ird8'art, candidates o%ld be
evidence o" a decline in t!e i&'ortance o" t!e to &a+or 'arties.
.C/ T!e to8'art, s,ste& !as contrib%ted si#ni"icantl, to t!e stabilit, o" t!e
A&erican 'olitical str%ct%re.
.3/ T!e &ass &edia tend to "avor an inde'endent or t!ird8'art, candidate over a
candidate "ro& one o" t!e to &a+or 'arties.
.E/ T!e &ass &edia are relativel, %ni&'ortant in decidin# t!e o%tco&e o" &ost
elections.
5. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e ar#%&ent above-
GMAT & LSAT CR 1A
.A/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" voters re#istered as inde'endents is !i#!er toda, t!an ever
be"ore.
.1/ In a recent 'residential ca&'ai#n9 "or t!e "irst ti&e ever9 an inde'endent
candidate as invited to a''ear in a televised debate it! t!e &a+or8'art,
candidates.
.C/ Ever, c%rrent &e&ber o" t!e =.S. Senate as elected as t!e candidate o" one
o" t!e to &a+or 'arties.
.3/ In a recent o'inion 'oll9 &ost voters stated t!at a candidates 'art, a""iliation
as an insi#ni"icant "actor in +%d#in# !is or !er "itness "or o""ice.
.E/ In t!e last "o%r ,ears9 t!e o%tco&e o" several stateide elections !as been
deter&ined b, t!e stren#t! o" t!e t!ird8'art, vote.
<. Fs,c!olo#ists cond%cted a series o" e('eri&ents to test t!e e""ect %'on
sc!oolc!ildren o" violence in "il&s. In t!e "irst e('eri&ent9 #ra&&ar sc!ool
c!ildren ere s!on a "il& t!at incl%ded scenes o" a &ale teena#er en#a#in# in
violent acts a#ainst ot!ers9 s%c! as '%nc!in#9 '%s!in#9 and kickin#. 3%rin# a "ree8
'la, session "olloin# t!e "il& viein#9 C5 'ercent o" t!e c!ildren ere observed
to en#a#e in one or &ore violent acts si&ilar to t!ose in t!e "il&. In a second
e('eri&ent9 a di""erent #ro%' o" c!ildren as s!on a si&ilar "il& "eat%rin# a
"e&ale teena#er. 7nl, 1C 'ercent o" t!e c!ildren ere observed be!avin#
violentl, a"terard. T!e 's,c!olo#ists concl%ded t!at c!ildren are &ore likel, to
i&itate violent be!avior on "il& !en a &ale &odel is s!on t!an !en a "e&ale
&odel is s!on.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e 's,c!olo#ists
concl%sion-
.A/ In bot! e('eri&ents9 t!e victi&s o" t!e "il&ed violence incl%ded bot! &ales
and "e&ales.
.1/ In t!e second e('eri&ent9 5B 'ercent o" t!e c!ildren a''eared %'set d%rin#
t!e viein# t!e violent "il& scenes.
.C/ T!e "irst #ro%' incl%ded 1H &ale st%dents and 5I "e&ale st%dentsD t!e second
#ro%' incl%ded 5I &ale st%dents and 51 "e&ale st%dents.
.3/ In t!e "irst #ro%'9 @B 'ercent o" t!e c!ildren a''eared bored d%rin# t!e
s!oin# o" t!e "il&9 and 15 'ercent "ell aslee'.
.E/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" c!ildren knon to !ave disci'line 'roble&s 'rior to t!e
e('eri&ent as #reater in t!e "irst #ro%' t!an in t!e second #ro%'.
C. Mainline Aira,s as bo%#!t b, its e&'lo,ees si( ,ears a#o. T!ree ,ears a#o9
Mainline !ired N%aliCo Advertisin# A#enc, to !andle its 'ro&otions and
advertisin# division. Toda, Mainlines 'ro"its are over 5I 'ercent !i#!er t!an
t!e, ere "ive ,ears a#o and 1I 'ercent !i#!er t!an t!e, ere t!ree ,ears a#o.
E&'lo,ee oners!i' and a #ood advertisin# a#enc, !ave co&bined to &ake
Mainline &ore 'ro"itable.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1B
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best describes t!e eak 'oint in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ It "ails to establis! a ca%sal connection beteen t!e c!an#e in oners!i' at
Mainline Aira,s and t!e !irin# o" N%aliCo9 on t!e one !and9 and t!e rise
in Mainlines 'ro"its9 on t!e ot!er.
.1/ It 'resents no evidence s!oin# t!at e&'lo,ee8oned airlines are an, &ore
'ro"itable t!an ot!er airlines.
.C/ It ass%&es t!at t!e 'ro"its o" Mainline Aira,s ill contin%e to rise.
.3/ It #ives no e(act "i#%res "or t!e c%rrent 'ro"its o" Mainline Aira,s.
.E/ It "ails to e('lain !o t!e 'ro"its o" Mainline Aira,s are calc%lated.
@. At &an, colle#es toda,9 re#%lations !ave been i&'osed t!at "orbid t!e %se in
s'eec! or 'rint o" lan#%a#e t!at >o""ends? or >ins%lts? t!e &e&bers o" an, #ro%'9
es'eciall, o&en and racial9 et!nic9 and reli#io%s &inorities. Alt!o%#! t!ese
re#%lations are de"ended in t!e na&e o" >de&ocrac,9? t!e, restrict "reedo& o"
s'eec! and t!e 'ress in a a, t!at o''oses t!e tr%e s'irit o" de&ocrac,.
T!e ar#%&ent above atte&'ts to 'rove its case 'ri&aril, b,
.A/ i&'%#nin# t!e credentials o" an o''onent
.1/ 'rovidin# e(a&'les t!at s%''ort a t!eoretical 'rinci'le
.C/ takin# advanta#e o" inconsistencies in t!e de"inition o" >de&ocrac,?
.3/ revealin# a contradiction in an o''osin# 'oint o" vie
.E/ a''ealin# to t!e 'atriotic "eelin#s o" its a%dience
G. In 1HBI9 a 3anis! ten8Ore coin &inted in 1ACA as sold at a%ction "or LB9III.
Eleanor 1i(b, ons anot!er 3anis! ten8Ore coin &inted in 1ACA. 6!en s!e '%ts
it on t!e &arket ne(t eek9 it ill "etc! a 'rice over L1B9III.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e concl%sion dran
above-
.A/ Since 1HBI9 t!e avera#e 'rice "or rare coins !as increased b, over 1@I
'ercent.
.1/ T!ere are onl, "o%r coins like t!e one in 0%estion in t!e entire orld.
.C/ Since 1HBI9 t!e cons%&er 'rice inde( !as risen b, over 1@I 'ercent.
.3/ In 1HBG9 a 'revio%sl, %nknon cac!e o" one !%ndred coins +%st like t!e one
in 0%estion as "o%nd.
.E/ T!irt, 'ro&inent9 ealt!, coin collectors are e('ected to bid "or 1i(b,s
coin.
A. Merco !as been in b%siness lon#er t!an 2olen. Inc9 7lean Ind%stries as "o%nded
,ears be"ore t!e Fotter Co&'an,9 and t!e Fotter Co&'an, as started ,ears a"ter
t!e N%arles Cor'oration. 2olen9 Inc.9 and t!e N%arles Cor'oration ere "o%nded
in t!e sa&e ,ear.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1H
.A/ 7lean Ind%stries !as been in b%siness "or &ore ,ears t!an Merco.
.1/ 7lean Ind%stries !as been in b%siness "or &ore ,ears t!an t!e N%arles
Cor'oration.
.C/ 2olen9 Inc.9 !as not been in b%siness "or as &an, ,ears as 7lean Ind%stries.
.3/ Merco !as been in b%siness "or &ore ,ears t!an t!e Fotter Co&'an,.
.E/ 2olen9 Inc.9 !as not been in b%siness "or as &an, ,ears as t!e Fotter
Co&'an,.
B. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
A 'ri&ar, "actor in 'er'et%atin# t!e lo salaries o" o&en orkers !as been
t!eir se#re#ation in t!e so8called 'ink8collar occ%'ations9 s%c! as n%rsin#9
teac!in#9 librar, science9 and secretarial ork. Fartl, beca%se t!ese +obs !ave
traditionall, been !eld b, o&en9 t!eir salar, levels !ave been de'ressed9 and9
des'ite increased atte&'ts to %nioni)e t!ese orkers in recent ,ears9 t!eir 'a,
contin%es to la#. Moreover9 alt!o%#! a lar#e 'ercenta#e o" o&en t!an ever
be"ore are no enterin# and re&ainin# in t!e +ob &arket9 &ost contin%e to
#ravitate toard t!e 'ink8collar "ields9 des'ite t!e loer salaries. It see&s clear9
t!ere"ore9 t!at i" t!e avera#e salaries o" o&en orkers are to a''roac! t!ose o"
&en9 ;;;;;;
.A/ labor %nions &%st redo%ble t!eir e""orts to i&'rove t!e lot o" orkin#
o&en
.1/ societ,s 'erce'tion o" 'ink8collar +obs as less i&'ortant and less de&andin#
t!an ot!er +obs &%st be c!an#ed
.C/ &ore &en &%st be enco%ra#ed to enter "ields traditionall, occ%'ied b,
o&en
.3/ t!e n%&ber o" +obs in t!e 'ink8collar "ields relative to t!e si)e o" t!e ork
"orce as a !ole &%st be &arkedl, increased
.E/ &ore o&en &%st enter occ%'ations ot!er t!an t!ose traditionall, reserved
"or t!e&
H. 3eter&inin# t!e a%t!enticit, o" '%r'orted 're8Col%&bian arti"acts is never eas,.
Carbon81C datin# o" t!ese arti"acts is o"ten i&'ossible d%e to conta&ination b,
radioactive 'alladi%& .!ic! occ%rs nat%rall, in t!e soils o" Central and So%t!
A&erica/. :oever9 !istorians and ant!ro'olo#ists !ave evolved to reliable
criteria9 !ic!9 %tili)ed in co&bination9 !ave 'roven e""ective "or datin# t!ese
arti"acts. $irst9 beca%se a%t!entic 're8Col%&bian arti"acts c!aracteristicall, occ%r
in a coarse9 #ran%lar &atri( t!at is s!i"ted b, &a+or eart!0%akes9 t!e, o"ten
e(!ibit t!e %ni0%e scratc! 'atterns knon as gridding. In addition9 tr%e 're8
Col%&bian arti"acts s!o a darkenin# in s%r"ace color t!at is ca%sed b, cent%ries
o" e('os%re to t!e &in%te a&o%nts o" &a#nesi%& in t!e soil o" t!e A&ericas.
T!e criteria above o%ld be LEAST %se"%l in +%d#in# t!e a%t!enticit, o" !ic!
o" t!e "olloin#-
GMAT & LSAT CR 5I
.A/ An a( !ead o" black obsidian9 %neart!ed "ro& a kitc!en &idden
.1/ A 'otter, bol it! a red oc!er desi#n9 "o%nd in t!e r%ins o" a te&'le
.C/ A set o" #old ear ei#!ts9 orna&ented it! +as'er 'endants
.3/ A black "eat!er ca'e "ro& a kin#s b%rial va%lt
.E/ A &%lticolored oven sas! "o%nd near t!e #ravesite o" a slave
$ro& ti&e to ti&e9 t!e 'ress ind%l#es in o%tb%rsts o" indi#nation over t!e %se o" "alse
or &isleadin# in"or&ation b, t!e =.S. #overn&ent in s%''ort o" its 'olicies and
'ro#ra&s. 2o one endorses needless dece'tion. 1%t consider t!is !istorical analo#,. It
is knon t!at C!risto'!er Col%&b%s9 on !is "irst vo,a#e to t!e 2e 6orld9
deliberatel, "alsi"ied t!e lo# to s!o a s!orter sailin# distance "or eac! da, o%t t!an
t!e s!i's !ad act%all, traveled. In t!is a,9 Col%&b%s as able to convince !is
ske'tical sailors t!at t!e, !ad not sailed 'ast t!e 'oint at !ic! t!e, e('ected to "ind
t!e s!ores o" India. 6it!o%t t!is dece'tion9 Col%&b%ss sailors &i#!t ell !ave
&%tinied9 and t!e 2e 6orld &i#!t never !ave been discovered.
1I. T!e a%t!or o" t!e 'assa#e above ass%&es eac! o" t!e "olloin# EECEFT:
.A/ Govern&ent dece'tion o" t!e 'ress is o"ten &otivated b, ort!, ob+ectives.
.1/ 6it!o%t #overn&ent dece'tion9 'o'%lar s%''ort "or ort!!ile #overn&ent
'olicies and 'ro#ra&s &i#!t ell "ade.
.C/ Attacks on t!e #overn&ent b, t!e 'ress are o"ten 'oliticall, &otivated.
.3/ 3ece'tion "or dece'tions sake s!o%ld not be condoned.
.E/ A #reater #ood &a, so&eti&es re0%ire acce'tance o" a lesser evil.
11. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ain eakness o" t!e !istorical analo#, dran in
t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ T!e sailors in Col%&b%ss cre never kne t!at t!e, !ad been deceived9
!ile #overn&ent dece'tion is #enerall, %ncovered b, t!e 'ress.
.1/ A s!i's lo# is a record intended &ainl, "or %se b, t!e ca'tain9 !ile 'ress
re'orts are #enerall, disse&inated "or %se b, t!e '%blic at lar#e.
.C/ T!e &e&bers o" a s!i's cre are selected b, t!e ca'tain o" t!e s!i'9 !ile
t!ose !o ork in t!e 'ress are sel"8selected.
.3/ T!e cre o" a s!i' is res'onsible "or t!e s%ccess o" a vo,a#e9 !ile t!e 'ress
is not res'onsible "or t!e %se ot!ers &ake o" t!e "act%al in"or&ation it
'%blis!es.
.E/ In a de&ocrac,9 t!e 'eo'le are e('ected to 'artici'ate in t!e nations 'olitical
decision &akin#9 !ile t!e &e&bers o" a s!i's cre are e('ected si&'l, to
obe, t!e orders o" t!e ca'tain.
Monarc! b%tter"lies9 !ose avera#e li"e s'an is nine &ont!s9 &i#rate "ro& t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR 51
&idestern =nited States to selected "orests o%tside Me(ico Cit,. It takes at least
t!ree #enerations o" &onarc!s to &ake t!e +o%rne,9 so t!e #reat8#reat8
#randc!ildren !o "inall, arrive in t!e Me(ican "orests !ave never been t!ere
be"ore. *et t!e, ret%rn to t!e sa&e trees t!eir "orebears le"t. Scientists t!eori)e
t!at &onarc!s9 like !o&in# 'i#eons9 &a' t!eir ro%tes accordin# to t!e eart!s
electro&a#netic "ields. As a "irst ste' in testin# t!is t!eor,9 le'ido'terists 'lan to
install a lo8volta#e trans&itter inside one #rove o" >b%tter"l, trees? in t!e
Me(ican "orests. I" t!e b%tter"lies are eit!er es'eciall, attracted to t!e #rove it!
t!e trans&itter or es'eciall, re'elled b, it9 le'ido'terists ill !ave evidence
t!at;;;;;;
.A/ &onarc! b%tter"lies !ave brains9 !oever &in%sc%le
.1/ &onarc! b%tter"lies are sensitive to electricit,
.C/ lo8volta#e electricit, can a""ect b%tter"lies9 !et!er 'ositivel, or adversel,
.3/ &onarc!s &a' t!eir ro%tes accordin# to t!e eart!s electro&a#netic "ields
.E/ &onarc!s co&&%nicate in inter#enerationall, via electro&a#netic "ields
1<. In #eneral9 a 'ro"essional at!lete is o""ered a &illion8dollar contract onl, i" !e or
s!e !as +%st co&'leted an %n%s%all, s%ccess"%l season. :oever9 a st%d, s!os
t!at an at!lete si#nin# s%c! a contract %s%all, s%""ers a decline in 'er"or&ance t!e
"olloin# season. T!is st%d, s%''orts t!e t!eor, t!at a &illion8dollar contract
tends to eaken an at!letes desire to e(cel b, di&inis!in# !is or !er econo&ic
incentive.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e concl%sion dran
above-
.A/ 7n t!e avera#e9 at!letes !ose contracts call "or relativel, s&all salaries
it! 'ossible bon%ses "or o%tstandin# ac!ieve&ent 'er"or& better t!an
ot!er at!letes.
.1/ At!letes are #enerall, o""ered &illion8dollar contracts &ainl, beca%se o" t!e
increased ticket sales and ot!er reven%es t!e, #enerate.
.C/ Man, 'ro"essional at!letes !ave careers &arked b, ,ear8to8,ear "l%ct%ations
in t!eir overall levels o" 'er"or&ance.
.3/ 7n t!e avera#e9 !i#!er8salaried at!letes tend to !ave lon#er and &ore
s%ccess"%l 'ro"essional careers t!an do loer8salaried at!letes.
.E/ Si( o" t!e ten leadin# batters in t!e 2ational Lea#%e t!is season si#ned
&illion8dollar contracts d%rin# t!e o""8season.
1C. 3r. A: T!e ne in"l%en)a vaccine is %seless at best and 'ossibl, dan#ero%s. I
o%ld never %se it on a 'atient.
3r. 1: 1%t t!ree st%dies '%blis!ed in t!e "ournal of #edi$al %sso$iates !ave
rated t!at vaccine as %n%s%all, e""ective.
3r. A: T!e st%dies &%st !ave been "a%lt, beca%se t!e vaccine is ort!less.
In !ic! o" t!e "olloin# is t!e reasonin# &ost si&ilar to t!at o" 3r. A-
GMAT & LSAT CR 55
.A/ T!ree o" &, 'atients !ave been !ar&ed b, t!at vaccine d%rin# t!e 'ast t!ree
eeks9 so t!e vaccine is %nsa"e.
.1/ Jerrold Jerse, reco&&ends t!is &ilk9 and I dont tr%st Jerrold Jerse,9 so I
ont b%, t!is &ilk.
.C/ 6in#)) tennis balls 'er"or& best beca%se t!e, are "ar &ore e""ective t!an
an, ot!er tennis balls.
.3/ I& b%,in# 4i& 4ita&ins. 3octors reco&&end t!e& &ore o"ten t!an t!e,
reco&&end an, ot!er vita&ins9 so 4i& 4ita&ins &%st be #ood.
.E/ Since =niversit, o" M%ldoon #rad%ates score abo%t 5I 'ercent !i#!er t!an
avera#e on t!e GMAT9 S!eila Lee9 a =niversit, o" M%ldoon #rad%ate9 ill
score abo%t 5I 'ercent !i#!er t!an avera#e !en s!e takes t!e GMAT.
1@. 1ill: S&oke8detectin# "ire alar&s can save lives. I believe t!at ever, a'art&ent in
t!is cit, s!o%ld be re0%ired b, la to be e0%i''ed it! a s&oke detector.
Joe: I disa#ree it! ,o%r 'ro'osal. S&oke detectors are +%st as i&'ortant "or
sa"et, in 'rivate !o%ses as t!e, are in a'art&ent.
$ro& t!is e(c!an#e9 it can be in"erred t!at Joe !as inter'reted 1ills state&ent to
&ean t!at
.A/ t!e cit, s!o%ld be res'onsible "or 'rovidin# s&oke detectors "or a'art&ents
.1/ residences o%tside t!e cit, s!o%ld not be e0%i''ed it! s&oke detectors
.C/ onl, a'art&ents s!o%ld be e0%i''ed it! s&oke detectors
.3/ t!e risk o" "ire is not as #reat in 'rivate !o%ses as it is in a'art&ents
.E/ t!e rate o" deat! b, "ire is %n%s%all, !i#! in t!e cit, in 0%estion
1G. In 1HBG9 t!e cit, o" Los 3iablos !ad 5I da,s on !ic! air 'oll%tion reac!ed
%n!ealt!"%l a&o%nts and a s&o# alert as '%t into e""ect. In earl, 1HBA9 ne air
'oll%tion control &eas%res ere enacted9 b%t t!e cit, !ad s&o# alerts on <1 da,s
t!at ,ear and on <H da,s t!e "olloin# ,ear. In 1HBH9 !oever9 t!e n%&ber o"
s&o# alerts in Los 3iablos dro''ed to si(teen. T!e &ain air 'oll%tants in Los
3iablos are o)one and carbon &ono(ide9 and since 1HBG t!e levels o" bot! !ave
been &onitored b, #as s'ectro#ra'!,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 ass%&in# t!at eac! is tr%e9 o%ld be LEAST
!el'"%l in e('lainin# t!e air 'oll%tion levels in Los 3iablos beteen 1HBG and
1HBH-
.A/ T!e 1HBA air 'oll%tion control &eas%res enacted in Los 3iablos ere '%t into
e""ect in 2ove&ber o" 1HBB.
.1/ In 3ece&ber o" 1HBB a ne and "ar &ore acc%rate #as s'ectro&eter as
invented.
.C/ In $ebr%ar, o" 1HBH9 t!e Foll%tion Control 1oard o" Los 3iablos revised t!e
scale %sed to deter&ine t!e a&o%nt o" air 'oll%tion considered %n!ealt!"%l.
.3/ In 1HBB t!e &a,or o" Los 3iablos as "o%nd to !ave acce'ted lar#e
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<
ca&'ai#n donations "ro& local ind%stries and to !ave e(e&'ted t!ose sa&e
ind%stries "ro& air 'oll%tion control &eas%res.
.E/ E(cess o)one and carbon &ono(ide re0%ire a &ini&%& o" to ,ears to break
don nat%rall, in t!e at&os'!ere above a #iven area.
1A. In a &arketin# st%d,9 cons%&ers ere #iven to %nlabeled cartons o" la%ndr,
deter#ent. 7ne carton as bri#!t #reen and ,elloD t!e ot!er as drab bron and
#ra,. A"ter %sin# t!e deter#ent in t!e to cartons "or one &ont!9 B< 'ercent o" t!e
cons%&ers in t!e st%d, re'orted t!at t!e deter#ent in t!e bri#!t #reen and ,ello
carton cleaned better. T!is st%d, s!os t!at 'acka#in# !as a si#ni"icant i&'act on
cons%&ers +%d#&ent o" t!e e""ectiveness o" a la%ndr, deter#ent.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e concl%sion dran in
t!e &arketin# st%d,-
.A/ T!e deter#ent in t!e bri#!t carton contained bleac! cr,stalsD t!e deter#ent in
t!e drab carton did not.
.1/ T!e deter#ents in t!e to cartons ere t!e sa&e.
.C/ T!e deter#ents in t!e to cartons ere di""erent9 b%t t!e, !ad bot! been
laborator, tested.
.3/ T!e deter#ent in t!e drab carton as a 'o'%lar na&e brandD t!e deter#ent in
t!e bri#!t carton as #eneric.
.E/ T!e deter#ent in t!e drab carton as #enericD t!e deter#ent in t!e bri#!t
carton as a 'o'%lar na&e brand.
1B. 3ons9 a c!ain o" s%'er&arkets9 !as entered into an a#ree&ent in !ic! Rose
Co&'%ters ill sell 3ons an %nli&ited n%&ber o" its least e('ensive FCs at one8
"o%rt! t!e re#%lar !olesale 'rice. In ret%rn9 3ons !as a#reed to '%rc!ase all o"
its scanners and ot!er electronic in"or&ation8'rocessin# e0%i'&ent "ro& Rose or
"ro& 7&icron9 Rose Co&'%ters 'arent co&'an,9 "or t!e ne(t ten ,ears. 3ons
ill o""er a Rose FC "ree to an, sc!ool t!at t%rns in 3ons re#ister recei'ts
totalin# L1II9III it!in t!e ne(t si( &ont!s. T!e vice8'resident in c!ar#e o"
advertisin# "or 3ons e('ects t!at t!e co&'%ter #iveaa, ill obviate t!e need
"or a &assive ne advertisin# ca&'ai#n "or t!e ne(t si( &ont!s and t!at 3ons
can &ake %' t!e e('endit%res "or t!e FCs b, ritin# t!e& o"" its inco&e ta(es as
c!aritable donations.
T!e 'lans "or&%lated b, 3ons ass%&e eac! o" t!e "olloin# EECEFT:
.A/ T!e 'rices t!at Rose or 7&icron c!ar#es 3ons "or in"or&ation8'rocessin#
e0%i'&ent over t!e ne(t ten ,ears ill be loer t!an t!ose c!ar#ed b, ot!er
co&'anies.
.1/ T!e ta( las ill not be c!an#ed to e(cl%de or lessen t!e val%e o" c!aritable
donations as ta( rite8o""s.
.C/ Sc!ools ill be s%""icientl, attracted b, 3ons co&'%ter #iveaa, o""er t!at
teac!ers ill %r#e st%dents to s!o' at 3ons.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5C
.3/ Rose ill be able to s%''l, 3ons it! a s%""icient n%&ber o" FCs to &eet
t!e de&and #enerated b, sc!ools t!at collect 3ons recei'ts totalin#
L1II9III.
.E/ T!e e""ect o" t!e co&'%ter #iveaa, o""er on 3ons b%siness ill be
co&'arable to t!at o" a &a+or advertisin# ca&'ai#n.
1H. Man%"act%rers o" !o%se!old a''liances are still %r#in# t!e '%blic to '%rc!ase
"ood 'rocessors. T!e vario%s &an%"act%rers advertise&ents all 'oint o%t t!at t!e
'rices o" t!ese a''liances are no loer t!an ever and t!at eac! "ood 'rocessor
co&es it! a li"eti&e service arrant,. In addition9 &an, &an%"act%rers o""er
si)able rebates to c%sto&ers !o '%rc!ase "ood 'rocessors it!in a #iven ti&e
'eriod. 6it! t!ese incentives9 t!e advertise&ents contend9 'eo'le can !ardl,
a""ord not to '%rc!ase "ood 'rocessors.
6!ic! anser c!oice is a lo#icall, 'rior iss%e t!at t!e &an%"act%rers
advertise&ents "ail to address-
.A/ 6!et!er t!e cost o" re'airs to t!e "ood 'rocessors over t!e ,ears ill cancel
o%t t!e savin#s c%rrentl, bein# o""ered
.1/ 6!et!er 'otential c%sto&ers !ave eno%#! %ses "or "ood 'rocessors to +%sti",
'%rc!asin# t!e&
.C/ 6!et!er t!e !eads o" t!e co&'anies &an%"act%rin# "ood 'rocessors on
"ood 'rocessors t!e&selves
.3/ 6!et!er t!e "ood 'rocessors c%rrentl, bein# advertised ill be o%tdated
it!in t!e ne(t "ive ,ears
.E/ 6!et!er accessories and re'lace&ent 'arts ill be readil, available at retail
o%tlets
5I. Since t!e invention o" di#ital reado%t9 &ac!ine desi#ners !ave r%s!ed to re'lace
conventional dials and #a%#es it! di#ital %nits. *et t!e di#ital #a%#e !as
drabacks in so&e sit%ations. Since it 'resents an e(act n%&eric val%e9 it &%st be
decoded and anal,)ed b, a !%&an o'eratorD its &eanin# cannot be read in an
instantaneo%s scannin#. An analo# dial or #a%#e can be &arked it! red to alert
t!e o'erator !en a val%e is enterin# a dan#er )oneD a di#ital #a%#e cannot. And it
is di""ic%lt to tell !et!er a di#ital reado%t is increasin# or decreasin# over ti&e9
!ile t!e %' or don &ove&ent o" a 'ointer on an analo# #a%#e can be 0%ickl,
and easil, observed.
T!e a%t!or o" t!e 'assa#e above o%ld 'robabl, reco&&end t!e %se o" di#ital
#a%#e in cases !en
I. arnin# o" a s%dden rise or "all in val%e is needed
II. an o'erator &%st read and inter'ret several #a%#es it!in a "e seconds
III. a 'recise n%&eric val%e is essential
.A/ I onl,
.1/ III onl,
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@
.C/ I and III onl,
.3/ II and III onl,
.E/ I9 II9 and III
TEST 3
1. Contrar, to t!e state&ents o" labor leaders9 t!e central econo&ic 'roble& "acin#
A&erica toda, is not t!e distrib%tion o" ealt!. It is 'rod%ctivit,. 6it! t!e
'rod%ctivit, o" =.S. ind%str, sta#nant9 or even declinin# sli#!tl,9 t!e econo&ic
'ie is no lon#er #roin#. Labor leaders9 o" co%rse9 'oint to !at t!e, consider an
%n"air distrib%tion o" t!e slices o" 'ie to +%sti", t!eir de&ands "or "%rt!er increases
in a#es and bene"its. And in t!e 'ast9 !en t!e 'ie as still #roin#9
&ana#e&ent co%ld a""ord to ac0%iesce. 2o lon#er. =ntil 'rod%ctivit, res%&es its
#rot!9 t!ere can be no +%sti"ication "or "%rt!er increases in t!e co&'ensation o"
orkers.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents b, a labor leader "oc%ses on t!e lo#ical
eakness in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Alt!o%#! t!e econo&ic 'ie is no lon#er #roin#9 t!e 'ortion o" t!e 'ie
allocated to A&erican orkers re&ains %n+%stl, s&all.
.1/ I" &ana#e&ent "ails to acco&&odate t!e de&ands o" orkers9 labor leaders
ill be "orced to call strikes t!at ill cri''le t!e o'eration o" ind%str,.
.C/ Alt!o%#! 'rod%ctivit, is sta#nant9 t!e =.S. 'o'%lation is #roin#9 so t!at t!e
absol%te si)e o" t!e econo&ic 'ie contin%es to #ro as ell.
.3/ As a labor leader9 I can be concerned onl, it! t!e needs o" orkin# 'eo'le9
not it! t!e 'roble&s "aced b, &ana#e&ent.
.E/ T!e sta#nation o" =.S. ind%str, !as been ca%sed lar#el, b, "actorsKs%c! as
"orei#n co&'etitionKbe,ond t!e control o" A&erican orkers.
5. $re%ds t!eories o" t!e orkin#s o" t!e &ind9 !ile brilliant "or t!eir da,9 ere
"or&%lated be"ore &ost o" t!is cent%r,s #reat advances in ne%ro'!,siolo#, and
bioc!e&istr,. Toda,9 e !ave a "ar dee'er %nderstandin# o" t!e biolo#ical
co&'onents o" t!o%#!t9 e&otion9 and be!avior t!an as drea&ed o" ei#!t, ,ears
a#o. It o%ld be "oolis! to contin%e 'arrotin# $re%ds 's,c!olo#ical t!eories as i"
t!ese advances !ad never occ%rred.
It can be in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e above t!at t!e a%t!or o%ld be &ost likel, to
"avor
.A/ t!e abandon&ent o" &ost o" $re%ds t!eories
.1/ a #reater reliance on biolo#ical rat!er t!an 's,c!olo#ical e('lanations o"
be!avior
.C/ a critical ree(a&ination o" $re%ds 'lace in t!e !istor, o" 's,c!olo#,
.3/ a ree(a&ination o" $re%ds t!eories in t!e li#!t o" conte&'orar, biolo#,
GMAT & LSAT CR 5G
.E/ increased "inancial s%''ort "or st%dies in ne%ro'!,siolo#, and bioc!e&istr,
<. To avoid a !ostile takeover atte&'t9 t!e board o" directors o" 6ellco9 Inc.9 a
'rovider o" li"e and !ealt! ins%rance9 'lanned to take o%t lar#e loans and %se t!e&
to '%rc!ase a '%blis!in# co&'an,9 a c!ocolate "actor,9 and a nationide c!ain o"
&ovie t!eaters. T!e directors antici'ated t!at t!ese '%rc!ase initiall, o%ld
'l%n#e t!e cor'oration dee' into debt9 renderin# it %nattractive to t!ose !o
anted to take it over9 b%t t!at steadil, risin# ins%rance rates o%ld allo t!e
co&'an, to 'a, o"" t!e debt it!in "ive ,ears. Mean!ile9 reven%es "ro& t!e
t!ree ne b%sinesses o%ld enable t!e cor'oration as a !ole to contin%e to &eet
its increased o'eratin# e('enses. =lti&atel,9 accordin# o t!e directors 'lan9 t!e
diversi"ication o%ld stren#t!en t!e cor'oration b, var,in# t!e so%rces and
sc!ed%les o" its ann%al reven%es.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 ass%&in# t!at all are e0%all, 'ossible9 o%ld &ost
en!ance t!e c!ances o" t!e 'lans s%ccess-
.A/ A ides'read dro%#!t decreases t!e availabilit, o" cacao beans9 "ro& !ic!
c!ocolate is &an%"act%re9 divin# %' c!ocolate 'rices orldide.
.1/ 2e #overn&ent re#%lations re0%ire a <I 'ercent across8t!e8board rate
rollback o" all ins%rance co&'anies9 to be#in i&&ediatel, and to be
co&'leted it!in a "ive8,ear 'eriod.
.C/ Con#ress enacts a stat%te9 e""ective a"ter si( &ont!s9 &akin# it ille#al "or an,
'arent not to carr, !ealt! ins%rance covera#e "or !is or !er c!ild.
.3/ Lar#e8screen televisions dro' dra&aticall, in 'rice d%e to s%r'rise alterations
in trade barriers it! Ja'anD &ovie t!eater attendance dindles as a
conse0%ence.
.E/ A ne9 ine('ensive 'rocess is discovered "or &akin# 'a'er '%l'9 and 'a'er
'rices "all to GI 'ercent o" t!eir "or&er level.
C. In 1HB19 "or t!e "irst ti&e in over to decades9 t!e avera#e scores o" !i#! sc!ool
st%dents on standardi)ed &at! and En#lis! tests did not decline. 3%rin# t!e sa&e
,ear9 &illions o" A&erican st%dents en+o,ed t!eir "irst e('os%re to t!e ne orld
o" t!e &icroco&'%ter9 !et!er in sc!ools9 video arcades9 or ot!er settin#s. T!e
concl%sion is clear: "ar "ro& st%lti",in# t!e intellect%al ca'acities o" st%dents9
e('os%re to co&'%ters can act%all, en!ance t!e&.
T!e &ost serio%s eakness o" t!e ar#%&ent above is its "ail%re to
.A/ disc%ss t!e %nderl,in# ca%ses o" t!e tent,8,ear decline in st%dents test
scores
.1/ cite s'eci"ic "i#%res doc%&entin# t!e increases in test scores
.C/ distin#%is! a&on# t!e vario%s t,'es o" co&'%ter bein# %sed b, !i#! sc!ool
st%dents
.3/ de"ine t!e intellect%al ca'acities tested b, t!e standardi)ed &at! and En#lis!
tests re"erred to
GMAT & LSAT CR 5A
.E/ e('lain e(actl, !o !i#! sc!ool st%dents abilities on &at! and En#lis! tests
co%ld !ave been en!anced b, e('os%re to co&'%ters
Questions 5-& are based on the following.
Alt!o%#! its '%r'ose is la%dable9 t!e e(cl%sionar, r%le9 !ic! "orbids a co%rt to
consider evidence sei)ed in violation o" t!e de"endants constit%tional ri#!ts9 !as
%nd%l, !a&'ered la8en"orce&ent e""orts. Even !en t!e ri#!ts violation as a
&inor or '%rel, tec!nical one9 t%rnin# on a detail o" 'roced%re rat!er t!an on t!e
abro#ation o" so&e "%nda&ental libert,9 and even !en it !as been clear t!at t!e
'olice o""icers ere actin# in #ood "ait!9 t!e evidence obtained !as been considered
tainted %nder t!is r%le and &a, not even b, introd%ced. In conse0%ence9 de"endants
!o ere %ndo%btedl, #%ilt, !ave been set "ree9 'er!a's to steal9 ra'e9 or &%rder
a#ain.
@. T!e a%t!or o" t!e 'assa#e above ass%&es all o" t!e "olloin# EECEFT:
.A/ T!e constit%tional ri#!ts o" cri&inal de"endants s!o%ld be 'rotected.
.1/ Most cases in !ic! t!e e(cl%sionar, r%le !as been invoked !ave involved
'%rel, tec!nical violations o" constit%tional 'rinci'les.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" cases !ose o%tco&e !as been a""ected b, t!e e(cl%sionar,
r%le is si#ni"icant.
.3/ So&e o" t!e de"endants set "ree %nder t!e e(cl%sionar, r%le !ave been #%ilt,
o" serio%s cri&inal o""enses.
.E/ Merel, tec!nical violations o" t!e r%les concernin# evidence s!o%ld be
treated di""erentl, "ro& deliberate assa%lts %'on !%&an ri#!ts.
G. It can be in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e t!at t!e a%t!or o%ld &ost likel, endorse
!ic! o" t!e "olloin# 'ro'osals-
.A/ C!an#e o" t!e e(cl%sionar, r%le to ad&it evidence obtained b, 'olice
o""icers actin# in #ood "ait!
.1/ A constit%tional a&end&ent c%rtailin# so&e o" t!e 'rotections traditionall,
a""orded t!ose acc%sed o" a cri&e
.C/ A stat%te li&itin# t!e a''lication o" t!e e(cl%sionar, r%le to cases involvin#
&inor cri&inal o""enses
.3/ C!an#e o" t!e e(cl%sionar, r%le to allo an, evidence9 no &atter !o
obtained9 to be introd%ced in co%rt
.E/ A constit%tional a&end&ent alloin# 'olice o""icers to obtain vital evidence
b, an, &eans necessar, !en in '%rs%it o" a knon cri&inal
A. T!e 'ostal service is badl, &is&ana#ed. $ort, ,ears a#o9 "irst8class letter
deliver, cost onl, t!ree cents. Since t!en9 t!e 'rice !as increased nearl, ten"old9
it! an act%al decrease in t!e s'eed and reliabilit, o" service.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld tend to eaken t!e ar#%&ent
above EECEFT:
GMAT & LSAT CR 5B
.A/ T!e vol%&e o" &ail !andled b, t!e 'ostal service !as increased dra&aticall,
over t!e last "ort, ,ears.
.1/ =n'recedented increases in t!e cost o" "%el "or tr%cks and 'lanes !ave '%t
severe %'ard 'ress%res on 'ostal deliver, costs.
.C/ Frivate deliver, services %s%all, c!ar#e &ore t!an does t!e 'ostal service "or
co&'arable deliver, c!ar#es.
.3/ T!e avera#e deliver, ti&e "or a "irst8class letter "o%r decades a#o as
act%all, sli#!tl, lon#er t!an it is toda,.
.E/ T!e avera#e level o" cons%&er 'rices overall !as increased &ore t!an <II
'ercent over t!e last "ort, ,ears.
B. 6!en t!e #overn&ent o" a nation anno%nced recentl, t!at a leader o" t!e nations
'olitical o''osition !ad died o" a &,sterio%s illness in 'rison9 "e seasoned
observers o" t!e re#i&e ere s%r'rised. As t!e 'olice ca'tain in an old &ovie
re&arked !en asked abo%t t!e condition o" a 'risoner9 >6ere tr,in# to decide
!et!er !e co&&itted s%icide or died tr,in# to esca'e.?
T!e state&ents above invite !ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions-
.A/ T!e o''osition leader as 'robabl, killed tr,in# to esca'e "ro& 'rison.
.1/ T!e o''osition leader &a, not be dead at all.
.C/ It is %nlikel, t!at t!e !ead o" t!e re#i&e knos t!e tr%e ca%se o" t!e
o''osition leaders deat!.
.3/ T!e o''osition leader 'robabl, killed !i&sel".
.E/ T!e re#i&e ver, likel, as res'onsible "or t!e deat! o" t!e o''osition leader.
In t!e ind%striali)ed nations9 t!e last cent%r, !as itnessed a s!ortenin# o" t!e avera#e
orkda, "ro& telve !o%rs or lon#er to less t!an ei#!t !o%rs. Mind"%l o" t!is
enor&o%s increase in leis%re ti&e over t!e 'ast cent%r,9 &an, 'eo'le ass%&e t!at t!e
sa&e trend !as obtained t!ro%#!o%t !istor,9 and t!at9 t!ere"ore9 're!istoric !%&ans
&%st !ave labored incessantl, "or t!eir ver, s%rvival.
6e cannot9 o" co%rse9 directl, test t!is ass%&'tion. :oever9 a st%d, o" 'ri&itive
'eo'les o" toda, s%##ests a di""erent concl%sion. T!e Mb%ti o" central A"rica9 "or
instance9 s'end onl, a "e !o%rs eac! da, in !%ntin#9 #at!erin#9 and tendin# to ot!er
econo&ic necessities. T!e rest o" t!eir ti&e is s'ent as t!e, c!oose. T!e i&'lication is
t!at t!e s!ort orkda, is not 'ec%liar to ind%striali)ed societies. Rat!er9 bot! t!e
e(tended orkda, o" 1BBI and t!e s!orter orkda, o" toda, are 'rod%cts o" di""erent
sta#es o" t!e contin%in# 'rocess o" ind%striali)ation.
H. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# in"erences abo%t ind%striali)ation is best s%''orted b, t!e
'assa#e above-
.A/ Feo'le in advanced ind%striali)ed societies !ave &ore leis%re ti&e t!an t!ose
in nonind%striali)ed societies.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5H
.1/ An avera#e orkda, o" telve !o%rs or &ore is 'ec%liar to econo&ies in t!e
earl, sta#es o" ind%striali)ation.
.C/ Ind%striali)ation involves a trade8o"" beteen tedio%s9 &onotono%s +obs and
t!e bene"its o" increased leis%re.
.3/ It is likel, t!at t!e e(tended orkda, o" an ind%striali)in# co%ntr, ill
event%all, be s!ortened.
.E/ As ind%striali)ation 'ro#resses9 'eo'le tend to look "or sel"8"%l"ill&ent in
leis%re rat!er t!an ork.
1I. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost #reatl, stren#t!en t!e ar#%&ent &ade
in t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ In recent decades9 t!e econo&, o" t!e Mb%ti !as been &arkedl, a""ected b,
t!e encroac!&ent o" &odern civili)ation.
.1/ T!e li"e8st,le o" t!e Mb%ti is si&ilar to t!at o" 're!istoric !%&ans.
.C/ T!e Mb%ti !ave no ords in t!eir lan#%a#e to e('ress t!e distinction
beteen ork activities and leis%re activities.
.3/ T!e orkda, o" a E%ro'ean 'easant in &edieval ti&es avera#ed beteen
eleven and "i"teen !o%rs.
.E/ T!e &e&bers o" t!e S!aklik tribe in central Asia !ave an avera#e orkda, o"
ten to telve !o%rs.
11. Gloria: T!ose !o advocate t%ition ta( credits "or 'arents !ose c!ildren attend
'rivate sc!ools &aintain t!at 'eo'le &akin# no %se o" a #overn&ent service
s!o%ld not be "orced to 'a, "or it. *et t!ose !o c!oose to b%, bottled ater
rat!er t!an drink ater "ro& t!e local s%''l, are not t!ere"ore e(e&'t "ro&
'a,in# ta(es to &aintain t!e local ater s%''l,.
Ro#er: *o%r ar#%&ent is illo#ical. C!ildren are re0%ired b, la to attend sc!ool.
Since sc!ool attendance is a &atter not o" c!oice9 b%t o" le#al re0%ire&ent9 it is
%n"air "or t!e #overn&ent to "orce so&e 'arents to 'a, "or it tice.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# res'onses b, Gloria o%ld best re"%te Ro#ers c!ar#e
t!at !er ar#%&ent is illo#ical-
.A/ Alt!o%#! drinkin# ater is not re0%ired b, la9 it is necessar, "or all 'eo'le9
and t!ere"ore &, analo#, is a''ro'riate.
.1/ T!ose !o can a""ord t!e t%ition at a !i#!8'riced 'rivate sc!ool can ell bear
t!e sa&e ta( b%rden as t!ose !ose c!ildren attend '%blic sc!ools.
.C/ I" t%ition ta( credits are #ranted9 t!e ta( b%rden on 'arents !o c!oose '%blic
sc!ools ill rise to an intolerable level.
.3/ T!e la does not sa, t!at 'arents &%st send t!eir c!ildren to 'rivate sc!ools9
onl, t!at t!e c!ildren &%st attend so&e kind o" sc!ool9 !et!er '%blic or
'rivate.
.E/ 1ot! bottled ater and 'rivate sc!ools are l%(%r, ite&s9 and it is %n"air t!at
so&e citi)ens s!o%ld be able to a""ord t!e& !ile ot!ers cannot.
GMAT & LSAT CR <I
Questions 1!-13 are based on the following.
Since t!e 'assa#e o" t!e states Clean Air Act ten ,ears a#o9 t!e level o" ind%strial
'oll%tants in t!e air !as "allen b, an avera#e o" 1B 'ercent. T!is s%##ests t!at t!e
restrictions on ind%str, e&bodied in t!e act !ave orked e""ectivel,. :oever9 d%rin#
t!e sa&e 'eriod t!e state !as also s%""ered t!ro%#! a 'eriod o" econo&ic decline. T!e
n%&ber o" b%sinesses in t!e state !as "allen b, 1I 'ercent9 and t!e n%&ber o" orkers
e&'lo,ed !as "allen b, 15 'ercent. It is 'robable t!at t!e b%siness decline9 rat!er t!an
t!e re#%lations in t!e act9 is res'onsible "or at least !al" o" t!e decline in t!e 'oll%tion.
15. 6!ic! o" "olloin# is an ass%&'tion &ade in t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ Most b%sinesses in t!e state !ave obe,ed t!e re#%lations e&bodied in t!e
Clean Air Act.
.1/ T!e econo&ic decline o" t!e state can be attrib%ted9 in 'art9 to t!e e""ects o"
t!e Clean Air Act.
.C/ T!e a&o%nt o" air 'oll%tion in a #iven area is likel, to be 'ro'ortional to t!e
n%&ber o" b%sinesses and orkers active in t!at area.
.3/ T!e restrictions on b%siness activit, in ot!er states are less strin#ent t!an are
t!ose e&bodied in t!e Clean Air Act.
.E/ T!e Clean Air Act !as been onl, ver, sli#!tl, s%ccess"%l in ac!ievin# t!e
#oal o" red%ced air 'oll%tion.
1<. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e concl%sion
dran in t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ 3%rin# t!e last ten ,ears9 econo&ic conditions in t!e nation as a !ole !ave
been orse t!an t!ose it!in t!e state.
.1/ A&end&ents to t!e Clean Air Act t!at ere enacted si( ,ears a#o !ave
s%bstantiall, stren#t!ened its restrictions on ind%strial air 'oll%tion.
.C/ 7" t!e b%sinesses t!at ceased o'eratin# in t!e state d%rin# t!e last ten ,ears9
onl, @ 'ercent ere en#a#ed in air8'oll%tin# ind%stries.
.3/ Several lar#e cor'orations le"t t!e state d%rin# t!e last ten ,ears 'artl, in
order to avoid co&'liance it! t!e Clean Air Act.
.E/ 3%e to its s&all b%d#et9 t!e state o""ice c!ar#ed it! en"orce&ent o" t!e
Clean Air Act !as 'rosec%ted onl, to violators o" t!e la since its 'assa#e.
1C. A n%tritionist st%d,in# t!e e""ects o" &assive doses o" vita&in C "o%nd t!at o" a
#ro%' o" GII 'eo'le !o re#%larl, took 19@II &# o" vita&in C dail, "or a ,ear9
"eer t!an H 'ercent s%""ered serio%s cases o" "l%D o" a #ro%' o" GII 'eo'le !o
took 5@I &# o" vita&in C .t!e standard reco&&ended dail, alloance/ dail, "or
a ,ear9 <C 'ercent s%""ered at least one serio%s case o" "l%D and o" a #ro%' o" GII
'eo'le !o took no vita&in C "or a ,ear .ot!er t!an t!at "o%nd in t!e "oods in a
balanced diet/9 <5 'ercent s%""ered at least one serio%s case o" "l%.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# !,'ot!eses is best s%''orted b, t!e evidence above-
GMAT & LSAT CR <1
.A/ T!e e""ectiveness o" vita&in C in 'reventin# serio%s cases o" "l% increases in
direct 'ro'ortion to t!e a&o%nt o" vita&in C taken.
.1/ 4ita&in C is !el'"%l in 'reventin# disease.
.C/ 3oses o" vita&in C t!at e(ceed t!e standard reco&&ended dail, alloance
b, @II 'ercent ill red%ce t!e incidence o" serio%s cases o" "l% b, 5@
'ercent.
.3/ Massive doses o" vita&in C can !el' to 'revent serio%s case o" "l%.
.E/ A balanced diet contains less t!an 5@I &# o" vita&in C.
1@. S%san: T!ose !o o''ose e('eri&entation on ani&als do not 'ro'erl, val%e t!e
'reservation o" !%&an li"e. Alt!o%#! ani&al s%""erin# is %n"ort%nate9 it is
+%sti"iable i" it can lead to c%res "or !%&an ail&ents.
Melvin: 1%t &%c! ani&al e('eri&entation involves testin# o" ordinar, cons%&er
'rod%cts s%c! as soa's9 d,es9 and cos&etics.
S%san: T!ese e('eri&ents are +%sti"iable on t!e sa&e #ro%nds9 since cleanliness9
convenience9 and bea%t, are ort!!ile !%&an val%es deservin# o" s%''ort.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is t!e best state&ent o" t!e lo#ical "la in S%sans
ar#%&ent-
.A/ :er clai& t!at ani&al e('eri&entation is +%sti"iable i" it s%''orts !%&an
val%es contradicts !er clai& t!at s%c! e('eri&entation is +%sti"iable onl, i" it
leads to c%res "or !%&an ail&ents.
.1/ S!e 'laces a !i#!er val%e on !%&an cleanliness9 convenience9 and bea%t,
t!an s!e does on t!e 'reservation o" ani&al li"e.
.C/ S!e %ses t!e ord >val%e? in to di""erent senses.
.3/ S!e ass%&es t!at all ordinar, cons%&er 'rod%cts aid in t!e 'reservation o"
!%&an li"e.
.E/ S!e "ails to s!o !o &ere s%''ort "or !%&an val%es act%all, 'reserves
!%&an lives.
1G. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
As lon# as savin#s de'osits are ins%red b, t!e #overn&ent9 de'ositors ill !ave
no incentive to eval%ate t!e "inancial stren#t! o" a savin#s bank. *ield alone ill
in"l%ence t!eir c!oice o" bank. To attract de'osits9 banks ill be "orced to o""er
t!e !i#!est 'ossible interest rates. And since 'a,in# !i#!er rates inevitabl,
strains t!e "inancial stren#t! o" a bank9 ;;;;;;
.A/ t!e #overn&ent ill be "orced o i&'ose li&itations on interest rates
.1/ de'osit ins%rance ill %lti&atel, lead to t!e "inancial eakenin# o" &an,
banks
.C/ savers ill be "orced to c!oose beteen de'osit ins%rance and !i#!er interest
rates
.3/ de'osits ill tend to #o to t!e banks it! t!e #reatest "inancial stren#t!
GMAT & LSAT CR <5
.E/ bank 'ro"its ill tend to rise to ever8!i#!er levels
1A. Ever, 'aintin# !an#in# in t!e :o%lar Galler, is b, a $renc! 'ainter. 2o 'aintin#
in t!e :o%lar Galler, is b, a 4orticist. 7nl, 4orticists %se acr,lic &onoc!ro&es
in t!eir orks.
.A/ 2o $renc! 'ainters are 4orticists.
.1/ All 4orticists %se acr,lic &onoc!ro&es in t!eir orks.
.C/ So&e $renc! 'ainters do not %se acr,lic &onoc!ro&es in t!eir orks.
.3/ 2o $renc! 'ainters %se acr,lic &onoc!ro&es in t!eir orks.
.E/ All $renc! 'ainters !o %se acr,lics %se acr,lic &onoc!ro&es in t!eir orks.
1B. 6e co&&onl, s'eak o" aest!etic +%d#&ents as s%b+ective9 and in t!e s!ort ter&
t!e, are9 since critics o"ten disa#ree abo%t t!e val%e o" a 'artic%lar conte&'orar,
ork o" art. 1%t over ti&e9 t!e s%b+ective ele&ent disa''ears. 6!en orks o" art
!ave contin%ed to deli#!t a%diences "or cent%ries9 as !ave t!e 'aintin#s o"
Mic!elan#elo9 t!e &%sic o" 1ac!9 and t!e 'la,s o" S!akes'eare9 e can
ob+ectivel, call t!e& #reat.
T!e state&ents above best s%''ort !ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions-
.A/ 6!en Mic!elan#elo9 1ac!9 and S!akes'eare ere alive9 critics disa#reed
abo%t t!e val%e o" t!eir ork.
.1/ T!e val%e o" a conte&'orar, ork o" art cannot be ob+ectivel, &eas%red.
.C/ T!e re'%tation o" a ork o" art o"ten "l%ct%ates #reatl, "ro& one #eneration
to t!e ne(t.
.3/ T!e &ere "act t!at a ork o" art !as end%red "or cent%ries does not establis!
its #reatness.
.E/ I" critics a#ree abo%t t!e val%e o" a 'artic%lar cote&'orar, ork o" art9 t!en
t!e ork can ob+ectivel, be called #reat.
1H. Since t!e @@8&ile8'er8!o%r s'eed li&it as &andated on o%r !i#!a,s9 bot!
&one, and !%&an lives !ave been saved.
All o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld stren#t!en t!e clai& above EECEFT:
.A/ Most !i#!a, %sers "ind t!at travel ti&es are not a''reciabl, len#t!ened b,
t!e @@8&ile8'er8!o%r s'eed li&it.
.1/ :i#!a, drivin# at @@ &iles 'er !o%r or less is &ore "%el8e""icient t!an !i#!8
s'eed drivin#.
.C/ 2earl, all !i#!a, sa"et, e('erts a#ree t!at &ore accidents occ%r at s'eeds
over @@ &iles 'er !o%r t!an at loer s'eeds.
.3/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" "atalities occ%rrin# in !i#!a, accidents at s'eeds #reater
t!an @@ &iles 'er !o%r is !i#!er t!an t!at "or lo8s'eed accidents.
.E/ A%to&obiles last lon#er and re0%ire "eer re'airs !en driven at consistentl,
GMAT & LSAT CR <<
loer s'eeds.
5I. T!e cit, co%ncil ill certainl, vote to a''rove t!e ne donton redevelo'&ent
'lan9 des'ite t!e ob+ections o" environ&entalists. A"ter all9 &ost o" t!e ca&'ai#n
contrib%tions received b, &e&bers o" t!e cit, co%ncil co&e "ro& real estate
develo'&ent "ir&s9 !ic! stand to bene"it "ro& t!e 'lan.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e ar#%&ent
above-
.A/ Several &e&bers o" t!e cit, co%ncil receive si)able ca&'ai#n contrib%tions
"ro& environ&ental lobb,in# #ro%'s.
.1/ Me&bers o" t!e cit, co%ncil are re0%ired to re'ort t!e si)e and so%rce o" eac!
ca&'ai#n contrib%tion t!e, receive.
.C/ 2ot ever, real estate develo'&ent "ir& in t!e cit, ill be able to 'artici'ate
in9 and 'ro"it "ro&9 t!e ne donton redevelo'&ent 'lan.
.3/ T!e &e&bers o" t!e cit, co%ncil !ave o"ten voted in a,s t!at are o''osed
to t!e interests o" t!eir ca&'ai#n contrib%tors.
.E/ So&e environ&entalists !ave stated t!at t!e ne donton redevelo'&ent
'lan &i#!t be environ&entall, so%nd i" certain &inor &odi"ications are
&ade.
TEST I
30 Minutes 20 Questions
1. A &ail order co&'an, recentl, !ad a bi# +%&' in clot!in# sales a"ter !irin# a
co',riter and a #ra'!ic artist to #ive its clot!in# catalo# a &a#a)inelike "or&at
desi#ned to a''eal to a &ore %'scale clientele. T!e co&'an, is no 'lannin# to
la%nc! a !o%seares catalo# %sin# t!e sa&e conce't.
T!e co&'an,s 'lan ass%&es t!at
.A/ ot!er !o%seares catalo#s it! &a#a)inelike "or&ats do not alread, e(ist
.1/ an %'scale clientele o%ld be interested in a !o%seares catalo#
.C/ t!e sa&e co',riter and #ra'!ic artist co%ld be e&'lo,ed "or bot! t!e
clot!in# and !o%seares catalo#s
.3/ a &a#a)inelike "or&at re0%ires a co',riter and a #ra'!ic artist
.E/ c%sto&ers to !o& t!e old clot!in# catalo# a''ealed o%ld contin%e to
&ake '%rc!ases "ro& catalo#s it! t!e ne "or&at
5. Civic Leader: T!e !i#! cancer rate a&on# o%r citi)ens is t!e res%lt o" !a)ardo%s
&aterial 'rod%ced at ,o%r 'lant.
1oard o" 3irectors: 7%r statistics s!o t!at rates o" cancer are !i#! t!ro%#!o%t
t!e valle, in !ic! t!e 'lant is sit%ated beca%se local ells t!at s%''l, drinkin#
ater are 'oll%ted9 not beca%se o" t!e 'lant.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e boards clai&s-
.A/ T!e statistics do not di""erentiate beteen t,'es o" cancer.
GMAT & LSAT CR <C
.1/ 2earb, co&&%nities !ave not c!an#ed t!e so%rces o" t!eir drinkin# ater.
.C/ Cancer8ca%sin# c!e&icals %sed at t!e 'lant are disc!ar#ed into a nearb, river
and "ind t!eir a, into local ells.
.3/ T!e 'lant bot! %ses and 'rod%ces c!e&icals t!at !ave been s!on to ca%se
cancer.
.E/ So&e o" t!e 'oll%tants cited b, t!e board as conta&inatin# t!e local ells
!ave been 'resent in t!e ells "or decades.
<. Econo&ies in !ic! a !i#! 'ercenta#e o" reso%rces are invested in researc! and
develo'&ent s!o #reater #rot! in t!e lon# r%n t!an do t!ose in !ic!
reso%rces are c!anneled into cons%&'tion. Ja'anese orkers s'end a !i#!er
'ercenta#e o" t!eir inco&e investin# in researc! and develo'&ent t!an do
A&erican orkers.
To #ro as "ast as Ja'an !as in t!e 'ast t!ree decades9 t!e =nited States &%st
c!an#e t!e ta( code in order to enco%ra#e savin#s and invest&ent and disco%ra#e
debt.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 tends to eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Ja'anese researc! is &ore "oc%sed on cons%&ers t!an is researc! b,
A&erican "ir&s.
.1/ Class &obilit,9 !i#!l, val%ed in A&erican c%lt%re9 is enco%ra#ed b, a
#roin# rat!er t!an a sta#nant econo&,.
.C/ St%dies !ave s!on t!at co%ntries it! !i#! cons%&'tion rates 'ros'er in t!e
s!ort r%n.
.3/ Fro'osed c!an#es to t!e ta( code co%ld involve strict li&its on t!e
ded%ctabilit, o" interest9 and increased alloance "or researc!.
.E/ 1eca%se a decreasin# 'ercenta#e o" t!e =nited States is %nder CI9 an a#e
!en savin#s are traditionall, lo9 t!e savin#s rate ill increase it!o%t
c!an#es to t!e ta( code.
C. Television 'ro#ra&&in# e('erts &aintain t!at it! eac! 1P increase in t!e
'ri&e8ti&e ratin#s o" a television station t!ere is a <.@P increase in t!e n%&ber o"
'eo'le !o atc! its evenin# nes 'ro#ra&. :oever9 in t!e last ten ,ears at
C!annel 2TR9 t!ere as onl, one ,ear o" e(tre&el, !i#! 'ri&e8ti&e ratin#s and
d%rin# t!at ,ear9 "eer 'eo'le t!an ever atc!ed C!annel 2TRs evenin# nes
'ro#ra&.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can 'ro'erl, be dran "ro& t!e state&ents
above-
.A/ 6!en a nes 'ro#ra& !as #ood ratin#s9 t!e c!annel as a !ole ill !ave
#ood ratin#s.
.1/ T!e 'ro#ra&&in# e('erts ne#lected to consider da,ti&e nes 'ro#ra&s.
.C/ T!e ,ear o" !i#! ratin#s at 2TR as a res%lt o" to !it s!os !ic! ere
s%bse0%entl, canceled beca%se o" contract%al 'roble&s.
GMAT & LSAT CR <@
.3/ T!e ten8,ear 'eriod in 0%estion is not re'resentative o" nor&al viein#
'atterns.
.E/ Fri&e8ti&e ratin#s are not t!e onl, "actor a""ectin# !o &an, 'eo'le atc!
an evenin# nes 'ro#ra&.
@. T!e 'eo'le !o are least likel, to be a%dited b, t!e Internal Reven%e Service t!is
,ear are t!ose !o !ave been a%dited since 1HB@ and !o ere "o%nd to !ave
&ade no &istakes in "ilin# t!eir ret%rns d%rin# t!at a%dit.
7" t!e "olloin# 'eo'le9 !o is M7ST likel, to be a%dited b, t!e IRS-
.A/ A 'erson !o as a%dited in 1HBG b%t as not "o%nd to !ave &ade an,
&istakes in "ilin# !is ret%rn.
.1/ A 'erson !o as a%dited in 1HBG and !ose la,er corrected several
&istakes in t!e ta( ret%rn 'rior to t!e "ilin# deadline.
.C/ A 'erson !ose s'o%se as convicted o" ta( "ra%d in 1HBA9 !o as t!en
a%dited and "o%nd to !ave &ade no &istakes.
.3/ A 'erson !o as last a%dited in 1HBC9 and !ad no &istakes %ncovered b,
t!e IRS d%rin# t!at a%dit.
.E/ A 'erson !o as a%dited in eac! o" t!e 'ast "ive ,ears9 b%t as "o%nd to
!ave &ade no &istakes in an, o" t!e "ilin#s.
G. Ja&ess #rade 'oint avera#e '%ts !i& in t!e to' t!ird o" t!e #rad%atin# class o"
colle#e A. 2estor is in t!e to' tent! o" t!e sa&e class. Eli)abet! !ad t!e sa&e
#rade 'oint avera#e as 2estor. 2anc, !as a loer #rade 'oint avera#e t!an
Eli)abet!.
.A/ Ja&es !as a !i#!er #rade 'oint avera#e t!an Eli)abet!.
.1/ Ja&es !as a !i#!er #rade 'oint avera#e t!an 2anc,.
.C/ 2estor !as a !i#!er #rade 'oint avera#e t!an 2anc,.
.3/ Eli)abet! and 2anc, bot! !ave a !i#!er #rade 'oint avera#e t!an Ja&es.
.E/ 2estor and Ja&es bot! !ave a !i#!er #rade 'oint avera#e t!an 2anc,.
A. 6!enever a &a+or air'lane accident occ%rs9 t!ere is a dra&atic increase in t!e
n%&ber o" air'lane &is!a's re'orted9 a '!eno&enon t!at &a, last "or as lon# as a
"e &ont!s a"ter t!e accident. Airline o""icials assert t!at t!e '%blicit, #iven t!e
#r%eso&eness o" &a+or air'lane accidents "oc%ses &edia attention on t!e airline
ind%str, and t!e increase in t!e n%&ber o" re'orted accidents is ca%sed b, an
increase in t!e n%&ber o" nes so%rces coverin# airline accident9 not b, an
increase in t!e n%&ber o" accidents.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld serio%sl, eaken t!e assertions o" t!e
airline o""icials-
.A/ T!e '%blicit, s%rro%ndin# airline accidents is lar#el, li&ited to t!e co%ntr,
in !ic! t!e cras! occ%rred.
GMAT & LSAT CR <G
.1/ Airline accidents tend to occ%r "ar &ore o"ten d%rin# certain 'eak travel
&ont!s.
.C/ 2es or#ani)ations do not !ave an, #%idelines to !el' t!e& decide !o
severe or !o close an accident &%st be "or it to receive covera#e.
.3/ Air'lane accidents receive covera#e b, nes so%rces onl, !en t!e nes
so%rces "ind it advanta#eo%s to do so.
.E/ St%dies b, #overn&ent re#%lations s!o t!at t!e n%&ber o" air'lane "li#!t
&iles re&ains relativel, constant "ro& &ont! to &ont!.
Investin# in real estate o%ld be a 'ro"itable vent%re at t!is ti&e. A s%rve, in :o%se
&a#a)ine revealed t!at B@P o" t!e &a#a)ines readers are 'lannin# to b%, a second
!o&e over t!e ne(t "e ,ears. A st%d, o" t!e real estate ind%str,9 !oever9 revealed
t!at t!e c%rrent s%''l, o" !o&es co%ld onl, 'rovide "or G@P o" t!at de&and eac!
,ear.
B. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 reveals a eakness in t!e evidence cited above-
.A/ Real estate is a !i#!l, labor8intensive b%siness.
.1/ :o&e b%ilders are not evenl, distrib%ted across t!e co%ntr,.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le !o ant second !o&es !as been increasin# eac! ,ear
"or t!e 'ast ten ,ears.
.3/ Readers o" :o%se &a#a)ine are &ore likel, t!an &ost 'eo'le to ant second
!o&es.
.E/ :o%se &a#a)ine incl%des articles abo%t onin# a second !o&e as ell as
articles abo%t b%ildin# a second !o&e.
H. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld %nder&ine t!e validit, o" t!e invest&ent
advice in t!e 'ara#ra'! above-
.A/ So&e !o&e oners are satis"ied it! onl, one !o&e.
.1/ Abo%t !al" o" t!e 'eo'le !o b%, !o&es are investin# in t!eir "irst !o&e.
.C/ Abo%t !al" o" t!e 'eo'le !o b%, !o&es !ave to take o%t a &ort#a#e to do
so.
.3/ 7nl, a 0%arter o" t!e !o&es t!at are b%ilt are sold it!in t!e "irst to eeks.
.E/ 7nl, a 0%arter o" t!ose !o clai& t!at t!e, ant a second !o&e act%all, end
%' '%rc!asin# one.
1I. Tra""ic sa"et, e('erts 'redict t!at t!e installation o" nel, desi#ned air ba#s in all
cars in t!e =nited States o%ld red%ce t!e avera#e n%&ber o" "atalities 'er tra""ic
accident b, <I 'ercent. In order to save lives9 t!e 3e'art&ent o" Trans'ortation
.37T/ is considerin# re0%irin# a%to&obile &an%"act%rers to install air ba#s o"
t!is desi#n in all cars 'rod%ced a"ter 1HHB.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 re'resents t!e stron#est c!allen#e to t!e 37Ts
GMAT & LSAT CR <A
'ro'osal-
.A/ Air ba#s o" t!e ne desi#n are &ore #iven to bein# inadvertentl, tri##ered9
an occ%rrence t!at can so&eti&es res%lt in "atal tra""ic accidents.
.1/ T!e 37T is 'lannin# to re0%ire a%to&obile &an%"act%rers to 'rod%ce t!ese
air ba#s accordin# to ver, strict s'eci"ications.
.C/ A"ter installin# air ba#s in ne cars9 a%to&obile &an%"act%rers ill
e('erience an increase in sales.
.3/ T!e 'ro'osed air ba# installation 'ro#ra& ill adversel, a""ect t!e resale o"
cars &an%"act%red 'rior to 1HHB.
.E/ As 'rod%ction costs increase9 t!e 'ro"its o" &an, do&estic a%to&obile
dealers s!o a &arked decrease.
11. A 'rivate b%s co&'an, #ained #reater 'ro"its and 'rovided b%s service to t!e area
at loer "ares b, r%nnin# b%ses &ore "re0%entl, and sti&%latin# #reater riders!i'.
:o'in# to contin%e t!ese "inancial trends9 t!e co&'an, 'lans to re'lace all older
b%ses it! ne9 lar#er b%ses9 incl%din# so&e do%ble8decker b%ses9.
T!e 'lan o" t!e b%s co&'an, as described above ass%&es all o" t!e "olloin#
EECEFT
.A/ t!e de&and "or b%s service in t!e co&'an,s area o" service ill increase in
t!e "%t%re
.1/ increased e""icienc, and reven%es ill co&'ensate "or an, ne e('enses t!e
co&'an, inc%rs
.C/ t!e ne b%ses ill be s%""icientl, reliable to ens%re t!e co&'an, a net
"inancial #ain once t!e, are in 'lace
.3/ drivin# t!e ne b%ses ill be no &ore di""ic%lt t!an drivin# t!e b%ses t!e,
are to re'lace
.E/ t!e lar#er9 do%ble8decker b%ses ill not "ace obstacles s%c! as !ei#!t and
ei#!t restrictions in t!e b%s co&'an,s area o" service
15. A nel, discovered disease is t!o%#!t to be ca%sed b, a certain bacteri%&.
:oever9 recentl, released data notes t!at t!e bacteri%& t!rives in t!e 'resence
o" a certain vir%s9 i&'l,in# t!at it is act%all, t!e vir%s t!at ca%ses t!e ne disease.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# 'ieces o" evidence o%ld &ost s%''ort t!e datas
i&'lication-
.A/ In t!e absence o" t!e vir%s9 t!e disease !as been observed to "ollo in"ection
b, t!e bacteri%&.
.1/ T!e vir%s !as been s!on to aid t!e #rot! o" bacteri%&9 a 'rocess !ic!
o"ten leads to t!e onset o" t!e disease.
.C/ T!e vir%s alone !as been observed in &an, cases o" t!e disease.
.3/ In cases !ere t!e disease does not develo'9 in"ection b, t!e bacteri%& is
%s%all, 'receded b, in"ection b, t!e vir%s.
GMAT & LSAT CR <B
.E/ 7nset o" t!e disease %s%all, "ollos in"ection b, bot! t!e vir%s and t!e
bacteri%&.
1<. A sociolo#ist recentl, st%died to sets o" teena#ers. T!e &e&bers o" one set
s'ent 1I or &ore !o%rs 'er eek atc!in# violent television 'ro#ra&s9 and t!e
&e&bers o" t!e ot!er set s'ent 5 !o%rs or less 'er eek atc!in# violent
television 'ro#ra&s. A si#ni"icantl, #reater 'ro'ortion o" t!e teena#ers in t!e
"or&er #ro%' e(!ibited a##ressive be!avior d%rin# t!e 'eriod o" t!e st%d,. T!e
sociolo#ists reasoned t!at t!e 'rolon#ed e('os%re to television violence ca%sed
t!e a##ressive be!avior.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o" t!e teena#ers in t!e st%d,9 'rovides t!e
stron#est c!allen#e to t!e sociolo#ists concl%sion-
.A/ So&e teena#ers !o atc!ed &ore t!an 1I !o%rs o" violent television
'ro#ra&&in# 'er eek be!aved less a##ressivel, t!an ot!ers in t!e sa&e
#ro%' o" teena#ers.
.1/ So&e teena#ers !o atc!ed 5 !o%rs o" violent television 'ro#ra&&in# 'er
eek did not be!ave a##ressivel,.
.C/ So&e teena#ers vol%ntaril, sto''ed atc!in# violent television 'ro#ra&s
a"ter bein# victi&s o" violence.
.3/ So&e teena#ers atc!ed violent television 'ro#ra&s alone9 !ile ot!ers did
so in #ro%'s.
.E/ Man, o" t!e teena#ers in t!e "irst #ro%' e(!ibited a##ressive be!avior be"ore
t!e st%d, be#an.
1C. 1eca%se o" a recent dro%#!t in $lorida d%rin# t!e oran#e8#roin# season9 t!e
'rice o" oran#es t!is season ill be t!ree ti&es t!e %s%al 'rice. T!is ill drive %'
t!e cost o" 'rod%cin# oran#e +%ice and t!%s '%s! %' t!e 'rice o" oran#e +%ice "or
t!e cons%&er.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e recent dro%#!t as not as severe as scientists 'redicted.
.1/ States ot!er t!an $lorida also s%''l, oran#es to oran#e +%ice &an%"act%rers.
.C/ 7t!er in#redients are %sed in t!e 'rod%ction o" oran#e +%ice.
.3/ Last ,ear t!e 'rice o" oran#es as act%all, loer t!an t!e avera#e 'rice over
t!e 'ast ten ,ears.
.E/ T!e 'rice o" oran#es ill event%all, be LI.CB 'er crate.
Questions 15-1& are based on the following.
Local '!one co&'anies !ave &ono'olies on '!one service it!in t!eir areas. Cable
television can be trans&itted via t!e ires t!at are alread, in 'lace and oned b, t!e
'!one co&'anies. Cable television co&'anies ar#%e t!at i" t!e tele'!one co&'anies
ere to o""er cable service9 t!ese tele'!one co&'anies o%ld !ave an %n"air
advanta#e9 beca%se t!eir cable trans&issions co%ld be s%bsidi)ed b, t!e 'ro"its o"
GMAT & LSAT CR <H
t!eir &ono'olies on '!one service.
1@. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld ease t!e cable co&'anies "ear o" %n"air
co&'etition-
.A/ In order to %se e(istin# tele'!one ire9 tele'!one co&'anies o%ld need to
&oderni)e t!eir o'erations9 a 'rocess so e('ensive it o%ld virt%all, i'e
o%t all 'ro"it "ro& t!eir &ono'ol, "or t!e "oreseeable "%t%re.
.1/ I" a '!one co&'an, ere to o""er cable service it!in a 'artic%lar area9 it
o%ld !ave a &ono'ol, it!in t!at area.
.C/ T!e cost o" television service9 !et!er 'rovided b, cable or tele'!one
co&'anies9 scalesD t!at is9 t!e total cost o" trans&ission rises onl,
&ar#inall, as &ore !o&es are added to t!e netork.
.3/ Cable 'ro#ra&&in# t!at o""ers &ore c!annels is alread, available t!ro%#!
satellite dis!9 b%t t!e initial cost o" t!e dis! is e(tre&el, !i#!.
.E/ Cable television ill never be able to co&'ete it! t!e b%r#eonin# video
rental ind%str,9 es'eciall, as &ore !o&es no !ave video cassette recorders
t!an ever did be"ore.
1G. 7n t!e basis o" t!e in"or&ation 'rovided in t!e 'assa#e above9 !ic! o" t!e
"olloin# 0%estions can be ansered-
.A/ Are '!one co&'anies as e""icient as cable co&'anies in 'rovidin# reliable
and ine('ensive service-
.1/ I" '!one co&'anies ere alloed to 'rovide cable service9 o%ld t!e, ant
to do so-
.C/ 3o t!e cable co&'anies believe t!at t!e local '!one co&'anies &ake a 'ro"it
on '!one service-
.3/ Are local '!one co&'anies "orbidden to o""er cable service-
.E/ Is it e('ected t!at '!one co&'anies ill !ave a &ono'ol, on cable service-
1A. In t!e 'ast ,ear9 t!ere !as been a lar#e dro' in t!e n%&ber o" ne cars sold9 d%e to
!ars! econo&ic conditions in t!e &arket'lace and !i#! ta(es. At t!e sa&e ti&e9
t!e avera#e 'rice 'aid "or a ne car !as risen dra&aticall,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best e('lains t!e increase in t!e avera#e 'rice o"
a ne car-
.A/ T!e 'rice o" %sed cars !as cli&bed steadil, over t!e 'ast ten ,ears.
.1/ T!ere ill be a ta( red%ction later in t!e ,ear !ic! is e('ected to aid
&oderate and lo inco&e "a&ilies.
.C/ T!e &arket "or e('ensive car !as been %na""ected b, t!e c%rrent econo&ic
conditions.
.3/ Econo&ic conditions are e('ected to #et si#ni"icantl, orse be"ore t!e end
o" t!e ,ear.
.E/ Lo de&and "or tr%cks and vans !as led to loer 'rod%ction in t!e "actories.
GMAT & LSAT CR CI
1B. Critics o" sales se&inars r%n b, o%tside cons%ltants 'oint o%t t!at since 1HBA9
reven%es o" vac%%& cleaner co&'anies !ose e&'lo,ees attended cons%ltant8led
se&inars ere loer t!an reven%es o" vac%%& cleaner co&'anies !ose
e&'lo,ees did not attend s%c! se&inars. T!e critics c!ar#e t!at "or vac%%&
cleaner co&'anies9 t!e sales se&inars are ill conceived and a aste o" &one,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e &ost e""ective c!allen#e to t!e critics o"
sales se&inars-
.A/ T!ose vac%%& cleaner co&'anies !ose sales ere !i#!est 'rior to 1HBA are
t!e onl, co&'anies t!at did not send e&'lo,ees to t!e se&inars.
.1/ 4ac%%& cleaner co&'anies t!at !ave sent e&'lo,ees to sales se&inars since
1HBA e('erienced a #reater dro' in sales t!an t!e, !ad 'rior to 1HBA.
.C/ T!e cost o" vac%%& cleaner sales se&inars r%n b, o%tside cons%ltants !as
risen dra&aticall, since 1HBA.
.3/ T!e 'oor desi#n o" vac%%& cleaner sales se&inars is not t!e onl, reason "or
t!eir ine""ectiveness.
.E/ Since 1HBA9 sales o" vac%%& cleaners !ave risen tent, 'ercent.
1H. In"or&ed 'eo'le #enerall, assi&ilate in"or&ation "ro& several diver#ent so%rces
be"ore co&in# to an o'inion. :oever9 &ost 'o'%lar nes or#ani)ations vie
"orei#n a""airs solel, t!ro%#! t!e e,es o" o%r State 3e'art&ent. In re'ortin# t!e
'olitical crisis in "orei#n co%ntr, 19 nes or#ani)ations &%st endeavor to "ind
alternative so%rces o" in"or&ation.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# in"erences can be dran "ro& t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ To t!e de#ree t!at a nes so%rce #ives an acco%nt o" anot!er co%ntr, t!at
&irrors t!at o" o%r State 3e'art&ent9 t!at re'ortin# is s%s'ect.
.1/ To 'rotect t!eir inte#rit,9 nes &edia s!o%ld avoid t!e in"l%ence o" State
3e'art&ent releases in t!eir covera#e o" "orei#n a""airs.
.C/ Re'ortin# t!at is not in"l%enced b, t!e State 3e'art&ent is %s%all, &ore
acc%rate t!an are ot!er acco%nts.
.3/ T!e alternative so%rces o" in"or&ation &entioned in t!e 'assa#e o%ld
'robabl, not s!are t!e sa&e vies as t!e State 3e'art&ent.
.E/ A re'ort cannot be seen as in"l%enced b, t!e State 3e'art&ent i" it acc%ratel,
de'icts t!e events in a "orei#n co%ntr,.
5I. A li#!t b%lb co&'an, 'rod%ces 59III li#!t b%lbs 'er eek. T!e &ana#er ants to
ens%re t!at standards o" 0%alit, re&ain constant "ro& eek to eek. T!e
&ana#er9 t!ere"ore9 clai&s t!at o%t o" 59III li#!t b%lbs 'rod%ced 'er eek9 @II
li#!t b%lbs are re+ected.
7" t!e "olloin#9 t!e best criticis& o" t!e &ana#ers 'lan is t!at t!e 'lan ass%&es
t!at
.A/ li#!t b%lb &an%"act%rers cannot acce't all li#!t b%lbs t!at 'rod%ced
.1/ t!e overall 0%alit, o" t!e li#!t b%lbs o%ld not be i&'roved i" t!e total
GMAT & LSAT CR C1
n%&ber o" li#!t b%lbs 'rod%ced ere red%ced
.C/ eac! li#!t b%lb t!at is revieed is ort!, o" bein# revieed
.3/ it is di""ic%lt to +%d#e t!e 0%alit, o" a li#!t b%lb
.E/ t!e 19@II li#!t b%lbs t!at are acce'ted ill be o" t!e sa&e 0%alit, "ro& eek
to eek
TEST II
1. $or over "i"t, ,ears9 t!e ocean8"rei#!t ind%str, orked to &ake ocean "rei#!ters
"aster and to loer t!eir "%el cons%&'tion. 3es'ite considerable s%ccess9 t!e
econo&ics o" t!e ind%str, #re orse9 %ntil t!e ind%str, as al&ost dead. 6!at
as ron# as an incon#r%it, beteen ass%&'tions and realities. T!e real costs
ca&e9 not "ro& ti&e s'ent at sea9 b%t "ro& ti&e s'ent in 'ort d%rin# loadin# and
%nloadin#.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# actions o%ld be &ost likel, to lead to a sol%tion o" t!e
'roble& "aced b, t!e ocean8"rei#!t ind%str,9 as it is anal,)ed in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ 3evelo'in# a s!i's en#ine t!at r%ns on a c!ea'er t,'e o" "%el t!an t!at
traditionall, %sed b, ocean "rei#!ters
.1/ 3evelo'in# a s!i' it! accessible car#o co&'art&ents t!at can be
&ec!anicall, loaded and %nloaded ver, ra'idl,
.C/ 3evelo'in# a s!i' !ose "rei#!t ca'acit, relative to t!e s!i's total vol%&e
is &%c! lar#er t!an t!at o" an, e(istin# s!i'
.3/ I&'le&entin# a s,ste& to ens%re t!at ocean "rei#!ters are loaded to ca'acit,
!enever t!e, leave a 'ort
.E/ I&'le&entin# a &arketin# 'lan t!at "oc%ses on ro%tes t!at are knon to be
least t!reatened b, %n"avorable eat!er9 t!%s 'er&ittin# ra'id tri's and
reliable arrival ti&es
5. T!e increased concentration o" salt in t!e ba,9 !ic! is t!e res%lt o" recent
dro%#!t and !i#! te&'erat%res9 ill ca%se &an, "is! to die. S!ri&'9 !oever9 can
tolerate !i#! salt levelsD t!e s!ri&' ind%str, ill not9 t!ere"ore9 be !%rt b, t!e
increased concentration o" salt.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld eaken t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ So&e "is! ill &i#rate to areas t!at !ave loer concentrations o" salt.
.1/ Lack o" rain"all "or e(tended 'eriods o" ti&e loers t!e ater level o" ba,s.
.C/ T!e or#anis&s on !ic! ,o%n# s!ri&' "eed cannot s%rvive in s%c! salt,
aters.
.3/ Increased ater te&'erat%re o"ten ca%ses s!ri&' to &%lti'l, &ore 0%ickl,.
.E/ S!ri&' are &ore ab%ndant in areas o" t!e ba, t!at are s'arsel, 'o'%lated b,
"is!.
<. C%rrentl, 'eo'le in t!e =nited States eat9 on t!e avera#e9 19C<1 'o%nds o" "ood
GMAT & LSAT CR C5
'er ,ear9 <@ 'o%nds &ore t!an in 1HBI. T!is increase is9 at least in 'art9 beca%se
'eo'le beteen t!e a#es o" 1@ and GC !ave acco%nted "or an increasin# s!are o"
t!e 'o'%lation.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ More t!an !al" o" t!e c%rrent 'o'%lation o" t!e =nited States is beteen t!e
a#es o" 1@ and GC.
.1/ T!e 'o'%lation !as risen since 1HBI.
.C/ C!ildren belo t!e a#e o" 1@ re0%ire9 on t!e avera#e9 &ore "ood t!an do
'eo'le over t!e a#e o" GC.
.3/ 1e"ore 1HBI c!ildren belo t!e a#e o" 1@ o%tn%&bered 'eo'le beteen t!e
a#es o" 1@ and GC.
.E/ Individ%als beteen t!e a#es o" 1@ and GC cons%&e9 on t!e avera#e9 &ore
"ood t!an do t!ose ,o%n#er or older.
C. Eac! increase o" 1 'ercent in real dis'osable 'ersonal inco&e 'er ca'ita ill
increase t!e s!are o" t!e electorate "or an inc%&bent b, abo%t 5.5 'ercenta#e
'oints9 ot!er t!in#s bein# e0%al. Since 1H@5 t!ere !as been a decline in real
dis'osable inco&e d%rin# onl, one 'residential election ,ear. T!e inc%&bent lost
t!at election.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can be 'ro'erl, dran "ro& t!e state&ents
above-
.A/ 6!en an inc%&bent r%ns "or o""ice9 !e or s!e is likel, to in.
.1/ Folitical 'arties s!o%ld take care to '%t "ort! a candidate !o see&s
'ros'ero%s.
.C/ Fresidential candidates s!o%ld '%t t!eir #reatest e""orts into i&'rovin# t!eir
'%blic i&a#e.
.3/ 1eca%se a 'residential ca&'ai#n re0%ires t!e e('endit%re o" lar#e a&o%nts
o" &one,9 it "re0%entl, i&'overis!es a candidate and !is or !er s%''orters.
.E/ T!e o%tco&e o" a 'residential election is s%bstantiall, a""ected b, "actors
ot!er t!an t!e ideolo#ical 'ositions o" t!e candidates.
@. Accordin# to an inde'endent co&'%ter8ind%str, anal,st9 t!e ne Re#ent
&icroco&'%ter is o" !i#! 0%alit,9 is "ast9 and costs less t!an an, c%rrentl, e(istin#
co&'etin# &odel. It is reasonable to concl%de9 t!ere"ore9 as t!e &an%"act%rers
'ros'ect%s does9 t!at t!e Re#ent ill 0%ickl, establis! itsel" as a "ast8sellin#9 lo8
'riced alternative to c%rrentl, available &icroco&'%ters.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld LEAST eaken t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Man, retailers alread, carr, one or &ore lo8'riced &icroco&'%ter &odels
and are disinclined to carr, anot!er.
.1/ Several "aster and loer8'riced &odels o" &icroco&'%ters ill soon be
introd%ced b, ot!er co&'%ter &an%"act%rers.
GMAT & LSAT CR C<
.C/ T!e Re#ent Cor'orations &icroco&'%ter can be %sed in con+%nction it!
!i#!er8'riced &icroco&'%ters &an%"act%red b, ot!er co&'anies.
.3/ Most o" t!ose individ%als and co&'anies t!at co%ld be e('ected to &ake %'
t!e 'otential &arket "or t!e Re#ent &icroco&'%ter !ave alread, "illed t!eir
&icroco&'%ter needs.
.E/ T!e inde'endent co&'%ter8ind%str, anal,st !ose assess&ent as
incor'orated in t!e 'ros'ect%s !as %sed &eas%res o" 0%alit, t!at are not
%niversall, acce'ted b, t!e co&'%ter8b%,in# '%blic.
G. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ost lo#ical co&'letion o" t!e 'assa#e belo-
Man, co&'anies !ave been '%s!in# "or a t!ree8eek e(tension o" da,li#!t
savin# ti&e9 !ic! o%ld &ean t!at t!e s%n o%ld contin%e to set an !o%r later
d%rin# t!e "all &ont!s. T!e oners o" a c!ain o" convenience stores9 "or
e(a&'le9 e('ect to #ain L1@ &illion a ,ear in additional sales9 &ostl, "ro&
'eo'le !o tend to;;;;;;
.A/ sta, aa, "ro& t!ese stores a"ter dark
.1/ sta, o%tdoors d%rin# t!e "all &ont!s
.C/ s'end &ore &one, in t!e "all
.3/ s'end less &one, in t!e "all
.E/ s!o' at t!ese stores !en t!e, are 'ressed "or ti&e
A. Recent evidence a''ears to contradict earlier "indin#s t!at s%##ested t!at t!ose
!o are '!,sicall, "it co'e better it! stress"%l real8li"e events. 7" a #ro%' o"
!ealt!, o&en9 t!ose rando&l, assi#ned to a ten8eek 'ro#ra& o" aerobic
e(ercises 'er"or&ed no better in laborator, tests si&%latin# stress"%l sit%ations
t!an did t!e s%b#ro%' assi#ned to a 'ro#ra& it!o%t e(ercise.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides evidence "or deter&inin# !et!er
'!,sical "itness &akes one react better to stress-
.A/ S%'erior reaction to laborator, stress sit%ations as "o%nd to be &ore
'revalent a&on# o&en t!an a&on# &en.
.1/ :ealt!, &en9 a"ter trainin# si( &ont!s in ei#!t li"tin#9 enco%ntered "eer
'otentiall, stress"%l sit%ations in t!e s%bse0%ent si( &ont!s.
.C/ S%b+ects "olloin# a re#i&en d%rin# !ic! t!e, 'er"ected t!eir skills in a
variet, o" rela(ation tec!ni0%es "o%nd t!at t!eir lives see&ed cal&er a"ter
t!e, be#an t!e re#i&en.
.3/ Colle#e st%dents it! 'revio%s !i#! levels o" stress"%l li"e events s!oed a
&arkedl, red%ced reaction to s%c! events a"ter trainin# in aerobics "or si(
&ont!s.
.E/ S%b+ects it! a !i#! level o" sel"8estee& &ore o"ten en#a#ed in '!,sical8
"itness re#i&ens t!an did a control #ro%' o" s%b+ects it! avera#e levels o"
sel"8estee&.
GMAT & LSAT CR CC
2o is an e(cellent ti&e to invest in t!e caterin# b%siness. A s%rve, cond%cted b,
6eddin#s &a#a)ine "o%nd t!at AI 'ercent o" t!e &a#a)ines readers ant a catered
eddin# rece'tion. An anal,sis o" t!e caterin# ind%str,9 !oever9 s!os t!at t!e
c%rrent n%&ber o" caterers can serve onl, @@ 'ercent o" t!e eddin#s likel, to occ%r
eac! ,ear.
B. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 reveals a eakness in t!e evidence cited above-
.A/ Caterin# is a !i#!l, labor8intensive b%siness.
.1/ Caterers are not evenl, distrib%ted across t!e co%ntr,.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" eddin#s it! catered rece'tions !as been #roin# eac! ,ear
"or t!e 'ast "ive ,ears.
.3/ Readers o" 6eddin#s &a#a)ine are &ore likel, t!an &ost 'eo'le to ant a
catered rece'tion.
.E/ 6eddin#s &a#a)ine incl%des bot! articles abo%t catered rece'tions and
articles abo%t 're'arin# "ood onesel" "or ones eddin# rece'tion.
H. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld %nder&ine t!e validit, o" t!e invest&ent
advice in t!e 'ara#ra'! above-
.A/ T!e avera#e eddin# rece'tion involves beteen @I and 1II #%ests.
.1/ A''ro(i&atel, a 0%arter o" all eddin#s take 'lace it!o%t a rece'tion.
.C/ A''ro(i&atel, a 0%arter o" all eddin#s and t!eir associated rece'tions are
'aid "or b, t!e co%'les t!e&selves.
.3/ 7nl, !al" o" all catered eddin# rece'tions incl%de sit8don &eals.
.E/ 7nl, !al" o" t!ose !o sa, t!e, ant a catered eddin# rece'tion act%all,
!ave one.
1I. T!e Co&&erce 3e'art&ent recentl, '%t li&its on &ac!ine8tool i&'orts "ro& to
co%ntries !ose e('orts o" &ac!ine tools into t!e =nited States !ave been
s%bstantial. As a res%lt o" t!ese restrictions9 anal,sts 'redict t!at do&estic sales o"
&ac!ine tools &an%"act%red in t!e =nited States are bo%nd to rise considerabl,9
startin# in t!e ver, near "%t%re.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld be &ost likel, to ca%se t!e anal,sts
'rediction to be inacc%rate-
.A/ A ne ta( bill t!at9 i" 'assed9 o%ld disco%ra#e invest&ent in ca'ital
e0%i'&ent s%c! as &ac!ine tools is bein# st%died and debated serio%sl, in
t!e =nited States Con#ress.
.1/ =nited States co&'anies orders "or &etal8c%ttin# &ac!ines9 !ic! acco%nt
"or A@ 'ercent o" sales b, t!e &ac!ine8tool ind%str,9 rose "aster t!an orders
"or ot!er t,'es o" &ac!ine tools d%rin# t!e 'ast ,ear.
.C/ 6orldide orders "or &ac!ine tools &ade in t!e =nited States dro''ed b,
&ore t!an 1I 'ercent d%rin# t!e 'ast ,ear.
GMAT & LSAT CR C@
.3/ S%bstantial inventories o" "orei#n8&ade &ac!ine tools ere stock'iled in t!e
=nited States d%rin# t!e 'ast ,ear.
.E/ Co&'anies in t!e ind%strial sectors o" &an, co%ntries s!oed a si#ni"icantl,
e('anded de&and "or &ac!ine tools d%rin# t!e 'ast ,ear.
11. T!e cities it! t!e densest 'o'%lation !ave t!e !i#!est ratio o" 'olice o""icers to
citi)ens. S%c! cities also !ave t!e loest rates o" 'ro'ert, cri&e it!o%t contact
beteen 'er'etrator and victi&. T!%s &aintainin# a !i#! ratio o" 'olice o""icers to
citi)ens can serve as an e""ective deterrent to at least certain kinds o" 'ro'ert,
cri&e.
.A/ T!e 0%alit, o" trainin# t!at 'olice receive varies "ro& cit, to cit,.
.1/ :i#! 'o'%lation densit, itsel" &akes it di""ic%lt to co&&it a 'ro'ert, cri&e
t!at involves no contact beteen 'er'etrator and victi&.
.C/ Man, nonviolent cri&es in lar#e cities are dr%#8related.
.3/ A &a+orit, o" t!e 'er'etrators o" 'ro'ert, cri&es in densel, 'o'%lated cities
are not a''re!ended b, t!e 'olice.
.E/ Fro'ert, cri&es it!o%t contact beteen 'er'etrator and victi& re'resent
onl, a s&all 'ro'ortion o" overall cri&e.
15. A''ro(i&atel, to !%ndred brands o" 'ersonal co&'%ters are bein#
&an%"act%red9 b%t e c%rrentl, li&it o%r inventor, to onl, t!e ei#!t &ost 'o'%lar
brands. 6e 'lan to increase #reatl, t!e n%&ber o" co&'%ters e sell b,
e('andin# o%r inventor, to incl%de t!e ten best8sellin# brands.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'oints o%t a &a+or eakness o" t!e 'lan above-
.A/ T!e ca'abilities o" t!ree &ost 'o'%lar 'ersonal co&'%ters add to be
a''ro(i&atel, e0%ivalent9 it! no brand !avin# consistent s%'eriorit, in all
res'ects.
.1/ T!e seven &ost 'o'%lar brands o" 'ersonal co&'%ters acco%nt "or al&ost all
co&'%ters sold.
.C/ As t!e %sers o" 'ersonal co&'%ters beco&e &ore so'!isticated9 t!e, are
&ore illin# to b%, less ell8knon brands o" co&'%ters.
.3/ Less 'o'%lar brands o" co&'%ters o"ten 'rovide less 'ro"it to t!e retailer
beca%se 'rices &%st be disco%nted to attract c%sto&ers.
.E/ T!e leadin# brand o" 'ersonal co&'%ter !as been losin# sales to less 'o'%lar
brands t!at o""er si&ilar ca'abilities "or less &one,.
1<. 7" t!ose 'erson !o beca&e teac!ers in 1HGB and !o later le"t t!e 'ro"ession9
<I 'ercent toda, earn salaries above L<@9III a ,ear: o" t!ose !o beca&e
teac!ers in 1HGB and !ave re&ained in t!e 'ro"ession9 onl, 1@ 'ercent toda, earn
salaries above L<@9III a ,ear. T!ese "i#%res indicate !o %nder'aid teac!ers are
toda,.
GMAT & LSAT CR CG
T!e ar#%&ent above de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions abo%t t!e
'ersons "or !o& statistics are cited-
.A/ At least one8t!ird o" t!e #ro%' o" 'ersons !o !ave re&ained in teac!in#
o%ld toda, be earnin# &ore t!an L<@9III a ,ear i" t!e, !ad le"t teac!in#.
.1/ T!e #ro%' o" 'ersons !o le"t teac!in# and t!e #ro%' !o did not are
co&'arable in ter&s o" "actors t!at deter&ine !o &%c! 'eo'le o%tside t!e
teac!in# 'ro"ession are 'aid.
.C/ Most o" t!ose 'ersons !o le"t teac!in# did so entirel, beca%se o" t!e lo
salaries teac!ers earn.
.3/ As a #ro%'9 t!ose 'ersons !o !ave re&ained in teac!in# are abler and &ore
dedicated t!an t!e #ro%' o" 'ersons !o le"t teac!in#.
.E/ T!e #ro%' o" 'ersons !o le"t teac!in# and !o toda, earn &ore t!an
L<@9III a ,ear ere &ore ca'able teac!ers t!an t!e #ro%' !o re&ained in
t!e 'ro"ession.
1C. So&e anal,sts &aintain t!at an e&bar#o b, co%ntr, Litora on t!e e('ort o" a
strate#ic &etal to co%ntr, Qenda9 i" i&'osed9 o%ld drive %' t!e 'rice o" t!e
&etal in Qenda at least ten"old. T!e, note t!at "e ot!er co%ntries e('ort t!e
&etal and t!at9 it! an e&bar#o9 Qenda &i#!t !ave to de'end on as8,et8
%ne('loited do&estic so%rces o" t!e &etal.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 constit%tes t!e &ost serio%s ob+ection to t!e
anal,sis above-
.A/ Litoras econo&, de'ends !eavil, on "orei#n c%rrenc, earned b, t!e e('ort
o" t!e strate#ic &etal to ot!er co%ntries.
.1/ T!ere are "orei#n8'olic, ste's t!at Qenda co%ld take to a''ease Litora and
avoid bein# s%b+ected to an e&bar#o on t!e &etal.
.C/ Geolo#ists believe t!at additional de'osits o" t!e &etal co%ld 'ossibl, be
"o%nd it!in t!e territor, o" Litora.
.3/ 7nl, a s&all 'ro'ortion o" Qendas i&'ort e('endit%res is devoted to t!e
i&'ort o" t!e &etal "ro& Litora.
.E/ In case o" an e&bar#o9 Qenda co%ld b%, t!e &etal indirectl, "ro& Litora on
t!e orld &arket at a less t!an one8t!ird increase in cost.
1@. T!e #overn&ent s!o%ld sto' 'er&ittin# tobacco co&'anies to s%btract advertisin#
e('enses "ro& t!eir reven%es in calc%latin# ta(able inco&e. Tobacco co&'anies
o%ld t!en !ave to 'a, &ore ta(es. As a conse0%ence9 t!e, o%ld raise t!e 'rices
o" t!eir 'rod%cts and t!is 'rice increase o%ld raise t!e 'rices o" t!eir 'rod%cts
and t!is 'rice increase o%ld disco%ra#e tobacco %se.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an additional 're&ise re0%ired b, t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Tobacco co&'anies o%ld not o""set t!e 'a,&ent o" e(tra ta(es b, red%cin#
costs in ot!er areas.
.1/ Tobacco co&'anies o%ld not contin%e to advertise i" t!e, ere "orced to
GMAT & LSAT CR CA
'a, !i#!er ta(es.
.C/ Feo'le o%ld not contin%e to b%, tobacco 'rod%cts i" t!ese 'rod%cts ere no
lon#er advertised.
.3/ T!e &one, t!e #overn&ent o%ld #ain as a res%lt o" t!e increase in tobacco
co&'anies ta(able inco&e o%ld be %sed to ed%cate t!e '%blic abo%t t!e
dan#ers o" tobacco %se.
.E/ T!e increase in ta(es 'aid b, tobacco co&'anies o%ld be e0%al to t!e
additional inco&e #enerated b, raisin# 'rices.
1G. Instead o" bla&in# an airline accident on 'ilot error9 investi#ators s!o%ld "ind o%t
!, t!e error as &ade b, anal,)in# air'lane desi#n9 airline &ana#e&ent9 and
'ilot8trainin# 'ro#ra&s. $or onl, t!en can c!an#es be &ade to ens%re t!at t!e
sa&e t,'e o" error does not rec%r and ca%se anot!er accident.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is a 'res%''osition o" t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Filot error is not a contrib%tin# "actor in &ost airline accidents.
.1/ Airline co&'anies t!e&selves s!o%ld be t!e a#ents !o investi#ate airline
accidents.
.C/ Stricter #overn&ent re#%lation o" airline co&'anies ill &ake air travel
si#ni"icantl, sa"er.
.3/ Investi#ators o" airline accidents s!o%ld contrib%te to t!e 'revention o" "%t%re
accidents.
.E/ Most 'ilots !o &ake errors in "l,in# ill re'eat t!eir errors %nless t!e, are
retrained.
Questions 1'-18 are based on the following.
Fro"essor A: 6e &%st &ake a stron# &oral state&ent a#ainst Co%ntr, Es 'olicies.
7nl, total divest&entKt!e sale o" all stock in co&'anies t!at !ave "actories or
b%siness o""ices in EKcan do t!is. T!ere"ore9 t!e %niversit, s!o%ld divest totall,.
Fro"essor 1: 7%r ai& s!o%ld be to enco%ra#e E to c!an#e its 'olicies. Fartial
divest&ent is t!e best a, to ac!ieve t!is ai&. T!ere"ore9 t!e %niversit, s!o%ld sell its
stock onl, in co&'anies t!at eit!er sell #oods to Es #overn&ent9 or do t!e &a+orit,
o" t!eir b%siness in E9 or treat t!eir orkers in E %n"airl,.
1A. Fro"essor As and Fro"essor 1s ar#%&ents di""er in !ic! o" t!e "olloin# a,s-
.A/ T!e, state t!e sa&e #oal b%t 'ro'ose di""erent a,s o" ac!ievin# it.
.1/ T!e, state di""erent #oals b%t 'ro'ose t!e sa&e a, o" ac!ievin# t!e&.
.C/ T!e, state di""erent #oals and 'ro'ose di""erent a,s o" ac!ievin# t!e&.
.3/ T!e, disa#ree abo%t !et!er t!e %niversit, s!o%ld sell an, stock at all.
.E/ T!e, disa#ree abo%t !et!er Es 'olicies are ob+ectionable.
1B. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld be evidence t!at t!e %niversit, o%ld not
be !ar&ed econo&icall, i" it "olloed Fro"essor As reco&&endation.
GMAT & LSAT CR CB
.A/ 4er, "e o" t!e co&'anies in !ic! t!e %niversit, ons stocks sell #oods to
Es #overn&ent.
.1/ Most co&'anies t!at !ave "actories or b%siness o""ices in E and in !ic! t!e
%niversit, ons stock act%all, do little o" t!eir b%siness in E.
.C/ So&e co&'anies t!at !ave "actories or b%siness o""ices in E and in !ic! t!e
%niversit, ons stock !ave instit%ted "air treat&ent 'olicies "or t!eir
orkers in E at ver, little additional cost to t!e co&'anies.
.3/ T!e e('ected "inancial ret%rn to t!e %niversit, "ro& stocks t!at t!e %niversit,
co%ld on %nder a 'olic, o" total divest&ent is a''ro(i&atel, t!e sa&e as
t!e e('ected "inancial ret%rn "ro& t!e sa&e as t!e e('ected "inancial.
.E/ I" t!e %niversit, sold lar#e blocks o" stock %nder a 'olic, o" total divest&ent9
t!e 'rices o" t!e stocks o" t!e co&'anies !ose stocks ere sold o%ld
'robabl, decrease so&e!at.
1H. In an e""ort to #o be,ond res%&es as tools in its searc! "or e(ec%tives9 one leadin#
co&'an, !as resorted to interviein# t!e to' candidates "or a 'osition all to#et!er
in a sin#le #ro%'. T!is tec!ni0%e is s%''osed to a""ord a direct co&'arison o" t!e
candidates it! res'ect to so&e 'ersonal 0%alities t!at cannot be #leaned "ro& a
res%&e.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e val%e o" t!e
si&%ltaneo%s intervie tec!ni0%e-
.A/ Res%&es do so&eti&es allo reliable in"erences to be &ade abo%t a
candidates 'ersonal 0%alities.
.1/ T!e si&%ltaneo%s intervie co%ld beco&e c%&berso&e i" t!ere ere a #reat
&an, candidates "or a 'osition.
.C/ T!e &ore 'erce'tive t!e intervieer9 t!e &ore revealin# t!e si&%ltaneo%s
intervie is a't to be.
.3/ T!ere are certain 'ersonal 0%alities t!at onl, an e(tended si&%ltaneo%s
intervie can brin# o%t.
.E/ T!e si&%ltaneo%s intervie distorts eac! candidates res'onse st,le b,
ind%cin# stresses %nlike an, an e(ec%tive 'osition ind%ces.
5I. T!e Asian A&erican :istor, Association receives a''ro(i&atel, 19III 'ro'osals
eac! ,ear "ro& individ%als !o is! to 'resent 'a'ers at its ann%al &eetin#. T!e
associations o""icers o%ld like to ens%re constant standards o" 0%alit, in t!e
'resentations "ro& ,ear to ,ear. T!e o""icers !ave t!ere"ore decided to acce't "or
'resentation eac! ,ear onl, t!e best <II 'a'ers selected on t!e basis o" t!e
0%alit, o" t!e 'ro'osals s%b&itted.
7" t!e "olloin#9 t!e best criticis& o" t!e o""icers 'lan is t!at t!e 'lan ass%&es
t!at
.A/ Fro"essional associations cannot acce't all 'a'ers s%b&itted "or 'resentation
at t!eir ann%al &eetin#s.
GMAT & LSAT CR CH
.1/ T!e total n%&ber o" 'ro'osals s%b&itted to t!e association ill re&ain at
a''ro(i&atel, 19III in "%t%re ,ears.
.C/ Eac! 'ro'osal s%b&itted to t!e association deserves to be considered a
serio%s candidate "or 'resentation.
.3/ It is di""ic%lt to +%d#e t!e 0%alit, o" a 'a'er on t!e basis o" t!e 'ro'osal
alone.
.E/ T!e best <II 'a'ers s%b&itted to t!e association "or 'resentation ill be o"
t!e sa&e 0%alit, "ro& ,ear to ,ear.
TEST III
1. To #ro%'s o" laborator, &ice ere in+ected it! cancero%s cells. 7ne #ro%'s
ca#es ere rotated in a disorientin# &anner. To8t!irds o" t!ese &ice develo'ed
cancers. 7ne8tent! o" t!e &ice in stationar, ca#es develo'ed cancers. T!e
researc!ers concl%ded t!at stress en!ances t!e develo'&ent o" cancer in
laborator, &ice.
T!e researc!ers concl%sion lo#icall, de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin#
ass%&'tions-
.A/ Rotatin# t!e ca#es in disorientin# &anner 'rod%ced stress in t!e &ice in
t!ose ca#es.
.1/ T!e in+ections #iven to t!e to #ro%'s o" &ice ere not o" e0%al stren#t!.
.C/ In+ectin# t!e &ice it! cancero%s cells ca%sed stress in t!e &ice.
.3/ Even it!o%t t!e in+ections t!e &ice in t!e rotated ca#es o%ld !ave
develo'ed cancers.
.E/ Even t!e rotation o" ca#es in a &anner t!at is not disorientin# is likel, to
'rod%ce stress in &ice in t!ose ca#es.
5. In 1BCG abo%t BI 'ercent o" t!e tons in 2e *ork State banned t!e sale o"
alco!olic bevera#es. A recent article abo%t t!e bans concl%des t!at &id8
nineteent!8cent%r, s%''orters o" t!e te&'erance &ove&ent ere not residents o"
re&ote r%ral areas9 as !as o"ten been assertedD rat!er9 t!e, ere concentrated in
centers o" econo&ic o''ort%nit,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best s%''orts t!e concl%sion reac!ed in t!e
article-
.A/ A"ter 1BCG t!e te&'erance &ove&ent #re ra'idl, and it "lo%ris!ed %ntil t!e
t%rn o" t!e cent%r,.
.1/ S%''ort "or t!e ban on alco!ol as stron#est in 2e *ork tons !ere t!e
econo&, as based on ne9 #roin# ind%stries.
.C/ Man, ,o%n# 2e *ork State "ar&ers s%''orted t!e ban on alco!ol.
.3/ T!e &ost ada&ant o''onents o" t!e ban incl%ded several a""l%ent "actor, and
&ill oners.
GMAT & LSAT CR @I
.E/ In 2e *ork Cit,9 !ic! as a co&&ercial center in 1BCG9 t!e sale o"
alco!olic bevera#es as not banned.
<. In 1HBC E(co9 !ic! sells it s 'rod%cts onl, t!ro%#! &ail8order catalo#s9 be#an
distrib%tin# its catalo# to 'eo'le !o !ad never '%rc!ased E(cos 'rod%cts9 !ile
it contin%ed to distrib%te t!e catalo# to 'revio%s c%sto&ers. Total dollar sales
increased in 1HBC9 b%t E(cos 'ro"its t!at ,ear ere s&aller t!an in 1HB<.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 contrib%tes &ost to an e('lanation o" E(cos
s&aller 'ro"its in 1HBC9 as co&'ared to 1HB<-
.A/ T!ere as a to 'ercent increase in 1HBC in t!e sales ta( t!at cons%&ers !ad
to 'a, on all '%rc!ases "ro& t!e catalo#.
.1/ A #reater n%&ber o" catalo#s ere sent to 'revio%s c%sto&ers t!an to 'eo'le
!o never '%rc!ased 'rod%cts "ro& E(co.
.C/ In 1HBC E(cos 'rod%ct8&an%"act%rin# costs increased b, a s&aller a&o%nt
t!an t!e 'rod%cts sellin# 'rices increased.
.3/ C%sto&ers !o never 'revio%sl, '%rc!ased 'rod%cts "ro& E(co '%rc!ased9
on t!e avera#e9 "eer 'rod%cts in 1HBC t!an did 'revio%s c%sto&ers.
.E/ T!e increase beteen 1HB< and 1HBC in t!e cost o" &ailin# t!e catalo#s as
#reater t!an t!e increase in sales "ro& 1HB< to 1HBC.
C. Feo'le livin# in t!e %ndevelo'ed ilderness area ant +obs9 and co&&ercial
develo'&ent o" t!e area ill create +obs. 1%t i" t!e ne co&&ercial develo'&ent
'lan is carried o%t9 t!e ilderness ill s%""er. T!%s t!e board considerin# t!e
areas "%t%re &%st c!oose beteen t!e 'reservation o" t!e ilderness and t!e
is!es o" t!e local 'eo'le.
T!e anser to !ic! o" t!e "olloin# 0%estions o%ld be LEAST relevant to
eval%atin# !et!er t!e board indeed "aces t!e c!oice t!e a%t!or sa,s it "aces-
.A/ Co%ld co&&ercial develo'&ent be carried o%t %nder an alternative 'lan
it!o%t da&a#in# t!e ilderness-
.1/ 6o%ld co&&ercial develo'&ent o" t!e ilderness area si#ni"icantl, bene"it
'eo'le livin# else!ere-
.C/ 6o%ld t!e +obs created b, t!e ne develo'&ent 'lan be "illed b, t!e local
'eo'le-
.3/ 3o local 'eo'le s%''ort or o''ose co&&ercial develo'&ent o" t!e
ilderness area-
.E/ Can +ob be 'rovided it!o%t co&&ercial develo'&ent o" t!e ilderness
area-
Questions 5-& are based on the following.
T!e lobb,ists ar#%ed t!at beca%se t!ere is no statistical evidence t!at breat!in# ot!er
'eo'les tobacco s&oke increases t!e incidence o" !eart disease or l%n# cancer in
!ealt!, nons&okers9 le#islation bannin# s&okin# in ork'laces cannot be +%sti"ied on
GMAT & LSAT CR @1
!ealt! #ro%nds.
@. T!e ar#%&ent re'orted above o%ld be &ost serio%sl, eakened i" it ere tr%e
t!at
.A/ 1reat!in# s&oke8"illed air increase t!e incidence o" !eadac!es and co%#!s in
!ealt!, nons&okers.
.1/ Most nons&okers dislike t!e odor o" s&oke8"illed air.
.C/ S&oke8"illed air is a &a+or so%rce o" t!e dirt t!at da&a#es co&'%ters and
ot!er sensitive e0%i'&ent.
.3/ Most orkers o%ld 're"er to !ave s&okin# banned in ork'laces.
.E/ Le#islation bannin# s&okin# in ork'laces decreases "riction beteen
s&okin# and nons&okin# orkers and is eas, to en"orce.
G. 7" t!e "olloin#9 !ic! is t!e best criticis& o" t!e ar#%&ent re'orted above-
.A/ It i#nores ca%ses o" l%n# cancer ot!er t!an s&okin#.
.1/ It ne#lects t!e da&a#in# e""ects o" s&oke8"illed air on nons&okers !o are
not !ealt!,.
.C/ It "ails to &ention t!e roles 'la,ed b, diet9 e(ercise9 and !eredit, in t!e
develo'&ent o" !eart disease.
.3/ It does not consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at nons&okers !o breat!e s&oke8
"illed air at ork &a, beco&e &ore concerned abo%t t!eir !ealt!.
.E/ It does not acknoled#e t!at nons&okers9 even t!ose !o breat!e s&oke8
"illed air at ork9 are in #eneral !ealt!ier t!an s&okers.
A. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
6!en a 'ro+ect is "ailin# and s!o%ld be ter&inated9 'lan to brin# in a ne
&ana#er. 2e &ana#ers are &ore likel, to ter&inate t!e 'ro+ect t!an are t!e
ori#inal &ana#ers beca%se;;;;;;
.A/ t!e 'ro+ect &a, !ave "ailed "or reasons t!at t!e ori#inal &ana#er co%ld not
!ave "oreseen
.1/ or#ani)ations tend to reard &ana#ers !o can overco&e 'roble&s
.C/ &ana#erial decisions to ter&inate a 'ro+ect s!o%ld de'end on t!e likeli!ood
o" t!e 'ro+ects event%al s%ccess
.3/ t!e ori#inal &ana#ers ere not necessaril, able to overco&e 'roble&s
ca%sed b, e(ternal events over !ic! t!e, !ad no control
.E/ t!e ne &ana#ers !ave no need to +%sti", t!e earlier decision to &aintain t!e
'ro+ect
B. State Es inco&e8avera#in# la allos a 'ortion o" ones inco&e to be ta(ed at
loer rate t!an t!e rate based on ones total ta(able inco&e. To %se inco&e
avera#in#9 t!e ta('a,er &%st !ave earned ta(able inco&e "or a 'artic%lar ,ear t!at
e(ceeds 1CI 'ercent o" !is or !er avera#e ta(able inco&e "or t!e 'revio%s t!ree
GMAT & LSAT CR @5
,ears. Feo'le %sin# inco&e avera#in# oe less ta( "or t!at ,ear t!an t!e, o%ld
it!o%t inco&e avera#in#.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# individ%als o%ld be &ost serio%sl, a""ected i" inco&e
avera#in# ere not 'er&itted in co&'%tin# t!e ta(es oed "or c%rrent ,ear-
.A/ Individ%als !ose inco&e !as steadil, decreased "or t!e 'ast t!ree ,ears
.1/ Individ%als !ose inco&e increased b, @I 'ercent "o%r ,ears a#o and !as
re&ained t!e sa&e since t!en
.C/ Individ%als !ose inco&e !as do%bled t!is ,ear a"ter re&ainin# abo%t t!e
sa&e "or "ive ,ears
.3/ Individ%als !o !ad no inco&e t!is ,ear9 b%t did in eac! o" t!e 'revio%s
t!ree ,ears
.E/ Individ%als !o are retired and !ose inco&e !as re&ained abo%t t!e sa&e
"or t!e 'ast ten ,ears
H. Accordin# to a recent st%d,9 "i"teen cor'orations in t!e =nited States t!at "ollo a
credo o" social res'onsibilit, are also ver, 'ro"itable. 1eca%se o" t!eir credos9
t!ese "i"teen cor'orations #ive #enero%sl, to c!arit,9 "ollo strin#ent
environ&ental8'rotection 'olicies9 and !ave vi#oro%s a""ir&ative8action
'ro#ra&s.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# can be correctl, in"erred "ro& t!e state&ents above-
.A/ $olloin# a credo o" social res'onsibilit, !el's to &ake a cor'oration ver,
'ro"itable.
.1/ It is 'ossible "or a cor'oration t!at "ollos a credo o" social res'onsibilit, to
be ver, 'ro"itable.
.C/ A cor'oration t!at #ives #enero%sl, to c!arit, &%st be doin# so beca%se o" its
credo o" social res'onsibilit,.
.3/ Cor'orations t!at are ver, 'ro"itable tend to #ive #enero%sl, to c!arit,.
.E/ Cor'orations t!at !ave vi#oro%s a""ir&ative8action 'ro#ra&s also tend to
"ollo strin#ent environ&ental8'rotection 'olicies.
1I. A ,ear a"ter t!e start an e('eri&ent to decrease cri&e in to !i#!8cri&e s%ba,
stations b, t!e installation o" closed8circ%it televisions9 t!e e('eri&ent is bein#
discontin%ed9 cit, o""icials sa, t!e 'ro#ra& !as led to an increase in cri&e9 citin#
t!e "act t!at "olloin# t!e installation9 bot! stations s!oed increases in t!e
n%&ber o" cri&es re'orted.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e clai& o" t!e cit,
o""icials t!at t!e 'ro#ra& !as led to an increase in cri&e-
.A/ T!e to s%ba, stations !ad been c!osen on t!e basis s%ba, stations as
!i#!er t!an t!at o" ot!er !i#!8cri&e s%ba, stations not e0%i''ed it!
closed8circ%it8television.
.1/ T!e rate o" increase in cri&es re'orted "or to s%ba, stations as !i#!er
t!an t!at o" ot!er !i#!8cri&e s%ba, stations not e0%i''ed it! closed8
GMAT & LSAT CR @<
circ%it television.
.C/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" all cri&es co&&itted at t!e to s%ba, stations t!at ere
re'orted rose as a res%lt o" increased instances o" observations o" cri&e on
t!e closed8circ%it televisions.
.3/ T!e ,ear in !ic! t!e e('eri&ent as cond%cted as a ,ear in !ic! t!e
total n%&ber o" cri&es re'orted in t!e cit, "ell.
.E/ Closed8circ%it televisions installed in s!o's and stores t!ro%#!o%t t!e cit,
!ave 'roved to be %se"%l in t!e 'revention o" s!o'li"tin# and b%r#laries.
11. A #overn&ent a#enc, t!at rei&b%rses its clients "or bills t!e, !ave 'aid "or
&edical care !as !ad t!is ,ears b%d#et c%t. To save &one, it!o%t c%ttin#
rei&b%rse&ents or ot!erise !ar&in# clients "inanciall,9 it 'lans to dela,
rei&b%rse&ents to clients "or "ort, da,s9 t!ereb, earnin# L1BI &illion 'er ,ear in
interest on t!e rei&b%rse&ent &one,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e best criticis& o" t!e a#enc,s 'lan-
.A/ :os'itals and '!,sicians t,'icall, !old 'atients res'onsible "or t!e %lti&ate
'a,&ent o" t!eir bills.
.1/ T!e a#enc, cannot save &one, b, c%ttin# sta"" beca%se it is alread,
%ndersta""ed.
.C/ So&e clients borro &one, to 'a, t!eir &edical billsD t!e, ill 'a, "ort,
e(tra da,s o" interest on t!ese loans.
.3/ So&e clients 'a, t!eir &edical bills i&&ediatel,9 b%t t!e, o"ten take &ore
t!an "ort, da,s to "ile it! t!e a#enc, "or rei&b%rse&ent.
.E/ T!e a#enc,s b%d#et as c%t b, &ore t!an L1BI &illion last ,ear.
Record co&'anies de"end t!eir s%bstit%tion o" laser8read co&'act discs .C3s/ "or t!e
&%c! less e('ensive traditional lon#8'la,in# vin,l records in t!eir catalo#s b,
clai&in# t!at t!e a%dio &arket is r%led b, cons%&er de&and "or ever8i&'roved so%nd
re'rod%ction rat!er t!an b, record &an%"act%rers 'ro"it8&otivated &arketin#
decisions. 1%t t!is clai& cannot be tr%e9 beca%se i" it ere tr%e9 t!en di#ital a%diota'e9
!ic! 'rod%ces even better so%nd t!an C3s9 o%ld be co&&erciall, available "ro&
t!ese sa&e record co&'anies9 b%t it is not.
15. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best e('lains !o t!e record co&'anies clai&
abo%t t!e nat%re o" t!e a%dio re'rod%ction &arket co%ld be tr%e and di#ital
a%diota'e nevert!eless be %navailable "or t!e co&&ercial &arket-
.A/ Most cons%&ers 're"er a%diota'e to lon#8'la,in# records or C3s beca%se o"
t!e ta'es d%rabilit, and co&'actness.
.1/ Frotot,'es o" di#ital a%diota'e !ave been %sed to &ake &aster ta'es o" so&e
'er"or&ances in recordin# st%dios.
.C/ T!e &an%"act%rin# tec!nolo#, t!at %nderlies t!e co&&ercial 'rod%ction o"
GMAT & LSAT CR @C
C3s re0%ires e0%i'&ent ver, si&ilar to t!at needed "or co&&ercial
'rod%ction o" di#ital a%diota'e.
.3/ Record co&'anies !ave not ,et solved several 0%alit,8control 'roble&s t!at
!ave beset atte&'ts to 'rod%ce di#ital a%diota'e in co&&ercial 0%antities.
.E/ C3s are &ore e('ensive t!an lon#8'la,in# vin,l records b, abo%t t!e sa&e
ratio as di#ital a%diota'e cassettes o%ld be &ore e('ensive t!an
conventional cassettes.
1<. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e ar#%&ent a#ainst t!e
record co&'anies clai&-
.A/ 6!en C3s ere "irst introd%ced in t!e a%dio8re'rod%ction &arket9 'rices
ere !i#! and selection as 'oor.
.1/ Record co&'anies are rel%ctant to atte&'t co&&ercial 'rod%ction o" di#ital
a%diota'e %ntil 'ro"its "ro& t!e sales o" C3s !ave enabled t!e& to recover
t!eir invest&ents in co&'act8disc &an%"act%rin# tec!nolo#,.
.C/ So&e C3s !ave been so &%c! in de&and t!at cons%&ers !ave e('erienced
lon# dela,s in obtainin# co'ies.
.3/ 1eca%se C3s ork accordin# to 'rinci'les ver, di""erent "ro& t!ose t!at
#overn conventional recordin#s9 co&&ercial 'rod%ction o" C3s re0%ires
ne kinds o" &an%"act%rin# tec!nolo#,.
.E/ An, valid co&'arison o" C3 a%dio re'rod%ctions to di#ital a%diota'e
re'rod%ctions &%st be based on identical 'er"or&ances 'la,ed back on t!e
!i#!est 0%alit, disc or ta'e 'la,er.
1C. T!e 'resident o" a cons%ltin# "ir& anal,)ed t!e decisions &ade abo%t &arketin#
b, !er clients and concl%ded t!at t!e decisions ere correct onl, abo%t !al" o" t!e
ti&e.
T!e concl%sion above de'ends on t!e 'res%''osition t!at
.A/ co&'anies can be s%ccess"%l even !en abo%t !al" o" t!e decisions t!e,
&ake abo%t &arketin# 'rove to be ron#
.1/ co&'anies !irin# !er cons%ltin# "ir& &ake no &ore incorrect &arketin#
decisions t!an do co&'anies in #eneral
.C/ e(ec%tives consistentl, &akin# correct &arketin# decisions rarel, enlist t!e
aid o" a cons%ltin# "ir&
.3/ &arketin# decision are +%st as likel, to be correct as t!e, are to be incorrect
.E/ it is 'ossible to classi", a &arketin# decision 'ro'erl, as bein# eit!er ri#!t or
ron#
1@. It is tr%e t!at %nioni)ed o&en earn9 on avera#e9 &ore t!an a t!ird &ore t!an
non%nioni)ed o&en do. 1%t t!e %nioni)ed o&en ork in ind%stries !ere
a#es !a''en to be !i#!9 t!eir non%nioni)ed co%nter'arts in t!ese ind%stries earn
abo%t as &%c! as t!e, do. T!ere"ore %nioni)ation does not raise o&ens a#es.
GMAT & LSAT CR @@
.A/ 1esides a#e increases9 %nions bar#ain "or bene"its s%c! as &edical
ins%rance and ork'lace sa"et,.
.1/ T!e &ost !i#!l, 'aid o&en are in e(ec%tive 'ositions9 !ic! are not
%nioni)ed.
.C/ 6a#es in &an, ind%stries var, "ro& one 'art o" t!e co%ntr, to anot!er9
re#ardless o" !et!er orkers are %nioni)ed or not.
.3/ 2on%nioni)ed o&en in an ind%str, o"ten receive inco&e increases as a
res%lt o" increases on b, %nions re'resentin# o&en !o ork "or ot!er
e&'lo,ers in t!e sa&e ind%str,.
.E/ T!e %nioni)ation o" o&en !o ork "or one e&'lo,er in a #iven ind%str,
"re0%entl, 'ro&'ts t!e %nioni)ation o" o&en !o ork "or ot!er
e&'lo,ers in t!e sa&e ind%str,.
1G. A violin constr%cted to !ave i&'roved so%nd o%ld so%nd di""erent "ro& t!e
best8so%ndin# e(istin# violins.
To 'ro"essional violinists9 a violin t!at so%nds di""erent "ro& t!e best8so%ndin#
e(istin# violins so%nds less like a violin and t!ere"ore orse t!an t!e best8
so%ndin# e(istin# violins.
Fro"essional violinists are t!e onl, acce'ted +%d#es o" t!e so%nd 0%alit, o"
violins.
6o%ld be t!e best s%''orted b, t!ose state&ents-
.A/ 7nl, a&ate%r violinists s!o%ld be asked to +%d#e t!e so%nd 0%alit, o" nel,
constr%cted violins.
.1/ Fro"essional violinists s%'ervise t!e constr%ction o" violins.
.C/ T!e best8so%ndin# e(istin# violins !ave been in e(istence "ro several
cent%ries.
.3/ It is c%rrentl, i&'ossible to constr%ct a violin t!at t!e onl, acce'ted +%d#es
ill eval%ate as !avin# i&'roved so%nd.
.E/ It is 'ossible to constr%ct a violin t!at so%nds better t!an t!e best8so%ndin#
e(istin# violins to ever,one b%t 'ro"essional violinists.
1A. T!e "act t!at several o" t!e lar#est senior citi)ens or#ani)ations are constit%ted
al&ost e(cl%sivel, o" &iddle8class elderl, 'eo'le !as led critics to 0%estion t!e
serio%sness o" t!ose or#ani)ations co&&it&ent to s'eakin# o%t on be!al" o" t!e
needs o" econo&icall, disadvanta#ed elderl, 'eo'le.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# #enerali)ations9 i" tr%e9 o%ld !el' to s%bstantiate t!e
criticis& i&'licit in t!e state&ent above-
.A/ T!e ideolo#, o" an or#ani)ation tends re"lect t!e traditional 'olitical cli&ate
o" its locale.
.1/ T!e needs o" disadvanta#ed elderl, 'eo'le di""er in so&e a,s "ro& t!ose o"
GMAT & LSAT CR @G
ot!er disadvanta#ed #ro%'s it!in conte&'orar, societ,.
.C/ 7r#ani)ed #ro%'s are better able to '%blici)e t!eir 'roble&s and seek redress
t!an individ%als actin# alone.
.3/ Middle8class elderl, 'eo'le are &ore likel, to +oin or#ani)ations t!an are
econo&icall, disadvanta#ed elderl, 'eo'le.
.E/ Feo'le %s%all, +oin or#ani)ations !ose '%r'ose is to "%rt!er t!e econo&ic9
'olitical9 or social interests o" t!eir &e&bers.
1B. Cor'orate 7""icer: Last ,ear as an %n%s%all, 'oor one "or o%r c!e&ical division9
!ic! !as traditionall, contrib%ted abo%t GI 'ercent o" t!e cor'orations 'ro"its.
It is t!ere"ore enco%ra#in# t!at t!ere is t!e "olloin# evidence t!at t!e
'!ar&ace%tical division is #roin# stron#er: it contrib%ted C@ 'ercent o" t!e
cor'orations 'ro"its9 %' "ro& 5I 'ercent t!e 'revio%s ,ear.
7n t!e basis o" t!e "acts stated9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# is t!e best criti0%e o" t!e
evidence 'resented above-
.A/ T!e increase in t!e '!ar&ace%tical divisions contrib%tion to cor'oration
'ro"its co%ld !ave res%lted lar#el, "ro& t!e introd%ction o" sin#le9 i&'ortant
ne 'rod%ct.
.1/ In &%ltidivisional cor'orations t!at !ave '!ar&ace%tical divisions9 over !al"
o" t!e cor'orations 'ro"its %s%all, co&e "ro& t!e '!ar&ace%ticals.
.C/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" t!e cor'orations 'ro"its attrib%table to t!e '!ar&ace%tical
division co%ld !ave increased even i" t!at divisions 'er"or&ance !ad not
i&'roved.
.3/ T!e in"or&ation cited does not &ake it 'ossible to deter&ine !et!er t!e 5I
'ercent s!are o" 'ro"its cited as itsel" an i&'rove&ent over t!e ,ear
be"ore.
.E/ T!e in"or&ation cited does not &ake it 'ossible to co&'are t!e 'er"or&ance
o" t!e c!e&ical and '!ar&ace%tical divisions in o" t!e 'ercent o" total
'ro"its attrib%table to eac!.
1H. Identical tins tend to !ave si&ilar 'ersonalitiesD i" environ&ent o%tei#!s
!eredit, in 'ersonalit, develo'&ent9 tins raised to#et!er s!o%ld 'res%&abl,
!ave &ore si&ilar 'ersonalities t!an t!ose raised a'art. A recent st%d, o" identical
tins in bot! sit%ations &eas%red 11 ke, traits t!ro%#! a 0%estionnaire9 and
concl%ded t!at A o" t!e 11 are 'ri&aril, 'rod%cts o" !eredit,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld cast t!e &ost do%bt on t!e st%d,s
res%lts-
.A/ $eer t!an !al" o" t!e 'airs o" tins st%died ere raised se'aratel,.
.1/ T!e a#es o" all o" t!e tins st%died "ell it!in a 1I8,ear ran#e.
.C/ So&e o" t!e traits t!at t!e st%d, attrib%ted to !eredit, develo'ed in t!e
se'aratel, raised tins beca%se t!ose 'airs all #re %' in si&ilar "a&ilies.
.3/ Alt!o%#! over !al" t!e traits &eas%red ere deter&ined to be linked to
GMAT & LSAT CR @A
!eredit,9 t!e nat%re o" t!ose traits varied idel,.
.E/ T!e 11 traits t!at ere &eas%red constit%te a re'resentative sa&'le o" lar#er9
#enerall, acce'ted 'ool o" ke, 'ersonalit, traits.
5I. 6!en 'eo'le 'redict t!at certain res%lt ill not take 'lace %nless a certain action
is taken9 t!e, believe t!at t!e, !ave learned t!at t!e 'rediction is correct !en t!e
action is taken and t!e res%lt occ%rs. 7n re"lection9 !oever9 it o"ten beco&es
clear t!at t!e res%lt ad&its o" &ore t!an one inter'retation.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best s%''orts t!e clai&s above-
.A/ J%d#in# t!e s%ccess o" an action re0%ires s'eci",in# t!e #oal o" t!e action.
.1/ J%d#in# !ic! action to take a"ter a 'rediction is &ade re0%ires knoin#
abo%t ot!er actions t!at !ave been s%ccess"%l in si&ilar 'ast sit%ations.
.C/ Learnin# !et!er a certain 'redictive strate#, is #ood re0%ires knoin# t!e
res%lt %sin# t!at strate#, t!ro%#! several trials.
.3/ 3istin#%is!in# a correct 'rediction and e""ective action "ro& an incorrect
'rediction and ine""ective action is o"ten i&'ossible.
.E/ Makin# a s%ccess"%l 'rediction re0%ires knoin# t!e "acts abo%t t!e conte(t
o" t!at 'rediction.
TEST 1
1. 2earl, one in t!ree s%bscribers to (inan$ial (ore$aster is a &illionaire9 and over
!al" are in to' &ana#e&ent. S!o%ldnt ,o% s%bscribe to (inan$ial (ore$aster
no-
A reader !o is neit!er a &illionaire nor in to' &ana#e&ent o%ld be &ost
likel, to act in accordance it! t!e advertise&ents s%##estion i" !e or s!e dre
!ic! o" t!e "olloin# 0%estionable concl%sions invited b, t!e advertise&ent-
.A/ A&on# "inance8related 'eriodicals. (inan$ial (ore$aster 'rovides t!e &ost
detailed "inancial in"or&ation.
.1/ To' &ana#ers cannot do t!eir +obs 'ro'erl, it!o%t readin# (inan$ial
(ore$aster.
.C/ T!e advertise&ent is 'laced !ere t!ose !o ill be likel, to read it are
&illionaires.
.3/ T!e s%bscribers &entioned ere !el'ed to beco&e &illionaires or +oin to'
&ana#e&ent b, readin# (inan$ial (ore$aster.
.E/ 7nl, t!ose !o ill in "act beco&e &illionaires9 or at least to' &ana#ers9
ill read t!e advertise&ent.
Questions !-3 are based on the following.
Contrar, to t!e c!ar#es &ade b, so&e o" its o''onents9 t!e 'rovisions o" t!e ne
de"icit8red%ction la "or indiscri&inate c%ts in t!e "ederal b%d#et are +%sti"ied.
GMAT & LSAT CR @B
7''onents s!o%ld re&e&ber t!at t!e 2e 3eal '%lled t!is co%ntr, o%t o" #reat
econo&ic tro%bles even t!o%#! so&e o" its 'ro#ra&s ere later "o%nd to be
%nconstit%tional.
5. T!e a%t!ors &et!od o" attackin# t!e c!ar#es o" certain o''onents o" t!e ne
de"icit8red%ction la is to
.A/ attack t!e c!aracter o" t!e o''onents rat!er t!an t!eir clai&
.1/ i&'l, an analo#, beteen t!e la and so&e 2e 3eal 'ro#ra&s
.C/ 'oint o%t t!at t!e o''onents clai&s i&'l, a dile&&a
.3/ s!o t!at t!e o''onents reasonin# leads to an abs%rd concl%sion
.E/ s!o t!at t!e 2e 3eal also called "or indiscri&inate c%ts in t!e "ederal
b%d#et
<. T!e o''onents co%ld e""ectivel, de"end t!eir 'osition a#ainst t!e a%t!ors
strate#, b, 'ointin# o%t t!at
.A/ t!e e('ertise o" t!ose o''osin# t!e la is o%tstandin#
.1/ t!e lack o" +%sti"ication "or t!e ne la does not i&'l, t!at t!ose !o dre
it %' ere eit!er ine't or i&&oral
.C/ t!e 'ractical a''lication o" t!e ne la ill not entail indiscri&inate b%d#et
c%ts
.3/ econo&ic tro%bles 'resent at t!e ti&e o" t!e 2e 3eal ere e0%al in severit,
to t!ose t!at !ave led to t!e 'resent la
.E/ t!e "act t!at certain "laed 'ro#ra&s or las !ave i&'roved t!e econo&,
does not 'rove t!at ever, s%c! 'ro#ra& can do so
C. In Millin#ton9 a cit, o" @I9III 'eo'le9 Mercedes Fedrosa9 a realtor9 calc%lated
t!at a "a&il, it! Millin#tons &edian "a&il, inco&e9 L5B9III a ,ear9 co%ld
a""ord to b%, Millin#tons &edian8'riced LAA9III !o%se. T!is calc%lation as
based on an 11.5 'ercent &ort#a#e interest rate and on t!e realtors ass%&'tion
t!at a "a&il, co%ld onl, a""ord to 'a, %' to 5@ 'ercent o" its inco&e "or !o%sin#.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# corrections o" a "i#%re a''earin# in t!e 'assa#e above9 i"
it ere t!e onl, correction t!at needed to be &ade9 o%ld ,ield a ne calc%lation
s!oin# t!at even inco&es belo t!e &edian "a&il, inco&e o%ld enable
"a&ilies in Millin#ton to a""ord Millin#tons &edian8'riced !o%se-
.A/ Millin#tons total 'o'%lation as C@9III 'eo'le.
.1/ Millin#tons &edian ann%al "a&il, inco&e as L5A9III.
.C/ Millin#tons &edian8'riced !o%se cost LBI9III.
.3/ T!e rate at !ic! 'eo'le in Millin#ton !ad to 'a, &ort#a#e interest as onl,
1I 'ercent.
.E/ $a&ilies in Millin#ton co%ld onl, a""ord to 'a, %' to 55 'ercent o" t!eir
ann%al inco&e "or !o%sin#.
GMAT & LSAT CR @H
@. Fs,c!olo#ical researc! indicates t!at colle#e !ocke, and "ootball 'la,ers are
&ore 0%ickl, &oved to !ostilit, and a##ression t!an are colle#e at!letes in
noncontact s'orts s%c! as si&&in#. 1%t t!e researc!ers concl%sionKt!at
contact s'orts enco%ra#e and teac! 'artici'ants to be !ostile and a##ressiveKis
%ntenable. T!e "ootball and !ocke, 'la,ers ere 'robabl, &ore !ostile and
a##ressive to start it! t!an t!e si&&ers.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e concl%sion dran b,
t!e 's,c!olo#ical researc!ers-
.A/ T!e "ootball and !ocke, 'la,ers beca&e &ore !ostile and a##ressive d%rin#
t!e season and re&ained so d%rin# t!e o""8season9 !ereas t!ere as no
increase in a##ressiveness a&on# t!e si&&ers.
.1/ T!e "ootball and !ocke, 'la,ers9 b%t not t!e si&&ers9 ere aare at t!e
start o" t!e e('eri&ent t!at t!e, ere bein# tested "or a##ressiveness.
.C/ T!e sa&e 's,c!olo#ical researc! indicated t!at t!e "ootball and !ocke,
'la,ers !ad a #reat res'ect "or coo'eration and tea& 'la,9 !ereas t!e
si&&ers ere &ost concerned it! e(cellin# as individ%al co&'etitors.
.3/ T!e researc! st%dies ere desi#ned to incl%de no colle#e at!letes !o
'artici'ated in bot! contact and noncontact s'orts.
.E/ T!ro%#!o%t t!e =nited States9 &ore incidents o" "an violence occ%r at
baseball #a&es t!an occ%r at !ocke, or "ootball #a&es.
G. Ross: T!e 'ro"itabilit, o" Co&'an, E9 restored to 'rivate oners!i' "ive ,ears
a#o9 is clear evidence t!at b%sinesses ill ala,s "are better %nder 'rivate t!an
%nder '%blic oners!i'.
J%lia: 6ron#. A close look at t!e records s!os t!at E !as been 'ro"itable since
t!e a''oint&ent o" a "irst8class &ana#er9 !ic! !a''ened !ile E as still in t!e
'%bic sector.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best describes t!e eak 'oint in Rosss clai& on !ic!
J%lias res'onse "oc%ses-
.A/ T!e evidence Ross cites co&es "ro& onl, a sin#le observed case9 t!at o"
Co&'an, E.
.1/ T!e 'ro"itabilit, o" Co&'an, E &i#!t be onl, te&'orar,.
.C/ Rosss state&ent leaves o'en t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e ca%se !e cites ca&e a"ter
t!e e""ect !e attrib%tes to it.
.3/ 2o &ention is &ade o" co&'anies t!at are 'artl, #overn&ent oned and
'artl, 'rivatel, oned.
.E/ 2o e(act "i#%res are #iven "or t!e c%rrent 'ro"its o" Co&'an, E.
A. Stron#er 'atent las are needed to 'rotect inventions "ro& bein# 'irated. 6it!
t!at 'rotection9 &an%"act%rers o%ld be enco%ra#ed to invest in t!e develo'&ent
o" ne 'rod%cts and tec!nolo#ies. S%c! invest&ent "re0%entl, res%lts in an
increase in a &an%"act%rers 'rod%ctivit,.
GMAT & LSAT CR GI
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can &ost 'ro'erl, be dran "ro& t!e
in"or&ation above-
.A/ Stron#er 'atent las tend to bene"it "inancial instit%tions as ell as
&an%"act%rers.
.1/ Increased 'rod%ctivit, in &an%"act%rin# is likel, to be acco&'anied b, t!e
creation o" &ore &an%"act%rin# +obs.
.C/ Man%"act%rers ill decrease invest&ent in t!e develo'&ent o" ne 'rod%cts
and tec!nolo#ies %nless t!ere are stron#er 'atent las.
.3/ T!e eakness o" c%rrent 'atent las !as been a ca%se o" econo&ic recession.
.E/ Stron#er 'atent las o%ld sti&%late i&'rove&ents in 'rod%ctivit, "or &an,
&an%"act%rers.
At lar#e a&%se&ent 'arks9 live s!os are %sed ver, deliberatel, to in"l%ence
crod &ove&ents. L%nc!ti&e 'er"or&ances relieve t!e 'ress%re on a 'arks
resta%rants. Evenin# 'er"or&ances !ave a rat!er di""erent '%r'ose: to enco%ra#e
visitors to sta, "or s%''er. 1e!ind t!is s%r"ace diver#ence in i&&ediate '%r'ose
t!ere is t!e %ni"ied %nderl,in# #oal o";;;;;;
.A/ kee'in# t!e lines at t!e vario%s rides s!ort b, drain# o"" 'art o" t!e crod
.1/ en!ancin# reven%e b, attractin# 'eo'le !o co&e onl, "or t!e live s!os
and t!en leave t!e 'ark
.C/ avoidin# as "ar as 'ossible tra""ic +a&s ca%sed b, visitors enterin# or leavin#
t!e 'ark
.3/ enco%ra#in# as &an, 'eo'le as 'ossible to co&e to t!e 'ark in order to eat at
t!e resta%rants
.E/ %tili)in# t!e resta%rants at o'ti&al levels "or as &%c! o" t!e da, as 'ossible
H. Ja&es ei#!s &ore t!an Mell,.
L%is ei#!s &ore t!an Mark.
Mark ei#!s less t!an 2ed.
Mell, and 2ed are e(actl, t!e sa&e ei#!t.
.A/ L%is ei#!s &ore t!an 2ed.
.1/ L%is ei#!s &ore t!an Ja&es.
.C/ Mell, ei#!s less t!an L%is.
.3/ Ja&es ei#!s &ore t!an Mark.
.E/ Mell, ei#!s less t!an Mark.
Fartl, beca%se o" bad eat!er9 b%t also 'artl, beca%se so&e &a+or 'e''er #roers
!ave sitc!ed to !i#!8'riced cocoa9 orld 'rod%ction o" 'e''er !as been r%nnin#
GMAT & LSAT CR G1
ell belo orldide sales "or t!ree ,ears. Fe''er is conse0%entl, in relativel, s!ort
s%''l,. T!e 'rice o" 'e''er !as soared in res'onse: it no e0%als t!at o" cocoa.
1I. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# can be in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Fe''er is a 'ro"itable cro' onl, i" it is #ron on a lar#e scale.
.1/ 6orld cons%&'tion o" 'e''er !as been %n%s%all, !i#! "or t!ree ,ears.
.C/ 6orld 'rod%ction o" 'e''er ill ret%rn to 'revio%s levels once nor&al
eat!er ret%rns.
.3/ S%r'l%s stocks o" 'e''er !ave been red%ced in t!e 'ast t!ree ,ears.
.E/ T!e 'ro"its t!at t!e #roers o" 'e''er !ave &ade in t!e 'ast t!ree ,ears !ave
been %n'recedented.
11. So&e observers !ave concl%ded t!at t!e rise in t!e 'rice o" 'e''er &eans t!at t!e
sitc! b, so&e #roers "ro& 'e''er to cocoa le"t t!ose #roers no better o""
t!an i" none o" t!e& !ad sitc!edD t!is concl%sion9 !oever9 is %narranted
beca%se it can be in"erred to be likel, t!at
.A/ t!ose #roers co%ld not !ave "oreseen !o !i#! t!e 'rice o" 'e''er o%ld
#o
.1/ t!e initial cost involved in sitc!in# "ro& 'e''er to cocoa is s%bstantial
.C/ s%''lies o" 'e''er o%ld not be as lo as t!e, are i" t!ose #roers !ad not
sitc!ed cro's
.3/ cocoa cro's are as s%sce'tible to bein# red%ced b, bad eat!er as are 'e''er
cro's
.E/ as &ore #roers t%rn to #roin# cocoa9 cocoa s%''lies ill increase and t!e
'rice o" cocoa ill "all 'reci'ito%sl,
15. =sin# co&'%ter tec!ni0%es9 researc!ers anal,)e la,ers o" 'aint t!at lie b%ried
beneat! t!e s%r"ace la,ers o" old 'aintin#s. T!e, clai&9 "or e(a&'le9 t!at
additional &o%ntaino%s scener, once a''eared in Leonardo da 4incis #ona
)isa9 !ic! as later 'ainted over. Ske'tics re'l, to t!ese clai&s9 !oever9 t!at
E8ra, e(a&inations o" t!e #ona )isa do not s!o !idden &o%ntains.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld tend &ost to eaken t!e "orce o" t!e
ske'tics ob+ections-
.A/ T!ere is no ritten or anecdotal record t!at Leonardo da 4inci ever 'ainted
over &a+or areas o" !is #ona )isa.
.1/ Fainters o" da 4incis ti&e co&&onl, created i&a#es o" &o%ntaino%s
scener, in t!e back#ro%nds o" 'ortraits like t!e #ona )isa.
.C/ 2o one knos "or certain !at 'arts o" t!e #ona )isa &a, !ave been
'ainted b, da 4incis assistants rat!er t!an b, da 4inci !i&sel".
.3/ In"rared '!oto#ra'!, o" t!e #ona )isa !as revealed no trace o" !idden
&o%ntaino%s scener,.
.E/ Anal,sis rel,in# on E8ra,s onl, !as t!e ca'acit, to detect lead8based !ite
GMAT & LSAT CR G5
'i#&ents in la,ers o" 'aint beneat! a 'aintin#s s%r"ace la,ers.
1<. 6!ile Governor 4erdant !as been in o""ice9 t!e states b%d#et !as increased b, an
avera#e o" G 'ercent eac! ,ear. 6!ile t!e 'revio%s #overnor as in o""ice9 t!e
states b%d#et increased b, an avera#e o" 11.@ 'ercent eac! ,ear. 7bvio%sl,9 t!e
a%stere b%d#ets d%rin# Governor 4erdants ter& !ave ca%sed t!e slodon in t!e
#rot! in state s'endin#.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e concl%sion
dran above-
.A/ T!e rate o" in"lation in t!e state avera#ed 1I 'ercent eac! ,ear d%rin# t!e
'revio%s #overnors ter& in o""ice and < 'ercent eac! ,ear d%rin# 4erdants
ter&.
.1/ 1ot! "ederal and state inco&e ta( rates !ave been loered considerabl,
d%rin# 4erdants ter& in o""ice.
.C/ In eac! ,ear o" 4erdants ter& in o""ice9 t!e states b%d#et !as s!on so&e
increase in s'endin# over t!e 'revio%s ,ear.
.3/ 3%rin# 4erdants ter& in o""ice9 t!e state !as eit!er discontin%ed or be#%n to
c!ar#e 'rivate citi)ens "or n%&ero%s services t!at t!e state o""ered "ree to
citi)ens d%rin# t!e 'revio%s #overnors ter&.
.E/ 3%rin# t!e 'revio%s #overnors ter& in o""ice9 t!e state introd%ced several
so8called >a%sterit,? b%d#ets intended to red%ce t!e #rot! in state
s'endin#.
1C. $ederal a#ric%lt%ral 'ro#ra&s ai&ed at bene"itin# one #ro%' !ose liveli!ood
de'ends on "ar&in# o"ten end %' !ar&in# anot!er s%c! #ro%'.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents 'rovides s%''ort "or t!e clai& above-
I. An e""ort to !el' "eed8#rain 'rod%cers res%lted in !i#!er 'rices "or t!eir
cro's9 b%t t!e !i#!er 'rices decreased t!e 'ro"its o" livestock 'rod%cers.
II. In order to red%ce cro' s%r'l%ses and increase 'rices9 #roers o" certain
cro's ere 'aid to leave a 'ortion o" t!eir land idle9 b%t t!e red%ction as
not ac!ieved beca%se i&'rove&ents in e""icienc, res%lted in !i#!er
'rod%ction on t!e land in %se.
III. Man, "ar& orkers ere '%t o%t o" ork !en a 'ro#ra& &eant to raise
t!e 'rice o" #rain 'rovided #rain #roers it! an incentive to red%ce
'rod%ction b, #ivin# t!e& s%r'l%s #rain "ro& #overn&ent reserves.
.A/ I9 b%t not II and not III
.1/ II9 b%t not I and not III
.C/ I and III9 b%t not II
.3/ II and III9 b%t not I
.E/ I9 II and III
1@. Tec!nolo#ical ed%cation is orsenin#. Feo'le beteen ei#!teen and tent,8"o%r9
GMAT & LSAT CR G<
!o are +%st e&er#in# "ro& t!eir "or&al ed%cation9 are &ore likel, to be
tec!nolo#icall, illiterate t!an so&e!at older ad%lts. And ,et9 iss%es "or '%blic
re"erenda ill increasin#l, involve as'ects o" tec!nolo#,.
above-
.A/ I" all ,o%n# 'eo'le are to &ake in"or&ed decisions on '%blic re"erenda9
&an, o" t!e& &%st learn &ore abo%t tec!nolo#,.
.1/ T!oro%#! st%dies o" tec!nolo#ical iss%es and innovations s!o%ld be &ade a
re0%ired 'art o" t!e '%blic and 'rivate sc!ool c%rric%l%&.
.C/ It s!o%ld be s%##ested t!at 'ros'ective voters attend a''lied science co%rses
in order to ac0%ire a &ini&al co&'etenc, in tec!nical &atters.
.3/ I" ,o%n# 'eo'le are not to be overl, in"l%enced b, "a&o%s tec!nocrats9 t!e,
&%st increase t!eir knoled#e o" '%re science.
.E/ 7n '%blic re"erenda iss%es9 ,o%n# 'eo'le tend to con"%se real or 'robable
tec!nolo#ies it! i&'ossible ideals.
1G. In a 'olitical s,ste& it! onl, to &a+or 'arties9 t!e entrance o" a t!ird8'art,
candidate into an election race da&a#es t!e c!ances o" onl, one o" t!e to &a+or
candidates. T!e t!ird8'art, candidate ala,s attracts so&e o" t!e voters !o
&i#!t ot!erise !ave voted "or one o" t!e to &a+or candidates9 b%t not voters
!o s%''ort t!e ot!er candidate. Since a t!ird8'art, candidac, a""ects t!e to
&a+or candidates %ne0%all,9 "or reasons neit!er o" t!e& !as an, control over9 t!e
'ractice is %n"air and s!o%ld not be alloed.
I" t!e "act%al in"or&ation in t!e 'assa#e above is tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# can
be &ost reliabl, in"erred "ro& it-
.A/ I" t!e 'olitical 'lat"or& o" t!e t!ird 'art, is a co&'ro&ise 'osition beteen
t!at o" t!e to &a+or 'arties9 t!e t!ird 'art, ill dra its voters e0%all,
"ro& t!e to &a+or 'arties.
.1/ I"9 be"ore t!e e&er#ence o" a t!ird 'art,9 voters ere divided e0%all,
beteen t!e to &a+or 'arties9 neit!er o" t!e &a+or 'arties is likel, to
ca't%re &%c! &ore t!an one8!al" o" t!e vote.
.C/ A t!ird8'art, candidate ill not ca't%re t!e votes o" ne voters !o !ave
never voted "or candidates o" eit!er o" t!e to &a+or 'arties.
.3/ T!e 'olitical stance o" a t!ird 'art, ill be &ore radical t!an t!at o" eit!er o"
t!e to &a+or 'arties.
.E/ T!e "o%nders o" a t!ird 'art, are likel, to be a coalition consistin# o" "or&er
leaders o" t!e to &a+or 'arties.
1A. Co&'anies considerin# ne cost8c%ttin# &an%"act%rin# 'rocesses o"ten co&'are
t!e 'ro+ected res%lts o" &akin# t!e invest&ent a#ainst t!e alternative o" not
&akin# t!e invest&ent it! costs9 sellin# 'rices9 and s!are o" &arket re&ainin#
constant.
GMAT & LSAT CR GC
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 ass%&in# t!at eac! is a realistic 'ossibilit,9 constit%tes
t!e &ost serio%s disadvanta#e "or co&'anies o" %sin# t!e &et!od above "or
eval%atin# t!e "inancial bene"it o" ne &an%"act%rin# 'rocesses-
.A/ T!e costs o" &aterials re0%ired b, t!e ne 'rocess &i#!t not be knon it!
certaint,.
.1/ In several ,ears interest rates &i#!t #o don9 red%cin# t!e interest costs o"
borroin# &one, to 'a, "or t!e invest&ent.
.C/ So&e cost8c%ttin# 'rocesses &i#!t re0%ire s%c! e('ensive invest&ents t!at
t!ere o%ld be no net #ain "or &an, ,ears9 %ntil t!e invest&ent as 'aid "or
b, savin#s in t!e &an%"act%rin# 'rocess.
.3/ Co&'etitors t!at do invest in a ne 'rocess &i#!t red%ce t!eir sellin# 'rices
and t!%s take &arket s!are aa, "ro& co&'anies t!at do not.
.E/ T!e 'eriod o" ,ear c!osen "or avera#in# o%t t!e cost o" t!e invest&ent &i#!t
be so&e!at lon#er or s!orter9 t!%s a""ectin# t!e res%lt.
1B. T!ere are "ar "eer c!ildren available "or ado'tion t!an t!ere are 'eo'le !o
ant to ado't. To &illion co%'les are c%rrentl, aitin# to ado't9 b%t in 1HB59
t!e last ,ear "or !ic! "i#%res e(ist9 t!ere ere onl, so&e @I9III ado'tions.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e a%t!ors clai&
t!at t!ere are "ar "eer c!ildren available "or ado'tion t!an t!ere are 'eo'le !o
ant to ado't-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" co%'les aitin# to ado't !as increased si#ni"icantl, in t!e last
decade.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" ado'tions in t!e c%rrent ,ear is #reater t!an t!e n%&ber o"
ado'tions in an, 'recedin# ,ear.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" ado'tions in a ,ear is a''ro(i&atel, e0%al to t!e n%&ber o"
c!ildren available "or ado'tion in t!at 'eriod.
.3/ Feo'le !o seek to ado't c!ildren o"ten #o t!ro%#! a lon# 'rocess o"
intervies and investi#ation b, ado'tion a#encies.
.E/ Feo'le !o seek to ado't c!ildren #enerall, &ake ver, #ood 'arents.
Questions 19-!0 are based on the following.
Arc!aeolo#ists seekin# t!e location o" a le#endar, sie#e and destr%ction o" a cit, are
e(cavatin# in several 'ossible 'laces9 incl%din# a &iddle and a loer la,er o" a lar#e
&o%nd. T!e botto& o" t!e &iddle la,er contains so&e 'ieces o" 'otter, o" t,'e <9
knon to be "ro& a later 'eriod t!an t!e ti&e o" t!e destr%ction o" t!e cit,9 b%t t!e
loer la,er does not.
1H. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# !,'ot!eses is best s%''orted b, t!e evidence above-
.A/ T!e loer la,er contains t!e re&ains o" t!e cit, !ere t!e sie#e took 'lace.
.1/ T!e le#end con"%ses stories "ro& to di""erent !istorical 'eriods.
.C/ T!e &iddle la,er does not re'resent t!e 'eriod o" t!e sie#e.
GMAT & LSAT CR G@
.3/ T!e sie#e lasted "or a lon# ti&e be"ore t!e cit, as destro,ed.
.E/ T!e 'otter, o" t,'e < as i&'orted to t!e cit, b, traders.
5I. T!e "orce o" t!e evidence cited above is &ost serio%sl, eakened i" !ic! o" t!e
"olloin# is tr%e-
.A/ Gerbils9 s&all ani&als lon# native to t!e area9 di# lar#e b%rros into !ic!
ob+ects can "all !en t!e b%rros colla'se.
.1/ Fotter, o" t,'es 1 and 59 "o%nd in t!e loer level9 as %sed in t!e cities "ro&
!ic!9 accordin# to t!e le#end9 t!e besie#in# "orces ca&e.
.C/ Several 'ieces o" stone "ro& a loer8la,er all !ave been "o%nd incor'orated
into t!e re&ains o" a b%ildin# in t!e &iddle la,er.
.3/ 1ot! t!e &iddle and t!e loer la,er s!o evidence o" lar#e8scale destr%ction
o" !abitations b, "ire.
.E/ 1ron)e a( !eads o" a t,'e %sed at t!e ti&e o" t!e sie#e ere "o%nd in t!e
loer level o" e(cavation.
TEST 5
1. A"ter t!e national s'eed li&it o" @@ &iles 'er !o%r as i&'osed in 1HAC9 t!e
n%&ber o" deat!s 'er &ile driven on a !i#!a, "ell abr%'tl, as a res%lt. Since
t!en9 !oever9 t!e avera#e s'eed o" ve!icles on !i#!a,s !as risen9 b%t t!e
n%&ber o" deat!s 'er &ile driven on a !i#!a, !as contin%ed to "all.
above-
.A/ T!e s'eed li&it alone is 'robabl, not res'onsible "or t!e contin%ed red%ction
in !i#!a, deat!s in t!e ,ears a"ter 1HAC.
.1/ Feo'le !ave been drivin# less since 1HAC.
.C/ 3river8ed%cation co%rses !ave been &ore e""ective since 1HAC in teac!in#
drivers to drive sa"el,.
.3/ In recent ,ears !i#!a, 'atrols !ave been less e""ective in catc!in# drivers
!o s'eed.
.E/ T!e c!an#e in t!e s'eed li&it cannot be res'onsible "or t!e abr%'t decline in
!i#!a, deat!s in 1HAC.
5. 2ei#!borin# land!olders: Air 'oll%tion "ro& t!e #iant al%&in%& re"iner, t!at !as
been b%ilt ne(t to o%r land is killin# o%r 'lants.
Co&'an, s'okes'erson: T!e re"iner, is not to bla&e9 since o%r st%d, s!os t!at
t!e da&a#e is d%e to insects and "%n#i.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e concl%sion dran b,
t!e co&'an, s'okes'erson-
.A/ T!e st%d, did not &eas%re t!e 0%antit, o" 'oll%tants e&itted into t!e
s%rro%ndin# air b, t!e al%&in%& re"iner,.
GMAT & LSAT CR GG
.1/ T!e nei#!borin# land!olders !ave &ade no c!an#e in t!e a, t!e, take care
o" t!eir 'lants.
.C/ Air 'oll%tion "ro& t!e re"iner, !as c!an#ed t!e c!e&ical balance in t!e
'lants environ&ent9 alloin# t!e !ar&"%l insects and "%n#i to t!rive.
.3/ Foll%tants t!at are invisible and odorless are e&itted into t!e s%rro%ndin# air
b, t!e re"iner,.
.E/ T!e vario%s s'ecies o" insects and "%n#i &entioned in t!e st%d, !ave been
occasionall, "o%nd in t!e localit, d%rin# t!e 'ast !%ndred ,ears.
<. Sales ta(es tend to be re#ressive9 a""ectin# 'oor 'eo'le &ore severel, t!an
ealt!, 'eo'le. 6!en all '%rc!ases o" cons%&er #oods are ta(ed at a "i(ed
'ercenta#e o" t!e '%rc!ase 'rice9 'oor 'eo'le 'a, a lar#er 'ro'ortion o" t!eir
inco&e in sales ta(es t!an ealt!, 'eo'le do.
It can be correctl, in"erred on t!e basis o" t!e state&ents above t!at !ic! o" t!e
"olloin# is tr%e-
.A/ Foor 'eo'le constit%te a lar#er 'ro'ortion o" t!e ta('a,in# 'o'%lation t!an
ealt!, 'eo'le do.
.1/ Foor 'eo'le s'end a lar#er 'ro'ortion o" t!eir inco&e on '%rc!ases o"
cons%&er #oods t!an ealt!, 'eo'le do.
.C/ 6ealt!, 'eo'le 'a,9 on avera#e9 a lar#er a&o%nt o" sales ta(es t!an 'oor
'eo'le do.
.3/ T!e total a&o%nt s'ent b, all 'oor 'eo'le on '%rc!ases o" cons%&er #oods
e(ceeds t!e total a&o%nt s'ent b, all ealt!, 'eo'le on cons%&er #oods.
.E/ T!e avera#e '%rc!ase 'rice o" cons%&er #oods bo%#!t b, ealt!, 'eo'le is
!i#!er t!an t!at o" cons%&er #oods bo%#!t b, 'oor 'eo'le.
C. Reviein# !istorical data9 &edical researc!ers in Cali"ornia "o%nd t!at co%nties
it! t!e lar#est n%&ber o" television sets 'er ca'ita !ave !ad t!e loest incidence
o" a serio%s brain disease9 &os0%ito8borne ence'!alitis. T!e researc!ers !ave
concl%ded t!at 'eo'le in t!ese co%nties sta, indoors &ore and t!%s avoid
e('os%re to t!e disease.
T!e researc!ers concl%sion o%ld be &ost stren#t!ened i" !ic! o" t!e
"olloin# ere tr%e-
.A/ Fro#ra&s desi#ned to control t!e si)e o" disease8bearin# &os0%ito
'o'%lations !ave not a""ected t!e incidence o" &os0%ito borne ence'!alitis.
.1/ T!e occ%'ations o" co%nt, residents a""ect t!eir risk o" e('os%re to &os0%ito8
borne ence'!alitis &ore t!an does television8atc!in#.
.C/ T!e incidence o" &os0%ito8borne ence'!alitis in co%nties it! t!e lar#est
n%&ber o" television sets 'er ca'ita is likel, to decrease even "%rt!er.
.3/ T!e &ore ti&e 'eo'le in a co%nt, s'end o%tdoors9 t!e #reater t!eir
aareness o" t!e dan#ers o" &os0%ito8borne ence'!alitis.
.E/ T!e &ore television sets t!ere are 'er ca'ita in a co%nt,9 t!e &ore ti&e t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR GA
avera#e co%nt, resident s'ends atc!in# television.
@. T!e cit,s '%blic trans'ortation s,ste& s!o%ld be re&oved "ro& t!e +%risdiction
o" t!e &%nici'al #overn&ent9 !ic! "inds it 'oliticall, i&'ossible eit!er to raise
"ares or to instit%te cost8savin# red%ctions in service. I" '%blic trans'ortation ere
!andled b, a 'rivate "ir&9 'ro"its o%ld be vi#oro%sl, '%rs%ed9 t!ereb,
eli&inatin# t!e necessit, "or coverin# o'eratin# costs it! #overn&ent "%nds.
T!e state&ents above best s%''ort t!e concl%sion t!at
.A/ t!e 'rivate "ir&s t!at o%ld !andle '%blic trans'ortation o%ld !ave
e('erience in t!e trans'ortation ind%str,
.1/ 'olitical considerations o%ld not 'revent 'rivate "ir&s "ro& ens%rin# t!at
reven%es cover o'eratin# costs
.C/ 'rivate "ir&s o%ld receive #overn&ent "%ndin# i" it ere needed to cover
o'eratin# costs
.3/ t!e '%blic o%ld a''rove t!e cost8c%ttin# actions taken b, t!e 'rivate "ir&
.E/ t!e &%nici'al #overn&ent o%ld not be resi#ned to acc%&%latin# &erel,
eno%#! inco&e to cover costs
G. To entice c%sto&ers aa, "ro& co&'etitors9 Red Label s%'er&arkets !ave be#%n
o""erin# disco%nts on !o&e a''liances to c%sto&ers !o s'end L@I or &ore on
an, s!o''in# tri' to Red Label. Red Label e(ec%tives clai& t!at t!e disco%nt
'ro#ra& !as been a !%#e s%ccess9 since cas! re#ister recei'ts o" L@I or &ore are
%' t!irt, 'ercent since t!e be#innin# o" t!e 'ro#ra&.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e clai& o" t!e Red
Label e(ec%tives-
.A/ Most 'eo'le !o sitc!ed to Red Label a"ter t!e 'ro#ra& be#an s'end &ore
t!an L@I eac! ti&e t!e, s!o' at Red Label.
.1/ Most 'eo'le !ose avera#e #rocer, bill is less t!an L@I o%ld not be
'ers%aded to s'end &ore b, an, disco%nt 'ro#ra&.
.C/ Most 'eo'le !o received disco%nts on !o&e a''liances t!ro%#! Red
Labels 'ro#ra& ill s!o' at Red Label a"ter t!e 'ro#ra& ends.
.3/ Since t!e be#innin# o" t!e disco%nt 'ro#ra&9 &ost o" t!e 'eo'le !o s'end
L@I or &ore at Red Label are 'eo'le !o !ave never be"ore s!o''ed t!ere
and !ose avera#e #rocer, bill !as ala,s been !i#!er t!an L@I.
.E/ Al&ost all o" t!e 'eo'le !o !ave be#%n s'endin# L@I or &ore at Red Label
since t!e disco%nt 'ro#ra& be#an are lon#ti&e c%sto&ers !o !ave
increased t!e avera#e a&o%nt o" t!eir s!o''in# bills b, &akin# "eer tri's.
A. T!ro%#!o%t t!e 1H@Is9 t!ere ere increases in t!e n%&bers o" dead birds "o%nd
in a#ric%lt%ral areas a"ter 'esticide s'ra,in#s. Festicide &an%"act%rers clai&ed
t!at t!e '%blicit, #iven to bird deat!s sti&%lated vol%nteers to look "or dead birds9
and t!at t!e increase in n%&bers re'orted as attrib%table to t!e increase in t!e
n%&ber o" 'eo'le lookin#.
GMAT & LSAT CR GB
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld !el' to re"%te t!e clai& o" t!e
'esticide &an%"act%rers-
.A/ T!e '%blicit, #iven to bird deat!s as lar#el, re#ional and never reac!ed
national 'ro'ortions.
.1/ Festicide s'ra,in#s ere ti&ed to coincide it! vario%s '!ases o" t!e li"e
c,cles o" t!e insects t!e, destro,ed.
.C/ 2o 'rovision as &ade to ens%re t!at a dead bird o%ld not be re'orted b,
&ore t!an one observer.
.3/ Initial increases in bird deat!s !ad been noticed b, a#ric%lt%ral orkers lon#
be"ore an, '%blicit, !ad been #iven to t!e &atter.
.E/ 3ead birds o" t!e sa&e s'ecies as t!ose "o%nd in a#ric%lt%ral areas !ad been
"o%nd alon# coastal areas !ere no "ar&in# took 'lace.
B. Teena#ers are o"ten 'riced o%t o" t!e labor &arket b, t!e #overn&ent8&andated
&ini&%&8a#e level beca%se e&'lo,ers cannot a""ord to 'a, t!at &%c! "or e(tra
!el'. T!ere"ore9 i" Con#ress instit%tes a s%b&ini&%& a#e9 a ne loer le#al
a#e "or teena#ers9 t!e teena#e %ne&'lo,&ent rate9 !ic! !as been risin# since
1HGI9 ill no lon#er increase.
.A/ Since 1HGI t!e teena#e %ne&'lo,&ent rate !as risen !en t!e &ini&%&
a#e !as risen.
.1/ Since 1HGI t!e teena#e %ne&'lo,&ent rate !as risen even !en t!e
&ini&%& a#e re&ained constant.
.C/ E&'lo,ers o"ten !ire e(tra !el' d%rin# !olida, and ar& eat!er seasons.
.3/ T!e teena#e %ne&'lo,&ent rate rose &ore 0%ickl, in t!e 1HAIs t!an it did
in t!e 1HGIs.
.E/ T!e teena#e %ne&'lo,&ent rate !as occasionall, declined in t!e ,ears since
1HGI.
H. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
T!e co&'%ter ind%str,s esti&ate t!at it loses &illions o" dollars !en %sers
ille#all, co', 'ro#ra&s it!o%t 'a,in# "or t!e& is #reatl, e(a##erated. Most o"
t!e ille#al co',in# is done b, 'eo'le it! no serio%s interest in t!e 'ro#ra&s.
T!%s9 t!e loss to t!e ind%str, is &%c! s&aller t!an esti&ated beca%se;;;;;;
.A/ &an, %sers !o ille#all, co', 'ro#ra&s never "ind an, %se "or t!e&
.1/ &ost o" t!e ille#all, co'ied 'ro#ra&s o%ld not be '%rc!ased even i"
'%rc!asin# t!e& ere t!e onl, a, to obtain t!e&
.C/ even i" t!e co&'%ter ind%str, received all t!e reven%e it clai&s to be losin#9
it o%ld still be e('eriencin# "inancial di""ic%lties
.3/ t!e total &arket val%e o" all ille#al co'ies is lo in co&'arison to t!e total
reven%e o" t!e co&'%ter ind%str,
GMAT & LSAT CR GH
.E/ t!e n%&ber o" 'ro#ra&s t!at are "re0%entl, co'ied ille#all, is lo in
co&'arison to t!e n%&ber o" 'ro#ra&s available "or sale
1I. T!is ,ear t!e 2e :a&'s!ire 3ivision o" Co&'an, E set a ne record "or
ann%al sales b, t!at division. T!is record is es'eciall, s%r'risin# since t!e 2e
:a&'s!ire 3ivision !as t!e s&allest 'otential &arket and t!e loest sales o" an,
o" Co&'an, Es divisions.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# identi"ies a "la in t!e lo#ical co!erence o" t!e state&ent
above-
.A/ I" overall sales "or Co&'an, E ere s!ar'l, red%ced9 t!e 2e :a&'s!ire
3ivisions ne sales record is irrelevant to t!e co&'an,s 'ros'erit,.
.1/ Since t!e division is co&'etin# a#ainst its on record9 t!e co&'arison o" its
sales record it! t!at o" ot!er divisions is irrelevant.
.C/ I" t!is is t!e "irst ,ear t!at t!e 2e :a&'s!ire 3ivision !as been last in sales
a&on# Co&'an, Es divisions9 t!e ne record is not s%r'risin# at all.
.3/ I" overall sales "or Co&'an, E ere #reater t!an %s%al9 it is not s%r'risin#
t!at t!e 2e :a&'s!ire 3ivision as last in sales.
.E/ Since t!e 2e :a&'s!ire 3ivision !as t!e s&allest 'otential &arket9 it is not
s%r'risin# t!at it !ad t!e loest sales.
11. State&ent o" a =nited States co''er &inin# co&'an,: I&'ort 0%otas s!o%ld be
i&'osed on t!e less e('ensive co''er &ined o%tside t!e co%ntr, to &aintain t!e
'rice o" co''er in t!is co%ntr,D ot!erise9 o%r co&'anies ill not be able to sta,
in b%siness.
Res'onse o" a =nited States co''er ire &an%"act%rer: =nited States ire and
cable &an%"act%rers '%rc!ase abo%t AI 'ercent o" t!e co''er &ined in t!e =nited
States. I" t!e co''er 'rices e 'a, are not at t!e international level9 o%r sales ill
dro'9 and t!en t!e de&and "or =nited States co''er ill #o don.
I" t!e "act%al in"or&ation 'resented b, bot! co&'anies is acc%rate9 t!e best
assess&ent o" t!e lo#ical relations!i' beteen t!e to ar#%&ents is t!at t!e ire
&an%"act%rers ar#%&ent
.A/ is sel"8servin# and irrelevant to t!e 'ro'osal o" t!e &inin# co&'an,
.1/ is circ%lar9 'res%''osin# !at it seeks to 'rove abo%t t!e 'ro'osal o" t!e
&inin# co&'an,
.C/ s!os t!at t!e 'ro'osal o" t!e &inin# co&'an, o%ld !ave a ne#ative e""ect
on t!e &inin# co&'an,s on b%siness
.3/ "ails to #ive a reason !, t!e 'ro'osal o" t!e &inin# co&'an, s!o%ld not be
'%t into e""ect to alleviate t!e concern o" t!e &inin# co&'an, "or sta,in# in
b%siness
.E/ establis!es t!at even t!e &inin# co&'an,s b%siness ill 'ros'er i" t!e
&inin# co&'an,s 'ro'osal is re+ected
GMAT & LSAT CR AI
15. * !as been believed to ca%se Q. A ne re'ort9 notin# t!at * and Q are o"ten
observed to be 'receded b, E9 s%##ests t!at E9 not *9 &a, be t!e ca%se o" Q.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# "%rt!er observations o%ld best s%''ort t!e ne re'orts
s%##estion-
.A/ In cases !ere E occ%rs b%t * does not9 E is %s%all, "olloed b, Q.
.1/ In cases !ere E occ%rs9 "olloed b, *9 * is %s%all, "olloed b, Q.
.C/ In cases !ere * occ%rs b%t E does not9 * is %s%all, "olloed b, Q.
.3/ In cases !ere * occ%rs b%t Q does not9 * is %s%all, 'receded b, E.
.E/ In cases !ere Q occ%rs9 it is %s%all, 'receded b, E and *.
1<. Mr. Fri&&: I" !os'itals ere 'rivate enter'rises9 de'endent on 'ro"its "or t!eir
s%rvival9 t!ere o%ld be no teac!in# !os'itals9 beca%se o" t!e intrinsicall, !i#!
cost o" r%nnin# s%c! !os'itals.
Ms. 2akai: I disa#ree. T!e &edical c!allen#es 'rovided b, teac!in# !os'itals
attract t!e ver, best '!,sicians. T!is9 in t%rn9 enables t!ose !os'itals to
concentrate on nonro%tine cases.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en Ms. 2akais atte&'t to
re"%te Mr. Fri&&s clai&-
.A/ 3octors at teac!in# !os'itals co&&and !i#! salaries.
.1/ So'!isticated9 nonro%tine &edical care co&&ands a !i#! 'rice.
.C/ E(istin# teac!in# !os'itals derive so&e reven%e "ro& '%blic s%bsidies.
.3/ T!e 'atient &ortalit, rate at teac!in# !os'itals is !i#!.
.E/ T!e &odern trend a&on# '!,sicians is to beco&e !i#!l, s'eciali)ed.
1C. A recent s%rve, o" all a%to accident victi&s in 3ole Co%nt, "o%nd t!at9 o" t!e
severel, in+%red drivers and "ront8seat 'assen#ers9 BI 'ercent ere not earin#
seat belts at t!e ti&e o" t!eir accidents. T!is indicates t!at9 b, earin# seat belts9
drivers and "ront8seat 'assen#ers can #reatl, red%ce t!eir risk o" bein# severel,
in+%red i" t!e, are in an a%to accident.
T!e concl%sion above is not 'ro'erl, dran %nless !ic! o" t!e "olloin# is
tr%e-
.A/ 7" all t!e drivers and "ront8seat 'assen#ers in t!e s%rve,9 &ore t!an 5I
'ercent ere earin# seat belts at t!e ti&e o" t!eir accidents.
.1/ Considerabl, &ore t!an 5I 'ercent o" drivers and "ront8seat 'assen#ers in
3ole Co%nt, ala,s ear seat belts !en travelin# b, car.
.C/ More drivers and "ront8seat 'assen#ers in t!e s%rve, t!an rear8seat
'assen#ers ere ver, severel, in+%red.
.3/ More t!an !al" o" t!e drivers and "ront8seat 'assen#ers in t!e s%rve, ere
not earin# seat belts at t!e ti&e o" t!eir accidents.
.E/ Most o" t!e a%to accidents re'orted to 'olice in 3ole Co%nt, do not involve
an, serio%s in+%r,.
GMAT & LSAT CR A1
1@. Si( &ont!s or so a"ter #ettin# a video recorder9 &an, earl, b%,ers a''arentl, lost
interest in obtainin# videos to atc! on it. T!e trade o" b%sinesses sellin# and
rentin# videos is still b%o,ant9 beca%se t!e n%&ber o" !o&es it! video recorders
is still #roin#. 1%t clearl,9 once t!e &arket "or video recorders is sat%rated9
b%sinesses distrib%tin# videos "ace !ard ti&es.
above-
.A/ T!e &arket "or video recorders o%ld not be considered sat%rated %ntil t!ere
as one in BI 'ercent o" !o&es.
.1/ A&on# t!e ite&s !andled b, video distrib%tors are &an, "il&s s'eci"icall,
'rod%ced as video "eat%res.
.C/ $e o" t!e earl, b%,ers o" video recorders raised an, co&'laints abo%t
'er"or&ance as'ects o" t!e ne 'rod%ct.
.3/ T!e earl, b%,ers o" a novel 'rod%ct are ala,s 'eo'le !o are 0%ick to
ac0%ire novelties9 b%t also o"ten as 0%ick to tire o" t!e&.
.E/ In a s!rinkin# &arket9 co&'etition ala,s intensi"ies and &ar#inal
b%sinesses "ail.
1G. Advertiser: T!e reven%e t!at nes'a'ers and &a#a)ines earn b, '%blis!in#
advertise&ents allos '%blis!ers to kee' t!e 'rices 'er co', o" t!eir '%blications
&%c! loer t!an o%ld ot!erise be 'ossible. T!ere"ore9 cons%&ers bene"it
econo&icall, "ro& advertisin#.
Cons%&er: 1%t !o 'a,s "or t!e advertisin# t!at 'a,s "or lo8'riced nes'a'ers
and &a#a)ines- 6e cons%&ers do9 beca%se advertisers 'ass alon# advertisin#
costs to %s t!ro%#! t!e !i#!er 'rices t!e, c!ar#e "or t!eir 'rod%cts.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best describes !o t!e cons%&er co%nters t!e
advertisers ar#%&ent-
.A/ 1, alle#in# so&et!in# t!at9 i" tr%e9 o%ld eaken t!e 'la%sibilit, o" t!e
advertisers concl%sion
.1/ 1, 0%estionin# t!e tr%t! o" t!e '%r'ortedl, "act%al state&ent on !ic! t!e
advertisers concl%sion is based
.C/ 1, o""erin# an inter'retation o" t!e advertisers o'enin# state&ent t!at9 i"
acc%rate9 s!os t!at t!ere is an i&'licit contradiction in it
.3/ 1, 'ointin# o%t t!at t!e advertisers 'oint o" vie is biased
.E/ 1, ar#%in# t!at t!e advertiser too narrol, restricts t!e disc%ssion to t!e
e""ects o" advertisin# t!at are econo&ic
1A. Mr. Lason: 6e s!o%ld ado't a national "a&il, 'olic, t!at incl%des le#islation
re0%irin# e&'lo,ers to 'rovide 'aid 'arental leave and establis!in# #overn&ent8
s'onsored da, care. S%c! las o%ld decrease t!e stress levels o" e&'lo,ees !o
!ave res'onsibilit, "or s&all c!ildren. T!%s9 s%c! las o%ld lead to !a''ier9
better8ad+%sted "a&ilies.
GMAT & LSAT CR A5
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ An e&'lo,ees !i#! stress level can be a ca%se o" %n!a''iness and 'oor
ad+%st&ent "or !is or !er "a&il,.
.1/ Feo'le !o !ave res'onsibilit, "or s&all c!ildren and !o ork o%tside t!e
!o&e !ave !i#!er stress levels t!an t!ose !o do not.
.C/ T!e #oal o" a national "a&il, 'olic, is to loer t!e stress levels o" 'arents.
.3/ An, national "a&il, 'olic, t!at is ado'ted o%ld incl%de le#islation
re0%irin# e&'lo,ers to 'rovide 'aid 'arental leave and establis!in#
#overn&ent8s'onsored da, care.
.E/ Most c!ildren !o !ave been cared "or in da,care centers are !a'', and ell
ad+%sted.
1B. Lark Man%"act%rin# Co&'an, initiated a vol%ntar, N%alit, Circles 'ro#ra& "or
&ac!ine o'erators. Inde'endent s%rve,s o" e&'lo,ee attit%des indicated t!at t!e
&ac!ine o'erators 'artici'atin# in t!e 'ro#ra& ere less satis"ied it! t!eir ork
sit%ations a"ter to ,ears o" t!e 'ro#ra&s e(istence t!an t!e, ere at t!e
'ro#ra&s start. 7bvio%sl,9 an, orkers !o 'artici'ate in a N%alit, Circles
'ro#ra& ill9 as a res%lt9 beco&e less satis"ied it! t!eir +obs.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld eaken t!e concl%sion dran above
EECEFT:
.A/ T!e second s%rve, occ%rred d%rin# a 'eriod o" recession !en r%&ors o"
c%tbacks and la,o""s at Lark Man%"act%rin# ere 'lenti"%l.
.1/ T!e s%rve,s also s!oed t!at t!ose Lark &ac!ine o'erators !o neit!er
'artici'ated in N%alit, Circles nor kne an,one !o did so re'orted t!e
sa&e de#ree o" lessened satis"action it! t!eir ork sit%ations as did t!e
Lark &ac!ine o'erators !o 'artici'ated in N%alit, Circles.
.C/ 6!ile 'artici'atin# in N%alit, Circles at Lark Man%"act%rin#9 &ac!ine
o'erators e(!ibited to o" t!e 'ri&ar, indicators o" i&'roved +ob
satis"action: increased 'rod%ctivit, and decreased absenteeis&.
.3/ Several orkers at Lark Man%"act%rin# !o !ad 'artici'ated in N%alit,
Circles !ile e&'lo,ed at ot!er co&'anies re'orted t!at9 !ile
'artici'atin# in N%alit, Circles in t!eir 'revio%s co&'anies9 t!eir ork
satis"action !ad increased.
.E/ T!e &ac!ine o'erators !o 'artici'ated in N%alit, Circles re'orted t!at9
!en t!e 'ro#ra& started9 t!e, "elt t!at 'artici'ation &i#!t i&'rove t!eir
ork sit%ations.
1lood banks ill s!ortl, start to screen all donors "or 2A21 !e'atitis. Alt!o%#! t!e
ne screenin# tests are esti&ated to dis0%ali", %' to @ 'ercent o" all 'ros'ective blood
donors9 t!e, ill still &iss to8t!irds o" donors carr,in# 2A21 !e'atitis. T!ere"ore9
abo%t 1I 'ercent o" act%al donors ill still s%''l, 2A218conta&inated blood.
GMAT & LSAT CR A<
1H. T!e ar#%&ent above de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ 3onors carr,in# 2A21 !e'atitis do not9 in a lar#e 'ercenta#e o" cases9 carr,
ot!er in"ections "or !ic! reliable screenin# tests are ro%tinel, 'er"or&ed.
.1/ 3onors carr,in# 2A21 !e'atitis do not9 in a lar#e 'ercenta#e o" cases9
develo' t!e disease t!e&selves at an, 'oint.
.C/ T!e esti&ate o" t!e n%&ber o" donors !o o%ld be dis0%ali"ied b, tests "or
2A21 !e'atitis is an %nderesti&ate.
.3/ T!e incidence o" 2A21 !e'atitis is loer a&on# t!e 'otential blood donors
t!an it is in t!e 'o'%lation at lar#e.
.E/ T!e donors !o ill still s%''l, 2A218conta&inated blood ill donate
blood at t!e avera#e "re0%enc, "or all donors.
5I. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# in"erences abo%t t!e conse0%ences o" instit%tin# t!e ne
tests is best s%''orted b, t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ T!e incidence o" ne cases o" 2A21 !e'atitis is likel, to #o %' b, 1I
'ercent.
.1/ 3onations &ade b, 'atients s'eci"icall, "or t!eir on %se are likel, to
beco&e less "re0%ent.
.C/ T!e de&and "or blood "ro& blood banks is likel, to "l%ct%ate &ore stron#l,.
.3/ T!e blood s%''lies available "ro& blood banks are likel, to #o don.
.E/ T!e n%&ber o" 'ros'ective "irst8ti&e donors is likel, to #o %' b, @ 'ercent.
TEST <
1. C!ilds 6orld9 a c!ain o" to, stores9 !as relied on a >s%'er&arket conce't? o"
co&'%teri)ed inventor, control and c%sto&er sel"8service to eli&inate t!e
cate#or, o" sales clerks "ro& its "orce o" e&'lo,ees. It no 'lans to e&'lo, t!e
sa&e conce't in sellin# c!ildrens clot!es.
T!e 'lan o" C!ilds 6orld ass%&es t!at
.A/ s%'er&arkets ill not also be sellin# c!ildrens clot!es in t!e sa&e &anner
.1/ 'ersonal service b, sales 'ersonnel is not re0%ired "or sellin# c!ildrens
clot!es s%ccess"%ll,
.C/ t!e sa&e kind o" co&'%ters ill be %sed in inventor, control "or bot! clot!es
and to,s at C!ilds 6orld
.3/ a sel"8service 'lan cannot be e&'lo,ed it!o%t co&'%teri)ed inventor,
control
.E/ sales clerks are t!e onl, e&'lo,ees o" C!ilds 6orld !o co%ld be assi#ned
tasks related to inventor, control
5. Contin%o%s indoor "l%orescent li#!t bene"its t!e !ealt! o" !a&sters it! in!erited
!eart disease. A #ro%' o" t!e& e('osed to contin%o%s "l%orescent li#!t s%rvived
GMAT & LSAT CR AC
tent,8"ive 'ercent lon#er t!an a si&ilar #ro%' e('osed instead to e0%al 'eriods
o" indoor "l%orescent li#!t and o" darkness.
T!e &et!od o" t!e researc! described above is &ost likel, to be a''licable in
addressin# !ic! o" t!e "olloin# 0%estions-
.A/ Can ind%strial orkers !o need to see t!eir ork do so better b, s%nli#!t or
b, "l%orescent li#!t-
.1/ Can !os'ital li#!tin# be i&'roved to 'ro&ote t!e recover, o" 'atients-
.C/ :o do dee'8sea "is! s%rvive in total darkness-
.3/ 6!at are t!e in!erited illnesses to !ic! !a&sters are s%b+ect-
.E/ Are t!ere 'lants t!at re0%ire s'eci"ic 'eriods o" darkness in order to bloo&-
<. Millions o" identical co'ies o" a 'lant can be 'rod%ced %sin# ne tiss%e8c%lt%re
and clonin# tec!ni0%es.
I" 'lant 'ro'a#ation b, s%c! &et!ods in laboratories 'roves econo&ical9 eac! o"
t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 re'resents a bene"it o" t!e ne tec!ni0%es to "ar&ers
EECEFT:
.A/ T!e tec!ni0%es allo t!e develo'&ent o" s%'erior strains to take 'lace &ore
ra'idl,9 re0%irin# "eer #enerations o" 'lants #ron to &at%rit,.
.1/ It is less di""ic%lt to care "or 'lants t!at ill #ro at rates t!at do not var,
idel,.
.C/ Flant diseases and 'ests9 once t!e, take !old9 s'read &ore ra'idl, a&on#
#eneticall, %ni"or& 'lants t!an a&on# t!ose it! #enetic variations.
.3/ Mec!anical !arvestin# o" cro's is less di""ic%lt i" 'lants are &ore %ni"or& in
si)e.
.E/ S'ecial #enetic traits can &ore easil, be introd%ced into 'lant strains it! t!e
%se o" t!e ne tec!ni0%es.
C. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
Sales ca&'ai#ns ai&ed at t!e "alterin# 'ersonal co&'%ter &arket !ave stron#l,
e&'!asi)ed ease o" %se9 called %ser8"riendliness. T!is e&'!asis is oddl,
're&at%re and irrelevant in t!e e,es o" &ost 'otential b%,ers9 !o are tr,in# to
address t!e lo#icall, 'rior iss%e o" !et!er;;;;;;
.A/ %ser8"riendliness also i&'lies t!at oners can service t!eir on co&'%ters
.1/ 'ersonal co&'%ters cost &ore t!e &ore %ser8"riendl, t!e, are
.C/ c%rrentl, available &odels are %ser8"riendl, eno%#! to s%it t!e&
.3/ t!e 'eo'le 'ro&otin# 'ersonal co&'%ters %se t!e& in t!eir on !o&es
.E/ t!e, !ave eno%#! sensible %ses "or a 'ersonal co&'%ter to +%sti", t!e e('ense
o" b%,in# one
@. A ea'ons8s&%##lin# incident recentl, took 'lace in co%ntr, *. 6e all kno t!at
* is a closed societ,. So *s #overn&ent &%st !ave knon abo%t t!e ea'ons.
GMAT & LSAT CR A@
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at o%ld &ake t!e concl%sion above
lo#icall, correct-
.A/ I" a #overn&ent knos abo%t a 'artic%lar ea'ons8s&%##lin# incident9 it
&%st !ave intended to %se t!e ea'ons "or its on '%r'oses.
.1/ I" a #overn&ent clai&s t!at it kne not!in# abo%t a 'artic%lar ea'ons8
s&%##lin# incident9 it &%st !ave knon ever,t!in# abo%t it.
.C/ I" a #overn&ent does not 'er&it ea'ons to enter a co%ntr,9 it is a closed
societ,.
.3/ I" a co%ntr, is a closed societ,9 its #overn&ent !as a lar#e contin#ent o"
ar&ed #%ards 'atrollin# its borders.
.E/ I" a co%ntr, is a closed societ,9 its #overn&ent !as knoled#e abo%t
ever,t!in# t!at occ%rs in t!e co%ntr,.
G. 1annin# ci#arette advertise&ents in t!e &ass &edia ill not red%ce t!e n%&ber o"
,o%n# 'eo'le !o s&oke. T!e, kno t!at ci#arettes e(ist and t!e, kno !o to
#et t!e&. T!e, do not need t!e advertise&ents to s%''l, t!at in"or&ation.
T!e above ar#%&ent o%ld be &ost eakened i" !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ere
tr%e-
.A/ Seein# or !earin# an advertise&ent "or a 'rod%ct tends to increase 'eo'les
desire "or t!at 'rod%ct.
.1/ 1annin# ci#arette advertise&ents in t!e &ass &edia ill ca%se an increase in
advertise&ents in 'laces !ere ci#arettes are sold.
.C/ Advertise&ents in t!e &ass &edia !ave been an e(ceedin#l, lar#e 'art o" t!e
e('endit%res o" t!e tobacco co&'anies.
.3/ T!ose !o o''ose ci#arette %se !ave advertised a#ainst it in t!e &ass &edia
ever since ci#arettes ere "o%nd to be !ar&"%l.
.E/ 7lder 'eo'le tend to be less in"l%enced b, &ass8&edia advertise&ents t!an
,o%n#er 'eo'le tend to be.
A. Feo'le tend to esti&ate t!e likeli!ood o" an events occ%rrence accordin# to its
salienceD t!at is9 accordin# to !o stron#l, and !o o"ten it co&es to t!eir
attention.
1, 'lace&ent and !eadlines9 nes'a'ers e&'!asi)e stories abo%t local cri&e
over stories abo%t cri&e else!ere and abo%t &an, ot!er &a+or events.
It can be concl%ded on t!e basis o" t!e state&ents above t!at9 i" t!e, are tr%e9
!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is &ost 'robabl, also tr%e-
.A/ T!e lan#%a#e %sed in nes'a'er !eadlines abo%t local cri&e is in"la&&ator,
and "ails to res'ect t!e ri#!ts o" s%s'ects.
.1/ T!e covera#e o" international events in nes'a'ers is ne#lected in "avor o"
t!e covera#e o" local events.
.C/ Readers o" local nes in nes'a'ers tend to overesti&ate t!e a&o%nt o"
GMAT & LSAT CR AG
cri&e in t!eir on localities relative to t!e a&o%nt o" cri&e in ot!er 'laces.
.3/ 2one o" t!e events concernin# ot!er 'eo'le t!at are re'orted in nes'a'ers
is so salient in 'eo'les &inds as t!eir on 'ersonal e('eriences.
.E/ T!e 'ress is t!e nes &edi%& t!at "oc%ses 'eo'les attention &ost stron#l,
on local cri&es.
B. 1, anal,)in# t!e #arba#e o" a lar#e n%&ber o" avera#e8si)ed !o%se!olds9 a #ro%'
o" &odern %rban ant!ro'olo#ists !as "o%nd t!at a !o%se!old discards less "ood t!e
&ore standardi)edK&ade %' o" canned and 're'acka#ed "oodsKits diet is. T!e
&ore standardi)ed a !o%se!olds diet is9 !oever9 t!e #reater t!e 0%antities o"
"res! 'rod%ce t!e !o%se!old t!ros aa,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ An increasin# n%&ber o" !o%se!olds rel, on a !i#!l, standardi)ed diet.
.1/ T!e less standardi)ed a !o%se!olds diet is9 t!e &ore non"ood aste t!e
!o%se!old discards.
.C/ T!e less standardi)ed a !o%se!olds diet is9 t!e s&aller is t!e 'ro'ortion o"
"res! 'rod%ce in t!e !o%se!olds "ood aste.
.3/ T!e less standardi)ed a !o%se!olds diet is9 t!e &ore canned and
're'acka#ed "oods t!e !o%se!old discards as aste.
.E/ T!e &ore "res! 'rod%ce a !o%se!old b%,s9 t!e &ore "res! 'rod%ce it t!ros
aa,.
In t!e 'ast9 teac!ers9 bank tellers9 and secretaries ere 'redo&inantl, &enD t!ese
occ%'ations sli''ed in 'a, and stat%s !en t!e, beca&e lar#el, occ%'ied b, o&en.
T!ere"ore9 i" o&en beco&e t!e &a+orit, in c%rrentl, &ale8do&inated 'ro"essions
like acco%ntin#9 la9 and &edicine9 t!e inco&e and 'resti#e o" t!ese 'ro"essions ill
also dro'.
H. T!e ar#%&ent above is based on
.A/ anot!er ar#%&ent t!at contains circ%lar reasonin#
.1/ an atte&'t to re"%te a #enerali)ation b, &eans o" an e(ce'tional case
.C/ an analo#, beteen t!e 'ast and t!e "%t%re
.3/ an a''eal to 'o'%lar belie"s and val%es
.E/ an attack on t!e c!aracter o" t!e o''osition
1I. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost likel, be 'art o" t!e evidence %sed to
re"%te t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ Acco%ntants9 la,ers9 and '!,sicians attained t!eir c%rrent relativel, !i#!
levels o" inco&e and 'resti#e at abo%t t!e sa&e ti&e t!at t!e 'a, and stat%s
o" teac!ers9 bank tellers9 and secretaries sli''ed.
.1/ 6!en lar#e n%&bers o" &en +oin a "e&ale8do&inated occ%'ation9 s%c! as
GMAT & LSAT CR AA
airline "li#!t attendant9 t!e stat%s and 'a, o" t!e occ%'ation tend to increase.
.C/ T!e de&and "or teac!ers and secretaries !as increased si#ni"icantl, in recent
,ears9 !ile t!e de&and "or bank tellers !as re&ained relativel, stable.
.3/ I" 'resent trends in t!e aardin# o" la de#rees to o&en contin%e9 it ill
be at least to decades be"ore t!e &a+orit, o" la,ers are o&en.
.E/ T!e 'a, and stat%s o" "e&ale acco%ntants9 la,ers9 and '!,sicians toda, are
#overned b, si#ni"icantl, di""erent econo&ic and sociolo#ical "orces t!an
ere t!e 'a, and stat%s o" "e&ale teac!ers9 bank tellers9 and secretaries in
t!e 'ast.
11. An electric8'oer co&'an, #ained #reater 'ro"its and 'rovided electricit, to
cons%&ers at loer rates 'er %nit o" electricit, b, b%ildin# lar#er8ca'acit, &ore
e""icient 'lants and b, sti&%latin# #reater %se o" electricit, it!in its area. To
contin%e t!ese "inancial trends9 t!e co&'an, 'lanned to re'lace an old 'lant b, a
'lant it! tri'le t!e ca'acit, o" its lar#est 'lant.
T!e co&'an,s 'lan as described above ass%&ed eac! o" t!e "olloin# EECEFT:
.A/ 3e&and "or electricit, it!in t!e co&'an,s area o" service o%ld increase
in t!e "%t%re.
.1/ E('enses o%ld not rise be,ond t!e level t!at co%ld be co&'ensated "or b,
e""icienc, or vol%&e o" o'eration9 or bot!.
.C/ T!e 'lanned 'lant o%ld be s%""icientl, reliable in service to contrib%te a net
"inancial bene"it to t!e co&'an, as a !ole.
.3/ Sa"et, &eas%res to be instit%ted "or t!e ne 'lant o%ld be t!e sa&e as t!ose
"or t!e 'lant it o%ld re'lace.
.E/ T!e tri'lin# o" ca'acit, o%ld not res%lt in ins%'erable tec!nolo#ical
obstacles to e""icienc,.
Meteorolo#ists sa, t!at i" onl, t!e, co%ld desi#n an acc%rate &at!e&atical &odel o"
t!e at&os'!ere it! all its co&'le(ities9 t!e, co%ld "orecast t!e eat!er it! real
'recision. 1%t t!is is an idle boast9 i&&%ne to an, eval%ation9 "or an, inade0%ate
eat!er "orecast o%ld obvio%sl, be bla&ed on i&'er"ections in t!e &odel.
15. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 co%ld best be %sed as a basis "or ar#%in# a#ainst
t!e a%t!ors 'osition t!at t!e &eteorolo#ists clai& cannot be eval%ated-
.A/ Certain %n%s%al con"i#%rations o" data can serve as t!e basis "or 'recise
eat!er "orecasts even t!o%#! t!e e(act ca%sal &ec!anis&s are not
%nderstood.
.1/ Most si#ni"icant #ains in t!e acc%rac, o" t!e relevant &at!e&atical &odels
are acco&'anied b, clear #ains in t!e 'recision o" eat!er "orecasts.
.C/ Mat!e&atical &odels o" t!e &eteorolo#ical a"ter&at! o" s%c! catastro'!ic
events as volcanic er%'tions are be#innin# to be constr%cted.
GMAT & LSAT CR AB
.3/ Modern eat!er "orecasts "or as &%c! as a "%ll da, a!ead are broadl, correct
abo%t BI 'ercent o" t!e ti&e.
.E/ Meteorolo#ists readil, concede t!at t!e acc%rate &at!e&atical &odel t!e,
are talkin# abo%t is not no in t!eir 'oer to constr%ct.
1<. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld cast t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e
&eteorolo#ists boast9 aside "ro& t!e do%bt e('ressed in t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ T!e a&o%nt o" ener#, t!at t!e Eart! receives "ro& t!e S%n is &onitored
closel, and is knon not to be constant.
.1/ 4olcanic er%'tions9 t!e co&b%stion o" "ossil "%els9 and several ot!er
'rocesses t!at also cannot be 0%anti"ied it! an, acc%rac, are knon to
!ave a si#ni"icant and contin%in# i&'act on t!e constit%tion o" t!e
at&os'!ere.
.C/ As c%rrent &odels o" t!e at&os'!ere are i&'roved9 even s&all incre&ents in
co&'le(it, ill &ean lar#e increases in t!e n%&ber o" co&'%ters re0%ired
"or t!e re'resentation o" t!e &odels.
.3/ $re0%ent and acc%rate data abo%t t!e at&os'!ere collected at a lar#e n%&ber
o" 'oints bot! on and above t!e #ro%nd are a 'rere0%isite "or t!e
constr%ction o" a #ood &odel o" t!e at&os'!ere.
.E/ 6it! e(istin# &odels o" t!e at&os'!ere9 lar#e scale eat!er 'atterns can be
'redicted it! #reater acc%rac, t!an can relativel, local eat!er 'atterns.
1C. 7" t!e co%ntries t!at ere t!e orlds tent, lar#est e('orters in 1H@<9 "o%r !ad
t!e sa&e s!are o" total orld e('orts in 1HBC as in 1H@<. T!eses co%ntries can
t!ere"ore serve as &odels "or t!ose co%ntries t!at is! to kee' t!eir s!are o" t!e
#lobal e('ort trade stable over t!e ,ears.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e s%itabilit, o"
t!ose "o%r co%ntries as &odels in t!e sense described-
.A/ Man, co%ntries is! to increase t!eir s!are o" orld e('ort trade9 not +%st
kee' it stable.
.1/ Man, co%ntries are less concerned it! e('orts alone t!an it! !e balance
beteen e('orts and i&'orts.
.C/ 6it! res'ect to t!e &i( o" 'rod%cts eac! e('orts9 t!e "o%r co%ntries are ver,
di""erent "ro& eac! ot!er.
.3/ 7" t!e "o%r co%ntries9 to !ad a &%c! lar#er9 and to !ad a &%c! s&aller9
s!are o" total orld e('orts in 1HAI t!an in 1HBC.
.E/ T!e e('orts o" t!e "o%r co%ntries ran#e "ro& 1@ 'ercent to A@ 'ercent o" t!e
total national o%t'%t.
In t!e =nited States9 t!e Fostal Service !as a &ono'ol, on "irst8class &ail9 b%t &%c!
o" !at is sent "irst class co%ld be trans&itted electronicall,. Electronic trans&ittal
GMAT & LSAT CR AH
o'erators ar#%e t!at i" t!e Fostal Service ere to o""er electronic trans&ission9 it
o%ld !ave an %n"air advanta#e9 since its electronic trans&ission service co%ld be
s%bsidi)ed "ro& t!e 'ro"its o" t!e &ono'ol,.
1@. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" eac! is tr%e9 o%ld alla, t!e electronic trans&ittal
o'erators "ears o" %n"air co&'etition-
.A/ I" t!e Fostal Service ere to o""er electronic trans&ission9 it co%ld not &ake
a 'ro"it on "irst8class &ail.
.1/ I" t!e Fostal Service ere to o""er electronic trans&ission9 it o%ld !ave a
&ono'ol, on t!at kind o" service.
.C/ M%c! o" t!e &aterial t!at is no sent b, "irst8class &ail co%ld be delivered
&%c! "aster b, s'ecial 'acka#e co%riers9 b%t is not sent t!at a, beca%se o"
cost.
.3/ T!ere is no econo&, o" scale in electronic trans&issionKt!at is9 t!e cost 'er
transaction does not #o don as &ore 'ieces o" in"or&ation are trans&itted.
.E/ Electronic trans&ission ill never be cost8e""ective "or &aterial not sent b,
"irst8class &ail s%c! as nes'a'ers and b%lk &ail.
1G. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# 0%estions can be ansered on t!e basis o" t!e in"or&ation
in t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ Is t!e Fostal Service as e""icient as 'rivatel, oned electric trans&ission
services-
.1/ I" 'rivate o'erators ere alloed to o'erate "irst8class &ail services9 o%ld
t!e, c!oose to do so-
.C/ 3o t!e electronic trans&ittal o'erators believe t!at t!e Fostal Service &akes
a 'ro"it on "irst8class &ail-
.3/ Is t!e Fostal Service 'ro!ibited "ro& o""erin# electronic trans&ission
services-
.E/ Is t!e Fostal Service e('ected to !ave a &ono'ol, on electronic
trans&ission-
1A. Lists o" !os'itals !ave been co&'iled s!oin# !ic! !os'itals !ave 'atient deat!
rates e(ceedin# t!e national avera#e. T!e data !ave been ad+%sted to allo "or
di""erences in t!e a#es o" 'atients.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides a #ood lo#ical #ro%nd "or !os'itals to
ob+ect to inter'retin# rank on t!ese lists as one o" t!e indices o" t!e 0%alit, o"
!os'ital care EECEFT:
.A/ Rank order &i#!t indicate insi#ni"icant di""erences9 rat!er t!an lar#e
di""erences9 in n%&bers o" 'atient deat!s.
.1/ :os'itals t!at kee' 'atients lon#er are likel, to !ave !i#!er deat! rates t!an
t!ose t!at disc!ar#e 'atients earlier b%t do not record deat!s o" 'atients at
!o&e a"ter disc!ar#e.
GMAT & LSAT CR BI
.C/ Fatients !o are ver, old on ad&ission to a !os'ital are less likel, t!an
,o%n#er 'atients to s%rvive t!e sa&e t,'es o" illnesses or s%r#ical
'roced%res.
.3/ So&e !os'itals serve a lar#er 'ro'ortion o" lo8inco&e 'atients9 !o tend to
be &ore serio%sl, ill !en ad&itted to a !os'ital.
.E/ $or8'ro"it !os'itals so&eti&es do not 'rovide intensive8care %nits and ot!er
e('ensive services "or ver, sick 'atients b%t re"er or trans"er s%c! 'atients
to ot!er !os'itals.
1B. Teresa: Manned s'ace"li#!t does not !ave a "%t%re9 since it cannot co&'ete
econo&icall, it! ot!er &eans o" acco&'lis!in# t!e ob+ectives o" s'ace"li#!t.
Edard: 2o &ode o" !%&an trans'ortation !as a better record o" reliabilit,: to
accidents in tent,8"ive ,ears. T!%s &anned s'ace"li#!t de"initel, !as a 'ositive
"%t%re.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is t!e best lo#ical eval%ation o" Edards ar#%&ent as a
res'onse to Teresas ar#%&ent-
.A/ It cites evidence t!at9 i" tr%e9 tends to dis'rove t!e evidence cited b, Teresa
in drain# !er concl%sion.
.1/ It indicates a lo#ical #a' in t!e s%''ort t!at Teresa o""ers "or !er concl%sion.
.C/ It raises a consideration t!at o%tei#!s t!e ar#%&ent Teresa &akes.
.3/ It does not &eet Teresas 'oint beca%se it ass%&es t!at t!ere is no serio%s
i&'edi&ent to trans'ortin# 'eo'le into s'ace9 b%t t!is as t!e iss%e raised
b, Teresa.
.E/ It "ails to res'ond to Teresas ar#%&ent beca%se it does not address t!e
"%nda&ental iss%e o" !et!er s'ace activities s!o%ld !ave 'riorit, over
ot!er clai&s on t!e national b%d#et.
1H. 1lack A&ericans are9 on t!e !ole9 abo%t tice as likel, as 6!ite A&ericans to
develo' !i#! blood 'ress%re. T!is likeli!ood also !olds "or esterni)ed 1lack
A"ricans !en co&'ared to 6!ite A"ricans.
Researc!ers !ave !,'ot!esi)ed t!at t!is 'redis'osition in esterni)ed 1lacks
&a, re"lect an interaction beteen estern !i#!8salt diets and #enes t!at ada'ted
to an environ&ental scarcit, o" salt.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents abo%t 'resent8da,9 esterni)ed 1lack
A"ricans9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost tend to con"ir& t!e researc!ers !,'ot!esis-
.A/ T!e blood 'ress%res o" t!ose descended "ro& 'eo'les sit%ated t!ro%#!o%t
t!eir !istor, in Sene#al and Ga&bia9 !ere salt as ala,s available9 are
lo.
.1/ T!e %n%s%all, !i#! salt cons%&'tion in certain areas o" A"rica re'resents a
serio%s !ealt! 'roble&.
.C/ 1eca%se o" t!eir blood 'ress%re levels9 &ost 6!ite A"ricans !ave &arkedl,
decreased t!eir salt cons%&'tion.
GMAT & LSAT CR B1
.3/ 1lood 'ress%res are lo a&on# t!e *or%ba9 !o9 t!ro%#!o%t t!eir !istor,9
!ave been sit%ated "ar inland "ro& so%rces o" sea salt and "ar so%t! o"
Sa!aran salt &ines.
.E/ 2o si#ni"icant di""erences in salt &etabolis& !ave been "o%nd beteen t!ose
'eo'le !o !ave !ad salt available t!ro%#!o%t t!eir !istor, and t!ose !o
!ave not.
5I. T!e "olloin# 'ro'osal to a&end t!e b,las o" an or#ani)ation as circ%lated to
its &e&bers "or co&&ent.
6!en &ore t!an one no&inee is to be na&ed "or an o""ice9 'ros'ective no&inees
&%st consent to no&ination and be"ore #ivin# s%c! consent &%st be told !o t!e
ot!er no&inees ill be.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# co&&ents concernin# t!e lo#ic o" t!e 'ro'osal is
acc%rate i" it cannot be knon !o t!e act%al no&inees are %ntil 'ros'ective
no&inees !ave #iven t!eir consent to be no&inated-
.A/ T!e 'ro'osal o%ld &ake it 'ossible "or eac! o" several no&inees "or an
o""ice to be aare o" !o all o" t!e ot!er no&inees are.
.1/ T!e 'ro'osal o%ld iden t!e c!oice available to t!ose c!oosin# a&on# t!e
no&inees.
.C/ I" t!ere are several 'ros'ective no&inees9 t!e 'ro'osal o%ld den, t!e last
no&inee e0%al treat&ent it! t!e "irst.
.3/ T!e 'ro'osal o%ld enable a 'ros'ective no&inee to it!dra "ro&
co&'etition it! a s'eci"ic 'erson it!o%t &akin# t!at it!draal knon.
.E/ I" t!ere is &ore t!an one 'ros'ective no&inee9 t!e 'ro'osal o%ld &ake it
i&'ossible "or an,one to beco&e a no&inee.
TEST C
In a s%rve, o" +ob a''licants9 to8"i"t!s ad&itted to bein# at least a little
dis!onest. :oever9 t!e s%rve, &a, %nderesti&ate t!e 'ro'ortion o" +ob
a''licants !o are dis!onest9 beca%se;;;;;;
.A/ so&e dis!onest 'eo'le takin# t!e s%rve, &i#!t !ave clai&ed on t!e s%rve, to
be !onest
.1/ so&e #enerall, !onest 'eo'le takin# t!e s%rve, &i#!t !ave clai&ed on t!e
s%rve, to be dis!onest
.C/ so&e 'eo'le !o clai&ed on t!e s%rve, to be at least a little dis!onest &a,
be ver, dis!onest
.3/ so&e 'eo'le !o clai&ed on t!e s%rve, to be dis!onest &a, !ave been
anserin# !onestl,
.E/ so&e 'eo'le !o are not +ob a''licants are 'robabl, at least a little dis!onest
GMAT & LSAT CR B5
Questions !-3 are based on the following.
T!e avera#e li"e e('ectanc, "or t!e =nited States 'o'%lation as a !ole is A<.H ,ears9
b%t c!ildren born in :aaii ill live an avera#e o" AA ,ears9 and t!ose born in
Lo%isiana9 A1.A ,ears. I" a nel,ed co%'le "ro& Lo%isiana ere to be#in t!eir
"a&il, in :aaii9 t!ere"ore9 t!eir c!ildren o%ld be e('ected to live lon#er t!an
o%ld be t!e case i" t!e "a&il, re&ained in Lo%isiana.
5. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e concl%sion
dran in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Ins%rance co&'an, statisticians do not believe t!at &ovin# to :aaii ill
si#ni"icantl, len#t!en t!e avera#e Lo%isianians li"e.
.1/ T!e #overnor o" Lo%isiana !as "alsel, alle#ed t!at statistics "or !is state are
inacc%rate.
.C/ T!e lon#evit, ascribed to :aaiis c%rrent 'o'%lation is attrib%table &ostl,
to #eneticall, deter&ined "actors.
.3/ T!irt, 'ercent o" all Lo%isianians can e('ect to live lon#er t!an AA ,ears.
.E/ Most o" t!e :aaiian Islands !ave levels o" air 'oll%tion ell belo t!e
national avera#e "or t!e =nited States.
<. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost si#ni"icantl, stren#t!en
t!e concl%sion dran in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ As 'o'%lation densit, increases in :aaii9 li"e e('ectanc, "i#%res "or t!at
state are likel, to be revised donard.
.1/ Environ&ental "actors tendin# to "avor lon#evit, are ab%ndant in :aaii and
less n%&ero%s in Lo%isiana.
.C/ Tent,8"ive 'ercent o" all Lo%isianians !o &ove to :aaii live lon#er t!an
AA ,ears.
.3/ 7ver t!e last decade9 avera#e li"e e('ectanc, !as risen at a !i#!er rate "or
Lo%isianians t!an "or :aaiians.
.E/ St%dies s!o t!at t!e avera#e li"e e('ectanc, "or :aaiians !o &ove
'er&anentl, to Lo%isiana is ro%#!l, e0%al to t!at o" :aaiians !o re&ain
in :aaii.
C. Ins%rance Co&'an, E is considerin# iss%in# a ne 'olic, to cover services
re0%ired b, elderl, 'eo'le !o s%""er "ro& diseases t!at a""lict t!e elderl,.
Fre&i%&s "or t!e 'olic, &%st be lo eno%#! to attract c%sto&ers. T!ere"ore9
Co&'an, E is concerned t!at t!e inco&e "ro& t!e 'olicies o%ld not be
s%""icient to 'a, "or t!e clai&s t!at o%ld be &ade.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# strate#ies o%ld be &ost likel, to &ini&i)e Co&'an,
Es losses on t!e 'olicies-
.A/ Attractin# &iddle8a#ed c%sto&ers %nlikel, to s%b&it clai&s "or bene"its "or
&an, ,ears
GMAT & LSAT CR B<
.1/ Ins%rin# onl, t!ose individ%als !o did not s%""er an, serio%s diseases as
c!ildren
.C/ Incl%din# a #reater n%&ber o" services in t!e 'olic, t!an are incl%ded in
ot!er 'olicies o" loer cost
.3/ Ins%rin# onl, t!ose individ%als !o ere re+ected b, ot!er co&'anies "or
si&ilar 'olicies
.E/ Ins%rin# onl, t!ose individ%als !o are ealt!, eno%#! to 'a, "or t!e
&edical services
@. A 'ro#ra& instit%ted in a 'artic%lar state allos 'arents to 're'a, t!eir c!ildrens
"%t%re colle#e t%ition at c%rrent rates. T!e 'ro#ra& t!en 'a,s t!e t%ition ann%all,
"or t!e c!ild at an, o" t!e states '%blic colle#es in !ic! t!e c!ild enrolls.
Farents s!o%ld 'artici'ate in t!e 'ro#ra& as a &eans o" decreasin# t!e cost "or
t!eir c!ildrens colle#e ed%cation.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e &ost a''ro'riate reason "or 'arents not to
'artici'ate in t!e 'ro#ra&-
.A/ T!e 'arents are %ns%re abo%t !ic! '%bic colle#e in t!e state t!e c!ild ill
attend.
.1/ T!e a&o%nt o" &one, acc%&%lated b, '%ttin# t!e 're'a,&ent "%nds in an
interest8bearin# acco%nt toda, ill be #reater t!an t!e total cost o" t%ition
"or an, o" t!e '%bic colle#es !en t!e c!ild enrolls.
.C/ T!e ann%al cost o" t%ition at t!e states '%bic colle#es is e('ected to increase
at a "aster rate t!an t!e ann%al increase in t!e cost o" livin#.
.3/ So&e o" t!e states '%blic colle#es are conte&'latin# lar#e increases in
t%ition ne(t ,ear.
.E/ T!e 're'a,&ent 'lan o%ld not cover t!e cost o" roo& and board at an, o"
t!e states '%blic colle#es.
G. Co&'an, Al'!a b%,s "ree8travel co%'ons "ro& 'eo'le !o are aarded t!e
co%'ons b, 1ravo Airlines "or "l,in# "re0%entl, on 1ravo air'lanes. T!e co%'ons
are sold to 'eo'le !o 'a, less "or t!e co%'ons t!an t!e, o%ld 'a, b,
'%rc!asin# tickets "ro& 1ravo. T!is &arketin# o" co%'ons res%lts in lost reven%e
"or 1ravo.
To disco%ra#e t!e b%,in# and sellin# o" "ree8travel co%'ons9 it o%ld be best "or
1ravo Airlines to restrict t!e
.A/ n%&ber o" co%'ons t!at a 'erson can be aarded in a 'artic%lar ,ear
.1/ %se o" t!e co%'ons to t!ose !o ere aarded t!e co%'ons and &e&bers o"
t!eir i&&ediate "a&ilies
.C/ da,s t!at t!e co%'ons can be %sed to Monda, t!ro%#! $rida,
.3/ a&o%nt o" ti&e t!at t!e co%'ons can be %sed a"ter t!e, are iss%ed
.E/ n%&ber o" ro%tes on !ic! travelers can %se t!e co%'ons
GMAT & LSAT CR BC
A. T!e ice on t!e "ront inds!ield o" t!e car !ad "or&ed !en &oist%re condensed
d%rin# t!e ni#!t. T!e ice &elted 0%ickl, a"ter t!e car as ar&ed %' t!e ne(t
&ornin# beca%se t!e de"rostin# vent9 !ic! blos onl, on t!e "ront inds!ield9
as t%rned on "%ll "orce.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, +eo'ardi)es t!e validit, o" t!e
e('lanation "or t!e s'eed it! !ic! t!e ice &elted-
.A/ T!e side indos !ad no ice condensation on t!e&.
.1/ Even t!o%#! no atte&'t as &ade to de"rost t!e back indo9 t!e ice t!ere
&elted at t!e sa&e rate as did t!e ice on t!e "ront inds!ield.
.C/ T!e s'eed at !ic! ice on a indo &elts increases as t!e te&'erat%re o" t!e
air blon on t!e indo increases.
.3/ T!e ar& air "ro& t!e de"rostin# vent "or t!e "ront inds!ield cools ra'idl,
as it dissi'ates t!ro%#!o%t t!e rest o" t!e car.
.E/ T!e de"rostin# vent o'erates e""icientl, even !en t!e !eater9 !ic! blos
ar& air toard t!e "eet or "aces o" t!e driver and 'assen#ers9 is on.
B. To 'revent so&e con"licts o" interest9 Con#ress co%ld 'ro!ibit !i#!8level
#overn&ent o""icials "ro& acce'tin# 'ositions as lobb,ists "or t!ree ,ears a"ter
s%c! o""icials leave #overn&ent service. 7ne s%c! o""icial concl%ded9 !oever9
t!at s%c! a 'ro!ibition o%ld be %n"ort%nate beca%se it o%ld 'revent !i#!8level
#overn&ent o""icials "ro& earnin# a liveli!ood "or t!ree ,ears.
T!e o""icials concl%sion lo#icall, de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin#
ass%&'tions-
.A/ Las s!o%ld not restrict t!e be!avior o" "or&er #overn&ent o""icials.
.1/ Lobb,ists are t,'icall, 'eo'le !o !ave 'revio%sl, been !i#!8level
#overn&ent o""icials.
.C/ Lo8level #overn&ent o""icials do not o"ten beco&e lobb,ists !en t!e,
leave #overn&ent service.
.3/ :i#!8level #overn&ent o""icials !o leave #overn&ent service are ca'able
o" earnin# a liveli!ood onl, as lobb,ists.
.E/ :i#!8level #overn&ent o""icials !o leave #overn&ent service are c%rrentl,
'er&itted to act as lobb,ists "or onl, t!ree ,ears.
H. A conservation #ro%' in t!e =nited States is tr,in# to c!an#e t!e lon#8standin#
i&a#e o" bats as "ri#!tenin# creat%res. T!e #ro%' contends t!at bats are "eared
and 'ersec%ted solel, beca%se t!e, are s!, ani&als t!at are active onl, at ni#!t.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld cast t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e
acc%rac, o" t!e #ro%'s contention-
.A/ 1ats are steadil, losin# nat%ral roostin# 'laces s%c! as caves and !ollo
trees and are t!%s t%rnin# to &ore develo'ed areas "or roostin#.
.1/ 1ats are t!e c!ie" cons%&ers o" noct%rnal insects and t!%s can !el' &ake
t!eir !%ntin# territor, &ore 'leasant "or !%&ans.
GMAT & LSAT CR B@
.C/ 1ats are re#arded as "ri#!tenin# creat%res not onl, in t!e =nited States b%t
also in E%ro'e9 A"rica9 and So%t! A&erica.
.3/ Raccoons and ols are s!, and active onl, at ni#!tD ,et t!e, are not
#enerall, "eared and 'ersec%ted.
.E/ Feo'le kno &ore abo%t t!e be!avior o" ot!er #reatl, "eared ani&al s'ecies9
s%c! as lions9 alli#ators9 and snakes9 t!an t!e, do abo%t t!e be!avior o" bats.
1I. Meteorite e('losions in t!e Eart!s at&os'!ere as lar#e as t!e one t!at destro,ed
"orests in Siberia9 it! a''ro(i&atel, t!e "orce o" a telve8&e#aton n%clear
blast9 occ%r abo%t once a cent%r,.
T!e res'onse o" !i#!l, a%to&ated s,ste&s controlled b, co&'le( co&'%ter
'ro#ra&s to %ne('ected circ%&stances is %n'redictable.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can &ost 'ro'erl, be dran9 i" t!e
state&ents above are tr%e9 abo%t a !i#!l, a%to&ated n%clear8&issile de"ense
s,ste& controlled b, a co&'le( co&'%ter 'ro#ra&-
.A/ 6it!in a cent%r, a"ter its constr%ction9 t!e s,ste& o%ld react
ina''ro'riatel, and &i#!t accidentall, start a n%clear ar.
.1/ T!e s,ste& o%ld be destro,ed i" an e('losion o" a lar#e &eteorite occ%rred
in t!e Eart!s at&os'!ere.
.C/ It o%ld be i&'ossible "or t!e s,ste& to distin#%is! t!e e('losion o" a lar#e
&eteorite "ro& t!e e('losion o" a n%clear ea'on.
.3/ 6!et!er t!e s,ste& o%ld res'ond ina''ro'riatel, to t!e e('losion o" a
lar#e &eteorite o%ld de'end on t!e location o" t!e blast.
.E/ It is not certain !at t!e s,ste&s res'onse to t!e e('losion o" a lar#e
&eteorite o%ld be9 i" its desi#ners did not 'lan "or s%c! a contin#enc,.
Questions 11-1! are based on the following.
T!e "eer restrictions t!ere are on t!e advertisin# o" le#al services9 t!e &ore la,ers
t!ere are !o advertise t!eir services9 and t!e la,ers !o advertise a s'eci"ic service
%s%all, c!ar#e less "or t!at service t!an la,ers !o do not advertise. T!ere"ore9 i"
t!e state re&oves an, o" its c%rrent restrictions9 s%c! as t!e one a#ainst advertise&ents
t!at do not s'eci", "ee arran#e&ents9 overall cons%&er le#al costs ill be loer t!an
i" t!e state retains its c%rrent restrictions.
11. I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e-
.A/ So&e la,ers !o no advertise ill c!ar#e &ore "or s'eci"ic services i"
t!e, do not !ave to s'eci", "ee arran#e&ents in t!e advertise&ents.
.1/ More cons%&ers ill %se le#al services i" t!ere are "eer restrictions on t!e
advertisin# o" le#al services.
.C/ I" t!e restriction a#ainst advertise&ents t!at do not s'eci", "ee arran#e&ents
is re&oved9 &ore la,ers ill advertise t!eir services.
.3/ I" &ore la,ers advertise loer 'rices "or s'eci"ic services9 so&e la,ers
GMAT & LSAT CR BG
!o do not advertise ill also c!ar#e less t!an t!e, c%rrentl, c!ar#e "or
t!ose services.
.E/ I" t!e onl, restrictions on t!e advertisin# o" le#al services ere t!ose t!at
a''l, to ever, t,'e o" advertisin#9 &ost la,ers o%ld advertise t!eir
services.
15. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e ar#%&ent
concernin# overall cons%&er le#al costs-
.A/ T!e state !as recentl, re&oved so&e ot!er restrictions t!at !ad li&ited t!e
.1/ T!e state is %nlikel, to re&ove all o" t!e restrictions t!at a''l, solel, to t!e
.C/ La,ers !o do not advertise #enerall, 'rovide le#al services o" t!e sa&e
0%alit, as t!ose 'rovided b, la,ers !o do advertise.
.3/ Most la,ers !o no s'eci", "ee arran#e&ents in t!eir advertise&ents
o%ld contin%e to do so even i" t!e s'eci"ication ere not re0%ired.
.E/ Most la,ers !o advertise s'eci"ic services do not loer t!eir "ees "or t!ose
services !en t!e, be#in to advertise.
1<. 3e"ense 3e'art&ent anal,sts orr, t!at t!e abilit, o" t!e =nited States to a#e a
'rolon#ed ar o%ld be serio%sl, endan#ered i" t!e &ac!ine8tool &an%"act%rin#
base s!rinks "%rt!er. 1e"ore t!e 3e"ense 3e'art&ent '%blicl, connected t!is
sec%rit, iss%e it! t!e i&'ort 0%ota iss%e9 !oever9 t!e &ac!ine8tool ind%str,
raised t!e national sec%rit, iss%e in its 'etition "or i&'ort 0%otas.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 contrib%tes &ost to an e('lanation o" t!e
&ac!ine8tool ind%str,s raisin# t!e iss%e above re#ardin# national sec%rit,-
.A/ 6!en t!e aircra"t ind%stries retooled9 t!e, 'rovided a lar#e a&o%nt o" ork
"or tool b%ilders.
.1/ T!e 3e"ense 3e'art&ent is onl, &ar#inall, concerned it! t!e e""ects o"
"orei#n co&'etition on t!e &ac!ine8tool ind%str,.
.C/ T!e &ac!ine8tool ind%str, enco%ntered di""ic%lt, in obtainin# #overn&ental
'rotection a#ainst i&'orts on #ro%nds ot!er t!an de"ense.
.3/ A "e ea'ons i&'ortant "or de"ense consist o" 'arts t!at do not re0%ire
e(tensive &ac!inin#.
.E/ Several "ederal #overn&ent 'ro#ra&s !ave been desi#ned !ic! ill enable
do&estic &ac!ine8tool &an%"act%rin# "ir&s to co&'ete s%ccess"%ll, it!
"orei#n tool&akers.
1C. 7''onents o" las t!at re0%ire a%to&obile drivers and 'assen#ers to ear seat
belts ar#%e t!at in a "ree societ, 'eo'le !ave t!e ri#!t to take risks as lon# as t!e
'eo'le do not !ar& ot!ers as a res%lt o" takin# t!e risks. As a res%lt9 t!e,
concl%de t!at it s!o%ld be eac! 'ersons decision !et!er or not to ear a seat
belt.
GMAT & LSAT CR BA
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e concl%sion dran
above-
.A/ Man, ne cars are b%ilt it! seat belts t!at a%to&aticall, "asten !en
so&eone sits in t!e "ront seat.
.1/ A%to&obile ins%rance rates "or all a%to&obile oners are !i#!er beca%se o"
t!e need to 'a, "or t!e increased in+%ries or deat!s o" 'eo'le not earin#
seat belts.
.C/ Fassen#ers in air'lanes are re0%ired to ear seat belts d%rin# takeo""s and
landin#s.
.3/ T!e rate o" a%to&obile "atalities in states t!at do not !ave &andator, seat8
belt las is #reater t!an t!e rate o" "atalities in states t!at do !ave s%c! las.
.E/ In a%to&obile accidents9 a #reater n%&ber o" 'assen#ers !o do not ear
seat belts are in+%red t!an are 'assen#ers !o do ear seat belts.
1@. T!e cost o" 'rod%cin# radios in Co%ntr, N is ten 'ercent less t!an t!e cost o"
'rod%cin# radios in Co%ntr, *. Even a"ter trans'ortation "ees and tari"" c!ar#es
are added9 it is still c!ea'er "or a co&'an, to i&'ort radios "ro& Co%ntr, N to
Co%ntr, * t!an to 'rod%ce radios in Co%ntr, *.
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 best s%''ort !ic! o" t!e "olloin# assertions-
.A/ Labor costs in Co%ntr, N are ten 'ercent belo t!ose in Co%ntr, *.
.1/ I&'ortin# radios "ro& Co%ntr, N to Co%ntr, * ill eli&inate ten 'ercent o"
t!e &an%"act%rin# +obs in Co%ntr, *.
.C/ T!e tari"" on a radio i&'orted "ro& Co%ntr, N to Co%ntr, * is less t!an ten
'ercent o" t!e cost o" &an%"act%rin# t!e radio in Co%ntr, *.
.3/ T!e "ee "or trans'ortin# a radio "ro& Co%ntr, N to Co%ntr, * is &ore t!an
ten 'ercent o" t!e cost o" &an%"act%rin# t!e radio in Co%ntr, N.
.E/ It takes ten 'ercent less ti&e to &an%"act%re a radio in Co%ntr, N t!an it does
in Co%ntr, *.
1G. 3%rin# t!e Second 6orld 6ar9 abo%t <A@9III civilians died in t!e =nited States
and abo%t CIB9III &e&bers o" t!e =nited States ar&ed "orces died overseas. 7n
t!e basis o" t!ose "i#%res9 it can be concl%ded t!at it as not &%c! &ore
dan#ero%s to be overseas in t!e ar&ed "orces d%rin# t!e Second 6orld 6ar t!an it
as to sta, at !o&e as a civilian.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# o%ld reveal &ost clearl, t!e abs%rdit, o" t!e concl%sion
dran above-
.A/ Co%ntin# deat!s a&on# &e&bers o" t!e ar&ed "orces !o served in t!e
=nited States in addition to deat!s a&on# &e&bers o" t!e ar&ed "orces
servin# overseas
.1/ E('ressin# t!e di""erence beteen t!e n%&bers o" deat!s a&on# civilians
and &e&bers o" t!e ar&ed "orces as a 'ercenta#e o" t!e total n%&ber o"
deat!s
GMAT & LSAT CR BB
.C/ Se'aratin# deat!s ca%sed b, accidents d%rin# service in t!e ar&ed "orces
"ro& deat!s ca%sed b, co&bat in+%ries
.3/ Co&'arin# deat! rates 'er t!o%sand &e&bers o" eac! #ro%' rat!er t!an
co&'arin# total n%&bers o" deat!s
.E/ Co&'arin# deat!s ca%sed b, accidents in t!e =nited States to deat!s ca%sed
b, co&bat in t!e ar&ed "orces
1A. 7ne state adds a A 'ercent sales ta( to t!e 'rice o" &ost 'rod%cts '%rc!ased
it!in its +%risdiction. T!is ta(9 t!ere"ore9 i" vieed as ta( on inco&e9 !as t!e
reverse e""ect o" t!e "ederal inco&e ta(: t!e loer t!e inco&e9 t!e !i#!er t!e
ann%al 'ercenta#e rate at !ic! t!e inco&e is ta(ed.
T!e concl%sion above o%ld be 'ro'erl, dran i" !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ere
ass%&ed as a 're&ise-
.A/ T!e a&o%nt o" &one, citi)ens s'end on 'rod%cts s%b+ect to t!e state ta(
tends to be e0%al across inco&e levels.
.1/ T!e "ederal inco&e ta( "avors citi)ens it! !i#! inco&es9 !ereas t!e state
sales ta( "avors citi)ens it! lo inco&es.
.C/ Citi)ens it! lo ann%al inco&es can a""ord to 'a, a relativel, !i#!er
'ercenta#e o" t!eir inco&es in state sales ta(9 since t!eir "ederal inco&e ta(
is relativel, lo.
.3/ T!e loer a states sales ta(9 t!e &ore it ill tend to redistrib%te inco&e
"ro& t!e &ore a""l%ent citi)ens to t!e rest o" societ,.
.E/ Citi)ens !o "ail to earn "ederall, ta(able inco&e are also e(e&'t "ro& t!e
state sales ta(.
1B. T!e avera#e a#e o" c!ie" e(ec%tive o""icers .CE7s/ in a lar#e sa&'le o"
co&'anies is @A. T!e avera#e a#e o" CE7s in t!ose sa&e co&'anies 5I ,ears
a#o as a''ro(i&atel, ei#!t ,ears ,o%n#er. 7n t!e basis o" t!ose data9 it can be
concl%ded t!at CE7s in #eneral tend to be older no.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# casts t!e &ost do%bt on t!e concl%sion dran above-
.A/ T!e dates !en t!e CE7s ass%&ed t!eir c%rrent 'ositions !ave not been
s'eci"ied.
.1/ 2o in"or&ation is #iven concernin# t!e avera#e n%&ber o" ,ears t!at CE7s
re&ain in o""ice.
.C/ T!e in"or&ation is based onl, on co&'anies t!at !ave been o'eratin# "or at
least 5I ,ears.
.3/ 7nl, a''ro(i&ate in"or&ation is #iven concernin# t!e avera#e a#e o" t!e
CE7s 5I ,ears a#o.
.E/ In"or&ation concernin# t!e e(act n%&ber o" co&'anies in t!e sa&'le !as not
been #iven.
GMAT & LSAT CR BH
S%rve,s s!o t!at ever, ,ear onl, 1I 'ercent o" ci#arette s&okers sitc! brands. *et
t!e &an%"act%rers !ave been s'endin# an a&o%nt e0%al to 1I 'ercent o" t!eir #ross
recei'ts on ci#arette 'ro&otion in &a#a)ines. It "ollos "ro& t!ese "i#%res t!at
ind%cin# ci#arette s&okers to sitc! brands did not 'a,9 and t!at ci#arette co&'anies
o%ld !ave been no orse o"" econo&icall, i" t!e, !ad dro''ed t!eir advertisin#.
1H. 7" t!e "olloin#9 t!e best criticis& o" t!e concl%sion t!at ind%cin# ci#arette
s&okers to sitc! brands did not 'a, is t!at t!e concl%sion is based on
.A/ co&'%tin# advertisin# costs as a 'ercenta#e o" #ross recei'ts9 not o" overall
costs
.1/ 'ast 'atterns o" s&okin# and &a, not carr, over to t!e "%t%re
.C/ t!e ass%&'tion t!at eac! s&oker is lo,al to a sin#le brand o" ci#arettes at an,
one ti&e
.3/ t!e ass%&'tion t!at eac! &an%"act%rer 'rod%ces onl, one brand o" ci#arettes
.E/ "i#%res "or t!e ci#arette ind%str, as a !ole and &a, not !old "or a 'artic%lar
co&'an,
5I. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e concl%sion t!at
ci#arette co&'anies co%ld !ave dro''ed advertisin# it!o%t s%""erin#
econo&icall,-
.A/ Ci#arette advertise&ents 'rovide a &a+or 'ro'ortion o" total advertisin#
reven%e "or n%&ero%s &a#a)ines.
.1/ Ci#arette 'ro&otion serves to attract "irst8ti&e s&okers to re'lace t!ose
'eo'le !o !ave sto''ed s&okin#.
.C/ T!ere e(ists no researc! concl%sivel, de&onstratin# t!at increases in
ci#arette advertisin# are related to increases in s&okin#.
.3/ Advertisin# is so "ir&l, establis!ed as a &a+or b%siness activit, o" ci#arette
&an%"act%rers t!at t!e, o%ld be %nlikel, to dro' it.
.E/ 1rand lo,alt, is t,'icall, not ver, stron# a&on# t!ose !o s&oke
ine('ensive ci#arettes.
TEST @
1. To%#!ened !irin# standards !ave not been t!e 'ri&ar, ca%se o" t!e 'resent
sta""in# s!orta#e in '%blic sc!ools. T!e s!orta#e o" teac!ers is 'ri&aril, ca%sed
b, t!e "act t!at in recent ,ears teac!ers !ave not e('erienced an, i&'rove&ents
in orkin# conditions and t!eir salaries !ave not ke't 'ace it! salaries in ot!er
'ro"essions.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost s%''ort t!e clai&s above-
.A/ Man, teac!ers alread, in t!e 'ro"ession o%ld not !ave been !ired %nder t!e
ne !irin# standards.
.1/ Toda, &ore teac!ers are enterin# t!e 'ro"ession it! a !i#!er ed%cational
GMAT & LSAT CR HI
level t!an in t!e 'ast.
.C/ So&e teac!ers !ave cited !i#!er standards "or !irin# as a reason "or t!e
c%rrent sta""in# s!orta#e.
.3/ Man, teac!ers !ave cited lo 'a, and lack o" 'ro"essional "reedo& as
reasons "or t!eir leavin# t!e 'ro"ession.
.E/ Man, 'ros'ective teac!ers !ave cited t!e ne !irin# standards as a reason
"or not enterin# t!e 'ro"ession.
5. A 'ro'osed ordinance re0%ires t!e installation in ne !o&es o" s'rinklers
a%to&aticall, tri##ered b, t!e 'resence o" a "ire. :oever9 a !o&e b%ilder ar#%ed
t!at beca%se &ore t!an ninet, 'ercent o" residential "ires are e(tin#%is!ed b, a
!o%se!old &e&ber9 residential s'rinklers o%ld onl, &ar#inall, decrease
'ro'ert, da&a#e ca%sed b, residential "ires.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e !o&e b%ilders
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Most individ%als !ave no "or&al trainin# in !o to e(tin#%is! "ires.
.1/ Since ne !o&es are onl, a tin, 'ercenta#e o" available !o%sin# in t!e cit,9
t!e ne ordinance o%ld be e(tre&el, narro in sco'e.
.C/ T!e installation o" s&oke detectors in ne residences costs si#ni"icantl, less
t!an t!e installation o" s'rinklers.
.3/ In t!e cit, !ere t!e ordinance as 'ro'osed9 t!e avera#e ti&e re0%ired b,
t!e "ire de'art&ent to res'ond to a "ire as less t!an t!e national avera#e.
.E/ T!e lar#est 'ro'ortion o" 'ro'ert, da&a#e t!at res%lts "ro& residential "ires
is ca%sed b, "ires t!at start !en no !o%se!old &e&ber is 'resent.
<. Even t!o%#! &ost %niversities retain t!e ro,alties "ro& "ac%lt, &e&bers
inventions9 t!e "ac%lt, &e&bers retain t!e ro,alties "ro& books and articles t!e,
rite. T!ere"ore9 "ac%lt, &e&bers s!o%ld retain t!e ro,alties "ro& t!e ed%cational
co&'%ter so"tare t!e, develo'.
T!e concl%sion above o%ld be &ore reasonabl, dran i" !ic! o" t!e "olloin#
ere inserted into t!e ar#%&ent as an additional 're&ise-
.A/ Ro,alties "ro& inventions are !i#!er t!an ro,alties "ro& ed%cational
so"tare 'ro#ra&s.
.1/ $ac%lt, &e&bers are &ore likel, to 'rod%ce ed%cational so"tare 'ro#ra&s
t!an inventions.
.C/ Inventions brin# &ore 'resti#e to %niversities t!an do books and articles.
.3/ In t!e e('erience o" &ost %niversities9 ed%cational so"tare 'ro#ra&s are
&ore &arketable t!an are books and articles.
.E/ In ter&s o" t!e criteria %sed to aard ro,alties9 ed%cational so"tare
'ro#ra&s are &ore nearl, co&'arable to books and articles t!an to
inventions.
GMAT & LSAT CR H1
C. Increases in t!e level o" !i#!8densit, li'o'rotein .:3L/ in t!e !%&an
bloodstrea& loer bloodstrea&8c!olesterol levels b, increasin# t!e bod,s
ca'acit, to rid itsel" o" e(cess c!olesterol. Levels o" :3L in t!e bloodstrea& o"
so&e individ%als are si#ni"icantl, increased b, a 'ro#ra& o" re#%lar e(ercise and
ei#!t red%ction.
.A/ Individ%als !o are %nderei#!t do not r%n an, risk o" develo'in# !i#!
levels o" c!olesterol in t!e bloodstrea&.
.1/ Individ%als !o do not e(ercise re#%larl, !ave a !i#! risk o" develo'in# !i#!
levels o" c!olesterol in t!e bloodstrea& late in li"e.
.C/ E(ercise and ei#!t red%ction are t!e &ost e""ective &et!ods o" loerin#
bloodstrea& c!olesterol levels in !%&ans.
.3/ A 'ro#ra& o" re#%lar e(ercise and ei#!t red%ction loers c!olesterol levels
in t!e bloodstrea& o" so&e individ%als.
.E/ 7nl, re#%lar e(ercise is necessar, to decrease c!olesterol levels in t!e
bloodstrea& o" individ%als o" avera#e ei#!t.
@. 6!en li&itations ere in e""ect on n%clear8ar&s testin#9 'eo'le tended to save
&ore o" t!eir &one,9 b%t !en n%clear8ar&s testin# increased9 'eo'le tended to
s'end &ore o" t!eir &one,. T!e 'erceived t!reat o" n%clear catastro'!e9 t!ere"ore9
decreases t!e illin#ness o" 'eo'le to 'ost'one cons%&'tion "or t!e sake o"
savin# &one,.
T!e ar#%&ent above ass%&es t!at
.A/ t!e 'erceived t!reat o" n%clear catastro'!e !as increased over t!e ,ears
.1/ &ost 'eo'le s%''orted t!e develo'&ent o" n%clear ar&s
.C/ 'eo'les 'erce'tion o" t!e t!reat o" n%clear catastro'!e de'ends on t!e
a&o%nt o" n%clear8ar&s testin# bein# done
.3/ t!e 'eo'le !o saved t!e &ost &one, !en n%clear8ar&s testin# as li&ited
ere t!e ones !o s%''orted s%c! li&itations
.E/ t!ere are &ore cons%&er #oods available !en n%clear8ar&s testin# increases
G. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
Feo'le b%, 'resti#e !en t!e, b%, a 're&i%& 'rod%ct. T!e, ant to be
associated it! so&et!in# s'ecial. Mass8&arketin# tec!ni0%es and 'rice8
red%ction strate#ies s!o%ld not be %sed beca%se;;;;;;
.A/ a""l%ent '%rc!asers c%rrentl, re'resent a s!rinkin# 'ortion o" t!e 'o'%lation
o" all '%rc!asers
.1/ contin%ed sales de'end directl, on t!e &aintenance o" an a%ra o" e(cl%sivit,
.C/ '%rc!asers o" 're&i%& 'rod%cts are concerned it! t!e 0%alit, as ell as
it! t!e 'rice o" t!e 'rod%cts
.3/ e('ansion o" t!e &arket nic!e to incl%de a broader s'ectr%& o" cons%&ers
GMAT & LSAT CR H5
ill increase 'ro"its
.E/ &an%"act%rin# a 're&i%& brand is not necessaril, &ore costl, t!an
&an%"act%rin# a standard brand o" t!e sa&e 'rod%ct
A. A cost8e""ective sol%tion to t!e 'roble& o" air'ort con#estion is to 'rovide !i#!8
s'eed #ro%nd trans'ortation beteen &a+or cities l,in# 5II to @II &iles a'art.
T!e s%ccess"%l i&'le&entation o" t!is 'lan o%ld cost "ar less t!an e('andin#
e(istin# air'orts and o%ld also red%ce t!e n%&ber o" air'lanes clo##in# bot!
air'orts and aira,s.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 co%ld 'ro'onents o" t!e 'lan above &ost
a''ro'riatel, cite as a 'iece o" evidence "or t!e so%ndness o" t!eir 'lan-
.A/ An e""ective !i#!8s'eed #ro%nd8trans'ortation s,ste& o%ld re0%ire &a+or
re'airs to &an, !i#!a,s and &ass8transit i&'rove&ents.
.1/ 7ne8!al" o" all de'artin# "li#!ts in t!e nations b%siest air'ort !ead "or a
destination in a &a+or cit, 55@ &iles aa,.
.C/ T!e &a+orit, o" travelers de'artin# "ro& r%ral air'orts are "l,in# to
destinations in cities over GII &iles aa,.
.3/ Man, ne air'orts are bein# b%ilt in areas t!at are 'resentl, served b, !i#!8
s'eed #ro%nd8trans'ortation s,ste&s.
.E/ A lar#e 'ro'ortion o" air travelers are vacationers !o are takin# lon#8
distance "li#!ts.
I" t!ere is an oil8s%''l, disr%'tion res%ltin# in !i#!er international oil 'rices9 do&estic
oil 'rices in o'en8&arket co%ntries s%c! as t!e =nited States ill rise as ell9 !et!er
s%c! co%ntries i&'ort all or none o" t!eir oil.
B. I" t!e state&ent above concernin# oil8s%''l, disr%'tions is tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e
"olloin# 'olicies in an o'en8&arket nation is &ost likel, to red%ce t!e lon#8ter&
econo&ic i&'act on t!at nation o" s!ar' and %ne('ected increases in international
oil 'rices-
.A/ Maintainin# t!e 0%antit, o" oil i&'orted at constant ,earl, levels
.1/ Increasin# t!e n%&ber o" oil tankers in its "leet
.C/ S%s'endin# di'lo&atic relations it! &a+or oil8'rod%cin# nations
.3/ 3ecreasin# oil cons%&'tion t!ro%#! conservation
.E/ 3ecreasin# do&estic 'rod%ction o" oil
H. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is best s%''orted b, t!e state&ent above-
.A/ 3o&estic 'rod%cers o" oil in o'en8&arket co%ntries are e(cl%ded "ro& t!e
international oil &arket !en t!ere is a disr%'tion in t!e international oil
s%''l,.
.1/ International oil8s%''l, disr%'tions !ave little9 i" an,9 e""ect on t!e 'rice o"
GMAT & LSAT CR H<
do&estic oil as lon# as an o'en8&arket co%ntr, !as do&estic s%''lies
ca'able o" &eetin# do&estic de&and.
.C/ T!e oil &arket in an o'en8&arket co%ntr, is act%all, 'art o" t!e international
oil &arket9 even i" &ost o" t!at co%ntr,s do&estic oil is %s%all, sold to
cons%&ers it!in its borders.
.3/ 7'en8&arket co%ntries t!at e('ort little or none o" t!eir oil can &aintain
stable do&estic oil 'rices even !en international oil 'rices rise s!ar'l,.
.E/ I" international oil 'rices rise9 do&estic distrib%tors o" oil in o'en8&arket
co%ntries ill be#in to i&'ort &ore oil t!an t!e, e('ort.
1I. T!e avera#e nor&al in"ant born in t!e =nited States ei#!s beteen telve and
"o%rteen 'o%nds at t!e a#e o" t!ree &ont!s. T!ere"ore9 i" a t!ree8&ont!8old c!ild
ei#!s onl, ten 'o%nds9 its ei#!t #ain !as been belo t!e =nited States
avera#e.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# indicates a "la in t!e reasonin# above-
.A/ 6ei#!t is onl, one &eas%re o" nor&al in"ant develo'&ent.
.1/ So&e t!ree8&ont!8old c!ildren ei#! as &%c! as seventeen 'o%nds.
.C/ It is 'ossible "or a nor&al c!ild to ei#! ten 'o%nds at birt!.
.3/ T!e '!rase >belo avera#e? does not necessaril, &ean ins%""icient.
.E/ Avera#e ei#!t #ain is not t!e sa&e as avera#e ei#!t.
11. Red blood cells in !ic! t!e &alarial8"ever 'arasite resides are eli&inated "ro& a
'ersons bod, a"ter 15I da,s. 1eca%se t!e 'arasite cannot travel to a ne
#eneration o" red blood cells9 an, "ever t!at develo's in a 'erson &ore t!an 15I
da,s a"ter t!at 'erson !as &oved to a &alaria8"ree re#ion is not d%e to t!e
&alarial 'arasite.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ T!e "ever ca%sed b, t!e &alarial 'arasite &a, rese&ble t!e "ever ca%sed b,
"l% vir%ses.
.1/ T!e ano'!eles &os0%ito9 !ic! is t!e 'rinci'al insect carrier o" t!e &alarial
'arasite9 !as been eradicated in &an, 'arts o" t!e orld.
.C/ Man, &alarial s,&'to&s ot!er t!an t!e "ever9 !ic! can be s%''ressed it!
anti&alarial &edication9 can rea''ear it!in 15I da,s a"ter t!e &edication
is discontin%ed.
.3/ In so&e cases9 t!e 'arasite t!at ca%ses &alarial "ever travels to cells o" t!e
s'leen9 !ic! are less "re0%entl, eli&inated "ro& a 'ersons bod, t!an are
red blood cells.
.E/ In an, re#ion in"ested it! &alaria8carr,in# &os0%itoes9 t!ere are
individ%als !o a''ear to be i&&%ne to &alaria.
15. $act 1: Television advertisin# is beco&in# less e""ective: t!e 'ro'ortion o" brand
na&es 'ro&oted on television t!at vieers o" t!e advertisin# can recall is slol,
GMAT & LSAT CR HC
decreasin#.
$act 5: Television vieers recall co&&ercials aired "irst or last in a cl%ster o"
consec%tive co&&ercials "ar better t!an t!e, recall co&&ercials aired
so&e!ere in t!e &iddle.
$act 5 o%ld be &ost likel, to contrib%te to an e('lanation o" "act 1 i" !ic! o"
t!e "olloin# ere also tr%e-
.A/ T!e avera#e television vieer c%rrentl, recalls "eer t!an !al" t!e brand
na&es 'ro&oted in co&&ercials !e or s!e sa.
.1/ T!e total ti&e allotted to t!e avera#e cl%ster o" consec%tive television
co&&ercials is decreasin#.
.C/ T!e avera#e n%&ber o" !o%rs 'er da, t!at 'eo'le s'end atc!in# television
is decreasin#.
.3/ T!e avera#e n%&ber o" cl%sters o" consec%tive co&&ercials 'er !o%r o"
television is increasin#.
.E/ T!e avera#e n%&ber o" television co&&ercials in a cl%ster o" consec%tive
co&&ercials is increasin#.
1<. T!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le dia#nosed as !avin# a certain intestinal disease !as
dro''ed si#ni"icantl, in a r%ral co%nt, t!is ,ear9 as co&'ared to last ,ear9 :ealt!
o""icials attrib%te t!is decrease entirel, to i&'roved sanitar, conditions at ater8
treat&ent 'lants9 !ic! &ade "or cleaner ater t!is ,ear and t!%s red%ced t!e
incidence o" t!e disease.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e !ealt! o""icials
e('lanation "or t!e loer incidence o" t!e disease-
.A/ Man, ne ater8treat&ent 'lants !ave been b%ilt in t!e last "ive ,ears in t!e
r%ral co%nt,.
.1/ 1ottled s'rin# ater !as not been cons%&ed in si#ni"icantl, di""erent
0%antities b, 'eo'le dia#nosed as !avin# t!e intestinal disease9 as co&'ared
to 'eo'le !o did not contract t!e disease.
.C/ 1eca%se o" a ne dia#nostic tec!ni0%e9 &an, 'eo'le !o %ntil t!is ,ear
o%ld !ave been dia#nosed as !avin# t!e intestinal disease are no
correctl, dia#nosed as s%""erin# "ro& intestinal %lcers.
.3/ 1eca%se o" &edical advances t!is ,ear9 "ar "eer 'eo'le !o contract t!e
intestinal disease ill develo' severe cases o" t!e disease.
.E/ T!e ater in t!e r%ral co%nt, as bro%#!t %' to t!e sanitar, standards o" t!e
ater in nei#!borin# co%nties ten ,ears a#o.
1C. T!e 'rice t!e #overn&ent 'a,s "or standard ea'ons '%rc!ased "ro& &ilitar,
contractors is deter&ined b, a 'ricin# &et!od called >!istorical costin#.?
:istorical costin# allos contractors to 'rotect t!eir 'ro"its b, addin# a
'ercenta#e increase9 based on t!e c%rrent rate o" in"lation9 to t!e 'revio%s ,ears
contract%al 'rice.
GMAT & LSAT CR H@
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 is t!e best basis "or a criticis& o"
!istorical costin# as an econo&icall, so%nd 'ricin# &et!od "or &ilitar,
contracts-
.A/ T!e #overn&ent &i#!t contin%e to 'a, "or 'ast ine""icient %se o" "%nds.
.1/ T!e rate o" in"lation !as varied considerabl, over t!e 'ast tent, ,ears.
.C/ T!e contract%al 'rice ill be #reatl, a""ected b, t!e cost o" &aterials %sed "or
t!e 'rod%cts.
.3/ Man, ta('a,ers 0%estion t!e a&o%nt o" &one, t!e #overn&ent s'ends on
&ilitar, contracts.
.E/ T!e 'ricin# &et!od based on !istorical costin# &i#!t not enco%ra#e t!e
develo'&ent o" innovative ea'ons.
1@. So&e !o "avor '%ttin# #overn&ental enter'rises into 'rivate !ands s%##est t!at
conservation ob+ectives o%ld in #eneral be better served i" 'rivate environ&ental
#ro%'s ere '%t in c!ar#e o" o'eratin# and "inancin# t!e national 'ark s,ste&9
!ic! is no r%n b, t!e #overn&ent.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 ass%&in# t!at it is a realistic 'ossibilit,9 ar#%es &ost
stron#l, a#ainst t!e s%##estion above-
.A/ T!ose seekin# to abolis! all restrictions on e('loitin# t!e nat%ral reso%rces
o" t!e 'arks &i#!t +oin t!e 'rivate environ&ental #ro%'s as &e&bers and
event%all, take over t!eir leaders!i'.
.1/ Frivate environ&ental #ro%'s &i#!t not ala,s a#ree on t!e best a,s to
ac!ieve conservation ob+ectives.
.C/ I" t!e, is!ed to e(tend t!e 'ark s,ste&9 t!e 'rivate environ&ental #ro%'s
&i#!t !ave to seek contrib%tions "ro& &a+or donors and t!e #eneral '%blic.
.3/ T!ere &i#!t be co&'etition a&on# 'rivate environ&ental #ro%'s "or control
o" certain 'ark areas.
.E/ So&e endan#ered s'ecies9 s%c! as t!e Cali"ornia condor9 &i#!t die o%t
des'ite t!e best e""orts o" t!e 'rivate environ&ental #ro%'s9 even i" t!ose
#ro%'s are not !a&'ered b, ins%""icient reso%rces.
1G. A recent s'ate o" la%nc!in# and o'eratin# &is!a's it! television satellites led to
a corres'ondin# s%r#e in clai&s a#ainst co&'anies %nderritin# satellite
ins%rance. As a res%lt9 ins%rance 're&i%&s s!ot %'9 &akin# satellites &ore
e('ensive to la%nc! and o'erate. T!is9 in t%rn9 !as added to t!e 'ress%re to
s0%ee)e &ore 'er"or&ance o%t o" c%rrentl, o'eratin# satellites.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 taken to#et!er it! t!e in"or&ation above9 best
s%''orts t!e concl%sion t!at t!e cost o" television satellites ill contin%e to
increase-
.A/ Since t!e risk to ins%rers o" satellites is s'read over relativel, "e %nits9
ins%rance 're&i%&s are necessaril, ver, !i#!.
.1/ 6!en satellites reac! orbit and t!en "ail9 t!e ca%ses o" "ail%re are #enerall,
GMAT & LSAT CR HG
i&'ossible to 'in'oint it! con"idence.
.C/ T!e #reater t!e 'er"or&ance de&ands 'laced on satellites9 t!e &ore
"re0%entl, t!ose satellites break don.
.3/ Most satellites are 'rod%ced in s%c! s&all n%&bers t!at no econo&ies o"
scale can be reali)ed.
.E/ Since &an, satellites are b%ilt b, %nield, international consortia9
ine""iciencies are inevitable.
1A. Toc0%eville9 a nineteent!8cent%r, riter knon "or !is st%d, o" de&ocrac, in t!e
=nited States9 believed t!at a #overn&ent t!at centrali)es 'oer in one individ%al
or instit%tion is dan#ero%s to its citi)ens. 1io#ra'!ers clai& t!at Toc0%eville
disliked centrali)ed #overn&ent beca%se !e bla&ed 2a'oleons r%le "or t!e
'overt, o" !is c!ild!ood in 2or&and,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld cast t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e
bio#ra'!ers clai&-
.A/ Alt!o%#! 2a'oleon as 'o'%larl, bla&ed at t!e ti&e "or t!e terrible livin#
conditions in 2or&and,9 !istorians no kno t!at bad !arvests ere reall,
to bla&e "or t!e 'oor econo&ic conditions.
.1/ 2a'oleon as notorio%s "or re"%sin# to s!are 'oer it! an, o" !is 'olitical
associates.
.C/ Toc0%eville said !e kne t!at i" !is "at!er !ad not s%""ered ill !ealt!9 !is
"a&il, o%ld !ave !ad a stead, inco&e and a co&"ortable standard o"
livin#.
.3/ Alt!o%#! Toc0%eville asserted t!at =nited States 'olitical li"e as
de&ocratic9 t!e =nited States o" t!e nineteent! cent%r, alloed 'olitical
'oer to be concentrated in a "e instit%tions.
.E/ Toc0%eville once rote in a letter t!at9 alt!o%#! !is c!ild!ood as terribl,
i&'overis!ed9 it as not di""erent "ro& t!e e('erience o" !is "riends and
nei#!bors in 2or&and,.
1B. Radio inter"ero&etr, is a tec!ni0%e "or st%d,in# details o" celestial ob+ects t!at
co&bines si#nals interce'ted b, idel, s'aced radio telesco'es. T!is tec!ni0%e
re0%ires %ltra'recise ti&in#9 e(act knoled#e o" t!e locations o" t!e telesco'es9
and so'!isticated co&'%ter 'ro#ra&s. T!e s%ccess"%l inter"ero&etric linkin# o"
an Eart!8based radio telesco'e it! a radio telesco'e on an orbitin# satellite as
t!ere"ore a si#ni"icant tec!nolo#ical acco&'lis!&ent.
.A/ S'ecial care as taken in t!e la%nc!in# o" t!e satellite so t!at t!e
calc%lations o" its orbit o%ld be "acilitated.
.1/ T!e si#nals received on t!e satellite are stron#er t!an t!ose received b, a
terrestrial telesco'e.
.C/ T!e resol%tion o" detail ac!ieved b, t!e satellite8Eart! inter"ero&eter s,ste&
GMAT & LSAT CR HA
is in"erior to t!at ac!ieved b, e(cl%sivel, terrestrial s,ste&s.
.3/ T!e co&'%ter 'ro#ra&s re0%ired "or &akin# %se o" t!e si#nals received b,
t!e satellite re0%ired a lon# ti&e "or develo'&ent.
.E/ T!e location o" an orbitin# satellite relative to locations on Eart! can be ell
eno%#! knon "or inter"ero&etric '%r'oses.
1H. Recent esti&ates 'redict t!at beteen 1HB5 and 1HH@ t!e #reatest increase in t!e
n%&ber o" 'eo'le e&'lo,ed ill be in t!e cate#or, o" lo8'a,in# service
occ%'ations. T!is cate#or,9 !oever9 ill not increase its s!are o" total
e&'lo,&ent9 !ereas t!e cate#or, o" !i#!8'a,in# service occ%'ations ill
increase its s!are.
I" t!e esti&ates above are acc%rate9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can be
dran-
.A/ In 1HB5 &ore 'eo'le ere orkin# in lo8'a,in# service occ%'ations t!an
ere orkin# in !i#!8'a,in# service occ%'ations.
.1/ In 1HH@ &ore 'eo'le ill be orkin# in !i#!8'a,in# service occ%'ations
t!an ill be orkin# in lo8'a,in# service occ%'ations.
.C/ 2onservice occ%'ations ill acco%nt "or t!e sa&e s!are o" total e&'lo,&ent
in 1HH@ as in 1HB5.
.3/ Man, o" t!e 'eo'le !o ere orkin# in lo8'a,in# service occ%'ations in
1HB5 ill be orkin# in !i#!8'a,in# service occ%'ations b, 1HH@.
.E/ T!e rate o" #rot! "or lo8'a,in# service occ%'ations ill be #reater t!an
t!e overall rate o" e&'lo,&ent #rot! beteen 1HB5 and 1HH@.
5I. $or a local #overn&ent to o%tla all strikes b, its orkers is a costl, &istake9
beca%se all its labor dis'%tes &%st t!en be settled b, bindin# arbitration9 it!o%t
an, ne#otiated '%blic8sector labor settle&ents #%idin# t!e arbitrators. Strikes
s!o%ld be o%tlaed onl, "or cate#ories o" '%blic8sector orkers "or !ose
services no acce'table s%bstit%te e(ists.
T!e state&ents above best s%''ort !ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions-
.A/ 6!ere '%blic8service orkers are 'er&itted to strike9 contract ne#otiations
it! t!ose orkers are t,'icall, settled it!o%t a strike.
.1/ 6!ere strikes b, all cate#ories o" '%bic8sector orkers are o%tlaed9 no
acce'table s%bstit%tes "or t!e services 'rovided b, an, o" t!ose orkers are
available.
.C/ 1indin# arbitration tends to be &ore advanta#eo%s "or '%blic8service orkers
!ere it is t!e onl, available &eans o" settlin# labor dis'%tes it! s%c!
orkers.
.3/ Most cate#ories o" '%blic8sector orkers !ave no co%nter'arts in t!e 'rivate
sector.
.E/ A strike b, orkers in a local #overn&ent is %nlikel, to be settled it!o%t
!el' "ro& an arbitrator.
GMAT & LSAT CR HB
TEST G
1. R%ral !o%se!olds !ave &ore '%rc!asin# 'oer t!an do %rban or s%b%rban
!o%se!olds at t!e sa&e inco&e level9 since so&e o" t!e inco&e %rban and
s%b%rban !o%se!olds %se "or "ood and s!elter can be %sed b, r%ral !o%se!olds "or
ot!er needs.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# in"erences is best s%''orted b, t!e state&ent &ade
above-
.A/ T!e avera#e r%ral !o%se!old incl%des &ore 'eo'le t!an does t!e avera#e
%rban or s%b%rban !o%se!old.
.1/ R%ral !o%se!olds !ave loer "ood and !o%sin# costs t!an do eit!er %rban or
s%b%rban !o%se!olds.
.C/ S%b%rban !o%se!olds #enerall, !ave &ore '%rc!asin# 'oer t!an do eit!er
r%ral or %rban !o%se!olds.
.3/ T!e &edian inco&e o" %rban and s%b%rban !o%se!olds is #enerall, !i#!er
t!an t!at o" r%ral !o%se!olds.
.E/ All t!ree t,'es o" !o%se!olds s'end &ore o" t!eir inco&e on "ood and
!o%sin# t!an on all ot!er '%rc!ases co&bined.
5. In 1HB@ state border colle#es in Te(as lost t!e enroll&ent o" &ore t!an !al"9 on
avera#e9 o" t!e Me(ican nationals t!e, !ad 'revio%sl, served eac! ,ear. Teac!in#
"ac%lties !ave alle#ed t!at t!is e(tre&e dro' res%lted "ro& a rise in t%ition "or
international and o%t8o"8state st%dents "ro& LCI to L15I 'er credit !o%r.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" "easible9 o""ers t!e best 'ros'ects "or alleviatin# t!e
'roble& o" t!e dro' in enroll&ent o" Me(ican nationals as t!e teac!in# "ac%lties
assessed it-
.A/ Frovidin# #rants8in8aid to Me(ican nationals to st%d, in Me(ican
%niversities
.1/ Alloin# Me(ican nationals to st%d, in Te(as border colle#es and to 'a, in8
state t%ition rates9 !ic! are t!e sa&e as t!e 'revio%s international rate
.C/ Ree&'!asi)in# t!e #oals and &ission o" t!e Te(as state border colle#es as
servin# bot! in8state st%dents and Me(ican nationals
.3/ Increasin# t!e "inancial reso%rces o" Te(as colle#es b, raisin# t!e t%ition "or
in8state st%dents attendin# state instit%tions
.E/ 7""erin# career co%nselin# "or t!ose Me(ican nationals !o #rad%ate "ro&
state border colle#es and intend to ret%rn to Me(ico
<. A""ir&ative action is #ood b%siness. So asserted t!e 2ational Association o"
Man%"act%rers !ile %r#in# retention o" an e(ec%tive order re0%irin# so&e
"ederal contractors to set n%&erical #oals "or !irin# &inorities and o&en.
>3iversit, in ork "orce 'artici'ation !as 'rod%ced ne ideas in &ana#e&ent9
'rod%ct develo'&ent9 and &arketin#9? t!e association clai&ed.
GMAT & LSAT CR HH
T!e associations ar#%&ent as it is 'resented in t!e 'assa#e above o%ld be &ost
stren#t!ened i" !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ere tr%e-
.A/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" &inorit, and o&en orkers in b%siness !as increased
&ore slol, t!an &an, &inorit, and o&ens #ro%'s o%ld 're"er.
.1/ T!ose b%sinesses it! t!e !i#!est 'ercenta#es o" &inorit, and o&en
orkers are t!ose t!at !ave been t!e &ost innovative and 'ro"itable.
.C/ 3is'osable inco&e !as been risin# as "ast a&on# &inorities and o&en as
a&on# t!e 'o'%lation as a !ole.
.3/ T!e bi##est #rot! in sales in t!e &an%"act%rin# sector !as co&e in
ind%stries t!at &arket t!e &ost innovative 'rod%cts.
.E/ Recent i&'rove&ents in &ana#e&ent 'ractices !ave alloed &an,
&an%"act%rers to e('erience enor&o%s #ains in orker 'rod%ctivit,.
Questions 4-5 refer to the following.
I" t!e airs'ace aro%nd centrall, located air'orts ere restricted to co&&ercial airliners
and onl, t!ose 'rivate 'lanes e0%i''ed it! radar9 &ost o" t!e 'rivate8'lane tra""ic
o%ld be "orced to %se o%tl,in# air"ields. S%c! a red%ction in t!e a&o%nt o" 'rivate8
'lane tra""ic o%ld red%ce t!e risk o" &idair collision aro%nd t!e centrall, located
air'orts.
C. T!e concl%sion dran in t!e "irst sentence de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin#
ass%&'tions-
.A/ 7%tl,in# air"ields o%ld be as convenient as centrall, located air'orts "or
&ost 'ilots o" 'rivate 'lanes.
.1/ Most o%tl,in# air"ields are not e0%i''ed to !andle co&&ercial8airline tra""ic.
.C/ Most 'rivate 'lanes t!at %se centrall, located air'orts are not e0%i''ed it!
radar.
.3/ Co&&ercial airliners are at #reater risk o" beco&in# involved in &idair
collisions t!an are 'rivate 'lanes.
.E/ A red%ction in t!e risk o" &idair collision o%ld event%all, lead to increases
in co&&ercial8airline tra""ic.
@. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e concl%sion dran in
t!e second sentence-
.A/ Co&&ercial airliners are alread, re0%ired b, la to be e0%i''ed it!
e(tre&el, so'!isticated radar s,ste&s.
.1/ Centrall, located air'orts are e('eriencin# over8croded airs'ace 'ri&aril,
beca%se o" s!ar' increases in co&&ercial8airline tra""ic.
.C/ Man, 'ilots o" 'rivate 'lanes o%ld rat!er b%, radar e0%i'&ent t!an be
e(cl%ded "ro& centrall, located air'orts.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" &idair collisions t!at occ%r near centrall, located air'orts !as
decreased in recent ,ears.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1II
.E/ Frivate 'lanes not e0%i''ed it! radar s,ste&s ca%se a dis'ro'ortionatel,
lar#e n%&ber o" &idair collisions aro%nd centrall, located air'orts.
Establis!ed co&'anies concentrate on de"endin# !at t!e, alread, !ave.
Conse0%entl,9 t!e, tend not to be innovative t!e&selves and tend to
%nderesti&ate t!e e""ects o" t!e innovations o" ot!ers. T!e clearest e(a&'le o"
t!is de"ensive strate#, is t!e "act t!at;;;;;;
.A/ ball'oint 'ens and so"t8ti' &arkers !ave eli&inated t!e traditional &arket "or
"o%ntain 'ens9 clearin# t!e a, "or t!e &arketin# o" "o%ntain 'ens as l%(%r,
or 'resti#e ite&s
.1/ a !i#!l, s%ccess"%l a%to&obile as introd%ced b, t!e sa&e co&'an, t!at
!ad earlier introd%ced a &odel t!at !ad been a dis&al "ail%re
.C/ a once8s%ccess"%l &an%"act%rer o" slide r%les reacted to t!e introd%ction o"
electronic calc%lators b, tr,in# to &ake better slide r%les
.3/ one o" t!e "irst &odels o" &odern acco%ntin# &ac!ines9 desi#ned "or %se in
t!e bankin# ind%str,9 as '%rc!ased b, a '%blic librar, as ell as b, banks
.E/ t!e inventor o" a co&&onl, %sed anest!etic did not intend t!e 'rod%ct to be
%sed b, dentists9 !o c%rrentl, acco%nt "or al&ost t!e entire &arket "or t!at
dr%#
A. Most arc!aeolo#ists !ave !eld t!at 'eo'le "irst reac!ed t!e A&ericas less t!an
5I9III ,ears a#o b, crossin# a land brid#e into 2ort! A&erica. 1%t recent
discoveries o" !%&an s!elters in So%t! A&erica datin# "ro& <59III ,ears a#o
!ave led researc!ers to s'ec%late t!at 'eo'le arrived in So%t! A&erica "irst9 a"ter
vo,a#in# across t!e Faci"ic9 and t!en s'read nort!ard.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" it ere discovered9 o%ld be 'ertinent evidence
a#ainst t!e s'ec%lation above-
.A/ A rock s!elter near Fittsb%r#!9 Fenns,lvania9 contains evidence o" %se b,
!%&an bein#s 1H9III ,ears a#o.
.1/ So&e 2ort! A&erican sites o" !%&an !abitation 'redate an, sites "o%nd in
So%t! A&erica.
.C/ T!e cli&ate is ar&er at t!e <59III8,ear8old so%t! A&erican site t!an at t!e
oldest knon 2ort! A&erican site.
.3/ T!e site in So%t! A&erica t!at as occ%'ied <59III ,ears a#o as
contin%o%sl, occ%'ied %ntil G9III ,ears a#o.
.E/ T!e last Ice A#e9 beteen 119@II and 5I9III ,ears a#o9 considerabl,
loered orldide sea levels.
B. In Asia9 !ere 'al& trees are non8native9 t!e trees "loers !ave traditionall,
been 'ollinated b, !and9 !ic! !as ke't 'al& "r%it 'rod%ctivit, %nnat%rall, lo.
6!en eevils knon to be e""icient 'ollinators o" 'al& "loers ere introd%ced
into Asia in 1HBI9 'al& "r%it 'rod%ctivit, increasedKb, %' to "i"t, 'ercent in
GMAT & LSAT CR 1I1
so&e areasKb%t t!en decreased s!ar'l, in 1HBC.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best e('lain t!e 1HBC decrease
in 'rod%ctivit,-
.A/ Frices "or 'al& "r%it "ell beteen 1HBI and 1HBC "olloin# t!e rise in
'rod%ction and a conc%rrent "all in de&and.
.1/ I&'orted trees are o"ten &ore 'rod%ctive t!an native trees beca%se t!e
i&'orted ones !ave le"t be!ind t!eir 'ests and diseases in t!eir native lands.
.C/ Ra'id increases in 'rod%ctivit, tend to de'lete trees o" n%trients needed "or
t!e develo'&ent o" t!e "r%it8'rod%cin# "e&ale "loers.
.3/ T!e eevil 'o'%lation in Asia re&ained at a''ro(i&atel, t!e sa&e level
beteen 1HBI and 1HBC.
.E/ Frior to 1HBI anot!er s'ecies o" insect 'ollinated t!e Asian 'al& trees9 b%t
not as e""icientl, as t!e s'ecies o" eevil t!at as introd%ced in 1HBI.
H. Since t!e &a,ors '%blicit, ca&'ai#n "or Greenvilles b%s service be#an si(
&ont!s a#o9 &ornin# a%to&obile tra""ic into t!e &idton area o" t!e cit, !as
decreased seven 'ercent. 3%rin# t!e sa&e 'eriod9 t!ere !as been an e0%ivalent
rise in t!e n%&ber o" 'ersons ridin# b%ses into t!e &idton area. 7bvio%sl,9 t!e
&a,ors '%blicit, ca&'ai#n !as convinced &an, 'eo'le to leave t!eir cars at
!o&e and ride t!e b%s to ork.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e concl%sion
dran above-
.A/ $ares "or all b%s ro%tes in Greenville !ave risen an avera#e o" "ive 'ercent
d%rin# t!e 'ast si( &ont!s.
.1/ T!e &a,or o" Greenville rides t!e b%s to Cit, :all in t!e cit,s &idton
area.
.C/ Road reconstr%ction !as #reatl, red%ced t!e n%&ber o" lanes available to
co&&%ters in &a+or streets leadin# to t!e &idton area d%rin# t!e 'ast si(
&ont!s.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" b%ses enterin# t!e &idton area o" Greenville d%rin# t!e
&ornin# !o%rs is e(actl, t!e sa&e no as it as one ,ear a#o.
.E/ S%rve,s s!o t!at lon#ti&e b%s riders are no &ore satis"ied it! t!e
Greenville b%s service t!an t!e, ere be"ore t!e &a,ors '%blicit,
ca&'ai#n be#an.
1I. In t!e a"ter&at! o" a orldide stock8&arket cras!9 Co%ntr, T clai&ed t!at t!e
severit, o" t!e stock8&arket cras! it e('erienced res%lted "ro& t!e accelerated
'rocess o" denationali)ation &an, o" its ind%stries %nderent s!ortl, be"ore t!e
cras!.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" it co%ld be carried o%t9 o%ld be &ost %se"%l in an
eval%ation o" Co%ntr, Ts assess&ent o" t!e ca%ses o" t!e severit, o" its stock8
&arket cras!-
GMAT & LSAT CR 1I5
.A/ Calc%latin# t!e avera#e loss e('erienced b, individ%al traders in Co%ntr, T
d%rin# t!e cras!
.1/ =sin# econo&ic t!eor, to 'redict t!e &ost likel, date o" t!e ne(t cras! in
Co%ntr, T
.C/ Co&'arin# t!e total n%&ber o" s!ares sold d%rin# t!e orst da,s o" t!e cras!
in Co%ntr, T to t!e total n%&ber o" s!ares sold in Co%ntr, T +%st 'rior to t!e
cras!
.3/ Co&'arin# t!e severit, o" t!e cras! in Co%ntr, T to t!e severit, o" t!e cras!
in co%ntries ot!erise econo&icall, si&ilar to Co%ntr, T t!at !ave not
e('erienced recent denationali)ation
.E/ Co&'arin# t!e lon#8ter& e""ects o" t!e cras! on t!e '%rc!asin# 'oer o" t!e
c%rrenc, o" Co%ntr, T to t!e i&&ediate9 &ore severe s!ort8ter& e""ects o"
t!e cras! on t!e '%rc!asin# 'oer o" t!e c%rrenc, o" Co%ntr, T
11. 6it! t!e e&er#ence o" biotec!nolo#, co&'anies9 it as "eared t!at t!e, o%ld
i&'ose silence abo%t 'ro'rietar, res%lts on t!eir in8!o%se researc!ers and t!eir
acade&ic cons%ltants. T!is constraint9 in t%rn9 o%ld slo t!e develo'&ent o"
biolo#ical science and en#ineerin#.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld tend to eaken &ost serio%sl, t!e
'rediction o" scienti"ic secrec, described above-
.A/ 1iotec!nolo#ical researc! "%nded b, ind%str, !as reac!ed so&e concl%sions
t!at are o" &a+or scienti"ic i&'ortance.
.1/ 6!en t!e res%lts o" scienti"ic researc! are ke't secret9 inde'endent
researc!ers are %nable to b%ild on t!ose res%lts.
.C/ Since t!e researc! 'riorities o" biotec!nolo#, co&'anies are not t!e sa&e as
t!ose o" acade&ic instit%tions9 t!e "inancial s%''ort o" researc! b, s%c!
co&'anies distorts t!e researc! a#enda.
.3/ To en!ance t!e co&'anies standin# in t!e scienti"ic co&&%nit,9 t!e
biotec!nolo#, co&'anies enco%ra#e e&'lo,ees to '%blis! t!eir res%lts9
es'eciall, res%lts t!at are i&'ortant.
.E/ 1iotec!nolo#, co&'anies devote so&e o" t!eir researc! reso%rces to
'roble&s t!at are o" "%nda&ental scienti"ic i&'ortance and t!at are not
e('ected to 'rod%ce i&&ediate 'ractical a''lications.
15. So&e 'eo'le !ave 0%estioned t!e +%d#es ob+ectivit, in cases o" se(
discri&ination a#ainst o&en. 1%t t!e record s!os t!at in si(t, 'ercent o" s%c!
cases9 t!e +%d#e !as decided in "avor o" t!e o&en. T!is record de&onstrates t!at
t!e +%d#e !as not discri&inated a#ainst o&en in cases o" se( discri&ination
a#ainst o&en.
T!e ar#%&ent above is "laed in t!at it i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at
.A/ a lar#e n%&ber o" t!e +%d#es cases arose o%t o" alle#ations o" se(
discri&ination a#ainst o&en
GMAT & LSAT CR 1I<
.1/ &an, +%d#es "ind it di""ic%lt to be ob+ective in cases o" se( discri&ination
a#ainst o&en
.C/ t!e +%d#e is biased a#ainst o&en de"endants or 'lainti""s in cases t!at do
not involve se( discri&ination
.3/ t!e &a+orit, o" t!e cases o" se( discri&ination a#ainst o&en t!at !ave
reac!ed t!e +%d#es co%rt !ave been a''ealed "ro& a loer co%rt
.E/ t!e evidence s!os t!at t!e o&en s!o%ld !ave on in &ore t!an si(t,
'ercent o" t!e +%d#es cases involvin# se( discri&ination a#ainst o&en
1<. T!e tobacco ind%str, is still 'ro"itable and 'ro+ections are t!at it ill re&ain so.
In t!e =nited States t!is ,ear9 t!e total a&o%nt o" tobacco sold b, tobacco8
"ar&ers !as increased9 even t!o%#! t!e n%&ber o" ad%lts !o s&oke !as
decreased.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 co%ld e('lain t!e si&%ltaneo%s increase in tobacco
sales and decrease in t!e n%&ber o" ad%lts !o s&oke EECEFT:
.A/ 3%rin# t!is ,ear9 t!e n%&ber o" o&en !o !ave be#%n to s&oke is #reater
t!an t!e n%&ber o" &en !o !ave 0%it s&okin#.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" teen8a#e c!ildren !o !ave be#%n to s&oke t!is ,ear is
#reater t!an t!e n%&ber o" ad%lts !o !ave 0%it s&okin# d%rin# t!e sa&e
'eriod.
.C/ 3%rin# t!is ,ear9 t!e n%&ber o" nons&okers !o !ave be#%n to %se c!ein#
tobacco or sn%"" is #reater t!an t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le !o !ave 0%it
s&okin#.
.3/ T!e 'eo'le !o !ave contin%ed to s&oke cons%&e &ore tobacco 'er 'erson
t!an t!e, did in t!e 'ast.
.E/ More o" t!e ci#arettes &ade in t!e =nited States t!is ,ear ere e('orted to
ot!er co%ntries t!an as t!e case last ,ear.
1C. Male !as &ore n%tritional val%e t!an s'inac!. 1%t since collard #reens !ave &ore
n%tritional val%e t!an lett%ce9 it "ollos t!at kale !as &ore n%tritional val%e t!an
lett%ce.
An, o" t!e "olloin#9 i" introd%ced into t!e ar#%&ent as an additional 're&ise9
&akes t!e ar#%&ent above lo#icall, correct EECEFT:
.A/ Collard #reens !ave &ore n%tritional val%e t!an kale.
.1/ S'inac! !as &ore n%tritional val%e t!an lett%ce.
.C/ S'inac! !as &ore n%tritional val%e t!an collard #reens.
.3/ S'inac! and collard #reens !ave t!e sa&e n%tritional val%e.
.E/ Male and collard #reens !ave t!e sa&e n%tritional val%e.
1@. 7n t!e basis o" a decrease in t!e colle#e8a#e 'o'%lation9 &an, colle#es no
antici'ate increasin#l, s&aller "res!&an classes eac! ,ear. S%r'rised b, a CI
'ercent increase in 0%ali"ied a''licants over t!e 'revio%s ,ear9 !oever9
GMAT & LSAT CR 1IC
ad&inistrators at 2ice Colle#e no 'lan to !ire &ore "ac%lt, "or co%rses taken b,
all "res!&en.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents abo%t 2ice Colle#es c%rrent 0%ali"ied
a''licants9 i" tr%e9 o%ld stron#l, s%##est t!at t!e ad&inistrators 'lan is "laed-
.A/ A s%bstantiall, !i#!er 'ercenta#e t!an %s%al 'lan to st%d, "or advanced
de#rees a"ter #rad%ation "ro& colle#e.
.1/ Accordin# to t!eir a''lications9 t!eir level o" 'artici'ation in e(trac%rric%lar
activities and varsit, s'orts is %n%s%all, !i#!.
.C/ Accordin# to t!eir a''lications9 none o" t!e& lives in a "orei#n co%ntr,.
.3/ A s%bstantiall, loer 'ercenta#e t!an %s%al rate 2ice Colle#e as t!eir "irst
c!oice a&on# t!e colle#es to !ic! t!e, are a''l,in#.
.E/ A s%bstantiall, loer 'ercenta#e t!an %s%al list &at!e&atics as t!eir intended
&a+or.
Questions 1&-1' are based on the following.
A researc!er discovered t!at 'eo'le !o !ave lo levels o" i&&%ne8s,ste& activit,
tend to score &%c! loer on tests o" &ental !ealt! t!an do 'eo'le it! nor&al or !i#!
i&&%ne8s,ste& activit,. T!e researc!er concl%ded "ro& t!is e('eri&ent t!at t!e
i&&%ne s,ste& 'rotects a#ainst &ental illness as ell as a#ainst '!,sical disease.
1G. T!e researc!ers concl%sion de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ :i#! i&&%ne8s,ste& activit, 'rotects a#ainst &ental illness better t!an
nor&al i&&%ne8s,ste& activit, does.
.1/ Mental illness is si&ilar to '!,sical disease in its e""ects on bod, s,ste&.
.C/ Feo'le it! !i#! i&&%ne8s,ste& activit, cannot develo' &ental illness.
.3/ Mental illness does not ca%se 'eo'les i&&%ne8s,ste& activit, to decrease.
.E/ Fs,c!olo#ical treat&ent o" &ental illness is not as e""ective as is &edical
treat&ent.
1A. T!e researc!ers concl%sion o%ld be &ost serio%sl, eakened i" it ere tr%e t!at
.A/ t!ere as a one8,ear dela, beteen t!e co&'letion o" a 'ilot st%d, "or t!e
e('eri&ent and t!e initiation o" t!e e('eri&ent itsel"
.1/ 'eo'les levels o" i&&%ne8s,ste& activit, are not a""ected b, t!eir %se o"
&edications
.C/ a "e 'eo'le it! !i#! i&&%ne8s,ste& activit, !ad scores on t!e test o"
&ental !ealt! t!at ere si&ilar to t!e scores o" 'eo'le !o !ad nor&al
i&&%ne8s,ste& activit,
.3/ 'eo'le !o !ave lo i&&%ne8s,ste& activit, tend to contract &ore viral
in"ections t!an do 'eo'le it! nor&al or !i#! i&&%ne8s,ste& activit,
.E/ !i#! levels o" stress "irst ca%se &ental illness and t!en ca%se decreased
i&&%ne8s,ste& activit, in nor&al individ%als
GMAT & LSAT CR 1I@
1B. T!e val%e o" a 'rod%ct is deter&ined b, t!e ratio o" its 0%alit, to its 'rice. T!e
!i#!er t!e val%e o" a 'rod%ct9 t!e better ill be its co&'etitive 'osition.
T!ere"ore9 eit!er increasin# t!e 0%alit, or loerin# t!e 'rice o" a #iven 'rod%ct
ill increase t!e likeli!ood t!at cons%&er ill select t!at 'rod%ct rat!er t!an a
co&'etin# one.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e concl%sion dran
above-
.A/ It is 'ossible to increase bot! t!e 0%alit, and t!e 'rice o" a 'rod%ct it!o%t
c!an#in# its co&'etitive 'osition.
.1/ $or certain se#&ents o" t!e 'o'%lation o" cons%&ers9 !i#!er8'riced brands o"
so&e 'rod%ct lines are 're"erred to t!e loer8'riced brands.
.C/ Co&'etin# 'rod%cts o"ten tr, to a''eal to di""erent se#&ents o" t!e
'o'%lation o" cons%&ers.
.3/ T!e co&'etitive 'osition o" a 'rod%ct can be a""ected b, s%c! "actors as
advertisin# and brand lo,alt,.
.E/ Cons%&ers 'erce'tions o" t!e 0%alit, o" a 'rod%ct are based on t!e act%al
0%alit, o" t!e 'rod%ct.
1H. In Jan%ar, t!ere as a lar#e dro' in t!e n%&ber o" ne !o%ses sold9 beca%se
interest rates "or &ort#a#es ere "allin# and &an, cons%&ers ere aitin# to see
!o lo t!e rates o%ld #o. T!is lar#e sales dro' as acco&'anied b, a s!ar'
rise in t!e avera#e 'rice o" ne !o%ses sold.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best e('lains t!e s!ar' rise in t!e avera#e 'rice
o" ne !o%ses-
.A/ Sales o" !i#!er8'riced !o%ses ere %na""ected b, t!e sales dro' beca%se t!eir
'%rc!asers !ave "eer constraints li&itin# t!e total a&o%nt t!e, 'a,.
.1/ Labor a#ree&ents o" b%ilders it! constr%ction %nions are not d%e to e('ire
%ntil t!e ne(t Jan%ar,.
.C/ T!e 'rices o" ne !o%ses !ave been risin# slol, over t!e 'ast t!ree ,ears
beca%se t!ere is an increasin# s!orta#e o" !o%sin#.
.3/ T!ere as a #reater a&o%nt o" &oderate8'riced !o%sin# available "or resale
b, oners d%rin# Jan%ar, t!an in t!e 'recedin# t!ree &ont!s.
.E/ Interest rates "or !o&e &ort#a#es are e('ected to rise s!ar'l, later in t!e
,ear i" 'redictions o" increased b%siness activit, in #eneral 'rove to be
acc%rate.
5I. Seven co%ntries si#ned a treat, bindin# eac! o" t!e& to 'er"or& s'eci"ied actions
on a certain "i(ed date9 it! t!e actions o" eac! conditional on si&%ltaneo%s
action taken b, t!e ot!er co%ntries. Eac! co%ntr, as also to noti", t!e si( ot!er
co%ntries !en it !ad co&'leted its action.
T!e si&%ltaneo%s8action 'rovision o" t!e treat, leaves o'en t!e 'ossibilit, t!at
.A/ t!e co&'liance date as s%b+ect to 'ost'one&ent9 accordin# to t!e ter&s o"
GMAT & LSAT CR 1IG
t!e treat,
.1/ one o" t!e co%ntries &i#!t not be re0%ired to &ake an, c!an#es or take an,
ste's in order to co&'l, it! t!e treat,9 !ereas all t!e ot!er co%ntries are
so re0%ired
.C/ eac! co%ntr, &i#!t !ave a ell8"o%nded e(c%se9 based on t!e 'rovision9 "or
its on lack o" co&'liance
.3/ t!e treat, s'eci"ied t!at t!e si#nal "or one o" t!e co%ntries to initiate action
as noti"ication b, t!e ot!er co%ntries t!at t!e, !ad co&'leted action
.E/ t!ere as a&bi#%it, it! res'ect to t!e date a"ter !ic! all actions
conte&'lated in t!e treat, are to be co&'lete
TEST A
1. A &ile'ost on t!e to'at! read >51? on t!e side "acin# t!e !iker as s!e
a''roac!ed it and >5<? on its back. S!e reasoned t!at t!e ne(t &ile'ost "orard
on t!e 'at! o%ld indicate t!at s!e as !al"a, beteen one end o" t!e 'at! and
t!e ot!er. :oever9 t!e &ile'ost one &ile "%rt!er on read >5I? "acin# !er and
>5C? be!ind.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld e('lain t!e discre'anc, described above-
.A/ T!e n%&bers on t!e ne(t &ile'ost !ad been reversed.
.1/ T!e n%&bers on t!e &ile'osts indicate kilo&eters9 not &iles.
.C/ T!e "acin# n%&bers indicate &iles to t!e end o" t!e 'at!9 not &iles "ro& t!e
be#innin#.
.3/ A &ile'ost as &issin# beteen t!e to t!e !iker enco%ntered.
.E/ T!e &ile'osts !ad ori#inall, been '%t in 'lace "or t!e %se o" &o%ntain bikers9
not "or !ikers.
5. Airline: 2el, develo'ed collision8avoidance s,ste&s9 alt!o%#! not "%ll, tested
to discover 'otential &al"%nctions9 &%st be installed i&&ediatel, in 'assen#er
'lanes. T!eir &ec!anical arnin#s enable 'ilots to avoid cras!es.
Filots: Filots ill not "l, in 'lanes it! collision8avoidance s,ste&s t!at are not
"%ll, tested. Mal"%nctionin# s,ste&s co%ld &islead 'ilots9 ca%sin# cras!es.
T!e 'ilots ob+ection is &ost stren#t!ened i" !ic! o" t!e "olloin# is tr%e-
.A/ It is ala,s 'ossible "or &ec!anical devices to &al"%nction.
.1/ Jet en#ines9 alt!o%#! not "%ll, tested !en "irst '%t into %se9 !ave ac!ieved
e(e&'lar, 'er"or&ance and sa"et, records.
.C/ Alt!o%#! collision8avoidance s,ste&s ill enable 'ilots to avoid so&e
cras!es9 t!e likel, &al"%nctions o" t!e not8"%ll,8tested s,ste&s ill ca%se
even &ore cras!es.
.3/ Man, airline collisions are ca%sed in 'art b, t!e e(!a%stion o" overorked
'ilots.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1IA
.E/ Collision8avoidance s,ste&s9 at t!is sta#e o" develo'&ent9 a''ear to !ave
orked better in 'assen#er 'lanes t!an in car#o 'lanes d%rin# e('eri&ental
"li#!ts &ade over a si(8&ont! 'eriod.
<. G%itar strin#s o"ten #o >dead?Kbeco&e less res'onsive and bri#!t in toneKa"ter
a "e eeks o" intense %se. A researc!er !ose son is a classical #%itarist
!,'ot!esi)ed t!at dirt and oil9 rat!er t!an c!an#es in t!e &aterial 'ro'erties o" t!e
strin#9 ere res'onsible.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# investi#ations is &ost likel, to ,ield si#ni"icant
in"or&ation t!at o%ld !el' to eval%ate t!e researc!ers !,'ot!esis-
.A/ 3eter&inin# i" a &etal allo, is %sed to &ake t!e strin#s %sed b, classical
#%itarists
.1/ 3eter&inin# !et!er classical #%itarists &ake t!eir strin#s #o dead "aster
t!an do "olk #%itarists
.C/ 3eter&inin# !et!er identical len#t!s o" strin#9 o" t!e sa&e #a%#e9 #o dead
at di""erent rates !en str%n# on vario%s brands o" #%itars
.3/ 3eter&inin# !et!er a dead strin# and a ne strin# 'rod%ce di""erent
0%alities o" so%nd
.E/ 3eter&inin# !et!er s&earin# vario%s s%bstances on ne #%itar strin#s
ca%ses t!e& to #o dead
C. Most cons%&ers do not #et &%c! %se o%t o" t!e s'orts e0%i'&ent t!e, '%rc!ase.
$or e(a&'le9 seventeen 'ercent o" t!e ad%lts in t!e =nited States on +o##in#
s!oes9 b%t onl, "ort,8"ive 'ercent o" t!e oners +o# &ore t!an once a ,ear9 and
onl, seventeen 'ercent +o# &ore t!an once a eek.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts &ost do%bt on t!e clai& t!at &ost
cons%&ers #et little %se o%t o" t!e s'orts e0%i'&ent t!e, '%rc!ase-
.A/ Jo##ers are &ost s%sce'tible to s'orts in+%ries d%rin# t!e "irst si( &ont!s in
!ic! t!e, +o#.
.1/ Jo##ers o"ten e(a##erate t!e "re0%enc, it! !ic! t!e, +o# in s%rve,s
desi#ned to elicit s%c! in"or&ation.
.C/ Man, cons%&ers '%rc!ase +o##in# s!oes "or %se in activities ot!er t!an
+o##in#.
.3/ Cons%&ers !o take %' +o##in# o"ten '%rc!ase an at!letic s!oe t!at can be
%sed in ot!er s'orts.
.E/ Jo##ers !o +o# &ore t!an once a eek are o"ten active 'artici'ants in ot!er
s'orts as ell.
@. To decades a"ter t!e E&erald River 3a& as b%ilt9 none o" t!e ei#!t "is!
s'ecies native to t!e E&erald River as still re'rod%cin# ade0%atel, in t!e river
belo t!e da&. Since t!e da& red%ced t!e ann%al ran#e o" ater te&'erat%re in
t!e river belo t!e da& "ro& @I de#rees to G de#rees9 scientists !ave
!,'ot!esi)ed t!at s!ar'l, risin# ater te&'erat%res &%st be involved in si#nalin#
GMAT & LSAT CR 1IB
t!e native s'ecies to be#in t!e re'rod%ctive c,cle.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e scientists
!,'ot!esis-
.A/ T!e native "is! s'ecies ere still able to re'rod%ce onl, in side strea&s o"
t!e river belo t!e da& !ere t!e ann%al te&'erat%re ran#e re&ains
a''ro(i&atel, @I de#rees.
.1/ 1e"ore t!e da& as b%ilt9 t!e E&erald River ann%all, over"loed its banks9
creatin# backaters t!at ere critical breedin# areas "or t!e native s'ecies
o" "is!.
.C/ T!e loest recorded te&'erat%re o" t!e E&erald River be"ore t!e da& as
b%ilt as <C de#rees9 !ereas t!e loest recorded te&'erat%re o" t!e river
a"ter t!e da& as b%ilt !as been C< de#rees.
.3/ 2onnative s'ecies o" "is!9 introd%ced into t!e E&erald River a"ter t!e da&
as b%ilt9 !ave be#%n co&'etin# it! t!e declinin# native "is! s'ecies "or
"ood and s'ace.
.E/ $ive o" t!e "is! s'ecies native to t!e E&erald River are not native to an,
ot!er river in 2ort! A&erica.
G. It is tr%e t!at it is a#ainst international la to sell 'l%toni%& to co%ntries t!at do
not ,et !ave n%clear ea'ons. 1%t i" =nited States co&'anies do not do so9
co&'anies in ot!er co%ntries ill.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is &ost like t!e ar#%&ent above in its lo#ical str%ct%re-
.A/ It is tr%e t!at it is a#ainst t!e 'olice de'art&ents 'olic, to ne#otiate it!
kidna''ers. 1%t i" t!e 'olice ant to 'revent loss o" li"e9 t!e, &%st ne#otiate
in so&e cases.
.1/ It is tr%e t!at it is ille#al to re"%se to re#ister "or &ilitar, service. 1%t t!ere is
a lon# tradition in t!e =nited States o" conscientio%s ob+ection to servin# in
t!e ar&ed "orces.
.C/ It is tr%e t!at it is ille#al "or a #overn&ent o""icial to 'artici'ate in a
transaction in !ic! t!ere is an a''arent con"lict o" interest. 1%t i" t!e "acts
are e(a&ined care"%ll,9 it ill clearl, be seen t!at t!ere as no act%al
con"lict o" interest in t!e de"endants case.
.3/ It is tr%e t!at it is a#ainst t!e la to b%r#lari)e 'eo'les !o&es. 1%t so&eone
else certainl, o%ld !ave b%r#lari)ed t!at !o%se i" t!e de"endant !ad not
done so "irst.
.E/ It is tr%e t!at co&'an, 'olic, "orbids s%'ervisors to "ire e&'lo,ees it!o%t
to ritten arnin#s. 1%t t!ere !ave been &an, s%'ervisors !o !ave
disobe,ed t!is 'olic,.
A. In recent ,ears &an, cabinet&akers !ave been innin# acclai& as artists. 1%t
since "%rnit%re &%st be %se"%l9 cabinet&akers &%st e(ercise t!eir cra"t it! an
e,e to t!e 'ractical %tilit, o" t!eir 'rod%ct. $or t!is reason9 cabinet&akin# is not
GMAT & LSAT CR 1IH
art.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at s%''orts drain# t!e concl%sion
above "ro& t!e reason #iven "or t!at concl%sion-
.A/ So&e "%rnit%re is &ade to be 'laced in &%se%&s9 !ere it ill not be %sed
b, an,one.
.1/ So&e cabinet&akers are &ore concerned t!an ot!ers it! t!e 'ractical %tilit,
o" t!e 'rod%cts t!e, 'rod%ce.
.C/ Cabinet&akers s!o%ld be &ore concerned it! t!e 'ractical %tilit, o" t!eir
'rod%cts t!an t!e, c%rrentl, are.
.3/ An ob+ect is not an art ob+ect i" its &aker 'a,s attention to t!e ob+ects
'ractical %tilit,.
.E/ Artists are not concerned it! t!e &onetar, val%e o" t!eir 'rod%cts.
B. Alt!o%#! c%sto& 'rost!etic bone re'lace&ents 'rod%ced t!ro%#! a ne
co&'%ter8aided desi#n 'rocess ill cost &ore t!an tice as &%c! as ordinar,
re'lace&ents9 c%sto& re'lace&ents s!o%ld still be cost8e""ective. 2ot onl, ill
s%r#er, and recover, ti&e be red%ced9 b%t c%sto& re'lace&ents s!o%ld last
lon#er9 t!ereb, red%cin# t!e need "or "%rt!er !os'ital sta,s.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# &%st be st%died in order to eval%ate t!e ar#%&ent
'resented above-
.A/ T!e a&o%nt o" ti&e a 'atient s'ends in s%r#er, vers%s t!e a&o%nt o" ti&e
s'ent recoverin# "ro& s%r#er,
.1/ T!e a&o%nt b, !ic! t!e cost o" 'rod%cin# c%sto& re'lace&ents !as
declined it! t!e introd%ction o" t!e ne tec!ni0%e "or 'rod%cin# t!e&
.C/ T!e de#ree to !ic! t!e %se o" c%sto& re'lace&ents is likel, to red%ce t!e
need "or re'eat s%r#er, !en co&'ared it! t!e %se o" ordinar,
re'lace&ents
.3/ T!e de#ree to !ic! c%sto& re'lace&ents 'rod%ced it! t!e ne tec!ni0%e
are &ore care"%ll, &an%"act%red t!an are ordinar, re'lace&ents
.E/ T!e a&o%nt b, !ic! c%sto& re'lace&ents 'rod%ced it! t!e ne tec!ni0%e
ill dro' in cost as t!e 'rod%ction 'roced%res beco&e standardi)ed and
a''licable on a lar#er scale
H. E(tinction is a 'rocess t!at can de'end on a variet, o" ecolo#ical9 #eo#ra'!ical9
and '!,siolo#ical variables. T!ese variables a""ect di""erent s'ecies o" or#anis&s
in di""erent a,s9 and s!o%ld9 t!ere"ore9 ,ield a rando& 'attern o" e(tinctions.
:oever9 t!e "ossil record s!os t!at e(tinction occ%rs in a s%r'risin#l, de"inite
'attern9 it! &an, s'ecies vanis!in# at t!e sa&e ti&e.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 "or&s t!e best basis "or at least a 'artial
e('lanation o" t!e 'atterned e(tinctions revealed b, t!e "ossil record-
.A/ Ma+or e'isodes o" e(tinction can res%lt "ro& ides'read environ&ental
dist%rbances t!at a""ect n%&ero%s di""erent s'ecies.
GMAT & LSAT CR 11I
.1/ Certain e(tinction e'isodes selectivel, a""ect or#anis&s it! 'artic%lar sets
o" c!aracteristics %ni0%e to t!eir s'ecies.
.C/ So&e s'ecies beco&e e(tinct beca%se o" acc%&%lated #rad%al c!an#es in
t!eir local environ&ents.
.3/ In #eolo#icall, recent ti&es9 "or !ic! t!ere is no "ossil record9 !%&an
intervention !as c!an#ed t!e 'attern o" e(tinctions.
.E/ S'ecies t!at are idel, dis'ersed are t!e least likel, to beco&e e(tinct.
1I. 2eit!er a risin# standard o" livin# nor balanced trade9 b, itsel"9 establis!es a
co%ntr,s abilit, to co&'ete in t!e international &arket'lace. 1ot! are re0%ired
si&%ltaneo%sl, since standards o" livin# can rise beca%se o" #roin# trade
de"icits and trade can be balanced b, &eans o" a decline in a co%ntr,s standard
o" livin#.
I" t!e "acts stated in t!e 'assa#e above are tr%e9 a 'ro'er test o" a co%ntr,s abilit,
to be co&'etitive is its abilit, to
.A/ balance its trade !ile its standard o" livin# rises
.1/ balance its trade !ile its standard o" livin# "alls
.C/ increase trade de"icits !ile its standard o" livin# rises
.3/ decrease trade de"icits !ile its standard o" livin# "alls
.E/ kee' its standard o" livin# constant !ile trade de"icits rise
11. Certain &essen#er &olec%les "i#!t da&a#e to t!e l%n#s "ro& no(io%s air b,
tellin# t!e &%scle cells encirclin# t!e l%n#s aira,s to contract. T!is 'artiall,
seals o"" t!e l%n#s. An ast!&a attack occ%rs !en t!e &essen#er &olec%les are
activated %nnecessaril,9 in res'onse to !ar&less t!in#s like 'ollen or !o%se!old
d%st.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'oints to t!e &ost serio%s "la o" a 'lan to
develo' a &edication t!at o%ld 'revent ast!&a attacks b, blockin# recei't o"
an, &essa#es sent b, t!e &essen#er &olec%les re"erred to above-
.A/ Researc!ers do not ,et kno !o t!e bod, 'rod%ces t!e &essen#er
&olec%les t!at tri##er ast!&a attacks.
.1/ Researc!ers do not ,et kno !at &akes one 'ersons &essen#er &olec%les
&ore easil, activated t!an anot!ers.
.C/ S%c! a &edication o%ld not beco&e available "or several ,ears9 beca%se o"
lon# lead ti&es in bot! develo'&ent and &an%"act%re.
.3/ S%c! a &edication o%ld be %nable to distin#%is! beteen &essa#es
tri##ered b, 'ollen and !o%se!old d%st and &essa#es tri##ered b, no(io%s
air.
.E/ S%c! a &edication o%ld be a 'reventative onl, and o%ld be %nable to
alleviate an ast!&a attack once it !ad started.
15. Since t!e ro%tine %se o" antibiotics can #ive rise to resistant bacteria ca'able o"
GMAT & LSAT CR 111
s%rvivin# antibiotic environ&ents9 t!e 'resence o" resistant bacteria in 'eo'le
co%ld be d%e to t!e !%&an %se o" 'rescri'tion antibiotics. So&e scientists9
!oever9 believe t!at &ost resistant bacteria in 'eo'le derive "ro& !%&an
cons%&'tion o" bacteriall, in"ected &eat.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost si#ni"icantl, stren#t!en
t!e !,'ot!esis o" t!e scientists-
.A/ Antibiotics are ro%tinel, incl%ded in livestock "eed so t!at livestock
'rod%cers can increase t!e rate o" #rot! o" t!eir ani&als.
.1/ Most 'eo'le !o develo' "ood 'oisonin# "ro& bacteriall, in"ected &eat are
treated it! 'rescri'tion antibiotics.
.C/ T!e incidence o" resistant bacteria in 'eo'le !as tended to be &%c! !i#!er in
%rban areas t!an in r%ral areas !ere &eat is o" co&'arable 0%alit,.
.3/ Feo'le !o !ave never taken 'rescri'tion antibiotics are t!ose least likel, to
develo' resistant bacteria.
.E/ Livestock 'rod%cers clai& t!at resistant bacteria in ani&als cannot be
trans&itted to 'eo'le t!ro%#! in"ected &eat.
1<. T!e recent decline in t!e val%e o" t!e dollar as tri##ered b, a 'rediction o"
sloer econo&ic #rot! in t!e co&in# ,ear. 1%t t!at 'rediction o%ld not !ave
adversel, a""ected t!e dollar !ad it not been "or t!e #overn&ents !%#e b%d#et
de"icit9 !ic! &%st t!ere"ore be decreased to 'revent "%t%re c%rrenc, declines.
abo%t !o to 'revent "%t%re c%rrenc, declines-
.A/ T!e #overn&ent !as &ade little atte&'t to red%ce t!e b%d#et de"icit.
.1/ T!e b%d#et de"icit !as not ca%sed a slodon in econo&ic #rot!.
.C/ T!e val%e o" t!e dollar declined several ti&es in t!e ,ear 'rior to t!e recent
'rediction o" sloer econo&ic #rot!.
.3/ 1e"ore t!ere as a lar#e b%d#et de"icit9 'redictions o" sloer econo&ic
#rot! "re0%entl, ca%sed declines in t!e dollars val%e.
.E/ 6!en t!ere is a lar#e b%d#et de"icit9 ot!er events in addition to 'redictions o"
sloer econo&ic #rot! so&eti&es tri##er declines in c%rrenc, val%e.
1C. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
At a recent con"erence on environ&ental t!reats to t!e 2ort! Sea9 &ost
'artici'atin# co%ntries "avored %ni"or& controls on t!e 0%alit, o" e""l%ents9
!et!er or not s'eci"ic environ&ental da&a#e co%ld be attrib%ted to a 'artic%lar
so%rce o" e""l%ent. 6!at &%st9 o" co%rse9 be s!on9 in order to avoid e(cessivel,
restrictive controls9 is t!at;;;;;;
.A/ an, %ni"or& controls t!at are ado'ted are likel, to be i&'le&ented it!o%t
dela,
.1/ an, s%bstance to be &ade s%b+ect to controls can act%all, ca%se
environ&ental da&a#e
GMAT & LSAT CR 115
.C/ t!e co%ntries "avorin# %ni"or& controls are t!ose #eneratin# t!e lar#est
0%antities o" e""l%ents
.3/ all o" an, #iven 'oll%tant t!at is to be controlled act%all, reac!es t!e 2ort!
Sea at 'resent
.E/ environ&ental da&a#e alread, in"licted on t!e 2ort! Sea is reversible
1@. Traditionall,9 decision8&akin# b, &ana#ers t!at is reasoned ste'8b,8ste' !as
been considered 're"erable to int%itive decision8&akin#. :oever9 a recent st%d,
"o%nd t!at to' &ana#ers %sed int%ition si#ni"icantl, &ore t!an did &ost &iddle8
or loer8level &ana#ers. T!is con"ir&s t!e alternative vie t!at int%ition is
act%all, &ore e""ective t!an care"%l9 &et!odical reasonin#.
T!e concl%sion above is based on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ Met!odical9 ste'8b,8ste' reasonin# is ina''ro'riate "or &akin# &an, real8
li"e &ana#e&ent decisions.
.1/ To' &ana#ers !ave t!e abilit, to %se eit!er int%itive reasonin# or &et!odical9
ste'8b,8ste' reasonin# in &akin# decisions.
.C/ T!e decisions &ade b, &iddle8 and loer8level &ana#ers can be &ade as
easil, b, %sin# &et!odical reasonin# as b, %sin# int%itive reasonin#.
.3/ To' &ana#ers %se int%itive reasonin# in &akin# t!e &a+orit, o" t!eir
decisions.
.E/ To' &ana#ers are &ore e""ective at decision8&akin# t!an &iddle8 or loer8
level &ana#ers.
1G. T!e i&'osition o" 0%otas li&itin# i&'orted steel ill not !el' t!e bi# A&erican
steel &ills. In "act9 t!e 0%otas ill !el' >&ini8&ills? "lo%ris! in t!e =nited States.
T!ose s&all do&estic &ills ill take &ore b%siness "ro& t!e bi# A&erican steel
&ills t!an o%ld !ave been taken b, t!e "orei#n steel &ills in t!e absence o"
0%otas.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld cast t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e clai&
&ade in t!e last sentence above-
.A/ N%alit, rat!er t!an 'rice is a &a+or "actor in deter&inin# t!e t,'e o" steel to
be %sed "or a 'artic%lar a''lication.
.1/ $orei#n steel &ills !ave lon# 'rod%ced #rades o" steel co&'arable in 0%alit,
to t!e steel 'rod%ced b, t!e bi# A&erican &ills.
.C/ A&erican 0%otas on i&'orted #oods !ave o"ten ind%ced ot!er co%ntries to
i&'ose si&ilar 0%otas on A&erican #oods.
.3/ 3o&estic >&ini8&ills? consistentl, 'rod%ce better #rades o" steel t!an do t!e
bi# A&erican &ills.
.E/ 3o&estic >&ini8&ills? 'rod%ce lo8vol%&e9 s'eciali)ed t,'es o" steels t!at
are not 'rod%ced b, t!e bi# A&erican steel &ills.
1A. Correctl, &eas%rin# t!e 'rod%ctivit, o" service orkers is co&'le(. Consider9 "or
GMAT & LSAT CR 11<
e(a&'le9 'ostal orkers: t!e, are o"ten said to be &ore 'rod%ctive i" &ore letters
are delivered 'er 'ostal orker. 1%t is t!is reall, tr%e- 6!at i" &ore letters are
lost or dela,ed 'er orker at t!e sa&e ti&e t!at &ore are delivered-
T!e ob+ection i&'lied above to t!e 'rod%ctivit, &eas%re described is based on
do%bts abo%t t!e tr%t! o" !ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents-
.A/ Fostal orkers are re'resentative o" service orkers in #eneral.
.1/ T!e deliver, o" letters is t!e 'ri&ar, activit, o" t!e 'ostal service.
.C/ Frod%ctivit, s!o%ld be ascribed to cate#ories o" orkers9 not to individ%als.
.3/ T!e 0%alit, o" services rendered can a''ro'riatel, be i#nored in co&'%tin#
'rod%ctivit,.
.E/ T!e n%&ber o" letters delivered is relevant to &eas%rin# t!e 'rod%ctivit, o"
'ostal orkers.
1B. Male boerbirds constr%ct elaboratel, decorated nests9 or boers. 1asin# t!eir
+%d#&ent on t!e "act t!at di""erent local 'o'%lations o" boerbirds o" t!e sa&e
s'ecies b%ild boers t!at e(!ibit di""erent b%ildin# and decorative st,les9
researc!ers !ave concl%ded t!at t!e boerbirds b%ildin# st,les are a c%lt%rall,
ac0%ired9 rat!er t!an a #eneticall, trans&itted9 trait.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e concl%sion dran b,
t!e researc!ers-
.A/ T!ere are &ore co&&on c!aracteristics t!an t!ere are di""erences a&on# t!e
boer8b%ildin# st,les o" t!e local boerbird 'o'%lation t!at !as been
st%died &ost e(tensivel,.
.1/ *o%n# &ale boerbirds are ine't at boer8b%ildin# and a''arentl, s'end
,ears atc!in# t!eir elders be"ore beco&in# acco&'lis!ed in t!e local
boer st,le.
.C/ T!e boers o" one s'ecies o" boerbird lack t!e toers and orna&entation
c!aracteristic o" t!e boers o" &ost ot!er s'ecies o" boerbird.
.3/ 1oerbirds are "o%nd onl, in 2e G%inea and A%stralia9 !ere local
'o'%lations o" t!e birds a''arentl, seldo& !ave contact it! one anot!er.
.E/ It is ell knon t!at t!e son# dialects o" so&e son#birds are learned rat!er
t!an trans&itted #eneticall,.
1H. A #reater n%&ber o" nes'a'ers are sold in Ton S t!an in Ton T. T!ere"ore9
t!e citi)ens o" Ton S are better in"or&ed abo%t &a+or orld events t!an are t!e
citi)ens o" Ton T.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e concl%sion above EECEFT:
.A/ Ton S !as a lar#er 'o'%lation t!an Ton T.
.1/ Most citi)ens o" Ton T ork in Ton S and b%, t!eir nes'a'ers t!ere.
.C/ T!e avera#e citi)en o" Ton S s'ends less ti&e readin# nes'a'ers t!an
does t!e avera#e citi)en o" Ton T.
GMAT & LSAT CR 11C
.3/ A eekl, nes'a'er restricted to t!e covera#e o" local events is '%blis!ed in
Ton S.
.E/ T!e avera#e nesstand 'rice o" nes'a'ers sold in Ton S is loer t!an t!e
avera#e 'rice o" nes'a'ers sold in Ton T.
5I. 7ne anal,st 'redicts t!at :on# Mon# can retain its ca'italist a,s a"ter it
beco&es 'art o" &ainland C!ina in 1HHA as lon# as a ca'italist :on# Mon# is
%se"%l to C!inaD t!at a ca'italist :on# Mon# ill be %se"%l to C!ina as lon# as
:on# Mon# is 'ros'ero%sD and t!at :on# Mon# ill re&ain 'ros'ero%s as lon# as
it retains its ca'italist a,s.
I" t!e 'redictions above are correct9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# "%rt!er 'redictions
can lo#icall, be derived "ro& t!e&-
.A/ I" :on# Mon# "ails to sta, 'ros'ero%s9 it ill no lon#er re&ain 'art o"
&ainland C!ina.
.1/ I" :on# Mon# retains its ca'italist a,s %ntil 1HHA9 it ill be alloed to do
so a"terard.
.C/ I" t!ere is a orld econo&ic crisis a"ter 1HHA9 it ill not adversel, a""ect t!e
econo&, o" :on# Mon#.
.3/ :on# Mon# ill be 'ros'ero%s a"ter 1HHA.
.E/ T!e citi)ens o" :on# Mon# ill !ave no restrictions 'laced on t!e& b, t!e
#overn&ent o" &ainland C!ina.
TEST B
1. A dr%# t!at is !i#!l, e""ective in treatin# &an, t,'es o" in"ection can9 at 'resent9
be obtained onl, "ro& t!e bark o" t!e ibora9 a tree t!at is 0%ite rare in t!e ild. It
takes t!e bark o" @9III trees to &ake one kilo#ra& o" t!e dr%#. It "ollos9
t!ere"ore9 t!at contin%ed 'rod%ction o" t!e dr%# &%st inevitabl, lead to t!e iboras
e(tinction.
.A/ T!e dr%# &ade "ro& ibora bark is dis'ensed to doctors "ro& a central
a%t!orit,.
.1/ T!e dr%# &ade "ro& ibora bark is e('ensive to 'rod%ce.
.C/ T!e leaves o" t!e ibora are %sed in a n%&ber o" &edical 'rod%cts.
.3/ T!e ibora can be 'ro'a#ated "ro& c%ttin#s and #ron %nder c%ltivation.
.E/ T!e ibora #enerall, #ros in lar#el, inaccessible 'laces.
5. :i#! levels o" "ertili)er and 'esticides9 needed !en "ar&ers tr, to 'rod%ce !i#!
,ield o" t!e sa&e cro' ,ear a"ter ,ear9 'oll%te ater s%''lies. E('erts t!ere"ore
%r#e "ar&ers to diversi", t!eir cro's and to rotate t!eir 'lantin#s ,earl,.
To receive #overn&ental 'rice8s%''ort bene"its "or a cro'9 "ar&ers &%st !ave
'rod%ced t!at sa&e cro' "or t!e 'ast several ,ears.
GMAT & LSAT CR 11@
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 best s%''ort !ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions-
.A/ T!e r%les "or #overn&ental s%''ort o" "ar& 'rices ork a#ainst e""orts to
red%ce ater 'oll%tion.
.1/ T!e onl, sol%tion to t!e 'roble& o" ater 'oll%tion "ro& "ertili)ers and
'esticides is to take "ar&land o%t o" 'rod%ction.
.C/ $ar&ers can contin%e to &ake a 'ro"it b, rotatin# diverse cro's9 t!%s
red%cin# costs "or c!e&icals9 b%t not b, 'lantin# t!e sa&e cro' eac! ,ear.
.3/ 2e "ar&in# tec!ni0%es ill be develo'ed to &ake it 'ossible "or "ar&ers to
red%ce t!e a''lication o" "ertili)ers and 'esticides.
.E/ Govern&ental 'rice s%''orts "or "ar& 'rod%cts are set at levels t!at are not
!i#! eno%#! to allo "ar&ers to #et o%t o" debt.
<. S!elb, Ind%stries &an%"act%res and sells t!e sa&e #a%#es as Jones Ind%stries.
E&'lo,ee a#es acco%nt "or "ort, 'ercent o" t!e cost o" &an%"act%rin# #a%#es at
bot! S!elb, Ind%stries and Jones Ind%stries. S!elb, Ind%stries is seekin# a
co&'etitive advanta#e over Jones Ind%stries. T!ere"ore9 to 'ro&ote t!is end9
S!elb, Ind%stries s!o%ld loer e&'lo,ee a#es.
.A/ 1eca%se t!e, &ake a s&all n%&ber o" 'recision instr%&ents9 #a%#e
&an%"act%rers cannot receive vol%&e disco%nts on ra &aterials.
.1/ Loerin# a#es o%ld red%ce t!e 0%alit, o" e&'lo,ee ork9 and t!is
red%ced 0%alit, o%ld lead to loered sales.
.C/ Jones Ind%stries !as taken aa, tent, 'ercent o" S!elb, Ind%stries
b%siness over t!e last ,ear.
.3/ S!elb, Ind%stries 'a,s its e&'lo,ees9 on avera#e9 ten 'ercent &ore t!an does
Jones Ind%stries.
.E/ Man, 'eo'le !o ork "or &an%"act%rin# 'lants live in areas in !ic! t!e
&an%"act%rin# 'lant t!e, ork "or is t!e onl, ind%str,.
C. So&e co&&%nities in $lorida are 'o'%lated al&ost e(cl%sivel, b, retired 'eo'le
and contain "e9 i" an,9 "a&ilies it! s&all c!ildren. *et t!ese co&&%nities are
!o&e to t!rivin# b%sinesses s'eciali)in# in t!e rental o" "%rnit%re "or in"ants and
s&all c!ildren.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best reconciles t!e see&in# discre'anc,
described above-
.A/ T!e b%sinesses s'eciali)in# in t!e rental o" c!ildrens "%rnit%re b%, t!eir
"%rnit%re "ro& distrib%tors o%tside o" $lorida.
.1/ T!e "e c!ildren !o do reside in t!ese co&&%nities all kno eac! ot!er
and o"ten &ake overni#!t visits to one anot!ers !o%ses.
.C/ Man, residents o" t!ese co&&%nities !o &ove "re0%entl, 're"er rentin#
t!eir "%rnit%re to b%,in# it o%tri#!t.
GMAT & LSAT CR 11G
.3/ Man, residents o" t!ese co&&%nities &%st 'rovide "or t!e needs o" visitin#
#randc!ildren several eeks a ,ear.
.E/ C!ildrens "%rnit%re available "or rental is o" t!e sa&e 0%alit, as t!at
available "or sale in t!e stores.
@. Lar#e national b%d#et de"icits do not ca%se lar#e trade de"icits. I" t!e, did9
co%ntries it! t!e lar#est b%d#et de"icits o%ld also !ave t!e lar#est trade
de"icits. In "act9 !en de"icit "i#%res are ad+%sted so t!at di""erent co%ntries are
reliabl, co&'arable to eac! ot!er9 t!ere is no s%c! correlation.
I" t!e state&ents above are all tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# can 'ro'erl, be
in"erred on t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ Co%ntries it! lar#e national b%d#et de"icits tend to restrict "orei#n trade.
.1/ Reliable co&'arisons o" t!e de"icit "i#%res o" one co%ntr, it! t!ose o"
anot!er are i&'ossible.
.C/ Red%cin# a co%ntr,s national b%d#et de"icit ill not necessaril, res%lt in a
loerin# o" an, trade de"icit t!at co%ntr, &a, !ave.
.3/ 6!en co%ntries are ordered "ro& lar#est to s&allest in ter&s o" 'o'%lation9
t!e s&allest co%ntries #enerall, !ave t!e s&allest b%d#et and trade de"icits.
.E/ Co%ntries it! t!e lar#est trade de"icits never !ave si&ilarl, lar#e national
b%d#et de"icits.
G. >$ast c,cle ti&e? is a strate#, o" desi#nin# a &an%"act%rin# or#ani)ation to
eli&inate bottlenecks and dela,s in 'rod%ction. 2ot onl, does it s'eed %'
'rod%ction9 b%t it also ass%res 0%alit,. T!e reason is t!at t!e bottlenecks and
dela,s cannot be eli&inated %nless all ork is done ri#!t t!e "irst ti&e.
T!e clai& abo%t 0%alit, &ade above rests on a 0%estionable 'res%''osition t!at
.A/ an, "la in ork on a 'rod%ct o%ld ca%se a bottleneck or dela, and so
o%ld be 'revented "ro& occ%rrin# on a >"ast c,cle? 'rod%ction line
.1/ t!e strate#, o" >"ast c,cle ti&e? o%ld re0%ire "%nda&ental ret!inkin# o"
'rod%ct desi#n
.C/ t!e 'ri&ar, #oal o" t!e or#ani)ation is to 'rod%ce a 'rod%ct o" %ne(celled
0%alit,9 rat!er t!an to #enerate 'ro"its "or stock!olders
.3/ >"ast c,cle ti&e? co%ld be ac!ieved b, s!avin# ti&e o"" eac! o" t!e
co&'onent 'rocesses in 'rod%ction c,cle
.E/ >"ast c,cle ti&e? is a conce't in b%siness strate#, t!at !as not ,et been '%t
into 'ractice in a "actor,
A. Man, break"ast cereals are "orti"ied it! vita&in s%''le&ents. So&e o" t!ese
cereals 'rovide 1II 'ercent o" t!e reco&&ended dail, re0%ire&ent o" vita&ins.
2evert!eless9 a ell8balanced break"ast9 incl%din# a variet, o" "oods9 is a better
so%rce o" t!ose vita&ins t!an are s%c! "orti"ied break"ast cereals alone.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stron#l, s%''ort t!e 'osition above-
GMAT & LSAT CR 11A
.A/ In &an, "oods9 t!e nat%ral co&bination o" vita&ins it! ot!er n%trients
&akes t!ose vita&ins &ore %sable b, t!e bod, t!an are vita&ins added in
vita&in s%''le&ents.
.1/ Feo'le !o re#%larl, eat cereals "orti"ied it! vita&in s%''le&ents
so&eti&es ne#lect to eat t!e "oods in !ic! t!e vita&ins occ%r nat%rall,.
.C/ $oods o"ten &%st be "orti"ied it! vita&in s%''le&ents beca%se nat%rall,
occ%rrin# vita&ins are re&oved d%rin# 'rocessin#.
.3/ =n'rocessed cereals are nat%rall, !i#! in several o" t!e vita&ins t!at are
%s%all, added to "orti"ied break"ast cereals.
.E/ Cereals containin# vita&in s%''le&ents are no !arder to di#est t!an si&ilar
cereals it!o%t added vita&ins.
T!e &ore orried investors are abo%t losin# t!eir &one,9 t!e &ore t!e, ill
de&and a !i#! 'otential ret%rn on t!eir invest&entD #reat risks &%st be o""set b,
t!e c!ance o" #reat reards. T!is 'rinci'le is t!e "%nda&ental one in deter&inin#
interest rates9 and it is ill%strated b, t!e "act t!at;;;;;;
.A/ s%ccess"%l investors are distin#%is!ed b, an abilit, to &ake ver, risk,
invest&ents it!o%t orr,in# abo%t t!eir &one,
.1/ lenders receive !i#!er interest rates on %nsec%red loans t!an on loans backed
b, collateral
.C/ in ti&es o" !i#! in"lation9 t!e interest 'aid to de'ositors b, banks can
act%all, be belo t!e rate o" in"lation
.3/ at an, one ti&e9 a co&&ercial bank ill !ave a sin#le rate o" interest t!at it
ill e('ect all o" its individ%al borroers to 'a,
.E/ t!e 'otential ret%rn on invest&ent in a ne co&'an, is t,'icall, loer t!an
t!e 'otential ret%rn on invest&ent in a ell8establis!ed co&'an,
H. A "a&o%s sin#er recentl, on a las%it a#ainst an advertisin# "ir& "or %sin#
anot!er sin#er in a co&&ercial to evoke t!e "a&o%s sin#ers ell8knon
rendition o" a certain son#. As a res%lt o" t!e las%it9 advertisin# "ir&s ill sto'
%sin# i&itators in co&&ercials. T!ere"ore9 advertisin# costs ill rise9 since
"a&o%s sin#ers services cost &ore t!an t!ose o" t!eir i&itators.
T!e concl%sion above is based on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ Most 'eo'le are %nable to distin#%is! a "a&o%s sin#ers rendition o" a son#
"ro& a #ood i&itators rendition o" t!e sa&e son#.
.1/ Co&&ercials %sin# "a&o%s sin#ers are %s%all, &ore e""ective t!an
co&&ercials %sin# i&itators o" "a&o%s sin#ers.
.C/ T!e ori#inal versions o" so&e ell8knon son#s are %navailable "or %se in
co&&ercials.
.3/ Advertisin# "ir&s ill contin%e to %se i&itators to &i&ic t!e '!,sical
&anneris&s o" "a&o%s sin#ers.
GMAT & LSAT CR 11B
.E/ T!e advertisin# ind%str, ill %se ell8knon renditions o" son#s in
co&&ercials.
1I. A certain &a,or !as 'ro'osed a "ee o" "ive dollars 'er da, on 'rivate ve!icles
enterin# t!e cit,9 clai&in# t!at t!e "ee ill alleviate t!e cit,s tra""ic con#estion.
T!e &a,or reasons t!at9 since t!e "ee ill e(ceed t!e cost o" ro%nd8tri' b%s "are
"ro& &an, nearb, 'oints9 &an, 'eo'le ill sitc! "ro& %sin# t!eir cars to %sin#
t!e b%s.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e best evidence t!at t!e
&a,ors reasonin# is "laed-
.A/ Fro+ected increases in t!e 'rice o" #asoline ill increase t!e cost o" takin# a
'rivate ve!icle into t!e cit,.
.1/ T!e cost o" 'arkin# "ees alread, &akes it considerabl, &ore e('ensive "or
&ost 'eo'le to take a 'rivate ve!icle into t!e cit, t!an to take a b%s.
.C/ Most o" t!e 'eo'le c%rrentl, ridin# t!e b%s do not on 'rivate ve!icles.
.3/ Man, co&&%ters o''osin# t!e &a,ors 'lan !ave indicated t!at t!e, o%ld
rat!er end%re tra""ic con#estion t!an 'a, a "ive8dollar8'er da, "ee.
.E/ 3%rin# t!e avera#e orkda,9 'rivate ve!icles oned and o'erated b, 'eo'le
livin# it!in t!e cit, acco%nt "or tent, 'ercent o" t!e cit,s tra""ic
con#estion.
11. A #ro%' o" c!ildren o" vario%s a#es as read stories in !ic! 'eo'le ca%sed
!ar&9 so&e o" t!ose 'eo'le doin# so intentionall,9 and so&e accidentall,. 6!en
asked abo%t a''ro'riate '%nis!&ents "or t!ose !o !ad ca%sed !ar&9 t!e ,o%n#er
c!ildren9 %nlike t!e older ones9 assi#ned '%nis!&ents t!at did not var, accordin#
to !et!er t!e !ar& as done intentionall, or accidentall,. *o%n#er c!ildren9
t!en9 do not re#ard 'eo'les intentions as relevant to '%nis!&ent.
above-
.A/ In inter'retin# t!ese stories9 t!e listeners !ad to dra on a relativel, &at%re
sense o" !%&an 's,c!olo#, in order to tell !et!er !ar& as 'rod%ced
intentionall, or accidentall,.
.1/ In t!ese stories9 t!e severit, o" t!e !ar& 'rod%ced as clearl, stated.
.C/ *o%n#er c!ildren are as likel, to 'rod%ce !ar& %nintentionall, as are older
c!ildren.
.3/ T!e older c!ildren assi#ned '%nis!&ent in a a, t!at closel, rese&bled t!e
a, ad%lts !ad assi#ned '%nis!&ent in a si&ilar e('eri&ent.
.E/ T!e ,o%n#er c!ildren assi#ned '%nis!&ents t!at varied accordin# to t!e
severit, o" t!e !ar& done b, t!e a#ents in t!e stories.
15. 6!en !,'noti)ed s%b+ects are told t!at t!e, are dea" and are t!en asked !et!er
t!e, can !ear t!e !,'notist9 t!e, re'l,9 >2o.? So&e t!eorists tr, to e('lain t!is
res%lt b, ar#%in# t!at t!e selves o" !,'noti)ed s%b+ects are dissociated into
GMAT & LSAT CR 11H
se'arate 'arts9 and t!at t!e 'art t!at is dea" is dissociated "ro& t!e 'art t!at
re'lies.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# c!allen#es indicates t!e &ost serio%s eakness in t!e
atte&'ted e('lanation described above-
.A/ 6!, does t!e 'art t!at re'lies not anser9 >*es?-
.1/ 6!, are t!e observed "acts in need o" an, s'ecial e('lanation-
.C/ 6!, do t!e s%b+ects a''ear to acce't t!e !,'notists s%##estion t!at t!e, are
dea"-
.3/ 6!, do !,'noti)ed s%b+ects all res'ond t!e sa&e a, in t!e sit%ation
described-
.E/ 6!, are t!e se'arate 'arts o" t!e sel" t!e sa&e "or all s%b+ects-
T!e 'ro#ra& to control t!e entr, o" ille#al dr%#s into t!e co%ntr, as a "ail%re in
1HBA. I" t!e 'ro#ra& !ad been s%ccess"%l9 t!e !olesale 'rice o" &ost ille#al dr%#s
o%ld not !ave dro''ed s%bstantiall, in 1HBA.
1<. T!e ar#%&ent in t!e 'assa#e de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ T!e s%''l, o" ille#al dr%#s dro''ed s%bstantiall, in 1HBA.
.1/ T!e 'rice 'aid "or &ost ille#al dr%#s b, t!e avera#e cons%&er did not dro'
s%bstantiall, in 1HBA.
.C/ 3o&estic 'rod%ction o" ille#al dr%#s increased at a !i#!er rate t!an did t!e
entr, o" s%c! dr%#s into t!e co%ntr,.
.3/ T!e !olesale 'rice o" a "e ille#al dr%#s increased s%bstantiall, in 1HBA.
.E/ A dro' in de&and "or &ost ille#al dr%#s in 1HBA as not t!e sole ca%se o" t!e
dro' in t!eir !olesale 'rice.
1C. T!e ar#%&ent in t!e 'assa#e o%ld be &ost serio%sl, eakened i" it ere tr%e
t!at
.A/ in 1HBA s&%##lers o" ille#al dr%#s9 as a #ro%'9 !ad si#ni"icantl, &ore "%nds
at t!eir dis'osal t!an did t!e co%ntr,s c%sto&s a#ents
.1/ do&estic 'rod%ction o" ille#al dr%#s increased s%bstantiall, in 1HBA
.C/ t!e a%t!ors state&ents ere &ade in order to e&barrass t!e o""icials
res'onsible "or t!e dr%#8control 'ro#ra&
.3/ in 1HBA ille#al dr%#s entered t!e co%ntr, b, a di""erent set o" ro%tes t!an t!e,
did in 1HBG
.E/ t!e co%ntr,s citi)ens s'ent s%bstantiall, &ore &one, on ille#al dr%#s in
1HBA t!an t!e, did in 1HBG
1@. E(cavation o" t!e ancient cit, o" Mo%rion on t!e island o" C,'r%s revealed a
'attern o" debris and colla'sed b%ildin#s t,'ical o" tons devastated b,
eart!0%akes. Arc!aeolo#ists !ave !,'ot!esi)ed t!at t!e destr%ction as d%e to a
GMAT & LSAT CR 15I
&a+or eart!0%ake knon to !ave occ%rred near t!e island in A.3. <G@.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e arc!aeolo#ists
!,'ot!esis-
.A/ 1ron)e cere&onial drinkin# vessels t!at are o"ten "o%nd in #raves datin#
"ro& ,ears 'recedin# and "olloin# A.3. <G@ ere also "o%nd in several
#raves near Mo%rion.
.1/ 2o coins &inted a"ter A.3. <G@ ere "o%nd in Mo%rion9 b%t coins &inted
be"ore t!at ,ear ere "o%nd in ab%ndance.
.C/ Most &odern !istories o" C,'r%s &ention t!at an eart!0%ake occ%rred near
t!e island in A.3. <G@.
.3/ Several s&all stat%es carved in st,les c%rrent in C,'r%s in t!e cent%r,
beteen A.3. <II and CII ere "o%nd in Mo%rion.
.E/ Stone inscri'tions in a "or& o" t!e Greek al'!abet t!at as de"initel, %sed in
C,'r%s a"ter A.3. <G@ ere "o%nd in Mo%rion.
1G. Sales o" tele'!ones !ave increased dra&aticall, over t!e last ,ear. In order to take
advanta#e o" t!is increase9 Ma&&ot! Ind%stries 'lans to e('and 'rod%ction o" its
on &odel o" tele'!one9 !ile contin%in# its alread, ver, e(tensive advertisin#
o" t!is 'rod%ct.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides &ost s%''ort "or t!e vie t!at
Ma&&ot! Ind%stries cannot increase its sales o" tele'!ones b, ado'tin# t!e 'lan
o%tlined above-
.A/ Alt!o%#! it sells all o" t!e tele'!ones t!at it 'rod%ces9 Ma&&ot! Ind%stries
s!are o" all tele'!one sales !as declined over t!e last ,ear.
.1/ Ma&&ot! Ind%stries avera#e inventor, o" tele'!ones aaitin# s!i'&ent to
retailers !as declined sli#!tl, over t!e last ,ear.
.C/ Advertisin# !as &ade t!e brand na&e o" Ma&&ot! Ind%stries tele'!ones
idel, knon9 b%t "e cons%&ers kno t!at Ma&&ot! Ind%stries ons
t!is brand.
.3/ Ma&&ot! Ind%stries tele'!one is one o" t!ree brands o" tele'!one t!at !ave
to#et!er acco%nted "or t!e b%lk o" t!e last ,ears increase in sales.
.E/ 3es'ite a sli#!t decline in t!e retail 'rice9 sales o" Ma&&ot! Ind%stries
tele'!ones !ave "allen in t!e last ,ear.
1A. Man, instit%tions o" !i#!er ed%cation s%""er declinin# enroll&ents d%rin# 'eriods
o" econo&ic slodon. At to8,ear co&&%nit, colle#es9 !oever9 enroll&ent
"i#%res boo& d%rin# t!ese 'eriods !en &an, 'eo'le !ave less &one, and t!ere
is &ore co&'etition "or +obs.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 !el's to e('lain t!e enroll&ent increases in to8
,ear co&&%nit, colle#es described above EECEFT:
.A/ 3%rin# 'eriods o" econo&ic slodon9 to8,ear co&&%nit, colle#es are
&ore likel, t!an "o%r8,ear colle#es to 're'are t!eir st%dents "or t!e +obs t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR 151
are still available.
.1/ 3%rin# 'eriods o" econo&ic 'ros'erit,9 #rad%ates o" to8,ear co&&%nit,
colle#es o"ten contin%e t!eir st%dies at "o%r8,ear colle#es.
.C/ T%ition at &ost to8,ear co&&%nit, colle#es is a "raction o" t!at at "o%r8,ear
colle#es.
.3/ To8,ear co&&%nit, colle#es devote &ore reso%rces t!an do ot!er colle#es
to attractin# t!ose st%dents es'eciall, a""ected b, econo&ic slodons.
.E/ St%dents at to8,ear co&&%nit, colle#es9 b%t not t!ose at &ost "o%r8,ear
colle#es9 can control t!e cost o" t!eir st%dies b, c!oosin# t!e n%&ber o"
co%rses t!e, take eac! ter&.
:ardin ar#%ed t!at #ra)in# land !eld in co&&on .t!at is9 o'en to an, %ser/ o%ld
ala,s be %sed less care"%ll, t!an 'rivate #ra)in# land. Eac! ranc!er o%ld be
te&'ted to over%se co&&on land beca%se t!e bene"its o%ld accr%e to t!e individ%al9
!ile t!e costs o" red%ced land 0%alit, t!at res%lts "ro& over%se o%ld be s'read
a&on# all %sers. 1%t a st%d, co&'arin# 51A &illion acres o" co&&on #ra)in# land
it! C<< &illion acres o" 'rivate #ra)in# land s!oed t!at t!e co&&on land as in
better condition.
1B. T!e anser to !ic! o" t!e "olloin# 0%estions o%ld be &ost %se"%l in
eval%atin# t!e si#ni"icance9 in relation to :ardins clai&9 o" t!e st%d, described
above-
.A/ 3id an, o" t!e ranc!ers !ose land as st%died %se bot! co&&on and
'rivate land-
.1/ 3id t!e ranc!ers !ose land as st%died tend to 're"er %sin# co&&on land
over %sin# 'rivate land "or #ra)in#-
.C/ 6as t!e 'rivate land t!at as st%died o" co&'arable 0%alit, to t!e co&&on
land be"ore eit!er as %sed "or #ra)in#-
.3/ 6ere t!e %sers o" t!e co&&on land t!at as st%died at least as 'ros'ero%s as
t!e %sers o" t!e 'rivate land-
.E/ 6ere t!ere an, oners o" !erds !o %sed onl, co&&on land9 and no 'rivate
land9 "or #ra)in#-
1H. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 and knon b, t!e ranc!ers9 o%ld best !el'
e('lain t!e res%lts o" t!e st%d,-
.A/ 6it! 'rivate #ra)in# land9 bot! t!e costs and t!e bene"its o" over%se "all to
t!e individ%al %ser.
.1/ T!e cost in red%ced land 0%alit, t!at is attrib%table to an, individ%al %ser is
less easil, &eas%red it! co&&on land t!an it is it! 'rivate land.
.C/ An individ%al !o over%ses co&&on #ra)in# land &i#!t be able to ac!ieve
!i#!er ret%rns t!an ot!er %sers can9 it! t!e res%lt t!at !e or s!e o%ld
GMAT & LSAT CR 155
obtain a co&'etitive advanta#e.
.3/ I" one %ser o" co&&on land over%ses it even sli#!tl,9 t!e ot!er %sers are
likel, to do so even &ore9 it! t!e conse0%ence t!at t!e costs to eac! %ser
o%tei#! t!e bene"its.
.E/ T!ere are &ore acres o" #ra)in# land !eld 'rivatel, t!an t!ere are !eld in
co&&on.
5I. In tests "or 'irono&a9 a serio%s disease9 a "alse 'ositive res%lt indicates t!at
'eo'le !ave 'irono&a !en9 in "act9 t!e, do notD a "alse ne#ative res%lt indicates
t!at 'eo'le do not !ave 'irono&a !en9 in "act9 t!e, do. To detect 'irono&a &ost
acc%ratel,9 '!,sicians s!o%ld %se t!e laborator, test t!at !as t!e loest 'ro'ortion
o" "alse 'ositive res%lts.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 #ives t!e &ost s%''ort to t!e reco&&endation
above-
.A/ T!e acce'ted treat&ent "or 'irono&a does not !ave da&a#in# side e""ects.
.1/ T!e laborator, test t!at !as t!e loest 'ro'ortion o" "alse 'ositive res%lts
ca%ses t!e sa&e &inor side e""ects as do t!e ot!er laborator, tests %sed to
detect 'irono&a.
.C/ In treatin# 'irono&a 'atients9 it is essential to be#in treat&ent as earl, as
'ossible9 since even a eek o" dela, can res%lt in loss o" li"e.
.3/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" inconcl%sive test res%lts is e0%al "or all laborator, tests
%sed to detect 'irono&a.
.E/ All laborator, tests to detect 'irono&a !ave t!e sa&e 'ro'ortion o" "alse
ne#ative res%lts.
TEST H
Questions 1-! are based on the following.
Co&'anies 7 and F eac! !ave t!e sa&e n%&ber o" e&'lo,ees !o ork t!e sa&e
n%&ber o" !o%rs 'er eek. Accordin# to records &aintained b, eac! co&'an,9 t!e
e&'lo,ees o" Co&'an, 7 !ad "eer +ob8related accidents last ,ear t!an did t!e
e&'lo,ees o" Co&'an, F. T!ere"ore9 e&'lo,ees o" Co&'an, 7 are less likel, to !ave
+ob8related accidents t!an are e&'lo,ees o" Co&'an, F.
1. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ Co&'an, F &an%"act%res 'rod%cts t!at are &ore !a)ardo%s "or orkers to
'rod%ce t!an does Co&'an, 7.
.1/ Co&'an, F !olds &ore sa"et, ins'ections t!an does Co&'an, 7.
.C/ Co&'an, F &aintains a &ore &odern in"ir&ar, t!an does Co&'an, 7.
.3/ Co&'an, 7 'aid &ore "or ne +ob8related &edical clai&s t!an did Co&'an,
F.
GMAT & LSAT CR 15<
.E/ Co&'an, F 'rovides &ore t,'es o" !ealt!8care bene"its t!an does Co&'an,
7.
5. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ T!e e&'lo,ees o" Co&'an, F lost &ore ti&e at ork d%e to +ob8related
accidents t!an did t!e e&'lo,ees o" Co&'an, 7.
.1/ Co&'an, F considered &ore t,'es o" accidents to be +ob8related t!an did
Co&'an, 7.
.C/ T!e e&'lo,ees o" Co&'an, F ere sick &ore o"ten t!an ere t!e e&'lo,ees
o" Co&'an, 7.
.3/ Several e&'lo,ees o" Co&'an, 7 eac! !ad &ore t!an one +ob8related
accident.
.E/ T!e &a+orit, o" +ob8related accidents at Co&'an, 7 involved a sin#le
&ac!ine.
<. In co&'arison to t!e standard t,'eriter ke,board9 t!e E$C7 ke,board9 !ic!
'laces t!e &ost8%sed ke,s nearest t!e t,'ists stron#est "in#ers9 allos "aster
t,'in# and res%lts in less "ati#%e9 T!ere"ore9 re'lace&ent o" standard ke,boards
it! t!e E$C7 ke,board ill res%lt in an i&&ediate red%ction o" t,'in# costs.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e concl%sion dran
above-
.A/ Feo'le !o %se bot! standard and E$C7 ke,boards re'ort #reater di""ic%lt,
in t!e transition "ro& t!e E$C7 ke,board to t!e standard ke,board t!an in
t!e transition "ro& t!e standard ke,board to t!e E$C7 ke,board.
.1/ E$C7 ke,boards are no &ore e('ensive to &an%"act%re t!an are standard
ke,boards and re0%ire less "re0%ent re'air t!an do standard ke,boards.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" b%sinesses and #overn&ent a#encies t!at %se E$C7
ke,boards is increasin# eac! ,ear.
.3/ T!e &ore trainin# and e('erience an e&'lo,ee !as !ad it! t!e standard
ke,board9 t!e &ore costl, it is to train t!at e&'lo,ee to %se t!e E$C7
ke,board.
.E/ 2ovice t,'ists can learn to %se t!e E$C7 ke,board in abo%t t!e sa&e a&o%nt
o" ti&e it takes t!e& to learn to %se t!e standard ke,board.
:al" o" t!e s%b+ects in an e('eri&entKt!e e('eri&ental #ro%'Kcons%&ed lar#e
0%antities o" a 'o'%lar arti"icial seetener. A"terard9 t!is #ro%' s!oed loer
co#nitive abilities t!an did t!e ot!er !al" o" t!e s%b+ectsKt!e control #ro%'K!o did
not cons%&e t!e seetener. T!e detri&ental e""ects ere attrib%ted to an a&ino acid
t!at is one o" t!e seeteners 'rinci'al constit%ents.
C. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best s%''ort t!e concl%sion t!at so&e
in#redient o" t!e seetener as res'onsible "or t!e e('eri&ental res%lts-
GMAT & LSAT CR 15C
.A/ Most cons%&ers o" t!e seetener do not cons%&e as &%c! o" it as t!e
e('eri&ental #ro%' &e&bers did.
.1/ T!e a&ino acid re"erred to in t!e concl%sion is a co&'onent o" all 'roteins9
so&e o" !ic! &%st be cons%&ed "or ade0%ate n%trition.
.C/ T!e 0%antit, o" t!e seetener cons%&ed b, individ%als in t!e e('eri&ental
#ro%' is considered sa"e b, "ederal "ood re#%lators.
.3/ T!e to #ro%'s o" s%b+ects ere evenl, &atc!ed it! re#ard to co#nitive
abilities 'rior to t!e e('eri&ent.
.E/ A second e('eri&ent in !ic! s%b+ects cons%&ed lar#e 0%antities o" t!e
seetener lacked a control #ro%' o" s%b+ects !o ere not #iven t!e
seetener.
@. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best !el' e('lain !o t!e seetener &i#!t
'rod%ce t!e observed e""ect-
.A/ T!e #overn&ents anal,sis o" t!e arti"icial seetener deter&ined t!at it as
sold in relativel, '%re "or&.
.1/ A !i#! level o" t!e a&ino acid in t!e blood in!ibits t!e s,nt!esis o" a
s%bstance re0%ired "or nor&al brain "%nctionin#.
.C/ 1eca%se t!e seetener is %sed 'ri&aril, as a "ood additive9 adverse reactions
to it are rarel, noticed b, cons%&ers.
.3/ T!e a&ino acid t!at is a constit%ent o" t!e seetener is also sold se'aratel,
as a dietar, s%''le&ent.
.E/ S%b+ects in t!e e('eri&ent did not kno !et!er t!e, ere cons%&in# t!e
seetener or a second9 !ar&less s%bstance.
G. Ad%lt "e&ale rats !o !ave never be"ore enco%ntered rat '%'s ill start to s!o
&aternal be!aviors a"ter bein# con"ined it! a '%' "or abo%t seven da,s. T!is
'eriod can be considerabl, s!ortened b, disablin# t!e "e&ales sense o" s&ell or
b, re&ovin# t!e scent8'rod%cin# #lands o" t!e '%'.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# !,'ot!eses best e('lains t!e contrast described above-
.A/ T!e sense o" s&ell in ad%lt "e&ale rats is &ore ac%te t!an t!at in rat '%'s.
.1/ T!e a&o%nt o" scent 'rod%ced b, rat '%'s increases !en t!e, are in t!e
'resence o" a "e&ale rat t!at did not bear t!e&.
.C/ $e&ale rats t!at !ave #iven birt! are &ore a""ected b, ol"actor, c%es t!an are
"e&ale rats t!at !ave never #iven birt!.
.3/ A "e&ale rat t!at !as #iven birt! s!os &aternal be!avior toard rat '%'s
t!at s!e did not bear &ore 0%ickl, t!an does a "e&ale rat t!at !as never
#iven birt!.
.E/ T!e develo'&ent o" a "e&ale rats &aternal interest in a rat '%' t!at s!e did
not bear is in!ibited b, t!e odor o" t!e '%'.
A. T!e intervie is an essential 'art o" a s%ccess"%l !irin# 'ro#ra& beca%se9 it! it9
GMAT & LSAT CR 15@
+ob a''licants !o !ave 'ersonalities t!at are %ns%ited to t!e re0%ire&ents o" t!e
+ob ill be eli&inated "ro& consideration.
T!e ar#%&ent above lo#icall, de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ A !irin# 'ro#ra& ill be s%ccess"%l i" it incl%des intervies.
.1/ T!e intervie is a &ore i&'ortant 'art o" a s%ccess"%l !irin# 'ro#ra& t!an is
t!e develo'&ent o" a +ob descri'tion.
.C/ Intervieers can acc%ratel, identi", a''licants !ose 'ersonalities are
%ns%ited to t!e re0%ire&ents o" t!e +ob.
.3/ T!e onl, '%r'ose o" an intervie is to eval%ate !et!er +ob a''licants
'ersonalities are s%ited to t!e re0%ire&ents o" t!e +ob.
.E/ T!e "it o" +ob a''licants 'ersonalities to t!e re0%ire&ents o" t!e +ob as
once t!e &ost i&'ortant "actor in &akin# !irin# decisions.
B. An overl, centrali)ed econo&,9 not t!e c!an#es in t!e cli&ate9 is res'onsible "or
t!e 'oor a#ric%lt%ral 'rod%ction in Co%ntr, E since its ne #overn&ent ca&e to
'oer. 2ei#!borin# Co%ntr, * !as e('erienced t!e sa&e cli&atic conditions9 b%t
!ile a#ric%lt%ral 'rod%ction !as been "allin# in Co%ntr, E9 it !as been risin# in
Co%ntr, *.
.A/ Ind%strial 'rod%ction also is declinin# in Co%ntr, E.
.1/ 6!ereas Co%ntr, * is landlocked9 Co%ntr, E !as a &a+or sea'ort.
.C/ 1ot! Co%ntr, E and Co%ntr, * !ave been e('eriencin# dro%#!t conditions.
.3/ T!e cro's t!at !ave ala,s been #ron in Co%ntr, E are di""erent "ro&
t!ose t!at !ave ala,s been #ron in Co%ntr, *.
.E/ Co%ntr, Es ne #overn&ent instit%ted a centrali)ed econo&, it! t!e
intention o" ens%rin# an e0%itable distrib%tion o" #oods.
H. =se"%l 'rotein dr%#s9 s%c! as ins%lin9 &%st still be ad&inistered b, t!e
c%&berso&e 'roced%re o" in+ection %nder t!e skin. I" 'roteins are taken orall,9
t!e, are di#ested and cannot reac! t!eir tar#et cells. Certain non'rotein dr%#s9
!oever9 contain c!e&ical bonds t!at are not broken don b, t!e di#estive
s,ste&. T!e, can9 t!%s9 be taken orall,.
T!e state&ents above &ost stron#l, s%''ort a clai& t!at a researc! 'roced%re
t!at s%ccess"%ll, acco&'lis!es !ic! o" t!e "olloin# o%ld be bene"icial to
%sers o" 'rotein dr%#s-
.A/ Coatin# ins%lin it! co&'o%nds t!at are broken don b, tar#et cells9 b%t
!ose c!e&ical bonds are resistant to di#estion
.1/ Convertin# into 'rotein co&'o%nds9 b, 'roced%res t!at ork in t!e
laborator,9 t!e non'rotein dr%#s t!at resist di#estion
.C/ Re&ovin# 'er&anentl, "ro& t!e di#estive s,ste& an, s%bstances t!at di#est
'roteins
GMAT & LSAT CR 15G
.3/ 3eter&inin#9 in a s,ste&atic a,9 !at en),&es and bacteria are 'resent in
t!e nor&al di#estive s,ste& and !et!er t!e, tend to be broken don
it!in t!e bod,
.E/ 3eter&inin# t!e a&o%nt o" ti&e eac! non'rotein dr%# takes to reac! its tar#et
cells
1I. Co%ntr, * %ses its scarce "orei#n8e(c!an#e reserves to b%, scra' iron "or
rec,clin# into steel. Alt!o%#! t!e steel t!%s 'rod%ced earns &ore "orei#n
e(c!an#e t!an it costs9 t!at 'olic, is "oolis!. Co%ntr, *s on territor, !as vast
de'osits o" iron ore9 !ic! can be &ined it! &ini&al e('endit%re o" "orei#n
e(c!an#e.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e stron#est s%''ort "or Co%ntr, *s
'olic, o" b%,in# scra' iron abroad-
.A/ T!e 'rice o" scra' iron on international &arkets rose si#ni"icantl, in 1HBA.
.1/ Co%ntr, *s "orei#n8e(c!an#e reserves dro''ed si#ni"icantl, in 1HBA.
.C/ T!ere is virt%all, no di""erence in 0%alit, beteen steel 'rod%ced "ro& scra'
iron and t!at 'rod%ced "ro& iron ore.
.3/ Scra' iron is no %sed in t!e 'rod%ction o" ro%#!l, !al" t!e steel %sed in t!e
orld toda,9 and e('erts 'redict t!at scra' iron ill be %sed even &ore
e(tensivel, in t!e "%t%re.
.E/ $%rnaces t!at 'rocess scra' iron can be b%ilt and o'erated in Co%ntr, * it!
s%bstantiall, less "orei#n e(c!an#e t!an can "%rnaces t!at 'rocess iron ore.
11. Last ,ear t!e rate o" in"lation as 1.5 'ercent9 b%t "or t!e c%rrent ,ear it !as been
C 'ercent. 6e can concl%de t!at in"lation is on an %'ard trend and t!e rate ill
be still !i#!er ne(t ,ear.
.A/ T!e in"lation "i#%res ere co&'%ted on t!e basis o" a re'resentative sa&'le
o" econo&ic data rat!er t!an all o" t!e available data.
.1/ Last ,ear a di' in oil 'rices bro%#!t in"lation te&'oraril, belo its recent
stable ann%al level o" C 'ercent.
.C/ Increases in t!e 'a, o" so&e orkers are tied to t!e level o" in"lation9 and at
an in"lation rate o" C 'ercent or above9 t!ese 'a, raises constit%te a "orce
ca%sin# "%rt!er in"lation.
.3/ T!e 1.5 'ercent rate o" in"lation last ,ear re'resented a ten8,ear lo.
.E/ Govern&ent intervention cannot a""ect t!e rate o" in"lation to an, si#ni"icant
de#ree.
15. 1eca%se no e&'lo,ee ants to be associated it! bad nes in t!e e,es o" a
s%'erior9 in"or&ation abo%t serio%s 'roble&s at loer levels is 'ro#ressivel,
so"tened and distorted as it #oes %' eac! ste' in t!e &ana#e&ent !ierarc!,. T!e
c!ie" e(ec%tive is9 t!ere"ore9 less ell in"or&ed abo%t 'roble&s at loer levels
GMAT & LSAT CR 15A
t!an are !is or !er s%bordinates at t!ose levels.
T!e concl%sion dran above is based on t!e ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ 'roble&s s!o%ld be solved at t!e level in t!e &ana#e&ent !ierarc!, at !ic!
t!e, occ%r
.1/ e&'lo,ees s!o%ld be rearded "or acc%ratel, re'ortin# 'roble&s to t!eir
s%'eriors
.C/ 'roble&8solvin# abilit, is &ore i&'ortant at !i#!er levels t!an it is at loer
levels o" t!e &ana#e&ent !ierarc!,
.3/ c!ie" e(ec%tives obtain in"or&ation abo%t 'roble&s at loer levels "ro& no
so%rce ot!er t!an t!eir s%bordinates
.E/ so&e e&'lo,ees are &ore concerned abo%t tr%t! t!an abo%t t!e a, t!e, are
'erceived b, t!eir s%'eriors
1<. In t!e =nited States in 1HBG9 t!e avera#e rate o" violent cri&e in states it! strict
#%n8control las as GC@ cri&es 'er 1II9III 'ersonsKabo%t @I 'ercent !i#!er
t!an t!e avera#e rate in t!e eleven states !ere strict #%n8control las !ave never
been 'assed. T!%s one a, to red%ce violent cri&e is to re'eal strict #%n control
las.
.A/ T!e ann%al rate o" violent cri&e in states it! strict #%n8control las !as
decreased since t!e 'assa#e o" t!ose las.
.1/ In states it! strict #%n8control las9 "e individ%als are 'rosec%ted "or
violatin# s%c! las.
.C/ In states it!o%t strict #%n8control las9 &an, individ%als !ave !ad no
"or&al trainin# in t!e %se o" "irear&s.
.3/ T!e ann%al rate o" nonviolent cri&e is loer in states it! strict #%n8control
las t!an in states it!o%t s%c! las.
.E/ Less t!an !al" o" t!e individ%als !o reside in states it!o%t strict #%n8
control las on a #%n.
1C. Cor'orate o""icers and directors co&&onl, b%, and sell9 "or t!eir on 'ort"olios9
stock in t!eir on cor'orations. Generall,9 !en t!e ratio o" s%c! inside sales to
inside '%rc!ases "alls belo 5 to 1 "or a #iven stock9 a rise in stock 'rices is
i&&inent. In recent da,s9 !ile t!e 'rice o" MEGA Cor'oration stock !as been
"allin#9 t!e cor'orations o""icers and directors !ave bo%#!t %' to nine ti&es as
&%c! o" it as t!e, !ave sold.
T!e "acts above best s%''ort !ic! o" t!e "olloin# 'redictions-
.A/ T!e i&balance beteen inside '%rc!ases and inside sales o" MEGA stock
ill #ro even "%rt!er.
.1/ Inside '%rc!ases o" MEGA stock are abo%t to cease abr%'tl,.
.C/ T!e 'rice o" MEGA stock ill soon be#in to #o %'.
GMAT & LSAT CR 15B
.3/ T!e 'rice o" MEGA stock ill contin%e to dro'9 b%t less ra'idl,.
.E/ T!e &a+orit, o" MEGA stock ill soon be oned b, MEGAs on o""icers
and directors.
1@. T!e 'ro'osal to !ire ten ne 'olice o""icers in Middleton is 0%ite "oolis!. T!ere
is s%""icient "%ndin# to 'a, t!e salaries o" t!e ne o""icers9 b%t not t!e salaries o"
additional co%rt and 'rison e&'lo,ees to 'rocess t!e increased caseload o" arrests
and convictions t!at ne o""icers %s%all, #enerate.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 ill &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e concl%sion dran
above-
.A/ St%dies !ave s!on t!at an increase in a cit,s 'olice "orce does not
necessaril, red%ce cri&e.
.1/ 6!en one &a+or cit, increased its 'olice "orce b, 1H 'ercent last ,ear9 t!ere
ere CI 'ercent &ore arrests and 1< 'ercent &ore convictions.
.C/ I" "%ndin# "or t!e ne 'olice o""icers salaries is a''roved9 s%''ort "or ot!er
cit, services ill !ave to be red%ced d%rin# t!e ne(t "iscal ,ear.
.3/ In &ost =nited States cities9 not all arrests res%lt in convictions9 and not all
convictions res%lt in 'rison ter&s.
.E/ Middletons ratio o" 'olice o""icers to citi)ens !as reac!ed a level at !ic!
an increase in t!e n%&ber o" o""icers ill !ave a deterrent e""ect on cri&e.
1G. A recent re'ort deter&ined t!at alt!o%#! onl, t!ree 'ercent o" drivers on
Mar,land !i#!a,s e0%i''ed t!eir ve!icles it! radar detectors9 t!irt,8t!ree
'ercent o" all ve!icles ticketed "or e(ceedin# t!e s'eed li&it ere e0%i''ed it!
t!e&. Clearl,9 drivers !o e0%i' t!eir ve!icles it! radar detectors are &ore
likel, to e(ceed t!e s'eed li&it re#%larl, t!an are drivers !o do not.
T!e concl%sion dran above de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ 3rivers !o e0%i' t!eir ve!icles it! radar detectors are less likel, to be
ticketed "or e(ceedin# t!e s'eed li&it t!an are drivers !o do not.
.1/ 3rivers !o are ticketed "or e(ceedin# t!e s'eed li&it are &ore likel, to
e(ceed t!e s'eed li&it re#%larl, t!an are drivers !o are not ticketed.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" ve!icles t!at ere ticketed "or e(ceedin# t!e s'eed li&it as
#reater t!an t!e n%&ber o" ve!icles t!at ere e0%i''ed it! radar detectors.
.3/ Man, o" t!e ve!icles t!at ere ticketed "or e(ceedin# t!e s'eed li&it ere
ticketed &ore t!an once in t!e ti&e 'eriod covered b, t!e re'ort.
.E/ 3rivers on Mar,land !i#!a,s e(ceeded t!e s'eed li&it &ore o"ten t!an did
drivers on ot!er state !i#!a,s not covered in t!e re'ort.
1A. T!ere is a #reat deal o" #eo#ra'!ical variation in t!e "re0%enc, o" &an, s%r#ical
'roced%resK%' to ten"old variation 'er !%ndred t!o%sand beteen di""erent areas
in t!e n%&bers o" !,sterecto&ies9 'rostatecto&ies9 and tonsillecto&ies.
To s%''ort a concl%sion t!at &%c! o" t!e variation is d%e to %nnecessar, s%r#ical
GMAT & LSAT CR 15H
'roced%res9 it o%ld be &ost i&'ortant to establis! !ic! o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ A local board o" revie at eac! !os'ital e(a&ines t!e records o" ever,
o'eration to deter&ine !et!er t!e s%r#ical 'roced%re as necessar,.
.1/ T!e variation is %nrelated to "actors .ot!er t!an t!e s%r#ical 'roced%res
t!e&selves/ t!at in"l%ence t!e incidence o" diseases "or !ic! s%r#er, &i#!t
be considered.
.C/ T!ere are several cate#ories o" s%r#ical 'roced%re .ot!er t!an !,sterecto&ies9
'rostatecto&ies9 and tonsillecto&ies/ t!at are o"ten 'er"or&ed
%nnecessaril,.
.3/ $or certain s%r#ical 'roced%res9 it is di""ic%lt to deter&ine a"ter t!e o'eration
!et!er t!e 'roced%res ere necessar, or !et!er alternative treat&ent
o%ld !ave s%cceeded.
.E/ 6it! res'ect to !o o"ten t!e, are 'er"or&ed %nnecessaril,9 !,sterecto&ies9
'rostatecto&ies9 and tonsillecto&ies are re'resentative o" s%r#ical
'roced%res in #eneral.
1B. Researc!ers !ave "o%nd t!at !en ver, overei#!t 'eo'le9 !o tend to !ave
relativel, lo &etabolic rates9 lose ei#!t 'ri&aril, t!ro%#! dietin#9 t!eir
&etabolis&s #enerall, re&ain %nc!an#ed. T!e, ill t!%s b%rn si#ni"icantl, "eer
calories at t!e ne ei#!t t!an do 'eo'le !ose ei#!t is nor&all, at t!at level.
S%c! nel, t!in 'ersons ill9 t!ere"ore9 %lti&atel, re#ain ei#!t %ntil t!eir bod,
si)e a#ain &atc!es t!eir &etabolic rate.
T!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent above de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin#
ass%&'tions-
.A/ Relativel, "e ver, overei#!t 'eo'le !o !ave dieted don to a ne
ei#!t tend to contin%e to cons%&e s%bstantiall, "eer calories t!an do
'eo'le !ose nor&al ei#!t is at t!at level.
.1/ T!e &etabolis&s o" 'eo'le !o are %s%all, not overei#!t are &%c! &ore
able to var, t!an t!e &etabolis&s o" 'eo'le !o !ave been ver,
overei#!t.
.C/ T!e a&o%nt o" calories t!at a 'erson %s%all, b%rns in a da, is deter&ined
&ore b, t!e a&o%nt t!at is cons%&ed t!at da, t!an b, t!e c%rrent ei#!t o"
t!e individ%al.
.3/ Researc!ers !ave not ,et deter&ined !et!er t!e &etabolic rates o" "or&erl,
ver, overei#!t individ%als can be accelerated b, &eans o" c!e&ical
a#ents.
.E/ 1eca%se o" t!e constanc, o" t!eir &etabolic rates9 'eo'le !o are at t!eir
%s%al ei#!t nor&all, !ave as &%c! di""ic%lt, #ainin# ei#!t as t!e, do
losin# it.
1H. In 1HBA sin%sitis as t!e &ost co&&on c!ronic &edical condition in t!e =nited
States9 "olloed b, art!ritis and !i#! blood 'ress%re9 in t!at order.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<I
T!e incidence rates "or bot! art!ritis and !i#! blood 'ress%re increase it! a#e9
b%t t!e incidence rate "or sin%sitis is t!e sa&e "or 'eo'le o" all a#es.
T!e avera#e a#e o" t!e =nited States 'o'%lation ill increase beteen 1HBA and
5III.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can be &ost 'ro'erl, dran abo%t c!ronic
&edical conditions in t!e =nited States "ro& t!e in"or&ation #iven above-
.A/ Sin%sitis ill be &ore co&&on t!an eit!er art!ritis or !i#! blood 'ress%re in
5III.
.1/ Art!ritis ill be t!e &ost co&&on c!ronic &edical condition in 5III.
.C/ T!e avera#e a#e o" 'eo'le s%""erin# "ro& sin%sitis ill increase beteen
1HBA and 5III.
.3/ $eer 'eo'le ill s%""er "ro& sin%sitis in 5III t!an s%""ered "ro& it in 1HBA.
.E/ A &a+orit, o" t!e 'o'%lation ill s%""er "ro& at least one o" t!e &edical
conditions &entioned above b, t!e ,ear 5III.
5I. Farasitic as's la, t!eir e##s directl, into t!e e##s o" vario%s !ost insects in
e(actl, t!e ri#!t n%&bers "or an, s%itable si)e o" !ost e##. I" t!e, laid too &an,
e##s in a !ost e##9 t!e develo'in# as' larvae o%ld co&'ete it! eac! ot!er to
t!e deat! "or n%trients and s'ace. I" too "e e##s ere laid9 'ortions o" t!e !ost
e## o%ld deca,9 killin# t!e as' larvae.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can 'ro'erl, be dran "ro& t!e in"or&ation
above-
.A/ T!e si)e o" t!e s&allest !ost e## t!at a as' co%ld t!eoreticall, 'arasiti)e
can be deter&ined "ro& t!e as's e##8la,in# be!avior.
.1/ :ost insects lack an, e""ective de"enses a#ainst t!e "or& o" 'redation
'racticed b, 'arasitic as's.
.C/ Farasitic as's learn "ro& e('erience !o &an, e##s to la, into t!e e##s o"
di""erent !ost s'ecies.
.3/ $ail%re to la, eno%#! e##s o%ld lead to t!e deat! o" t!e develo'in# as'
larvae &ore 0%ickl, t!an o%ld la,in# too &an, e##s.
.E/ Farasitic as's %se vis%al cl%es to calc%late t!e si)e o" a !ost e##.
TEST 1I
1. In 1HB@ in t!e co%ntr, o" Alissia9 "ar&ers bro%#!t to &arket a broccoli cro' t!at
as one8and8a8!al" ti&es as lar#e as t!e 1HB@ broccoli cro' in its nei#!bor
co%ntr,9 1arbera. *et total 0%antities o" broccoli available "or sale to cons%&ers
in Alissia ere s&aller t!an ere total 0%antities in 1arbera in 1HB@.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 in 1HB@9 contrib%tes &ost to an e('lanation o"
!, t!ere as less broccoli available "or sale to cons%&ers in Alissia t!an in
1arbera-
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<1
.A/ 1arberas "ar&ers 'rod%ced &%c! &ore cabba#e t!an did Alissias "ar&ers.
.1/ 1arberas "ar&ers 'rod%ced "eer !eads o" broccoli 'er acre t!an did
Alissias "ar&ers.
.C/ Alissia e('orted a &%c! !i#!er 'ro'ortion o" its broccoli cro' t!an did
1arbera.
.3/ 1roccoli as &%c! &ore 'o'%lar a&on# cons%&ers in Alissia t!an in
1arbera.
.E/ Alissia !ad &ore land s%itable "or #roin# broccoli t!an did 1arbera.
5. A &an%"act%rer o" &ens dress socks so%#!t to increase 'ro"its b, increasin#
sales. T!e si)e o" its c%sto&er 'ool as re&ainin# stead,9 it! t!e avera#e
c%sto&er b%,in# telve 'airs o" dress socks 'er ,ear. T!e co&'an,s 'lan as to
increase t!e n%&ber o" 'ro&otional disco%nt8sale 'eriods to one ever, si(
&ont!s.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" it is a realistic 'ossibilit,9 casts t!e &ost serio%s do%bt
on t!e viabilit, o" t!e co&'an,s 'lan-
.A/ 2e &an%"act%rin# ca'acit, o%ld not be re0%ired i" t!e co&'an, ere to
increase t!e n%&ber o" 'airs o" socks sold.
.1/ Inventor, stocks o" &erc!andise read, "or sale o%ld be !i#! 'recedin# t!e
increase in t!e n%&ber o" disco%nt8sale 'eriods.
.C/ T!e &an%"act%rers co&'etitors o%ld &atc! its disco%nts d%rin# sale
'eriods9 and its c%sto&ers o%ld learn to ait "or t!ose ti&es to &ake t!eir
'%rc!ases.
.3/ 2e st,les and colors o%ld increase c%sto&ers conscio%sness o" "as!ion in
dress socks9 b%t t!e c%sto&ers re0%ire&ents "or older st,les and colors
o%ld not be red%ced.
.E/ T!e cost o" t!e &an%"act%rers ra &aterials o%ld re&ain stead,9 and its
c%sto&ers o%ld !ave &ore dis'osable inco&e.
<. Frevio%s st%dies !ave indicated t!at eatin# c!ocolate increases t!e likeli!ood o"
#ettin# !eart disease. :oever9 a ne9 &ore reliable st%d, !as indicated t!at
eatin# c!ocolate does not increase t!e likeli!ood o" #ettin# !eart disease. 6!en
t!e res%lts o" t!e ne st%d, beco&e knon9 cons%&'tion o" c!ocolate ill
%ndo%btedl, increase.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e concl%sion above is
based-
.A/ Most 'eo'le !o eat a #reat deal o" c!ocolate ill not #et !eart disease.
.1/ Alt!o%#! t!e, believe t!at eatin# c!ocolate increases t!e likeli!ood o"
#ettin# !eart disease9 so&e 'eo'le still eat as &%c! c!ocolate as t!e, ant.
.C/ Feo'le !o !ave !eard t!at eatin# c!ocolate increases t!e likeli!ood o"
#ettin# !eart disease do not believe it.
.3/ T!ere are 'eo'le !o c%rrentl, eat as &%c! c!ocolate as t!e, ant beca%se
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<5
t!e, !ave not !eard t!at eatin# c!ocolate increases t!e likeli!ood o" #ettin#
!eart disease.
.E/ T!ere are 'eo'le !o c%rrentl, li&it t!eir cons%&'tion o" c!ocolate onl,
beca%se t!e, believe t!at eatin# c!ocolate increases t!e likeli!ood o" #ettin#
!eart disease.
C. T!e "ossil record s!os t!at t!e cli&ate o" 2ort! A&erica ar&ed and dried at
t!e end o" t!e Fleistocene 'eriod. Most o" t!e s'ecies o" lar#e &a&&als t!en
livin# on t!e continent beca&e e(tinct9 b%t t!e s&aller &a&&alian s'ecies
s%rvived.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e best basis "or an e('lanation o" t!e
contrast described above beteen s'ecies o" lar#e &a&&als and s'ecies o" s&all
&a&&als-
.A/ Individ%al lar#e &a&&als can9 in #eneral9 travel "%rt!er t!an s&all &a&&als
and so are &ore able to &i#rate in searc! o" a !os'itable environ&ent.
.1/ T!e sa&e 'attern o" co&'arative s%ccess in s&aller9 as o''osed to lar#er9
s'ecies t!at is observed in &a&&als is also "o%nd in bird s'ecies o" t!e
sa&e 'eriod.
.C/ T!e "ossil record "ro& t!e end o" Fleistocene 'eriod is as clear "or s&all
&a&&als as it is "or lar#e &a&&als.
.3/ Lar#er &a&&als !ave #reater "ood and s'ace re0%ire&ents t!an s&aller
&a&&als and are t!%s less able to it!stand environ&ental c!an#e.
.E/ Man, &ore o" t!e s'ecies o" lar#er &a&&als t!an o" t!e s'ecies o" s&aller
&a&&als livin# in 2ort! A&erica in t!at 'eriod !ad ori#inated in cli&ates
t!at ere ar&er t!an as t!at o" 2ort! A&erica be"ore t!e end o" t!e
Fleistocene 'eriod.
@. 1on%ses at 3SR Ind%stries cannot be aarded %nless 'ro"its e(ceed a ten 'ercent
ret%rn on stock!olders invest&ents in t!e co&'an,. :i#!er 'ro"its &ean !i#!er
bon%ses. T!ere"ore9 bon%ses in a ,ear o" #eneral econo&ic recession ill be
considerabl, loer t!an bon%ses in a ,ear o" 'eak 'ro"its at 3SR.
T!e concl%sion above de'ends on t!e ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ t!e "ir& ill !ave relativel, lo 'ro"its in recession ,ears
.1/ t!e a&o%nt re'resented b, a ten 'ercent ret%rn on stock!olders invest&ents
in t!e co&'an, ill increase "ro& ,ear to ,ear
.C/ 'ro"its rarel, e(ceed a ten 'ercent ret%rn on stock!olders invest&ents in t!e
co&'an,
.3/ 'ro"its in e(cess o" a ten 'ercent ret%rn on stock!olders invest&ents in t!e
co&'an, are all distrib%ted in t!e "or& o" bon%ses
.E/ bon%ses at 3SR never dro' to )ero
Questions &-' are based on the following.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<<
S%itable !abitats "or #ra, olves !ave #reatl, di&inis!ed in area. In s'ite o" t!is "act9
t!e &ost sensible co%rse o%ld be to re"rain "ro& reestablis!in# #ra, olves in 'laces
!ere 'revio%sl, t!e, !ave been !%nted o%t o" e(istence. Strivin# to brin# back t!ese
ani&als to 'laces !ere t!e, ill onl, "ace let!al !%&an !ostilit, is i&&oral.
G. T!e ar#%&ent above de'ends on
.A/ an a''eal to an a%t!orit,
.1/ a belie" t!at #ra, olves are dan#ero%s to !%&an bein#s and livestock
.C/ an ass%&'tion t!at to events t!at occ%r to#et!er &%st be ca%sall, connected
.3/ an ass%&'tion t!at t!e "%t%re ill be like t!e 'ast
.E/ a t!reat o" violence a#ainst t!ose 'ersons 'resentin# t!e o''osin# vie
A. T!e ar#%&ent above o%ld be &ost si#ni"icantl, eakened i" !ic! o" t!e
"olloin# ere tr%e-
.A/ E""ective las a#ainst t!e !%ntin# o" #ra, olves !ave been enacted.
.1/ Ranc!ers9 "ar&ers9 and !%nters still !ave an in#rained bias a#ainst #ra,
olves.
.C/ 1, t!e 1H<Is bo%nt, !%nters !ad e(ter&inated &ost o" t!e #ra, olves in
t!e =nited States.
.3/ Fro#ra&s "or increasin# t!e #ra, ol" 'o'%lation are not aided b, "ederal
las t!at re0%ire t!e licensin# o" !%nters o" certain 'redators.
.E/ S%##ested 'ro#ra&s "or increasin# t!e #ra, ol" 'o'%lation !ave been
critici)ed b, environ&entalists and biolo#ists.
B. $or t!e sa"et,8conscio%s Sedis! &arket9 a =nited States &an%"act%rer o"
deskto' co&'%ters develo'ed a s'ecial dis'la, screen t!at 'rod%ces a &%c!
eaker electro&a#netic "ield s%rro%ndin# t!e %ser t!an do ordinar, screens.
3es'ite an advanta#e in t!is res'ect over its co&'etitors9 t!e &an%"act%rer is
introd%cin# t!e screen into t!e =nited States &arket it!o%t advertisin# it as a
sa"et, i&'rove&ent.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides a rationale "or t!e &an%"act%rers
a''roac! to advertisin# t!e screen in t!e =nited States-
.A/ Man, &ore deskto' co&'%ters are sold eac! ,ear in t!e =nited States &arket
t!an are sold in t!e Sedis! &arket.
.1/ T!e &an%"act%rer does not ant its co&'etitors to beco&e aare o" t!e
&eans b, !ic! t!e co&'an, !as ac!ieved t!is advance in tec!nolo#,.
.C/ Most b%siness and scienti"ic '%rc!asers o" deskto' co&'%ters e('ect to
re'lace s%c! e0%i'&ent event%all, as better tec!nolo#, beco&es available
on t!e &arket.
.3/ An e&'!asis on t!e co&'arative sa"et, o" t!e ne screen o%ld call into
0%estion t!e sa"et, o" t!e &an, screens t!e &an%"act%rer !as alread, sold in
t!e =nited States.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<C
.E/ Concern !as been e('ressed in t!e =nited States over t!e !ealt! e""ects o" t!e
lar#e electro&a#netic "ields s%rro%ndin# electric 'oer lines.
H. In t!e s%b%rbs s%rro%ndin# Middleton9 t!ere is an avera#e o" 5.C a%to&obiles
'er "a&il,9 and t!%s ver, "e s%b%rban residents %se '%blic b%ses. T!e s%b%rban
co&&%nities9 t!ere"ore9 o%ld derive little bene"it "ro& contin%in# to s%bsidi)e
t!e 'ortion o" Middletons '%blic b%s s,ste& t!at serves t!e s%b%rbs.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e concl%sion
dran above-
.A/ T!e real8estate ta( rate in Middleton is !i#!er t!an it is in t!e s%b%rbs.
.1/ Last ,ear voters in t!e s%b%rban co&&%nities de"eated b, a narro &ar#in a
bill desi#ned to increase s%bsidies "or '%blic b%s ro%tes.
.C/ Man, s%b%rban s!o's can attract eno%#! e&'lo,ees to re&ain in b%siness
onl, beca%se s%bsidi)ed '%blic trans'ortation "ro& Middleton is available.
.3/ F%blic b%ses o'erated it! less t!an a <@ 'ercent occ%'anc, rate 'rod%ce
&ore 'oll%tion 'er 'assen#er &ile t!an o%ld t!e o'eration o" 'rivate
a%to&obiles "or eac! 'assen#er.
.E/ Most voters in Middletons s%b%rban co&&%nities are %nillin# to
contin%e s%bsidies "or '%blic b%ses ne(t ,ear i" riders!i' on t!ose b%ses
dro's belo c%rrent levels.
1I. An, ta( relie" received b, t!e solar ind%str, o%ld not bene"it t!e !o&eoner
!o installs a solar8ener#, s,ste&. Even t!o%#! !o&eoners o%ld 'a, a loer
'rice "or solar8ener#, s,ste& installations beca%se o" t!is ta( relie"9 it! t!e
#overn&ent 'a,in# t!e balance9 #overn&ent reven%es co&e "ro& t!e '%blic.
T!e ar#%&ent above is based on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ T!e ta( relie" o%ld ca%se t!e !o&eoner to lose9 t!ro%#! ta(es or red%ced
#overn&ent bene"its or bot!9 an a&o%nt at least e0%al to t!e red%ction in t!e
'rice o" t!at !o&eoners solar8ener#, s,ste& installation.
.1/ T!e ta( relie" t!at o%ld be received b, solar8ener#, ind%stries o%ld not be
o""ered at t!e sa&e ti&e as an, ta( relie" "or ot!er ind%stries.
.C/ Advertise&ents o" t!e solar8ener#, ind%str,9 b, "ailin# to identi", t!e so%rce
o" #overn&ent reven%es e('licitl, to t!e '%blic9 &ask t!e advanta#e t!e
ind%str, receives "ro& t!e '%blic.
.3/ :o&eoners #enerall, believe t!at t!e, bene"it "ro& an, ta( relie" o""ered
to t!e solar8ener#, ind%str,.
.E/ Ta( relie" o%ld enco%ra#e solar ind%stries to sell solar8ener#, s,ste&s at
!i#!er 'rices.
11. Less t!an @I 'ercent o" a certain tro'ical co%ntr,s ildlands re&ains intact.
E""orts are %nder a, to restore biolo#ical diversit, in t!at co%ntr, b, restorin#
so&e destro,ed ild !abitats and e(tendin# so&e relativel, intact 'ortions o"
"orests. :oever9 o''onents ar#%e t!at t!ese e""orts are not needed beca%se t!ere
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<@
is still 'lent, o" ildland le"t.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost si#ni"icantl, eakens t!e ar#%&ent o" t!e
o''onents o" conservation e""orts-
.A/ As &%c!9 i" not &ore9 e""ort is re0%ired to restore a ild !abitat as to
'reserve an intact !abitat.
.1/ T!e o''onents o" restoration e""orts are9 "or t!e &ost 'art9 &e&bers o" t!e
ealt!ier classes in t!eir on villa#es and cities.
.C/ E(istin# conservation las !ave been ver, e""ective in 'reservin# biolo#ical
diversit, it!in t!e ildlands t!at re&ain intact.
.3/ $or &an, tro'ical s'ecies native to t!at co%ntr,9 t!e tro'ical ildlands t!at
are still relativel, intact do not 'rovide a''ro'riate !abitats "or
re'rod%ction.
.E/ I" a s%itable 'o'%lation o" 'lants and ani&als is introd%ced and is 'er&itted
to dis'erse and #ro9 tro'ical !abitats can &ost certainl, be restored.
15. A st%d, co&'arin# a #ro%' o" c!ronicall, de'ressed individ%als it! an
ot!erise &atc!ed #ro%' o" individ%als "ree "ro& de'ression "o%nd si#ni"icantl,
&ore disorders o" t!e i&&%ne s,ste& a&on# t!e de'ressed #ro%'. Accordin# to
t!e researc!ers9 t!ese res%lts stron#l, s%''ort t!e !,'ot!esis t!at &ental states
in"l%ence t!e bod,s v%lnerabilit, to in"ection.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e researc!ers
inter'retation o" t!eir "indin#s-
.A/ T!e researc!ers vie does little &ore t!an ec!o a "a&iliar t!e&e in "olklore
and literat%re.
.1/ C!ronicall, de'ressed individ%als are no less care"%l t!an ot!ers to avoid
e('os%re to in"ections.
.C/ 3isorders o" t!e i&&%ne s,ste& ca%se &an, o" t!ose individ%als !o !ave
t!e& to beco&e c!ronicall, de'ressed.
.3/ Individ%als !o !ave 'revio%sl, been "ree "ro& de'ression can beco&e
de'ressed 0%ite s%ddenl,.
.E/ A !i#! "re0%enc, o" in"ections can ste& "ro& an %n%s%all, !i#! level o"
e('os%re rat!er t!an "ro& an, disorder o" t!e i&&%ne s,ste&.
1<. E('orts o" =nited States ood '%l' ill rise considerabl, d%rin# t!is ,ear. T!e
reason "or t!e rise is t!at t!e "allin# val%e o" t!e dollar ill &ake it c!ea'er "or
'a'er &an%"act%rers in Ja'an and 6estern E%ro'e to b%, A&erican ood '%l'
t!an to #et it "ro& an, ot!er so%rce.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion &ade in drain# t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ $actor, o%t'%t o" 'a'er 'rod%cts in Ja'an and 6estern E%ro'e ill increase
s!ar'l, d%rin# t!is ,ear.
.1/ T!e 0%alit, o" t!e ood '%l' 'rod%ced in t!e =nited States o%ld be
ade0%ate "or t!e '%r'oses o" Ja'anese and 6estern E%ro'ean 'a'er
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<G
&an%"act%rers.
.C/ Fa'er &an%"act%rers in Ja'an and 6estern E%ro'e o%ld 're"er to %se ood
'%l' 'rod%ced in t!e =nited States i" cost ere not a "actor.
.3/ 3e&and "or 'a'er 'rod%cts &ade in Ja'an and 6estern E%ro'e ill not
increase s!ar'l, d%rin# t!is ,ear.
.E/ Frod%ction o" ood '%l' b, =nited States co&'anies ill not increase
s!ar'l, d%rin# t!is ,ear.
1C. A co&'an,s 'ersonnel director s%rve,ed e&'lo,ees abo%t t!eir satis"action it!
t!e co&'an,s s,ste& "or aardin# e&'lo,ee 'er"or&ance ratin#s. T!e s%rve,
data indicated t!at e&'lo,ees !o received !i#! ratin#s ere ver, satis"ied it!
t!e s,ste&. T!e 'ersonnel director concl%ded "ro& t!ese data t!at t!e co&'an,s
best8'er"or&in# e&'lo,ees liked t!e s,ste&.
T!e 'ersonnel directors concl%sion ass%&es !ic! o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 2o ot!er 'er"or&ance ratin# s,ste& is as #ood as t!e c%rrent s,ste&.
.1/ T!e co&'an,s best8'er"or&in# e&'lo,ees received !i#! ratin#s.
.C/ E&'lo,ees !o received lo ratin#s ere dissatis"ied it! t!e s,ste&.
.3/ E&'lo,ees !o receive !i#! ratin#s "ro& a 'er"or&ance8ratin# s,ste& ill
like t!at s,ste&.
.E/ T!e co&'an,s best8'er"or&in# e&'lo,ees ere &otivated to 'er"or& ell
b, t!e knoled#e t!at t!e, o%ld receive 'er"or&ance ratin#s.
1@. In Ar#onia t!e avera#e rate drivers 'a, "or car accident ins%rance is re#%lated to
allo ins%rance co&'anies to &ake a reasonable 'ro"it. =nder t!e re#%lations9 t!e
rate an, individ%al driver 'a,s never de'ends on t!e act%al distance driven b,
t!at driver eac! ,ear. T!ere"ore9 Ar#onians !o drive less t!an avera#e 'artiall,
s%bsidi)e t!e ins%rance o" t!ose !o drive &ore t!an avera#e.
T!e concl%sion above o%ld be 'ro'erl, dran i" it ere also tr%e t!at in
Ar#onia
.A/ t!e avera#e accident ins%rance rate "or all drivers rises !enever a
s%bstantial n%&ber o" ne drivers b%, ins%rance
.1/ t!e avera#e cost to ins%rance co&'anies o" ins%rin# drivers !o drive less
t!an t!e ann%al avera#e is less t!an t!e avera#e cost o" ins%rin# drivers !o
drive &ore t!an t!e ann%al avera#e
.C/ t!e loer t!e a#e o" a driver9 t!e !i#!er t!e ins%rance rate 'aid b, t!at driver
.3/ ins%rance co&'an, 'ro"its o%ld rise s%bstantiall, i" drivers ere classi"ied
in ter&s o" t!e act%al n%&ber o" &iles t!e, drive eac! ,ear
.E/ drivers !o !ave ca%sed ins%rance co&'anies to 'a, costl, clai&s #enerall,
'a, ins%rance rates t!at are e0%al to or loer t!an t!ose 'aid b, ot!er
drivers
1G. In t!e 1HAIs t!ere as an overs%''l, o" colle#e #rad%ates. T!e overs%''l,
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<A
ca%sed t!e avera#e ann%al inco&e o" colle#e #rad%ates to "all to a level onl, 1B
'ercent #reater t!an t!at o" orkers it! onl, !i#! sc!ool di'lo&as. 1, t!e late
1HBIs t!e avera#e ann%al inco&e o" colle#e #rad%ates as C< 'ercent !i#!er
t!an t!at o" orkers it! onl, !i#! sc!ool di'lo&as9 even t!o%#! beteen t!e
1HAIs and t!e late 1HBIs t!e s%''l, o" colle#e #rad%ates did not decrease.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 in t!e late 1HBIs9 best reconciles t!e a''arent
discre'anc, described above-
.A/ T!e econo&, sloed9 t!%s creatin# a decreased de&and "or colle#e
#rad%ates.
.1/ T!e 0%alit, o" !i#! sc!ool ed%cation i&'roved.
.C/ Co&'ared to t!e 1HAIs9 a #reater n%&ber o" !i#! sc!ools o""ered vocational
#%idance 'ro#ra&s "or t!eir st%dents.
.3/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" t!e 'o'%lation it! at least a colle#e8level ed%cation
increased.
.E/ T!ere as "or t!e "irst ti&e in 5I ,ears an overs%''l, o" +ob seekers it!
onl, !i#! sc!ool di'lo&as.
1A. 6orkin# s!orter orkeeks ca%ses &ana#ers to "eel less stress t!an does orkin#
lon#er orkeeks. In addition9 #reater 'erceived control over ones ork li"e
red%ces stress levels. It can be concl%ded9 t!ere"ore9 t!at s!orter orkeeks ca%se
&ana#ers to "eel t!e, !ave &ore control over t!eir ork li"e.
T!e ar#%&ent &ade above %ses !ic! o" t!e "olloin# 0%estionable tec!ni0%es-
.A/ Associatin# to conditions as ca%se and e""ect on t!e basis o" t!eir bein#
ca%sall, associated it! t!e sa&e '!eno&enon
.1/ Takin# "or #ranted t!at to "actors t!at !ave a certain e""ect individ%all,
'rod%ce t!at e""ect &ore stron#l, !en bot! act to#et!er
.C/ Ass%&in# !at it sets o%t to 'rove
.3/ =sin# an irrelevant 'oint in order to dra a concl%sion
.E/ 1asin# a concl%sion on 'reconceived vies abo%t t!e needs o" &ana#ers
1B. T!ere are "%nda&entall, to 'ossible c!an#es in an econo&, t!at ill eac! ca%se
in"lation %nless ot!er co&'ensatin# c!an#es also occ%r. T!ese c!an#es are eit!er
red%ctions in t!e s%''l, o" #oods and services or increases in de&and. In a
'rebankin# econo&, t!e 0%antit, o" &one, available9 and !ence t!e level o"
de&and9 is e0%ivalent to t!e 0%antit, o" #old available.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 t!en it is also tr%e t!at in a 'rebankin# econo&,
.A/ an, in"lation is t!e res%lt o" red%ctions in t!e s%''l, o" #oods and services
.1/ i" ot!er "actors in t!e econo&, are %nc!an#ed9 increasin# t!e 0%antit, o"
#old available ill lead to in"lation
.C/ i" t!ere is a red%ction in t!e 0%antit, o" #old available9 t!en9 ot!er t!in#s
bein# e0%al9 in"lation &%st res%lt
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<B
.3/ t!e 0%antit, o" #oods and services '%rc!asable b, a #iven a&o%nt o" #old is
constant
.E/ !atever c!an#es in de&and occ%r9 t!ere ill be co&'ensatin# c!an#es in
t!e s%''l, o" #oods and services
1H. Ind%strialists "ro& t!e co%ntr, 3isto'ia ere acc%sed o" 'ro&otin# t!e 3isto'ian
intervention in t!e Arcadian civil ar &erel, to ins%re t!at t!e ind%strialists
"acilities in Arcadia &ade s%bstantial 'ro"its d%rin# t!e ar. *et t!is cannot be t!e
&otive since9 as t!e 3isto'ians "oresa9 3isto'ias "ederal e('enses "or t!e
intervention ere ei#!t billion dollars9 !ereas9 d%rin# t!e ar9 'ro"its "ro& t!e
3isto'ian ind%strialists "acilities in Arcadia totaled onl, "o%r billion dollars.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 e('oses a serio%s "la in t!e ar#%&ent &ade in
t!e second sentence above-
.A/ 3%rin# t!e Arcadian ar9 &an, 3isto'ian ind%strialists it! "acilities located
in Arcadia e('erienced a si#ni"icant rise in 'rod%ctivit, in t!eir "acilities
located in 3isto'ia.
.1/ T!e lar#est 'ro'ortion o" 3isto'ias "ederal e('enses is borne b, t!ose !o
receive no si#ni"icant ind%strial 'ro"its.
.C/ Most 3isto'ian ind%strialists "acilities located in Arcadia are e('ected to
&aintain t!e level o" 'ro"its t!e, ac!ieved d%rin# t!e ar.
.3/ 3isto'ian ind%strialists "acilities in Arcadia &ade s%bstantial 'ro"its be"ore
t!e events t!at tri##ered t!e civil ar.
.E/ Man, 3isto'ians e('ressed concern over t!e s%""erin# t!at Arcadians
%nderent d%rin# t!e civil ar.
5I. In t!e =nited States9 in+%ries to 'assen#ers involved in a%to&obile accidents are
t,'icall, &ore severe t!an in E%ro'e9 !ere las re0%ire a di""erent kind o"
sa"et, belt. It is clear "ro& t!is t!at t!e =nited States needs to ado't &ore
strin#ent standards "or sa"et, belt desi#n to 'rotect a%to&obile 'assen#ers better.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e ar#%&ent above EECEFT:
.A/ E%ro'eans are &ore likel, to ear sa"et, belts t!an are 'eo'le in t!e =nited
States.
.1/ =nlike =nited States drivers9 E%ro'ean drivers receive trainin# in !o best
to react in t!e event o" an accident to &ini&i)e in+%ries to t!e&selves and to
t!eir 'assen#ers.
.C/ Cars b%ilt "or t!e E%ro'ean &arket tend to !ave &ore st%rd, constr%ction
t!an do cars b%ilt "or t!e =nited States &arket.
.3/ A%to&obile 'assen#ers in t!e =nited States !ave a #reater statistical c!ance
o" bein# involved in an accident t!an do 'assen#ers in E%ro'e.
.E/ States t!at !ave recentl, be#%n re0%irin# t!e E%ro'ean sa"et, belt !ave
e('erienced no red%ction in t!e avera#e severit, o" in+%ries s%""ered b,
'assen#ers in a%to&obile accidents.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1<H
TEST 11
1. T!e sc!ool board !as deter&ined t!at it is necessar, to red%ce t!e n%&ber o"
teac!ers on t!e sta"". Rat!er t!an decidin# !ic! teac!ers ill be laid o"" on t!e
basis o" seniorit,9 t!e sc!ool board 'lans to la, o"" t!e least e""ective teac!ers
"irst.
T!e sc!ool boards 'lan ass%&es t!at
.A/ t!ere is a a, o" deter&inin# t!e e""ectiveness o" teac!ers
.1/ !at one individ%al de"ines as e""ective teac!in# ill not be de"ined as
e""ective teac!in# b, anot!er individ%al
.C/ t!ose it! t!e &ost e('erience teac!in# are t!e best teac!ers
.3/ t!ose teac!ers !o are 'aid t!e &ost are #enerall, t!e &ost 0%ali"ied
.E/ so&e teac!ers ill be &ore e""ective orkin# it! so&e st%dents t!an it!
ot!er st%dents
5. Since a''lied scienti"ic researc! is re0%ired "or tec!nolo#ical advance&ent9 &an,
!ave ri#!tl, %r#ed an increased e&'!asis in %niversities on a''lied researc!. 1%t
e &%st not #ive too little attention to basic researc!9 even t!o%#! it &a, !ave no
"oreseeable a''lication9 "or to&orros a''lied researc! ill de'end on t!e basic
researc! o" toda,.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# can be &ost reliabl,
in"erred-
.A/ I" "%t%re tec!nolo#ical advance&ent is desired9 basic researc! s!o%ld receive
#reater e&'!asis t!an a''lied researc!.
.1/ I" basic researc! is val%ed in %niversities9 a''lied researc! s!o%ld be #iven
less e&'!asis t!an it c%rrentl, !as.
.C/ I" "%t%re tec!nolo#ical advance&ent is desired9 researc! s!o%ld be li&ited to
t!at it! so&e "oreseeable a''lication.
.3/ I" too little attention is #iven to basic researc! toda,9 "%t%re tec!nolo#ical
advance&ent ill be +eo'ardi)ed.
.E/ I" tec!nolo#ical advance&ent is #iven ins%""icient e&'!asis9 basic researc!
ill also receive too little attention.
<. T!e $irst 1ankin# Gro%'s decision to invest in an electronic netork "or
trans"errin# "%nds as based on a cost advanta#e over a nonelectronic s,ste& o"
abo%t ten dollars 'er transaction in %sin# an electronic s,ste&. E(ec%tives
reasoned "%rt!er t!at t!e s,ste& o%ld #ive t!e& an advanta#e over co&'etitors.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" it is a realistic 'ossibilit,9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e
e(ec%tives 'ro+ection o" an advanta#e over co&'etitors-
.A/ T!e cost advanta#e o" %sin# t!e electronic s,ste& ill not increase
s%""icientl, to &atc! t!e 'ace o" in"lation.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1CI
.1/ Co&'etitors ill "or t!e sa&e reasons install electronic s,ste&s9 and t!e
res%ltin# overca'acit, ill lead to &%t%all, da&a#in# 'rice ars.
.C/ T!e electronic s,ste& ill 'rovide a &eans "or "aster trans"er o" "%nds9 i" t!e
$irst 1ankin# Gro%' is!es to 'rovide "aster trans"er to its c%sto&ers.
.3/ Lar#e banks "ro& o%tside t!e area served b, t!e $irst 1ankin# Gro%' !ave
recentl, establis!ed branc!es in t!at area as co&'etitors to t!e $irst
1ankin# Gro%'.
.E/ E0%i'&ent %sed in t!e electronic netork "or trans"errin# "%nds ill be
co&'atible it! e0%i'&ent %sed in ot!er s%c! netorks.
C. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e ar#%&ent belo-
7ne e""ect o" t!e introd%ction o" t!e electric re"ri#erator as a colla'se in t!e
&arket "or ice. $or&erl, !o%se!olders !ad bo%#!t ice to kee' t!eir icebo(es cool
and t!e "ood stored in t!e icebo(es "res!. 2o t!e icebo(es cool t!e&selves.
Si&ilarl,9 t!e introd%ction o" cro's #eneticall, en#ineered to be resistant to 'ests
ill;;;;;;
.A/ increase t!e si)e o" cro' !arvests
.1/ increase t!e cost o" seeds
.C/ red%ce de&and "or c!e&ical 'esticides
.3/ red%ce t!e val%e o" "ar&land
.E/ red%ce t!e n%&ber o" "ar&ers kee'in# livestock
@. In 1HB@ t!e cit,s $ine Arts M%se%& sold <I9III sin#le8entr, tickets. In 1HBG t!e
cit,s $olk Arts and Interior 3esi#n &%se%&s o'ened9 and t!ese t!ree &%se%&s
to#et!er sold over BI9III s%c! tickets t!at ,ear. T!ese &%se%&s ere ort! t!e
cost9 since &ore t!an tice as &an, citi)ens are no en+o,in# t!e arts.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e a%t!ors assertion
t!at &ore t!an tice as &an, citi)ens are no en+o,in# t!e arts-
.A/ Most visitors to one &%se%& also visit t!e ot!er to.
.1/ T!e cost o" b%ildin# t!e &%se%&s ill not be covered b, reven%es #enerated
b, t!e sale o" &%se%& tickets.
.C/ As t!e to ne &%se%&s beco&e better knon9 even &ore citi)ens ill visit
t!e&.
.3/ T!e cit,s $ine Arts M%se%& did not e('erience a decrease in sin#le8entr,
tickets sold in 1HBG.
.E/ $eer &%se%& entr, tickets ere sold in 1HBG t!an t!e &%se%& 'lanners !ad
!o'ed to sell.
G. $: 6e o%#!t not to test t!e sa"et, o" ne dr%#s on sentient ani&als9 s%c! as do#s
and rabbits. 7%r bene"it &eans t!eir 'ain9 and t!e, are e0%al to %s in t!e ca'acit,
to "eel 'ain.
G: 6e &%st carr, o%t s%c! testsD ot!erise9 e o%ld irres'onsibl, sacri"ice t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR 1C1
!%&an lives t!at co%ld !ave been saved b, t!e dr%#s.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e best ob+ection t!at co%ld be &ade "ro& $s
'oint o" vie to co%nter Gs 'oint-
.A/ Even t!o%#! it is not necessar, "or 'eo'le to %se cos&etics9 cos&etics are
also bein# tested on sentient ani&als.
.1/ Medical science alread, !as at its dis'osal a #reat n%&ber o" dr%#s and ot!er
treat&ents "or serio%s illnesses.
.C/ It is not 'ossible to obtain scienti"icall, ade0%ate res%lts b, testin# dr%#s in
t!e test t%be9 it!o%t &akin# tests on livin# tiss%e.
.3/ So&e o" t!e dr%#s to be tested o%ld save !%&an bein#s "ro& #reat 'ain.
.E/ Man, tests no 'er"or&ed on sentient ani&als can be 'er"or&ed e0%all,
ell on "ertili)ed c!icken e##s t!at are at a ver, earl, sta#e o" develo'&ent.
A. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e belo-
T!e %ne&'lo,&ent rate in t!e =nited States "ell "ro& A.@ 'ercent in 1HB1 to G.H
'ercent in 1HBG. It cannot9 !oever9 be 'ro'erl, concl%ded "ro& t!ese statistics
t!at t!e n%&ber o" %ne&'lo,ed in 1HBG as loer t!an it !ad been in 1HB1
beca%se;;;;;;
.A/ !el'8anted advertise&ents increased beteen 1HB1 and 1HBG
.1/ &an, o" t!e !i#!8'a,in# ind%strial +obs available in 1HB1 ere re'laced b,
lo8a#e service +obs in 1HBG9 res%ltin# in dis'lace&ents o" !%ndreds o"
t!o%sands o" orkers
.C/ in so&e &idestern ind%strial states9 t!e %ne&'lo,&ent rate as &%c!
!i#!er in 1HBG t!an it !ad been in 1HB1
.3/ t!e total available ork "orce9 incl%din# t!ose it! and it!o%t e&'lo,&ent9
increased beteen 1HB1 and 1HBG
.E/ t!e avera#e ti&e t!at e&'lo,ees sta, in an, one +ob dro''ed d%rin# t!e
'eriod 1HB1 to 1HBG
B. To red%ce costs9 a co&'an, is considerin# a drastic red%ction in t!e n%&ber o"
&iddle8level &ana#ers. T!is red%ction o%ld be acco&'lis!ed b, "irst o""erin#
earl, retire&ent to t!ose @I ,ears o" a#e or older it! 1@ ,ears o" service9 and
t!en b, "irin# eno%#! o" t!e ot!ers to brin# t!e overall red%ction to @I 'ercent.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 ass%&in# t!at it is a realistic 'ossibilit,9 is a 'ossible
disadvanta#e to t!e co&'an, o" t!e 'lan EECEFT:
.A/ Lo,alt, to t!e co&'an, ill be red%ced a&on# t!ose s%rvivin# t!e
red%ction9 beca%se t!e, ill 'erceive t!e stat%s o" even #ood &ana#ers as
%ncertain.
.1/ T!e restr%ct%rin# o" &ana#erial +obs ill allo b%siness %nits to be ada'ted
to "it a c!an#in# b%siness environ&ent.
.C/ T!e co&'an, ill !ave a s&aller 'ool o" &ana#ers "ro& !ic! to c!oose in
GMAT & LSAT CR 1C5
selectin# "%t%re senior &ana#ers.
.3/ So&e o" t!e best &ana#ers9 %ns%re o" t!eir sec%rit, a#ainst bein# "ired9 ill
c!oose earl, retire&ent.
.E/ T!e increased orkload o" &ana#ers re&ainin# it! t!e co&'an, ill
s%b+ect t!e& to stress t!at ill event%all, a""ect t!eir 'er"or&ance.
H. In order to relieve con#estion in t!e airs'ace near t!e air'orts o" a certain co%ntr,9
trans'ortation o""icials 'ro'ose sendin# 'assen#ers b, ne ra'id trains beteen
t!e co%ntr,s &a+or air'ort and several s&all cities it!in a <II8&ile radi%s o" it.
T!is 'lan as 'ro'osed even t!o%#! t!e o""icials reali)ed t!at it is t!e &a+or
air'ort t!at is con#ested9 not t!ose in t!e s&all cities.
T!e 'lan to relieve con#estion o%ld ork best i" !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ere
tr%e abo%t t!e &a+or air'ort-
.A/ Rail tickets beteen t!e air'ort and t!e s&all cities ill &ost likel, cost
&ore t!an t!e c%rrent air tickets "or t!ose ro%tes.
.1/ Most 'assen#ers !o "re0%entl, %se t!e air'ort 're"er to reac! t!eir cities o"
destination e(cl%sivel, b, air9 even i" t!e, &%st c!an#e 'lanes tice.
.C/ T!ere are "easible c!an#es in t!e air'orts tra""ic control s,ste& !ic! o%ld
si#ni"icantl, relieve con#estion.
.3/ So&e o" t!e con#estion t!e air'ort e('eriences co%ld be relieved i" &ore
"li#!ts ere sc!ed%led at ni#!t and at ot!er o""8'eak !o%rs.
.E/ A si#ni"icant 'ro'ortion o" t!e air'orts tra""ic consists o" 'assen#ers
trans"errin# beteen international "li#!ts and "li#!ts to t!e s&all cities.
An ann%all, cond%cted9 nationide s%rve, s!os a contin%in# &arked decline in t!e
%se o" ille#al dr%#s b, !i#! sc!ool seniors over t!e last t!ree ,ears.
1I. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts &ost do%bt on t!e relevance o" t!e s%rve,
res%lts described above "or drain# concl%sions abo%t ille#al dr%# %se in t!e teen8
a#e 'o'%lation as a !ole-
.A/ 1eca%se o" c%ts in "%ndin#9 no s%rve, o" ille#al dr%# %se b, !i#! sc!ool
seniors ill be cond%cted ne(t ,ear.
.1/ T!e decline %ncovered in t!e s%rve, !as occ%rred des'ite t!e decreasin# cost
o" ille#al dr%#s.
.C/ Ille#al dr%# %se b, teen8a#ers is !i#!est in t!ose areas o" t!e co%ntr, !ere
teen8a#ers are least likel, to sta, in !i#! sc!ool "or t!eir senior ,ear.
.3/ S%rve, 'artici'ants are &ore likel, no t!an t!e, ere t!ree ,ears a#o to
describe as >!eroic? 'eo'le !o ere addicted to ille#al dr%#s and !ave
been able to 0%it.
.E/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" !i#! sc!ool seniors !o sa, t!at t!e, stron#l, disa''rove
o" ille#al dr%# %se !as declined over t!e last t!ree ,ears.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1C<
11. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld 'rovide &ost s%''ort "or concl%din# "ro&
t!e s%rve, res%lts described above t!at t!e %se o" ille#al dr%#s b, 'eo'le belo
t!e a#e o" 5I is declinin#-
.A/ C!an#es in t!e level o" dr%# %se b, !i#! sc!ool seniors are seldo& &atc!ed
b, c!an#es in t!e level o" dr%# %se b, ot!er 'eo'le belo t!e a#e o" 5I.
.1/ In t!e 'ast9 !i#! sc!ool seniors ere consistentl, t!e 'o'%lation #ro%' &ost
likel, to %se ille#al dr%#s and &ost likel, to %se t!e& !eavil,.
.C/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" !i#! sc!ool seniors !o %se ille#al dr%#s is consistentl,
ver, si&ilar to t!e 'ercenta#e o" all 'eo'le belo t!e a#e o" 5I !o %se
ille#al dr%#s.
.3/ T!e decline revealed b, t!e s%rve,s is t!e res%lt o" dr%# ed%cation 'ro#ra&s
s'eci"icall, tar#eted at t!ose belo t!e a#e o" 5I.
.E/ T!e n%&ber o" t!ose s%rve,ed !o ad&it to !avin# sold ille#al dr%#s !as
declined even "aster t!an !as t!e n%&ber !o !ave %sed dr%#s.
15. Fresident o" t!e =nited States: I !ave received over 59III letters on t!is iss%e9 and
t!e vast &a+orit, o" t!e& s%''ort &, c%rrent 'osition. T!ese letters 'rove t!at
&ost o" t!e 'eo'le in t!e co%ntr, a#ree it! &e.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost eakens t!e Fresidents concl%sion-
.A/ T!e iss%e is a ver, divisive one on !ic! &an, 'eo'le !ave stron# o'inions.
.1/ So&e &e&bers o" Con#ress disa#ree it! t!e Fresidents 'osition.
.C/ Feo'le !o disa#ree it! t!e Fresident "eel &ore stron#l, abo%t t!e iss%e
t!an do 'eo'le !o a#ree it! !i&.
.3/ Feo'le !o a#ree it! t!e Fresident are &ore likel, to rite to !i& t!an are
'eo'le !o disa#ree it! !i&.
.E/ 3%rin# t!e 'residential ca&'ai#n9 t!e Fresident stated a 'osition on t!is iss%e
t!at as so&e!at di""erent "ro& !is c%rrent 'osition.
1<. So&e #overn&ents !ave tried to &ake alco!ol and tobacco less attractive to
cons%&ers b, re#%latin# !at can be s!on in advertise&ents "or t!ese 'rod%cts9
rat!er t!an b, bannin# advertisin# o" t!e& alto#et!er. :oever9 t!e need to obe,
t!e letter o" t!ese restrictions !as act%all, sti&%lated advertisers to create
advertise&ents t!at are &ore inventive and !%&oro%s t!an t!e, ere 'rior to t!e
restrictions introd%ction.
!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld9 in con+%nction it! t!e state&ents above9
best s%''ort t!e concl%sion t!at t!e #overn&ent 'olic, described above "ails to
ac!ieve its ob+ective-
.A/ 1eca%se o" t!e reven%es #ained "ro& t!e sale o" alco!ol and tobacco9
#overn&ents !ave no real interest in &akin# t!ese 'rod%cts less attractive to
cons%&ers.
.1/ Advertisers tend to create inventive and !%&oro%s advertise&ents onl, i"
t!e, !ave so&e 'artic%lar reason to do so.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1CC
.C/ 1annin# advertisin# o" alco!ol and tobacco is a 'artic%larl, e""ective a, o"
&akin# t!ese 'rod%cts less attractive to cons%&ers.
.3/ 6it! t!e 'olic, in 'lace9 advertise&ents "or alco!ol and tobacco !ave
beco&e "ar &ore inventive and !%&oro%s t!an advertise&ents "or ot!er
kinds o" 'rod%cts.
.E/ T!e &ore inventive an advertise&ent is9 t!e &ore attractive it &akes t!e
advertised 'rod%ct a''ear.
1C. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best co&'letes t!e ar#%&ent belo-
Co&'arisons o" t!e avera#e standards o" livin# o" t!e citi)ens o" to co%ntries
s!o%ld re"lect t!e citi)ens co&'arative access to #oods and services. Reliable
"i#%res in a co%ntr,s on c%rrenc, "or t!e avera#e inco&e o" its citi)ens are
easil, obtained. 1%t it is di""ic%lt to #et an acc%rate co&'arison o" avera#e
standards o" livin# "ro& t!ese "i#%res9 beca%se;;;;;;
.A/ t!ere are %s%all, no "i#%res co&'arin# !o &%c! o" to di""erent c%rrencies
&%st be s'ent in order to '%rc!ase a #iven 0%antit, o" #oods and services
.1/ a#e levels "or t!e sa&e +ob var, #reatl, "ro& co%ntr, to co%ntr,9 de'endin#
on c%lt%ral as ell as on '%rel, econo&ic "actors
.C/ t!ese "i#%res &%st be calc%lated b, dividin# t!e #ross national 'rod%ct o" a
co%ntr, b, t!e si)e o" its 'o'%lation
.3/ co&'arative access to #oods and services is onl, one o" several "actors
relevant in deter&inin# 0%alit, o" li"e
.E/ t!e ealt!9 and !ence t!e standard o" livin#9 o" a co%ntr,s citi)ens is ver,
closel, related to t!eir inco&e
1@. T!e level o" lead conta&ination in =nited States rivers declined beteen 1HA@
and 1HB@. $ederal re#%lations re0%irin# a dro' in ind%strial disc!ar#es o" lead
ent into e""ect in 1HA@9 b%t t!e &a+or ca%se o" t!e decline as a A@ 'ercent dro'
in t!e %se o" leaded #asoline beteen 1HA@ and 1HB@.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best s%''orts t!e clai& t!at t!e &a+or ca%se o"
t!e decline in t!e level o" lead conta&ination in =nited States rives as t!e
decline in t!e %se o" leaded #asoline-
.A/ T!e level o" lead conta&ination in =nited States rivers "ell s!ar'l, in bot!
1HA@ and 1HB<.
.1/ Most o" t!e decline in ind%strial disc!ar#es o" lead occ%rred be"ore 1HAG9 b%t
t!e lar#est decline in t!e level o" river conta&ination occ%rred beteen
1HBI and 1HB@.
.C/ Levels o" lead conta&ination in rivers "ell s!ar'l, in 1HA@81HAG and rose
ver, sli#!tl, over t!e ne(t nine ,ears.
.3/ Levels o" lead conta&ination rose in t!ose rivers !ere t!ere as red%ced
river "lo d%e to dro%#!t.
.E/ Alt!o%#! t!e %se o" leaded #asoline declined A@ 'ercent beteen 1HA@ and
GMAT & LSAT CR 1C@
1HB@9 BI 'ercent o" t!e decline took 'lace in 1HB@.
1G. Geor#e 1ernard S!a rote: >T!at an, sane nation9 !avin# observed t!at ,o%
co%ld 'rovide "or t!e s%''l, o" bread b, #ivin# bakers a 'ec%niar, interest in
bakin# "or ,o%9 s!o%ld #o on to #ive a s%r#eon a 'ec%niar, interest in c%ttin# o""
,o%r le# is eno%#! to &ake one des'air o" 'olitical !%&anit,.?
S!as state&ent o%ld best serve as an ill%stration in an ar#%&ent critici)in#
!ic! o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 3entists !o 'er"or& %nnecessar, dental ork in order to earn a 'ro"it
.1/ 3octors !o increase t!eir 'ro"its b, s'eciali)in# onl, in diseases t!at a""ect
a lar#e 'ercenta#e o" t!e 'o'%lation
.C/ Grocers !o raise t!e 'rice o" "ood in order to increase t!eir 'ro"it &ar#ins
.3/ 7il co&'anies t!at decrease t!e 'rice o" t!eir oil in order to increase t!eir
&arket s!are
.E/ 1akers and s%r#eons !o earn a 'ro"it b, s%''l,in# ot!er 'eo'les basic
needs
1A. Since 1HA@ t!ere !as been in t!e =nited States a dra&atic decline in t!e incidence
o" traditional c!ild!ood diseases s%c! as &easles. T!is decline !as been
acco&'anied b, an increased incidence o" Fetersons disease9 a !it!erto rare viral
in"ection9 a&on# c!ildren. $e ad%lts9 !oever9 !ave been a""ected b, t!e
disease.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best !el' to e('lain t!e increased
incidence o" Fetersons disease a&on# c!ildren-
.A/ :ereditar, "actors deter&ine in 'art t!e de#ree to !ic! a 'erson is
s%sce'tible to t!e vir%s t!at ca%ses Fetersons disease.
.1/ T!e decrease in traditional c!ild!ood diseases and t!e acco&'an,in#
increase in Fetersons disease !ave not been "o%nd in an, ot!er co%ntr,.
.C/ C!ildren !o contract &easles develo' an i&&%nit, to t!e vir%s t!at ca%ses
Fetersons disease.
.3/ Fersons !o did not contract &easles in c!ild!ood &i#!t contract &easles in
ad%lt!ood9 in !ic! case t!e conse0%ences o" t!e disease o%ld #enerall,
be &ore severe.
.E/ T!ose !o !ave contracted Fetersons disease are at increased risk o"
contractin# c!icken 'o(.
1B. Man, 'lant varieties %sed in ind%striall, develo'ed nations to i&'rove c%ltivated
cro's co&e "ro& less develo'ed nations. 2o co&'ensation is 'aid on t!e #ro%nds
t!at t!e 'lants %sed are >t!e co&&on !erita#e o" !%&anit,.? S%c! reasonin# is9
!oever9 "laed. A"ter all9 no one s%##ests t!at coal9 oil9 and ores s!o%ld be
e(tracted it!o%t 'a,&ent.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# best describes an as'ect o" t!e &et!od %sed b, t!e a%t!or
GMAT & LSAT CR 1CG
in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e a%t!or 'roceeds "ro& a n%&ber o" s'eci"ic observations to a tentative
#enerali)ation.
.1/ T!e a%t!or a''lies to t!e case %nder disc%ssion "acts abo%t '!eno&ena
ass%&ed to be si&ilar in so&e relevant res'ect.
.C/ A 'osition is stren#t!ened b, s!oin# t!at t!e o''osite o" t!at 'osition
o%ld !ave lo#icall, abs%rd conse0%ences.
.3/ A line o" reasonin# is called into 0%estion on t!e #ro%nds t!at it con"%ses
ca%se and e""ect in a ca%sal relation.
.E/ An ar#%&ent is anal,)ed b, se'aratin# state&ents o" "act "ro& individ%al
val%e +%d#&ents.
1H. It is idel, ass%&ed t!at a &%se%& is !el'ed "inanciall, !en a #enero%s 'atron
donates a 'otential e(!ibit. In tr%t!9 !oever9 donated ob+ects re0%ire stora#e
s'ace9 !ic! is not "ree9 and ro%tine conservation9 !ic! is rat!er e('ensive.
T!ere"ore9 s%c! #i"ts e(acerbate rat!er t!an li#!ten t!e de&ands &ade on a
&%se%&s "inancial reso%rces.
.A/ To kee' 'atrons ell dis'osed9 a &%se%& ill "ind it advisable to '%t at least
so&e donated ob+ects on e(!ibit rat!er t!an &erel, in stora#e.
.1/ T!e 'eo'le !o are &ost likel, to donate val%able ob+ects to a &%se%& are
also t!e 'eo'le !o are &ost likel, to &ake cas! #i"ts to it.
.C/ A &%se%& cannot save &one, b, resortin# to c!ea' stora#e %nder less t!an
ade0%ate conditions9 beca%se so doin# o%ld drive %' t!e cost o"
conservation.
.3/ Fatrons e('ect a &%se%& to kee' donated ob+ects in its 'ossession rat!er
t!an to raise cas! b, sellin# t!e&.
.E/ 7b+ects donated b, a 'atron to a &%se%& are o"ten o" s%c! i&'ortance t!at
t!e &%se%& o%ld be obli#ed to add t!e& to its collection t!ro%#! '%rc!ase
i" necessar,.
5I. 3es'ite t!e a''roac! o" inter9 oil 'rices to ind%strial c%sto&ers are
e(ce'tionall, lo t!is ,ear and likel, to re&ain so. T!ere"ore9 %nless t!e inter is
es'eciall, severe9 t!e 'rice o" nat%ral #as to ind%strial c%sto&ers is also likel, to
re&ain lo.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e concl%sion
above-
.A/ Lon#8ter& eat!er "orecasts 'redict a &ild inter.
.1/ T!e ind%strial %sers !o cons%&e &ost nat%ral #as can 0%ickl, and c!ea'l,
sitc! to %sin# oil instead.
.C/ T!e lar#est so%rces o" s%''l, "or bot! oil and nat%ral #as are in s%btro'ical
re#ions %nlikel, to be a""ected b, inter eat!er.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1CA
.3/ T!e "%el re0%ire&ents o" ind%strial %sers o" nat%ral #as are not serio%sl,
a""ected b, t!e eat!er.
.E/ 7il distrib%tion is &ore likel, to be a""ected b, severe inter eat!er t!an is
t!e distrib%tion o" nat%ral #as.
TEST 15
1. T!e co%ntr, o" Maravia !as severe air 'oll%tion9 BI 'ercent o" !ic! is ca%sed b,
t!e e(!a%st "%&es o" cars. In order to red%ce t!e n%&ber o" cars on t!e road9 t!e
#overn&ent is raisin# ta(es on t!e cost o" b%,in# and r%nnin# a car b, 5I 'ercent.
T!is ta( increase9 t!ere"ore9 ill si#ni"icantl, red%ce air 'oll%tion in Maravia.
.A/ T!e #overn&ent o" Maravia is in t!e 'rocess o" b%ildin# a si#ni"icant
n%&ber o" roada,s.
.1/ Maravia is an oil8'rod%cin# co%ntr, and is able to re"ine an a&o%nt o"
#asoline s%""icient "or t!e needs o" its 'o'%lation.
.C/ Maravia !as !ad an e(cellent '%blic trans'ortation s,ste& "or &an, ,ears.
.3/ 2inet, 'ercent o" t!e 'o'%lation o" Maravia is ver, 'ros'ero%s and !as a
s%bstantial a&o%nt o" dis'osable inco&e.
.E/ In Maravia9 cars t!at e&it relativel, lo levels o" 'oll%tants cost 1I 'ercent
less to o'erate9 on avera#e9 t!an do cars t!at e&it !i#! levels o" 'oll%tants.
5. Cons%&er inco&e re'orts 'rod%ced b, t!e #overn&ent distin#%is! beteen
!o%se!olds and "a&ilies b, &eans o" t!e "olloin# de"inition: >A "a&il, is a
!o%se!old containin# a !o%se!older and at least one 'erson related to t!e
!o%se!older.? E(ce't "or t!e !o&eless and 'eo'le in #ro%' livin# 0%arters9 &ost
'eo'le live in !o%se!olds.
Accordin# to t!e de"inition above9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e-
.A/ All !o%se!olders are &e&bers o" "a&ilies.
.1/ All "a&ilies incl%de a !o%se!older.
.C/ All o" t!e 'eo'le related to a !o%se!older "or& a "a&il,.
.3/ So&e 'eo'le residin# in #ro%' livin# 0%arters are &e&bers o" "a&ilies.
.E/ So&e !o&eless 'eo'le reside in #ro%' livin# 0%arters.
T!e 'ro'ortion o" &an%"act%rin# co&'anies in Ala&eda t!at %se &icroelectronics in
t!eir &an%"act%rin# 'rocesses increased "ro& G 'ercent in 1HAH to GG 'ercent in 1HHI.
Man, labor leaders sa, t!at t!e introd%ction o" &icroelectronics is t!e 'rinci'al ca%se
o" t!e #reat increase in %ne&'lo,&ent d%rin# t!at 'eriod in Ala&eda. In act%al "act9
!oever9 &ost o" t!e +ob losses ere d%e to or#ani)ational c!an#es. Moreover9
accordin# to ne "i#%res released b, t!e labor de'art&ent9 t!ere ere &an, &ore
GMAT & LSAT CR 1CB
'eo'le e&'lo,ed in Ala&eda in t!e &an%"act%rin# ind%str, in 1HHI t!an in 1HAH.
<. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best reconciles t!e discre'anc, beteen t!e
increase in %ne&'lo,&ent and t!e increase in +obs in t!e &an%"act%rin# ind%str,
o" Ala&eda-
.A/ Man, 'rod%cts t!at contain &icroelectronic co&'onents are no asse&bled
co&'letel, b, &ac!ine.
.1/ 6orkers involved in t!e vario%s as'ects o" t!e &an%"act%rin# 'rocesses t!at
%se &icroelectronic tec!nolo#, need e(tensive trainin#.
.C/ It is di""ic%lt to eval%ate n%&ericall, !at i&'act on +ob sec%rit, t!e
introd%ction o" &icroelectronics in t!e ork'lace !ad be"ore 1HAH.
.3/ In 1HHI over HI 'ercent o" t!e +obs in Ala&edas &an%"act%rin# co&'anies
ere "illed b, orkers !o &oved to Ala&eda beca%se t!e, !ad skills "or
!ic! t!ere as no de&and in Ala&eda 'rior to t!e introd%ction o"
&icroelectronics t!ere.
.E/ Man, orkers !o !ave retired "ro& t!e &an%"act%rin# ind%str, in Ala&eda
since 1HAH !ave not been re'laced b, ,o%n#er orkers.
C. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e labor leaders clai&
concernin# t!e &an%"act%rin# ind%str, in Ala&eda-
.A/ $ro& 1HAH to 1HHI9 "eer e&'lo,ees o" &an%"act%rin# co&'anies in
Ala&eda lost t!eir +obs beca%se o" t!e introd%ction o" &icroelectronics t!an
did e&'lo,ees o" &an%"act%rin# co&'anies in t!e nearb, co&&%nit, o"
Rockside.
.1/ T!e "i#%res on t!e %se o" &icroelectronics t!at ere &ade '%blic are t!e
res%lt o" in0%iries &ade o" &ana#ers in t!e &an%"act%rin# ind%str, in
Ala&eda.
.C/ T!e or#ani)ational c!an#es t!at led to +ob losses in all sectors o" t!e
&an%"act%rin# ind%str, in Ala&eda ere 'ri&aril, t!e res%lt o" t!e
introd%ction o" &icroelectronics.
.3/ $i#%res on +ob losses in t!e &an%"act%rin# ind%str, in Ala&eda "or t!e late
si(ties and earl, seventies !ave not been &ade available.
.E/ A "e +obs in t!e &an%"act%rin# ind%str, in Ala&eda co%ld !ave been saved
i" orkers !ad been illin# to beco&e knoled#eable in &icroelectronics.
@. T!e n%&ber o" &%sicians e&'lo,ed to 'la, acco&'ani&ent "or radio and
television co&&ercials !as s!ar'l, decreased over t!e 'ast ten ,ears. T!is !as
occ%rred even t!o%#! t!e n%&ber o" co&&ercials 'rod%ced eac! ,ear !as not
si#ni"icantl, c!an#ed "or t!e last ten ,ears.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" it occ%rred d%rin# t!e 'ast ten ,ears9 o%ld contrib%te
LEAST to an e('lanation o" t!e "acts above-
.A/ T!e t,'e o" &%sic &ost 'o'%lar "or %se in co&&ercials !as c!an#ed "ro& a
t,'e t!at re0%ires a lar#e n%&ber o" instr%&ents to a t,'e t!at re0%ires ver,
GMAT & LSAT CR 1CH
"e instr%&ents.
.1/ T!ere !as been an increase in t!e n%&ber o" co&&ercials t!at %se onl, t!e
s'oken ord and so%nd e""ects9 rat!er t!an &%sical acco&'ani&ent.
.C/ T!ere !as been an increase in t!e n%&ber o" co&&ercials t!at %se a
s,nt!esi)er9 an instr%&ent on !ic! one &%sician can re'rod%ce t!e so%nd
o" &an, &%sicians 'la,in# to#et!er.
.3/ T!ere !as been an increase in t!e n%&ber o" co&&ercials t!at %se
'rerecorded &%sic as t!eir onl, so%rce o" &%sic.
.E/ T!ere !as been an increase in t!e n%&ber o" co&&ercials t!at %se &%sicians
+%st startin# in t!e &%sic ind%str, rat!er t!an &%sicians e('erienced in
acco&'an,in# co&&ercials.
G. Recent a%dits revealed t!at 1an0%eCard9 a credit service9 !as erred in calc%latin#
t!e interest it c!ar#es its clients. 1%t 1an0%eCards c!ie" acco%ntant reasoned t!at
t!e 'ro"its t!at t!e co&'an, s!os o%ld re&ain %na""ected b, a revision o" its
clients credit state&ents to correct its 'revio%s billin# errors9 since +%st as &an,
clients !ad been overc!ar#ed as %nderc!ar#ed.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is a reasonin# error t!at t!e acco%ntant &akes in
concl%din# t!at correctin# its clients state&ents o%ld leave 1an0%eCards
'ro"its %na""ected-
.A/ Rel,in# on t!e re'%tation o" 1an0%eCard as a tr%stort!, credit service to
&aintain t!e co&'an,s clientele a"ter t!e error beco&es idel, knon
.1/ $ailin# to establis! t!at 1an0%eCard c!ar#es t!e sa&e rates o" interest "or all
o" its clients
.C/ 7verlookin# t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e a&o%nt b, !ic! 1an0%eCards clients
!ad been overc!ar#ed &i#!t be #reater t!an t!e a&o%nt b, !ic! t!e, !ad
been %nderc!ar#ed
.3/ Ass%&in# t!at t!e clients !o !ad been overc!ar#ed b, 1an0%eCard !ad not
noticed t!e error in t!eir credit bills
.E/ Fres%''osin# t!at eac! one o" 1an0%eCards clients !ad eit!er been
overc!ar#ed or else !ad been %nderc!ar#ed b, t!e billin# error
A. 2ot Scored
B. Residents o" an a'art&ent co&'le( are considerin# to 'ossible 'lans "or
collectin# rec,clable tras!.
Flan 1 8 Residents ill de'osit rec,clable tras! in &%nici'al d%&'sters located in
t!e 'arkin# lot. T!e tras! ill be collected on t!e "irst and t!e "i"teent! da,s o"
eac! &ont!.
Flan 5 8 Residents ill be #iven individ%al containers "or rec,clable tras!. T!e
containers ill be 'laced at t!e c%rb tice a eek "or tras! collection.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# 'oints raised at a &eetin# o" t!e residents9 i" valid9 o%ld
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@I
&ost "avor one o" t!e rec,clin# 'lans over t!e ot!er-
.A/ Residents ill be re0%ired to e(ercise care in se'aratin# rec,clable tras!
"ro& nonrec,clable tras!.
.1/ $or tras! rec,clin# to be s%ccess"%l9 residents &%st se'arate rec,clable
bottles and cans "ro& rec,clable 'a'er 'rod%cts.
.C/ Fenalties ill be levied a#ainst residents !o "ail to sort t!eir tras! correctl,.
.3/ Individ%al rec,clin# containers ill need to be &ade o" a stron# and d%rable
&aterial.
.E/ Rec,clable tras! t!at is alloed to acc%&%late "or to eeks ill attract
rodents.
H. In 1HHI all o" t!e 'eo'le !o a''lied "or a +ob at Evco also a''lied "or a +ob at
Radeco9 and Evco and Radeco eac! o""ered +obs to !al" o" t!ese a''licants.
T!ere"ore9 ever, one o" t!ese a''licants &%st !ave been o""ered a +ob in 1HHI.
T!e ar#%&ent above is based on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions abo%t t!ese
+ob a''licants-
.A/ All o" t!e a''licants ere ver, ell 0%ali"ied "or a +ob at eit!er Evco or
Radeco.
.1/ All o" t!e a''licants acce'ted a +ob at eit!er Evco or Radeco.
.C/ 2one o" t!e a''licants as o""ered a +ob b, bot! Evco and Radeco.
.3/ 2one o" t!e a''licants !ad a''lied "or +obs at 'laces ot!er t!an Evco and
Radeco.
.E/ 2one o" t!e a''licants !ad 'revio%sl, orked "or eit!er Evco or Radeco.
1I. T!e #eese t!at #at!er at t!e 'ond o" a lar#e cor'oration create a !a)ard "or
e(ec%tives !o %se t!e cor'orate !elico'ter9 !ose landin# site is CI "eet aa,
"ro& t!e 'ond. To solve t!e 'roble&9 t!e cor'oration 'lans to i&'ort a lar#e
n%&ber o" !erdin# do#s to kee' t!e #eese aa, "ro& t!e !elico'ter.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" a realistic 'ossibilit,9 o%ld cast t!e &ost serio%s
do%bt on t!e 'ros'ects "or s%ccess o" t!e cor'orations 'lan-
.A/ T!e do#s ill "or& an %ncontrollable 'ack.
.1/ T!e do#s ill re0%ire trainin# to learn to !erd t!e #eese.
.C/ T!e do#s ill "ri#!ten aa, "o(es t!at 're, on old and sick #eese.
.3/ It ill be necessar, to kee' t!e do#s in 0%arantine "or <I da,s a"ter
i&'ortin# t!e&.
.E/ So&e o" t!e #eese ill &ove to t!e 'ond o" anot!er cor'oration in order to
avoid bein# !erded b, t!e do#s.
11. 6!en a 'erson is %nder intense 's,c!olo#ical stress9 !is or !er cardiovasc%lar
res'onse is t!e sa&e as it is d%rin# vi#oro%s '!,sical e(ercise. Fs,c!olo#ical
stress9 t!en9 &%st be bene"icial "or t!e !eart as is vi#oro%s '!,sical e(ercise.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@1
T!e ar#%&ent above relies on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ E(ercise is an e""ective &eans o" relievin# 's,c!olo#ical stress.
.1/ T!e bod,s s!ort8ter& cardiovasc%lar res'onse to an, activit, indicates t!at
activit,s lon#8ter& e""ect on t!e bod,.
.C/ Cardiovasc%lar res'onse d%rin# an activit, is an ade0%ate &eas%re o" !o
bene"icial t!e activit, is "or t!e !eart.
.3/ Fs,c!olo#ical stress can !ave a 'ositive e""ect on t!e bod,.
.E/ 4i#oro%s e(ercise is t!e &ost reliable &et!od o" &aintainin# a !ealt!, !eart.
15. A"ter #rad%atin# "ro& !i#! sc!ool9 'eo'le rarel, &%lti'l, "ractions or disc%ss
ancient Ro&e9 b%t t!e, are con"ronted dail, it! decisions relatin# to !o&e
econo&ics. *et !ereas &at!e&atics and !istor, are re0%ired co%rses in t!e !i#!
sc!ool c%rric%l%&9 !o&e econo&ics is onl, an elective9 and "e st%dents c!oose
to take it.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# 'ositions o%ld be best s%''orted b, t!e considerations
above-
.A/ I" &at!e&atics and !istor, ere not re0%ired co%rses9 "e st%dents o%ld
c!oose to take t!e&.
.1/ 6!ereas !o&e econo&ics o%ld be t!e &ost %se"%l s%b+ect "or 'eo'le "acin#
t!e decisions t!e, &%st &ake in dail, li"e9 o"ten &at!e&atics and !istor,
can also !el' t!e& "ace t!ese decisions.
.C/ I" it is i&'ortant to teac! !i#! sc!ool st%dents s%b+ects t!at relate to decisions
t!at ill con"ront t!e& in t!eir dail, lives9 t!en !o&e econo&ics s!o%ld be
&ade an i&'ortant 'art o" t!e !i#! sc!ool c%rric%l%&.
.3/ Mat!e&atics9 !istor,9 and ot!er co%rses t!at are not directl, relevant to a
'ersons dail, li"e s!o%ld not be a re0%ired 'art o" t!e !i#! sc!ool
c%rric%l%&.
.E/ =nless !i#! sc!ools '%t &ore e&'!asis on nonacade&ic s%b+ects like !o&e
econo&ics9 'eo'le #rad%atin# "ro& !i#! sc!ool ill never "eel co&"ortable
abo%t &akin# t!e decisions t!at ill con"ront t!e& in t!eir dail, lives.
1<. :o%ses b%ilt d%rin# t!e last ten ,ears !ave been "o%nd to contain indoor air
'oll%tion at levels t!at are9 on avera#e9 &%c! !i#!er t!an t!e levels "o%nd in older
!o%ses. T!e reason air8'oll%tion levels are !i#!er in t!e neer !o%ses is t!at
&an, s%c! !o%ses are b%ilt near t!e sites o" old aste d%&'s or !ere a%to&obile
e&issions are !eav,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 calls into 0%estion t!e e('lanation above-
.A/ Man, ne !o%ses are b%ilt it! air8"iltration s,ste&s t!at re&ove "ro& t!e
!o%se 'oll%tants t!at are #enerated indoors.
.1/ T!e easin# o" standards "or s&okestack e&issions !as led to an increase in
air8'oll%tion levels in !o&es.
.C/ 2e !o%ses b%ilt in secl%ded r%ral areas are relativel, "ree o" air 'oll%tants.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@5
.3/ 6ar&8eat!er conditions tend to slo don t!e &ove&ent o" air9 t!%s
kee'in# 'oll%tion tra''ed near its so%rce.
.E/ Fressboard9 an ine('ensive ne 'l,ood s%bstit%te no o"ten %sed in t!e
constr%ction o" !o%ses9 e&its t!e 'oll%tant "or&alde!,de into t!e !o%se.
1C. T!e &ost i&'ortant as'ect o" &ovie&akin# is conve,in# a scenes r!,t!&.
Conve,in# r!,t!& de'ends less on t!e artistic 0%alit, o" t!e individ%al
'!oto#ra'!ic i&a#es t!an on !o t!e s!ots #o to#et!er and t!e order in !ic!
t!e, !i#!li#!t di""erent as'ects o" t!e action takin# 'lace in "ront o" t!e ca&era.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e on t!e basis
o" t!e&-
.A/ T!e artistic 0%alit, o" t!e individ%al '!oto#ra'!ic i&a#e is %ni&'ortant in
&ovie '!oto#ra'!,.
.1/ F!oto#ra'!ers knon "or t!e s%'erb artistic 0%alit, o" t!eir '!oto#ra'!s are
seldo& e""ective as &ovie&akers.
.C/ :avin# t!e abilit, to 'rod%ce '!oto#ra'!s o" s%'erb artistic 0%alit, does not
in itsel" #%arantee !avin# t!e abilit, to be a #ood &ovie&aker.
.3/ Movie '!oto#ra'!ers !o are #ood at t!eir +obs rarel, #ive serio%s t!o%#!t
to t!e artistic 0%alit, o" t!e '!oto#ra'!s t!e, take.
.E/ To conve, a scenes r!,t!& e""ectivel,9 a &ovie&aker &%st !i#!li#!t &an,
di""erent as'ects o" t!e action takin# 'lace.
1@. :%&an bein#s can see t!e s'atial relations a&on# ob+ects b, 'rocessin#
in"or&ation conve,ed b, li#!t. Scientists tr,in# to b%ild co&'%ters t!at can detect
s'atial relations b, t!e sa&e kind o" 'rocess !ave so "ar desi#ned and b%ilt
stationar, &ac!ines. :oever9 t!ese scientists ill not ac!ieve t!eir #oal %ntil
t!e, 'rod%ce s%c! a &ac!ine t!at can &ove aro%nd in its environ&ent.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best s%''ort t!e 'rediction above-
.A/ :%&an bein#s are de'endent on vis%al c%es "ro& &otion in order to detect
s'atial relations.
.1/ :%&an bein#s can o"ten easil, detect t!e s'atial relations a&on# ob+ects9
even !en t!ose ob+ects are in &otion.
.C/ 3etectin# s'atial relations a&on# ob+ects re0%ires drain# in"erences "ro&
t!e in"or&ation conve,ed b, li#!t.
.3/ Alt!o%#! !%&an bein#s can discern s'atial relations t!ro%#! t!eir sense o"
!earin#9 vision is %s%all, t!e &ost i&'ortant &eans o" detectin# s'atial
relations.
.E/ In"or&ation abo%t t!e s'atial relations a&on# ob+ects can be obtained b,
noticin# s%c! t!in#s as s!ados and t!e relative si)es o" ob+ects.
1G. In a st%d, o" t!e e""ect o" color on 'rod%ctivit,9 @I o" 1II "actor, orkers ere
&oved "ro& t!eir drab orkroo& to a bri#!tl, colored orkroo&. 1ot! t!ese
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@<
orkers and t!e @I !o re&ained in t!e drab orkroo& increased t!eir
'rod%ctivit,9 'robabl, as a res%lt o" t!e interest taken b, researc!ers in t!e ork
o" bot! #ro%'s d%rin# t!e st%d,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld cast &ost do%bt %'on t!e a%t!ors
inter'retation o" t!e st%d, res%lts #iven above-
.A/ T!e @I orkers &oved to t!e bri#!tl, colored roo& 'er"or&ed 'recisel, t!e
sa&e &an%"act%rin# task as t!e orkers !o re&ained in t!e drab
orkroo&.
.1/ T!e drab orkroo& as desi#ned to 'rovide ade0%ate s'ace "or at &ost G@
orkers.
.C/ T!e @I orkers !o &oved to t!e bri#!tl, colored orkroo& ere &atc!ed
as closel, as 'ossible in a#e and level o" trainin# to t!e @I orkers !o
re&ained in t!e drab ork8roo&.
.3/ 2earl, all t!e orkers in bot! #ro%'s !ad vol%nteered to &ove to t!e
bri#!tl, colored orkroo&.
.E/ Man, o" t!e orkers !o &oved to t!e bri#!tl, colored orkroo& re'orted
t!at t!e, liked t!e drab orkroo& as ell as or better t!an t!e, liked t!e
bri#!tl, colored orkroo&.
1A. 2ot Scored
1B. Mana#er: Acco%ntin# and 1illin# are located ri#!t ne(t to eac! ot!er and t!e to
de'art&ents do si&ilar kinds o" orkD ,et e('endit%res "or clerical s%''lies
c!ar#ed to 1illin# are &%c! !i#!er. Is 1illin# astin# s%''lies-
:ead o" 1illin#: 2ot at all.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best s%''orts t!e 'osition o" t!e :ead o" 1illin#-
.A/ T!ere are &ore sta"" &e&bers in Acco%ntin# t!an in 1illin#.
.1/ To ,ears a#o9 e('endit%res in Acco%ntin# "or clerical s%''lies ere t!e
sa&e as ere e('endit%res t!at ,ear in 1illin# "or clerical s%''lies.
.C/ T!e ork o" 1illin# no re0%ires a ider variet, o" clerical s%''lies t!an it
did in t!e 'ast.
.3/ So&e o" t!e 'a'er8and8'encil ork o" bot! Acco%ntin# and 1illin# !as been
re'laced b, ork done on co&'%ters.
.E/ Me&bers o" Acco%ntin# "o%nd t!e clerical s%''lies cabinet o" 1illin# &ore
convenient to #o to "or s%''lies t!an t!eir on de'art&ents cabinet.
1H. Most #eolo#ists believe oil res%lts "ro& c!e&ical trans"or&ations o"
!,drocarbons derived "ro& or#anis&s b%ried %nder ancient seas. S%''ose9
instead9 t!at oil act%all, res%lts "ro& bacterial action on ot!er co&'le(
!,drocarbons t!at are tra''ed it!in t!e Eart!. As is ell knon9 t!e vol%&e o"
t!ese !,drocarbons e(ceeds t!at o" b%ried or#anis&s. T!ere"ore9 o%r oil reserves
o%ld be #reater t!an &ost #eolo#ists believe.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@C
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 #ives t!e stron#est s%''ort to t!e ar#%&ent above
abo%t o%r oil reserves-
.A/ Most #eolo#ists t!ink o'ti&isticall, abo%t t!e Eart!s reserves o" oil.
.1/ Most #eolo#ists !ave 'er"or&ed acc%rate c!e&ical anal,ses on 'revio%sl,
discovered oil reserves.
.C/ Ancient seas are b%ried it!in t!e Eart! at &an, 'laces !ere "ossils are
ab%ndant.
.3/ T!e onl, bacteria ,et "o%nd in oil reserves co%ld !ave leaked don drill
!oles "ro& s%r"ace conta&inants.
.E/ C!e&ical trans"or&ations red%ce t!e vol%&e o" b%ried !,drocarbons derived
"ro& or#anis&s b, ro%#!l, t!e sa&e 'ro'ortion as bacterial action red%ces
t!e vol%&e o" ot!er co&'le( !,drocarbons.
5I. T!e ild &o%"lon s!ee' o" t!e island o" Corsica are direct descendants o" s!ee'
t!at esca'ed "ro& do&estication on t!e island B9III ,ears a#o. T!e, t!ere"ore
'rovide arc!aeolo#ists it! a 'ict%re o" !at so&e earl, do&esticated s!ee'
looked like9 be"ore t!e deliberate selective breedin# t!at 'rod%ced &odern
do&esticated s!ee' be#an.
T!e ar#%&ent above &akes !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ T!e do&esticated s!ee' o" B9III ,ears a#o ere 0%ite dissi&ilar "ro& t!e
ild s!ee' o" t!e ti&e.
.1/ T!ere are no ot!er e(istin# breeds o" s!ee' t!at esca'ed "ro& do&estication
at abo%t t!e sa&e ti&e as t!e "orebears o" t!e &o%"lon.
.C/ Modern do&esticated s!ee' are direct descendants o" s!ee' t!at ere ild
B9III ,ears a#o.
.3/ Mo%"lon s!ee' are &ore si&ilar to t!eir "orebears o" B9III ,ears a#o t!an
&odern do&esticated s!ee' are to t!eirs.
.E/ T!e cli&ate o" Corsica !as not c!an#ed at all in t!e last B9III ,ears.
TEST 1<
1. Cable8television s'okes'erson: S%bscri'tions to cable television are a bar#ain in
co&'arison to >"ree? television. Re&e&ber t!at >"ree? television is not reall,
"ree. It is cons%&ers9 in t!e end9 !o 'a, "or t!e costl, advertisin# t!at s%''orts
>"ree? television.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is &ost da&a#in# to t!e 'osition o" t!e cable8
television s'okes'erson-
.A/ Cons%&ers !o do not on television sets are less likel, to be in"l%enced in
t!eir '%rc!asin# decisions b, television advertisin# t!an are cons%&ers !o
on television sets.
.1/ S%bscri'tions to cable television incl%de access to so&e '%blic8television
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@@
c!annels9 !ic! do not acce't advertisin#.
.C/ $or locations it! 'oor television rece'tion9 cable television 'rovides 'ict%re
0%alit, s%'erior to t!at 'rovided b, "ree television.
.3/ T!ere is as &%c! advertisin# on &an, cable8television c!annels as t!ere is
on >"ree? television c!annels.
.E/ Cable8television s%bscribers can c!oose !ic! c!annels t!e, is! to receive9
and t!e "ees var, accordin#l,.
5. 6oods&oke contains dan#ero%s to(ins t!at ca%se c!an#es in !%&an cells.
1eca%se oods&oke 'resents s%c! a !i#! !ealt! risk9 le#islation is needed to
re#%late t!e %se o" o'en8air "ires and ood8b%rnin# stoves.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e ar#%&ent
above-
.A/ T!e a&o%nt o" dan#ero%s to(ins contained in oods&oke is &%c! less t!an
t!e a&o%nt contained in an e0%al vol%&e o" a%to&obile e(!a%st.
.1/ 6it!in t!e +%risdiction covered b, t!e 'ro'osed le#islation9 &ost !eatin# and
cookin# is done it! oil or nat%ral #as.
.C/ S&oke 'rod%ced b, coal8b%rnin# stoves is si#ni"icantl, &ore to(ic t!an
s&oke "ro& ood8b%rnin# stoves.
.3/ 2o si#ni"icant bene"icial e""ect on air 0%alit, o%ld res%lt i" o'en8air "ires
ere banned it!in t!e +%risdiction covered b, t!e 'ro'osed le#islation.
.E/ In valle,s !ere ood is %sed as t!e 'ri&ar, !eatin# "%el9 t!e concentration
o" s&oke res%lts in 'oor air 0%alit,.
<. 6it!in 5I ,ears it ill 'robabl, be 'ossible to identi", t!e #enetic s%sce'tibilit,
an individ%al &a, !ave toard an, 'artic%lar disease. Event%all,9 e""ective
strate#ies ill be discovered to co%nteract eac! s%c! s%sce'tibilit,. 7nce t!ese
e""ective strate#ies are "o%nd9 t!ere"ore9 t!e 'eo'le !o "ollo t!e& ill never
#et sick.
.A/ $or ever, disease t!ere is onl, one strate#, t!at can 'revent its occ%rrence.
.1/ In t!e "%t%re9 #enetics ill be t!e onl, &edical s'ecialt, o" an, i&'ortance.
.C/ All !%&an sicknesses are in 'art t!e res%lt o" individ%als #enetic
s%sce'tibilities.
.3/ All !%&ans are #eneticall, s%sce'tible to so&e diseases.
.E/ Feo'le ill "ollo &edical advice !en t!e, are convinced t!at it is
e""ective.
C. Most e&'lo,ees in t!e co&'%ter ind%str, &ove "ro& co&'an, to co&'an,9
c!an#in# +obs several ti&es in t!eir careers. :oever9 S%&&it Co&'%ters is
knon t!ro%#!o%t t!e ind%str, "or retainin# its e&'lo,ees. S%&&it credits its
s%ccess in retainin# e&'lo,ees to its in"or&al9 non!ierarc!ical ork environ&ent.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@G
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts S%&&its e('lanation o"
its s%ccess in retainin# e&'lo,ees-
.A/ So&e 'eo'le e&'lo,ed in t!e co&'%ter ind%str, c!an#e +obs i" t!e, beco&e
bored it! t!eir c%rrent 'ro+ects.
.1/ A !ierarc!ical ork environ&ent !inders t!e coo'erative e(c!an#e o" ideas
t!at co&'%ter ind%str, e&'lo,ees consider necessar, "or t!eir ork.
.C/ Man, o" S%&&its senior e&'lo,ees !ad 'revio%sl, orked at onl, one
ot!er co&'%ter co&'an,.
.3/ In a non!ierarc!ical ork environ&ent9 'eo'le avoid be!avior t!at &i#!t
t!reaten #ro%' !ar&on, and t!%s avoid disc%ssin# it! t!eir collea#%es an,
dissatis"action t!e, &i#!t !ave it! t!eir +obs.
.E/ T!e cost o" livin# near S%&&it is relativel, lo co&'ared to areas in !ic!
so&e ot!er co&'%ter co&'anies are located.
@. $inancin# "or a lar#e constr%ction 'ro+ect as 'rovided b, a #ro%' o" banks.
6!en t!e &one, as #one be"ore t!e 'ro+ect as co&'leted9 t!e banks a''roved
additional loans. 2o9 it! "%nds %sed %' a#ain and co&'letion still not at !and9
t!e banks re"%se to e(tend "%rt!er loans9 alt!o%#! it!o%t t!ose loans9 t!e 'ro+ect
is doo&ed.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best e('lains !, t!e banks c%rrent reaction is
di""erent "ro& t!eir reaction in t!e 'revio%s instance o" de'letion o" "%nds-
.A/ T!e banks !ave reassessed t!e inco&e 'otential o" t!e co&'leted 'ro+ect and
!ave concl%ded t!at total inco&e #enerable o%ld be less t!an total interest
d%e on t!e old 'l%s t!e needed ne loans.
.1/ T!e banks !ave identi"ied several ot!er 'ro+ects t!at o""er "aster re'a,&ent
o" t!e 'rinci'al i" loans are a''roved no to #et t!ose 'ro+ects started.
.C/ T!e banks !ad a#reed it! t!e borroers t!at t!e constr%ction loans o%ld
be sec%red b, t!e co&'leted 'ro+ect.
.3/ T!e cost overr%ns ere lar#el, d%e to %n"oreseeable 'roble&s t!at arose in
t!e &ost di""ic%lt '!ase o" t!e constr%ction ork.
.E/ T!e 'ro+ect sti&%lated t!e develo'&ent and re"ine&ent o" several ne
constr%ction tec!ni0%es9 !ic! ill &ake it easier and c!ea'er to carr, o%t
si&ilar 'ro+ects in t!e "%t%re.
G. Lo8inco&e "a&ilies are o"ten %nable to a""ord as &%c! c!ild care as t!e, need.
7ne #overn&ent 'ro#ra& o%ld aard lo8inco&e "a&ilies a re"%nd on t!e
inco&e ta(es t!e, 'a, o" as &%c! as L19III "or eac! c!ild %nder a#e "o%r. T!is
'ro#ra& o%ld &ake it 'ossible "or all lo8inco&e "a&ilies it! c!ildren %nder
a#e "o%r to obtain &ore c!ild care t!an t!e, ot!erise o%ld !ave been able to
a""ord.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, calls into 0%estion t!e clai& t!at
t!e 'ro#ra& o%ld &ake it 'ossible "or all lo8inco&e "a&ilies to obtain &ore
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@A
c!ild care-
.A/ T!e avera#e "a&il, it! c!ildren %nder a#e "o%r s'ends &ore t!an L19III a
,ear on c!ild care.
.1/ So&e lo8inco&e "a&ilies in !ic! one o" t!e 'arents is %s%all, available to
care "or c!ildren %nder a#e "o%r &a, not ant to s'end t!eir inco&e ta(
re"%nd on c!ild care.
.C/ T!e red%ction in #overn&ent reven%es ste&&in# "ro& t!e inco&e ta( re"%nd
ill necessitate c%ts in ot!er #overn&ent 'ro#ra&s9 s%c! as #rants "or
!i#!er ed%cation.
.3/ Man, lo8inco&e "a&ilies it! c!ildren %nder a#e "o%r do not 'a, an,
inco&e ta(es beca%se t!eir total inco&e is too lo to be s%b+ect to s%c!
ta(es.
.E/ Inco&e ta(es !ave increased s%bstantiall, over t!e 'ast tent, ,ears9
red%cin# t!e &one, t!at lo8inco&e "a&ilies !ave available to s'end on
c!ild care.
A. 2ot scored
B. Alt!o%#! 'ara's,c!olo#, is o"ten considered a 'se%doscience9 it is in "act a
#en%ine scienti"ic enter'rise9 "or it %ses scienti"ic &et!ods s%c! as controlled
e('eri&ents and statistical tests o" clearl, stated !,'ot!eses to e(a&ine t!e
0%estions it raises.
T!e concl%sion above is 'ro'erl, dran i" !ic! o" t!e "olloin# is ass%&ed-
.A/ I" a "ield o" st%d, can concl%sivel, anser t!e 0%estions it raises9 t!en it is a
#en%ine science.
.1/ Since 'ara's,c!olo#, %ses scienti"ic &et!ods9 it ill 'rod%ce credible
res%lts.
.C/ An, enter'rise t!at does not %se controlled e('eri&ents and statistical tests is
not #en%ine science.
.3/ An, "ield o" st%d, t!at e&'lo,s scienti"ic &et!ods is a #en%ine scienti"ic
enter'rise.
.E/ Since 'ara's,c!olo#, raises clearl, statable 0%estions9 t!e, can be tested in
controlled e('eri&ents.
H. :otco oil b%rners9 desi#ned to be %sed in as'!alt 'lants9 are so e""icient t!at
:otco ill sell one to t!e Cli"ton As'!alt 'lant "or no 'a,&ent ot!er t!an t!e cost
savin#s beteen t!e total a&o%nt t!e as'!alt 'lant act%all, 'aid "or oil %sin# its
"or&er b%rner d%rin# t!e last to ,ears and t!e total a&o%nt it ill 'a, "or oil
%sin# t!e :otco b%rner d%rin# t!e ne(t to ,ears. 7n installation9 t!e 'lant ill
&ake an esti&ated 'a,&ent9 !ic! ill be ad+%sted a"ter to ,ears to e0%al t!e
act%al cost savin#s.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" it occ%rred9 o%ld constit%te a disadvanta#e "or :otco
o" t!e 'lan described above-
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@B
.A/ Anot!er &an%"act%rers introd%ction to t!e &arket o" a si&ilarl, e""icient
b%rner
.1/ T!e Cli"ton As'!alt 'lants need "or &ore t!an one ne b%rner
.C/ 4er, 'oor e""icienc, in t!e Cli"ton As'!alt 'lants old b%rner
.3/ A decrease in t!e de&and "or as'!alt
.E/ A stead, increase in t!e 'rice o" oil be#innin# soon a"ter t!e ne b%rner is
installed
1I. Toda,s lo #asoline 'rices &ake cons%&ers illin# to ind%l#e t!eir 're"erence
"or lar#er cars9 !ic! cons%&e #reater a&o%nts o" #asoline as "%el. So =nited
States a%to&akers are %nillin# to '%rs%e t!e develo'&ent o" ne "%el8e""icient
tec!nolo#ies a##ressivel,. T!e 'artic%lar rel%ctance o" t!e =nited States
a%to&obile ind%str, to do so9 !oever9 co%ld t!reaten t!e ind%str,s "%t%re.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld 'rovide t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e clai&
above abo%t t!e "%t%re o" t!e =nited States a%to&obile ind%str,-
.A/ A 'rotot,'e "%el8e""icient ve!icle9 b%ilt "ive ,ears a#o9 ac!ieves a ver, !i#!
B1 &iles 'er #allon on t!e !i#!a, and G< in t!e cit,9 b%t its &aterials are
relativel, costl,.
.1/ S&all cars sold b, &an%"act%rers in t!e =nited States are &ore "%el e""icient
no t!an be"ore t!e s%dden +%&' in oil 'rices in 1HA<.
.C/ A%to&akers else!ere in t!e orld !ave sloed t!e introd%ction o" "%el8
e""icient tec!nolo#ies b%t !ave 'ressed a!ead it! researc! and
develo'&ent o" t!e& in 're'aration "or a 'redicted rise in orld oil 'rices.
.3/ T!ere are &an, tec!nolo#ical o''ort%nities "or red%cin# t!e aste o" ener#,
in cars and li#!t tr%cks t!ro%#! ei#!t9 aerod,na&ic dra#9 and brakin#
"riction.
.E/ T!e 'ro&otion o" &ass transit over a%to&obiles as an alternative &ode o"
trans'ortation !as enco%ntered cons%&er resistance t!at is d%e in 'art to t!e
"ail%re o" &ass transit to acco&&odate t!e ide dis'ersal o" 'oints o" ori#in
and destinations "or tri's.
11. An e('eri&ent as done in !ic! !%&an s%b+ects reco#ni)e a 'attern it!in a
&atri( o" abstract desi#ns and t!en select anot!er desi#n t!at co&'letes t!at
'attern. T!e res%lts o" t!e e('eri&ent ere s%r'risin#. T!e loest e('endit%re o"
ener#, in ne%rons in t!e brain as "o%nd in t!ose s%b+ects !o 'er"or&ed &ost
s%ccess"%ll, in t!e e('eri&ents.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# !,'ot!eses best acco%nts "or t!e "indin#s o" t!e
e('eri&ent-
.A/ T!e ne%rons o" t!e brain react less !en a s%b+ect is tr,in# to reco#ni)e
'atterns t!an !en t!e s%b+ect is doin# ot!er kinds o" reasonin#.
.1/ T!ose !o 'er"or&ed best in t!e e('eri&ent e('erienced &ore satis"action
!en orkin# it! abstract 'atterns t!an did t!ose !o 'er"or&ed less
GMAT & LSAT CR 1@H
ell.
.C/ Feo'le !o are better at abstract 'attern reco#nition !ave &ore ener#,8
e""icient ne%ral connections.
.3/ T!e ener#, e('endit%re o" t!e s%b+ects brains increases !en a desi#n t!at
co&'letes t!e initiall, reco#ni)ed 'attern is deter&ined.
.E/ T!e task o" co&'letin# a #iven desi#n is &ore ca'abl, 'er"or&ed b, at!letes9
!ose ener#, e('endit%re is loer !en t!e, are at rest t!an is t!at o" t!e
#eneral 'o'%lation.
15. A researc!er st%d,in# dr%# addicts "o%nd t!at9 on avera#e9 t!e, tend to
&ani'%late ot!er 'eo'le a #reat deal &ore t!an nonaddicts do. T!e researc!er
concl%ded t!at 'eo'le !o "re0%entl, &ani'%late ot!er 'eo'le are likel, to
beco&e addicts.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e researc!ers
concl%sion-
.A/ A"ter beco&in# addicted to dr%#s9 dr%# addicts learn to &ani'%late ot!er
'eo'le as a a, o" obtainin# dr%#s.
.1/ 6!en t!e, are i&'risoned9 dr%# addicts o"ten %se t!eir abilit, to &ani'%late
ot!er 'eo'le to obtain better livin# conditions.
.C/ So&e nonaddicts &ani'%late ot!er 'eo'le &ore t!an so&e addicts do.
.3/ Feo'le !o are likel, to beco&e addicts e(!ibit %n%s%al be!avior 'atterns
ot!er t!an "re0%ent &ani'%lation o" ot!er 'eo'le.
.E/ T!e addicts t!at t!e researc!er st%died ere o"ten %ns%ccess"%l in obtainin#
!at t!e, anted !en t!e, &ani'%lated ot!er 'eo'le.
1<. 7ne a, to +%d#e t!e 'er"or&ance o" a co&'an, is to co&'are it it! ot!er
co&'anies. T!is tec!ni0%e9 co&&onl, called >benc!&arkin#9? 'er&its t!e
&ana#er o" a co&'an, to discover better ind%strial 'ractices and can 'rovide a
+%sti"ication "or t!e ado'tion o" #ood 'ractices.
An, o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is a valid reason "or benc!&arkin# t!e 'er"or&ance
o" a co&'an, a#ainst co&'anies it! !ic! it is not in co&'etition rat!er t!an
a#ainst co&'etitors EECEFT:
.A/ Co&'arisons it! co&'etitors are &ost likel, to "oc%s on 'ractices t!at t!e
&ana#er &akin# t!e co&'arisons alread, e&'lo,s.
.1/ Gettin# >inside? in"or&ation abo%t t!e %ni0%e 'ractices o" co&'etitors is
'artic%larl, di""ic%lt.
.C/ Since co&'anies t!at co&'ete it! eac! ot!er are likel, to !ave co&'arable
levels o" e""icienc,9 onl, benc!&arkin# a#ainst nonco&'etitors is likel, to
reveal 'ractices t!at o%ld aid in beatin# co&'etitors.
.3/ Mana#ers are #enerall, &ore rece'tive to ne ideas t!at t!e, "ind o%tside
t!eir on ind%str,.
.E/ M%c! o" t!e s%ccess o" #ood co&'anies is d%e to t!eir ado'tion o" 'ractices
GMAT & LSAT CR 1GI
t!at take advanta#e o" t!e s'ecial circ%&stances o" t!eir 'rod%cts o"
&arkets.
1C. A&on# t!e &ore e""ective kinds o" '%blicit, t!at '%blis!ers can #et "or a ne
book is to !ave e(cer'ts o" it '%blis!ed in a !i#!8circ%lation &a#a)ine soon
be"ore t!e book is '%blis!ed. T!e bene"its o" s%c! e(cer'tion incl%de not onl, a
s%re increase in sales b%t also a "ee 'aid b, t!e &a#a)ine to t!e books '%blis!er.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is best s%''orted b, t!e in"or&ation above-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le "or !o& seein# an e(cer't o" a book in a &a#a)ine
'rovides an ade0%ate s%bstit%te "or readin# t!e !ole book is s&aller t!an
t!e n%&ber "or !o& t!e e(cer't sti&%lates a desire to read t!e book.
.1/ 1eca%se t!e "inancial advanta#e o" e(cer'tin# a ne book in a &a#a)ine
%s%all, accr%es to t!e books '%blis!er9 &a#a)ine editors are %nillin# to
'%blis! e(cer'ts "ro& ne books.
.C/ In calc%latin# t!e total n%&ber o" co'ies t!at a book !as sold9 '%blis!ers
incl%de sales o" co'ies o" &a#a)ines t!at "eat%red an e(cer't o" t!e book.
.3/ T!e e""ectiveness o" !avin# e(cer'ts o" a book '%blis!ed in a &a#a)ine9
&eas%red in ter&s o" increased sales o" a book9 is 'ro'ortional to t!e
circ%lation o" t!e &a#a)ine in !ic! t!e e(cer'ts are '%blis!ed.
.E/ 1ooks t!at are s%itable "or e(cer'tin# in !i#!8circ%lation &a#a)ines sell &ore
co'ies t!an books t!at are not s%itable "or e(cer'tin#.
1@. In Sartkans territor,9 arc!aeolo#ists discovered c!arred bone "ra#&ents datin#
back 1 &illion ,ears. Anal,sis o" t!e "ra#&ents9 !ic! ca&e "ro& a variet, o"
ani&als9 s!oed t!at t!e, !ad been !eated to te&'erat%res no !i#!er t!an t!ose
'rod%ced in e('eri&ental ca&'"ires &ade "ro& branc!es o" !ite stinkood9 t!e
&ost co&&on tree aro%nd Sartkans.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld9 to#et!er it! t!e in"or&ation above9
'rovide t!e best basis "or t!e clai& t!at t!e c!arred bone "ra#&ents are evidence
o" t!e %se o" "ire b, earl, !o&inids-
.A/ T!e !ite stinkood tree is %sed "or b%ildin# &aterial b, t!e 'resent8da,
in!abitants o" Sartkans.
.1/ $orest "ires can !eat ood to a ran#e o" te&'erat%res t!at occ%r in ca&'"ires.
.C/ T!e bone "ra#&ents ere "itted to#et!er b, t!e arc!aeolo#ists to "or& t!e
co&'lete skeletons o" several ani&als.
.3/ A'art "ro& t!e Sartkans discover,9 t!ere is reliable evidence t!at earl,
!o&inids %sed "ire as &an, as @II t!o%sand ,ears a#o.
.E/ T!e bone "ra#&ents ere "o%nd in several distinct la,ers o" li&estone t!at
contained 'ri&itive c%ttin# tools knon to !ave been %sed b, earl,
!o&inids.
1G. $or a trade e&bar#o a#ainst a 'artic%lar co%ntr, to s%cceed9 a !i#! de#ree o" bot!
international accord and abilit, to 'revent #oods "ro& enterin# or leavin# t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR 1G1
co%ntr, &%st be s%stained. A total blockade o" Fatrias 'orts is necessar, to an
e&bar#o9 b%t s%c! an action o%ld be likel, to ca%se international discord over
t!e e&bar#o.
T!e clai&s above9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''ort !ic! o" t!e "olloin#
concl%sions-
.A/ T!e balance o" o'inion is likel, to "avor Fatria in t!e event o" a blockade.
.1/ As lon# as international o'inion is %nani&o%sl, a#ainst Fatria9 a trade
e&bar#o is likel, to s%cceed.
.C/ A naval blockade o" Fatrias 'orts o%ld ens%re t!at no #oods enter or leave
Fatria.
.3/ An, trade e&bar#o a#ainst Fatria o%ld be likel, to "ail at so&e ti&e.
.E/ $or a blockade o" Fatrias 'orts to be s%ccess"%l9 international o'inion &%st
be %nani&o%s.
TEST 1C
1. T!e local board o" ed%cation "o%nd t!at9 beca%se t!e c%rrent '!,sics c%rric%l%&
!as little direct relevance to toda,s orld9 '!,sics classes attracted "e !i#!
sc!ool st%dents. So to attract st%dents to '!,sics classes9 t!e board 'ro'osed a
c%rric%l%& t!at e&'!asi)es 'rinci'les o" '!,sics involved in 'rod%cin# and
anal,)in# vis%al i&a#es.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e stron#est reason to e('ect t!at t!e
'ro'osed c%rric%l%& ill be s%ccess"%l in attractin# st%dents-
.A/ Several o" t!e "%nda&ental 'rinci'les o" '!,sics are involved in 'rod%cin#
and anal,)in# vis%al i&a#es.
.1/ Mnoled#e o" '!,sics is beco&in# increasin#l, i&'ortant in %nderstandin#
t!e tec!nolo#, %sed in toda,s orld.
.C/ E0%i'&ent t!at a lar#e 'rod%cer o" '!oto#ra'!ic e0%i'&ent !as donated to
t!e !i#! sc!ool co%ld be %sed in t!e 'ro'osed c%rric%l%&.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" st%dents interested in '!,sics toda, is &%c! loer t!an t!e
n%&ber o" st%dents interested in '!,sics @I ,ears a#o.
.E/ In toda,s orld t!e 'rod%ction and anal,sis o" vis%al i&a#es is o" &a+or
i&'ortance in co&&%nications9 b%siness9 and recreation.
5. Man, co&'anies no !ave e&'lo,ee assistance 'ro#ra&s t!at enable e&'lo,ees9
"ree o" c!ar#e9 to i&'rove t!eir '!,sical "itness9 red%ce stress9 and learn a,s to
sto' s&okin#. T!ese 'ro#ra&s increase orker 'rod%ctivit,9 red%ce absenteeis&9
and lessen ins%rance costs "or e&'lo,ee !ealt! care. T!ere"ore9 t!ese 'ro#ra&s
bene"it t!e co&'an, as ell as t!e e&'lo,ee.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost si#ni"icantl, stren#t!ens t!e concl%sion
above-
GMAT & LSAT CR 1G5
.A/ F!,sical "itness 'ro#ra&s are o"ten t!e &ost 'o'%lar services o""ered to
e&'lo,ees.
.1/ St%dies !ave s!on t!at trainin# in stress &ana#e&ent is not e""ective "or
&an, 'eo'le.
.C/ Re#%lar e(ercise red%ces 'eo'les risk o" !eart disease and 'rovides t!e&
it! increased ener#,.
.3/ F!,sical in+%ries so&eti&es res%lt "ro& enterin# a stren%o%s '!,sical "itness
'ro#ra& too 0%ickl,.
.E/ E&'lo,ee assistance 'ro#ra&s re0%ire co&'anies to !ire 'eo'le to s%'ervise
t!e vario%s 'ro#ra&s o""ered.
<. =nlike t!e !olesale 'rice o" ra ool9 t!e !olesale 'rice o" ra cotton !as
"allen considerabl, in t!e last ,ear. T!%s9 alt!o%#! t!e retail 'rice o" cotton
clot!in# at retail clot!in# stores !as not ,et "allen9 it ill inevitabl, "all.
.A/ T!e cost o" 'rocessin# ra cotton "or clot! !as increased d%rin# t!e last ,ear.
.1/ T!e !olesale 'rice o" ra ool is t,'icall, !i#!er t!an t!at o" t!e sa&e
vol%&e o" ra cotton.
.C/ T!e o'eratin# costs o" t!e avera#e retail clot!in# store !ave re&ained
constant d%rin# t!e last ,ear.
.3/ C!an#es in retail 'rices ala,s la# be!ind c!an#es in !olesale 'rices.
.E/ T!e cost o" !arvestin# ra cotton !as increased in t!e last ,ear.
C. S&all8b%siness #ro%'s are lobb,in# to de"eat 'ro'osed "ederal le#islation t!at
o%ld s%bstantiall, raise t!e "ederal &ini&%& a#e. T!is o''osition is s%r'risin#
since t!e le#islation t!e, o''ose o%ld9 "or t!e "irst ti&e9 e(e&'t all s&all
b%sinesses "ro& 'a,in# an, &ini&%& a#e.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best e('lain t!e o''osition o" s&all8
b%siness #ro%'s to t!e 'ro'osed le#islation-
.A/ =nder t!e c%rrent "ederal &ini&%&8a#e la9 &ost s&all b%sinesses are
re0%ired to 'a, no less t!an t!e &ini&%& a#e to t!eir e&'lo,ees.
.1/ In order to attract orkers9 s&all co&'anies &%st &atc! t!e a#es o""ered
b, t!eir lar#er co&'etitors9 and t!ese co&'etitors o%ld not be e(e&'t
%nder t!e 'ro'osed las.
.C/ T!e e(act n%&ber o" co&'anies t!at are c%rrentl, re0%ired to 'a, no less
t!an t!e &ini&%& a#e b%t t!at o%ld be e(e&'t %nder t!e 'ro'osed las
is %nknon.
.3/ So&e states !ave set t!eir on &ini&%& a#esKin so&e cases9 0%ite a bit
above t!e level o" t!e &ini&%& a#e &andated b, c%rrent "ederal laK"or
certain ke, ind%stries.
.E/ Service co&'anies &ake %' t!e &a+orit, o" s&all b%sinesses and t!e,
GMAT & LSAT CR 1G<
#enerall, e&'lo, &ore e&'lo,ees 'er dollar o" reven%es t!an do retail or
&an%"act%rin# b%sinesses.
@. Revieer: T!e book %rt*s De$line ar#%es t!at E%ro'ean 'ainters toda, lack skills
t!at ere co&&on a&on# E%ro'ean 'ainters o" 'recedin# cent%ries. In t!is t!e
book &%st be ri#!t9 since its anal,sis o" 1II 'aintin#s9 @I old and @I
conte&'orar,9 de&onstrates convincin#l, t!at none o" t!e conte&'orar,
'aintin#s are e(ec%ted as skill"%ll, as t!e older 'aintin#s.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# 'oints to t!e &ost serio%s lo#ical "la in t!e revieers
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e 'aintin#s c!osen b, t!e books a%t!or "or anal,sis co%ld be t!ose t!at
&ost s%''ort t!e books t!esis.
.1/ T!ere co%ld be criteria ot!er t!an t!e tec!nical skill o" t!e artist b, !ic! to
eval%ate a 'aintin#.
.C/ T!e title o" t!e book co%ld ca%se readers to acce't t!e books t!esis even
be"ore t!e, read t!e anal,sis o" t!e 'aintin#s t!at s%''orts it.
.3/ T!e 'artic%lar &et!ods c%rrentl, %sed b, E%ro'ean 'ainters co%ld re0%ire
less artistic skill t!an do &et!ods %sed b, 'ainters in ot!er 'arts o" t!e
orld.
.E/ A reader !o as not "a&iliar it! t!e lan#%a#e o" art criticis& &i#!t not be
convinced b, t!e books anal,sis o" t!e 1II 'aintin#s.
G. T!e '!ar&ace%tical ind%str, ar#%es t!at beca%se ne dr%#s ill not be develo'ed
%nless !eav, develo'&ent costs can be reco%'ed in later sales9 t!e c%rrent 5I
,ears o" 'rotection 'rovided b, 'atents s!o%ld be e(tended in t!e case o" nel,
develo'ed dr%#s. :oever9 in ot!er ind%stries ne8'rod%ct develo'&ent
contin%es des'ite !i#! develo'&ent costs9 a "act t!at indicates t!at t!e e(tension
is %nnecessar,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e '!ar&ace%tical
ind%str,s ar#%&ent a#ainst t!e c!allen#e &ade above-
.A/ 2o ind%stries ot!er t!an t!e '!ar&ace%tical ind%str, !ave asked "or an
e(tension o" t!e 5I8,ear li&it on 'atent 'rotection.
.1/ Clinical trials o" ne dr%#s9 !ic! occ%r a"ter t!e 'atent is #ranted and
be"ore t!e ne dr%# can be &arketed9 o"ten no take as lon# as 1I ,ears to
co&'lete.
.C/ T!ere are several ind%stries in !ic! t!e ratio o" researc! and develo'&ent
costs to reven%es is !i#!er t!an it is in t!e '!ar&ace%tical ind%str,.
.3/ An e(istin# 'atent "or a dr%# does not le#all, 'revent '!ar&ace%tical
co&'anies "ro& brin#in# to &arket alternative dr%#s9 'rovided t!e, are
s%""icientl, dissi&ilar to t!e 'atented dr%#.
.E/ M%c! recent ind%strial innovation !as occ%rred in 'rod%ctsK"or e(a&'le9 in
t!e co&'%ter and electronics ind%striesK"or !ic! 'atent 'rotection is
GMAT & LSAT CR 1GC
o"ten ver, ine""ective.
Questions '-8 are based on the following.
1ank de'ositors in t!e =nited States are all "inanciall, 'rotected a#ainst bank "ail%re
beca%se t!e #overn&ent ins%res all individ%als bank de'osits. An econo&ist ar#%es
t!at t!is ins%rance is 'artl, res'onsible "or t!e !i#! rate o" bank "ail%res9 since it
re&oves "ro& de'ositors an, "inancial incentive to "ind o%t !et!er t!e bank t!at
!olds t!eir &one, is sec%re a#ainst "ail%re. I" de'ositors ere &ore selective9 t!en
banks o%ld need to be sec%re in order to co&'ete "or de'ositors &one,.
A. T!e econo&ists ar#%&ent &akes !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ 1ank "ail%res are ca%sed !en bi# borroers de"a%lt on loan re'a,&ents.
.1/ A si#ni"icant 'ro'ortion o" de'ositors &aintain acco%nts at several di""erent
banks.
.C/ T!e &ore a de'ositor !as to de'osit9 t!e &ore care"%l !e or s!e tends to be in
selectin# a bank.
.3/ T!e di""erence in t!e interest rates 'aid to de'ositors b, di""erent banks is not
a si#ni"icant "actor in bank "ail%res.
.E/ Fotential de'ositors are able to deter&ine !ic! banks are sec%re a#ainst
"ail%re.
B. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e econo&ists
ar#%&ent-
.A/ 1e"ore t!e #overn&ent started to ins%re de'ositors a#ainst bank "ail%re9 t!ere
as a loer rate o" bank "ail%re t!an t!ere is no.
.1/ 6!en t!e #overn&ent did not ins%re de'osits9 "re0%ent bank "ail%res
occ%rred as a res%lt o" de'ositors "ears o" losin# &one, in bank "ail%res.
.C/ S%rve,s s!o t!at a si#ni"icant 'ro'ortion o" de'ositors are aare t!at t!eir
de'osits are ins%red b, t!e #overn&ent.
.3/ T!ere is an %''er li&it on t!e a&o%nt o" an individ%als de'osit t!at t!e
#overn&ent ill ins%re9 b%t ver, "e individ%als de'osits e(ceed t!is li&it.
.E/ T!e sec%rit, o" a bank a#ainst "ail%re de'ends on t!e 'ercenta#e o" its assets
t!at are loaned o%t and also on !o &%c! risk its loans involve.
H. Fassen#ers &%st e(it air'lanes si"tl, a"ter accidents9 since #ases released
"olloin# accidents are to(ic to !%&ans and o"ten e('lode soon a"ter bein#
released. In order to 'revent 'assen#er deat!s "ro& #as in!alation9 sa"et, o""icials
reco&&end t!at 'assen#ers be 'rovided it! s&oke !oods t!at 'revent in!alation
o" t!e #ases.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 constit%tes t!e stron#est reason not to re0%ire
i&'le&entation o" t!e sa"et, o""icials reco&&endation-
.A/ Test evac%ations s!oed t!at '%ttin# on t!e s&oke !oods added considerabl,
to t!e overall ti&e it took 'assen#ers to leave t!e cabin.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1G@
.1/ So&e airlines are %nillin# to b%, t!e s&oke !oods beca%se t!e, consider
t!e& to be 'ro!ibitivel, e('ensive.
.C/ Alt!o%#! t!e s&oke !oods 'rotect 'assen#ers "ro& t!e to(ic #ases9 t!e, can
do not!in# to 'revent t!e #ases "ro& i#nitin#.
.3/ So&e e('erienced "l,ers "ail to 'a, attention to t!e sa"et, instr%ctions #iven
on ever, co&&ercial "li#!t be"ore takeo"".
.E/ In &an, air'lane accidents9 'assen#ers !o ere able to reac! e&er#enc,
e(its ere overco&e b, to(ic #ases be"ore t!e, co%ld e(it t!e air'lane.
1I. In 1HGI9 1I 'ercent o" ever, dollar 'aid in a%to&obile ins%rance 're&i%&s ent
to 'a, costs arisin# "ro& in+%ries inc%rred in car accidents. In 1HHI9 @I 'ercent o"
ever, dollar 'aid in a%to&obile ins%rance 're&i%&s ent toard s%c! costs9
des'ite t!e "act t!at cars ere &%c! sa"er in 1HHI t!an in 1HGI.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best e('lains t!e discre'anc, o%tlined above-
.A/ T!ere ere "eer accidents in 1HHI t!an in 1HGI.
.1/ 7n avera#e9 'eo'le drove &ore slol, in 1HHI t!an in 1HGI.
.C/ Cars #re increasin#l, &ore e('ensive to re'air over t!e 'eriod in 0%estion.
.3/ T!e 'rice o" ins%rance increased &ore ra'idl, t!an t!e rate o" in"lation
beteen 1HGI and 1HHI.
.E/ :ealt!8care costs rose s!ar'l, beteen 1HGI and 1HHI.
11. Cater'illars o" all s'ecies 'rod%ce an identical !or&one called >+%venile
!or&one? t!at &aintains "eedin# be!avior. 7nl, !en a cater'illar !as #ron to
t!e ri#!t si)e "or '%'ation to take 'lace does a s'ecial en),&e !alt t!e 'rod%ction
o" +%venile !or&one. T!is en),&e can be s,nt!esi)ed and ill9 on bein# in#ested
b, i&&at%re cater'illars9 kill t!e& b, sto''in# t!e& "ro& "eedin#.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e vie t!at it o%ld not
be advisable to tr, to eradicate a#ric%lt%ral 'ests t!at #o t!ro%#! a cater'illar
sta#e b, s'ra,in# cro'lands it! t!e en),&e &entioned above-
.A/ Most s'ecies o" cater'illar are s%b+ect to so&e nat%ral 'redation.
.1/ Man, a#ric%lt%ral 'ests do not #o t!ro%#! a cater'illar sta#e.
.C/ Man, a#ric%lt%rall, bene"icial insects #o t!ro%#! a cater'illar sta#e.
.3/ Since cater'illars o" di""erent s'ecies e&er#e at di""erent ti&es9 several
s'ra,in#s o%ld be necessar,.
.E/ Alt!o%#! t!e en),&e !as been s,nt!esi)ed in t!e laborator,9 no lar#e8scale
'rod%ction "acilities e(ist as ,et.
15. Alt!o%#! as'irin !as been 'roven to eli&inate &oderate "ever associated it!
so&e illnesses9 &an, doctors no lon#er ro%tinel, reco&&end its %se "or t!is
'%r'ose. A &oderate "ever sti&%lates t!e activit, o" t!e bod,s disease8"i#!tin#
!ite blood cells and also in!ibits t!e #rot! o" &an, strains o" disease8ca%sin#
bacteria.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1GG
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is &ost
stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e&-
.A/ As'irin9 an e""ective 'ainkiller9 alleviates t!e 'ain and disco&"ort o" &an,
illnesses.
.1/ As'irin can 'rolon# a 'atients illness b, eli&inatin# &oderate "ever !el'"%l
in "i#!tin# so&e diseases.
.C/ As'irin in!ibits t!e #rot! o" !ite blood cells9 !ic! are necessar, "or
"i#!tin# so&e illnesses.
.3/ T!e &ore !ite blood cells a 'atients bod, 'rod%ces9 t!e less severe t!e
'atients illness ill be.
.E/ T!e "oc%s o" &odern &edicine is on in!ibitin# t!e #rot! o" disease8ca%sin#
bacteria it!in t!e bod,.
1<. 1eca%se 'osta#e rates are risin#9 +o,e De$orator &a#a)ine 'lans to &a(i&i)e
its 'ro"its b, red%cin# b, one !al" t!e n%&ber o" iss%es it '%blis!es eac! ,ear.
T!e 0%alit, o" articles9 t!e n%&ber o" articles '%blis!ed 'er ,ear9 and t!e
s%bscri'tion 'rice ill not c!an#e. Market researc! s!os t!at neit!er s%bscribers
nor advertisers ill be lost i" t!e &a#a)ines 'lan is instit%ted.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e stron#est evidence t!at t!e
&a#a)ines 'ro"its are likel, to decline i" t!e 'lan is instit%ted-
.A/ 6it! t!e ne 'osta#e rates9 a t,'ical iss%e %nder t!e 'ro'osed 'lan o%ld
cost abo%t one8t!ird &ore to &ail t!an a t,'ical c%rrent iss%e o%ld.
.1/ T!e &a+orit, o" t!e &a#a)ines s%bscribers are less concerned abo%t a
'ossible red%ction in t!e 0%antit, o" t!e &a#a)ines articles t!an abo%t a
'ossible loss o" t!e c%rrent !i#! 0%alit, o" its articles.
.C/ Man, o" t!e &a#a)ines lon#8ti&e s%bscribers o%ld contin%e t!eir
s%bscri'tions even i" t!e s%bscri'tion 'rice ere increased.
.3/ Most o" t!e advertisers t!at '%rc!ase advertisin# s'ace in t!e &a#a)ine ill
contin%e to s'end t!e sa&e a&o%nt on advertisin# 'er iss%e as t!e, !ave in
t!e 'ast.
.E/ Frod%ction costs "or t!e &a#a)ine are e('ected to re&ain stable.
1C. A st%d, o" &arital relations!i's in !ic! one 'artners slee'in# and akin#
c,cles di""er "ro& t!ose o" t!e ot!er 'artner reveals t!at s%c! co%'les s!are "eer
activities it! eac! ot!er and !ave &ore violent ar#%&ents t!an do co%'les in a
relations!i' in !ic! bot! 'artners "ollo t!e sa&e slee'in# and akin# 'atterns.
T!%s9 &is&atc!ed slee'in# and akin# c,cles can serio%sl, +eo'ardi)e a
&arria#e.
.A/ Married co%'les in !ic! bot! s'o%ses "ollo t!e sa&e slee'in# and akin#
'atterns also occasionall, !ave ar#%&ents t!an can +eo'ardi)e t!e co%'les
&arria#e.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1GA
.1/ T!e slee'in# and akin# c,cles o" individ%als tend to var, "ro& season to
season.
.C/ T!e individ%als !o !ave slee'in# and akin# c,cles t!at di""er si#ni"icantl,
"ro& t!ose o" t!eir s'o%ses tend to ar#%e little it! collea#%es at ork.
.3/ Feo'le in %n!a'', &arria#es !ave been "o%nd to e('ress !ostilit, b,
ado'tin# a di""erent slee'in# and akin# c,cle "ro& t!at o" t!eir s'o%ses.
.E/ Accordin# to a recent st%d,9 &ost 'eo'les slee'in# and akin# c,cles can be
controlled and &odi"ied easil,.
Roland: T!e alar&in# "act is t!at HI 'ercent o" t!e 'eo'le in t!is co%ntr, no re'ort
t!at t!e, kno so&eone !o is %ne&'lo,ed.
S!aron: 1%t a nor&al9 &oderate level o" %ne&'lo,&ent is @ 'ercent9 it! 1 o%t o" 5I
orkers %ne&'lo,ed. So at an, #iven ti&e i" a 'erson knos a''ro(i&atel, @I
orkers9 1 or &ore ill ver, likel, be %ne&'lo,ed.
1@. S!arons ar#%&ent is str%ct%red to lead to !ic! o" t!e "olloin# as a concl%sion-
.A/ T!e "act t!at HIP o" t!e 'eo'le kno so&eone !o is %ne&'lo,ed is not an
indication t!at %ne&'lo,&ent is abnor&all, !i#!.
.1/ T!e c%rrent level o" %ne&'lo,&ent is not &oderate.
.C/ I" at least @P o" orkers are %ne&'lo,ed9 t!e res%lt o" 0%estionin# a
re'resentative #ro%' o" 'eo'le cannot be t!e 'ercenta#e Roland cites.
.3/ It is %nlikel, t!at t!e 'eo'le !ose state&ents Roland cites are #ivin#
acc%rate re'orts.
.E/ I" an %ne&'lo,&ent "i#%re is #iven as a certain 'ercent9 t!e act%al 'ercenta#e
o" t!ose it!o%t +obs is even !i#!er.
1G. S!arons ar#%&ent relies on t!e ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ nor&al levels o" %ne&'lo,&ent are rarel, e(ceeded
.1/ %ne&'lo,&ent is not nor&all, concentrated in #eo#ra'!icall, isolated
se#&ents o" t!e 'o'%lation
.C/ t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le !o eac! kno so&eone !o is %ne&'lo,ed is ala,s
!i#!er t!an HIP o" t!e 'o'%lation
.3/ Roland is not conscio%sl, distortin# t!e statistics !e 'resents
.E/ knoled#e t!at a 'ersonal ac0%aintance is %ne&'lo,ed #enerates &ore "ear
o" losin# ones +ob t!an does knoled#e o" %ne&'lo,&ent statistics
TEST 1@
1. A co&'an, is considerin# c!an#in# its 'olic, concernin# dail, orkin# !o%rs.
C%rrentl,9 t!is co&'an, re0%ires all e&'lo,ees to arrive at ork at B a.&. T!e
GMAT & LSAT CR 1GB
'ro'osed 'olic, o%ld 'er&it eac! e&'lo,ee to decide !en to arriveK"ro& as
earl, as G a.&. to as late as 11 a.&.
T!e ado'tion o" t!is 'olic, o%ld be &ost likel, to decrease e&'lo,ees
'rod%ctivit, i" t!e e&'lo,ees +ob "%nctions re0%ired t!e& to
.A/ ork it!o%t interr%'tion "ro& ot!er e&'lo,ees
.1/ cons%lt at least once a da, it! e&'lo,ees "ro& ot!er co&'anies
.C/ s%b&it t!eir ork "or a s%'ervisors event%al a''roval
.3/ interact "re0%entl, it! eac! ot!er t!ro%#!o%t t!e entire orkda,
.E/ %ndertake 'ro+ects t!at take several da,s to co&'lete
5. T!e a&o%nt o" ti&e it takes "or &ost o" a orkers occ%'ational knoled#e and
skills to beco&e obsolete !as been declinin# beca%se o" t!e introd%ction o"
advanced &an%"act%rin# tec!nolo#, .AMT/. Given t!e rate at !ic! AMT is
c%rrentl, bein# introd%ced in &an%"act%rin#9 t!e avera#e orkers old skills
beco&e obsolete and ne skills are re0%ired it!in as little as "ive ,ears.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# 'lans9 i" "easible9 o%ld allo a co&'an, to 're'are
&ost e""ectivel, "or t!e ra'id obsolescence o" skills described above-
.A/ T!e co&'an, ill develo' a 'ro#ra& to o""er selected e&'lo,ees t!e
o''ort%nit, to receive trainin# si( ,ears a"ter t!e, ere ori#inall, !ired.
.1/ T!e co&'an, ill increase its invest&ent in AMT ever, ,ear "or a 'eriod o"
at least "ive ,ears.
.C/ T!e co&'an, ill 'eriodicall, s%rve, its e&'lo,ees to deter&ine !o t!e
introd%ction o" AMT !as a""ected t!e&.
.3/ 1e"ore t!e introd%ction o" AMT9 t!e co&'an, ill instit%te an ed%cational
'ro#ra& to in"or& its e&'lo,ees o" t!e 'robable conse0%ences o" t!e
introd%ction o" AMT.
.E/ T!e co&'an, ill ens%re t!at it can o""er its e&'lo,ees an, trainin#
necessar, "or &eetin# t!eir +ob re0%ire&ents.
<. Installin# scr%bbers in s&okestacks and sitc!in# to cleaner8b%rnin# "%el are t!e
to &et!ods available to 2ort!ern Foer "or red%cin# !ar&"%l e&issions "ro& its
'lants. Scr%bbers ill red%ce !ar&"%l e&issions &ore t!an cleaner8b%rnin# "%els
ill. T!ere"ore9 b, installin# scr%bbers9 2ort!ern Foer ill be doin# t!e &ost
t!at can be done to red%ce !ar&"%l e&issions "ro& its 'lants.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ Sitc!in# to cleaner8b%rnin# "%el ill not be &ore e('ensive t!an installin#
scr%bbers.
.1/ 2ort!ern Foer can c!oose "ro& a&on# vario%s kinds o" scr%bbers9 so&e o"
!ic! are &ore e""ective t!an ot!ers.
.C/ 2ort!ern Foer is not necessaril, co&&itted to red%cin# !ar&"%l e&issions
"ro& its 'lants.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1GH
.3/ :ar&"%l e&issions "ro& 2ort!ern Foers 'lants cannot be red%ced &ore b,
%sin# bot! &et!ods to#et!er t!an b, t!e installation o" scr%bbers alone.
.E/ Aside "ro& !ar&"%l e&issions "ro& t!e s&okestacks o" its 'lants9 t!e
activities o" 2ort!ern Foer do not ca%se si#ni"icant air 'oll%tion.
C. So&e ant!ro'olo#ists st%d, &odern8da, societies o" "ora#ers in an e""ort to learn
abo%t o%r ancient ancestors !o ere also "ora#ers. A "la in t!is strate#, is t!at
"ora#er societies are e(tre&el, varied. Indeed9 an, "ora#er societ, it! !ic!
ant!ro'olo#ists are "a&iliar !as !ad considerable contact it! &odern non"ora#er
societies.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e criticis& &ade above o"
t!e ant!ro'olo#ists strate#,-
.A/ All "ora#er societies t!ro%#!o%t !istor, !ave !ad a n%&ber o" i&'ortant
"eat%res in co&&on t!at are absent "ro& ot!er t,'es o" societies.
.1/ Most ancient "ora#er societies eit!er dissolved or &ade a transition to
anot!er a, o" li"e.
.C/ All ant!ro'olo#ists st%d, one kind or anot!er o" &odern8da, societ,.
.3/ Man, ant!ro'olo#ists !o st%d, &odern8da, "ora#er societies do not dra
in"erences abo%t ancient societies on t!e basis o" t!eir st%dies.
.E/ Even t!ose &odern8da, "ora#er societies t!at !ave not !ad si#ni"icant contact
it! &odern societies are i&'ortantl, di""erent "ro& ancient "ora#er
societies.
@. Ma,or: In eac! o" t!e 'ast "ive ,ears9 t!e cit, !as c%t sc!ool "%ndin# and eac!
ti&e sc!ool o""icials co&'lained t!at t!e c%ts o%ld "orce t!e& to red%ce
e('endit%res "or essential services. 1%t eac! ti&e9 onl, e('endit%res "or
nonessential services ere act%all, red%ced. So sc!ool o""icials can i&'le&ent
"%rt!er c%ts it!o%t red%cin# an, e('endit%res "or essential services.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e &a,ors concl%sion-
.A/ T!e cit,s sc!ools !ave ala,s 'rovided essential services as e""icientl, as
t!e, !ave 'rovided nonessential services.
.1/ S%""icient "%nds are c%rrentl, available to allo t!e cit,s sc!ools to 'rovide
so&e nonessential services.
.C/ Frice esti&ates 0%oted to t!e cit,s sc!ools "or t!e 'rovision o" nonessential
services !ave not increased s%bstantiall, since t!e &ost recent sc!ool
"%ndin# c%t.
.3/ $e in"l%ential cit, ad&inistrators s%''ort t!e "%ndin# o" costl, nonessential
services in t!e cit,s sc!ools.
.E/ T!e cit,s sc!ool o""icials rarel, e(a##erate t!e 'otential i&'act o"
t!reatened "%ndin# c%ts.
G. Advertise&ent: $or sin%s 'ain9 t!ree o%t o" "o%r !os'itals #ive t!eir 'atients
GMAT & LSAT CR 1AI
2ove(. So !en ,o% ant t!e &ost e""ective 'ainkiller "or sin%s 'ain9 2ove( is
t!e one to c!oose.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e advertise&ents
ar#%&ent-
.A/ So&e co&'etin# brands o" 'ainkillers are intended to red%ce ot!er kinds o"
'ain in addition to sin%s 'ain.
.1/ Man, !os'itals t!at do not %s%all, %se 2ove( ill do so "or t!ose 'atients
!o cannot tolerate t!e dr%# t!e !os'itals %s%all, %se.
.C/ Man, dr%# &an%"act%rers increase sales o" t!eir 'rod%cts to !os'itals b,
sellin# t!ese 'rod%cts to t!e !os'itals at t!e loest 'rice t!e &an%"act%rers
can a""ord.
.3/ =nlike so&e co&'etin# brands o" 'ainkillers9 2ove( is available "ro&
'!ar&acies it!o%t a doctors 'rescri'tion.
.E/ In clinical trials 2ove( !as been "o%nd &ore e""ective t!an co&'etin# brands
o" 'ainkillers t!at !ave been on t!e &arket lon#er t!an 2ove(.
A. A re'ort t!at &an, a''les contain a cancer8ca%sin# 'reservative called Alar
a''arentl, !ad little e""ect on cons%&ers. $e cons%&ers 'lanned to c!an#e t!eir
a''le8b%,in# !abits as a res%lt o" t!e re'ort. 2onet!eless9 sales o" a''les in
#rocer, stores "ell s!ar'l, in Marc!9 a &ont! a"ter t!e re'ort as iss%ed.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best e('lains t!e reason "or t!e a''arent
.A/ In Marc!9 &an, #rocers re&oved a''les "ro& t!eir s!elves in order to
de&onstrate concern abo%t t!eir c%sto&ers !ealt!.
.1/ 1eca%se o" a #roin# n%&ber o" "ood8sa"et, arnin#s9 cons%&ers in Marc!
ere indi""erent to s%c! arnin#s.
.C/ T!e re'ort as delivered on television and also a''eared in nes'a'ers.
.3/ T!e re'ort did not &ention t!at an, ot!er "r%it contains Alar9 alt!o%#! t!e
'reservative is %sed on ot!er "r%it.
.E/ F%blic !ealt! o""icials did not believe t!at a''les 'osed a !ealt! t!reat
beca%se onl, &in%te traces o" Alar ere 'resent in a""ected a''les.
B. A ne la #ives oners!i' o" 'atentsKdoc%&ents 'rovidin# e(cl%sive ri#!t to
&ake and sell an inventionKto %niversities9 not t!e #overn&ent9 !en t!ose
'atents res%lt "ro& #overn&ent8s'onsored %niversit, researc!. Ad&inistrators at
Lo#os =niversit, 'lan to sell an, 'atents t!e, ac0%ire to cor'orations in order to
"%nd 'ro#ra&s to i&'rove %nder#rad%ate teac!in#.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld cast &ost do%bt on t!e viabilit, o" t!e
colle#e ad&inistrators 'lan described above-
.A/ Fro"it8&akin# cor'orations interested in develo'in# 'rod%cts based on
'atents !eld b, %niversities are likel, to tr, to serve as e(cl%sive s'onsors o"
on#oin# %niversit, researc! 'ro+ects.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1A1
.1/ Cor'orate s'onsors o" researc! in %niversit, "acilities are entitled to ta(
credits %nder ne "ederal ta(8code #%idelines.
.C/ Researc! scientists at Lo#os =niversit, !ave "e or no teac!in#
res'onsibilities and 'artici'ate little i" at all in t!e %nder#rad%ate 'ro#ra&s
in t!eir "ield.
.3/ Govern&ent8s'onsored researc! cond%cted at Lo#os =niversit, "or t!e &ost
'art d%'licates researc! alread, co&'leted b, several 'ro"it8&akin#
cor'orations.
.E/ Lo#os =niversit, is %nlikel, to attract cor'orate s'onsors!i' o" its scienti"ic
researc!.
H. Contrar, to earlier 'redictions9 de&and "or s%#arcane !as not increased in recent
,ears. *et9 even t!o%#! 'rices and 'rod%ction a&o%nts !ave also been stable
d%rin# t!e last t!ree ,ears9 s%#arcane #roers last ,ear increased t!eir 'ro"its b,
&ore t!an ten 'ercent over t!e 'revio%s ,ears level.
An, o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 abo%t last ,ear9 !el's to e('lain t!e rise
in 'ro"its EECEFT:
.A/ Man, co%ntries t!at are lar#e cons%&ers o" s%#arcane increased t!eir
'rod%ction o" s%#arcane8based et!anol9 ,et t!eir overall cons%&'tion o"
s%#arcane decreased.
.1/ S%#arcane #roers !ave saved &one, on a#es b, sitc!in# "ro& 'a,in#
laborers an !o%rl, a#e to 'a,in# t!e& b, t!e a&o%nt !arvested.
.C/ T!e 'rice o" oil9 t!e &a+or ener#, so%rce %sed b, s%#arcane #roers in
!arvestin# t!eir cro's9 dro''ed b, over tent, 'ercent.
.3/ Man, s&all s%#arcane #roers +oined to#et!er to "or& an association o"
s%#arcane 'rod%cers and be#an to b%, s%''lies at lo #ro%' rates.
.E/ Rain"all in s%#arcane8#roin# re#ions as !i#!er t!an it !ad been d%rin# t!e
'revio%s ,ear9 alloin# t!e #roers to save &one, on e('ensive arti"icial
irri#ation.
1I. I" t!e co%nt, contin%es to collect residential tras! at c%rrent levels9 land"ills ill
soon be over"loin# and 'arkland ill need to be %sed in order to create &ore
s'ace. C!ar#in# eac! !o%se!old a "ee "or eac! 'o%nd o" tras! it '%ts o%t "or
collection ill ind%ce residents to red%ce t!e a&o%nt o" tras! t!e, createD t!is
c!ar#e ill t!ere"ore 'rotect t!e re&ainin# co%nt, 'arkland.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion &ade in drain# t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ Residents ill red%ce t!e a&o%nt o" tras! t!e, '%t o%t "or collection b,
red%cin# t!e n%&ber o" 'rod%cts t!e, b%,.
.1/ T!e collection "ee ill not si#ni"icantl, a""ect t!e '%rc!asin# 'oer o" &ost
residents9 even i" t!eir !o%se!olds do not red%ce t!e a&o%nt o" tras! t!e,
'%t o%t.
.C/ T!e collection "ee ill not ind%ce residents to d%&' t!eir tras! in t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR 1A5
'arklands ille#all,.
.3/ T!e bea%t, o" co%nt, 'arkland is an i&'ortant iss%e "or &ost o" t!e co%nt,s
residents.
.E/ Land"ills o%tside t!e co%nt,s borders co%ld be %sed as d%&'in# sites "or t!e
co%nt,s tras!.
Questions 11-1! are based on the following.
Environ&entalist: T!e co&&issioner o" t!e $is! and Ga&e A%t!orit, o%ld !ave t!e
'%blic believe t!at increases in t!e n%&ber o" &arine "is! ca%#!t de&onstrate t!at t!is
reso%rce is no lon#er endan#ered. T!is is a s'ecio%s ar#%&ent9 as %nso%nd as it o%ld
be to assert t!at t!e ever8increasin# rate at !ic! rain "orests are bein# c%t don
de&onstrates a lack o" dan#er to t!at reso%rce. T!e real ca%se o" t!e increased "is!8
catc! is a #reater e""icienc, in %sin# tec!nolo#ies t!at de'lete reso%rces.
11. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# strate#ies is %sed in t!e 'resentation o" t!e
environ&entalists 'osition-
.A/ N%estionin# t!e &otives o" an o''onent
.1/ S!oin# t!at an o''osin# 'osition is sel"8contradictor,
.C/ Attackin# an ar#%&ent t!ro%#! t!e %se o" an analo#,
.3/ 3e&onstratin# t!e inacc%rac, o" certain data
.E/ Fointin# o%t adverse conse0%ences o" a 'ro'osal
15. T!e environ&entalists state&ents9 i" tr%e9 best s%''ort !ic! o" t!e "olloin# as
a concl%sion-
.A/ T!e %se o" tec!nolo#, is t!e reason "or t!e increasin# encroac!&ent o"
'eo'le on nat%re.
.1/ It is 'ossible to deter&ine !o &an, "is! are in t!e sea in so&e a, ot!er
t!an b, catc!in# "is!.
.C/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" &arine "is! t!at are ca%#!t is as !i#! as t!e 'ro'ortion o"
rain8"orest trees t!at are c%t don eac! ,ear.
.3/ Modern tec!nolo#ies aste reso%rces b, catc!in# inedible "is!.
.E/ Marine "is! contin%e to be an endan#ered reso%rce.
1<. 1io&etric access8control s,ste&sKt!ose %sin# "in#er'rints9 voice'rints9 etc.9 to
re#%late ad&ittance to restricted areasKork b, de#rees o" si&ilarit,9 not b,
identit,. A"ter all9 even t!e sa&e "in#er ill rarel, leave e(actl, identical 'rints.
S%c! s,ste&s can be ad+%sted to &ini&i)e re"%sals o" access to le#iti&ate access8
seekers. S%c! ad+%st&ents9 !oever9 increase t!e likeli!ood o" ad&ittin#
i&'ostors.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e
in"or&ation above-
.A/ I" a bio&etric access8control s,ste& ere &ade to ork b, identit,9 it o%ld
GMAT & LSAT CR 1A<
not 'rod%ce an, correct ad&ittance decisions.
.1/ I" a bio&etric access8control s,ste& reliabl, 'revents i&'ostors "ro& bein#
ad&itted9 it ill so&eti&es t%rn aa, le#iti&ate access8seekers.
.C/ 1io&etric access8control s,ste&s are a''ro'riate onl, in sit%ations in !ic!
ad&ittance o" i&'ostors is less o" a 'roble& t!an is &istaken re"%sal o"
access.
.3/ 2onbio&etric access8control s,ste&sKbased9 "or e(a&'le9 on n%&erical
codesKare less likel, t!an bio&etric ones to ad&it i&'ostors.
.E/ An,one c!oosin# an access8control s,ste& s!o%ld base t!e c!oice solel, on
t!e ratio o" "alse re"%sals to "alse ad&ittances.
1C. Alt!o%#! co&'%ters can en!ance 'eo'les abilit, to co&&%nicate9 co&'%ter
#a&es are a ca%se o" %nderdevelo'ed co&&%nication skills in c!ildren. A"ter8
sc!ool !o%rs s'ent 'la,in# co&'%ter #a&es are !o%rs not s'ent talkin# it!
'eo'le. T!ere"ore9 c!ildren !o s'end all t!eir s'are ti&e 'la,in# t!ese #a&es
!ave less e('erience in inter'ersonal co&&%nication t!an ot!er c!ildren !ave.
T!e ar#%&ent de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ Fassive activities s%c! as atc!in# television and listenin# to &%sic do not
!inder t!e develo'&ent o" co&&%nication skills in c!ildren.
.1/ Most c!ildren !ave ot!er o''ort%nities9 in addition to a"ter8sc!ool !o%rs9 in
!ic! t!e, can c!oose !et!er to 'la, co&'%ter #a&es or to interact it!
ot!er 'eo'le.
.C/ C!ildren !o do not s'end all o" t!eir a"ter8sc!ool !o%rs 'la,in# co&'%ter
#a&es s'end at least so&e o" t!at ti&e talkin# it! ot!er 'eo'le.
.3/ $or&al instr%ction contrib%tes little or not!in# to c!ildrens ac0%isition o"
co&&%nication skills.
.E/ T!e &ental skills develo'ed t!ro%#! 'la,in# co&'%ter #a&es do not
contrib%te si#ni"icantl, to c!ildrens intellect%al develo'&ent.
1@. 7ne variet, o" 'artiall, biode#radable 'lastic bevera#e container is &an%"act%red
"ro& s&all bits o" 'lastic bo%nd to#et!er b, a de#radable bondin# a#ent s%c! as
cornstarc!. Since onl, t!e bondin# a#ent de#rades9 leavin# t!e s&all bits o"
'lastic9 no less 'lastic re"%se 'er container is 'rod%ced !en s%c! containers are
discarded t!an !en co&'arable nonbiode#radable containers are discarded.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ 1ot! 'artiall, biode#radable and nonbiode#radable 'lastic bevera#e
containers can be cr%s!ed co&'letel, "lat b, re"%se co&'actors.
.1/ T!e 'artiall, biode#radable 'lastic bevera#e containers are &ade it! &ore
'lastic t!an co&'arable nonbiode#radable ones in order to co&'ensate "or
t!e eakenin# e""ect o" t!e bo%ndin# a#ents.
.C/ Man, cons%&ers are ecolo#,8&inded and 're"er to b%, a 'rod%ct sold in t!e
'artiall, biode#radable 'lastic bevera#e containers rat!er t!an in
GMAT & LSAT CR 1AC
nonbiode#radable containers9 even i" t!e 'rice is !i#!er.
.3/ T!e &an%"act%rin# 'rocess "or t!e 'artiall, biode#radable 'lastic bevera#e
containers res%lts in less 'lastic aste t!an t!e &an%"act%rin# 'rocess "or
nonbiode#radable 'lastic bevera#e containers.
.E/ Tec!nolo#ical 'roble&s it! rec,clin# c%rrentl, 'revent t!e re%se as "ood or
bevera#e containers o" t!e 'lastic "ro& eit!er t,'e o" 'lastic bevera#e
container.
1G. Co&&entator: T!e t!eor, o" trade retaliation states t!at co%ntries closed o%t o"
an, o" anot!er co%ntr,s &arkets s!o%ld close so&e o" t!eir on &arkets to t!e
ot!er co%ntr, in order to 'ress%re t!e ot!er co%ntr, to reo'en its &arkets. I" ever,
co%ntr, acted accordin# to t!is t!eor,9 no co%ntr, o%ld trade it! an, ot!er.
T!e co&&entators ar#%&ent relies on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ 2o co%ntr, act%all, acts accordin# to t!e t!eor, o" trade retaliation.
.1/ 2o co%ntr, s!o%ld block an, o" its &arkets to "orei#n trade.
.C/ Trade dis'%tes s!o%ld be settled b, international trib%nal.
.3/ $or an, to co%ntries9 at least one !as so&e &arket closed to t!e ot!er.
.E/ Co%ntries close t!eir &arkets to "orei#ners to 'rotect do&estic 'rod%cers.
TEST 1G
1. T!e c!anterelle9 a t,'e o" ild &%s!roo&9 #ros beneat! !ost trees s%c! as t!e
3o%#las "ir9 !ic! 'rovide it it! necessar, s%#ars. T!e %nder#ro%nd "ila&ents
o" c!anterelles9 !ic! e(tract t!e s%#ars9 in t%rn 'rovide n%trients and ater "or
t!eir !osts. 1eca%se o" t!is &%t%all, bene"icial relations!i'9 !arvestin# t!e
c!anterelles #roin# beneat! a 3o%#las "ir serio%sl, endan#ers t!e tree.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost do%bt on t!e concl%sion dran
above-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" ild &%s!roo&s !arvested !as increased in recent ,ears.
.1/ C!anterelles #ro not onl, beneat! 3o%#las "irs b%t also beneat! ot!er !ost
trees.
.C/ Man, t,'es o" ild &%s!roo&s are "o%nd onl, in "orests and cannot easil,
be #ron else!ere.
.3/ T!e !arvestin# o" ild &%s!roo&s sti&%lates "%t%re #rot! o" t!ose
&%s!roo&s.
.E/ *o%n# 3o%#las "ir seedlin#s die it!o%t t!e n%trients and ater 'rovided b,
c!anterelle "ila&ents.
5. T!e reason &%c! re"ri#erated "ood s'oils is t!at it ends %' o%t o" si#!t at t!e back
o" t!e s!el". So !, not !ave ro%nd s!elves t!at rotate- 1eca%se s%c! rotatin#
s!elves o%ld !ave +%st t!e sa&e sort o" draback9 since t!in#s o%ld "all o"" t!e
s!elves ed#es into t!e rear corners.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1A@
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is 'res%''osed in t!e ar#%&ent a#ainst introd%cin#
rotatin# s!elves-
.A/ Re"ri#erators o%ld not be &ade so t!at t!eir interior s'ace is c,lindrical.
.1/ Re"ri#erators o%ld not be &ade to !ave a indo in "ront "or eas, viein#
o" t!eir contents it!o%t o'enin# t!e door.
.C/ T!e 'roble& o" s'oila#e o" re"ri#erated "ood is not a&enable to an, sol%tion
based on desi#n c!an#es.
.3/ Re"ri#erators are so ell desi#ned t!at t!ere are bo%nd to be drabacks to
an, desi#n c!an#e.
.E/ Rotatin# s!elves o%ld be desi#ned to rotate onl, !ile t!e re"ri#erator door
as o'en.
<. It o%ld cost Roseton one &illion dollars to re'air all o" its roads. In t!e ,ear
a"ter co&'letion o" t!ose re'airs9 !oever9 Roseton o%ld t!ereb, avoid
inc%rrin# t!ree &illion dollars ort! o" da&a#es9 since c%rrentl, Roseton 'a,s
t!at a&o%nt ann%all, in co&'ensation "or da&a#e done to cars eac! ,ear b, its
%nre'aired roads.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 #ives t!e stron#est s%''ort to t!e ar#%&ent
above-
.A/ Co&&%nities borderin# on Roseton also 'a, co&'ensation "or da&a#e
done to cars b, t!eir %nre'aired roads.
.1/ A"ter an, Roseton road !as been re'aired9 several ,ears ill ela'se be"ore
t!at road be#ins to da&a#e cars.
.C/ Roseton o%ld need to raise additional ta(es i" it ere to s'end one &illion
dollars in one ,ear on road re'airs.
.3/ T!e de#ree o" da&a#e ca%sed to Rosetons roads b, !ars! eat!er can var,
idel, "ro& ,ear to ,ear.
.E/ Tr%cks ca%se &%c! o" t!e ear on Rosetons roads9 b%t oners o" cars "ile
al&ost all o" t!e clai&s "or co&'ensation "or da&a#e ca%sed b, %nre'aired
roads.
C. To e('eri&ental #arden 'lots ere eac! 'lanted it! t!e sa&e n%&ber o"
to&ato 'lants. Ma#nesi%& salts ere added to t!e "irst 'lot b%t not to t!e second.
T!e "irst 'lot 'rod%ced 5I 'o%nds o" to&atoes and t!e second 'lot 'rod%ced 1I
'o%nds. Since not!in# else b%t ater as added to eit!er 'lot9 t!e !i#!er ,ields in
t!e "irst 'lot &%st !ave been d%e to t!e &a#nesi%& salts.
.A/ A s&all a&o%nt o" t!e &a#nesi%& salts "ro& t!e "irst 'lot leac!ed into t!e
second 'lot.
.1/ To&ato 'lants in a t!ird e('eri&ental 'lot9 to !ic! a !i#!8nitro#en "ertili)er
as added9 b%t no &a#nesi%& salts9 'rod%ced 1@ 'o%nds o" to&atoes.
.C/ $o%r di""erent t,'es o" to&atoes ere #ron in e0%al 'ro'ortions in eac! o"
GMAT & LSAT CR 1AG
t!e 'lots.
.3/ So&e eeds t!at co&'ete it! to&atoes cannot tolerate !i#! a&o%nts o"
&a#nesi%& salts in t!e soil.
.E/ T!e to e('eri&ental 'lots di""ered "ro& eac! ot!er it! res'ect to soil
te(t%re and e('os%re to s%nli#!t.
@. Arc!aeolo#ists !ave "o%nd !eeled cera&ic to,s &ade b, t!e Toltec9 tel"t!8
cent%r, in!abitants o" !at is no 4eracr%). Alt!o%#! t!ere is no arc!aeolo#ical
evidence t!at t!e Toltec %sed !eels "or an,t!in# b%t to,s9 so&e ant!ro'olo#ists
!,'ot!esi)e t!at !eeled %tilit, ve!icles ere %sed to carr, &aterials needed "or
t!e &on%&ental str%ct%res t!e Toltec 'rod%ced.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost !el' t!e ant!ro'olo#ists e('lain t!e
lack o" evidence noted above-
.A/ T!e Toltec so&eti&es incor'orated into t!eir to,s re'resentations o" %tensils
or ot!er devices t!at served so&e 'ractical '%r'ose.
.1/ An, !eeled %tilit, ve!icles %sed b, t!e Toltec co%ld !ave been &ade
entirel, o" ood9 and %nlike cera&ic9 ood deca,s ra'idl, in t!e !%&id
cli&ate o" 4eracr%).
.C/ Carvin#s in &on%&ent alls s%##est t!at t!e Toltecs !eeled cera&ic to,s
so&eti&es !ad rit%al %ses in addition to bein# %sed b, bot! c!ildren and
ad%lts as decorations and 'la,t!in#s.
.3/ 6!eeled %tilit, ve!icles ere %sed d%rin# t!e tel"t! cent%r, in &an, areas
o" t!e orld9 b%t d%rin# t!is ti&e !eeled to,s ere not ver, co&&on in
areas o%tside 4eracr%).
.E/ So&e o" t!e !eeled cera&ic to,s ere "o%nd near t!e re&ains o"
&on%&ental str%ct%res.
G. 3e&o#ra'!ers doin# researc! "or an international econo&ics nesletter clai&
t!at t!e avera#e 'er ca'ita inco&e in t!e co%ntr, o" M%'tala is s%bstantiall, loer
t!an t!at in t!e co%ntr, o" 1a!lton. T!e, also clai&9 !oever9 t!at !ereas
'overt, is relativel, rare in M%'tala9 over !al" t!e 'o'%lation o" 1a!lton lives in
e(tre&e 'overt,. At least one o" t!e de&o#ra'!ers clai&s &%st9 t!ere"ore9 be
ron#.
T!e ar#%&ent above is &ost v%lnerable to !ic! o" t!e "olloin# criticis&s-
.A/ It re+ects an e&'irical clai& abo%t t!e avera#e 'er ca'ita inco&es in t!e to
co%ntries it!o%t &akin# an, atte&'t to discredit t!at clai& b, o""erin#
additional econo&ic evidence.
.1/ It treats t!e va#%e ter& >'overt,? as t!o%#! it !ad a 'recise and %niversall,
acce'ted &eanin#.
.C/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le in t!e to co%ntries
!o live in 'overt, co%ld be t!e sa&e even t!o%#! t!e 'ercenta#es o" t!e
to 'o'%lations t!at live in 'overt, di""er &arkedl,.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1AA
.3/ It "ails to s!o t!at ealt! and 'overt, !ave t!e sa&e social si#ni"icance in
M%'tala as in 1a!lton.
.E/ It does not consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at inco&es in M%'tala9 %nlike t!ose in
1a!lton9 &i#!t all be ver, close to t!e co%ntr,s avera#e 'er ca'ita inco&e.
A. 2or&all,9 increases in t!e 'rice o" a 'rod%ct decrease its sales e(ce't !en t!e
'rice increase acco&'anies an i&'rove&ent in t!e 'rod%ct. 6ine is %n%s%al9
!oever. 7"ten increases in t!e 'rice o" a 'artic%lar 'rod%cers ine ill res%lt in
increased sales9 even !en t!e ine itsel" is %nc!an#ed.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does &ost to e('lain t!e ano&al, described
above-
.A/ T!e retail ine &arket is c!aracteri)ed b, an e(tre&el, ide ran#e o"
co&'etin# 'rod%cts.
.1/ Man, cons%&ers &ake decisions abo%t !ic! ines to '%rc!ase on t!e basis
o" revies o" ine '%blis!ed in books and 'eriodicals.
.C/ Cons%&ers selectin# ine in a store o"ten %se t!e 'rice c!ar#ed as t!eir &ain
#%ide to t!e ines 0%alit,.
.3/ 6ine retailers and 'rod%cers can #enerall, increase t!e sales o" a 'artic%lar
ine te&'oraril, b, introd%cin# a 'rice disco%nt.
.E/ Cons%&ers !o '%rc!ase ine re#%larl, #enerall, !ave stron# o'inions
abo%t !ic! ines t!e, 're"er.
B. T!e recent decline in land 'rices !as !%rt &an, instit%tions t!at !ad invested
!eavil, in real estate. Last ,ear9 be"ore t!e decline be#an9 a local colle#e added
59III acres to its !oldin#s. T!e colle#e9 !oever9 did not '%rc!ase t!e land b%t
received it as a #i"t. T!ere"ore t!e 'rice decline ill 'robabl, not a""ect t!e
colle#e.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts &ost do%bt on t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ T!e 59III acres t!at t!e colle#e as #iven last ,ear are located it!in t!e
sa&e co&&%nit, as t!e colle#e itsel".
.1/ T!e colle#e %s%all, receives &ore contrib%tions o" &one, t!an o" real estate.
.C/ Land 'rices in t!e re#ion in !ic! t!e colle#e is located are c%rrentl, !i#!er
t!an t!e national avera#e.
.3/ Last ,ear9 t!e a&o%nt t!at t!e colle#e allocated to 'a, "or renovations
incl%ded &one, it e('ected to receive b, sellin# so&e o" its land t!is ,ear.
.E/ Last ,ear9 t!e colle#e 'aid no 'ro'ert, ta(es on land occ%'ied b, colle#e
b%ildin#s b%t instead 'aid "ees to co&'ensate t!e local #overn&ent "or
services 'rovided.
H. Civil trials o"ten involve #reat co&'le(ities t!at are be,ond t!e ca'acities o"
+%rors to %nderstand. As a res%lt9 +%rors decisions in s%c! trials are "re0%entl,
incorrect. J%stice o%ld t!ere"ore be better served i" t!e &ore co&'le( trials ere
GMAT & LSAT CR 1AB
decided b, +%d#es rat!er t!an +%ries.
T!e ar#%&ent above de'ends on !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ A &a+orit, o" civil trials involve co&'le(ities t!at +%rors are not ca'able o"
%nderstandin#.
.1/ T!e +%d#es !o o%ld decide co&'le( civil trials o%ld be better able to
%nderstand t!e co&'le(ities o" t!ose trials t!an +%rors are.
.C/ T!e +%d#es !o o%ld 'reside over civil trials o%ld disallo t!e &ost
co&'le( sorts o" evidence "ro& bein# introd%ced into t!ose trials.
.3/ J%rors decisions are "re0%entl, incorrect even in t!ose civil trials t!at do not
involve #reat co&'le(ities.
.E/ T!e sole reason in "avor o" !avin# +%ries decide civil trials is t!e s%''osition
t!at t!eir decisions ill al&ost ala,s be correct.
1I. So&e s'ecies o" dol'!ins "ind t!eir 're, b, ec!olocationD t!e, e&it clickin#
so%nds and listen "or ec!oes ret%rnin# "ro& distant ob+ects in t!e ater. Marine
biolo#ists !ave s'ec%lated t!at t!ose sa&e clickin# so%nds &i#!t !ave a second
"%nction: 'artic%larl, lo%d clicks &i#!t be %sed b, t!e dol'!ins to st%n t!eir 're,
at close ran#e t!ro%#! sensor, overload.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" discovered to be tr%e9 o%ld cast t!e &ost serio%s
do%bt on t!e correctness o" t!e s'ec%lation described above-
.A/ 3ol'!ins t!at %se ec!olocation to locate distant 're, also e&it "re0%ent
clicks at inter&ediate distances as t!e, close in on t!eir 're,.
.1/ T!e %se"%lness o" ec!olocation as a &eans o" locatin# 're, de'ends on t!e
clickin# so%nds bein# o" a t,'e t!at t!e 're, is inca'able o" 'erceivin#9
re#ardless o" vol%&e.
.C/ I" dol'!ins st%n t!eir 're,9 t!e e""ect is bo%nd to be so te&'orar, t!at
st%nnin# "ro& "ar aa,9 even i" 'ossible9 o%ld be ine""ective.
.3/ Ec!olocation a''ears to #ive dol'!ins t!at %se it in"or&ation abo%t t!e
ric!ness o" a so%rce o" "ood as ell as abo%t its direction.
.E/ T!e &ore distant a dol'!ins 're,9 t!e lo%der t!e ec!olocation clicks &%st be
i" t!e, are to reveal t!e 're,s 'resence to t!e !%ntin# dol'!in.
11. Advertise&ent: T!e orlds best co""ee beans co&e "ro& Colo&bia. T!e &ore
Colo&bian beans in a blend o" co""ee9 t!e better t!e blend9 and no co&'an,
'%rc!ases &ore Colo&bian beans t!an Mree&o Co""ee9 Inc. So it onl, stands to
reason t!at i" ,o% b%, a can o" Mree&os co""ee9 ,o%re b%,in# t!e best blended
co""ee available toda,.
T!e reasonin# o" t!e ar#%&ent in t!e advertise&ent is "laed beca%se it
overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at
.A/ t!e e0%i'&ent %sed b, Mree&o to blend and 'acka#e its co""ee is no di""erent
"ro& t!at %sed b, &ost ot!er co""ee 'rod%cers
.1/ not all o" Mree&os co&'etitors %se Colo&bian co""ee beans in t!e blends o"
GMAT & LSAT CR 1AH
co""ee t!e, sell
.C/ Mree&o sells &ore co""ee t!an does an, ot!er co&'an,
.3/ Mree&os co""ee is t!e &ost e('ensive blended co""ee available toda,
.E/ t!e best %nblended co""ee is better t!an t!e best blended co""ee
15. T!e onl, '%r'ose "or !ic! a 'artic%lar t,'e o" ta'e is needed is to !old certain
s%r#ical o%nds closed "or ten da,sKt!e &a(i&%& ti&e s%c! o%nds need ta'e.
2eta'e is a ne brand o" t!is t,'e o" ta'e. 2eta'es sales'eo'le clai& t!at
2eta'e ill i&'rove !ealin# beca%se 2eta'e ad!eres tice as lon# as t!e
c%rrentl, %sed ta'e does.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, call into
0%estion t!e clai& &ade b, 2eta'es sales'eo'le-
.A/ Most s%r#ical o%nds take abo%t ten da,s to !eal.
.1/ Most s%r#ical ta'e is '%rc!ased b, !os'itals and clinics rat!er t!an b,
individ%al s%r#eons.
.C/ T!e c%rrentl, %sed ta'es ad!esiveness is &ore t!an s%""icient to !old
o%nds closed "or ten da,s.
.3/ 2eit!er 2eta'e nor t!e c%rrentl, %sed ta'e ad!eres ell to skin t!at !as not
been cleaned.
.E/ 2eta'es ad!esion to skin t!at !as been coated it! a s'ecial c!e&ical
're'aration is onl, !al" as #ood as t!e c%rrentl, %sed ta'es ad!esion to s%c!
coated skin.
1<. A severe dro%#!t can act%all, lessen t!e total a&o%nt o" #overn&ent aid t!at
=nited States "ar&ers receive as a #ro%'. T!e #overn&ent 'a,s "ar&ers t!e
a&o%nt9 i" an,9 b, !ic! t!e &arket 'rice at !ic! cro's are act%all, sold "alls
s!ort o" a 'reset tar#et 'rice 'er b%s!el "or t!e cro's. T!e dro%#!t o" 1HB<9 "or
e(a&'le9 ca%sed "ar&8'ro#ra& 'a,&ents to dro' b, L1I billion.
Given t!e in"or&ation above9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best e('lains !,
t!e dro%#!t o" 1HB< res%lted in a red%ction in "ar&8'ro#ra& 'a,&ents-
.A/ Frior to t!e dro%#!t o" 1HB<9 t!e #overn&ent raised t!e tar#et 'rice "or cro's
in order to aid "ar&ers in red%cin# t!eir debt loads.
.1/ 3%e to t!e dro%#!t o" 1HB<9 =nited States "ar&ers e('orted less "ood in 1HB<
t!an in t!e 'recedin# ,ear.
.C/ 3%e to t!e dro%#!t o" 1HB<9 =nited States "ar&ers !ad s&aller !arvests and
t!%s received a !i#!er &arket 'rice "or t!e 1HB< cro' t!an "or t!e lar#er
cro' o" t!e 'recedin# ,ear.
.3/ 3%e to t!e dro%#!t o" 1HB<9 =nited States "ar&ers 'lanned to 'lant s&aller
cro's in 1HBC t!an t!e, !ad in 1HB<.
.E/ 3es'ite t!e dro%#!t o" 1HB<9 retail 'rices "or "ood did not increase
si#ni"icantl, beteen 1HB5 and 1HB<.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1BI
1C. In order to increase reven%es9 an air'ort 'lans to c!an#e t!e 'arkin# "ees it
c!ar#es at its !o%rl, 'arkin# lots. Rat!er t!an c!ar#in# L5.II "or t!e "irst to8
!o%r 'eriod9 or 'art t!ereo"9 and L1.II "or eac! !o%r t!erea"ter9 t!e air'ort ill
c!ar#e LC.II "or t!e "irst "o%r8!o%r 'eriod9 or 'art t!ereo"9 and L1.II "or eac!
!o%r t!erea"ter.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is a consideration t!at9 i" tr%e9 s%##ests t!at t!e 'lan ill
be s%ccess"%l in increasin# reven%es-
.A/ 4er, "e 'eo'le !o 'ark t!eir cars at t!e !o%rl, 'arkin# lot at t!e air'ort
leave t!eir cars "or &ore t!an to !o%rs at a ti&e.
.1/ 7ver t!e 'ast several ,ears9 t!e cost to t!e air'ort o" o'eratin# its !o%rl,
'arkin# "acilities !as been #reater t!an t!e reven%es it !as received "ro&
t!e&.
.C/ Feo'le !o leave t!eir cars at t!e air'ort !ile on a tri' #enerall, 'ark t!eir
cars in lots t!at c!ar#e b, t!e da, rat!er t!an b, t!e !o%r.
.3/ A si#ni"icant 'ortion o" t!e &one, s'ent to o'erate t!e air'ort 'arkin# lot is
s'ent to &aintain t!e "acilities rat!er t!an to 'a, t!e salaries o" t!e
'ersonnel !o collect t!e 'arkin# "ees.
.E/ T!e !o%rl, 'arkin# lots at t!e air'ort !ave recentl, been e('anded and are
t!ere"ore rarel, "illed to ca'acit,.
1@. In t!e co%rse o" !er researc!es9 a !istorian recentl, "o%nd to doc%&ents
&entionin# t!e sa&e 'erson9 Eric! Sc!nit)ler. 7ne9 dated Ma, <9 1A<H9 is a
record o" Sc!nit)lers arrest "or 'eddlin# it!o%t a license. T!e second9 %ndated9
is a state&ent b, Sc!nit)ler assertin# t!at !e !as been 'eddlin# o"" and on "or 5I
,ears.
T!e "acts above best s%''ort !ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions-
.A/ Sc!nit)ler started 'eddlin# aro%nd 1A1H.
.1/ Sc!nit)ler as arrested re'eatedl, "or 'eddlin#.
.C/ T!e %ndated doc%&ent as ritten be"ore 1AG@.
.3/ T!e arrest record as ritten a"ter t!e %ndated doc%&ent.
.E/ T!e arrest record 'rovides better evidence t!at Sc!nit)ler 'eddled t!an does
t!e %ndated doc%&ent.
1G. T!e recent %'!eaval in t!e o""ice8e0%i'&ent retail b%siness9 in !ic! &an, s&all
"ir&s !ave #one o%t o" b%siness9 !as been attrib%ted to t!e advent o" o""ice
e0%i'&ent >s%'erstores? !ose !i#! sales vol%&e kee's t!eir 'rices lo. T!is
anal,sis is "laed9 !oever9 since even toda, t!e s%'erstores control a ver, s&all
s!are o" t!e retail &arket.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e ar#%&ent t!at t!e
anal,sis is "laed-
.A/ Most o" t!e lar#er c%sto&ers "or o""ice e0%i'&ent '%rc!ase %nder contract
directl, "ro& &an%"act%rers and t!%s do not 'artici'ate in t!e retail &arket.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1B1
.1/ T!e s%'erstores !eav, advertisin# o" t!eir lo 'rices !as "orced 'rices don
t!ro%#!o%t t!e retail &arket "or o""ice s%''lies.
.C/ So&e o" t!e s%'erstores t!at onl, recentl, o'ened !ave t!e&selves #one o%t
o" b%siness.
.3/ Most o" t!e o""ice e0%i'&ent s%'erstores are oned b, lar#e retailin# c!ains
t!at also on stores sellin# ot!er t,'es o" #oods.
.E/ T!e #roin# i&'ortance o" co&'%ters in &ost o""ices !as c!an#ed t!e kind
o" o""ice e0%i'&ent retailers &%st stock.
TEST 1A
1. A re'ort on acid rain concl%ded9 >Most "orests in Canada are not bein# da&a#ed
b, acid rain.? Critics o" t!e re'ort insist t!e concl%sion be c!an#ed to9 >Most
"orests in Canada do not s!o visible s,&'to&s o" da&a#e b, acid rain9 s%c! as
abnor&al loss o" leaves9 sloer rates o" #rot!9 or !i#!er &ortalit,.?
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e best lo#ical +%sti"ication "or t!e
critics insistence t!at t!e re'orts concl%sion be c!an#ed-
.A/ So&e "orests in Canada are bein# da&a#ed b, acid rain.
.1/ Acid rain co%ld be ca%sin# da&a#e "or !ic! s,&'to&s !ave not ,et beco&e
visible.
.C/ T!e re'ort does not co&'are acid rain da&a#e to Canadian "orests it! acid
rain da&a#e to "orests in ot!er co%ntries.
.3/ All "orests in Canada !ave received acid rain d%rin# t!e 'ast "i"teen ,ears.
.E/ T!e severit, o" da&a#e b, acid rain di""ers "ro& "orest to "orest.
5. In t!e 'ast &ost airline co&'anies &ini&i)ed aircra"t ei#!t to &ini&i)e "%el
costs. T!e sa"est airline seats ere !eav,9 and airlines e0%i''ed t!eir 'lanes it!
"e o" t!ese seats. T!is ,ear t!e seat t!at !as sold best to airlines !as been t!e
sa"est oneKa clear indication t!at airlines are assi#nin# a !i#!er 'riorit, to sa"e
seatin# t!an to &ini&i)in# "%el costs.
.A/ Last ,ears best8sellin# airline seat as not t!e sa"est airline seat on t!e
&arket.
.1/ 2o airline co&'an, !as anno%nced t!at it o%ld be &akin# sa"e seatin# a
!i#!er 'riorit, t!is ,ear.
.C/ T!e 'rice o" "%el as !i#!er t!is ,ear t!an it !ad been in &ost o" t!e ,ears
!en t!e sa"est airline seats sold 'oorl,.
.3/ 1eca%se o" increases in t!e cost o" &aterials9 all airline seats ere &ore
e('ensive to &an%"act%re t!is ,ear t!an in an, 'revio%s ,ear.
.E/ 1eca%se o" tec!nolo#ical innovations9 t!e sa"est airline seat on t!e &arket
t!is ,ear ei#!ed less t!an &ost ot!er airline seats on t!e &arket.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1B5
<. A co&'%ter e0%i''ed it! si#nat%re8reco#nition so"tare9 !ic! restricts access
to a co&'%ter to t!ose 'eo'le !ose si#nat%res are on "ile9 identi"ies a 'ersons
si#nat%re b, anal,)in# not onl, t!e "or& o" t!e si#nat%re b%t also s%c!
c!aracteristics as 'en 'ress%re and si#nin# s'eed. Even t!e &ost ade't "or#ers
cannot d%'licate all o" t!e c!aracteristics t!e 'ro#ra& anal,)es.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# can be lo#icall, concl%ded "ro& t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ T!e ti&e it takes to record and anal,)e a si#nat%re &akes t!e so"tare
i&'ractical "or ever,da, %se.
.1/ Co&'%ters e0%i''ed it! t!e so"tare ill soon be installed in &ost banks.
.C/ 2obod, can #ain access to a co&'%ter e0%i''ed it! t!e so"tare solel, b,
virt%e o" skill at "or#in# si#nat%res.
.3/ Si#nat%re8reco#nition so"tare !as taken &an, ,ears to develo' and 'er"ect.
.E/ In &an, cases even a%t!ori)ed %sers are denied le#iti&ate access to
co&'%ters e0%i''ed it! t!e so"tare.
C. 3ivision &ana#er: I ant to re'lace t!e Microton co&'%ters in &, division it!
4itec! co&'%ters.
General &ana#er: 6!,-
3ivision &ana#er: It costs 5B 'ercent less to train ne sta"" on t!e 4itec!.
General &ana#er: 1%t t!at is not a #ood eno%#! reason. 6e can si&'l, !ire onl,
'eo'le !o alread, kno !o to %se t!e Microton co&'%ter.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e #eneral &ana#ers
ob+ection to t!e re'lace&ent o" Microton co&'%ters it! 4itec!s-
.A/ C%rrentl, all e&'lo,ees in t!e co&'an, are re0%ired to attend orks!o's on
!o to %se Microton co&'%ters in ne a''lications.
.1/ 7nce e&'lo,ees learn !o to %se a co&'%ter9 t!e, tend to c!an#e e&'lo,ers
&ore readil, t!an be"ore.
.C/ E('erienced %sers o" Microton co&'%ters co&&and &%c! !i#!er salaries
t!an do 'ros'ective e&'lo,ees !o !ave no e('erience in t!e %se o"
co&'%ters.
.3/ T!e avera#e 'rod%ctivit, o" e&'lo,ees in t!e #eneral &ana#ers co&'an, is
belo t!e avera#e 'rod%ctivit, o" t!e e&'lo,ees o" its co&'etitors.
.E/ T!e !i#! costs o" re'lace&ent 'arts &ake 4itec! co&'%ters &ore e('ensive
to &aintain t!an Microton co&'%ters.
@. An air'lane en#ine &an%"act%rer develo'ed a ne en#ine &odel it! sa"et,
"eat%res lackin# in t!e earlier &odel9 !ic! as still bein# &an%"act%red. 3%rin#
t!e "irst ,ear t!at bot! ere sold9 t!e earlier &odel "ar o%tsold t!e ne &odelD t!e
&an%"act%rer t!%s concl%ded t!at sa"et, as not t!e c%sto&ers 'ri&ar,
consideration.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e &an%"act%rers
GMAT & LSAT CR 1B<
concl%sion-
.A/ 1ot! 'rivate 'lane oners and co&&ercial airlines b%, en#ines "ro& t!is
air'lane en#ine &an%"act%rer.
.1/ Man, c%sto&ers consider earlier en#ine &odels better sa"et, risks t!an ne
en#ine &odels9 since &ore is %s%all, knon abo%t t!e sa"et, o" t!e earlier
&odels.
.C/ Man, c%sto&ers o" t!is air'lane en#ine &an%"act%rer also bo%#!t air'lane
en#ines "ro& &an%"act%rers !o did not 'rovide additional sa"et, "eat%res
in t!eir neer &odels.
.3/ T!e neer en#ine &odel can be %sed in all 'lanes in !ic! t!e earlier en#ine
&odel can be %sed.
.E/ T!ere as no si#ni"icant di""erence in 'rice beteen t!e neer en#ine &odel
and t!e earlier en#ine &odel.
G. 1eteen 1HA@ and 1HB@9 n%rsin#8!o&e occ%'anc, rates avera#ed BA 'ercent o"
ca'acit,9 !ile ad&ission rates re&ained constant9 at an avera#e o" H@ ad&issions
'er 19III beds 'er ,ear. 1eteen 1HB@ and 1HBB9 !oever9 occ%'anc, rates rose
to an avera#e o" H5 'ercent o" ca'acit,9 !ile ad&ission rates declined to B1 'er
19III beds 'er ,ear.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can be &ost
'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ T!e avera#e len#t! o" ti&e n%rsin#8!o&e residents sta,ed in n%rsin# !o&es
increased beteen 1HB@ and 1HBB.
.1/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" older 'eo'le livin# in n%rsin# !o&es as #reater in 1HBB
t!an in 1HA@.
.C/ 2%rsin# !o&e ad&ission rates tend to decline !enever occ%'anc, rates rise.
.3/ 2%rsin# !o&es b%ilt 'rior to 1HB@ #enerall, !ad "eer beds t!an did n%rsin#
!o&es b%ilt beteen 1HB@ and 1HBB.
.E/ T!e &ore beds a n%rsin# !o&e !as9 t!e !i#!er its occ%'anc, rate is likel, to
be.
A. $ir&s ado'tin# >'ro"it8related8'a,? .FRF/ contracts 'a, a#es at levels t!at var,
it! t!e "ir&s 'ro"its. In t!e &etalorkin# ind%str, last ,ear9 "ir&s it! FRF
contracts in 'lace s!oed 'rod%ctivit, 'er orker on avera#e 1< 'ercent !i#!er
t!an t!at o" t!eir co&'etitors !o %sed &ore traditional contracts.
I"9 on t!e basis o" t!e evidence above9 it is ar#%ed t!at FRF contracts increase
orker 'rod%ctivit,9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl,
eaken t!at ar#%&ent-
.A/ Res%lts si&ilar to t!ose cited "or t!e &etalorkin# ind%str, !ave been "o%nd
in ot!er ind%stries !ere FRF contracts are %sed.
.1/ =nder FRF contracts costs ot!er t!an labor costs9 s%c! as 'lant9 &ac!iner,9
and ener#,9 &ake %' an increased 'ro'ortion o" t!e total cost o" eac! %nit o"
GMAT & LSAT CR 1BC
o%t'%t.
.C/ 1eca%se introd%cin# FRF contracts #reatl, c!an#es individ%al orkers
relations!i's to t!e "ir&9 ne#otiatin# t!e introd%ction o" FRF contracts is
co&'le( and ti&e cons%&in#.
.3/ Man, "ir&s in t!e &etalorkin# ind%str, !ave &oderni)ed 'rod%ction
e0%i'&ent in t!e last "ive ,ears9 and &ost o" t!ese introd%ced FRF contracts
at t!e sa&e ti&e.
.E/ In "ir&s in t!e &etalorkin# ind%str, !ere FRF contracts are in 'lace9 t!e
avera#e take8!o&e 'a, is 1@ 'ercent !i#!er t!an it is in t!ose "ir&s !ere
orkers !ave &ore traditional contracts.
B. Cro's can be traded on t!e "%t%res &arket be"ore t!e, are !arvested. I" a 'oor
corn !arvest is 'redicted9 'rices o" corn "%t%res riseD i" a bo%nti"%l corn !arvest is
'redicted9 'rices o" corn "%t%res "all. T!is &ornin# &eteorolo#ists are 'redictin#
&%c!8needed rain "or t!e corn8#roin# re#ion startin# to&orro. T!ere"ore9
since ade0%ate &oist%re is essential "or t!e c%rrent cro's s%rvival9 'rices o" corn
"%t%res ill "all s!ar'l, toda,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost eakens t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Corn t!at does not receive ade0%ate &oist%re d%rin# its critical 'ollination
sta#e ill not 'rod%ce a bo%nti"%l !arvest.
.1/ $%t%res 'rices "or corn !ave been "l%ct%atin# &ore dra&aticall, t!is season
t!an last season.
.C/ T!e rain t!at &eteorolo#ists 'redicted "or to&orro is e('ected to e(tend
ell be,ond t!e corn8#roin# re#ion.
.3/ A#ric%lt%re e('erts anno%nced toda, t!at a disease t!at !as devastated so&e
o" t!e corn cro' ill s'read idel, be"ore t!e end o" t!e #roin# season.
.E/ Most 'eo'le !o trade in corn "%t%res rarel, take '!,sical 'ossession o" t!e
corn t!e, trade.
H. A disco%nt retailer o" basic !o%se!old necessities e&'lo,s t!o%sands o" 'eo'le
and 'a,s &ost o" t!e& at t!e &ini&%& a#e rate. *et "olloin# a "ederall,
&andated increase o" t!e &ini&%& a#e rate t!at increased t!e retailers
o'eratin# costs considerabl,9 t!e retailers 'ro"its increased &arkedl,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to resolve t!e a''arent 'arado(-
.A/ 7ver !al" o" t!e retailers o'eratin# costs consist o" 'a,roll e('endit%resD ,et
onl, a s&all 'ercenta#e o" t!ose e('endit%res #o to 'a, &ana#e&ent
salaries.
.1/ T!e retailers c%sto&er base is &ade %' 'ri&aril, o" 'eo'le !o earn9 or
!o de'end on t!e earnin#s o" ot!ers !o earn9 t!e &ini&%& a#e.
.C/ T!e retailers o'eratin# costs9 ot!er t!an a#es9 increased s%bstantiall, a"ter
t!e increase in t!e &ini&%& a#e rate ent into e""ect.
.3/ 6!en t!e increase in t!e &ini&%& a#e rate ent into e""ect9 t!e retailer
GMAT & LSAT CR 1B@
also raised t!e a#e rate "or e&'lo,ees !o !ad been earnin# +%st above
&ini&%& a#e.
.E/ T!e &a+orit, o" t!e retailers e&'lo,ees ork as cas!iers9 and &ost cas!iers
are 'aid t!e &ini&%& a#e.
1I. T!e cotton "ar&s o" Co%ntr, N beca&e so 'rod%ctive t!at t!e &arket co%ld not
absorb all t!at t!e, 'rod%ced. Conse0%entl,9 cotton 'rices "ell. T!e #overn&ent
tried to boost cotton 'rices b, o""erin# "ar&ers !o took 5@ 'ercent o" t!eir
cotton acrea#e o%t o" 'rod%ction direct s%''ort 'a,&ents %' to a s'eci"ied
&a(i&%& 'er "ar&.
T!e #overn&ents 'ro#ra&9 i" s%ccess"%l9 ill not be a net b%rden on t!e b%d#et.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e best basis "or an e('lanation o" !o t!is
co%ld be so-
.A/ 3e'ressed cotton 'rices &eant o'eratin# losses "or cotton "ar&s9 and t!e
#overn&ent lost reven%e "ro& ta(es on "ar& 'ro"its.
.1/ Cotton 'rod%ction in several co%nties ot!er t!an N declined sli#!tl, t!e ,ear
t!at t!e s%''ort8'a,&ent 'ro#ra& ent into e""ect in N.
.C/ T!e "irst ,ear t!at t!e s%''ort8'a,&ent 'ro#ra& as in e""ect9 cotton acrea#e
in N as @P belo its level in t!e base ,ear "or t!e 'ro#ra&.
.3/ T!e s'eci"ied &a(i&%& 'er "ar& &eant t!at "or ver, lar#e cotton "ar&s t!e
s%''ort 'a,&ents ere less 'er acre "or t!ose acres t!at ere it!dran
"ro& 'rod%ction t!an t!e, ere "or s&aller "ar&s.
.E/ $ar&ers !o is!ed to 0%ali", "or s%''ort 'a,&ents co%ld not %se t!e cotton
acrea#e t!at as it!dran "ro& 'rod%ction to #ro an, ot!er cro'.
11. =nited States !os'itals !ave traditionall, relied 'ri&aril, on reven%es "ro&
'a,in# 'atients to o""set losses "ro& %nrei&b%rsed care. Al&ost all 'a,in#
'atients no rel, on #overn&ental or 'rivate !ealt! ins%rance to 'a, !os'ital
bills. Recentl,9 ins%rers !ave been strictl, li&itin# !at t!e, 'a, !os'itals "or t!e
care o" ins%red 'atients to a&o%nts at or belo act%al costs.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is best s%''orted b, t!e in"or&ation above-
.A/ Alt!o%#! t!e advance o" tec!nolo#, !as &ade e('ensive &edical 'roced%res
available to t!e ealt!,9 s%c! 'roced%res are o%t o" t!e reac! o" lo8inco&e
'atients.
.1/ I" !os'itals do not "ind a,s to raisin# additional inco&e "or %nrei&b%rsed
care9 t!e, &%st eit!er den, so&e o" t!at care or s%""er losses i" t!e, #ive it.
.C/ So&e 'atients !ave inco&es too !i#! "or eli#ibilit, "or #overn&ental !ealt!
ins%rance b%t are %nable to a""ord 'rivate ins%rance "or !os'ital care.
.3/ I" t!e !os'itals red%ce t!eir costs in 'rovidin# care9 ins%rance co&'anies ill
&aintain t!e c%rrent level o" rei&b%rse&ent9 t!ereb, 'rovidin# &ore "%nds
"or %nrei&b%rsed care.
.E/ Even t!o%#! '!ilant!ro'ic donations !ave traditionall, 'rovided so&e
GMAT & LSAT CR 1BG
s%''ort "or t!e !os'itals9 s%c! donations are at 'resent declinin#.
15. Generall, scientists enter t!eir "ield it! t!e #oal o" doin# i&'ortant ne
researc! and acce't as t!eir collea#%es t!ose it! si&ilar &otivation. T!ere"ore9
!en an, scientist ins renon as an e('o%nder o" science to #eneral a%diences9
&ost ot!er scientists concl%de t!at t!is 'o'%lari)er s!o%ld no lon#er be re#arded
as a tr%e collea#%e.
T!e e('lanation o""ered above "or t!e lo estee& in !ic! scienti"ic
'o'%lari)ers are !eld b, researc! scientists ass%&es t!at
.A/ serio%s scienti"ic researc! is not a solitar, activit,9 b%t relies on active
coo'eration a&on# a #ro%' o" collea#%es
.1/ researc! scientists tend not to re#ard as collea#%es t!ose scientists !ose
renon t!e, env,
.C/ a scientist can beco&e a "a&o%s 'o'%lari)er it!o%t !avin# co&'leted an,
i&'ortant researc!
.3/ researc! scientists believe t!at t!ose !o are ell knon as 'o'%lari)ers o"
science are not &otivated to do i&'ortant ne researc!
.E/ no i&'ortant ne researc! can be accessible to or acc%ratel, assessed b,
t!ose !o are not t!e&selves scientists
1<. Mo%t! cancer is a dan#er "or 'eo'le !o rarel, br%s! t!eir teet!. In order to
ac!ieve earl, detection o" &o%t! cancer in t!ese individ%als9 a tons '%blic
!ealt! o""icials sent a 'a&'!let to all ton residents9 describin# !o to 'er"or&
eekl, sel"8e(a&inations o" t!e &o%t! "or l%&'s.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e best criticis& o" t!e 'a&'!let as a &et!od
o" ac!ievin# t!e '%blic !ealt! o""icials #oal-
.A/ Man, dental diseases 'rod%ce s,&'to&s t!at cannot be detected in a eekl,
sel"8e(a&ination.
.1/ 7nce &o%t! cancer !as been detected9 t!e e""ectiveness o" treat&ent can var,
"ro& 'erson to 'erson.
.C/ T!e 'a&'!let as sent to all ton residents9 incl%din# t!ose individ%als !o
br%s! t!eir teet! re#%larl,.
.3/ Mo%t! cancer is &%c! &ore co&&on in ad%lts t!an in c!ildren.
.E/ Feo'le !o rarel, br%s! t!eir teet! are %nlikel, to 'er"or& a eekl,
e(a&ination o" t!eir &o%t!.
1C. Tec!nolo#ical i&'rove&ents and red%ced e0%i'&ent costs !ave &ade convertin#
solar ener#, directl, into electricit, "ar &ore cost8e""icient in t!e last decade.
:oever9 t!e t!res!old o" econo&ic viabilit, "or solar 'oer .t!at is9 t!e 'rice
'er barrel to !ic! oil o%ld !ave to rise in order "or ne solar 'oer 'lants to
be &ore econo&ical t!an ne oil8"ired 'oer 'lants/ is %nc!an#ed at t!irt,8"ive
dollars.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1BA
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does &ost to !el' e('lain !, t!e increased
cost8e""icienc, o" solar 'oer !as not decreased its t!res!old o" econo&ic
viabilit,-
.A/ T!e cost o" oil !as "allen dra&aticall,.
.1/ T!e red%ction in t!e cost o" solar8'oer e0%i'&ent !as occ%rred des'ite
increased ra &aterial costs "or t!at e0%i'&ent.
.C/ Tec!nolo#ical c!an#es !ave increased t!e e""icienc, o" oil8"ired 'oer
'lants.
.3/ Most electricit, is #enerated b, coal8"ired or n%clear9 rat!er t!an oil8"ired9
'oer 'lants.
.E/ 6!en t!e 'rice o" oil increases9 reserves o" oil not 'revio%sl, ort!
e('loitin# beco&e econo&icall, viable.
1@. Start8%' co&'anies "inanced b, vent%re ca'italist !ave a &%c! loer "ail%re rate
t!an co&'anies "inanced b, ot!er &eans. So%rce o" "inancin#9 t!ere"ore9 &%st be
a &ore i&'ortant ca%sative "actor in t!e s%ccess o" a start8%' co&'an, t!an are
s%c! "actors as t!e 'ersonal c!aracteristics o" t!e entre'rene%r9 t!e 0%alit, o"
strate#ic 'lannin#9 or t!e &ana#e&ent str%ct%re o" t!e co&'an,.
.A/ 4ent%re ca'italists tend to be &ore res'onsive t!an ot!er so%rces o"
"inancin# to c!an#es in a start8%' co&'an,s "inancial needs.
.1/ T!e strate#ic 'lannin# o" a start8%' co&'an, is a less i&'ortant "actor in t!e
lon#8ter& s%ccess o" t!e co&'an, t!an are t!e 'ersonal c!aracteristics o"
t!e entre'rene%r.
.C/ More t!an !al" o" all ne co&'anies "all it!in "ive ,ears.
.3/ T!e &ana#e&ent str%ct%res o" start8%' co&'anies are #enerall, less "or&al
t!an t!e &ana#e&ent str%ct%res o" on#oin# b%sinesses.
.E/ 4ent%re ca'italists base t!eir decisions to "%nd start8%' co&'anies on s%c!
"actors as t!e c!aracteristics o" t!e entre'rene%r and 0%alit, o" strate#ic
'lannin# o" t!e co&'an,.
1G. T!e 'ro'ortion o" o&en a&on# st%dents enrolled in !i#!er ed%cation 'ro#ra&s
!as increased over t!e 'ast decades. T!is is 'artl, s!on b, t!e "act t!at in 1H@H9
onl, 11 'ercent o" t!e o&en beteen tent, and tent,8one ere enrolled in
colle#e9 !ile in 1HB19 <I 'ercent o" t!e o&en beteen tent, and tent,8one
ere enrolled in colle#e.
To eval%ate t!e ar#%&ent above9 it o%ld be &ost %se"%l to co&'are 1H@H and
1HB1 it! re#ard to !ic! o" t!e "olloin# c!aracteristics-
.A/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" o&en beteen tent, and tent,8one !o ere not
enrolled in colle#e
.1/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" o&en beteen tent, and tent,8"ive !o #rad%ated
"ro& colle#e
GMAT & LSAT CR 1BB
.C/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" o&en !o9 a"ter attendin# colle#e9 entered !i#!l, 'aid
'ro"essions
.3/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" &en beteen tent, and tent,8one !o ere enrolled in
colle#e
.E/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" &en !o #rad%ated "ro& !i#! sc!ool
TEST 1B
1. Since a r!inoceros t!at !as no !orn is ort!less to 'oac!ers9 t!e 6ildli"e
Frotection Co&&ittee 'lans to 'rotect selected r!inoceroses "ro& bein# killed b,
'oac!ers b, c%ttin# o"" t!e r!inos !orns.
T!e 6ildli"e Frotection Co&&ittees 'lan ass%&es t!at
.A/ 'oac!ers do not kill r!inos t!at are ort!less to t!e&
.1/ !ornless r!inos 'ose less o" a t!reat to !%&ans9 incl%din# 'oac!ers9 t!an do
r!inos t!at !ave !orns
.C/ r!inos are t!e onl, ani&als 'oac!ers kill "or t!eir !orns
.3/ !ornless r!inos can s%ccess"%ll, de"end t!eir ,o%n# a#ainst non!%&an
'redators
.E/ i&'osin# &ore strin#ent 'enalties on 'oac!ers ill not decrease t!e n%&ber
o" r!inos killed b, 'oac!ers
5. Cri&es are &ainl, co&&itted b, t!e ,o%n#9 and "or t!is reason &erel, increasin#
t!e n%&ber o" 'olice o""icers or e('endit%res on 'olice services !as little e""ect on
red%cin# t!e cri&e rate. In "act9 t!e onl, "actor associated it! a cri&e8rate dro'
is a decrease in t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le in t!e co&&%nit, a#ed "o%rteen to t!irt,.
T!e "indin#s above can best serve as 'art o" an ar#%&ent a#ainst
.A/ t!e likeli!ood t!at an, la en"orce&ent 'ro#ra& ill be e""ective in
red%cin# t!e cri&e rate it!in a s!ort ti&e
.1/ increasin# 'rison ter&s "or ,o%n# 'eo'le "o%nd #%ilt, o" cri&es
.C/ introd%cin# co&'%lsor, &ilitar, conscri'tion "or 'eo'le a#ed seventeen to
nineteen
.3/ raisin# t!e a#e at !ic! st%dents are 'er&itted to leave sc!ool
.E/ a co&&%nit,s 'lan to increase t!e n%&ber o" recreational and ed%cational
activities in !ic! ,o%n# ad%lts can 'artici'ate
<. A 5I 'ercent decline in lobster catc!es in Maine aters since 1HBI can be
+%sti"iabl, bla&ed on le#islation 'assed in 1HA5 to 'rotect !arbor seals. Maines
'o'%lation o" !arbor seals is no do%ble t!e level e(istin# be"ore 'rotection as
initiated9 and t!ese seals are knon to eat bot! "is! and lobsters.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e ar#%&ent
above-
GMAT & LSAT CR 1BH
.A/ :arbor seals %s%all, eat &ore "is! t!an lobsters9 b%t t!e seals are nat%ral
'redators o" bot!.
.1/ Alt!o%#! !arbor seals are skill"%l 'redators o" lobsters9 t!e, rarel, "inis!
eatin# t!eir catc!.
.C/ :arbor seals attract to%rists to Maines coastal areas9 t!%s revitali)in# t!e
local econo&,.
.3/ A%t!ors o" t!e 1HA5 le#islation 'rotectin# !arbor seals ere convinced t!at
an increase in t!at ani&als n%&bers o%ld not !ave a &eas%rabl, ne#ative
i&'act on t!e lobster catc!.
.E/ T!e record lobster !arvests o" t!e late 1HAIs re&oved lar#e n%&bers o"
&at%re lobsters "ro& t!e re'rod%ctive stock.
C. Folitician: $eer 'eo'le are enterin# t!e labor &arket no t!an 'revio%sl,. I" t!e
econo&, #ros9 t!e de&and "or &otivated and ed%cated 'eo'le ill "ar o%tstri'
t!e s%''l,. So&e co&'anies !ave alread, started to res'ond to t!is labor8&arket
sit%ation b, "indin# better a,s to kee' t!eir c%rrent e&'lo,ees. T!eir concern is
a s%re indicator t!at t!e econo&, is #roin#.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is t!e best criticis& o" t!e 'oliticians reasonin#-
.A/ T!e "act t!at co&'anies are &akin# 'r%dent 're'arations "or a 'ossible
"%t%re develo'&ent does not &ean t!at t!is develo'&ent is alread, takin#
'lace.
.1/ T!e "act t!at so&e co&'anies no tr, !arder to kee' t!eir e&'lo,ees does
not &ean t!at t!e, %sed to be indi""erent to e&'lo,ee &orale.
.C/ T!e "act t!at de&and ill o%tstri' s%''l, does not &ean t!at t!ere ill be no
s%''l, at all.
.3/ T!e "act t!at t!e n%&ber o" ne entrants into t!e labor &arket is declinin#
does not &ean t!at t!e n%&ber o" ne entrants is loer t!an it !as ever
been.
.E/ T!e "act t!at c%rrent e&'lo,ees !ave beco&e &ore val%able to so&e
co&'anies does not &ean t!at t!ose e&'lo,ees ill do t!eir +obs better t!an
t!e, %sed to.
@. =nder c%rrent "ederal la9 e&'lo,ers are alloed to o""er t!eir e&'lo,ees "ree
'arkin# s'aces as a ta(8"ree bene"it9 b%t t!e, can o""er e&'lo,ees onl, %' to L1BI
'er ,ear as a ta(8"ree bene"it "or %sin# &ass transit. T!e #overn&ent co%ld
si#ni"icantl, increase &ass transit riders!i' b, raisin# t!e li&it o" t!is bene"it to
&eet co&&%ters trans'ortation costs.
T!e 'ro'osal above to increase &ass transit riders!i' ass%&es t!at
.A/ c%rrent &ass transit s,ste&s are s%b+ect to %ne('ected ro%te closin#s and
dela,s
.1/ %sin# &ass transit creates less air 'oll%tion 'er 'erson t!an %sin# a 'rivate
a%to&obile
GMAT & LSAT CR 1HI
.C/ t!e 'arkin# s'aces o""ered b, e&'lo,ers as ta(8"ree bene"its can be ort! as
&%c! as L59@II 'er ,ear
.3/ &an, e&'lo,ees are deterred b, "inancial considerations "ro& %sin# &ass
transit to co&&%te to t!eir 'laces o" e&'lo,&ent
.E/ beca%se o" tra""ic con#estion on &a+or co&&%ter ro%tes9 it is o"ten "aster to
travel to ones 'lace o" e&'lo,&ent b, &eans o" &ass transit t!an b,
'rivate a%to&obile
>Govern&ent? does not e(ist as an inde'endent entit, de"inin# 'olic,. Instead
t!ere e(ists a #ro%' o" de&ocraticall, elected 'ra#&atists sensitive to t!e
electorate9 !o establis! 'olicies t!at ill res%lt in t!eir on reelection.
T!ere"ore9 i" '%blic 'olic, is !ostile to9 sa,9 environ&ental concerns9 it is not
beca%se o" #overn&ental 'erversit, b%t beca%se elected o""icials believe
t!at;;;;;;
.A/ environ&entalists o%ld be e(tre&el, di""ic%lt to satis", it! an, 'olic,9
!oever environ&entall, so%nd
.1/ environ&ental concerns are bein# acco&&odated as ell as '%blic "%nds
'er&it
.C/ t!e '%blic is overl, an(io%s abo%t environ&ental deterioration
.3/ t!e &a+orit, o" voters vote "or certain 'oliticians beca%se o" t!ose 'oliticians
idios,ncratic 'ositions on 'olic, iss%es
.E/ t!e &a+orit, o" voters do not stron#l, is! "or a di""erent 'olic,
A. $res! 'otatoes #enerall, cost abo%t L5 "or a 1I8'o%nd ba#9 !ereas de!,drated
instant 'otatoes cost9 on avera#e9 abo%t L< 'er 'o%nd. It can be concl%ded t!at
so&e cons%&ers ill 'a, 1@ ti&es as &%c! "or convenience9 since sales o" t!is
convenience "ood contin%e to rise.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 indicates t!at t!ere is a &a+or "la in t!e
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ $res! 'otatoes bo%#!t in convenient 58'o%nd ba#s are abo%t L1 a ba#9 or
5 1R5 ti&es &ore e('ensive t!an "res! 'otatoes bo%#!t in 1I8'o%nd ba#s.
.1/ Since "res! 'otatoes are BI 'ercent ater9 one 'o%nd o" de!,drated 'otatoes
is t!e e0%ivalent o" @ 'o%nds o" "res! 'otatoes.
.C/ Feeled 'otatoes in cans are also &ore e('ensive t!an t!e less convenient
"res! 'otatoes.
.3/ Retail 'rices o" de!,drated 'otatoes !ave declined b, 5I 'ercent since 1HGI
to t!e c%rrent level o" abo%t L< a 'o%nd.
.E/ As a conse0%ence o" labor and 'rocessin# costs9 all convenience "oods cost
&ore t!an t!e basic "oods "ro& !ic! t!e, are derived.
B. Cons%&ers in Cali"ornia seekin# 'ersonal loans !ave "eer banks to t%rn to t!an
GMAT & LSAT CR 1H1
do cons%&ers else!ere in t!e =nited States. T!is s!orta#e o" co&'etition a&on#
banks e('lains !, interest rates on 'ersonal loans in Cali"ornia are !i#!er t!an
in an, ot!er re#ion o" t!e =nited States.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost s%bstantiall, eakens t!e concl%sion
above-
.A/ 1eca%se o" t!e co&'arativel, !i#! a#es t!e, &%st 'a, to attract 0%ali"ied
orkers9 Cali"ornia banks c!ar#e de'ositors &ore t!an banks else!ere do
"or &an, o" t!e services t!e, o""er.
.1/ Fersonal loans are riskier t!an ot!er t,'es o" loans9 s%c! as !o&e &ort#a#e
loans9 t!at banks &ake.
.C/ Since bank de'osits in Cali"ornia are covered b, t!e sa&e t,'e o" ins%rance
t!at #%arantees bank de'osits in ot!er 'arts o" t!e =nited States9 t!e, are no
less sec%re t!an de'osits else!ere.
.3/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" cons%&ers !o de"a%lt on t!eir 'ersonal loans is loer in
Cali"ornia t!an in an, ot!er re#ion o" t!e =nited States.
.E/ Interest rates 'aid b, Cali"ornia banks to de'ositors are loer t!an t!ose 'aid
b, banks in ot!er 'arts o" t!e =nited States beca%se in Cali"ornia t!ere is
less co&'etition to attract de'ositors.
H. Tec!nicall, a #iven cate#or, o" ins%rance 'olic, is %nder'riced i"9 over ti&e9
clai&s a#ainst it 'l%s e('enses associated it! it e(ceed total inco&e "ro&
're&i%&s. 1%t 're&i%& inco&e can be invested and ill t!en ,ield ret%rns o" its
on. T!ere"ore9 an %nder'riced 'olic, does not re'resent a net loss in ever, case.
.A/ 2o ins%rance 'olicies are deliberatel, %nder'riced in order to attract
c%sto&ers to t!e ins%rance co&'an, o""erin# s%c! 'olicies.
.1/ A 'olic, t!at re'resents a net loss to t!e ins%rance co&'an, is not an
%nder'riced 'olic, in ever, case.
.C/ T!ere are 'olicies "or !ic! t!e level o" clai&s 'er ,ear can be 'redicted
it! #reat acc%rac, be"ore 're&i%&s are set.
.3/ T!e inco&e earned b, investin# 're&i%& inco&e is t!e &ost i&'ortant
deter&inant o" an ins%rance co&'an,s 'ro"its.
.E/ T!e clai&s a#ainst at least so&e %nder'riced 'olicies do not re0%ire 'a,in#
o%t all o" t!e 're&i%& inco&e "ro& t!ose 'olicies as soon as it is earned.
1I. F%rebred cos native to Mon#olia 'rod%ce9 on avera#e9 CII liters o" &ilk 'er
,earD i" Mon#olian cattle are crossbred it! E%ro'ean breeds9 t!e crossbred cos
can 'rod%ce9 on avera#e9 59AII liters 'er ,ear. An international a#enc, 'lans to
increase t!e 'ro"itabilit, o" Mon#olias dair, sector b, enco%ra#in# ides'read
crossbreedin# o" native Mon#olian cattle it! E%ro'ean breeds.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e viabilit, o"
t!e a#enc,s 'lan-
GMAT & LSAT CR 1H5
.A/ 2ot all E%ro'ean breeds o" cattle can be s%ccess"%ll, bred it! native
Mon#olian cattle.
.1/ Man, ,o%n# Mon#olians no re#ard cattle raisin# as a lo8stat%s occ%'ation
beca%se it is less l%crative t!an ot!er endeavors o'en to t!e&.
.C/ Mon#olias terrain is s%itable "or #ra)in# native !erds b%t not "or #roin# t!e
"odder needed to kee' crossbred ani&als !ealt!,.
.3/ Co!ide and leat!er 'rod%cts9 not &ilk9 &ake %' t!e b%lk o" Mon#olias
ani&al 'rod%ct e('orts to E%ro'e.
.E/ Man, E%ro'ean breeds o" cattle attain avera#e &ilk 'rod%ction levels
e(ceedin# 59AII liters.
11. An, co&bination o" overork and stress inevitabl, leads o" inso&nia. Mana#ers
at :iCor'9 Inc.9 all s%""er "ro& stress. A &a+orit, o" t!e &ana#ersKdes'ite t!eir
doctors arnin#sKork ell over GI !o%rs 'er eek9 !ereas t!e ot!er
&ana#ers ork no &ore t!an t!e nor&al CI !o%rs 'er eek. :iCor' #ives re#%lar
bon%ses onl, to e&'lo,ees !o ork &ore t!an CI !o%rs 'er eek.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e state&ents
above-
.A/ Mana#ers at :iCor' ork %nder conditions t!at are &ore stress"%l t!an t!e
conditions %nder !ic! &ana#ers at &ost ot!er co&'anies ork.
.1/ Most o" t!e e&'lo,ee bon%ses #iven b, :iCor' are #iven to &ana#ers.
.C/ At :iCor'9 inso&nia is &ore ides'read a&on# &ana#ers t!an a&on# an,
ot!er #ro%' o" e&'lo,ees.
.3/ 2o &ana#er at :iCor' !o orks onl, CI !o%rs 'er eek s%""ers "ro&
overork.
.E/ Most o" t!e &ana#ers at :iCor' !o receive re#%lar bon%ses !ave inso&nia.
15. :olida, recei'tsKt!e total sales recorded in t!e "o%rt! 0%arter o" t!e ,earK
deter&ine t!e econo&ic s%ccess or "ail%re o" &an, retail b%sinesses. Ca&co9 a
retailer sellin# +%st one ca&era &odel9 is an e(cellent e(a&'le. Ca&cos !olida,
recei'ts9 on avera#e9 acco%nt "or a t!ird o" its ,earl, total recei'ts and abo%t !al"
o" its ,earl, 'ro"its.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e abo%t
Ca&co on t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ Its "i(ed e('enses 'er ca&era sold are !i#!er d%rin# t!e "o%rt! 0%arter t!an
"or an, o" t!e ot!er t!ree 0%arters.
.1/ It &akes &ore 'ro"it d%rin# t!e "irst and t!ird 0%arters co&bined t!an d%rin#
t!e "o%rt! 0%arter.
.C/ Its 'er8ca&era retail 'rice is loer9 on avera#e9 d%rin# t!e "o%rt! 0%arter t!an
d%rin# an, one o" t!e "irst t!ree 0%arters.
.3/ It &akes less 'ro"it9 on avera#e9 "or a #iven dollar a&o%nt o" sales d%rin# t!e
"irst t!ree 0%arters co&bined t!an d%rin# t!e "o%rt! 0%arter.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1H<
.E/ T!e 'er8ca&era 'rice it 'a,s to !olesalers is !i#!er9 on avera#e9 d%rin# t!e
"o%rt! 0%arter t!an d%rin# an, o" t!e ot!er t!ree 0%arters.
1<. Canadians no increasin#l, en#a#e in >o%t8s!o''in#9? !ic! is s!o''in# across
t!e national border9 !ere 'rices are loer. Frices are loer o%tside o" Canada in
lar#e 'art beca%se t!e #oods8and8services ta( t!at 'a,s "or Canadian social
services is not a''lied.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is best s%''orted on t!e basis o" t!e in"or&ation
above-
.A/ I" t!e %'ard trend in o%t8s!o''in# contin%es at a si#ni"icant level and t!e
a&o%nts 'aid b, t!e #overn&ent "or Canadian social services are
&aintained9 t!e Canadian #oods8and8services ta( ill be assessed at a
!i#!er rate.
.1/ I" Canada i&'oses a s%bstantial tari"" on t!e #oods bo%#!t across t!e border9
a reci'rocal tari"" on cross8border s!o''in# in t!e ot!er direction ill be
i&'osed9 t!ereb, !ar&in# Canadian b%sinesses.
.C/ T!e a&o%nts t!e Canadian #overn&ent 'a,s o%t to t!ose !o 'rovide social
services to Canadians are increasin#.
.3/ T!e sa&e brands o" #oods are available to Canadian s!o''ers across t!e
border as are available in Canada.
.E/ 7%t8s!o''in# '%rc!ases are s%b+ect to Canadian ta(es !en t!e '%rc!aser
crosses t!e border to brin# t!e& into Canada.
1C. S%rve,s indicate t!at @5 'ercent o" all o&en a#ed ei#!teen to si(t,8"ive are in
t!e labor "orce .e&'lo,ed o%tside t!e !o&e/ in an, #iven &ont!. 7n t!e basis o"
t!ese s%rve,s9 a &arket researc!er concl%ded t!at CB 'ercent o" all o&en a#ed
ei#!teen to si(t,8"ive are "%ll8ti&e !o&e&akers ,ear8ro%nd.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e researc!ers
concl%sion-
.A/ More o&en are in t!e labor "orce toda, t!an d%rin# an, ot!er 'eriod since
t!e Second 6orld 6ar.
.1/ Man, orkers9 bot! &en and o&en9 enter and e(it t!e labor "orce
"re0%entl,.
.C/ Alt!o%#! onl, a s&all sa&'le o" t!e total 'o'%lation is s%rve,ed eac! &ont!9
t!ese sa&'les !ave been "o%nd to be a reliable indicator o" total &ont!l,
e&'lo,&ent.
.3/ S%rve,s s!o t!at &ore o&en t!an ever be"ore consider !avin# a
reardin# +ob an i&'ortant 'riorit,.
.E/ 6o&en !o are in t!e labor "orce !ave &ore discretionar, inco&e available
to t!e& t!an do o&en !o are not.
1@. Le"t8!anded 'ersons s%""er &ore "re0%entl, t!an do ri#!t8!anded 'ersons "ro&
certain i&&%ne disorders9 s%c! as aller#ies. Le"t8!anders tend to !ave an
GMAT & LSAT CR 1HC
advanta#e over t!e ri#!t8!anded &a+orit,9 !oever9 on tasks controlled b, t!e
ri#!t !e&is'!ere o" t!e brain9 and &at!e&atical reasonin# is stron#l, %nder t!e
in"l%ence o" t!e ri#!t !e&is'!ere in &ost 'eo'le.
I" t!e in"or&ation above is tr%e9 it best s%''orts !ic! o" t!e "olloin#
!,'ot!eses-
.A/ Most 'eo'le !o s%""er "ro& aller#ies or ot!er s%c! i&&%ne disorders are
le"t8!anded rat!er t!an ri#!t8!anded.
.1/ Most le"t8!anded &at!e&aticians s%""er "ro& so&e kind o" aller#,.
.C/ T!ere are 'ro'ortionall, &ore le"t8!anders a&on# 'eo'le !ose abilit, to
reason &at!e&aticall, is above avera#e t!an t!ere are a&on# 'eo'le it!
'oor &at!e&atical reasonin# abilit,.
.3/ I" a le"t8!anded 'erson s%""ers "ro& an aller#,9 t!at 'erson ill 'robabl, be
#ood at &at!e&atics.
.E/ T!ere are 'ro'ortionall, &ore 'eo'le !o s%""er "ro& i&&%ne disorders
s%c! as aller#ies t!an t!ere are 'eo'le !o are le"t8!anded or 'eo'le !ose
&at!e&atical reasonin# abilit, is %n%s%all, #ood.
1G. A"ter observin# t!e Eart!s eat!er 'atterns and t!e 118,ear s%ns'ot c,cle o" t!e
S%n "or <G ,ears9 scientists !ave "o%nd t!at !i#! levels o" s%ns'ot activit, 'recede
s!i"ts in ind 'atterns t!at a""ect t!e Eart!s eat!er. 7ne can concl%de t!at
&eteorolo#ists ill be able to i&'rove t!eir eat!er "orecasts based on t!is
in"or&ation.
.A/ 6eat!er "orecasts are &ore detailed toda, t!an t!e, ere <G ,ears a#o.
.1/ Scientists can establis! t!at s%ns'ot activit, directl, a""ects t!e Eart!s
eat!er.
.C/ Evidence ot!er t!an s%ns'ot activit, !as 'revio%sl, enabled &eteorolo#ists
to "orecast t!e eat!er conditions t!at are 'redictable on t!e basis o"
s%ns'ot activit,.
.3/ Scientists !ave not deter&ined !, t!e s%ns'ot activit, on t!e S%n "ollos
an 118,ear c,cle.
.E/ It !as been establis!ed t!at 'redictable ind 'atterns ,ield 'redictable
eat!er 'atterns.
TEST 1H
1. A '%blis!er is no 'rovidin# %niversit, 'ro"essors it! t!e o'tion o" orderin#
c%sto& te(tbooks "or t!eir co%rses. T!e 'ro"essors can edit o%t t!ose c!a'ters o" a
book t!e, are not interested in and add &aterial o" t!eir on c!oosin#.
T!e ides'read %se o" t!e o'tion &entioned above is LEAST likel, to contrib%te
to "%l"illin# !ic! o" t!e "olloin# ed%cational ob+ectives-
GMAT & LSAT CR 1H@
.A/ Covera#e o" &aterial relevant to a 'artic%lar st%dent bod,s s'eci"ic needs
.1/ 7""erin# advanced elective co%rses t!at '%rs%e in8de't! investi#ation o"
selected to'ics in a "ield
.C/ Ens%rin# t!at st%dents nationide en#a#ed in a s'eci"ic co%rse o" st%d, are
%ni"or&l, e('osed to a basic set o" readin#s
.3/ Makin# t!e te(tbooks %sed in %niversit, co%rses &ore satis"actor, "ro& t!e
individ%al teac!ers 'oint o" vie
.E/ Mee'in# st%dents interest in a co%rse b, o""erin# livel,9 ell8ritten readin#
assi#n&ents
5. Mec!anicor's neest 'rod%ct costs so little to &ake t!at it a''ears do%bt"%l t!e
co&'an, ill be able to sell it it!o%t increasin# t!e &ark%' t!e co&'an,
%s%all, allos "or 'ro"it: 'otential clients o%ld si&'l, not believe t!at
so&et!in# so ine('ensive o%ld reall, ork. *et Mec!anicor's re'%tation is
b%ilt on "air 'rices incor'oratin# onl, &odest 'ro"it &ar#ins.
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''ort !ic! o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Mec!anicor' ill enco%nter di""ic%lties in tr,in# to set a 'rice "or its neest
'rod%ct t!at ill 'ro&ote sales it!o%t t!reatenin# to co&'ro&ise t!e
co&'an,s re'%tation.
.1/ Mec!anicor' ac!ieves lar#e ann%al 'ro"its9 des'ite s&all 'ro"its 'er %nit
sold9 b, &eans o" a !i#! vol%&e o" sales.
.C/ Mec!anicor' &ade a si#ni"icant co&'%tational error in calc%latin# t!e
'rod%ction costs "or its neest 'rod%ct.
.3/ Mec!anicor's neest 'rod%ct is intended to 'er"or& tasks t!at can be
'er"or&ed b, ot!er devices costin# less to &an%"act%re.
.E/ Mec!anicor's 'rod%ction 'rocesses are desi#ned it! t!e sa&e in#en%it, as
are t!e 'rod%cts t!at t!e co&'an, &akes.
<. Co&'anies in t!e co%ntr, o" Mollonta, can sell se&icond%ctors in t!e co%ntr, o"
4aldivia at a 'rice t!at is belo t!e cost to 4aldivian co&'anies o" 'rod%cin#
t!e&. To !el' t!ose 4aldivian co&'anies9 t!e 4aldivian le#islat%re 'lans to set a
&ini&%& sellin# 'rice in 4aldivia "or se&icond%ctors &an%"act%red in Mollonta,
t!at is ten 'ercent #reater t!an t!e avera#e 'rod%ction costs "or co&'anies in
4aldivia.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, t!reatens t!e s%ccess o" t!e 'lan-
.A/ T!e ann%al rate o" in"lation in Mollonta, is e('ected to e(ceed ten 'ercent
it!in t!e ne(t ,ear.
.1/ 4aldivia is not t!e onl, co%ntr, !ere co&'anies in Mollonta, c%rrentl, sell
se&icond%ctors.
.C/ So&e 4aldivian co&'anies t!at sell se&icond%ctors !ave anno%nced t!at
t!e, 'lan to decrease t!eir 'rice "or se&icond%ctors.
.3/ T!e #overn&ent o" Mollonta, ill also set a &ini&%& 'rice "or sellin#
GMAT & LSAT CR 1HG
se&icond%ctors in t!at co%ntr,.
.E/ E&er#in# co&'anies in co%ntries ot!er t!an Mollonta, ill still be able to
sell se&icond%ctors in 4aldivia at a 'rice belo t!e cost to 4aldivian
co&'anies to &an%"act%re t!e&.
C. An e('eri&ental &icroave clot!es dr,er !eats neit!er air nor clot!. Rat!er9 it
!eats ater on clot!es9 t!ereb, savin# electricit, and 'rotectin# delicate "ibers b,
o'eratin# at a loer te&'erat%re. Microaves are aves t!at %s%all, !eat &etal
ob+ects9 b%t develo'ers o" a &icroave dr,er are 'er"ectin# a 'rocess t!at ill
'revent t!in &etal ob+ects s%c! as !air'ins "ro& !eatin# %' and b%rnin# clot!es.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, indicates t!at t!e 'rocess9 !en
'er"ected9 ill be ins%""icient to &ake t!e dr,er readil, &arketable-
.A/ Metal sna' "asteners on clot!es t!at are co&&onl, '%t into dr,in# &ac!ines
are abo%t t!e sa&e t!ickness as &ost !air'ins.
.1/ Man, clot!es t!at are c%rrentl, 'laced into &ec!anical dr,ers are not 'laced
t!ere alon# it! !air'ins or ot!er t!in &etal ob+ects.
.C/ T!e e('eri&ental &icroave dr,er %ses &ore electricit, t!an "%t%re9
i&'roved &odels o%ld be e('ected to %se.
.3/ 3r,in# clot!es it! t!e 'rocess o%ld not ca%se &ore s!rinka#e t!an t!e
c%rrentl, %sed &ec!anical dr,in# 'rocess ca%ses.
.E/ Man, clot!es t!at are "re0%entl, &ac!ine8dried b, 'ros'ective c%sto&ers
incor'orate t!ick &etal 'arts s%c! as decorative brass st%ds or b%ttons.
@. Air'lane &an%"act%rer: I ob+ect to ,o%r c!aracteri)ation o" o%r E8<BA +ets as
dan#ero%s. 2o E8<BA in co&&ercial %se !as ever cras!ed or even !ad a serio%s
&al"%nction.
Airline re#%lator: T!e 'roble& it! t!e E8<BA is not t!at it9 itsel"9 &al"%nctions9
b%t t!at it creates a t%rb%lence in its ake t!at can create !a)ardo%s conditions
"or aircra"t in its vicinit,.
T!e airline re#%lator res'onds to t!e &an%"act%rer b, doin# !ic! o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ C!aracteri)in# t!e &an%"act%rers assertion as ste&&in# "ro& s%b+ective
interest rat!er t!an "ro& ob+ective eval%ation o" t!e "acts
.1/ 3rain# attention to t!e "act t!at t!e &an%"act%rers inter'retation o" t!e
ord >dan#ero%s? is too narro
.C/ Invokin# evidence t!at t!e &an%"act%rer !as e('licitl, dis&issed as
irrelevant to t!e 'oint at iss%e
.3/ Citin# statistical evidence t!at re"%tes t!e &an%"act%rers clai&
.E/ Castin# do%bt on t!e e(tent o" t!e &an%"act%rers knoled#e o" t!e n%&ber
o" recent airline disasters
G. 3a&a#ed nerves in t!e s'inal cord do not re#enerate t!e&selves nat%rall,9 nor
GMAT & LSAT CR 1HA
even %nder t!e s'%r o" nerve8#rot! sti&%lants. T!e reason9 recentl, discovered9
is t!e 'resence o" nerve8#rot! in!ibitors in t!e s'inal cord. Antibodies t!at
deactivate t!ose in!ibitors !ave no been develo'ed. Clearl,9 t!en9 nerve re'air
ill be a standard &edical 'roced%re in t!e "oreseeable "%t%re.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e acc%rac, o"
t!e 'rediction above-
.A/ Frevention o" t!e re#eneration o" da&a#ed nerves is &erel, a b,8'rod%ct o"
t!e &ain "%nction in t!e !%&an bod, o" t!e s%bstances in!ibitin# nerve
#rot!.
.1/ Certain nerve8#rot! sti&%lants !ave si&ilar c!e&ical str%ct%res to t!ose o"
t!e antibodies a#ainst nerve8#rot! in!ibitors.
.C/ 2erves in t!e brain are si&ilar to nerves in t!e s'inal cord in t!eir inabilit, to
re#enerate t!e&selves nat%rall,.
.3/ Researc!ers !ave been able to sti&%late t!e #rot! o" nerves not located in
t!e s'inal cord b, %sin# onl, nerve8#rot! sti&%lants.
.E/ 3eactivatin# t!e s%bstances in!ibitin# nerve #rot! "or an e(tended 'eriod
o%ld re0%ire a stead, s%''l, o" antibodies.
A. T!e !%&an bod, secretes &ore 'ain8blockin# !or&ones late at ni#!t t!an d%rin#
t!e da,. Conse0%entl,9 s%r#ical 'atients o'erated on at ni#!t need less anest!esia.
Since lar#er a&o%nts o" anest!esia 'ose #reater risks "or 'atients9 t!e risks o"
s%r#er, co%ld be red%ced i" o'erations ro%tinel, took 'lace at ni#!t.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 ar#%es &ost stron#l, a#ainst t!e vie t!at
s%r#ical risks co%ld be red%ced b, sc!ed%lin# o'erations at ni#!t-
.A/ Ener#, costs in !os'itals are #enerall, loer at ni#!t t!an t!e, are d%rin# t!e
da,.
.1/ More babies are born beteen &idni#!t and seven oclock in t!e &ornin#
t!an at an, ot!er ti&e.
.C/ 7ver t!e co%rse o" a ,ear9 'eo'les biolo#ical r!,t!&s s!i"t sli#!tl, in
res'onse to c!an#es in t!e a&o%nts o" da,li#!t to !ic! t!e 'eo'le are
e('osed.
.3/ 2%rses and &edical tec!nicians are #enerall, 'aid &ore 'er !o%r !en t!e,
ork d%rin# t!e ni#!t t!an !en t!e, ork d%rin# t!e da,.
.E/ Man%al de(terit, and &ental alertness are loer in t!e late ni#!t t!an t!e,
are d%rin# t!e da,9 even in 'eo'le acc%sto&ed to orkin# at ni#!t.
Questions 8-9
6alter: A co', o" an artork s!o%ld be ort! e(actl, !at t!e ori#inal is ort! i" t!e
to orks are vis%all, indistin#%is!able. A"ter all9 i" t!e to orks are vis%all,
indistin#%is!able9 t!e, !ave all t!e sa&e 0%alities9 and i" t!e, !ave all t!e sa&e
0%alities9 t!eir 'rices s!o%ld be e0%al.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1HB
Marissa: :o little ,o% %nderstand artJ Even i" so&eone co%ld &ake a 'er"ect co',
t!at is vis%all, indistin#%is!able "ro& t!e ori#inal9 t!e co', o%ld !ave a di""erent
!istor, and !ence not !ave all t!e sa&e 0%alities as t!e ori#inal.
B. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is a 'oint at iss%e beteen 6alter and Marissa-
.A/ 6!et!er a co', o" an artork co%ld ever be vis%all, indistin#%is!able "ro&
t!e ori#inal
.1/ 6!et!er t!e re'rod%ction o" a ork o" art is ever ort! &ore t!an t!e
ori#inal is ort!
.C/ 6!et!er a co', o" a ork o" art is ever &istaken "or t!e ori#inal
.3/ 6!et!er a co', o" a ork o" art co%ld !ave all t!e sa&e 0%alities as t!e
ori#inal
.E/ 6!et!er ori#inalit, is t!e onl, val%able attrib%te t!at a ork o" art can
'ossess
H. Marissa %ses !ic! o" t!e "olloin# tec!ni0%es in atte&'tin# to re"%te 6alters
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Attackin# !is ass%&'tion t!at t!e 'rice o" an artork indicates its ort!
.1/ Raisin# a 'oint t!at o%ld %nder&ine one o" t!e clai&s on !ic! !is
concl%sion is based
.C/ N%estionin# !is clai& t!at a 'er"ect co', o" a ork o" art o%ld be vis%all,
indistin#%is!able "ro& t!e ori#inal
.3/ Givin# reason to believe t!at 6alter is %nable to +%d#e t!e 0%alit, o" a ork
o" art beca%se o" !is inade0%ate %nderstandin# o" t!e !istor, o" art
.E/ Fro'osin# alternative criteria "or deter&inin# !et!er to orks o" art are
vis%all, indistin#%is!able
1I. Ma#netic resonance i&a#in# .MRI/Ka noninvasive dia#nostic 'roced%reKcan
be %sed to identi", blocka#es in t!e coronar, arteries. In contrast to an#io#ra&sK
t!e invasive 'roced%re c%sto&aril, %sedKMRIs 'ose no risk to 'atients. T!%s9
to #%arantee 'atient sa"et, in t!e atte&'t to dia#nose arterial blocka#es9 MRIs
s!o%ld re'lace an#io#ra&s in all atte&'ts at dia#nosin# coronar, blocka#es.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost s%''ort t!e reco&&endation above-
.A/ An#io#ra&s can be %sed to dia#nose conditions ot!er t!an blocka#es in
arteries.
.1/ MRIs ere desi#ned 'ri&aril, in order to dia#nose blocka#es in t!e
coronar, arteries.
.C/ An#io#ra&s reveal &ore in"or&ation abo%t t!e nat%re o" a blocka#e t!an an
MRI can.
.3/ An MRI is +%st as likel, as an an#io#ra& to identi", an arterial blocka#e.
.E/ So&e 'atients "or !o& an an#io#ra& 'resents no risk are %nillin# to
%nder#o an MRI.
GMAT & LSAT CR 1HH
11. 2at%rall, occ%rrin# c!e&icals cannot be nel, 'atented once t!eir str%ct%res
!ave been '%blis!ed. 1e"ore a nat%rall, occ%rrin# c!e&ical co&'o%nd can be
%sed as a dr%#9 !oever9 it &%st be '%t t!ro%#! t!e sa&e ri#oro%s testin# 'ro#ra&
as an, s,nt!etic co&'o%nd9 c%l&inatin# in a '%blis!ed re'ort detailin# t!e
c!e&icals str%ct%re and observed e""ects.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e on t!e
basis o" t!e&-
.A/ An, nat%rall, occ%rrin# c!e&ical can be re'rod%ced s,nt!eticall, once its
str%ct%re is knon.
.1/ S,nt!eticall, 'rod%ced c!e&ical co&'o%nds cannot be 'atented %nless t!eir
c!e&ical str%ct%res are &ade '%blic.
.C/ I" 'roven no less e""ective9 nat%rall, occ%rrin# c!e&icals are to be 're"erred
to s,nt!etic co&'o%nds "or %se in dr%#s.
.3/ 7nce a nat%rall, occ%rrin# co&'o%nd !as been a''roved "or %se as a dr%#9 it
can no lon#er be nel, 'atented.
.E/ A nat%rall, occ%rrin# c!e&ical cannot be 'atented %nless its e""ectiveness as
a dr%# !as been ri#oro%sl, establis!ed.
15. A '%blic8service advertise&ent advises t!at 'eo'le !o !ave cons%&ed alco!ol
s!o%ld not drive %ntil t!e, can do so sa"el,. In a !os'ital st%d,9 !oever9 s%b+ects
0%estioned i&&ediatel, a"ter t!e, cons%&ed alco!ol %nderesti&ated t!e ti&e
necessar, to re#ain t!eir drivin# abilit,. T!is res%lt indicates t!at &an, 'eo'le
!o drink be"ore drivin# ill !ave di""ic%lt, "olloin# t!e advertise&ents
advice.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Man, 'eo'le9 i" t!e, 'lan to drink alco!ol9 &ake arran#e&ents be"ore!and
"or a nondrinker to drive t!e& !o&e.
.1/ T!e s%b+ects in t!e !os'ital st%d, #enerall, rated t!eir abilities &ore
conservativel, t!an o%ld 'eo'le drinkin# alco!ol o%tside a !os'ital
settin#.
.C/ So&e 'eo'le re"rain "ro& drinkin# i" t!e, ill !ave to drive to #et !o&e
a"terard.
.3/ T!e s%b+ects in t!e !os'ital st%d, ere also 0%estioned abo%t t!e ti&e
necessar, to re#ain abilities t!at do not 'la, an i&'ortant role in drivin#
sa"el,.
.E/ Aareness o" t!e '%blic8service advertise&ent is !i#!er a&on# t!e #eneral
'o'%lation t!an it as a&on# t!e s%b+ects in t!e !os'ital st%d,.
1<. Investi#ator: E*Q Coins !as &isled its clients b, 'ro&otin# so&e coins as
>e(tre&el, rare? !en in "act t!ose coins are relativel, co&&on and readil,
available.
E*Q a#ent: T!at is ridic%lo%s. E*Q Coins is one o" t!e lar#est coin dealers in
GMAT & LSAT CR 5II
t!e orld. 6e a%t!enticate t!e coins e sell t!ro%#! a nationall, reco#ni)ed "ir&
and o'erate a licensed coin dealers!i'.
T!e E*Q a#ents re'l, is &ost v%lnerable to t!e criticis& t!at it
.A/ e(a##erates t!e investi#ators a clai&s in order to &ake t!e& a''ear abs%rd
.1/ acc%ses t!e investi#ator o" bias b%t 'resents no evidence to s%''ort t!at
acc%sation
.C/ "ails to establis! t!at ot!er coin dealers do not also a%t!enticate t!e coins
t!ose dealers sell
.3/ lists stren#t!s o" E*Q Coins !ile "ailin# to address t!e investi#ators
c!ar#e
.E/ 'rovides no de"inition "or t!e in!erentl, va#%e '!rase >e(tre&el, rare?
1C. 1ot! 6riteell and E('ress 'rovide ro%nd8t!e8clock tele'!one assistance to an,
c%sto&er !o %ses t!eir ord8'rocessin# so"tare. Since c%sto&ers onl, call t!e
!ot lines !en t!e, "ind t!e so"tare di""ic%lt to %se9 and t!e 6riteell !ot line
receives "o%r ti&es as &an, calls as t!e E('ress !ot line9 6riteells ord8
'rocessin# so"tare &%st be &ore di""ic%lt to %se t!an E('resss.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Calls to t!e E('ress !ot line are al&ost tice as lon#9 on avera#e9 as are calls
to t!e 6riteell !ot line.
.1/ E('ress !as t!ree ti&es t!e n%&ber o" ord8'rocessin# so"tare c%sto&ers
t!at 6riteell !as.
.C/ E('ress receives tice as &an, letters o" co&'laint abo%t its ord8
'rocessin# so"tare as 6riteell receives abo%t its ord8'rocessin#
so"tare.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" calls received b, eac! o" t!e to !ot lines !as been #rad%all,
increasin#.
.E/ T!e 6riteell !ot8line n%&ber is &ore idel, '%blici)ed t!an t!e E('ress
!ot8line n%&ber.
1@. 7ver t!e last cent%r,9 'aleontolo#ists !ave %sed s&all di""erences beteen "ossil
s'eci&ens to classi", tricerato's into si(teen s'ecies. T!is classi"ication is
%n+%sti"ied9 !oever9 since t!e s'eci&ens %sed to distin#%is! eleven o" t!e
s'ecies co&e "ro& ani&als t!at lived in t!e sa&e area at t!e sa&e ti&e.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld enable t!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent to
be 'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ 2ot ever, s'ecies t!at lived in a #iven area is 'reserved as a "ossil.
.1/ At least one individ%al o" ever, tr%e s'ecies o" tricerato's !as been
discovered as a "ossil s'eci&en.
.C/ 2o #eo#ra'!ical area ever s%''orts &ore t!an t!ree si&ilar s'ecies at t!e
sa&e ti&e.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5I1
.3/ In &an, s'ecies9 individ%als dis'la, 0%ite &arked variation.
.E/ 3i""erences beteen "ossil s'eci&ens o" tricerato's t!at ca&e "ro& t!e sa&e
area are no less distinctive t!an di""erences beteen s'eci&ens t!at ca&e
"ro& di""erent areas.
1G. Man, cons%&ers are concerned abo%t t!e ecolo#ical e""ects o" aste"%l
'acka#in#. T!is concern 'robabl, e('lains !, stores !ave been 0%ick to stock
ne cleanin# 'rod%cts t!at !ave been 'rod%ced in a concentrated "or&. T!e
concentrated "or& is 'acka#ed in s&aller containers t!at %se less 'lastic and
re0%ire less trans'ortation s'ace.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e e('lanation
o""ered above-
.A/ $e cons%&ers believe t!at containers o" concentrated cleanin# 'rod%cts are
&erel, s&all 'acka#es o" re#%lar cleanin# 'rod%cts.
.1/ T!e containers in !ic! concentrated cleanin# 'rod%cts are 'acka#ed are no
!arder to rec,cle t!an t!ose in !ic! re#%lar cleanin# 'rod%cts are
'acka#ed.
.C/ T!ose concentrated cleanin# 'rod%cts t!at are intended to be %sed dil%ted
!ave clear instr%ctions "or dil%tion 'rinted on t!eir labels.
.3/ T!e s&aller containers o" concentrated cleanin# 'rod%cts enable
s%'er&arkets and dr%#stores to increase t!eir reven%es "ro& a #iven s!el"
s'ace.
.E/ Cons%&er 'ress%re !as led to t!e eli&ination o" aste"%l cardboard
'acka#in# t!at as %sed "or co&'act discs.
TEST 5I
1. In t!e "irst !al" o" t!is ,ear9 "ro& Jan%ar, to J%ne9 abo%t t!ree &illion
videocassette recorders ere sold. T!is n%&ber is onl, <@ 'ercent o" t!e total
n%&ber o" videocassette recorders sold last ,ear. T!ere"ore9 total sales o"
videocassette recorders ill al&ost certainl, be loer "or t!is ,ear t!an t!e, ere
"or last ,ear.
.A/ T!e total n%&ber o" videocassette recorders sold last ,ear as loer t!an t!e
total n%&ber sold in t!e ,ear be"ore t!at.
.1/ Most 'eo'le !o are interested in onin# a videocassette recorder !ave
alread, '%rc!ased one.
.C/ 4ideocassette recorders are less e('ensive t!is ,ear t!an t!e, ere last ,ear.
.3/ 7" t!e videocassette recorders sold last ,ear9 al&ost GI 'ercent ere sold in
Jan%ar,.
.E/ T,'icall,9 over AI 'ercent o" t!e sales o" videocassette recorders &ade in a
GMAT & LSAT CR 5I5
,ear occ%r in t!e &ont!s o" 2ove&ber and 3ece&ber.
5. M%d "ro& a lake on an %nin!abited ooded island in nort!ern Lake S%'erior
contains to(ic c!e&icals9 incl%din# to(a'!ene9 a banned 'esticide "or cotton t!at
'revio%sl, as &an%"act%red and %sed9 not in nearb, re#ions o" Canada or t!e
nort!ern =nited States9 b%t in t!e so%t!ern =nited States. 2o d%&'in# !as
occ%rred on t!e island. T!e island lake is s%""icientl, elevated t!at ater "ro&
Lake S%'erior does not reac! it.
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''ort !ic! o" t!e "olloin#
!,'ot!eses-
.A/ T!e aters o" t!e island lake are &ore severel, 'oll%ted t!an t!ose o" Lake
S%'erior.
.1/ T!e to(a'!ene as carried to t!e island in t!e at&os'!ere b, inds.
.C/ 1annin# c!e&icals s%c! as to(a'!ene does not aid t!e nat%ral environ&ent.
.3/ To(a'!ene !as adverse e""ects on !%&an bein#s b%t not on ot!er or#anis&s.
.E/ Concentrations o" to(a'!ene in t!e soil o" cotton8#roin# re#ions are not
s%""icient o" be &eas%rable.
<. Last ,ear in t!e =nited States9 o&en !o ran "or state and national o""ices ere
abo%t as likel, to in as &en. :oever9 onl, abo%t "i"teen 'ercent o" t!e
candidates "or t!ese o""ices ere o&en. T!ere"ore9 t!e reason t!ere are so "e
o&en !o in elections "or t!ese o""ices is not t!at o&en !ave di""ic%lt,
innin# elections b%t t!at so "e o&en ant to r%n.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e concl%sion #iven-
.A/ Last ,ear t!e 'ro'ortion o" o&en inc%&bents !o on reelection as
s&aller t!an t!e 'ro'ortion o" &en inc%&bents !o on reelection.
.1/ $e o&en !o r%n "or state and national o""ices r%n a#ainst ot!er o&en.
.C/ Most o&en !o !ave no stron# desire to be 'oliticians never r%n "or state
and national o""ices.
.3/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" 'eo'le !oldin# local o""ices !o are o&en is s&aller
t!an t!e 'ro'ortion o" 'eo'le !oldin# state and national o""ices !o are
o&en.
.E/ Man, &ore o&en t!an &en !o ant to r%n "or state and national o""ices
do not beca%se t!e, cannot #et ade0%ate "%ndin# "or t!eir ca&'ai#ns.
C. Sa&'les "ro& a cera&ic vase "o%nd at a to&b in Sicil, 'rove t!at t!e vase as
&an%"act%red in Greece. Since t!e occ%'ant o" t!e to&b died d%rin# t!e rei#n o"
a Sicilian r%ler !o lived 59AII ,ears a#o9 t!e location o" t!e vase indicates t!at
t!ere as trade beteen Sicil, and Greece 59AII ,ears a#o.
.A/ Sicilian 'otters !o lived d%rin# t!e rei#n o" t!e r%ler did not 'rod%ce ork
o" t!e sa&e level o" 0%alit, as did Greek 'otters.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5I<
.1/ Sicilian cla, t!at as %sed in t!e &an%"act%re o" 'otter, d%rin# t!e r%lers
rei#n bore little rese&blance to Greek cla, %sed to &an%"act%re 'otter, at
t!at ti&e.
.C/ At t!e ti&e t!at t!e occ%'ant o" t!e to&b as alive9 t!ere ere s!i's ca'able
o" trans'ortin# lar#e 0%antities o" &an%"act%red #oods beteen Sicil, and
Greece.
.3/ T!e vase t!at as "o%nd at t!e Sicilian to&b as not 'laced t!ere &an,
#enerations later b, descendants o" t!e occ%'ant o" t!e to&b.
.E/ T!e occ%'ant o" t!e to&b as not a &e&ber o" t!e ro,al "a&il, to !ic! t!e
Sicilian r%ler belon#ed.
@. In several cities9 t!e #overn&ent is #oin# a!ead it! a&bitio%s constr%ction
'ro+ects des'ite t!e !i#! o""ice vacanc, rates in t!ose cities. T!e vacant o""ices9
t!o%#! available "or leasin#9 %n"ort%natel, do not &eet t!e re0%ire&ents "or t!e
"acilities needed9 s%c! as co%rt !o%ses and laboratories. T!e #overn&ent9
t!ere"ore9 is not #%ilt, o" an, "iscal aste"%lness.
.A/ Ada'tation o" vacant o""ice s'ace to &eet t!e #overn&ents re0%ire&ents9 i"
'ossible9 o%ld not &ake leasin# s%c! o""ice s'ace a &ore cost8e""ective
alternative to ne constr%ction.
.1/ T!e #overn&ent 're"ers leasin# "acilities to onin# t!e& in cases !ere t!e
to alternatives are e0%all, cost8e""ective.
.C/ I" "acilities available "or leasin# co&e ver, close to &eetin# t!e
#overn&ents re0%ire&ents "or "acilities t!e #overn&ent needs9 t!e
#overn&ent can rela( its on re0%ire&ents sli#!tl, and consider t!ose
"acilities in co&'liance.
.3/ T!e #overn&ents constr%ction 'ro+ects o%ld not on bein# co&'leted9 add
to t!e stock o" "acilities available "or leasin# in t!e cities concerned.
.E/ 1e"ore e&barkin# on an, &a+or constr%ction 'ro+ect9 t!e #overn&ent is
re0%ired b, la to establis! be,ond an, reasonable do%bt t!at t!ere are no
alternatives t!at are &ost cost8e""ective.
G. Fotato c,st ne&atodes are a 'est o" 'otato cro's. T!e ne&atodes can lie dor&ant
"or several ,ears in t!eir c,sts9 !ic! are 'rotective ca's%les9 and do not e&er#e
e(ce't in t!e 'resence o" c!e&icals e&itted b, 'otato roots. A co&'an, t!at !as
identi"ied t!e relevant c!e&icals is 'lannin# to &arket t!e& to 'otato "ar&ers to
s'read on t!eir "ields !en no 'otatoes are 'lantedD an, ne&atodes t!at e&er#e
ill soon starve to deat!.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best s%''orts t!e clai& t!at t!e co&'an,s 'lan
ill be s%ccess"%l-
.A/ 2e&atodes t!at !ave e&er#ed "ro& t!eir c,sts can be killed b, ordinar,
'esticides.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5IC
.1/ T!e onl, 'art o" a 'otato 'lant t!at a ne&atode eats is t!e roots.
.C/ So&e bacteria co&&onl, 'resent in t!e roots o" 'otatoes di#est t!e
c!e&icals t!at ca%se t!e ne&atodes to e&er#e "ro& t!eir c,sts.
.3/ Trials !ave s!on t!at s'readin# even &in%te 0%antities o" t!e c!e&icals on
'otato "ields ca%sed nine8tent!s o" t!e ne&atodes 'resent to e&er#e "ro&
t!eir c,sts.
.E/ T!e c!e&icals t!at ca%se t!e ne&atodes to e&er#e "ro& t!eir c,sts are not
e&itted all t!e ti&e t!e 'otato 'lant is #roin#.
A. It is better "or t!e environ&ent i" as &%c! o" all 'acka#in# as 'ossible is &ade
"ro& &aterials t!at are biode#radable in land"ills. T!ere"ore9 it is ala,s a c!an#e
"or t!e orse to re'lace 'acka#in# &ade "ro& 'a'er or cardboard it! 'acka#in#
&ade "ro& 'lastics t!at are not biode#radable in land"ills.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 constit%tes t!e stron#est ob+ection to t!e
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e 'a'er and cardboard %sed in 'acka#in# are %s%all, not biode#radable in
land"ills.
.1/ So&e 'lastic %sed in 'acka#in# is biode#radable in land"ills.
.C/ In &an, land"ills9 a si#ni"icant 'ro'ortion o" s'ace is taken %' b, &aterials
ot!er t!an discarded 'acka#in# &aterials.
.3/ It is i&'ossible to avoid entirel, t!e %se o" 'acka#in# &aterials t!at are not
biode#radable in land"ills.
.E/ So&eti&es9 in 'acka#in# an ite&9 'lastics t!at are not biode#radable in
land"ills are co&bined it! cardboard.
B. An, serio%s 'olic, disc%ssion abo%t acce'table levels o" risk in connection it!
e('losions is not ell served i" t!e 'artici'ants "ail to %se t!e ord >e('losion?
and %se t!e '!rase >ener#etic disasse&bl,? instead. In "act9 t!e ord >e('losion?
elicits desirable reactions9 s%c! as a !ei#!tened level o" attention9 !ereas t!e
s%bstit%te '!rase does not. T!ere"ore9 o" t!e to ter&s9 >e('losion? is t!e one t!at
s!o%ld be %sed t!ro%#!o%t disc%ssions o" t!is sort.
.A/ In t!e kind o" disc%ssion at iss%e9 t!e advanta#es o" desirable reactions to t!e
ter& >e('losion? o%tei#! t!e drabacks9 i" an,9 arisin# "ro& %ndesirable
reactions to t!at ter&.
.1/ T!e '!rase >ener#etic disasse&bl,? !as not so "ar been %sed as a s%bstit%te
"or t!e ord >e('losion? in t!e kind o" disc%ssion at iss%e.
.C/ In an, serio%s 'olic, disc%ssion9 !at is said b, t!e 'artici'ants is &ore
i&'ortant t!an !o it is '%t into ords.
.3/ T!e onl, reason t!at 'eo'le o%ld !ave "or %sin# >ener#etic disasse&bl,? in
'lace o" >e('losion? is to render i&'ossible an, serio%s 'olic, disc%ssion
concernin# e('losions.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5I@
.E/ T!e '!rase >ener#etic disasse&bl,? is not necessaril, o%t o" 'lace in
describin# a controlled rat!er t!an an accidental e('losion.
H. Mannis Cor'orations arc!ival records are stored in an obsolete "or&at t!at is
accessible onl, b, its c%rrent co&'%ter s,ste&D t!%s t!e, are inaccessible !en
t!at s,ste& is not "%nctionin# 'ro'erl,. In order to avoid t!e 'ossibilit, o" losin#
access to t!eir arc!ival records in t!e case o" co&'%ter &al"%nction9 Mannis 'lans
to re'lace its c%rrent co&'%ter s,ste& it! a ne s,ste& t!at stores records in a
"or&at t!at is accessible to several di""erent s,ste&s.
T!e anser to !ic! o" t!e "olloin# 0%estions o%ld be &ost !el'"%l in
eval%atin# t!e e""ectiveness o" t!e 'lan as a &eans o" retainin# access to t!e
arc!ival records-
.A/ 6ill t!e ne co&'%ter s,ste& re0%ire "eer o'erators t!an t!e c%rrent
s,ste& re0%ires-
.1/ :as Mannis Cor'oration ala,s stored its arc!ival records in a co&'%teri)ed
"or&at-
.C/ 6ill t!e ne co&'%ter s,ste& t!at Mannis 'lans ens%re #reater sec%rit, "or
t!e records stored t!an does Mannis c%rrent s,ste&-
.3/ 6ill Mannis c%rrent collection o" arc!ival records be readil, trans"erable to
t!e ne co&'%ter s,ste&-
.E/ 6ill t!e ne co&'%ter s,ste& be able to 'er"or& &an, &ore tasks t!an t!e
c%rrent s,ste& is able to 'er"or&-
1I. Last ,ear t!e orldide 'a'er ind%str, %sed over tice as &%c! "res! '%l' .'%l'
&ade directl, "ro& ra 'lant "ibers/ as rec,cled '%l' .'%l' &ade "ro&
aste'a'er/. A 'a'er8ind%str, anal,st !as 'ro+ected t!at b, 5I1I t!e ind%str, ill
%se at least as &%c! rec,cled '%l' ann%all, as it does "res! '%l'9 !ile %sin# a
#reater 0%antit, o" "res! '%l' t!an it did last ,ear.
I" t!e in"or&ation above is correct and t!e anal,sts 'ro+ections 'rove to be
acc%rate9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin# 'ro+ections &%st also be acc%rate-
.A/ In 5I1I t!e 'a'er ind%str, ill %se at least tice as &%c! rec,cled '%l' as it
did last ,ears.
.1/ In 5I1I t!e 'a'er ind%str, ill %se at least tice as &%c! total '%l' as it did
last ,ear.
.C/ In 5I1I t!e 'a'er ind%str, ill 'rod%ce &ore 'a'er "ro& a #iven a&o%nt o"
'%l' t!an it did last ,ear.
.3/ As co&'ared it! last ,ear9 in 5I1I t!e 'a'er ind%str, ill &ake &ore 'a'er
t!at contains onl, rec,cled '%l'.
.E/ As co&'ared it! last ,ear9 in 5I1I t!e 'a'er ind%str, ill &ake less 'a'er
t!at contains onl, "res! '%l'.
11. In &alaria8in"ested areas9 &an, c!ildren tend to s%""er several bo%ts o" &alaria
be"ore beco&in# i&&%ne to t!e disease. Clearl,9 !at &%st be !a''enin# is t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR 5IG
t!ose c!ildrens i&&%ne s,ste&s are onl, eakl, sti&%lated b, an, sin#le
e('os%re to t!e &alaria 'arasite and need to be c!allen#ed several ti&es to
'rod%ce an e""ective i&&%ne res'onse.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e e('lanator,
!,'ot!esis-
.A/ I&&ediatel, a"ter a c!ild !as s%""ered a bo%t o" &alaria9 t!e c!ilds
care#ivers tend to #o to #reat len#t!s in takin# 'reca%tions to 'revent
anot!er in"ection9 b%t t!is level o" attention is not s%stained.
.1/ Malaria is s'read "ro& 'erson to 'erson b, &os0%itoes9 and &os0%itoes !ave
beco&e increasin#l, resistant to t!e 'esticides %sed to control t!e&.
.C/ A certain #ene9 i" in!erited b, c!ildren "ro& onl, one o" t!eir 'arents9 can
render t!ose c!ildren lar#el, i&&%ne to in"ection it! &alaria.
.3/ Anti&alaria vaccines9 o" !ic! several are in develo'&ent9 are all desi#ned
to ork b, sti&%latin# t!e bod,s i&&%ne s,ste&.
.E/ T!ere are several distinct strains o" &alaria9 and t!e bod,s i&&%ne res'onse
to an, one o" t!e& does not 'rotect it a#ainst t!e ot!ers.
15. An advertise&ent desi#ned to convince readers o" t!e #reat d%rabilit, o"
a%to&obiles &an%"act%red b, t!e 3el%(e Motor Car Co&'an, cites as evidence
t!e "act t!at over !al" o" all a%to&obiles b%ilt b, t!e co&'an, since 1HAI are still
on t!e road toda,9 co&'ared to no &ore t!an a t!ird "or an, ot!er &an%"act%rer.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e advertise&ents
ar#%&ent-
.A/ A"ter takin# in"lation into acco%nt9 a ne 3el%(e a%to&obile costs onl,
sli#!tl, &ore t!an a ne &odel did in 1HAI.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" a%to&obiles b%ilt b, 3el%(e eac! ,ear !as not increased
s!ar'l, since 1HAI.
.C/ 7ners o" 3el%(e a%to&obiles t,'icall, kee' t!eir cars ell &aintained.
.3/ Since 1HAI9 3el%(e !as &ade "eer c!an#es in t!e a%to&obiles it
&an%"act%res t!an ot!er car co&'anies !ave &ade in t!eir a%to&obiles.
.E/ 3el%(e a%to&obiles !ave been sellin# at relativel, stable 'rices in recent
,ears.
1<. Man, state le#islat%res are considerin# 'ro'osals to t!e e""ect t!at certain 'olicies
s!o%ld be deter&ined not b, t!e le#islat%re itsel" b%t b, '%blic re"erenda in !ic!
ever, voter can take 'art. Critics o" t!e 'ro'osals ar#%e t!at t!e o%tco&es o"
'%blic re"erenda o%ld be biased9 since ealt!, s'ecial8interest #ro%'s are able
to in"l%ence voters vies b, &eans o" television advertise&ents.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e critics ar#%&ent-
.A/ Man, state le#islators re#ard '%blic re"erenda as a a, o" avoidin# votin# on
iss%es on !ic! t!eir constit%ents are divided.
.1/ 3%rin# elections "or &e&bers o" t!e le#islat%re9 t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le !o
GMAT & LSAT CR 5IA
vote is %na""ected b, !et!er t!e candidates r%n television advertise&ents
or not.
.C/ Fro'onents o" 'olicies t!at are o''osed b, ealt!, s'ecial8interest #ro%'s
are o"ten %nable to a""ord advertisin# ti&e on local television stations.
.3/ 3i""erent s'ecial8interest #ro%'s o"ten take o''osin# 'ositions on 0%estions
o" !ic! 'olicies t!e state s!o%ld ado't.
.E/ Television stations are rel%ctant to beco&e associated it! an, one 'olitical
o'inion9 "or "ear o" losin# vieers !o do not s!are t!at o'inion.
1C. Advertise&ent: 7" t!e &an, over8t!e8co%nter &edications &arketed "or t!e relie"
o" sin%s !eadac!e. SineEase costs t!e least 'er dose. And SineEase is as e""ective
'er dose as t!e &ost e""ective o" t!ose ot!er &edications. So "or relie" "ro& sin%s
!eadac!es9 SineEase is t!e best b%,.
.A/ Most o" t!e over8t!e8co%nter &edications &arketed "or t!e relie" o" sin%s
!eadac!e are e0%all, e""ective 'er dose in 'rovidin# s%c! relie".
.1/ Man, o" t!e over8t!e8co%nter &edications &arketed "or t!e relie" o" sin%s
!eadac!e contain t!e sa&e active in#redient as SineEase.
.C/ Feo'le !o s%""er "ro& "re0%ent sin%s !eadac!es are stron#l, advised to
cons%lt a doctor be"ore takin# an, over8t!e8co%nter &edication.
.3/ An over8t!e8co%nter &edication t!at is &arketed "or t!e relie" o" s,&'to&s
o" !ead cold is identical in co&'osition to SineEase b%t costs less 'er dose.
.E/ T!e 'er dose 'rice "or an, #iven over8t!e8co%nter &edication &arketed "or
t!e relie" o" sin%s !eadac!e is !i#!er "or s&aller 'acka#es t!an it is "or
lar#er 'acka#es.
1@. In t!e =nited States9 vacationers acco%nt "or &ore t!an !al" o" all visitors to !at
are tec!nicall, called >'%re a0%ari%&s? b%t "or "eer t!an one 0%arter o" all
visitors to )oos9 !ic! %s%all, incl%de a >)oo a0%ari%&? o" relativel, &odest
sco'e.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to acco%nt "or t!e di""erence
described above beteen visitors to )oos and visitors to '%re a0%ari%&s-
.A/ In cities t!at !ave bot! a )oo and a '%re a0%ari%&9 local residents are tice
as likel, to visit t!e a0%ari%& as t!e, are to visit t!e )oo.
.1/ 4irt%all, all lar#e &etro'olitan areas !ave )oos9 !ereas onl, a "e lar#e
&etro'olitan areas !ave '%re a0%ari%&s.
.C/ 7ver t!e last ten ,ears9 nel, constr%cted '%re a0%ari%&s !ave o%tn%&bered
nel, establis!ed )oos b, a "actor o" to to one.
.3/ Feo'le !o visit a )oo in a #iven ,ear are to ti&es &ore likel, to visit a
'%re a0%ari%& t!at ,ear t!an are 'eo'le !o do not visit a )oo.
.E/ T!e )oo a0%ari%&s o" )oos t!at are in t!e sa&e cit, as a '%re a0%ari%& tend
to be s&aller t!an t!e a0%ari%&s o" )oos t!at !ave no '%re a0%ari%& nearb,.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5IB
1G. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e &ost lo#ical co&'letion o" t!e ar#%&ent
belo-
T!e ta( s,ste& o" t!e Re'%blic o" Grootland enco%ra#es borroin# b, #rantin#
its ta('a,ers ta( relie" "or interest 'aid on loans. T!e s,ste& also disco%ra#es
savin# b, ta(in# an, interest earned on savin#s. 2evert!eless9 it is clear t!at
Grootlands ta( s,ste& does not consistentl, "avor borroin# over savin#9 "or i"
it did9 t!ere o%ld be no;;;;;;
.A/ ta( relie" in Grootland "or t!ose 'ortions o" a ta('a,ers inco&e9 i" an,9 t!at
are set aside to increase t!at ta('a,ers total savin#s
.1/ ta( relie" in Grootland "or t!e 'rocessin# "ees t!at ta('a,ers 'a, to lendin#
instit%tions !en obtainin# certain kinds o" loans
.C/ ta( relie" in Grootland "or interest t!at ta('a,ers are c!ar#ed on t!e %n'aid
balance in credit card acco%nts
.3/ ta(es d%e in Grootland on t!e cas! val%e o" #i"ts received b, ta('a,ers "ro&
banks tr,in# to enco%ra#e 'eo'le to o'en savin#s acco%nts
.E/ ta(es d%e in Grootland on t!e a&o%nt t!at a ta('a,er !as invested in interest8
bearin# savin#s acco%nts
GMAT & LSAT CR 5IH
LSAT
TEST 1
SECTI72 I
Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief
statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably
answer the question. owever, you are to choose the best answer! that is, the response that most
accurately and completely answers the question. "ou should not ma#e assumptions that are by
commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. $fter you
have chosen the best answer, blac#en the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
1. Mr. 6est: 6ell9 Ms. S&it!9 b, !o &%c! do ,o% 'lan to increase ,o%r donation
to t!e c%lt%ral societ, t!is ,ear- *o% kno !o &an, ort!!ile 'ro+ects e do.
Ms. S&it!: I& not so s%re o" t!at. I as ver, %'set abo%t t!e stat%e ,o%
'%rc!ased last &ont!. I t!ink Ill #ive no &ore &one, to ,o%r ca%se.
Mr. 6est: T!ats all ri#!t: ell +%st '%t ,o% don "or t!e sa&e a&o%nt t!at ,o%
#ave last ,ear.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ords or '!rases !as been &isinter'reted in t!e
conversation-
.A/ >increase?
.1/ >,o% kno?
.C/ >ort!!ile?
.3/ >no &ore?
.E/ >sa&e a&o%nt?
5. :andritin# anal,sisKalso knon as #ra'!olo#,Kis a 'oor a, to 'redict
'ersonalit, t,'es9 even t!o%#! it is %sed b, <9III =nited States "ir&s and b, a
&a+orit, o" E%ro'ean co&'anies. In a recent st%d,9 "ive #ra'!olo#ists scored no
better t!an c!ance in 'redictin# t!e occ%'ations o" "ort, 'ro"essionals.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion necessar, to t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Feo'le in t!e sa&e occ%'ation %s%all, do not !ave t!e sa&e 'ersonalit, t,'e.
.1/ Gra'!olo#, is an e""ective &eans o" 'redictin# 'ersonalit, t,'es in non8
b%siness conte(ts.
.C/ T!ere are &ore =nited States "ir&s t!at do not %se #ra'!olo#, t!an all t!e
=nited States and E%ro'ean "ir&s t!at do %se it.
.3/ T!ere are several ot!er tec!ni0%es "or 'redictin# 'ersonalit, t,'es t!at are
&ore acc%rate t!an #ra'!olo#,.
.E/ T!ere is a corres'ondence beteen t,'e o" 'ersonalit, and c!oice o"
GMAT & LSAT CR 51I
occ%'ation.
Questions 3-4
T!e si&'le "acts are t!ese: t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le killed eac! ,ear b, #ri))l, bears is
abo%t t!e sa&e as t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le killed b, li#!tnin# on #ol" co%rses. And t!e
n%&ber o" 'eo'le killed b, li#!tnin# on #ol" co%rses eac! ,ear is abo%t t!e sa&e as
t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le electroc%ted b, electric blenders. All t!e !orrible &,t!s and
#r%eso&e stories aside9 t!ere"ore9 a #ri))l, bear is in "act abo%t as dan#ero%s as an
electric blender or a #a&e o" #ol".
<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at t!e a%t!or relies %'on in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ Most incidents involvin# #ri))l, bears are "atal.
.1/ Gri))l, bears are no lon#er t!e dan#er t!e, once ere.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" "atalities 'er ,ear is an ade0%ate indication o" so&et!in#s
dan#ero%sness.
.3/ A #ol" co%rse is a 'artic%larl, dan#ero%s 'lace to be in a t!%nderstor&.
.E/ So&et!in# is dan#ero%s onl, i" it res%lts in deat! in t!e &a+orit, o" cases.
C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost e""ectivel, %nder&ine t!e
a%t!ors ar#%&ent-
.A/ Alt!o%#! t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le killed b, li#!tnin# on #ol" co%rses eac! ,ear
is ver, s&all9 t!e total n%&ber o" li#!tnin# "atalities is &an, ti&es #reater.
.1/ Electric blenders are a&on# t!e sa"est !o%se!old a''liancesD ere t!e a%t!or
to co&'are "atalities "ro& electrical a''liances in #eneral9 s!e o%ld #et a
&%c! !i#!er "i#%re.
.C/ Most 'eo'le o%ld rat!er take t!eir c!ances it! blenders and #ol" #a&es
t!an it! #ri))l, bears.
.3/ 1ears in #eneralKincl%din# black9 bron9 and cinna&on bears9 as ell as
#ri))l, bearsKkill &an, &ore 'eo'le t!an do electric blenders.
.E/ Statistics s!o t!at t!e n%&ber o" ti&es 'eo'le %se electric blenders eac!
,ear e(ceeds t!e n%&ber o" ti&es 'eo'le 'la, #ol" eac! ,ear9 !ic! in t%rn
"ar e(ceeds t!e n%&ber o" contacts 'eo'le !ave it! #ri))l, bears eac! ,ear.
@. E&'eror: T!e ene&, e&'ire across t!e sea !as !arassed %s "or cent%ries. I ant
to con0%er it and sto' it once and "or all. 6!at advice can ,o% #ive &e-
Ad&iral: I" ,o% cross t!e sea9 a &i#!t, e&'ire ill "all.
E&'eror: In t!at case9 're'are t!e troo's. 6e set sail toni#!t.
7" t!e "olloin#9 t!e stron#est criticis& o" t!e E&'erors decision to invade
o%ld be t!at it
.A/ is certain to lead to t!e e&'erors de"eat
.1/ is based on o'inion rat!er t!an ob+ective "acts abo%t troo' stren#t!
GMAT & LSAT CR 511
.C/ contradicts t!e Ad&irals state&ent
.3/ "ails to consider "%ll, t!e 'ossible &eanin#s o" t!e Ad&irals advice
.E/ is a "%tile strate#, "or solvin# t!e 'roble& at !and
G. 2o senator s'oke at t!e convention %nless !e or s!e as a 3e&ocrat. 2o
3e&ocrat bot! s'oke at t!e convention and as a senator.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can be correctl, dran "ro& t!e
state&ents above-
.A/ 2o one b%t senators s'oke at t!e convention.
.1/ 2o 3e&ocrat s'oke at t!e convention.
.C/ 7nl, 3e&ocrats s'oke at t!e convention.
.3/ 2o senator s'oke at t!e convention.
.E/ So&e 3e&ocrat senators s'oke at t!e convention.
A. I" Sara! ere a concert 'ianist "or a &a+or orc!estra9 s!e o%ld be "a&o%s. S!e is
not a concert 'ianist since s!e is not "a&o%s.
T!e concl%sion above is %nso%nd beca%se t!e a%t!or does not consider t!at
.A/ Sara! co%ld be a "a&o%s actress.
.1/ Sara! co%ld be a !ar'ist "or a &a+or orc!estra.
.C/ Sara! co%ld be a 'ianist it! a rock #ro%'.
.3/ Sara! co%ld be a concert 'ianist it! a &inor orc!estra.
.E/ Sara! co%ld be "a&o%s "or anot!er reason.
B. 2e%roscientists are &akin# 'ro#ress in discoverin# &ore abo%t t!e ca%se o"
Al)!ei&ers disease. Al)!ei&ers disease 'atients s%""er "ro& de&entia and sever
&e&or, loss. A%to'sies 'er"or&ed on s%c! 'atients !ave revealed t!e 'resence o"
brain lesions ca%sed b, abnor&al 'rotein de'osits. Si&ilar de'osits are also "o%nd
in t!e brains o" elderl, 'atients !o do not s%""er "ro& Al)!ei&ers disease. It
"ollos t!at ever,one !o lives lon# eno%#! ill event%all, develo' Al)!ei&ers
disease.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e
concl%sion t!at ever,one !o lives lon# eno%#! ill event%all, develo'
Al)!ei&ers disease-
.A/ T!e lesions "o%nd in t!e brains o" non8Al)!ei&ers disease 'atients are "ar
less e(tensive t!an t!ose "o%nd in t!e brains o" Al)!ei&ers disease 'atients.
.1/ T!e develo'in# brain 'rod%ces a #reater n%&ber o" cells t!an it ill ever %se.
T!e e(tra cells are later destro,ed b, !at biolo#ists call >'ro#ra&&ed cell
deat!.?
.C/ T!e 'roced%re t!at allos scientists to discover t!e 'resence o" 'rotein
de'osits d%rin# an a%to's, is not ,et re"ined eno%#! to ens%re detection o"
t!e lesions in all 'atients.
GMAT & LSAT CR 515
.3/ A%to'sies !ave s!on t!at so&e 'eo'le lack t!e c!e&ical necessar, "or
'rotein de'osits to ca%se brain lesions.
.E/ T!o%#! &ost Al)!ei&ers disease 'atients develo' t!e disease !en t!e, are
in t!eir late "i"ties to earl, seventies9 t!e "re0%enc, o" 'atients !o develo'
t!e disease in t!eir "orties is on t!e rise.
H. $ree '%blic ed%cation is t!e best "or& o" ed%cation t!ere is. T!ere"ore9 e &%st
"i#!t to ens%re its contin%ed e(istenceD t!at is9 e &%st be read, to de"end t!e
'rinci'le o" e0%alit, o" ed%cational o''ort%nit,. 1eca%se t!is 'rinci'le is e
ort! de"endin#9 it is clear t!at "ree '%blic ed%cation is better t!an an, ot!er "or&
o" ed%cation.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ill%strates t!e sa&e eak reasonin# as "o%nd in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ I love &%sic9 and t!ats !, I listen to it constantl,. I !ave &, stereo or radio
on ever, akin# &in%te. Since I 'la, &%sic all t!e ti&e9 I &%st reall, love
it.
.1/ 1ooks are &, &ost val%able 'ossessions. M, books are like &, "riendsK
eac! 'leases &e in di""erent a,s. J%st as I o%ld #ive %' ever,t!in# to
save &, "riends9 so too it! &, books.
.C/ I o%ld &%c! rat!er be 'oor and res'ected t!an be ric! and des'ised. To
!ave t!e res'ect o" ot!ers is "ar &ore val%able t!an to !ave &illions o"
dollars.
.3/ I !ave never been betra,ed b, an, o" &, "riends. T!e, !ave been tr%e to &e
t!ro%#! #ood ti&es and bad. T!ere"ore I ill never betra, an, o" &,
"riends.
.E/ 1eca%se ever, 'lant I !ave ever seen !as #reen leaves9 I !ave concl%ded t!at
all 'lants &%st !ave #reen leaves. T!is looks like a 'lant b%t it does not
!ave #reen leaves9 so it cannot be a 'lant.
1I. So&e 'eo'le sa, t!at t!e scarcit, o" "ood is a "%nction o" t!e "inite li&its o" t!e
eart!s reso%rces9 co%'led it! a relentless rate o" 'o'%lation #rot!. T!is
anal,sis "ails to reco#ni)e9 !oever9 t!at &%c! o" t!e orlds a#ric%lt%ral
reso%rces are %sed to "eed livestock instead o" 'eo'le. In t!e =nited States9 "or
e(a&'le9 al&ost one8!al" o" t!e a#ric%lt%ral acrea#e is devoted to cro's "ed to
livestock. A steer red%ces tent,8one 'o%nds o" ine('ensive #rain to one 'o%nd
o" e('ensive &eat. T!%s9 t!e scarcit, o" "ood is not &erel, a "%nction o" li&ited
reso%rces and 'o'%lation #rot!.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at o%ld allo t!e concl%sion in
t!e ar#%&ent to be 'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ Feo'le 're"er eatin# &eat to eatin# #rain.
.1/ Meat is tent,8one ti&es &ore e('ensive t!an #rain.
.C/ T!e li&its o" t!e eart!s a#ric%lt%ral reso%rces are not "inite.
GMAT & LSAT CR 51<
.3/ More t!an one8!al" o" t!e a#ric%lt%ral acrea#e in t!e =nited States is devoted
to cro's "ed to !%&ans.
.E/ Groin# cro's "or !%&an cons%&'tion on t!e acrea#e c%rrentl, devoted to
cro's "or livestock ill ,ield &ore "ood "or &ore 'eo'le.
11. :ani"a!: A recent s%rve, s!os t!at t!ere are "eer 'eo'le !o drive onl, on
eekends t!an t!ere are 'eo'le !o drive to ork eac! eekda,. As a res%lt9
eekend8onl, drives are involved in "eer accidents. T!ere"ore9 ins%rance rates
s!o%ld be ad+%sted so t!at rates o%ld be si#ni"icantl, !i#!er "or t!e re#%lar
co&&%ters.
Mats%: I cant a#ree it! ,o%r concl%sion. T!e sa&e st%d, also s!oed t!at9
alt!o%#! eekend8onl, drives are involved in "eer accidents9 !en considered
on t!e basis o" accidents8'er8&ile8driven t!eir records are orse t!an t!ose o"
re#%lar co&&%ters. T!ere"ore9 ins%rance rates s!o%ld be ad+%sted to increase t!e
rates o" eekend8onl, drivers over t!ose o" re#%lar co&&%ters.
In t!e conversation above9 Mats% does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Mats% disa#rees it! eac! o" t!e 're&ises o" t!e ar#%&ent t!at :ani"a!
o""ers.
.1/ Mats% cites additional evidence statin# t!at eekend8onl, drivers are act%all,
involved in a #reater n%&ber o" accidents t!an re#%lar co&&%ters.
.C/ Mats% acc%ses :ani"a! o" %sin# inacc%rate statistical in"or&ation.
.3/ Mats% 'roves t!at :ani"a! didnt read t!e entire re'ort t!at as cited.
.E/ Mats% disa#rees it! :ani"a! over !o accident records are to be eval%ated
"or ins%rance rates.
15. I" Co%ntr, E does not intervene &ilitaril, in Co%ntr, *9 t!en t!e !ole re#ion
ill de"initel, "all %nder ene&, in"l%ence.
It &ost lo#icall, "ollos "ro& t!e state&ent above t!at9 i" Co%ntr, E does
intervene &ilitaril, in Co%ntr, *9 t!en t!e !ole re#ion
.A/ 6ill de"initel, "all %nder ene&, in"l%ence
.1/ 6ill 'robabl, "all %nder ene&, in"l%ence
.C/ 6ill 'robabl, not "all %nder ene&, in"l%ence
.3/ 6ill de"initel, not "all %nder ene&, in"l%ence
.E/ Ma, or &a, not "all %nder ene&, in"l%ence
1<. To' colle#e #rad%ates are !avin# &ore di""ic%lt, de&onstratin# t!eir s%'eriorit,
to 'ros'ective e&'lo,ers t!an did t!e to' st%dents o" tent, ,ears a#o !en an
!onors de#ree as distinction eno%#!. Toda,s e&'lo,ers are less i&'ressed it!
t!e !onors de#ree. Tent, ,ears a#o no &ore t!an 1I 'ercent o" a #iven class
#rad%ated it! !onors. Toda,9 !oever9 beca%se o" #rade in"lation9 t!e !onors
de#ree #oes to &ore t!an @I 'ercent o" a #rad%atin# class. T!ere"ore9 to restore
con"idence in t!e de#rees t!e, aard9 colle#es &%st take ste's to control #rade
GMAT & LSAT CR 51C
in"lation.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at9 i" tr%e9 o%ld s%''ort t!e
concl%sion in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Toda,s st%dents are not !i#!er ac!ievers t!an t!e st%dents o" tent, ,ears
a#o.
.1/ Aardin# too &an, !onors de#rees ca%ses colle#es to in"late #rades.
.C/ Toda,s e&'lo,ers rel, on !onors rankin# in &akin# t!eir !irin# decisions.
.3/ It is not eas, "or st%dents it! lo #rades to obtain +obs.
.E/ Colle#es &%st &ake e&'lo,ers aare o" t!e criteria %sed to deter&ine !o
receives an !onors de#ree.
1C. Eit!er Ferr,s "action or T%ckers "action9 b%t not bot!9 ill in control o" t!e
#overn&ent. I" Ferr,s "action ins9 t!e nation ill s%""er econo&icall,. I"
T%ckers "action ins9 t!e nation ill s%""er &ilitaril,.
Given t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents &%st
be tr%e-
.A/ It is 'ossible9 b%t not certain9 t!at t!e nation ill neit!er s%""er econo&icall,
nor s%""er &ilitaril,.
.1/ I" t!e nation s%""ers econo&icall,9 it is certain t!at Ferr,s "action !as on
control o" t!e #overn&ent.
.C/ It is certain t!at t!e nation ill s%""er eit!er econo&icall, or &ilitaril,9 and
also certain t!at it ill not s%""er bot!.
.3/ I" t!e nation s%""ers &ilitaril,9 it is 'ossible9 b%t not certain9 t!at T%ckers
"action !as on control o" t!e #overn&ent.
.E/ I" t!e nation s%""ers bot! econo&icall, and &ilitaril,9 it is certain t!at neit!er
Ferr,s "action nor T%ckers !as on control o" t!e #overn&ent.
1@. 7ne o" t!e &ore reliable &et!ods o" deter&inin# re#ional cli&atic conditions in
're!istoric 'eriods is to e(a&ine 'lant 'ollen tra''ed in #lacial ice d%rin# ancient
ti&es. 1, co&'arin# s%c! 'ollen sa&'les it! s'ores taken "ro& &odern
ve#etation9 scientists can "i#%re o%t a''ro(i&atel, !at t!e eat!er as like at
t!e ti&e o" 'ollen de'osition. $%rt!er&ore9 b, s%b&ittin# t!e 're!istoric sa&'les
to radiocarbon datin# tec!ni0%es9 e can also deter&ine !en certain cli&atic
conditions ere 'revalent in t!at 'ortion o" t!e #lobe.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &a, be in"erred "ro& t!e in"or&ation in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e eart! !as %nder#one several #lacial 'eriods.
.1/ Radiocarbon datin# can be corroborated b, #lacial evidence.
.C/ Si&ilarities beteen 're!istoric and conte&'orar, cli&ates do not e(ist.
.3/ Follen de'osition is a "airl, contin%o%s 'rocess.
.E/ Certain "lora are reliabl, associated it! 'artic%lar cli&atic conditions.
GMAT & LSAT CR 51@
1G. Investi#ators concl%ded t!at !%&an "ail%re as not res'onsible "or t!e "atal
air'lane cras! last A%#%st9 and since t!at ti&e ne and &ore strin#ent r%les "or
identi",in# and re'ortin# &ec!anical 'roble&s !ave been in e""ect. T!at acco%nts
"or t!e "act t!at re'orts o" air'lane &ec!anical 'roble&s !ave increased in
"re0%enc, b, @I 'ercent since last A%#%st.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion %nderl,in# t!e ar#%&ent in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ Air'lane travel is still relativel, sa"e9 des'ite t!e increase in re'orted
&ec!anical 'roble&s.
.1/ Mec!anical 'roble&s in air'lanes !ave increased dra&aticall, since last
A%#%st.
.C/ Mec!anical 'roble&s in air'lanes !ave not increased b, @I 'ercent since last
A%#%st.
.3/ Airlines are less rel%ctant to re'ort &ec!anical 'roble&s t!an t!e, 'revio%sl,
ere.
.E/ Mec!anical 'roble&s in air'lanes !ave beco&e easier to detect since last
A%#%st.
1A. T!e 'ec%liar evil o" silencin# t!e e('ression o" an o'inion is t!at it robs t!e
!%&an race. It takes "ro& 'osterit,9 as ell as t!e e(istin# #eneration9 and "ro&
t!ose !o dissent "ro& t!e o'inion even &ore t!an "ro& t!ose !o !old it. I" t!e
o'inion is ri#!t9 t!e, are de'rived o" t!e o''ort%nit, o" e(c!an#in# error "or
tr%t!D i" it is ron#9 t!e, lose !at is al&ost as #reat a bene"it: t!e clearer
'erce'tion and livelier i&'ression o" tr%t!9 'rod%ced b, its collision it! error.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best e('resses t!e concl%sion 'resented in t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Silencin# t!e e('ression o" an o'inion is robbin# t!e !%&an race.
.1/ Silencin# t!e e('ression o" an o'inion !ar&s t!ose !o dissent &ore t!an
t!ose !o a#ree.
.C/ An,one !o a#rees it! an o'inion o%ld not ant to silence its e('ression.
.3/ Gainin# a clearer 'erce'tion and livelier i&'ression o" tr%t! is a #reat
bene"it.
.E/ T!e #reatest bene"it is t!e o''ort%nit, o" e(c!an#in# tr%t! "or error.
1B. 1r%s!in# ,o%r teet! re#%larl,9 no &atter !ic! toot!'aste ,o% %se9 ill red%ce
,o%r c!ances o" toot! deca,. Scientists !ave concl%ded t!at9 !en ,o% br%s!9 ,o%
red%ce toot! deca, b, re&ovin# t!e "il& o" 'la0%e t!at "or&s on teet! and #%&s.
So9 ,o% can "or#et abo%t "l%orides: br%s! ,o%r teet! care"%ll, and sa, #oodb,e to
cavities.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a criticis& o" t!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 1r%s!in# it! "l%oride toot!'aste !as been s!on to red%ce toot! deca,.
.1/ T!e "act t!at br%s!in# ill red%ce toot! deca, does not s!o t!at "l%orides
GMAT & LSAT CR 51G
are o" no val%e.
.C/ $e 'eo'le ade0%atel, re&ove 'la0%e b, br%s!in#.
.3/ Feo'le !ave 'la0%e on t!eir teet! &ost o" t!e ti&e.
.E/ Scientists !ave been ron# abo%t "l%orides.
1H. So&e #ood cooks are #o%r&et cooks !o 'ride t!e&selves on ala,s %sin#
e(trava#antl, ric! in#redients in elaborate reci'es. So&e #ood cooks can be
c!aracteri)ed as "ast8"ood cooks. T!e, &a, %se ric! in#redients as lon# as t!e
reci'es are eas, to "ollo and take little ti&e. 7t!er #ood cooks are !ealt! "ood
ent!%siasts9 !o are concerned 'ri&aril, it! t!e n%tritional val%e o" "ood. 1%t
even t!o%#! not all #ood cooks are bi# eaters9 t!e, all en+o, 're'arin# and
servin# "ood.
I" t!e in"or&ation in t!e 'assa#e is tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# CA227T be
tr%e-
.A/ Most #ood cooks do not %se e(trava#antl, ric! in#redients.
.1/ Ever,one !o en+o,s 're'arin# and servin# "ood is a #ood cook.
.C/ More #ood cooks !o %se e(trava#antl, ric! in#redients are bi# eaters t!an
are #ood cooks !o do not %se s%c! in#redients.
.3/ T!ere are "eer #ood cooks !o en+o, servin# and 're'arin# "ood t!an t!ere
are #ood cooks !o are bi# eaters.
.E/ Go%r&et cooks9 "ast8"ood cooks9 and cooks !o are !ealt! "ood ent!%siasts
are all bi# eaters.
5I. Most disc%ssions o" t!e "actors contrib%tin# to i&'rove&ents in '%blic !ealt!
#reatl, %nderesti&ate t!e in"l%ence o" t!e val%es !eld b, individ%als. T!is
in"l%ence is indicated b, t!e "act t!at t!e astonis!in# decline in &ortalit, "ro&
in"ectio%s disease d%rin# t!e 'ast cent%r, as 'ri&aril, d%e to an i&'rove&ent in
livin# conditions. To a s%bstantial de#ree9 t!ese i&'rove&ents de'ended on t!e
e&'!asis b, an increasin# s!are o" t!e 'o'%lation on cleanliness9 'r%dence9 and
&oderation.
T!e &ain 'oint o" t!e 'assa#e is &ade 'ri&aril, b,
.A/ anal,)in# e(istin# data on &edical 'ractices and !ealt! o%tco&es
.1/ 'resentin# a set o" related ca%se8and8e""ect assertions
.C/ a''l,in# several #eneral 'rinci'les to a s'eci"ic case
.3/ 'resentin# a #eneral observation and s%''ortin# it it! several s'eci"ic
e(a&'les
.E/ re"%tin# in detail a co&&onl, acce'ted ar#%&ent
Questions !1-!!
I" t!e cit, co%ncil instit%tes ne 'arkin# re#%lations9 cit, reven%es ill s%rel,
increase9 since st%dies !ave concl%sivel, s!on t!at9 i" s%c! 'arkin# re#%lations are
'%t into e""ect9 t!ere is an increase in 'arkin# violations9 and an increase in 'arkin#
GMAT & LSAT CR 51A
violations ill res%lt in a #reater n%&ber o" 'arkin# "ines collected.
51. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is closest9 in ter&s o" its lo#ical "eat%res9 to t!e
reasonin# %sed in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Last ,ears increase in reven%es can be easil, e('lained. T!at as t!e ,ear
t!e cit, co%ncil instit%ted ne 'arkin# re#%lations. 2o do%bt t!e ne la
bro%#!t it! it an increase in t!e n%&ber o" 'arkin# violations.
.1/ I" ta(es ere increased9 t!is act o%ld nat%rall, res%lt in increased reven%es
"or t!e cit,9 and increased reven%es o%ld &ake so&e desirable social
'ro#ra&s 'ossible. So9 i" ta(es ere increased9 so&e desirable social
'ro#ra&s o%ld beco&e 'ossible.
.C/ :enr, sa,s t!at9 i" t!e cit, co%ncil #oes into closed session9 an i&'ortant
&atter o" 'ersonnel 'olic, is bein# disc%ssed. :oever9 no 'ersonnel
&atters ere disc%ssed at t!e co%ncil &eetin#9 so i" :enr, is ri#!t9 t!e
co%ncil did not #o into closed session.
.3/ All cars 'arked on t!e nort! side o" t!e street ere ticketed last ni#!t9 and t!e
sa&e cars ere toed aa, t!is &ornin#. So beareJ A car ticketed in t!is
cit, also #ets toed aa,.
.E/ Allen sa,s t!at9 i" t!e cit, co%ncil instit%tes ne 'arkin# re#%lations9 it is
%nlikel, t!at reven%es "or t!e cit, ill increase. I" Allen is ri#!t9 t!en t!e
'arkin# re#%lation 'lan s!o%ld not be instit%ted.
55. I" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be
tr%e-
.A/ =nless t!ere is an increase in t!e n%&ber o" 'arkin# violations in t!e cit,9
cit, reven%es ill not increase.
.1/ I" t!e cit, co%ncil instit%tes ne 'arkin# re#%lations9 t!e co%ncil ill "all
"ro& "avor it! t!e citi)ens.
.C/ T!e cit, co%ncil ill instit%te ne 'arkin# re#%lations onl, i" an increase in
cit, reven%es can be e('ected to res%lt.
.3/ I" t!e cit, co%ncils ne re#%lations ca%se &ore 'arkin# violators to be
ticketed9 t!e cit, reven%es ill increase.
.E/ =nless t!e cit, instit%tes a co&'le( s,ste& o" 'arkin# re#%lations9 t!e cit,
cannot e('ect tra""ic violations to increase.
5<. T!e "%nction o" #overn&ent is to satis", t!e #en%ine ants o" t!e &asses9 and
#overn&ent cannot satis", t!ose ants %nless it is in"or&ed abo%t !at t!ose
ants are. $reedo& o" s'eec! ens%res t!at s%c! in"or&ation ill reac! t!e ears o"
#overn&ent o""icials. T!ere"ore9 "reedo& o" s'eec! is indis'ensable "or a !ealt!,
state.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld 27T %nder&ine t!e concl%sion o" t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Feo'le &ost o"ten do not kno !at t!e, #en%inel, ant.
GMAT & LSAT CR 51B
.1/ $reedo& o" s'eec! tends %lti&atel, to %nder&ine social order9 and social
order is a 'rere0%isite "or satis",in# t!e ants o" t!e &asses.
.C/ T!e 'ro'er "%nction o" #overn&ent is not to satis", ants9 b%t to 'rovide
e0%alit, o" o''ort%nit,.
.3/ $reedo& o" s'eec! is not s%""icient "or satis",in# t!e ants o" t!e &asses:
social order is necessar, as ell.
.E/ R%lers alread, kno !at t!e 'eo'le ant.
5C. An %nbiased observer o" ever,da, enco%nters in 6estern societies o%ld s%rel,
not "ind &an, instances o" %nkindness b, 'eo'le %nder G@ toard 'eo'le over G@.
T!ere are %ndo%btedl, incidents o" %nkindness based on a#e9 and t!ese arrant
re'roo". :oever9 t!e ver, "act t!at s%c! re'roo" occ%rs and is #enerall, acce'ted
i&'lies t!at o%r 6estern societies basicall, res'ect t!e elderl,. T!e sa&e
concl%sion can be dran "ro& a recent s%rve, "indin#: A1 'ercent o" t!e %nder G@
'o'%lation a#reed it! t!e state&ent t!at >'eo'le over G@ receive too little
res'ect "ro& societ,?9 !ile onl, CC 'ercent o" t!e over8G@ 'o'%lation9 t!e tar#et
o" t!e alle#ed irreverence a#reed it! it.
T!e a%t!or concl%des t!at 6estern societies basicall, res'ect t!e elderl, 'artl,
beca%se
.A/ 'eo'le %nder G@ are +%st as kind to 'eo'le over G@ as t!e, are to 'eo'le o"
t!eir on a#e #ro%'
.1/ s%rve, data s%##est t!at "eer 'eo'le over G@ t!an %nder G@ #et too little
res'ect
.C/ disres'ect "or t!e elderl, does not #o so "ar as to res%lt in act%al !ar&
.3/ s%rve, data s%##est t!at 'eo'le over G@ are &ore aare o" incidents
involvin# disres'ect to t!e elderl, t!an are 'eo'le %nder G@
.E/ incidents o" %nkindness to t!e elderl, are neit!er co&&on nor #enerall,
acce'ted in 6estern societies
5@. T!ese da,s9 ever,one talks abo%t bein# too b%s,. 1%t all t!is b%s,ness does not
see& to res%lt in t!in#s #ettin# done. J%st as &an, tasks are still le"t %nco&'leted9
'!one calls %nret%rned9 and a''oint&ents &issed as t!ere ere in t!e da,s be"ore
t!is o%tbreak o" b%s,ness. T!ere"ore9 'eo'le &%st not be as b%s, as t!e, clai&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e concl%sion
in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!ese da,s9 lookin# b%s, is a stat%s s,&bol.
.1/ Feo'le !ave to do &%c! &ore t!ese da,s t!an be"ore t!e so8called o%tbreak
o" b%s,ness.
.C/ Feo'le aste so &%c! ti&e talkin# abo%t bein# b%s, t!at t!e, "ail to #et
t!in#s done.
.3/ J%st as &an, t!in#s are #ettin# done no as be"ore t!e so8called o%tbreak o"
b%s,ness.
GMAT & LSAT CR 51H
.E/ Feo'le !ave &ore leis%re ti&e t!ese da,s t!an be"ore t!e so8called o%tbreak
o" b%s,ness.
SECTI72 I4
statements or passages...
1. T!e #overn&ent s!o%ld enact a bill t!at o%ld 'ro!ibit t!e sale and cons%&'tion
o" alco!ol on co&&%ter trains. Recentl,9 t!e state9 e(ercisin# its le#iti&ate
a%t!orit,9 'assed a la to 'rotect t!e !ealt! o" co&&%ters b, 'ro!ibitin# s&okin#
on t!e co&&%ter line. 6!en into(icated riders #et o"" t!e train9 #et in t!eir cars9
and drive9 t!e '%blic is e('osed to at least as &%c! dan#er as are nons&okin# rail
'assen#ers !o are "orced to in!ale ci#arette s&oke.
In ar#%in# t!at alco!ol cons%&'tion on co&&%ter trains s!o%ld be banned9 t!e
a%t!or relies on
.A/ t!e "act t!at drinkin# alco!ol is dan#ero%s to ones !ealt!
.1/ t!e 'rinci'le t!at 'eo'le need to be 'rotected "ro& t!eir on actions
.C/ t!e %se o" e&otionall, c!ar#ed descri'tions o" s&okin# and drinkin# alco!ol
.3/ t!e readers s,&'at!, "or t!e 'roble&s o" co&&%ters
.E/ a co&'arison beteen t!e e""ects o" s&okin# and t!e e""ects o" drinkin#
alco!ol
5. Creatin# "alse &arble is an art at !ic! onl, t!ose it! a li#!t !and can e(cel.
Ficasso9 !oever9 as a #reat artist9 so !ile !e did not !ave a li#!t !and !e
co%ld !ave e(celled at creatin# "alse &arble.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# contains a lo#ical error t!at &ost closel, rese&bles
t!e lo#ical error contained in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e 'olice !ave deter&ined t!at t!e &%rderer le"t !is "in#er'rints on t!e
kni"e. Iras "in#er'rints do not &atc! t!ose on t!e kni"e9 so e can eli&inate
!i& as a s%s'ect.
.1/ It is tr%e t!at it is necessar, to ork !ard in order to s%cceed. :oever9 s&it!
as #overnor o" t!e state9 so it as 'ossible "or !i& to s%cceed it!o%t
orkin# !ard.
.C/ 6!enever I eat n%ts o" an, kind I break o%t in !ives. A"ter eatin# t!e 'ie I
did not break o%t9 so I kno it co%ld not !ave been real 'ecan 'ie.
.3/ I" t!e inventor, can be sold it!in t!e ne(t "e &ont!s t!e b%siness can be
saved. :oever9 since a sale cannot be concl%ded 0%ickl,9 t!e b%siness ill
#o %nder.
.E/ 7nl, t!e brave deserve t!e s'oils. Ma+or 6ilson !as distin#%is!ed !i&sel"
several ti&es "or braver,9 so s%rel, !e deserves t!e s'oils.
<. Cass: 6ar and 'eace are &%t%all, e(cl%sive. T!ere"ore9 a nation cannot be
GMAT & LSAT CR 55I
're'arin# "or bot! ar and 'eace si&%ltaneo%sl,.
Stanisla%s: 1%t arent t!e =.S. and t!e =.S.S.R. doin# 'recisel, t!at- T!e, are
s'endin# vast a&o%nts o" &one, on ar researc! and ar&a&ents !ile at t!e
sa&e ti&e t!e, are ne#otiatin# trade a#ree&ents and n%clear ar&s treaties t!at
are desi#ned to sec%re 'eace. Alt!o%#! t!e, are &aintainin# a s!ak, 'eace"%l
coe(istence9 t!e, are 're'arin# "or bot! ar and 'eace si&%ltaneo%sl,.
In order to re"%te Casss concl%sion9 Stanisla%s
.A/ de&onstrates t!at a nation can be at ar and at 'eace at t!e sa&e ti&e
.1/ 'oints o%t t!at t!ere are several di""erent &eanin#s to t!e ords >ar? and
>'eace?
.C/ %ses a di""erent &eanin# "or t!e ter& >si&%ltaneo%sl,? t!an Cass does
.3/ s!os t!at 're'arin# "or ar and 're'arin# "or 'eace are not &%t%all,
e(cl%sive
.E/ c!an#es an ar#%&ent based on a de"inition into one based on an et!ical
consideration
C. Accordin# to advertise&ents9 t!e !i#!er a s%ntan lotions s%n 'rotection "actor9 or
SF$9 t!e &ore 'rotection "ro& s%nb%rn. In order "or a s%ntan lotion to ork9
!oever9 one !as to re&e&ber to '%t it on be"ore #oin# in t!e s%n9 '%t on an
ade0%ate a&o%nt to cover t!e skin9 and rea''l, it as needed. T!ere"ore9 it reall,
does not &atter !at SF$ a s%ntan lotion !as.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best identi"ies t!e error in reasonin# &ade in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ It is %nreasonable to ass%&e t!at t!e onl, '%r'ose o" a s%ntan lotion is to
'rovide 'rotection "ro& s%nb%rn.
.1/ 1eca%se so&e 'eo'le #et s%nb%rned &ore easil, t!an ot!ers9 t!e "act t!at
t!ere are di""erent SF$s cannot be i#nored.
.C/ It cannot be concl%ded t!at t!e SF$ is not i&'ortant +%st beca%se t!ere are
re0%ire&ents "or t!e a''lication o" t!e s%ntan lotion.
.3/ It is %nreasonable to ass%&e t!at all s%ntan lotions re0%ire t!e sa&e
a''lication.
.E/ T!ere is no reason to ass%&e t!at &an%"act%rers are %naare t!at 'eo'le
so&eti&es "or#et to a''l, s%ntan lotion be"ore #oin# in t!e s%n.
Questions 5-&
Fatient: 3octor9 I read an article t!at clai&ed t!at t!e "irst "e !o%rs a"ter birt! are
ver, i&'ortant to establis!in# a &ot!er8in"ant bond9 !ic! is t!e "irst ste' in b%ildin#
a !ealt!, relations!i'. Can ,o% ass%re &e t!at &, relations!i' it! &, bab, !as not
been 'er&anentl, !ar&ed b, o%r se'aration "or several da,s a"ter !is birt!-
F!,sician: *o%r relations!i' it! ,o%r c!ild !as not been !ar&ed b, t!e se'aration.
Mot!er8in"ant bondin# is not like an >instant #l%e? t!at ce&ents ,o%r relations!i'
GMAT & LSAT CR 551
"orever. :avin# ,o%r in"ant it! ,o% d%rin# t!e 'eriod i&&ediatel, a"ter birt! does
#ive ,o%r relations!i' a !ead start9 b%t &an, "actors are involved in b%ildin# a stron#
and lastin# relations!i' beteen a &ot!er and !er c!ild.
@. I" ever,t!in# t!e doctor sa,s is correct9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e-
.A/ T!e best relations!i's beteen &ot!ers and t!eir c!ildren are ca%sed b,
i&&ediate &ot!er8in"ant bondin#.
.1/ T!ere is a !i#! de#ree o" correlation beteen t!e best relations!i's beteen
&ot!ers and t!eir c!ildren and t!ose t!at be#an it! i&&ediate &ot!er8
in"ant bondin#.
.C/ A stron# and lastin# relations!i' is necessar, "or &ot!er8in"ant bondin#.
.3/ 6!ere i&&ediate &ot!er8in"ant bondin# takes 'lace9 a stron# and lastin#
relations!i' beteen a &ot!er and !er c!ild ill be ass%red.
.E/ I&&ediate &ot!er8in"ant bondin# is not necessar, "or a stron# and lastin#
relations!i' beteen a &ot!er and !er c!ild.
G. T!e doctor does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# in !er re'l, to !er 'atient-
.A/ S!e re+ects an analo#, in an atte&'t to red%ce t!e 'atients concern.
.1/ S!e cites evidence to s!o t!at t!e 'atients orr, is %n"o%nded.
.C/ S!e &isinter'rets t!e 'atients e('lanation o" !er concern.
.3/ S!e establis!es t!at t!e article t!at t!e 'atient read as in error.
.E/ S!e na&es ot!er "actors t!at are &ore i&'ortant in creatin# a &ot!er8in"ant
bond.
A. A recent s%rve, s!oed t!at &an, orkers in a certain co&'an, are dissatis"ied
it! t!eir +obs. T!e s%rve, also s!oed t!at &ost o" t!e dissatis"ied orkers
believe t!at t!e, !ave little control over t!eir +ob assi#n&ents. T!ere"ore9 to
increase orkers +ob satis"action t!e co&'an,s &ana#e&ent need onl,
concentrate on c!an#in# orkers belie"s re#ardin# t!e de#ree o" control t!e,
!ave over t!eir +ob assi#n&ents.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" also s!on b, t!e s%rve,9 o%ld &ost serio%sl,
call into 0%estion t!e concl%sion &ade b, t!e a%t!or o" t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e dissatis"ied orkers "eel t!at t!eir a#es are too lo and orkin#
conditions are %nsatis"actor,.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" orkers in t!e co&'an, !o are satis"ied it! t!eir +obs is
#reater t!an t!e n%&ber !o are dissatis"ied.
.C/ T!e orkers in t!e co&'an, are &ore dissatis"ied t!an orkers in ot!er
co&'anies.
.3/ Most 'eo'le in co&'an, &ana#e&ent believe t!at t!e orkers alread, !ave
too &%c! control over t!eir ork.
.E/ T!e orkers in t!e co&'an, !o are satis"ied it! t!eir +obs believe t!at
t!e, !ave a lot o" control over t!eir +ob assi#n&ents.
GMAT & LSAT CR 555
B. 3r. S!eila Forter 'lans to r%n an e('eri&ent %sin# n%rsin# st%dents. Eac! st%dent
ill be s!on eit!er a 'leasant nat%re "il& or a dist%rbin# !orror "il&. Eac!
st%dent ill be observed b, so&eone !oKlookin# onl, at t!e st%dents "acial
e('ressionsK&%st ascertain !ic! "il& is bein# s!on. St%dents s!on t!e
!orror &ovie are told to !ide t!eir "eelin#s in order to convince t!e observer t!at
t!e, are atc!in# a 'leasant "il&. 3r. Forter !,'ot!esi)es t!at all t!e st%dents in
t!e e('eri&ent !o are convincin# ill be a&on# t!e best at orkin# it!
'atients. T!e !,'ot!esis ill be tested b, co&'arin# t!e convincin# st%dents and
%nconvincin# st%dents in ter&s o" t!eir 'er"or&ance it! 'atents.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# incidents best ill%strates 3r. Forters !,'ot!esis-
.A/ 2iles9 t!e &ost convincin# st%dent in t!e e('eri&ent9 later ent on to
beco&e a '!,sician.
.1/ A"ter #rad%atin#9 *os!iro9 a n%rsin# st%dent !o as convincin# in t!e
e('eri&ent9 !el'ed care "or 1ra&9 a 'atient at a !os'ital. 1ra& recovered
"ro& !is o'eration.
.C/ A"ter #rad%atin#9 Mi&9 a n%rsin# st%dent in t!e e('eri&ent !o atc!ed t!e
nat%re "il&9 as re&oved "ro& t!e sta"" o" a !os'ital "or %nacce'table
'er"or&ance in 'atient care.
.3/ 3aria9 a n%rsin# st%dent !o as convincin# in t!e e('eri&ent9 later
received >As? in t!ose classes in !ic! orkin# it! 'atients in a teac!in#
!os'ital as t!e sole basis o" !er #rades.
.E/ Marite9 a n%rsin# st%dent !o as not convincin# in t!e e('eri&ent9 later
0%it n%rsin# sc!ool.
H. T!ose !o t!ink it! a !ierarc!ical &entalit, strive "or sit%ations in !ic! t!eir
side is do&inant and t!e ot!er side is s%b&issive. In contrast9 co&&%nal t!inkers
strive "or 'arit, a&on# all sides. T!ere"ore9 ac!ievin# 'arit, o" n%clear ea'onr,
beteen t!e East and t!e 6est is not eno%#! "or 6estern &ilitar, #enerals.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions o%ld 'rovide t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e
concl%sion above-
.A/ 6estern &ilitar, #enerals do not !ave t!e sa&e &entalit, as do Eastern
&ilitar, #enerals.
.1/ Farit, in n%clear ea'onr, re0%ires t!at &ilitar, #enerals "ro& bot! t!e East
and t!e 6est t!ink in co&&%nal ter&s.
.C/ 6estern &ilitar, #enerals ant 'arit, it! res'ect to stren#t! in n%clear
ea'onr, beteen t!e East and t!e 6est.
.3/ 6estern &ilitar, #enerals t!inkin# abo%t relative stren#t! in n%clear
ea'onr, is !ierarc!ical.
.E/ T!e t!inkin# o" &ilitar, #enerals it! res'ect to relative stren#t! in n%clear
ea'onr, is eit!er !ierarc!ical or co&&%nal.
1I. It !as ala,s been di""ic%lt to %nderstand t!e basis o" 'olitics in t!e Feo'les
GMAT & LSAT CR 55<
Re'%blic o" C!ina. 1eca%se t!e s,ste& is e""ectivel, closed9 it is i&'ossible to
kno it! an, de#ree o" con"idence !o is allied it! !o& and "or !at
reasons. *et C!inese 'olitics does e(!ibit &an, o" t!e e(ternal c!aracteristics o"
"actional 'olitical s,ste&s9 as "o%nd in &ore o'en societies. It is le#iti&ate to
concl%de9 t!ere"ore9 t!at C!ina !as a "actional 'olitical s,ste&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld con"ir& t!e a%t!ors concl%sion t!at
C!ina !as a "actional 'olitical s,ste&-
.A/ All o'en 'olitical s,ste&s are "actional 'olitical s,ste&s.
.1/ All "actional 'olitical s,ste&s are closed 'olitical s,ste&s.
.C/ All closed 'olitical s,ste&s are "actional 'olitical s,ste&s.
.3/ C!inas 'olitical s,ste& is &ore o'en t!an &an, e(istin# "actional 'olitical
s,ste&s.
.E/ C!inas 'olitical s,ste& is &ore closed t!an all e(istin# "actional 'olitical
s,ste&s.
11. Since no one ret%rns "ro& deat!9 e can never be certain abo%t !at 'asses
t!ro%#! t!e &ind o" t!e d,in# 'erson. $or t!e %nconscio%s9 t!e con"%sed9 and t!e
!eavil, sedated9 t!ese "inal &o&ents are 'robabl, &eanin#less. :oever9 "or t!e
&entall, alert9 it is 0%ite 'ossible t!at deat! 'resents itsel" as an %nbelievabl,
#lorio%s e('erience9 a "li#!t into an entirel, ne %niverse o" sensation. 6!,
s!o%ld e t!ink so- So&e 'eo'le !o !ave been re'rieved "ro& >certain? deat!
at t!e last &o&ent !ave e('erienced !at #oes t!ro%#! t!e conscio%sness o"
t!ose !o are not so "ort%nate. $or e(a&'le9 'arac!%tists !o !ave s%rvived "alls
re'ort e('eriences t!at rese&ble 's,c!edelic >tri's.?
T!e 'ri&ar, 'oint o" t!e ar#%&ent in t!e 'assa#e is
.A/ no one ret%rns "ro& deat!
.1/ d,in# can be a #lorio%s e('erience
.C/ e can never kno !at 'asses t!ro%#! t!e &ind o" a d,in# 'erson
.3/ so&e 'eo'le are re'rieved "ro& deat! at t!e last &o&ent
.E/ so&e 'eo'le >die?9 ,et live to re'ort t!eir9 e('eriences
15. Aristotle rote t!at a t,rant o%ld be ell advised to '%t on t!e a''earance o"
%nco&&on devotion to reli#ion. S%b+ects are &ore tolerant o" %n+%st treat&ent
"ro& a r%ler !o& t!e, consider #od8rearin# and 'io%s. Moreover as &ost
s%b+ects believe t!at even t!e #ods are on t!e side o" t!e r%ler9 t!e s%b+ects are
less a't to &ove a#ainst !i&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! Aristotles ar#%&ent
de'ends-
.A/ T!e s%b+ects o" t,rannical r%lers t,'icall, believe t!at t!ere is a 'oer ot!er
t!an t!e &ortal.
.1/ A t,rant cannot r%le %nless !e !as divine 'oer on !is side.
GMAT & LSAT CR 55C
.C/ T!e s%b+ects o" t,rannical r%lers can rarel, be "ooled b, a''earances.
.3/ T,rants !o are devoted to reli#ion ill not treat t!eir s%b+ects %n+%stl,.
.E/ $or a t,rant9 t!e a''earance o" %nco&&on devotion to reli#ion is a &ore
e""ective &eans o" r%lin# t!an %n+%st treat&ent.
1<. T!at #ad#et I bo%#!t "or t!e kitc!en last eek !as alread, broken. Its +%st
anot!er e(a&'le o" t!e s!odd, 'rod%cts t!at e are seein# &ore and &ore o"
t!ese da,s. T!e t!in# as 'robabl, &an%"act%red in East Golo.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e best e('ression o" an %nstated 're&ise t!at
%nderlies t!e a%t!ors reasonin# in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ I" a &an%"act%rer %ses s!odd, &aterials to &ake a #ad#et9 t!e #ad#et is
likel, to break 0%ickl,.
.1/ I" a #ad#et breaks 0%ickl,9 it as 'robabl, &an%"act%red in East Golo.
.C/ I" a kitc!en #ad#et as &an%"act%red in East Golo9 it s!o%ld not be sold in
t!is co%ntr,.
.3/ I" ever,t!in# t!at is &an%"act%red in East Golo breaks 0%ickl,9 t!en kitc!en
#ad#ets &an%"act%red in East Golo are likel, to break 0%ickl,.
.E/ 2ot!in# t!at is &an%"act%red in East Golo can be e('ected to last &ore t!an
a eek.
1C. All t!ose !o kee' a +o%rnal ill be !eard b, t!e ne(t #eneration. So&e o" t!ese
+o%rnal riters are tr%e artists9 ot!ers !%&oro%s observers o" t!e co&&on'lace9
and still ot!ers ins%""erable e#otists !o "eel co&'elled to record t!eir ever,
t!o%#!t.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e-
.A/ 2ot all o" t!ose !o are !%&oro%s observers o" t!e co&&on'lace ill be
!eard b, t!e ne(t #eneration.
.1/ Ever,one !o ill be !eard b, t!e ne(t #eneration kee's a +o%rnal.
.C/ T!e ne(t #eneration ill !ear bot! ins%""erable e#otists and tr%e artists.
.3/ So&e o" t!ose !o kee' +o%rnals are not tr%e artists9 !%&oro%s observers o"
t!e co&&on'lace9 or ins%""erable e#otists.
.E/ T!e ne(t #eneration ill bear so&e o" t!ose !o are tr%e artists b%t not all o"
t!e&.
1@. Sven: Trade %nions are traditionall, re#arded b, #overn&ents and econo&ists as
restraints o" trade9 orkin# a#ainst t!e co&'lete "reedo& o" t!e econo&,9 b%t I
believe t!at %nions are indis'ensable since t!e, are o"ten t!e orkers onl,
'rotection a#ainst e('loitation.
Ravi: I dont a#ree. T!e e('loitation o" t!e orkers and t!eir ork is a nor&al
'art o" ordinar, trade +%st like t!e e('loitation o" nat%ral or ot!er &aterial
reso%rces.
Sven and Ravi ill not be able to resolve t!eir disa#ree&ent lo#icall, %nless t!e,
GMAT & LSAT CR 55@
.A/ de"ine a ke, ter&
.1/ rel, on t!e o'inions o" establis!ed a%t!orities
.C/ 0%estion an %n'roved 're&ise
.3/ 'resent s%''ortin# data
.E/ distin#%is! "act "ro& o'inion
1G. :istor, te(tbooks "re0%entl, need to be revised. T!e reasons "or t!is are clear:
ne discoveries o" doc%&ents and re&ains9 t!e discover, o" &istaken in"erences
in 'rior !istories9 t!e discover, o" 'revio%sl, %nnoticed relations!i's a&on# data9
and t!e a''lication o" !it!erto %ndiscovered 'rinci'les o" nat%ral science all &a,
indicate inade0%acies in c%rrent !istor, te(ts. An, o" t!ese considerations &a,
re0%ire t!at t!e 'ast be reinter'reted in a &anner t!at is ne and &ore
ill%&inatin#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be in"erred "ro& t!e ar#%&ent in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e inter'retation o" !istorical events is a""ected b, nat%ral science.
.1/ T!e 'ast is constantl, reneed beca%se o" ill%&inatin# reinter'retations.
.C/ :istor, books are o%tdated as soon as t!e, are ritten.
.3/ 2at%ral scientists also "%nction as !istorians.
.E/ :istorians &istaken in"erences are ca%sed b, %nnoticed relations!i's a&on#
data.
Questions 1'-18
I" t!e arti"icial is not better t!an t!e nat%ral9 to !at end are all t!e arts o" li"e- To di#9
to 'lo9 to b%ild9 to ear clot!esKall are direct violations o" t!e in+%nction to "ollo
nat%re.
1A. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion &ade b, t!e a%t!or o" t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e arts o" li"e !ave no %se"%l end.
.1/ T!e arti"icial is not better t!an t!e nat%ral.
.C/ 3i##in#9 'loin#9 b%ildin#9 and earin# clot!es are better t!an nat%re.
.3/ T!e in+%nction to "ollo nat%re s!o%ld not be violated.
.E/ T!e arts o" li"e are indirect &eans o" "olloin# nat%re.
1B. I" t!e a%t!ors ar#%&ent ere c!allen#ed on t!e #ro%nds t!at t!e constr%ction o"
b%ildin#s !as adverse e""ects on t!e nat%ral environ&ent9 !ic! o" t!e "olloin#
re'lies &i#!t t!e a%t!or %se to res'ond to t!e c!allen#e lo#icall,-
.A/ T!ere are !%&an activities9 s%c! as &akin# &%sic9 t!at are environ&entall,
!ar&less.
.1/ :ar&in# t!e environ&ent is not an end9 or '%r'ose9 o" t!e arts o" li"e.
.C/ T!e constr%ction co%ld involve t!e %se o" nat%ral9 not arti"icial9 &aterials.
.3/ Constr%ctin# b%ildin#s is not an >art o" li"e.?
GMAT & LSAT CR 55G
.E/ Even i" t!e nat%ral environ&ent is dist%rbed b, t!e constr%ction o" b%ildin#s9
it is i&'roved "or !%&an %se.
1H. T!ere are at least t!ree 'eo'le in t!e roo&. At &ost to 'eo'le in t!e roo&
reco#ni)e eac! ot!er. At least one 'erson in t!e roo& reco#ni)es ever,bod, else
in t!e roo&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is 27T consistent it! t!e above-
.A/ $o%r 'eo'le are in t!e roo&.
.1/ 2o to 'eo'le in t!e roo& reco#ni)e eac! ot!er.
.C/ At &ost one 'erson in t!e roo& reco#ni)es ever,bod, else in t!e roo&.
.3/ An,one in t!e roo& !o reco#ni)es an, ot!er 'erson in t!e roo& is also
reco#ni)ed b, t!at 'erson.
.E/ To 'eo'le in t!e roo& reco#ni)e ever, one else in t!e roo&.
5I. Abolis! ta(es9 and real ta('a,ers o%ld "ind t!at t!eir dis'osable inco&es !ave
increased. Abolis! ta(es9 and '%blic e&'lo,ees o%ld "ind t!at t!eir inco&es
!ave disa''eared.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a lo#ical concl%sion t!at de'ends on in"or&ation
in bot! o" t!e state&ents above-
.A/ F%blic o""ices s!o%ld be abolis!ed so t!at dis'osable inco&es ill rise.
.1/ T!e onl, real ta('a,ers are t!ose !o o%ld !ave &ore to s'end i" t!e, did
not 'a, ta(es.
.C/ F%blic e&'lo,ees are not real ta('a,ers.
.3/ F%blic e&'lo,ees inco&es s!o%ld not be ta(ed since t!e, co&e "ro& ta(es.
.E/ I" t!ere ere no ta(es9 t!en '%blic e&'lo,ees co%ld not be 'aid.
51. A lo8'ress%re eat!er s,ste& is a''roac!in# FlainvilleD rain"all res%lts "ro&
abo%t AI 'ercent o" s%c! s,ste&s in t!e Flainville area. Moreover9 t!e c%rrent
season9 s'rin#9 is t!e ti&e o" ,ear in !ic! t!%nders!oers9 !ic! so&eti&es
res%lt "ro& lo8'ress%re s,ste&s9 are &ost likel, to occ%r in Flainville.
Mnoin# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 in addition to t!e in"or&ation above9
o%ld be &ost %se"%l "or deter&inin# t!e 'robabilit, t!at Flainville ill !ave a
t!%nders!oer soon-
.A/ t!e 'ercenta#e o" t!%nders!oers in Flainville t!at occ%r in t!e s'rin#
.1/ t!e 'ercenta#e o" s'rin# rain"alls in Flainville t!at are t!%nders!oers
.C/ t!e 'ercenta#e o" t!%nders!oers in Flainville t!at res%lt "ro& lo8'ress%re
s,ste&s
.3/ !et!er lo8'ress%re s,ste&s in ot!er areas are associated it! rain"all
.E/ !et!er Flainville !as &ore or "eer t!%nders!oers eac! s'rin# t!an do
nearb, tons
55. It is illo#ical to in"er a second and di""erent e""ect "ro& a ca%se !ic! is knon
GMAT & LSAT CR 55A
onl, b, one 'artic%lar e""ect. T!is is incorrect beca%se t!e in"erred e""ect &%st
necessaril, be 'rod%ced b, so&e di""erent c!aracteristic o" t!e ca%se t!an is t!e
observed e""ect9 !ic! alread, serves entirel, to describe t!e ca%se.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents &akes t!e sa&e lo#ical error as t!e one
described b, t!e a%t!or in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ An anon,&o%s donor #ave a t!o%sand dollars to o%r !istorical societ,. I
o%ld #%ess t!at t!at individ%al also vol%nteers at t!e c!ildrens !os'ital.
.1/ T!e radioactive &aterial ca%sed a #enetic &%tation9 !ic!9 in t%rn9 ca%sed
t!e birt! de"ect. T!ere"ore9 t!e radioactive &aterial ca%sed t!e birt! de"ect.
.C/ T!e tin,9 %nseen ato& is t!e so%rce o" i&&ense 'oer. It &%st be its !i#!l,
co&'le( str%ct%re t!at 'rod%ces t!is 'oer.
.3/ T!e cit, orc!estra received &ore "%nds "ro& t!e local #overn&ent t!is ,ear
t!an ever be"ore. Clearl, t!is ad&inistration is &ore civic8&inded t!an
'revio%s ones.
.E/ I" I !eat ater9 !ic! is a li0%id9 it eva'orates. I" I !eat !%ndreds o" ot!er
li0%ids like ater9 t!e, eva'orate. T!ere"ore9 i" I !eat an, li0%id like ater9
it ill eva'orate.
Questions !3-!4
J%st as a bic,cle c!ain &a, be too ti#!t9 so &a, ones care"%lness and
conscientio%sness be so tense as to !inder t!e r%nnin# o" ones &ind.
5<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost closel, 'arallels t!e reasonin# %sed in t!e
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ J%st as a clock &a, be o%nd too ti#!tl,9 so &a, ones ti&e be s'ent
"r%itlessl, in t!e '%rs%it o" 'er"ection.
.1/ J%st as a caro%sel &a, s'in too 0%ickl,9 so &a, ones ra'id concentration on
several 'roble&s 'revent a resol%tion o" di""ic%lties.
.C/ J%st as a &ac!ine &a, be oiled too &%c!9 so &a, ones !eav, drinkin# o"
alco!olic bevera#es lead to co&'lete dissi'ation.
.3/ J%st as a ra#in# river &a, be "ro)en into stillness d%rin# t!e inter9 so &a,
ones career "alter at certain ti&es o" t!e ,ear.
.E/ J%st as a bo(er &a, beco&e too tense be"ore a bi# "i#!t9 so &a, ones
'ersonal concerns stand in t!e a, o" 'ro"essional s%ccess.
5C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 1ic,cle c!ains are %sed to t%rn !eels9 b%t t!e !%&an &ind is %sed to >t%rn?
ideas.
.1/ Feo'le and bic,cles are si&ilar onl, in t!at bot! &a, not "%nction ell %nder
stress.
.C/ 1ic,cles !el' 'eo'le it! trans'ortation9 b%t care"%l9 conscientio%s t!o%#!t
!el's to solve &an, di""erent 'roble&s.
GMAT & LSAT CR 55B
.3/ E(tre&e tension !el's a bic,cle c!ain to "%nction e""icientl,.
.E/ Feo'le en#a#e in 'oor reasonin# !et!er t!e, are care"%l and conscientio%s
or not.
5@. All o" t!e best co&edians !ave !ad %n!a'', c!ild!oods. *et9 &an, 'eo'le !o
!ave !ad !a'', c!ild!oods are #ood co&edians9 and so&e #ood co&edians !o
!ave !ad &iserabl, %n!a'', c!ild!oods are !a'', ad%lts.
I" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# CA227T
be tr%e-
.A/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" #ood co&edians !o !ad %n!a'', c!ild!oods is #reater
t!an t!e 'ro'ortion o" t!e best co&edians !o did.
.1/ So&e #ood co&edians !ave !ad %n!a'', c!ild!oods and are %n!a'', ad%lts.
.C/ Most o" t!e best co&edians are !a'', ad%lts.
.3/ More #ood co&edians !ave !ad %n!a'', c!ild!oods t!an !ave !ad !a'',
c!ild!oods.
.E/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" co&edians !o are !a'', ad%lts is !i#!er t!an t!e
'ro'ortion !o are %n!a'', ad%lts.
5G. T!e %se"%lness o" lie detectors cannot be overesti&ated. Alt!o%#! t!ere is no
e&'lo,ee screenin# 'roced%re t!at is 1II 'ercent acc%rate9 t!e lie detector is a
val%able tool "or e&'lo,ers and e&'lo,ees alike. T!e lie detectors %se"%lness is
a&'l, de&onstrated in a recent s%rve, cond%cted b, a 'resti#io%s %niversit,. In
t!e s%rve,9 t!ose e&'lo,ees o" a lar#e co&'an, !o ere a''l,in# "or a nel,
created 'osition it!in t!e co&'an, ere asked i" t!e, !ad ever orked on
Fro+ect E. More t!an one8t!ird o" t!e a''licants st%died lied and said t!e, !ad
orked on t!e 'ro+ectKa 'ro+ect t!at never e(isted.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best identi"ies a "la in t!e a%t!ors ar#%&ent abo%t
t!e %se"%lness o" lie detectors-
.A/ T!e ar#%&ent de'ends on t!e ass%&'tion t!at !atever is #ood "or t!e
e&'lo,er is #ood "or t!e e&'lo,ee.
.1/ Since lie detectors are knon to be less t!an 1II 'ercent acc%rate9 t!e test
ill tend to !el' onl, t!ose it! so&et!in# to !ide.
.C/ 1, re"errin# to a 'resti#io%s %niversit,9 t!e a%t!or is a''ealin# to a%t!orit,
rat!er t!an to evidence.
.3/ T!e st%d, s!os onl, t!at certain individ%al ill lie9 not t!at t!e lie detector
can detect t!e&.
.E/ T!e a%t!or "ails to address t!e iss%e t!at t!e %se o" lie detectors &a, "ail to
'revent e&be))le&ent.
TEST 2
SECTI72 II
GMAT & LSAT CR 55H
1. So&e 'eo'le believe t!at itnessin# violence in &ovies ill disc!ar#e a##ressive
ener#,. 3oes atc!in# so&eone else eat "ill ones on sto&ac!-
In !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# does t!e reasonin# &ost closel, 'arallel t!at
e&'lo,ed in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ So&e 'eo'le t!ink a''ro'riatin# s%''lies at ork "or t!eir on 'ersonal %se
is &orall, ron#. Isnt s!o'li"tin# &orall, ron#-
.1/ So&e 'eo'le t!ink nationalis& is de"ensible. :asnt nationalis& been t!e
e(c%se "or co&&ittin# abo&inable cri&es-
.C/ So&e 'eo'le t!ink t!at bo(in# is "i(ed +%st beca%se restlin# %s%all, is. Are
t!e to s'orts &ana#ed b, t!e sa&e sort o" 'eo'le-
.3/ So&e 'eo'le t!ink t!at econo&ists can control in"lation. Can &eteorolo#ists
&ake t!e s%n s!ine-
.E/ So&e 'eo'le t!ink orka!olics are co&'ensatin# "or a lack o" inter'ersonal
skills. :oever9 arent &ost doctors orka!olics-
5. Ann: All t!e ca&'ers at Ca&' 6inne!atc!ee #o to Tri8Cities :i#! Sc!ool
1ill: T!ats not tr%e. So&e Tri8Cities st%dents are ca&'ers at Ca&' Lake&ont.
1ills anser can be best e('lained on t!e ass%&'tion t!at !e !as inter'reted
Anns re&ark to &ean t!at
.A/ &ost o" t!e ca&'ers at Ca&' Lake&ont co&e "ro& !i#! sc!ools ot!er t!an
Tri8Cities
.1/ &ost Tri8Cities :i#! Sc!ool st%dents are ca&'ers at Ca&' 6inne!atc!ee
.C/ so&e Tri8Cities :i#! Sc!ool st%dents !ave it!dran "ro& Ca&' Lake&ont
.3/ all Tri8Cities :i#! Sc!ool st%dents !ave it!dran "ro& Ca&' Lake&ont
.E/ onl, ca&'ers at Ca&' 6inne!atc!ee are st%dents at Tri8Cities :i#! Sc!ool
<. More t!an a ,ear a#o9 t!e cit, anno%nced t!at 'olice o%ld crack don on
ille#all, 'arked cars and t!at reso%rces o%ld be diverted "ro& ritin# s'eedin#
tickets to ticketin# ille#all, 'arked cars. 1%t no crackdon !as taken 'lace. T!e
'olice c!ie" clai&s t!at reso%rces !ave !ad to be diverted "ro& ritin# s'eedin#
tickets to co&batin# t!e cit,s sta##erin# dr%# 'roble&. *et t!e 'olice are still
ritin# as &an, s'eedin# tickets as ever. T!ere"ore9 t!e e(c%se abo%t reso%rces
bein# tied %' in "i#!tin# dr%#8related cri&e si&'l, is not tr%e.
T!e concl%sion in t!e 'assa#e de'ends on t!e ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ ever, &e&ber o" t!e 'olice "orce is 0%ali"ied to ork on co&batin# t!e cit,s
dr%# 'roble&
.1/ dr%#8related cri&e is not as serio%s a 'roble& "or t!e cit, as t!e 'olice c!ie"
clai&s it is
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<I
.C/ ritin# s'eedin# tickets s!o%ld be as i&'ortant a 'riorit, "or t!e cit, as
co&batin# dr%#8related cri&e
.3/ t!e 'olice co%ld be crackin# don on ille#all, 'arked cars and co&batin# t!e
dr%# 'roble& it!o%t !avin# to red%ce ritin# s'eedin# tickets
.E/ t!e 'olice cannot contin%e ritin# as &an, s'eedin# tickets as ever !ile
divertin# reso%rces to co&batin# dr%#8related cri&e
C. 3ried #rass cli''in#s &i(ed into #arden soil #rad%all, deco&'ose9 'rovidin#
n%trients "or bene"icial soil bacteria. T!is res%lts in better8t!an8avera#e 'lant
#rot!. *et &i(in# "res! #rass cli''in#s into #arden soil %s%all, ca%ses 'oorer8
t!an8avera#e 'lant #rot!.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain t!e di""erence in 'lant
#rot! described above-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" bene"icial soil bacteria increases !enever an, kind o" 'lant
&aterial is &i(ed into #arden soil.
.1/ 2%trients released b, dried #rass cli''in#s are i&&ediatel, available to
bene"icial soil bacteria.
.C/ So&e dried #rass cli''in#s retain n%trients ori#inall, derived "ro&
co&&ercial lan "ertili)ers9 and t!%s 'rovide additional enric!&ent to t!e
soil.
.3/ $res! #rass cli''in#s &i(ed into soil deco&'ose ra'idl,9 #eneratin# !i#!
levels o" !eat t!at kill bene"icial soil bacteria.
.E/ 6!en a &i( o" "res! and dried #rass cli''in#s is &i(ed into #arden soil9 'lant
#rot! o"ten decreases.
@. A #as ta( o" one cent 'er #allon o%ld raise one billion dollars 'er ,ear at c%rrent
cons%&'tion rates. Since a ta( o" "i"t, cents 'er #allon o%ld t!ere"ore raise "i"t,
billion dollars 'er ,ear9 it see&s a 'er"ect a, to deal it! t!e "ederal b%d#et
de"icit. T!is ta( o%ld !ave t!e additional advanta#e t!at t!e res%ltin# dro' in t!e
de&and "or #asoline o%ld be ecolo#icall, so%nd and o%ld kee' o%r co%ntr,
"ro& bein# too de'endent on "orei#n oil 'rod%cers.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost clearl, identi"ies an error in t!e a%t!ors
reasonin#-
.A/ T!e a%t!or cites irrelevant data.
.1/ T!e a%t!or relies on incorrect c%rrent cons%&'tion "i#%res.
.C/ T!e a%t!or &akes inco&'atible ass%&'tions.
.3/ T!e a%t!or &istakes an e""ect "or a ca%se.
.E/ T!e a%t!or a''eals to conscience rat!er t!an reason.
G. As s,&bols o" t!e "reedo& o" t!e ilderness9 bald ea#les !ave t!e %ni0%e
ca'acit, to ins'ire 'eo'le and "oster in t!e& a s,&'at!etic attit%de toard t!e
needs o" ot!er t!reatened s'ecies. Clearl,9 it!o%t t!at s,&'at!, and t!e 'olitical
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<1
ill it en#enders9 t!e needs o" &ore obsc%re s'ecies ill #o %n&et. T!e
conservation needs o" &an, obsc%re s'ecies can onl, be &et b, be#innin# it!
t!e conservation o" t!is s,&bolic s'ecies9 t!e bald ea#le.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e 'assa#e as a !ole-
.A/ 1eca%se bald ea#les s,&boli)e "reedo&9 conservation e""orts s!o%ld be
concentrated on t!e& rat!er t!an on ot!er9 &ore obsc%re s'ecies.
.1/ T!e conservation o" bald ea#les is t!e "irst necessar, ste' in conservin# ot!er
endan#ered s'ecies.
.C/ 6it!o%t increased '%blic s,&'at!, "or conservation9 t!e needs o" &an,
s,&bolic s'ecies ill #o %n&et.
.3/ Feo'les love o" t!e ilderness can be %sed to en#ender 'olitical s%''ort "or
conservation e""orts.
.E/ 7t!er t!reatened s'ecies do not ins'ire 'eo'le or "oster s,&'at!, as &%c! as
do bald ea#les.
A. T!ere is no reason !, t!e ork o" scientists !as to be o""iciall, con"ir&ed
be"ore bein# '%blis!ed. T!ere is a s,ste& in 'lace "or t!e con"ir&ation or
discon"ir&ation o" scienti"ic "indin#9 na&el,9 t!e re'lication o" res%lts b, ot!er
scientists. Foor scienti"ic ork on t!e 'art o" an, one scientist9 !ic! can incl%de
an,t!in# "ro& careless re'ortin# 'ractices to "ra%d9 is not !ar&"%l. It ill be
e('osed and rendered !ar&less !en ot!er scientists cond%ct t!e e('eri&ents and
obtain discon"ir&ator, res%lts.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Scienti"ic e('eri&ents can #o %nc!allen#ed "or &an, ,ears be"ore t!e, are
re'licated.
.1/ Most scientists ork in %niversities9 !ere t!eir ork is s%b&itted to 'eer
revie be"ore '%blication.
.C/ Most scientists are %nder 'ress%re to &ake t!eir ork accessible to t!e
scr%tin, o" re'lication.
.3/ In scienti"ic e('eri&ents9 careless re'ortin# is &ore co&&on t!an "ra%d.
.E/ Most scientists ork as 'art o" a tea& rat!er t!an alone.
B. Alice: N%otas on a%to&obile i&'orts to t!e =nited States s!o%ld be eli&inated.
T!en do&estic 'rod%cers o%ld !ave to co&'ete directl, it! Ja'anese
&an%"act%rers and o%ld be "orced to 'rod%ce !i#!er80%alit, cars. S%c!
co&'etition o%ld be #ood "or cons%&ers.
3avid: *o% "ail to reali)e9 Alice9 t!at 0%otas on a%to&obile i&'orts are 'ervasive
orldide. Since Ger&an9 1ritain9 and $rance !ave 0%otas9 so s!o%ld t!e =nited
States.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, c!aracteri)es 3avids res'onse to
Alices state&ent-
.A/ 3avid "alsel, acc%ses Alice o" contradictin# !ersel".
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<5
.1/ 3avid %n"airl, directs !is ar#%&ent a#ainst Alice 'ersonall,.
.C/ 3avid %ncovers a !idden ass%&'tion %nderl,in# Alices 'osition.
.3/ 3avid takes a 'osition t!at is si&ilar to t!e one Alice !as taken.
.E/ 3avid "ails to address t!e reasons Alice cites in "avor o" !er concl%sion.
H. Govern&ents !ave onl, one res'onse to '%blic criticis& o" sociall, necessar,
services: re#%lation o" t!e activit, o" 'rovidin# t!ose services. 1%t #overn&ents
inevitabl, &ake t!e activit, &ore e('ensive b, re#%latin# it9 and t!at is
'artic%larl, tro%bleso&e in t!ese ti&es o" strained "inancial reso%rces. :oever9
since '%blic criticis& o" c!ild8care services !as %nder&ined all con"idence in
s%c! services9 and since s%c! services are sociall, necessar,9 t!e #overn&ent is
certain to res'ond.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents can be in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e 0%alit, o" c!ild care ill i&'rove.
.1/ T!e cost o" 'rovidin# c!ild8care services ill increase.
.C/ T!e #overn&ent ill %se "%ndin# to "oster advances in c!ild care.
.3/ I" '%blic criticis& o" 'olic, is stron#l, voiced9 t!e #overn&ent is certain to
res'ond.
.E/ I" c!ild8care services are not re#%lated9 t!e cost o" 'rovidin# c!ild care ill
not increase.
1I. Advertisers are o"ten critici)ed "or t!eir %nscr%'%lo%s &ani'%lation o" 'eo'les
tastes and ants. T!ere is evidence9 !oever9 t!at so&e advertisers are &otivated
b, &oral as ell as "inancial considerations. A 'artic%lar '%blication decided to
c!an#e its i&a#e "ro& bein# a "a&il, nes'a'er to concentratin# on se( and
violence9 t!%s a''ealin# to a di""erent readers!i'. So&e advertisers it!dre
t!eir advertise&ents "ro& t!e '%blication9 and t!is &%st !ave been beca%se t!e,
&orall, disa''roved o" '%blis!in# salacio%s &aterial.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e advertisers sitc!ed t!eir advertise&ents to ot!er "a&il, nes'a'ers.
.1/ So&e advertisers sitc!ed "ro& "a&il, nes'a'ers to advertise in t!e
c!an#ed '%blication.
.C/ T!e advertisers e('ected t!eir 'rod%ct sales to increase i" t!e, sta,ed it!
t!e c!an#ed '%blication9 b%t to decrease i" t!e, it!dre.
.3/ Feo'le !o #enerall, read "a&il, nes'a'ers are not likel, to b%,
nes'a'ers t!at concentrate on se( and violence.
.E/ It as e('ected t!at t!e c!an#ed '%blication o%ld a''eal 'rinci'all, to
t!ose in a di""erent inco&e #ro%'.
11. >I" t!e "orest contin%es to disa''ear at its 'resent 'ace9 t!e koala ill a''roac!
e(tinction9? said t!e biolo#ist.
>So all t!at is needed to save t!e koala is to sto' de"orestation9? said t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<<
'olitician.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents is consistent it! t!e biolo#ists clai& b%t
not it! t!e 'oliticians clai&-
.A/ 3e"orestation contin%es and t!e koala beco&es e(tinct.
.1/ 3e"orestation is sto''ed and t!e koala beco&es e(tinct.
.C/ Re"orestation be#ins and t!e koala s%rvives.
.3/ 3e"orestation is sloed and t!e koala s%rvives.
.E/ 3e"orestation is sloed and t!e koala a''roac!es e(tinction.
15. Feo'le !ave lon# been "ascinated b, t!e 'aranor&al. 7ver t!e ,ears9 n%&ero%s
researc!ers !ave investi#ated tele'at!, onl, to "ind t!at concl%sive evidence "or
its e(istence !as 'ersistentl, evaded t!e&. 3es'ite t!is9 t!ere are still t!ose !o
believe t!at t!ere &%st be >so&et!in# in it? since so&e researc! see&s to s%''ort
t!e vie t!at tele'at!, e(ist. :oever9 it can o"ten be s!on t!at ot!er
e('lanations t!at do co&'l, it! knon las can be #iven. T!ere"ore9 it is
're&at%re to concl%de t!at tele'at!, is an alternative &eans o" co&&%nication.
In t!e 'assa#e9 t!e a%t!or
.A/ s%''orts t!e concl%sion b, 'ointin# to t!e inade0%ac, o" evidence "or t!e
o''osite vie
.1/ s%''orts t!e concl%sion b, describin# 'artic%lar e('eri&ents
.C/ s%''orts t!e concl%sion b, over#enerali)in# "ro& a s'eci"ic 'iece o"
evidence
.3/ dras a concl%sion t!at is not s%''orted b, t!e 're&ises
.E/ re'!rases t!e concl%sion it!o%t o""erin# an, s%''ort "or it
1<. I" retail stores e('erience a decrease in reven%es d%rin# t!is !olida, season9 t!en
eit!er attit%des toard e(trava#ant #i"t8#ivin# !ave c!an#ed or 'rices !ave risen
be,ond t!e level &ost 'eo'le can a""ord. I" attit%des !ave c!an#ed9 t!en e all
!ave so&et!in# to celebrate t!is season. I" 'rices !ave risen be,ond t!e level
&ost 'eo'le can a""ord9 t!en it &%st be t!at salaries !ave not ke't 'ace it! risin#
'rices d%rin# t!e 'ast ,ear.
Ass%&e t!e 're&ises above to be tr%e. I" salaries !ave ke't 'ace it! risin#
'rices d%rin# t!e 'ast ,ear9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e-
.A/ Attit%des toard e(trava#ant #i"t8#ivin# !ave c!an#ed.
.1/ Retail stores ill not e('erience a decrease in retail sales d%rin# t!is !olida,
season.
.C/ Frices in retail stores !ave not risen be,ond t!e level t!at &ost 'eo'le can
a""ord d%rin# t!is !olida, season.
.3/ Attit%des toard e(trava#ant #i"t8#ivin# !ave not c!an#ed9 and stores ill
not e('erience a decrease in reven%es d%rin# t!is !olida, season.
.E/ Eit!er attit%des toard e(trava#ant #i"t8#ivin# !ave c!an#ed or 'rices !ave
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<C
risen be,ond t!e level t!at &ost 'eo'le can a""ord d%rin# t!is !olida,
season.
1C. T!e >s%icide ave? t!at "olloed t!e =nited States stock &arket cras! o" 7ctober
1H5H is &ore le#end t!an "act. Care"%l e(a&ination o" t!e &ont!l, "i#%res on t!e
ca%ses o" deat! in 1H5H s!os t!at t!e n%&ber o" s%icides in 7ctober and in
2ove&ber as co&'arativel, lo. In onl, t!ree ot!er &ont!s ere t!e &ont!l,
"i#%res loer. 3%rin# t!e s%&&er &ont!s9 !en t!e stock &arket as
"lo%ris!in#9 t!e n%&ber o" s%icides as s%bstantiall, !i#!er.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best c!allen#e t!e concl%sion o" t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ T!e s%icide rate is in"l%enced b, &an, 's,c!olo#ical9 inter'ersonal9 and
societal "actors d%rin# an, #iven !istorical 'eriod.
.1/ 7ctober and 2ove&ber !ave al&ost ala,s !ad relativel, !i#! s%icide rates9
even d%rin# t!e 1H5Is and 1H<Is.
.C/ T!e s%icide rate in 7ctober and 2ove&ber o" 1H5H as considerabl, !i#!er
t!an t!e avera#e "or t!ose &ont!s d%rin# several 'recedin# and "olloin#
,ears.
.3/ 3%rin# t!e ,ears s%rro%ndin# t!e stock &arket cras!9 s%icide rates ere
t,'icall, loer at t!e be#innin# o" an, calendar ,ear t!an toard t!e end o"
t!at ,ear.
.E/ 1eca%se o" seasonal di""erences9 t!e n%&ber o" s%icides in 7ctober and
2ove&ber o" 1H5H o%ld not be e('ected to be t!e sa&e as t!ose "or ot!er
&ont!s.
1@. A ell8knon s'orts "i#%re "o%nd t!at co&binin# '%blicit, to%rs it! 'la,in#
to%rs led to 'roble&s9 so s!e sto''ed co&binin# t!e to. S!e no lon#er allos
bookstore a''earances and 'la,in# in co&'etition to occ%r in t!e sa&e cit,
it!in t!e sa&e tri'. T!is eek s!e is travelin# to London to 'la, in a &a+or
co&'etition9 so d%rin# !er sta, in London s!e ill not be &akin# an, '%blicit,
a''earances at an, bookstore in London.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost closel, 'arallels t!e reasonin# %sed in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ 6!erever t!ere is an Ac&e 1%#killer9 &an, as's are killed. T!e Q "a&il,
#arden !as an Ac&e 1%#killer9 so an, as's re&ainin# in t!e #arden ill
soon be killed.
.1/ T!e onl, ti&es t!at t!e !os'itals e&er#enc, roo& sta"" attends to relativel,
less serio%s e&er#encies are ti&es !en t!ere is no critical e&er#enc, to
attend to. 7n Monda, ni#!t t!e e&er#enc, roo& sta"" attended to a series o"
"airl, &inor e&er#encies9 so t!ere &%st not !ave been an, critical
e&er#encies to take care o" at t!e ti&e.
.C/ To&ato 'lants re0%ire !ot s%&&ers to t!rive. $ar&s in t!e cool s%&&ers o"
co%ntr, * 'robabl, do not !ave t!rivin# to&ato 'lants.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<@
.3/ :i#!er #rades lead to better +ob o''ort%nities9 and st%d,in# leads to !i#!er
#rades. T!ere"ore9 st%d,in# ill lead to better +ob o''ort%nities.
.E/ 1%tter knives are not s!ar'. N as not &%rdered it! a s!ar' blade9 so
s%s'ect Es b%tter kni"e &a, !ave been t!e &%rder ea'on.
Questions 1&-1'
T!e advanced tec!nolo#, o" ski boots and bindin#s !as bro%#!t a dra&atic dro' in t!e
incidence o" in+%ries t!at occ%r on t!e slo'es o" ski resorts: "ro& H in+%ries 'er 19III
skiers in 1H@I to < in 1HBI. As a res%lt9 t!e re&ainder o" ski8related in+%ries9 !ic!
incl%des all in+%ries occ%rrin# on t!e 're&ises o" a ski resort b%t not on t!e slo'es9
rose "ro& 1I 'ercent o" all ski8related in+%ries in 1H@I to 5@ 'ercent in 1HBI. T!e
incidence o" t!ese in+%ries9 incl%din# accidents s%c! as "allin# don ste's9 increases
it! t!e a&o%nt o" alco!ol cons%&ed 'er skier.
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ As t!e n%&ber o" ski in+%ries t!at occ%r on t!e slo'es decreases9 t!e n%&ber
o" in+%ries t!at occ%r on t!e 're&ises o" ski resorts increases.
.1/ T!e a&o%nt o" alco!ol cons%&ed 'er skier increased beteen 1H@I and
1HBI.
.C/ T!e tec!nolo#, o" ski boots and bindin#s a""ects t!e incidence o" eac! t,'e
o" ski8related in+%r,.
.3/ I" t!e tec!nolo#, o" ski boots and bindin#s contin%es to advance9 t!e
incidence o" ski8related in+%ries ill contin%e to decline.
.E/ In+%ries t!at occ%rred on t!e slo'es o" ski resorts &ade %' a s&aller
'ercenta#e o" ski8related in+%ries in 1HBI t!an in 1H@I.
1A. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# con"licts it! in"or&ation in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" ski in+%ries t!at occ%rred on t!e slo'es as #reater in 1HBI
t!an in 1H@I.
.1/ A skier as less likel, to be in+%red on t!e slo'es in 1H@I t!an in 1HBI.
.C/ T!e re'ortin# o" ski in+%ries beca&e &ore acc%rate beteen 1H@I and 1HBI.
.3/ T!e total n%&ber o" skiers dro''ed beteen 1H@I and 1HBI.
.E/ So&e ski8related in+%ries occ%rred in 1HBI to 'eo'le !o ere not skiin#.
1B. Learnin# !o to b%ild a nest 'la,s an i&'ortant 'art in t!e breedin# s%ccess o"
birds. $or e(a&'le9 3r. Sno !as recorded t!e s%ccess o" a n%&ber o" blackbirds
in several s%ccessive ,ears. :e "inds t!at birds nestin# "or t!e "irst ti&e are less
s%ccess"%l in breedin# t!an are older birds9 and also less s%ccess"%l t!an t!e,
t!e&selves are a ,ear later. T!is cannot be a &ere &atter o" si)e and stren#t!9
since blackbirds9 like t!e #reat &a+orit, o" birds9 are "%ll, #ron !en t!e, leave
t!e nest. It is di""ic%lt to avoid t!e concl%sion t!at t!e, bene"it b, t!eir nestin#
e('erience.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<G
.A/ 1lackbirds b%ild better nests t!an ot!er birds.
.1/ T!e ca'acit, o" blackbirds to la, viable e##s increases it! eac! s%ccessive
trial d%rin# t!e "irst "e ,ears o" re'rod%ction.
.C/ T!e breedin# s%ccess o" birds nestin# "or t!e second ti&e is #reater t!an t!at
o" birds nestin# "or t!e "irst ti&e.
.3/ S&aller and eaker blackbirds breed +%st as s%ccess"%ll, as bi##er and
stron#er blackbirds.
.E/ =' to 5@ 'ercent o" all birds are killed b, 'redators be"ore t!e, start to nest.
1H. :o do t!e airlines e('ect to 'revent co&&ercial 'lane cras!es- St%dies !ave
s!on t!at 'ilot error contrib%tes to to8t!irds o" all s%c! cras!es. To address t!is
'roble&9 t!e airlines !ave %'#raded t!eir trainin# 'ro#ra&s b, increasin# t!e
!o%rs o" classroo& instr%ction and e&'!asi)in# co&&%nication skills in t!e
cock'it. 1%t it is %nrealistic to e('ect s%c! &eas%res to co&'ensate "or 'ilots
lack o" act%al "l,in# ti&e. T!ere"ore9 t!e airlines s!o%ld ret!ink t!eir trainin#
a''roac! to red%cin# co&&ercial cras!es.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion %'on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ Trainin# 'ro#ra&s can eli&inate 'ilot errors.
.1/ Co&&ercial 'ilots ro%tinel, %nder#o additional trainin# t!ro%#!o%t t!eir
careers.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" airline cras!es ill decrease i" 'ilot trainin# 'ro#ra&s "oc%s
on increasin# act%al "l,in# ti&e.
.3/ Lack o" act%al "l,in# ti&e is an i&'ortant contrib%tor to 'ilot error in
co&&ercial 'lane cras!es.
.E/ Co&&%nication skills are not i&'ortant to 'ilot trainin# 'ro#ra&s.
5I. All savin#s acco%nts are interest8bearin# acco%nts. T!e interest "ro& so&e
interest8bearin# acco%nts is ta(8"ree9 so t!ere &%st be so&e savin#s acco%nts t!at
!ave ta(8"ree interest.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents is "laed in a a, &ost si&ilar to t!e a,
in !ic! t!e 'assa#e is "laed-
.A/ All artists are intellect%als. So&e #reat '!oto#ra'!ers are artists. T!ere"ore9
so&e #reat '!oto#ra'!ers &%st be intellect%als.
.1/ All #reat '!oto#ra'!ers are artists. All artists are intellect%als. T!ere"ore9
so&e #reat '!oto#ra'!ers &%st be intellect%als.
.C/ All #reat '!oto#ra'!ers are artists. So&e artists are intellect%als. T!ere"ore9
so&e #reat '!oto#ra'!ers are intellect%als.
.3/ All #reat '!oto#ra'!ers are artists. So&e #reat '!oto#ra'!ers are
intellect%als. T!ere"ore9 so&e artists &%st be intellect%als.
.E/ All #reat '!oto#ra'!ers are artists. 2o artists are intellect%als. T!ere"ore9
so&e #reat '!oto#ra'!ers &%st not be intellect%als.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<A
51. 7ne &et!od o" datin# t!e e&er#ence o" s'ecies is to co&'are t!e #enetic &aterial
o" related s'ecies. Scientists t!eori)e t!at t!e &ore #eneticall, si&ilar to s'ecies
are to eac! ot!er9 t!e &ore recentl, t!e, diver#ed "ro& a co&&on ancestor. A"ter
co&'arin# #enetic &aterial "ro& #iant 'andas9 red 'andas9 raccoons9 coatis9 and
all seven bear s'ecies9 scientists concl%ded t!at bears and raccoons diver#ed <I to
@I &illion ,ears a#o. T!e, "%rt!er concl%ded t!at red 'andas se'arated "ro& t!e
ancestor o" toda,s raccoons and coatis a "e &illion ,ears later9 so&e 1I &illion
,ears be"ore #iant 'andas diver#ed "ro& t!e ot!er bears.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Giant 'andas and red 'andas are &ore closel, related t!an scientists
ori#inall, t!o%#!t t!e, ere.
.1/ Scientists no co%nt t!e #iant 'anda as t!e ei#!t! s'ecies o" bear.
.C/ It is 'ossible to deter&ine9 it!in a &ar#in o" +%st a "e ,ears9 t!e ti&in# o"
diver#ence o" vario%s s'ecies.
.3/ Scientists !ave "o%nd t!at #iant 'andas are &ore si&ilar #eneticall, to bears
t!an to raccoons.
.E/ T!ere is s%bstantial consens%s a&on# scientists t!at #iant 'andas and red
'andas are e0%all, related to raccoons.
Questions !!-!3
3es'ite i&'rove&ents in treat&ent "or ast!&a9 t!e deat! rate "or& t!is disease !as
do%bled d%rin# t!e 'ast decade "ro& its 'revio%s rate. To 'ossible e('lanations "or
t!is increase !ave been o""ered. $irst9 t!e recordin# o" deat!s d%e to ast!&a !as
beco&e &ore ides'read and acc%rate in t!e 'ast decade t!an it !ad been 'revio%sl,.
Second9 t!ere !as been an increase in %rban 'oll%tion. :oever9 since t!e rate o"
deat!s d%e to ast!&a !as increased dra&aticall, even in cities it! lon#8standin#9
co&'re!ensive &edical records and it! little or no %rban 'oll%tion9 one &%st instead
concl%de t!at t!e ca%se o" increased deat!s is t!e %se o" bronc!ial in!alers b, ast!&a
s%""erers to relieve t!eir s,&'to&s.
55. Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides s%''ort to t!e ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ =rban 'o'%lations !ave do%bled in t!e 'ast decade.
.1/ Records o" ast!&a deat!s are as acc%rate "or t!e 'ast tent, ,ears as "or t!e
'ast ten ,ears.
.C/ Evidence s%##ests t!at bronc!ial in!alers &ake t!e l%n#s &ore sensitive to
irritation b, airborne 'ollen.
.3/ 1, te&'oraril, relievin# t!e s,&'to&s o" ast!&a9 in!alers enco%ra#e
s%""erers to avoid &ore bene"icial &eas%res.
.E/ Ten ,ears a#o bronc!ial in!alers ere not available as an ast!&a treat&ent.
5<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ =rban 'oll%tion !as not do%bled in t!e 'ast decade.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<B
.1/ 3octors and 'atients #enerall, i#nore t!e role o" aller#ies in ast!&a.
.C/ 1ronc!ial in!alers are %nsa"e9 even !en %sed accordin# to t!e
reco&&ended instr%ctions.
.3/ T!e %se o" bronc!ial in!alers a##ravates ot!er diseases t!at "re0%entl, occ%r
a&on# ast!&a s%""erers and t!at o"ten lead to "atal o%tco&es even !en t!e
ast!&a itsel" does not.
.E/ Increased %rban 'oll%tion9 i&'roved recordin# o" ast!&a deat!s9 and t!e %se
o" bronc!ial in!alers are t!e onl, 'ossible e('lanations o" t!e increased
deat! rate d%e to ast!&a.
5C. T!ere is little 'oint in lookin# to artists "or insi#!ts into 'olitical iss%es. Most o"
t!e& !old 'olitical vies t!at are less insi#!t"%l t!an t!ose o" an, reasonabl,
ell8ed%cated 'erson !o is not an artist. Indeed9 !en taken as a !ole9 t!e
state&ents &ade b, artists9 incl%din# t!ose considered to be #reat9 indicate t!at
artistic talent and 'olitical insi#!t are rarel, "o%nd to#et!er.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!ere are no artists !o !ave insi#!ts into 'olitical iss%es.
.1/ A t!oro%#! ed%cation in art &akes a 'erson reasonabl, ell ed%cated.
.C/ Ever, reasonabl, ell8ed%cated 'erson !o s not an artist !as &ore insi#!t
into 'olitical iss%es t!an an, artist.
.3/ Foliticians rarel, !ave an, artistic talent.
.E/ So&e artists are no less 'oliticall, insi#!t"%l t!an so&e reasonabl, ell8
ed%cated 'ersons !o are not artists.
SECTI72 I4
1. A &a+or art t!e"t "ro& a &%se%& as re&arkable in t!at t!e 'ieces stolen clearl,
!ad been care"%ll, selected. T!e criterion "or selection9 !oever9 clearl, !ad not
been #reatest esti&ated &arket val%e. It "ollos t!at t!e t!e"t as s'eci"icall,
carried o%t to s%it t!e taste o" so&e individ%al collector "or !ose 'rivate
collection t!e 'ieces ere destined.
T!e ar#%&ent tacitl, a''eals to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les-
.A/ An, art t!e"t can9 on t!e evidence o" t!e selection o" 'ieces stolen9 be
cate#ori)ed as co&&itted eit!er at t!e direction o" a sin#le knon
individ%al or at t!e direction o" a #ro%' o" knon individ%als.
.1/ An, art t!e"t co&&itted at t!e direction o" a sin#le individ%al res%lts in a
'attern o" orks taken and orks le"t alone t!at de"ies rational anal,sis.
.C/ T!e 'attern o" orks taken and orks le"t alone can so&eti&es distin#%is!
one t,'e o" art t!e"t "ro& anot!er.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5<H
.3/ Art t!e"ts co&&itted it! no 'ree(istin# 'lan "or t!e dis'osition o" t!e stolen
orks do not ala,s involve t!e"t o" t!e &ost val%able 'ieces onl,.
.E/ T!e 'attern o" orks taken and orks le"t alone in an art t!e"t can be
'artic%larl, da&a#in# to t!e inte#rit, o" t!e re&ainin# collection.
5. T!e teet! o" so&e &a&&als s!o >#rot! rin#s? t!at res%lt "ro& t!e constant
de'ositin# o" la,ers o" ce&ent%& as o'a0%e bands in s%&&er and transl%cent
bands in inter. Cross sections o" 'i#s teet! "o%nd in an e(cavated Stone A#e
tras! 'it revealed bands o" re&arkabl, constant idt! e(ce't t!at t!e band
de'osited last9 !ic! as invariabl, transl%cent9 as onl, abo%t !al" t!e nor&al
idt!.
T!e state&ents above &ost stron#l, s%''ort t!e concl%sion t!at t!e ani&als died
.A/ in an %n%s%all, earl, inter
.1/ at ro%#!l, t!e sa&e a#e
.C/ ro%#!l, in &idinter
.3/ in a nat%ral catastro'!e
.E/ "ro& starvation
<. T!e =nited States !as never been a #reat international trader. It "o%nd &ost o" its
ra &aterials and c%sto&ers "or "inis!ed 'rod%cts it!in its on borders. T!e
terrible conse0%ences o" t!is sit%ation !ave beco&e a''arent9 as t!is co%ntr, no
oes t!e lar#est "orei#n debt in t!e orld and is a 'la,#ro%nd "or ealt!, "orei#n
investors. T!e &oral is clear: a co%ntr, can no &ore live it!o%t "orei#n trade
t!an a do# can live b, eatin# its on tail.
In order to advance !er 'oint o" vie9 t!e a%t!or does eac! o" t!e "olloin#
EECEFT:
.A/ dra on an analo#,
.1/ a''eal to !istorical "act
.C/ identi", a ca%se and an e""ect
.3/ s%##est a ca%se o" t!e c%rrent econo&ic sit%ation
.E/ 0%estion t!e et!ical basis o" an econo&ic sit%ation
C. Giselle: T!e #overn&ent needs to ens%re t!at t!e '%blic cons%&es less 'etrole%&.
6!en t!in#s cost &ore9 'eo'le b%, and %se less o" t!e&. T!ere"ore9 t!e
#overn&ent s!o%ld raise t!e sales ta( on #asoline9 a &a+or 'etrole%& 'rod%ct.
Antoine: T!e #overn&ent s!o%ld not raise t!e sales ta( on #asoline. S%c! an
increase o%ld be %n"air to #asoline %sers. I" ta(es are to be increased9 t!e
increases s!o%ld be a''lied in s%c! a a, t!at t!e, s'read t!e b%rden o"
'rovidin# t!e #overn&ent it! increased reven%es a&on# &an, 'eo'le9 not +%st
t!e %sers o" #asoline.
As a reb%ttal o" Giselles ar#%&ent9 Antoines res'onse is ine""ective beca%se
.A/ !e i#nores t!e "act t!at Giselle does not base !er ar#%&ent "or raisin# t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR 5CI
#asoline sales ta( on t!e #overn&ents need "or increase reven%es
.1/ !e "ails to s'eci", !o &an, ta('a,ers t!ere are !o are not #asoline %sers
.C/ !is concl%sion is based on an assertion re#ardin# %n"airness9 and %n"airness
is a ver, s%b+ective conce't
.3/ !e &istakenl, ass%&es t!at Giselle ants a sales ta( increase onl, on
#asoline
.E/ !e &akes t!e i&'la%sible ass%&'tion t!at t!e b%rden o" increasin#
#overn&ent reven%es can be &ore evenl, distrib%ted a&on# t!e 'eo'le
t!ro%#! ot!er &eans besides increasin# t!e #asoline sales ta(
@. A #overn&ent a#enc, '%blis!es ratin#s o" airlines9 rankin# !i#!est t!e airlines
t!at !ave t!e s&allest 'ro'ortion o" late "li#!ts. T!e a#enc,s '%r'ose is to
establis! an ob+ective &eas%re o" t!e relative e""icienc, o" di""erent airlines
'ersonnel in &eetin# '%blis!ed "li#!t sc!ed%les.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld tend to invalidate %se o" t!e ratin#s
"or t!e a#enc,s '%r'ose-
.A/ Travelers so&eti&es !ave no c!oice o" airlines "or a #iven tri' at a #iven
ti&e.
.1/ $li#!ts are o"ten &ade late b, bad eat!er conditions t!at a""ect so&e
airlines &ore t!at ot!ers.
.C/ T!e "li#!t sc!ed%les o" all airlines allo e(tra ti&e "or "li#!ts t!at #o into or
o%t o" ver, b%s, air'orts.
.3/ Airline 'ersonnel are aare t!at t!e #overn&ent a#enc, is &onitorin# all
airline "li#!ts "or lateness.
.E/ $li#!ts are de"ined as >late? onl, i" t!e, arrive &ore t!at "i"teen &in%tes 'ast
t!eir sc!ed%led arrival ti&e9 and a record is &ade o" !o &%c! later t!an
"i"teen &in%tes t!e, are.
G. Alt!o%#! t!is bottle is labeled >vine#ar9? no "i))in# occ%rred !en so&e o" t!e
li0%id in it as added to 'oder "ro& t!is bo( labeled >bakin# soda.? 1%t !en
an acidic li0%id s%c! as vine#ar is added to bakin# soda t!e res%ltin# &i(t%re
"i))es9 so t!is bottle clearl, !as been &islabeled.
A "la in t!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is t!at t!is ar#%&ent
.A/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e bottle contained an acidic li0%id ot!er t!an
vine#ar
.1/ "ails to e(cl%de an alternative e('lanation "or t!e observed e""ect
.C/ de'ends on t!e %se o" t!e i&'recise ter& >"i))?
.3/ does not take into acco%nt t!e "act t!at scienti"ic 'rinci'les can be
de"initivel, tested onl, %nder controlled laborator, conditions
.E/ ass%&es t!at t!e "act o" a labelin# error is 'roo" o" an intention to deceive
A. Marine biolo#ists !ave lon# t!o%#!t t!at variation in t!e s!ell color o" a0%atic
GMAT & LSAT CR 5C1
snails evolved as a 'rotective ca&o%"la#e a#ainst birds and ot!er 'redators.
1ron s!ells see& to be &ore "re0%ent !en t!e %nderl,in# sea"loor is dark8
colored and !ite s!ells &ore "re0%ent !en t!e %nderl,in# sea"loor is li#!t8
colored. A ne t!eor, !as been advanced9 !oever9 t!at clai&s t!at s!ell color is
related to '!,siolo#ical stress associated it! !eat absor'tion. Accordin# to t!is
t!eor,9 bron s!ells ill be &ore 'revalent in areas !ere t!e ave action o" t!e
sea is #reat and t!%s !eat absor'tion "ro& t!e S%n is &ini&i)ed9 !ereas !ite
s!ells ill be &ore n%&ero%s in cal&er aters !ere t!e snails ill absorb &ore
!eat "ro& t!e S%ns ra,s.
Evidence t!at o%ld stron#l, "avor t!e ne t!eor, over t!e traditional t!eor,
o%ld be t!e discover, o" a lar#e &a+orit, o"
.A/ dark8s!elled snails in a cal& inlet it! a dark9 rock, botto& and &an,
'redators
.1/ dark8s!elled snails in a cal& inlet it! a !ite9 sand, botto&
.C/ li#!t8s!elled snails in an inlet it! &%c! ave action and a dark9 rock,
botto&
.3/ li#!t8s!elled snails in a cal& inlet it! a dark9 rock, botto& and &an,
'redators
.E/ li#!t8s!elled snails in a cal& inlet it! a !ite9 sand, botto& and &an,
'redators
B. Meas%re&ents o" t!e e(tent o" a&ino8acid deco&'osition in "ra#&ents o"
e##s!ell "o%nd at arc!aeolo#ical sites in s%c! 'laces as so%t!ern A"rica can be
%sed to obtain acc%rate dates "or sites %' to 5II9III ,ears old. 1eca%se t!e
deco&'osition is sloer in cool cli&ates9 t!e tec!ni0%e can be %sed to obtain
acc%rate dates "or sites al&ost a &illion ,ears old in cooler re#ions.
T!e in"or&ation above 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
concl%sions-
.A/ T!e oldest arc!aeolo#ical sites are not in so%t!ern A"rica9 b%t rat!er in cooler
re#ions o" t!e orld.
.1/ T!e a&ino8acid deco&'osition t!at enables e##s!ells to be %sed in datin#
does not take 'lace in ot!er or#anic &atter "o%nd at ancient arc!aeolo#ical
sites.
.C/ I" t!e site bein# dated !ad been s%b+ect to lar#e %ns%s'ected cli&atic
"l%ct%ations d%rin# t!e ti&e t!e e##s!ell !as been at t!e site9 a''lication o"
t!e tec!ni0%e is less likel, to ,ield acc%rate res%lts.
.3/ A"ter 5II9III ,ears in a cool cli&ate9 less t!an one8"i"t! o" t!e a&ino acids
in a "ra#&ent o" e##s!ell t!at o%ld 'rovide &aterial "or datin# it! t!e
tec!ni0%e ill !ave deco&'osed and ill t!%s no lon#er be s%itable "or
e(a&ination b, t!e tec!ni0%e.
.E/ $ra#&ents o" e##s!ell are &ore likel, to be "o%nd at ancient arc!aeolo#ical
sites in ar& re#ions o" t!e orld t!an at s%c! sites in cooler re#ions.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5C5
H. Advertise&ent: Clark brand8na&e 'arts are &ade "or cars &an%"act%red in t!is
co%ntr,. T!e, satis", all o" o%r #overn&ent a%to&otive testKt!e to%#!est s%c!
tests in t!e orld. 6it! "orei#n8&ade 'arts9 ,o% never kno !ic! &i#!t be
reliable and !ic! are c!ea' look8alikes t!at are 'oorl, constr%cted and liable to
cost ,o% !%ndreds o" dollars in re'airs. T!ere"ore9 be s&art and insist on brand8
na&e 'arts b, Clark "or ,o%r car.
T!e ar#%&ent re0%ires t!e ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ Clark 'arts are available onl, in t!is co%ntr,
.1/ "orei#n8&ade 'arts are not s%itable "or cars &an%"act%red in t!is co%ntr,
.C/ no "orei#n8&ade 'arts satis", o%r #overn&ent standards
.3/ 'arts t!at satis", o%r #overn&ent standards are not as 'oorl, constr%cted as
c!ea' "orei#n8&ade 'arts
.E/ i" 'arts are &ade "or cars &an%"act%red in o%r co%ntr,9 t!e, are not 'oorl,
constr%cted
1I. Even i" a cri&e t!at !as been co&&itted b, co&'%ter is discovered and re'orted9
t!e odds o" bein# bot! arrested and convicted #reatl, "avor t!e cri&inal.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 s%''orts t!e clai& above EECEFT:
.A/ T!e 're'aration o" co&'%ter8"ra%d cases takes &%c! &ore ti&e t!an is
re0%ired "or avera#e "ra%d cases9 and t!e 'rod%ctivit, o" 'rosec%tors is
eval%ated b, t!e n%&ber o" #ood cases &ade.
.1/ In &ost 'olice de'art&ents9 o""icers are rotated t!ro%#! di""erent
assi#n&ents ever, to or t!ree ,ears9 a s!orter ti&e t!an it takes to beco&e
'ro"icient as a co&'%ter8cri&e investi#ator.
.C/ T!e 'riorities o" local 'olice de'art&ents9 %nder !ose +%risdiction &ost
co&'%ter cri&e "alls9 are ei#!ted toard visible street cri&e t!at
co&&%nities 'erceive as t!reatenin#.
.3/ Co&'%ter cri&inals !ave rarel, been sentenced to serve ti&e in 'rison9
beca%se 'risons are overcroded it! violent cri&inals and dr%# o""enders.
.E/ T!e &an, 'olice o""icers !o are %ntrained in co&'%ters o"ten inadvertentl,
destro, t!e '!,sical evidence o" co&'%ter cri&e.
11. Ever, eek9 t!e 'ro#ra&&in# o""ice at an $M radio station revieed %nsolicited
letters "ro& listeners !o ere e('ressin# co&&ents on t!e stations 'ro#ra&s.
7ne eek9 t!e station received @I letters it! "avorable co&&ents abo%t t!e
stations nes re'ortin# and &%sic selection and 1I letters it! %n"avorable
co&&ents on t!e stations ne &ovie revie se#&ent o" t!e evenin# 'ro#ra&.
$aced it! t!is in"or&ation9 t!e 'ro#ra&&in# director ass%&ed t!at i" so&e
listeners did not like t!e &ovie revie se#&ent9 t!en t!ere &%st be ot!er listeners
!o did like it. T!ere"ore9 !e decided to contin%e t!e &ovie revie se#&ent o"
t!e evenin# 'ro#ra&.
6!ic! on e o" t!e "olloin# identi"ies a 'roble& it! t!e 'ro#ra&&in#
GMAT & LSAT CR 5C<
directors decision 'rocess-
.A/ :e "ailed to reco#ni)e t!at 'eo'le are &ore likel, to rite letters o" criticis&
t!an o" 'raise.
.1/ :e co%ld not 'ro'erl, in"er "ro& t!e "act t!at so&e listeners did not like t!e
&ovie revie se#&ent t!at so&e ot!ers did.
.C/ :e "ailed to take into consideration t!e discre'anc, in n%&bers beteen
"avorable and %n"avorable letters received.
.3/ :e "ailed to take into acco%nt t!e relation e(istin# beteen t!e &ovie revie
se#&ent and t!e nes.
.E/ :e did not ait %ntil !e received at least @I letters it! %n"avorable
co&&ents abo%t t!e &ovie revie se#&ent be"ore &akin# !is decision.
15. >T!o%#! t!e, soon ill9 'atients s!o%ld not !ave a le#al ri#!t to see t!eir &edical
records. As a doctor9 I see to reasons "or t!is. $irst9 #ivin# t!e& access ill be
ti&e8astin# beca%se it ill si#ni"icantl, red%ce t!e a&o%nt o" ti&e t!at &edical
sta"" can s'end on &ore i&'ortant d%ties9 b, "orcin# t!e& to retrieve and ret%rn
"iles. Second9 i" &, e('erience is an,t!in# to #o b,9 no 'atients are #oin# to ask
"or access to t!eir records an,a,.?
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 establis!es t!at t!e doctors second reason
does not cancel o%t t!e "irst-
.A/ T!e ne la ill re0%ire t!at doctors9 !en seein# a 'atient in t!eir o""ice9
&%st be read, to 'rod%ce t!e 'atients records i&&ediatel,9 not +%st read, to
retrieve t!e&.
.1/ T!e task o" retrievin# and ret%rnin# "iles o%ld "all to t!e loest8'aid
&e&ber o" a doctors o""ice sta"".
.C/ An, 'atients !o asked to see t!eir &edical records o%ld also insist on
!avin# details t!e, did not %nderstand e('lained to t!e&.
.3/ T!e ne la does not r%le o%t t!at doctors &a, c!ar#e 'atients "or e(tra
e('enses inc%rred s'eci"icall, in order to co&'l, it! t!e ne la.
.E/ So&e doctors !ave all alloin# t!eir 'atients access to t!eir &edical records9
b%t t!ose doctors 'atients took no advanta#e o" t!is 'olic,.
1<. Alia: :at!orne ad&its t!at !e !as in"l%ence it! !i#! #overn&ent o""icials. :e
"%rt!er ad&its t!at !e sold t!at in"l%ence to an environ&ental interest #ro%'.
T!ere can be no +%sti"ication "or t!is kind o" %net!ical be!avior.
Mart!a: I disa#ree t!at !e as %net!ical. T!e #ro%' t!at retained :at!ornes
services is dedicated to t!e ca%se o" 'reventin# ater 'oll%tion. So9 in %sin# !is
in"l%ence to bene"it t!is #ro%'9 :at!orne also bene"ited t!e '%blic.
Alia and Mart!a disa#ree on !et!er
.A/ t!e &eanin# o" et!ical be!avior !as c!an#ed over ti&e
.1/ t!e conse0%ences o" :at!ornes be!avior can et!icall, +%sti", t!at be!avior
GMAT & LSAT CR 5CC
.C/ t!e standards "or +%d#in# et!ical be!avior can be i&'osed on :at!orne b,
anot!er
.3/ t!e &eanin# o" et!ical be!avior is t!e sa&e in a '%blic sit%ation as in a
'rivate one
.E/ t!e de"inition o" et!ical be!avior is rooted in '!iloso'!, or reli#ion
1C. T!e &a,or boasts t!at t!e avera#e a&b%lance t%rnaro%nd ti&e9 t!e ti&e "ro&
s%&&ons to deliver, o" t!e 'atient9 !as been red%ced t!is ,ear "or to'8'riorit,
e&er#encies. T!is is a serio%s &isre'resentation. T!is >red%ction? as 'rod%ced
si&'l, b, rede"inin# >to' 'riorit,.? S%c! e&er#encies %sed to incl%de #%ns!ot
o%nds and electroc%tions9 t!e &ost ti&e8cons%&in# cases. 2o t!e, are li&ited
strictl, to !eart attacks and strokes.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# o%ld stren#t!en t!e a%t!ors concl%sion t!at it as
t!e rede"inition o" >to' 'riorit,? t!at 'rod%ced t!e red%ction in t%rnaro%nd ti&e-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" !eart attacks and strokes declined t!is ,ear.
.1/ T!e &a,or rede"ined t!e cit,s "inancial 'riorities t!is ,ear.
.C/ E('erts disa#ree it! t!e &a,ors de"inition o" >to'8'riorit, e&er#enc,.?
.3/ 7t!er cities incl%de #%ns!ot o%nd cases in t!eir cate#or, o to'8'riorit,
e&er#encies.
.E/ 7ne !al" o" all o" last ,ears to'8'riorit, e&er#encies ere #%ns!ot o%nds
and electroc%tion cases.
1@. In a lar#e residential b%ildin#9 t!ere is a r%le t!at no 'ets are alloed. A #ro%' o"
'et lovers tried to c!an#e t!at r%le b%t "ailed. T!e r%le8c!an#in# 'roced%re
o%tlined in t!e b%ildin#s re#%lations states t!at onl, i" a #ro%' o" tenants can
obtain t!e si#nat%res o" 1I 'ercent o" t!e tenants on a 'etition to c!an#e a r%le
ill t!e 'ro'osed c!an#e be '%t to a &a+orit, vote o" all t!e tenants in t!e
b%ildin#. It "ollos t!at t!e 'et lovers ere voted don on t!eir 'ro'osal b, t!e
&a+orit, o" t!e tenants.
T!e ar#%&ent de'ends on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ T!e 'et lovers s%cceeded in obtainin# t!e si#nat%res o" 1I 'ercent o" t!e
tenants on t!eir 'etition.
.1/ T!e si#nat%res o" less t!an 1I 'ercent o" t!e tenants ere obtained on t!e 'et
lovers 'etition.
.C/ 2inet, 'ercent o" t!e tenants are a#ainst c!an#in# t!e r%le "orbiddin# 'ets.
.3/ T!e s%''ort o" 1I 'ercent o" t!e tenants "or a r%le c!an#e ens%res t!at t!e
r%le c!an#e ill be ado'ted.
.E/ T!e "ail%re o" t!e 'et lovers to obtain t!e si#nat%res o" 1I 'ercent o" t!e
tenants on t!eir 'etition "or a r%le c!an#e ens%res t!at t!e r%le c!an#e ill
be voted don b, a &a+orit, o" t!e tenants.
1G. 2%clear "%sion is a 'rocess !ereb, t!e n%clei o" ato&s are +oined9 or >"%sed9?
GMAT & LSAT CR 5C@
and in !ic! ener#, is released. 7ne o" t!e b,8'rod%cts o" "%sion is !eli%&8C #as.
A recent "%sion e('eri&ent as cond%cted %sin# >!eav,? ater contained in a
sealed "lask. T!e "lask as9 in t%rn9 contained in an air8"illed c!a&ber desi#ned to
eli&inate e(traneo%s vibration. A"ter t!e e('eri&ent9 a &eas%rable a&o%nt o"
!eli%&8C #as as "o%nd in t!e air o" t!e c!a&ber. T!e e('eri&enters cited t!is
evidence in s%''ort o" t!eir concl%sion t!at "%sion !ad been ac!ieved.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld cast do%bt on t!e e('eri&enters
concl%sion-
.A/ :eli%&8C as not t!e onl, #as "o%nd in t!e e('eri&ent c!a&ber.
.1/ 6!en "%sion is ac!ieved9 it nor&all, 'rod%ces several b,8'rod%cts9 incl%din#
triti%& and #a&&a ra,s.
.C/ T!e a&o%nt o" !eli%&8C "o%nd in t!e c!a&bers air did not e(ceed t!e
a&o%nt o" !eli%&8C t!at is "o%nd in ordinar, air.
.3/ :eli%&8C #as ra'idl, breaks don9 "or&in# ordinar, !eli%& #as a"ter a "e
!o%rs.
.E/ 2%clear "%sion reactions are c!aracteri)ed b, t!e release o" lar#e a&o%nts o"
!eat.
1A. Ever, '!oto#ra'!9 beca%se it involves t!e li#!t ra,s t!at so&et!in# e&its !ittin#
"il&9 &%st in so&e obvio%s sense be tr%e. 1%t beca%se it co%ld ala,s !ave been
&ade to s!o t!in#s di""erentl, t!an it does9 it cannot e('ress t!e !ole tr%t!
and9 in t!at sense9 is "alse. T!ere"ore9 not!in# can ever be de"initivel, 'roved
it! a '!oto#ra'!.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at o%ld 'er&it t!e concl%sion
above to be 'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ 6!atever is "alse in t!e sense t!at it cannot e('ress t!e !ole tr%t! cannot
"%rnis! de"initive 'roo".
.1/ T!e !ole tr%t! cannot be knon.
.C/ It is not 'ossible to deter&ine t!e tr%t!"%lness o" a '!oto#ra'! in an, sense.
.3/ It is 'ossible to %se a '!oto#ra'! as corroborative evidence i" t!ere is
additional evidence establis!in# t!e tr%t! abo%t t!e scene '!oto#ra'!ed.
.E/ I" so&et!in# is bein# '!oto#ra'!ed9 t!en it is 'ossible to 'rove de"initivel,
t!e tr%t! abo%t it.
Questions 18-19
So&e cleanin# "l%ids9 s,nt!etic car'ets9 all 'anelin#9 and ot!er 'rod%cts release
to(ins9 s%c! as "or&alde!,de and ben)ene9 into t!e !o%se!old air s%''l,. T!is is not a
'roble& in ell8ventilated !o%ses9 b%t it is a 'roble& in !o%ses t!at are so ell
ins%lated t!at t!e, tra' to(ins as ell as !eat. Recent tests9 !oever9 de&onstrate t!at
!o%se'lants re&ove so&e !o%se!old to(ins "ro& t!e air and t!ereb, eli&inate t!eir
dan#er. In one test9 5I lar#e 'lants eli&inated "or&alde!,de "ro& a s&all9 ell8
ins%lated !o%se.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5CG
1B. Ass%&e t!at a 'erson !o lives in a s&all9 ell8ins%lated !o%se t!at contains
to(in8releasin# 'rod%cts 'laces !o%se'lants9 s%c! as t!ose tested9 in t!e !o%se.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be e('ected as a res%lt-
.A/ T!ere ill no lon#er be an, need to ventilate t!e !o%se.
.1/ T!e concentration o" to(ins in t!e !o%se!old air s%''l, ill re&ain t!e sa&e.
.C/ T!e !o%se ill be ar& and !ave a sa"e air s%''l,.
.3/ I" t!ere is "or&alde!,de in t!e !o%se!old air s%''l,9 its level ill decrease.
.E/ I" "or&alde!,de and ben)ene are bein# released into t!e !o%se!old air
s%''l,9 t!e 0%antities released o" eac! ill decrease.
1H. T!e 'assa#e is str%ct%red to lead to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions-
.A/ :o%se'lants can re&ove ben)ene "ro& t!e air.
.1/ 2ons,nt!etic 'rod%cts do not release to(ins into !o%ses.
.C/ Mee'in# !o%se'lants is an e""ective &eans o" tra''in# !eat in a 'oorl,
ins%lated !o%se.
.3/ Mee'in# !o%se'lants can co&'ensate "or so&e o" t!e ne#ative e""ects o"
'oor ventilation.
.E/ T!e air in a ell8ins%lated !o%se it! !o%se'lants ill contain "eer to(ins
t!an t!e air in a ell8ventilated !o%se it!o%t !o%se'lants.
5I. 2or&al "%ll8ter& babies are all born it! certain instinctive re"le(es t!at
disa''ear b, t!e a#e o" to &ont!s. 1eca%se t!is t!ree8&ont!8old bab, e(!ibits
t!ese re"le(es9 t!is bab, is not a nor&al "%ll8ter& bab,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# !as a lo#ical str%ct%re &ost like t!at o" t!e ar#%&ent
above-
.A/ 1eca%se carbon dio(ide t%rns li&eater &ilk, and t!is #as is o(,#en9 it ill
not t%rn li&eater &ilk,.
.1/ 1eca%se no a'e can talk and S%), is an a'e9 S%), cannot talk.
.C/ 1eca%se !%&ans are social ani&als and :enr, is sociable9 :enr, is nor&al.
.3/ 1eca%se o'oss%&s !ave abdo&inal 'o%c!es and t!is ani&al lacks an, s%c!
'o%c!9 t!is ani&al is not an o'oss%&.
.E/ 1eca%se so&e t,'es o" trees s!ed t!eir leaves ann%all, and t!is tree !as not
s!ed its leaves9 it is not nor&al.
51. E""icienc, and red%ndanc, are contradictor, c!aracteristics o" lin#%istic s,ste&s:
!oever9 t!e, can be %sed to#et!er to ac!ieve %se"%lness and reliabilit, in
co&&%nication. I" a s'oken lan#%a#e is co&'letel, e""icient9 t!en ever, 'ossible
'er&%tation o" its basic lan#%a#e so%nds can be an %nderstandable ord.
:oever9 i" t!e !%&an a%ditor, s,ste& is an i&'er"ect rece'tor o" so%nds9 t!en it
is not tr%e t!at ever, 'ossible 'er&%tation o" a s'oken lan#%a#es basic lan#%a#e
so%nds can be an %nderstandable ord.
I" all o" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be
GMAT & LSAT CR 5CA
tr%e-
.A/ E""icienc, ca%ses a s'oken lan#%a#e to be %se"%l and red%ndanc, ca%ses it to
be reliable.
.1/ 2eit!er e""icienc, nor red%ndanc, can be co&'letel, ac!ieved in s'oken
lan#%a#e.
.C/ I" a s'oken lan#%a#e ere co&'letel, red%ndant9 t!en it co%ld not be %se"%l.
.3/ I" t!e !%&an a%ditor, s,ste& ere a 'er"ect rece'tor o" so%nds9 t!en ever,
'er&%tation o" lan#%a#e so%nds o%ld be an %nderstandable ord.
.E/ I" t!e !%&an a%ditor, s,ste& is an i&'er"ect rece'tor o" so%nds9 t!en a
s'oken lan#%a#e cannot be co&'letel, e""icient.
55. All intelli#ent 'eo'le are nearsi#!ted. I a& ver, nearsi#!ted. So I &%st be a
#eni%s.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e(!ibits bot! o" t!e lo#ical "las e(!ibited in t!e
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ I &%st be st%'id beca%se all intelli#ent 'eo'le are nearsi#!ted and I !ave
'er"ect e,esi#!t.
.1/ All c!ickens !ave beaks. T!is bird !as a beak. So t!is bird &%st be a c!icken.
.C/ All 'i#s !ave "o%r le#s9 b%t t!is s'ider !as ei#!t le#s. So t!is s'ider &%st be
tice as bi# as an, 'i#.
.3/ Jo!n is e(tre&el, !a'',9 so !e &%st be e(tre&el, tall beca%se all tall 'eo'le
are !a'',.
.E/ All #eni%ses are ver, nearsi#!ted. I &%st be ver, nearsi#!ted since I a& a
#eni%s.
5<. An advertise&ents states:
Like 3ana(il9 all !eadac!e 'ills can sto' ,o%r !eadac!e. 1%t !en ,o% are in
'ain9 ,o% ant relie" ri#!t aa,. 3ana(il is "or ,o%Kno !eadac!e 'ill sto's 'ain
&ore 0%ickl,.
Evel,n and Jane are eac! s%""erin# "ro& a !eadac!e. S%''ose Evel,n takes
3ana(il and Jane takes its leadin# co&'etitor.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, concl%ded "ro& t!e clai&s in t!e
advertise&ent-
.A/ Evel,ns !eadac!e 'ain ill be relieved9 b%t Janes ill not.
.1/ Evel,ns !eadac!e 'ain ill be relieved &ore 0%ickl, t!an Janes.
.C/ Evel,ns !eadac!e ill be relieved at least as 0%ickl, as Janes.
.3/ Janes !eadac!e 'ain ill be relieved at t!e sa&e ti&e as is Evel,ns.
.E/ Jane ill be takin# 3ana(il "or relie" "ro& !eadac!e 'ain.
Questions !4-!5
In o''osin# t!e 1HAI Clean Air Act9 t!e =nited States a%to&obile ind%str, ar#%ed t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR 5CB
&eetin# t!e acts standards "or a%to&obile e&issions as neit!er econo&icall,
"easible nor environ&entall, necessar,. :oever9 t!e catal,tic converter9 invented in
1HGA9 enabled a%to&akers to &eet t!e 1HAI standards e""icientl,. C%rrentl,9
a%to&akers are lobb,in# a#ainst t!e #overn&ents atte&'t to 'ass le#islation t!at
o%ld ti#!ten restrictions on a%to&obile e&issions. T!e a%to&akers contend t!at
t!ese ne restrictions o%ld be overl, e('ensive and %nnecessar, to e""orts to c%rb
air 'oll%tion. Clearl,9 t!e a%to&obile ind%str,s 'osition s!o%ld not be !eeded.
5C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses t!e &et!od %sed to co%nter
t!e a%to&akers c%rrent 'osition-
.A/ T!e a%to&akers 're&ises are s!on to lead to a contradiction.
.1/ $acts are &entioned t!at s!o t!at t!e a%to&akers are rel,in# on "alse
in"or&ation.
.C/ A "la is 'ointed o%t in t!e reasonin# %sed b, t!e a%to&akers to reac! t!eir
concl%sion.
.3/ A co&'arison is dran beteen t!e a%to&akers c%rrent 'osition and a
'osition t!e, !eld in t!e 'ast.
.E/ Evidence is 'rovided t!at t!e ne e&issions le#islation is bot! econo&icall,
"easible and environ&entall, necessar,.
5@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 lends t!e &ost s%''ort to t!e a%to&akers
c%rrent 'osition-
.A/ T!e &ore strin#ent t!e le#islation restrictin# e&issions beco&es9 t!e &ore
di""ic%lt it beco&es "or a%to&akers to 'rovide t!e re0%ired tec!nolo#,
econo&icall,.
.1/ E&issions8restriction tec!nolo#, can o"ten be en#ineered so as to avoid
red%cin# t!e e""icienc, it! !ic! an a%to&obile %ses "%el.
.C/ 2ot ever, ne 'iece o" le#islation restrictin# e&issions re0%ires ne
a%to&otive tec!nolo#, in order "or a%to&akers to co&'l, it! it.
.3/ T!e &ore a%to&obiles t!ere are on t!e road9 t!e &ore strin#ent e&ission
restrictions &%st be to 'revent increased overall air 'oll%tion.
.E/ =nless "orced to do so b, t!e #overn&ent9 a%to&akers rarel, &ake c!an#es
in a%to&otive tec!nolo#, t!at is not related to 'ro"itabilit,.
TEST 3
SECTI72 I
1. Rita: T!e ori#inal '%r'ose o" #overn&ent "ar& s%bsid, 'ro#ra&s as to 'rovide
inco&e stabilit, "or s&all "a&il, "ar&ers. 1%t &ost "ar&8s%bsid, &one, #oes to a
GMAT & LSAT CR 5CH
"e "ar&ers it! lar#e !oldin#s. Fa,&ents to "ar&ers !ose inco&e9 be"ore
s%bsidies9 is #reater t!an L1II9III a ,ear s!o%ld be sto''ed.
T!o&as: It o%ld be i&'ossible to ad&inister s%c! a c%to"" 'oint. S%bsidies are
needed d%rin# t!e 'lantin# and #roin# season9 b%t "ar&ers do not kno t!eir
inco&e "or #iven calendar ,ear %ntil ta( ret%rns are calc%lated and s%b&itted t!e
"olloin# A'ril.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e stron#est co%nter Rita can &ake to
T!o&as ob+ection-
.A/ It !as beco&e di""ic%lt "or s&all "ar&ers to obtain bank loans to be re'aid
later b, &one, "ro& s%bsidies.
.1/ :avin# s%c! a c%to"" 'oint o%ld ca%se so&e "ar&ers !ose inco&e o%ld
ot!erise e(ceed L1II9III to red%ce t!eir 'lantin#s.
.C/ T!e inco&e o" a "ar&er varies beca%se eat!er and &arket 'rices are not
stable "ro& ,ear to ,ear.
.3/ I" s%bsid, 'a,&ents to lar#e "ar&ers ere eli&inated t!e "inancial condition
o" t!e #overn&ent o%ld i&'rove.
.E/ S%bsid, c%to""s can be deter&ined on t!e basis o" inco&e "or t!e 'recedin#
,ear.
5. Modern '!,sicians o"ten e&'lo, laborator, tests9 in addition to '!,sical
e(a&inations9 in order to dia#nose diseases acc%ratel,. Ins%rance co&'an,
re#%lations t!at den, covera#e "or certain laborator, tests t!ere"ore decrease t!e
0%alit, o" &edical care 'rovided to 'atients.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at o%ld serve to +%sti", t!e
concl%sion above-
.A/ F!,sical e(a&inations and t!e %ncovered laborator, tests to#et!er 'rovide a
&ore acc%rate dia#nosis o" &an, diseases t!an do '!,sical e(a&inations
alone.
.1/ Man, '!,sicians #enerall, o''ose ins%rance co&'an, re#%lations t!at9 in
order to red%ce costs9 li&it t!e %se o" laborator, tests.
.C/ Man, 'atients !o &i#!t bene"it "ro& t!e %ncovered laborator, tests do not
!ave an, "or& o" !ealt! ins%rance.
.3/ T!ere are so&e illnesses t!at e('erienced '!,sicians can dia#nose acc%ratel,
"ro& '!,sicians e(a&ination alone.
.E/ Laborator, tests are &ore costl, to 'er"or& t!an are '!,sical e(a&inations.
<. 7il anal,sis 'redict t!at i" t!e 'rice o" oil "ails b, !al"9 t!e cons%&ers '%rc!ase
'rice "or #asoline &ade "ro& t!is oil ill also "all b, !al".
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld cast t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e
'rediction &ade b, t!e oil anal,sts-
.A/ I&'roved a%to&obile tec!nolo#, and ne kinds o" "%el "or cars !ave
enabled so&e drivers to %se less #asoline.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@I
.1/ Gasoline &an%"act%rers ill not e('and t!eir 'ro"it &ar#ins.
.C/ T!ere are &an, di""erent #asoline co&'anies t!at co&'ete it! eac! ot!er to
'rovide t!e &ost attractive 'rice to cons%&ers.
.3/ St%dies in several co%ntries s!o t!at t!e a&o%nt o" #asoline '%rc!ased b,
cons%&ers initiall, rises a"ter t!e 'rice o" #asoline !as "allen.
.E/ Re"inin# costs9 distrib%tion costs9 and ta(es9 none o" !ic! varies
si#ni"icantl, it! oil 'rices9 constit%te a lar#e 'ortion o" t!e 'rices o"
#asoline.
C. A s%rve, as recentl, cond%cted a&on# "err, 'assen#ers on t!e 2ort! Sea.
A&on# t!e res%lts as t!is: &ore o" t!ose !o !ad taken anti8seasickness
&edication be"ore t!eir tri' re'orted s,&'to&s o" seasickness t!an t!ose !o !ad
not taken s%c! &edication. It is clear9 t!en t!at des'ite clai&s b, dr%# co&'anies
t!at clinical tests s!o t!e contrar,9 'eo'le o%ld be better o"" not takin# anti8
seasickness &edications.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ Given ro%#! eno%#! eat!er9 &ost "err, 'assen#ers ill !ave so&e
s,&'to&s o" seasickness.
.1/ T!e clinical tests re'orted b, t!e dr%# co&'anies ere cond%cted b, t!e dr%#
co&'anies sta""s.
.C/ Feo'le !o do not take anti8seasickness &edication are +%st as likel, to
res'ond to a s%rve, on seasickness as 'eo'le !o do.
.3/ T!e seasickness s,&'to&s o" t!e 'eo'le !o took anti8seasickness
&edication o%ld !ave been &ore severe !ad t!e, not taken t!e &edication.
.E/ Feo'le !o !ave s'ent &one, on anti8seasickness &edication are less likel,
to ad&it s,&'to&s o" seasickness t!an t!ose !o !ave not.
@. Econo&ic considerations color ever, as'ect o" international dealin#s9 and nations
are +%st like individ%als in t!at t!e lender sets t!e ter&s o" its dealin#s it! t!e
borroer. T!at is !, a nation t!at oes &one, to anot!er nation cannot be
orld leader.
T!e reasonin# in t!e 'assa#e ass%&es !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ A nation t!at does not lend to an, ot!er nation cannot be a orld leader.
.1/ A nation t!at can set t!e ter&s o" its dealin#s it! ot!er nations is certain to
be a orld leader.
.C/ A nation t!at !as t!e ter&s o" its dealin#s it! anot!er nation set b, t!at
nation cannot be a orld leader.
.3/ A nation t!at is a orld leader can borro "ro& anot!er nation as lon# as t!at
ot!er nation does not set t!e ter&s o" t!e dealin#s beteen t!e to nations.
.E/ A nation t!at !as no dealin#s it! an, ot!er nation cannot be orld leader.
Questions &-'
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@1
Rotelle: *o% are too old to address e""ectivel, t!e di""ic%lt iss%es "acin# t!e co%ntr,9
s%c! as n%clear 'oer9 'overt,9 and 'oll%tion.
Si&s: I dont ant to &ake a#e an iss%e in t!is ca&'ai#n9 so I ill not co&&ent on
,o%r ,o%t! and ine('erience.
G. Si&s does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ de&onstrates t!at Rotelles clai& is incorrect
.1/ avoids &entionin# t!e iss%e o" a#e
.C/ 'ro'oses a a, to decide !ic! iss%es are i&'ortant
.3/ s!os t!at Rotelles state&ent is sel"8contradictor,
.E/ "ails to res'ond directl, to Rotelles clai&
A. Rotelle is co&&itted to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Man, old 'eo'le cannot e""ectivel, address t!e di""ic%lt iss%es "acin# t!e
co%ntr,.
.1/ T!ose at least as old as Si&s are t!e onl, 'eo'le !o cannot e""ectivel,
address t!e di""ic%lt iss%es "acin# t!e co%ntr,.
.C/ So&e ,o%n# 'eo'le can e""ectivel, address t!e di""ic%lt iss%es "acin# t!e
co%ntr,.
.3/ I" an,one can e""ectivel, address t!e di""ic%lt iss%es "acin# t!e co%ntr,9 t!at
'erson &%st be ,o%n#er t!an Si&s.
.E/ Addressin# t!e di""ic%lt iss%es "acin# t!e co%ntr, re0%ires an %nderstandin#
o" ,o%n# 'eo'les 'oints o" vie.
B. Folitical t!eorist: T!e c!ie" "o%ndations o" all #overn&ents are t!e le#al s,ste&
and t!e 'olice "orceD and as t!ere cannot be a #ood le#al s,ste& !ere t!e 'olice
are not ell 'aid. It "ollos t!at !ere t!e 'olice are ell 'aid t!ere ill be #ood
le#al s,ste&.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is not so%nd beca%se it "ails to establis! t!at:
.A/ &an, #overn&ents it! bad le#al s,ste&s !ave 'oorl, 'aid 'olice "orces
.1/ bad #overn&ents it! #ood le#al s,ste&s &%st !ave 'oorl, 'aid 'olice
"orces
.C/ a ell8'aid 'olice "orce cannot be e""ective it!o%t a #ood le#al s,ste&
.3/ a ell8'aid 'olice "orce is s%""icient to #%arantee a #ood le#al s,ste&
.E/ so&e bad #overn&ents !ave #ood le#al s,ste&s
H. Co%rt records "ro& &edieval $rance s!o t!at in t!e ,ears 1<II to 1CII t!e
n%&ber o" 'eo'le arrested in t!e $renc! real& "or >violent inter'ersonal cri&es?
.not co&&itted in ars/ increased b, <I 'ercent over t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le
arrested "or s%c! cri&es in t!e ,ears 15II to 1<II. I" t!e increase as not t!e
res%lt o" "alse arrests9 t!ere"ore9 &edieval $rance !ad a !i#!er level o"
doc%&ented inter'ersonal violence in t!e ,ears 1<II to 1CII t!an in t!e ,ears
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@5
15II to 1<II.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ In t!e ,ears 1<II to 1CII t!e $renc! #overn&ents cate#or, o" violent
cri&es incl%ded an increasin# variet, o" inter'ersonal cri&es t!at are
act%all, nonviolent.
.1/ :istorical acco%nts b, &onastic c!roniclers in t!e ,ears 1<II to 1CII are
"illed it! descri'tions o" violent attacks co&&itted b, 'eo'le livin# in t!e
$renc! real&.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" individ%al a#ree&ents beteen to 'eo'le in !ic! t!e,
sore oat!s not to attack eac! ot!er increased s%bstantiall, a"ter 1<II.
.3/ 6!en En#lis! ar&ies tried to con0%er 'arts o" $rance in t!e &id8 to late
1<IIs9 violence in t!e nort!ern 'rovince o" 2or&and, and t!e so%t!estern
'rovince o" Gascon, increased.
.E/ T!e 'o'%lation o" &edical $rance increased s%bstantiall, d%rin# t!e "irst "ive
decades o" t!e 1<IIs9 %ntil t!e deadl, b%bonic 'la#%e deci&ated t!e
'o'%lation o" $rance a"ter 1<CB.
1I. R!i)obi%& bacteria livin# in t!e roots o" bean 'lants or ot!er le#%&es 'rod%ce
"i(ed nitro#en !ic! is one o" t!e essential 'lant n%trients and !ic! "or non8
le#%&e cro's9 s%c! as !eat9 nor&all, &%st be s%''lied b, a''lications o"
nitro#en8based "ertili)er. So i" biotec!nolo#, s%cceeds in 'rod%cin# !eat strains
!ose roots ill 'la, !ost to R!i)obi%& bacteria9 t!e need "or arti"icial "ertili)ers
ill be red%ced.
T!e ar#%&ent above &akes !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ 1iotec!nolo#, s!o%ld be directed toard 'rod%cin# 'lants t!at do not
re0%ire arti"icial "ertili)er.
.1/ $i(ed nitro#en is c%rrentl, t!e onl, soil n%trient t!at &%st be s%''lied b,
arti"icial "ertili)er "or #roin# !eat cro's.
.C/ T!ere are no nat%rall, occ%rrin# strains o" !eat or ot!er #rasses t!at !ave
-hi.obiu, bacteria livin# in t!eir roots.
.3/ Le#%&es are c%rrentl, t!e onl, cro's t!at 'rod%ce t!eir on s%''l, o" "i(ed
nitro#en.
.E/ -hi.obiu, bacteria livin# in t!e roots o" !eat o%ld 'rod%ce "i(ed
nitro#en.
11. C%rrent le#islation t!at re0%ires desi#nated sections "or s&okers and nons&okers
on t!e 're&ises o" 'rivatel, oned b%sinesses is an intr%sion into t!e 'rivatel,
oned b%sinesses is an intr%sion into t!e 'rivate sector t!at cannot be +%sti"ied.
T!e "act t!at st%dies indicate t!at nons&okers &i#!t be !ar&ed b, in!alin# t!e
s&oke "ro& ot!ers ci#arettes is not t!e &ain iss%e. Rat!er9 t!e &ain iss%e
concerns t!e #overn&ents violation o" t!e ri#!t o" 'rivate b%sinesses to
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@<
deter&ine t!eir on 'olicies and r%le.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is 'rinci'le t!at9 i" acce'ted9 co%ld enable t!e
concl%sion to be 'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ Govern&ent intr%sion into t!e 'olicies and r%les o" 'rivate b%sinesses is
+%sti"ied onl, !en individ%als &i#!t be !ar&ed.
.1/ T!e ri#!t o" individ%als to breat!e sa"e air s%'ersedes t!e ri#!t o" b%sinesses
to be "ree "ro& #overn&ent intr%sion.
.C/ T!e ri#!t o" b%sinesses to sel"8deter&ination overrides !atever ri#!t or d%t,
t!e #overn&ent &a, !ave to 'rotect t!e individ%al.
.3/ It is t!e d%t, o" 'rivate b%sinesses to 'rotect e&'lo,ees "ro& !ar& in t!e
ork'lace.
.E/ 6!ere t!e ri#!ts o" b%sinesses and t!e d%t, o" #overn&ent con"lict9 t!e &ain
iss%e is "indin# a s%ccess"%l co&'ro&ise.
15. Leac!ate is a sol%tion9 "re0%entl, !i#!l, conta&inated9 t!at develo's !en ater
'er&eates a land"ill site. I" and onl, i" t!e land"ills ca'acit, to !old li0%ids is
e(ceeded does t!e leac!ate esca'e into t!e environ&ent9 #enerall, in
%n'redictable 0%antities. A &et!od &%st be "o%nd "or dis'osin# o" leac!ate. Most
land"ill leac!ate is send directl, to sea#e treat&ent 'lants9 b%t not all sea#e
'lants are ca'able o" !andlin# t!e !i#!l, conta&inated ater.
.A/ T!e abilit, to 'redict t!e vol%&e o" esca'in# land"ill leac!ate o%ld !el'
solve t!e dis'osal 'roble&.
.1/ I" an, ater 'er&eates a land"ill9 leac!ate ill esca'e into t!e environ&ent.
.C/ 2o sea#e treat&ent 'lants are ca'able o" !andlin# leac!ate.
.3/ So&e land"ill leac!ate is send to sea#e treat&ent 'lants t!at are inca'able
o" !andlin# it.
.E/ I" leac!ate does not esca'e "ro& a land"ill into t!e environ&ent9 t!en t!e
land"ills ca'acit, to !old li0%ids !as not been e(ceeded.
1<. T!e soarin# 'rices o" sc!olarl, and scienti"ic +o%rnals !ave "orced acade&ic
libraries %sed onl, b, acade&ic researc!ers to drasticall, red%ce t!eir list o"
s%bscri'tions. So&e !ave s%##ested t!at in eac! acade&ic disci'line s%bscri'tion
decisions s!o%ld be deter&ined solel, b, a +o%rnals %se"%lness in t!at disci'line9
&eas%red b, t!e "re0%enc, it! !ic! it is cited in '%blis!ed ritin#s b,
researc!ers in t!e disci'line.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, calls into 0%estion t!e
s%##estion described above-
.A/ T!e nonacade&ic readers!i' o" a sc!olarl, or scienti"ic +o%rnal can be
acc%ratel, #a%#ed b, t!e n%&ber o" ti&es articles a''earin# in it are cited in
dail, nes'a'ers and 'o'%lar &a#a)ines.
.1/ T!e avera#e len#t! o" a +o%rnal article in so&e sciences9 s%c! as '!,sics9 is
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@C
less t!an !al" t!e avera#e len#t! o" a +o%rnal article in so&e ot!er acade&ic
disci'lines9 s%c! as !istor,.
.C/ T!e increasin#l, e('ensive sc!olarl, +o%rnals are less and less likel, to be
available to t!e #eneral '%blic "ro& nonacade&ic '%blic libraries.
.3/ Researc!ers o"ten ill not cite a +o%rnal article t!at !as in"l%enced t!eir ork
i" t!e, t!ink t!at t!e +o%rnal in !ic! it a''ears is not !i#!l, re#arded b,
t!e leadin# researc!ers in t!e &ainstrea& o" t!e disci'line.
.E/ In so&e acade&ic disci'lines9 controversies !ic! be#in in t!e 'a#es o" one
+o%rnal s'ill over into articles in ot!er +o%rnals t!at are idel, read b,
researc!ers in t!e disci'line.
1C. T!e avera#e level o" "at in t!e blood o" 'eo'le s%""erin# "ro& ac%te cases o"
disease 6 is loer t!an t!e avera#e level "or t!e 'o'%lation as a !ole.
2evert!eless9 &ost doctors believe t!at red%cin# blood8"at levels is an e""ective
a, o" 'reventin# ac%te 6.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does &ost to +%sti", t!is a''arentl,
'arado(ical belie"-
.A/ T!e blood level o" "at "or 'atients !o !ave been c%red o" 6 is on avera#e
t!e sa&e as t!at "or t!e 'o'%lation at lar#e.
.1/ Several o" t!e s,&'to&s c!aracteristic o" ac%te 6 !ave been 'rod%ced in
laborator, ani&als "ed lar#e doses o" a s,nt!etic "at s%bstit%te9 t!o%#! ac%te
6 itsel" !as not been 'rod%ced in t!is a,.
.C/ T!e 'ro#ression "ro& latent to ac%te 6 can occ%r onl, !en t!e a#ent t!at
ca%ses ac%te 6 absorbs lar#e 0%antities o" "at "ro& t!e 'atients blood.
.3/ T!e levels o" "at in t!e blood o" 'atients !o !ave disease 6 res'ond
abnor&all, slol, to c!an#es in dietar, intake o" "at.
.E/ :i#! levels o" "at in t!e blood are indicative o" several diseases t!at are +%st
as serio%s as 6.
1@. 1akin# "or inter !olida,s is tradition t!at &a, !ave a so%nd &edical basis. In
&idinter9 !en da,s are s!ort9 &an, 'eo'le s%""er "ro& a s'eci"ic t,'e o"
seasonal de'ression ca%sed b, lack o" s%nli#!t. Carbo!,drates9 bot! s%#ars and
starc!es9 boost t!e brains levels o" serotonin9 a ne%rotrans&itter t!at i&'rove t!e
&ood. In t!is res'ect9 carbo!,drates act on t!e brain in t!e sa&e a, as so&e
antide'ressants. T!%s9 eatin# !olida, cookies &a, 'rovide an e""ective "or& o"
sel"8'rescribed &edication.
.A/ Seasonal de'ression is one o" t!e &ost easil, treated "or&s o" de'ression.
.1/ Lack o" s%nli#!t loers t!e level o" serotonin in t!e brain.
.C/ Feo'le are &ore likel, to be de'ressed in &idinter t!an at ot!er ti&es o" t!e
,ear.
.3/ So&e antide'ressants act b, c!an#in# t!e brains level o" serotonin.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@@
.E/ Raisin# t!e level o" ne%rotrans&itters in t!e brain e""ectivel, relieves
de'ression.
1G. T!e c%rrent 'ro'osal to #ive colle#e st%dents a broader c!oice in 'lannin# t!eir
on co%rses o" st%d, s!o%ld be abandoned. T!e st%dents !o are s%''ortin# t!e
'ro'osal ill never be satis"ied9 no &atter !at re0%ire&ents are establis!ed.
So&e o" t!ese st%dents !ave reac!ed t!eir t!ird ,ear it!o%t declarin# a &a+or.
7ne "irst8,ear st%dent !as "ailed to co&'lete "o%r re0%ired co%rses. Several ot!ers
!ave indicated a serio%s indi""erence to #rades and intellect%al ac!ieve&ent.
A "la in t!e ar#%&ent is t!at it does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ avoids t!e iss%e b, "oc%sin# on s%''orters o" t!e 'ro'osal
.1/ ar#%es circ%larl, b, ass%&in# t!e concl%sion is tr%e in statin# t!e 're&ises
.C/ "ails to de"ine t!e critical ter& >satis"ied?
.3/ distorts t!e 'ro'osal advocated b, o''onents
.E/ %sers t!e ter& >st%dent? e0%ivocall,
Questions 1'-18
T!e 0%estion !et!er intelli#ent li"e e(ists else!ere in t!e %niverse is certainl,
i&'recise9 beca%se e are not s%re !o di""erent "ro& %s so&et!in# &i#!t be and still
co%nt as >intelli#ent li"e.? *et e cannot +%st decide to de"ine >intelli#ent li"e? in
so&e &ore 'recise a, since it is likel, t!at e ill "ind and reco#ni)e intelli#ent li"e
else!ere in t!e %niverse onl, i" e leave o%r de"initions o'en to ne9 %ni&a#ined
'ossibilities.
1A. T!e ar#%&ent can &ost reasonabl, be inter'reted as an ob+ection to !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# clai&s-
.A/ T!e 0%estion !et!er intelli#ent li"e e(ists else!ere in t!e %niverse is one
t!at ill never be correctl, ansered.
.1/ 6!et!er or not t!ere is intelli#ent li"e else!ere in t!e %niverse9 o%r
%nderstandin# o" intelli#ent li"e is li&ited.
.C/ T!e 0%estion abo%t t!e e(istence o" intelli#ent li"e else!ere in t!e %niverse
&%st be &ade &ore 'recise i" e !o'e to anser it correctl,.
.3/ T!e 0%estion !et!er t!ere is intelli#ent li"e else!ere in t!e %niverse is so
i&'recise as to be &eanin#less.
.E/ T!e 0%estion !et!er t!ere is intelli#ent li"e else!ere in t!e %niverse is one
e s!o%ld not s'end o%r ti&e tr,in# to anser.
1B. T!e 'assa#e9 i" seen as an ob+ection to an antecedent clai&9 c!allen#es t!at clai&
b,:
.A/ s!oin# t!e clai& to be irrelevant to t!e iss%e at !and
.1/ citin# e(a&'les t!at "ail to "it 'ro'osed de"inition o" >intelli#ent li"e?
.C/ clai&in# t!at >intelli#ent li"e? cannot be ade0%atel, de"ined
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@G
.3/ ar#%in# t!at t!e clai&9 i" acted on9 o%ld be co%nter'rod%ctive
.E/ &aintainin# t!at t!e clai& is not s%''orted b, t!e available evidence
1H. T!e e""icienc, o" &icroave ovens in destro,in# t!e !ar&"%l bacteria "re0%entl,
"o%nd in co&&on "oods is di&inis!ed b, t!e 'resence o" salt in t!e "ood bein#
cooked. 6!en !eated in a &icroave oven9 t!e interior o" %nsalted "ood reac!es
te&'erat%res !i#! eno%#! to kill bacteria t!at ca%se "ood 'oisonin#9 b%t t!e
interior o" salted "ood does not. Scientists t!eori)e t!at salt e""ectivel, blocks t!e
&icroaves "ro& !eatin# t!e interior.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is &ost s%''orted b, t!e in"or&ation
above-
.A/ T!e kinds o" bacteria t!at ca%se "ood 'oisonin# are &ore likel, to be "o%nd
on t!e e(terior o" "ood t!an in t!e interior o" "ood.
.1/ T!e incidence o" serio%s "ood 'oisonin# o%ld be si#ni"icantl, red%ced i"
&icroave ovens ere not %sed b, cons%&ers to cook or re!eat "ood.
.C/ T!e addition o" salt to "ood t!at !as been cooked or re!eated in a &icroave
oven can increase t!e dan#er o" "ood 'oisonin#.
.3/ T!e dan#er o" "ood 'oisonin# can be lessened i" salt is not %sed to 're'are
"oods t!at are to be cooked in a &icroave oven.
.E/ Salt is t!e 'ri&ar, ca%se o" "ood 'oisonin# res%ltin# "ro& "ood t!at is !eated
in &icroave ovens.
5I. Fa&ela: 1%siness !as an interest in enablin# e&'lo,ees to care "or c!ildren9
beca%se t!ose c!ildren ill be t!e c%sto&ers9 e&'lo,ees9 and &ana#ers o" t!e
"%t%re. T!ere"ore9 b%sinesses s!o%ld ado't 'olicies9 s%c! as da,8care bene"its t!at
"acilitate 'arentin#.
Lee: 2o individ%al co&'an,9 t!o%#!9 ill be 'atroni)ed9 sta""ed9 and &ana#ed
onl, b, its on e&'lo,ees c!ildren9 so it o%ld not be to a co&'an,s
advanta#e to 'rovide s%c! bene"its to e&'lo,ees c!ildren9 so it o%ld not be to a
co&'an,s advanta#e to 'rovide s%c! bene"its to e&'lo,ees !en ot!er
co&'anies do not.
In !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'airs consistin# o" ar#%&ent and ob+ection does
t!e ob+ection "%nction &ost si&ilarl, to t!e a, Lees ob+ection "%nctions in
relation to Fa&elas ar#%&ent-
.A/ 2e roads ill not serve to relieve t!is areas tra""ic con#estion9 beca%se
ne roads o%ld enco%ra#e ne constr%ction and #enerate additional
tra""ic.
7b+ection: $ail%re to b%ild ne roads o%ld &ean t!at tra""ic con#estion
o%ld stran#le t!e area even earlier.
.1/ :%&anit, needs clean air to breat!e9 so eac! 'erson s!o%ld &ake an e""ort
avoid 'oll%tin# t!e air.
7b+ection: T!e air one 'erson breat!es is a""ected &ainl, b, 'oll%tion
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@A
ca%sed b, ot!ers9 so it &akes no sense to act alone to c%rb air 'oll%tion.
.C/ Advertised disco%nts on 'rod%cts dra c%sto&ers attention to t!e
'rod%cts so advertised disco%nts bene"it sales.
7b+ection: C%sto&ers alread, 'lannin# to '%rc!ase a 'rod%ct accelerate
b%,in# to take advanta#e o" advertised disco%nts9 and t!ose s%bse0%ent sales
s%""er.
.3/ I" 'eo'le ala,s told lies9 t!en no one o%ld kno !at t!e tr%t! as9 so
'eo'le s!o%ld ala,s tell t!e tr%t!.
7b+ection: I" 'eo'le ala,s told lies9 t!en ever,one o%ld kno t!at t!e
tr%t! as t!e o''osite o" !at as said.
.E/ :%&an social instit%tions !ave ala,s c!an#ed. So even i" e do not kno
!at t!ose c!an#es ill be9 e do kno t!at t!e social instit%tions o" t!e
"%t%re ill di""er "ro& t!ose o" t!e 'ast.
7b+ection: T!e e(istence o" c!an#e in t!e 'ast does not ens%re t!at t!ere
ill ala,s be c!an#e in t!e "%t%re.
51. Fedro: =nlike clot! dia'ers9 dis'osable dia'ers are a t!reat to t!e environ&ent.
Si(teen billion dis'osable dia'ers are discarded ann%all,9 "illin# %' land"ills at an
alar&in# rate. So 'eo'le &%st sto' b%,in# dis'osable dia'ers and %se clot!
dia'ers.
Maria: 1%t ,o% "or#et t!at clot! dia'ers &%st be as!ed in !ot ater9 !ic!
re0%ires ener#,. Moreover9 t!e res%ltin# asteater 'oll%tes o%r rivers. 6!en
"a&ilies %se dia'er services9 dia'ers &%st be delivered b, "%el8b%rnin# tr%cks
t!at 'oll%te t!e air and add to tra""ic con#estion.
Maria ob+ects to Fedros ar#%&ent b,
.A/ clai&in# t!at Fedro overstates t!e ne#ative evidence abo%t dis'osable
dia'ers in t!e co%rse o" !is ar#%&ent in "avor o" clot! dia'ers
.1/ indicatin# t!at Fedro dras a !ast, concl%sion9 based on inade0%ate evidence
abo%t clot! dia'ers
.C/ 'ointin# o%t t!at t!ere is an a&bi#%o%s %se o" t!e ord >dis'osable? in
Fedros ar#%&ent
.3/ de&onstratin# t!at clot! dia'ers are a "ar &ore serio%s t!reat to t!e
environ&ent t!an dis'osable dia'ers are
.E/ s%##estin# t!at t!e econo&ic advanta#es o" clot! dia'ers o%tei#! !atever
environ&ental da&a#e t!e, &a, ca%se
55. In an e('eri&ent9 to8,ear8old bo,s and t!eir "at!ers &ade 'ie do%#! to#et!er
%sin# rollin# 'ins and ot!er %tensils. Eac! "at!er8son 'air %sed a rollin# 'in t!at
as distinctivel, di""erent "ro& t!ose %sed b, t!e ot!er "at!er8son 'airs9 and eac!
"at!er re'eated t!e '!rase >rollin# 'in? eac! ti&e !is son %sed it. 1%t !en t!e
c!ildren ere asked to identi", all o" t!e rollin# 'ins a&on# a #ro%' o" kitc!en
%tensils t!at incl%ded several rollin# 'ins9 eac! c!ild 'icked onl, t!e one t!at !e
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@B
!ad %sed.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# in"erences is &ost s%''orted b, t!e in"or&ation
above-
.A/ T!e c!ildren did not #ras' t!e "%nction o" rollin# 'in.
.1/ 2o to c!ildren %nderstood t!e na&e >rollin# 'in? to a''l, to t!e sa&e
ob+ect.
.C/ T!e c!ildren %nderstood t!at all rollin# 'ins !ave t!e sa&e #eneral s!a'e.
.3/ Eac! c!ild as able to identi", correctl, onl, t!e %tensils t!at !e !ad %sed.
.E/ T!e c!ildren ere not able to distin#%is! t!e rollin# 'ins t!e, %sed "ro&
ot!er rollin# 'ins.
5<. 6!en 1II 'eo'le !o !ave not %sed cocaine are tested "or cocaine %se9 on
avera#e onl, @ ill test 'ositive. 1, contrast9 o" ever, 1II 'eo'le !o !ave %sed
cocaine HH ill test 'ositive. T!%s9 !en a rando&l, c!osen #ro%' o" 'eo'le is
tested "or cocaine %se9 t!e vast &a+orit, o" t!ose !o test 'ositive ill be 'eo'le
!o !ave %sed cocaine.
A reasonin# error in t!e ar#%&ent is t!at t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ atte&'ts to in"er a val%e +%d#&ent "ro& '%rel, "act%al 're&ises
.1/ attrib%tes to ever, &e&ber o" t!e 'o'%lation t!e 'ro'erties o" t!e avera#e
&e&ber o" t!e 'o'%lation
.C/ "ails to take into acco%nt !at 'ro'ortion o" t!e 'o'%lation !ave %sed
cocaine
.3/ i#nores t!e "act t!at so&e cocaine %sers do not test 'ositive
.E/ advocates testin# 'eo'le "or cocaine %se !en t!ere is no reason to s%s'ect
t!at t!e, !ave %sed cocaine
5C. I" a societ, enco%ra#es "reedo& o" t!o%#!t and e('ression9 t!en9 d%rin# t!e ti&e
!en it does so9 creativit, ill "lo%ris! in t!at societ,. In t!e =nited States
creativit, "lo%ris!ed d%rin# t!e ei#!teent! cent%r,. It is clear9 t!ere"ore9 t!at
"reedo& o" t!o%#!t as enco%ra#ed in t!e =nited States d%rin# t!e ei#!teent!
cent%r,.
An error o" reasonin# o" t!e sa&e kind as one contained in t!e 'assa#e is 'resent
in eac! o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents EECEFT:
.A/ Accordin# to t!e airline ind%str,9 air"ares !ave to rise i" air travel is to be
&ade sa"erD since air"ares ere +%st raised9 e can rest ass%red t!at air travel
ill t!ere"ore beco&e sa"er.
.1/ 6e can concl%de t!at t!e :illside 'olice de'art&ent !as i&'roved its
e""icienc,9 beca%se cri&e rates are don in :illside9 and it is an establis!ed
"act t!at cri&e rates #o don !en 'olice de'art&ents increase t!eir
e""icienc,.
.C/ Feo'le !o are reall, interested in t!e 'reservation o" ildli"e obvio%sl, do
GMAT & LSAT CR 5@H
not #o !%ntin# "or bi# #a&eD since Gerda !as never #one !%ntin# "or bi#
#a&e and intends never to do so9 it is clear t!at s!e is reall, interested in t!e
'reservation o" ildli"e.
.3/ I" t!e contents o" a bottle are sa"e to drink9 t!e bottle ill not be &arked
>'oison9? so9 since t!e bottle is not &arked >'oison9? its contents ill be
sa"e to drink.
.E/ 2one o" t!e so8called 6estern de&ocracies is reall, de&ocratic9 beca%se9 "or
a co%ntr, to be de&ocratic9 t!e o'inion o" eac! o" its citi)ens &%st !ave a
&eanin#"%l e""ect on #overn&ent9 and in none o" t!ese co%ntries does eac!
citi)ens o'inion !ave s%c! an e""ect.
SECTI72 I4
1. 6it! t!e 'assa#e o" t!e ne ta( re"or& la9 t!e ann%al ta( b%rden on lo8inco&e
ta('a,ers ill be red%ced9 on avera#e9 b, an,!ere "ro& L1II to L<II. Clearl,9
ta( re"or& is in t!e interest o" lo8inco&e ta('a,ers.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost %nder&ines t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ Ta( re"or&9 b, si&'li",in# t!e ta( code9 ill save &an, 'eo'le t!e e('ense
o" !avin# an acco%ntant do t!eir ta(es.
.1/ Ta( re"or&9 b, eli&inatin# ta( incentives to b%ild rental !o%sin#9 ill '%s!
%' rents an avera#e o" abo%t LCI 'er &ont! "or lo8inco&e ta('a,ers.
.C/ Lo8inco&e ta('a,ers !ave consistentl, voted "or t!ose 'olitical candidates
!o are stron# advocates o" ta( re"or&.
.3/ T!e ne ta( re"or& las ill 'er&it lo and &iddle8inco&e ta('a,ers to
ded%ct c!ild8care e('enses "ro& t!eir ta(es.
.E/ =nder t!e ne ta( re"or& las9 &an, lo8inco&e ta('a,ers !o no 'a,
ta(es ill no lon#er be re0%ired to do so.
5. I" e are to e('and t!e e('loration o" o%r solar s,ste&9 o%r ne(t &anned "li#!t
s!o%ld be to F!obos9 one o" Marss &oons9 rat!er t!an to Mars itsel". T!e "li#!t
ti&es to eac! are t!e sa&e9 b%t t!e F!obos e('edition o%ld re0%ire less t!an !al"
t!e "%el load o" a Mars e('edition and o%ld9 t!ere"ore9 be &%c! less costl,. So9
it is clear t!at F!obos s!o%ld be o%r ne(t ste' in S'ace e('loration.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost !el' to e('lain t!e di""erence in
"%el re0%ire&ent-
.A/ More e0%i'&ent o%ld be re0%ired to e('lore F!obos t!an to e('lore Mars.
.1/ S&aller s'aces!i's re0%ire less "%el t!an lar#er s'aces!i's.
.C/ In"or&ation learned d%rin# t!e tri' to F!obos can be %sed d%rin# a
s%bse0%ent tri' to Mars.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5GI
.3/ T!e s!ortest distance beteen F!obos and Mars is less t!an !al" t!e s!ortest
distance 1eteen Eart! and Mars.
.E/ Li"t8o"" "or t!e ret%rn tri' "ro& F!obos re0%ires &%c! less "%el t!an t!at "ro&
Mars beca%se o" F!obos eaker #ravitational '%ll.
<. Scienti"ic researc! t!at involves international collaboration !as 'rod%ced 'a'ers
o" #reater in"l%ence. As &eas%red b, t!e n%&ber o" ti&es a 'a'er is cited in
s%bse0%ent 'a'ers9 t!an !as researc! it!o%t an, collaboration. Fa'ers t!at res%lt
"ro& international collaboration are cited an avera#e o" seven ti&es9 !ereas
'a'ers it! sin#le a%t!ors are cited onl, t!ree ti&es on avera#e. T!is di""erence
s!os t!at researc! 'ro+ects cond%cted b, international researc! tea&s are o"
#reater i&'ortance t!an t!ose cond%cted b, sin#le researc!ers.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ Froli"ic riters can in"late t!e n%&ber o" citations t!e, receive b, citin#
t!e&selves in s%bse0%ent 'a'ers.
.1/ It is 'ossible to ascertain !et!er or not a 'a'er is t!e 'rod%ct o"
international collaboration b, deter&inin# t!e n%&ber o" citations it !as
received.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" citations a 'a'er receives is a &eas%re o" t!e i&'ortance o"
t!e researc! it re'orts.
.3/ T!e collaborative e""orts o" scientists !o are citi)ens o" t!e sa&e co%ntr,
do not 'rod%ce 'a'ers t!at are as i&'ortant as 'a'ers t!at are 'rod%ced b,
international collaboration.
.E/ International researc! tea&s tend to be &ore #enero%sl, "%nded t!an are
sin#le researc!ers.
C. It is &ore desirable to !ave so&e "or& o" sociali)ed &edicine t!an a s,ste& o"
&edical care rel,in# on t!e 'rivate sector. Sociali)ed &edicine is &ore broadl,
accessible t!an is 'rivate8sector s,ste&. In addition9 since co%ntries it!
sociali)ed &edicine !ave a loer in"ant &oralit, rate t!an do co%ntries it! a
s,ste& rel,in# entirel, on t!e 'rivate sector9 sociali)ed &edicine see&s to be
tec!nolo#icall, s%'erior.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best indicates a "la in t!e ar#%&ent abo%t t!e
tec!nolo#ical s%'eriorit, o" sociali)ed &edicine-
.A/ T!e loer in"ant &ortalit, rate &i#!t be d%e to t!e s,ste&s alloin# #reater
access to &edical care.
.1/ T!ere is no necessar, connection beteen t!e econo&ic s,ste& o" socialis&
and tec!nolo#ical ac!ieve&ent.
.C/ In"ant &ortalit, is a reliable indicator o" t!e 0%alit, o" &edical care "or
c!ildren.
.3/ 2o list is 'resented o" t!e co%ntries !ose in"ant &ortalit, statistics are
s%&&ari)ed %nder t!e to cate#ories9 >sociali)ed? and >'rivate8sector.?
GMAT & LSAT CR 5G1
.E/ T!e ar#%&ent 'res%''oses t!e desirabilit, o" sociali)ed &edicine9 !ic! is
!at t!e ar#%&ent seeks to establis!.
@. Most 'arents !o are #enero%s are #ood 'arents9 b%t so&e sel"8centered 'arents
are also #ood 'arents. *et all #ood 'arents s!are one c!aracteristic: t!e, are #ood
listeners.
I" all o" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st
also be tr%e-
.A/ All 'arents !o are #ood listeners are #ood 'arents.
.1/ So&e 'arents !o are #ood listeners are not #ood 'arent.
.C/ Most 'arents !o are #ood listeners are #enero%s.
.3/ So&e 'arents !o are #ood listeners are sel"8centered.
.E/ $eer sel"8centered 'arents t!an #enero%s 'arents are #ood listeners.
G. Lo%rdes: 3ietar, "iber is an i&'ortant 'art o" a !ealt!"%l diet. E('erts reco&&end
t!at ad%lts cons%&e 5I to <@ #ra&s o" "iber a da,.
M,ra: 1%t a dail, intake o" "iber t!at is si#ni"icantl, above t!at reco&&ended
level inter"eres it! &ineral absor'tion9 es'eciall, t!e absor'tion o" calci%&.
T!e '%blic s!o%ld be told to c%t back on "iber intake
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost %nder&ines M,ras reco&&endation-
.A/ A&on# ad%lts9 t!e avera#e cons%&'tion o" dietar, "iber is at 'resent
a''ro(i&atel, 1I #ra&s a da,.
.1/ T!e &ore a "ood is 'rocessed9 t!e &ore t!e "iber is broken don and t!e
loer t!e "iber content.
.C/ Man, "oodst%""s t!at are e(cellent so%rces o" "iber are econo&ical and
readil, available.
.3/ Ade0%ate calci%& intake !el's 'revent t!e decrease in bone &ass knon as
osteo'orosis.
.E/ Man, "oodst%""s t!at are e(cellent so%rces o" "iber are 'o'%lar it!
cons%&ers.
A. A certain retailer 'ro&otes &erc!andise b, %sin# t!e "olloin# 'olic,:
At all ti&es t!ere is eit!er a >&ana#ers sale? or a >!olida, sale? or bot! #oin#
on. All sales are r%n "or e(actl, one calendar &ont!. In an, #iven &ont!9 i" a
&ana#er is!es to clear o%t 'artic%lar line o" &erc!andise9 t!en a &ana#ers sale
is declared. I" a !olida, "alls it!in t!e calendar &ont! and t!ere is e(cess
&erc!andise in t!e are!o%se9 t!en a !olida, sale is declared.
:oever9 t!ere is no !olida, t!at "alls it!in t!e &ont! o" A%#%st and9 in t!at
&ont!9 t!e are!o%se never contains e(cess &erc!andise.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be concl%ded "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ I" a !olida, "alls it!in a #iven &ont! and t!ere is no e(tra &erc!andise in
t!e are!o%se t!at &ont!9 t!en a !olida, sale is declared.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5G5
.1/ I" a !olida, sale is not bein# r%n9 t!en it is t!e &ont! o" A%#%st.
.C/ I" a &an#ers sale is bein# r%n in so&e &ont!9 t!en t!ere is no e(cess
&erc!andise in t!e are!o%se in t!at &ont!.
.3/ I" t!ere is not a &an#ers sale bein# r%n so&e &ont!9 t!en t!ere is !olida,
sale bein# r%n in t!at &ont!.
.E/ I" t!ere is no e(cess &erc!andise in t!e are!o%se9 t!en it is t!e &ont! o"
A%#%st.
B. Fro&inent b%siness e(ec%tives o"ten 'la, active roles in =nited States
'residential ca&'ai#ns as "%ndraisers or backroo& strate#ists. 1%t "e act%all,
seek to beco&e 'resident t!e&selves. T!ro%#!o%t !istor, t!e #reat &a+orit, o"
t!ose !o !ave so%#!t to beco&e 'resident !ave been La,ers9 &ilitar, leaders9
or "%ll8ti&e 'oliticians. T!is is %nderstandable9 "or t!e 'ersonalit, and skills t!at
&ake "or s%ccess in b%siness do not &ake "or s%ccess in 'olitics. 1%siness is
lar#el, !ierarc!ical9 !ereas 'olitics is coordinative. As a res%lt9 b%siness
e(ec%tives tend to be %nco&"ortable it! co&'ro&ises and 'oer s!arin#9 !ic!
are in!erent in 'olities.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e 'ro'osed
e('lanation o" !, b%siness e(ec%tives do not r%n "or 'resident-
.A/ Man, o" t!e &ost active 'residential "%ndraisers and backroo& strate#ists are
t!e&selves 'oliticians.
.1/ Militar, leaders are #enerall, no &ore co&"ortable it! co&'ro&ises and
'oer s!arin# t!an are b%siness e(ec%tives.
.C/ So&e o" t!e skills needed to beco&e a s%ccess"%l la,er are di""erent "ro&
so&e o" t!ose needed to beco&e a s%ccess"%l &ilitar, leader.
.3/ So&e "or&er 'residents !ave en#a#ed in b%siness vent%res a"ter leavin#
o""ice.
.E/ So&e !ierarc!icall, str%ct%red co&'anies !ave been &a+or "inancial
s%''orters o" candidates "or 'resident.
H. A scienti"ic t!eor, is a #ood t!eor, i" it satis"ies to re0%ire&ents: It &%st
acc%ratel, describe a lar#e class o" observations in ter&s o" a &odel t!at is si&'le
eno%#! to contain onl, a "e ele&ents9 and it &%st &ake de"inite 'redictions
abo%t t!e res%lts o" "%t%re observations. $or e(a&'le9 Aristotles cos&olo#ical
t!eor,9 !ic! clai&ed t!at ever,t!in# as &ade o%t o" "o%r ele&entsKeart!9 air9
"ire9 and aterKsatis"ied t!e "irst re0%ire&ent9 b%t it did not &ake an, de"inite
'rediction. T!%s9 Aristotles cos&olo#ical t!eor, as not a #ood t!eor,.
I" all t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 eac! o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be
tr%e EECEFT:
.A/ Frediction abo%t t!e res%lts o" "%t%re observations &%st be &ade b, an, #ood
scienti"ic t!eor,.
.1/ 7bservation o" '!,sical '!eno&ena as not a &a+or concern in Aristotles
GMAT & LSAT CR 5G<
cos&olo#ical t!eor,.
.C/ $o%r ele&ents can be t!e basis o" a scienti"ic &odel t!at is si&'le eno%#! to
&eet t!e si&'licit, criterion o" a #ood t!eor,.
.3/ A scienti"ic &odel t!at contains &an, ele&ents is not a #ood t!eor,.
.E/ Aristotles cos&olo#ical t!eor, described a lar#e class o" observations in
ter&s o" onl, "o%r ele&ents.
1I. Millions o" irre'laceable e(!ibits in nat%ral !istor, &%se%&s are c%rrentl,
alloed to deca,. *et it!o%t anal,ses o" e##s "ro& &%se%&s9 t!e st%dies linkin#
'esticides it! t!e decline o" birds o" 're, o%ld !ave been i&'ossible.
T!ere"ore9 "%nds &%st be raised to 'reserve at least t!ose e(!ibits t!at ill be
&ost val%able to science in t!e "%t%re.
T!e ar#%&ent 'res%''oses t!at
.A/ i" a &%se%& e(!ibit is irre'laceable9 its 'reservation is o" an i&'ortance t!at
overrides econo&ic considerations
.1/ t!e scienti"ic anal,sis o" &%se%& e(!ibits can be 'er"or&ed in
nondestr%ctive a,
.C/ e##s o" e(tinct s'ecies s!o%ld be anal,)ed to increase knoled#e o" #enetic
relations!i's a&on# s'ecies
.3/ it can be knon at t!is ti&e !at data ill be o" &ost %se to scienti"ic
investi#ators in t!e "%t%re
.E/ t!e deca, o" or#anic &aterial in nat%ral !istor, e(!ibits is nat%ral and cannot
be 'revented
11. Co&'ared to non'ro"it !os'itals o" t!e sa&e si)e9 investor8oned !os'itals
re0%ire less '%blic invest&ent in t!e "or& o" ta( breaks9 %se "eer e&'lo,ees9
and !ave !i#!er occ%'anc, levels. It can t!ere"ore be concl%ded t!at investor8
oned !os'itals are a better a, o" deliverin# &edical care t!an are non'ro"it
!os'itals.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost %nder&ines t!e concl%sion dran
above-
.A/ 2on'ro"it !os'itals c!ar#e &ore 'er bed t!an do investor8oned !os'itals.
.1/ Fatients in non'ro"it !os'itals recover &ore 0%ickl, t!an don 'atients it!
co&'arable illnesses in investor8oned !os'itals.
.C/ 2on'ro"it !os'itals do &ore "%ndraisin# t!an do investor8oned !os'itals.
.3/ 3octors at non'ro"it !os'itals earn !i#!er salaries t!an do si&ilarl, 0%ali"ied
doctors at investor8oned !os'itals.
.E/ 2on'ro"it !os'itals receive &ore donations t!an do investor8oned !os'itals.
15. T!e ancient E#,'tian '!arao! Ak!enaten9 !o !ad a 'ro"o%nd e""ect d%rin# !is
li"eti&e on E#,'tian art and reli#ion9 as ell loved and !i#!l, res'ected b, !is
s%b+ects. 6e kno t!is "ro& t!e "ierce lo,alt, s!o to !i& b, !is 'alace #%ards9
GMAT & LSAT CR 5GC
as doc%&ented in re'orts ritten d%rin# Ak!enatens rei#n.
A 0%estionable tec!ni0%e %sed in t!e ar#%&ent is to
.A/ introd%ce in"or&ation t!at act%all, contradicts t!e concl%sion
.1/ rel, on evidence t!at in 'rinci'le o%ld be i&'ossible to c!allen#e
.C/ &ake a #enerali)ation based on a sa&'le t!at is likel, to be %nre'resentative
.3/ de'end on t!e a&bi#%it, o" t!e ter& >ancient?
.E/ a''l, 'resent8da, standards in an ina''ro'riate a, to ancient ti&es
1<. F!,sician: T!e 'atient is s%""erin# eit!er "ro& disease E or else "ro& disease *9
b%t t!ere is no available test "or distin#%is!in# E "ro& *. T!ere"ore9 since t!ere is
an e""ective treat&ent "or * b%t no treat&ent "or E9 e &%st act on t!e
ass%&'tion t!at t!e 'atient !as a case o" *.
T!e '!,sicians reasonin# co%ld be based on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
'rinci'les-
.A/ In treatin# a 'atient !o !as one or t!e ot!er o" to diseases9 it is &ore
i&'ortant to treat t!e diseases t!an to deter&ine !ic! o" t!e to diseases
t!e 'atient !as.
.1/ I" circ%&stances be,ond a decision &akers control ill a""ect t!e o%tco&e
o" t!e decision &akers actions9 t!e decision &aker &%st ass%&e t!at
circ%&stances are %n"avorable.
.C/ 6!en t!e so%ndness o" a strate#, de'ends on t!e tr%t! o" a certain
ass%&'tion9 t!e "irst ste' in '%ttin# t!e strate#, into e""ect &%st be to test
t!e tr%t! o" t!is ass%&'tion.
.3/ 6!en s%ccess is 'ossible onl, i" a circ%&stance be,ond ones control is
"avorable9 t!en ones strate#, &%st be based on t!e ass%&'tion t!at t!is
circ%&stance is in "act "avorable.
.E/ 6!en onl, one strate#, carries t!e 'ossibilit, o" s%ccess9 circ%&stances &%st
as &%c! as 'ossible be c!an#ed to "it t!is strate#,.
1C. Cons%&er advocate: Tro'ical oils are !i#! in sat%rated "ats9 !ic! increase t!e
risk o" !eart disease. $ort%natel,9 in &ost 're'ared "ood tro'ical oils can be
re'laced b, !ealt!ier alternatives it!o%t noticeabl, a""ectin# taste. T!ere"ore9
intensive '%blicit, abo%t t!e disadvanta#e o" tro'ical oils ill be likel, to res%lt
in dietar, c!an#es t!at ill di&inis! &an, 'eo'les risk o" develo'in# !eart
disease.
2%tritionist: T!e &a+or so%rces o" sat%rated "at in t!e avera#e 2ort! A&erican
diet are &eat9 'o%ltr,9 and dair, 'rod%cts9 not tro'ical oils. T!%s9 "oc%sin#
attention on t!e !ealt! !a)ards o" tro'ical oils o%ld be co%nter'rod%ctive9
beca%se it o%ld enco%ra#e 'eo'le to believe t!at &ore s%bstantial dietar,
c!an#es are %nnecessar,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a 'oint at iss%e beteen t!e n%tritionist and t!e
cons%&er advocate-
GMAT & LSAT CR 5G@
.A/ 6!et!er a diet t!at re#%larl, incl%des lar#e 0%antities o" tro'ical oil can
increase t!e risk o" !eart disease.
.1/ 6!et!er intensive '%blicit, ca&'ai#ns can be e""ective as &eans o"
c!an#in# 'eo'les eatin# !abits.
.C/ 6!et!er &ore 'eo'le in 2ort! A&erican o%ld bene"it "ro& red%cin# t!e
a&o%nt o" &eat t!e, cons%&e t!an o%ld bene"it "ro& eli&inatin# tro'ical
oils "ro& t!eir diets.
.3/ 6!et!er so&e 'eo'les diets co%ld be &ade si#ni"icantl, !ealt!ier i" t!e,
re'laced all tro'ical oils it! ve#etable oils t!at are si#ni"icantl, loer in
sat%rated "at.
.E/ 6!et!er cond%ctin# a '%blicit, ca&'ai#n t!at b, "oc%sin# on t!e !ealt!
!a)ards o" tro'ical oils 'ers%ades 'eo'le to re'lace s%c! oils it! !ealt!ier
alternatives is a #ood '%blic8!ealt! strate#,.
1@. Feo'le !o take !at ot!ers re#ard as a ridic%lo%s 'osition s!o%ld not bot!er to
sa,9 >I &ean ever, ordJ? $or eit!er t!eir 'osition tr%l, is ridic%lo%s9 in !ic!
case insistin# t!at t!e, are serio%s abo%t it onl, e('oses t!e& to dee'er
e&barrass&ent9 or else t!eir 'osition !as &erit9 in !ic! case t!e, s!o%ld &eet
disbelie" it! rational ar#%&ent rat!er t!an it! ass%rances o" t!eir sincerit,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents is &ost si&ilar in its reasonin# to t!e
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ A 'ractice t!at !as been deno%nced as 'oor 'ractice s!o%ld not be de"ended
on t!e #ro%nds t!at >t!is is !o e !ave ala,s done it.? I" t!e 'ractice is a
'oor one9 so &%c! t!e orse t!at it !as been e(tensivel, %sedD i" it is not
'oor one9 t!ere &%st be a better reason "or en#a#in# in it t!an inertia.
.1/ Feo'le !o are asked !, t!e, eat so&e o" t!e %n%s%al "oods t!e, eat
s!o%ld not anser9 >beca%se t!at is !at I like.? T!is sort o" anser ill
so%nd eit!er naive or evasive and t!%s ill satis", no one.
.C/ Feo'le !ose taste in clot!es is bein# critici)ed s!o%ld not re'la,9 >Ever,
'enn, I s'ent on t!ese clot!es I earned !onestl,.? $or t!e iss%e raise b, t!e
critics is not !o t!e &one, as co&e b, b%t rat!er !et!er it as s'ent
isel,.
.3/ Sc!olars !o c!a&'ion %n'o'%lar ne t!eories s!o%ld not ass%&e t!at t!e
ides'read re+ection o" t!eir ideas s!os t!at t!e, >&%st be on t!e ri#!t
track.? T!e tr%t! is t!at "e t!eories o" an, conse0%ence are eit!er !oll,
ri#!t or !oll, ron# and t!%s t!ere is no s%bstit%te "or 'atient orks in
ascertainin# !ic! 'arts are ri#!t.
.E/ Feo'le !o set t!e&selves #oals t!at ot!ers deno%nce as overl, a&bitio%s do
little to silence t!eir critics i" t!e, sa,9 >I can acco&'lis! t!is i" an,one
can.? Rat!er9 t!ose 'eo'le s!o%ld eit!er ad&it t!at t!eir critics are ri#!t or
not di#ni", t!e criticis& it! an, re'l,.
1G. Concetta: $ranc!ot as a #reat riter beca%se s!e as a!ead o" !er ti&e in
GMAT & LSAT CR 5GG
%nderstandin# t!at ind%striali)ation as takin# an %nconscionable toll on t!e
"a&il, str%ct%re o" t!e orkin# class.
Alicia: $ranc!ot as not a #reat riter. T!e &ark o" a #reat riter is t!e abilit, to
&ove 'eo'le it! t!e 'oer o" t!e ritten ord9 not t!e abilit, to be a&on# t!e
"irst to #ras' a social iss%e. 1esides9 t!e social conse0%ences o" ind%striali)ation
ere idel, %nderstood in $ranc!ots da,.
In !er disa#ree&ent it! Concetta9 Alicia does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ acce'ts Concettas criterion and t!en adds evidence to Concettas case
.1/ discredits Concettas evidence and t!en #enerali)es "ro& ne evidence
.C/ re+ects Concettas criterion and t!en dis'%tes a s'eci"ic clai&
.3/ dis'%tes Concettas concl%sion and t!en 'resents "acts in s%''ort o" an
alternative criterion
.E/ attacks one o" Concettas clai&s and t!en critici)es t!e str%ct%re o" !er
ar#%&ent
Questions 1'-18
Qelda: 3r. Ladlo9 a researc! 's,c!olo#ist9 !as convincin#l, de&onstrated t!at !is
t!eor, abo%t t!e deter&inants o" rat be!avior #enerates consistentl, acc%rate
'redictions abo%t !o rats ill 'er"or& in a &a)e. 7n t!e basis o" t!is evidence9 3r.
Ladlo !as clai&ed t!at !is t!eor, is irre"%tabl, correct.
Anson: T!en 3r. Ladlo is not res'onsible 's,c!olo#ist. 3r. Ladlos evidence does
not concl%sivel, 'rove t!at !is t!eor, is correct. Res'onsible 's,c!olo#ists ala,s
acce't t!e 'ossibilit, t!at ne evidence ill s!o t!at t!eir t!eories are incorrect.
1A. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& Ansons ar#%&ent-
.A/ 3r. Ladlos evidence t!at !is t!eor, #enerates consistentl, acc%rate
'redictions abo%t !o rates ill 'er"or& in a &a)e is inacc%rate.
.1/ Fs,c!olo#ists !o can derive consistentl, acc%rate 'redictions abo%t !o
rats ill 'er"or& in a &a)e "ro& t!eir t!eories cannot res'onsibl, concl%de
t!at t!ose t!eories cannot be dis'roved.
.C/ 2o &atter !o res'onsible 's,c!olo#ists are9 t!e, can never develo' correct
t!eoretical e('lanations.
.3/ Res'onsible 's,c!olo#ists do not &ake 'redictions abo%t !o rats ill
'er"or& in a &a)e.
.E/ Fs,c!olo#ists !o acce't t!e 'ossibilit, t!at ne evidence ill s!o t!at
t!eir t!eories are incorrect are res'onsible 's,c!olo#ists.
1B. Anson bases !is concl%sion abo%t 3r. Ladlo on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ an attack on 3r. Ladlos c!aracter
.1/ t!e a''lication o" a #eneral 'rinci'le
.C/ t!e %se o" an a&bi#%o%s ter&
GMAT & LSAT CR 5GA
.3/ t!e discreditin# o" "acts
.E/ t!e re+ection o" a t!eoretical e('lanation
1H. S&it!: Meat in t!e diet is !ealt!,9 des'ite !at so&e 'eo'le sa,. A"ter all9 &ost
doctors do eat &eat9 and !o knos &ore abo%t !ealt! t!an doctors do-
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a "la in S&it!s reasonin#-
.A/ attackin# t!e o''onents &otives instead o" t!eir ar#%&ent
.1/ #enerali)in# on t!e basis o" a sa&'le consistin# o" a t,'ical cases
.C/ ass%&in# at t!e o%tset !at t!e ar#%&ent clai&s to establis! t!ro%#!
reasonin#
.3/ a''ealin# to a%t!orit,9 even !en di""erent a%t!orities #ive con"lictin#
advice abo%t an iss%e
.E/ takin# "or #ranted t!at e('erts do not act co%nter to !at9 accordin# to t!eir
e('ertise9 in t!eir best interest
5I. T!e rise in t!e 'ros'erit, o" En#land s%bse0%ent to 1BCI can be attrib%ted to t!e
ado'tion o" t!e 'olic, o" "ree trade9 since econo&ic conditions i&'roved onl,
!en t!at 'olic, !ad been i&'le&ented.
T!e reasonin# in t!e above ar#%&ent &ost closel, 'arallels t!at in !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ An e(!a%stive searc! o" t!e &ars!es last ,ear revealed no si#n o" &ars!
!aks9 so it can be ass%&ed t!at a si&ilar searc! t!is ,ear o%ld reveal
e0%all, little si#n o" t!at kind o" bird.
.1/ 1%ildin# a circ%lar b,'ass road aro%nd Flain"ield 'robabl, !el'ed t!e "lo o"
local tra""ic in t!e ton center9 since a circ%lar b,'ass road #enerall, c%ts a
cit,s t!ro%#! tra""ic &arkedl,.
.C/ 1e"ore t!e banks raised t!eir interest rates9 'eo'le on avera#e inco&es co%ld
al&ost a""ord a &ort#a#e "or an a&o%nt tice t!eir salar,. :ence t!e rate
increase !as no '%t &ort#a#es be,ond t!eir reac!.
.3/ Since t!e i&'rove&ent in t!e co&'an,s 'ro"itabilit, be#an to occ%r a"ter
t!e vice 'residents ne &orale8b%ildin# 'ro#ra& as '%t in 'lace9 t!at
'ro#ra& can be credited it! t!e i&'roved res%lt.
.E/ T!e e(tinction o" t!e dinosa%rs as bro%#!t abo%t b, an asteroid collidin#
it! Eart!9 so t!eir e(tinction co%ld not !ave co&e be"ore t!e collision.
51. 3%rin# constr%ction o" t!e N%ebec 1rid#e in 1HIA9 t!e brid#es desi#ner9
T!eodore Coo'er9 received ord t!at t!e s%s'ended s'an bein# b%ilt o%t "ro& t!e
brid#es cantilever as de"lectin# donard b, a "raction o" an inc!. 1e"ore !e
co%ld tele#ra'! to "ree)e t!e 'ro+ect9 t!e !ole cantilever ar& broke o"" and
'l%n#ed9 alon# it! seven do)ens orkers9 into t!e St. Larence River. It as t!e
orst brid#e constr%ction disaster in !istor,. As a direct res%lt o" t!e in0%ir, t!at
"olloed9 t!e en#ineerin# >r%les o" t!%&b? b, !ic! t!o%sands o" brid#es !ad
GMAT & LSAT CR 5GB
been b%ilt ent don it! t!e N%ebec 1rid#e. Tentiet!8cent%r, brid#e
en#ineers o%ld t!erea"ter de'end on "ar &ore ri#oro%s a''lications o"
&at!e&atical anal,sis.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ 1rid#es b%ilt be"ore abo%t 1HIA ere b%ilt it!o%t t!oro%#! &at!e&atical
anal,sis and9 t!ere"ore9 ere %nsa"e "or t!e '%blic to %se.
.1/ Coo'ers absence "ro& t!e N%ebec 1rid#e constr%ction site res%lted in t!e
breakin# o"" o" t!e cantilever.
.C/ 2ineteent!8cent%r, brid#e en#ineers relied on t!eir r%les o" t!%&b beca%se
anal,tical &et!ods ere inade0%ate to solve t!eir desi#n 'roble&s.
.3/ 7nl, a &ore ri#oro%s a''lication o" &at!e&atical anal,sis to t!e desi#n o"
t!e N%ebec 1rid#e co%ld !ave 'revented its colla'se.
.E/ Frior to 1HIA t!e &at!e&atical anal,sis incor'orated in en#ineerin# r%les o"
t!%&b as ins%""icient to co&'letel, ass%re t!e sa"et, o" brid#es %nder
constr%ction.
55. Most c!ildren "ind it ver, di""ic%lt to e('lain e(actl, !at t!e ords t!e, %se
&ean !en t!ose ords do not re"er to t!in#s t!at can be seen or to%c!ed. *et
since c!ildren are able to %se t!ese ords to conve, t!e "eelin#s and e&otions
t!e, are obvio%sl, e('eriencin#9 %nderstandin# !at a ord &eans clearl, does
not de'end on bein# able to e('lain it.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" acce'ted9 o%ld 'rovide t!e &ost
+%sti"ication "or t!e concl%sion-
.A/ T!e "act t!at a task is ver, di""ic%lt "or &ost 'eo'le does not &ean t!at no
one can do it.
.1/ An,one !o can 'rovide an e(act e('lanation o" a ord !as a clear
%nderstandin# o" !at t!at ord &eans.
.C/ 6ords t!at re"er to e&otions invariabl, !ave less narrol, circ%&scribed
conventional &eanin#s t!an do ord t!at re"er to '!,sical ob+ects.
.3/ 6!en so&eone a''ro'riatel, %ses a ord to conve, so&et!in# t!at !e or s!e
is e('eriencin#9 t!at 'erson %nderstands !at t!at ord &ean.
.E/ 6ords can be e('lained satis"actoril, onl, !en t!e, re"er to t!in#s t!at can
be seen or to%c!ed.
Questions !3- !4
T!e brains o" identical tins are #eneticall, identical. 6!en onl, one o" a 'air o"
identical tins is a sc!i)o'!renic9 certain areas o" t!e a""ected tins brain are s&aller
t!an corres'ondin# areas in t!e brain o" t!e %na""ected tin. 2o s%c! di""erences are
"o%nd !en neit!er tin is sc!i)o'!renic. T!ere"ore9 t!is discover, 'rovides
de"initive evidence t!at sc!i)o'!renia is ca%sed b, da&a#e to t!e '!,sical str%ct%re o"
t!e brain.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5GH
5<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion re0%ired b, t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e brain o" 'erson s%""erin# "ro& sc!i)o'!renia is s&aller t!an t!e brain o"
an,one not s%""erin# "ro& sc!i)o'!renia.
.1/ T!e relative s&allness o" certain 'arts o" t!e brains o" sc!i)o'!renics is not
t!e res%lt o" sc!i)o'!renia or o" &edications %sed in its treat&ent.
.C/ T!e brain o" a 'erson it! an identical tines is no s&aller9 on avera#e9 t!an
t!e brain o" 'erson !o is not a tin.
.3/ 6!en a 'air o" identical tins bot! s%""er "ro& sc!i)o'!renia9 t!eir brains
are t!e sa&e si)e.
.E/ Feo'le !o !ave an identical tin are no &ore likel, to s%""er "ro&
sc!i)o'!renia t!an t!ose !o do not.
5C. I" t!e state&ents on !ic! t!e concl%sion above is based are all tr%e9 eac! o" t!e
"olloin# co%ld be tr%e EECEFT:
.A/ Feo'le !o lack a #enetic s%sce'tibilit, "or t!e disease ill not develo'
sc!i)o'!renia.
.1/ Medications can control &ost o" t!e s,&'to&s o" sc!i)o'!renia in &ost
'atients b%t ill never be able to c%re it.
.C/ T!e brains o" sc!i)o'!renics s!are &an, o" t!e c!aracteristics "o%nd in t!ose
o" 'eo'le it!o%t t!e disorder.
.3/ It ill event%all, be 'ossible to deter&ine !et!er or not so&eone ill
develo' sc!i)o'!renia on t!e basis o" #enetic in"or&ation alone.
.E/ 1rain abnor&alities associated it! sc!i)o'!renia are t!e res%lt o" c!ild!ood
viral in"ections t!at in!ibit t!e develo'&ent o" brain cells.
5@. Si(t, ad%lts ere asked to kee' a diar, o" t!eir &eals9 incl%din# !at t!e,
cons%&ed9 !en9 and in t!e co&'an, o" !o &an, 'eo'le. It as "o%nd t!at at
&eals it! !ic! t!e, drank alco!olic bevera#es9 t!e, cons%&ed abo%t 1A@
calories &ore "ro& nonalco!olic so%rce t!an t!e, did at &eals it! !ic! t!e,
did not drink alco!olic bevera#es.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 contrib%tes to an e('lanation o" t!e di""erence in
caloric intake EECEFT:
.A/ 3iners s'ent a &%c! lon#er ti&e at &eals served it! alco!ol t!an t!e, did
at t!ose serve it!o%t alco!ol.
.1/ T!e &eals eaten later in t!e da, tended to be lar#er t!an t!ose eaten earlier in
t!e da,9 and later &eals ere &ore likel, to incl%de alco!ol.
.C/ Feo'le eat &ore !en t!ere are &ore 'eo'le 'resent at t!e &eal9 and &ore
'eo'le tended to be 'resent at &eal served it! alco!ol t!an at &eals served
it!o%t alco!ol.
.3/ T!e &eals t!at ere &ost care"%ll, 're'ared and &ost attractivel, served
tended to be t!ose at !ic! alco!olic bevera#es ere cons%&ed.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5AI
.E/ At &eals t!at incl%ded alco!ol9 relativel, &ore o" t!e total calories cons%&ed
ca&e "ro& carbo!,drates and relativel, "eer o" t!e& ca&e "ro& "ats and
'roteins.
TEST 4
SECTI72 I
1. So&et!in# &%st be done to ease tra""ic con#estion. In traditional s&all tons9
'eo'le %sed to ork and s!o' in t!e sa&e ton in !ic! t!e, livedD b%t no t!at
stores and ork'laces are located "ar aa, "ro& residential areas9 'eo'le cannot
avoid travelin# lon# distances eac! da,. Tra""ic con#estion is so !eav, on all
roads t!at9 even on &a+or !i#!a,s !ere t!e &a(i&%& s'eed li&it is @@ &iles
'er !o%r9 t!e act%al s'eed avera#es onl, <@ &iles 'er !o%r.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'ro'osals is &ost s%''orted b, t!e state&ents
above-
.A/ T!e &a(i&%& s'eed li&it on &a+or !i#!a,s s!o%ld be increased.
.1/ Feo'le !o no travel on &a+or !i#!a,s s!o%ld be enco%ra#ed to travel on
secondar, roads instead.
.C/ Residents o" t!e re&ainin# traditional s&all tons s!o%ld be enco%ra#ed to
&ove to t!e s%b%rbs.
.3/ 3rivers !o travel ell belo t!e &a(i&%& s'eed li&it on &a+or !i#!a,s
s!o%ld be "ined.
.E/ 2e b%sinesses s!o%ld be enco%ra#ed to locate closer to !ere t!eir orkers
o%ld live.
5. Colle#e 'ro"essor: Colle#e st%dents do not rite nearl, as ell as t!e, %sed to.
Al&ost all o" t!e 'a'er t!at &, st%dents !ave done "or &e t!is ,ear !ave been
'oorl, ritten and %n#ra&&atical.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ost serio%s eakness in t!e ar#%&ent &ade
b, t!e 'ro"essor-
.A/ It re0%ires con"ir&ation t!at t!e c!an#e in t!e 'ro"essors st%dents is
re'resentative o" a c!an#e a&on# colle#e st%dents in #eneral.
.1/ It o""ers no 'roo" to t!e e""ect t!at t!e 'ro"essor is an acc%rate +%d#e o"
ritin# abilit,.
.C/ It does not take into acco%nt t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e 'ro"essor is a 'oor
teac!er.
.3/ It "ails to 'resent contrar, evidence.
.E/ It "ails to de"ine its ter&s s%""icientl,.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5A1
Questions 3-4
Ma,or o" Flainsville: In order to !el' t!e econo&, o" Flainsville9 I a& %sin# so&e o"
o%r ta( reven%es to !el' brin# a &a+or !i#!a, t!ro%#! t!e ton and t!ereb, attract
ne b%siness to Flainsville.
Citi)ens #ro%': *o% &%st !ave interests ot!er t!an o%r econo&, in &ind. I" ,o% ere
reall, interested in !el'in# o%r econo&,9 ,o% o%ld instead allocate t!e reven%es to
b%ildin# a ne b%siness 'ark9 since it o%ld brin# in tice t!e b%siness t!at ,o%r
!i#!a, o%ld.
<. T!e ar#%&ent b, t!e citi)ens #ro%' relies on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ass%&'tions-
.A/ Flainsville 'resentl, !as no &a+or !i#!a,s r%nnin# t!ro%#! it.
.1/ T!e &a,or acce'ts t!at a ne b%siness 'ark o%ld brin# in &ore ne
b%siness t!an o%ld t!e ne !i#!a,.
.C/ T!e ne !i#!a, o%ld !ave no bene"its "or Flainsville ot!er t!an attractin#
ne b%siness.
.3/ T!e &a,or is re0%ired to #et a''roval "or all ta( reven%e allocation 'lans
"ro& t!e cit, co%ncil.
.E/ Flainsvilles econo&, ill not be !el'ed %nless a ne b%siness 'ark o" t!e
sort envisioned b, t!e citi)ens #ro%' is b%ilt.
C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" acce'ted9 o%ld &ost !el' t!e citi)ens
#ro%' to +%sti", drain# its concl%sion t!at t!e &a,or !as in &ind interests ot!er
t!an Flainsvilles econo&,-
.A/ An,one reall, '%rs%in# a ca%se ill c!oose t!e &eans t!at t!at 'erson
believes ill advance t!e ca%se t!e "art!est.
.1/ An, #oal t!at incl%des !el'in# t!e econo&, o" a co&&%nit, ill re0%ire
'%blic reven%es in order to be ac!ieved.
.C/ An,one 'lannin# to %se reso%rces collected "ro& a #ro%' &%st cons%lt t!e
&e&bers o" t!e #ro%' be"ore %sin# t!e reso%rces.
.3/ An, ca%se ort! co&&ittin# onesel" to &%st incl%de s'eci"ic #oals toard
!ic! one can ork.
.E/ An, ca%se not '%rs%ed b, '%blic o""icials9 i" it is to be '%rs%ed at all9 &%st be
'%rs%ed b, &e&bers o" t!e co&&%nit,.
@. Recentl,9 !i#!l, skilled orkers in Eastern E%ro'e !ave le"t +obs in record
n%&bers to e&i#rate to t!e 6est. It is t!ere"ore likel, t!at skilled orkers !o
re&ain in Eastern E%ro'e are in !i#! de&and in t!eir !o&e co%ntries.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Eastern E%ro'ean "actories 're"er to !ire orkers "ro& t!eir !o&e co%ntries
rat!er t!an to i&'ort orkers "ro& abroad.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5A5
.1/ Ma+or c!an#es in Eastern E%ro'ean econo&ic str%ct%res !ave led to t!e
eli&ination o" &an, 'ositions 'revio%sl, !eld b, t!e !i#!l, skilled
e&i#rants.
.C/ Man, Eastern E%ro'ean e&i#rants need to ac0%ire ne skills a"ter "indin#
ork in t!e 6est.
.3/ Eastern E%ro'ean co%ntries 'lan to train &an, ne orkers to re'lace t!e
!i#!l, skilled orkers !o !ave e&i#rated.
.E/ 1eca%se o" t!e de'art%re o" skilled orkers "ro& Eastern E%ro'ean co%ntries9
&an, 'ositions are no %n"illed.
G. :istorian: Ale(ander t!e Great s!o%ld not be +%d#ed b, a''eal to c%rrent notions
o" +%stice. Ale(ander9 an ancient "i#%re o" !eroic stat%re9 s!o%ld be +%d#ed b, t!e
standards o" !is on c%lt%re. T!at is9 did !e live %' to !is c%lt%res ideals o"
leaders!i'- 3id Ale(ander elevate t!e conte&'orar, standards o" +%stice- 6as !e9
in !is da,9 +%d#ed to be a +%st and ise r%ler-
St%dent: 1%t ,o% cannot tell !et!er or not Ale(ander raised t!e conte&'orar,
standards o" +%stice it!o%t invokin# standards ot!er t!an t!ose o" !is on
c%lt%re.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative strate#ies does t!e st%dent %se in
res'ondin# to t!e !istorian-
.A/ ar#%in# t!at a''l,in# t!e !istorians 'rinci'le o%ld re0%ire a knoled#e o"
t!e 'ast t!at is necessaril, inaccessible to c%rrent sc!olars!i'
.1/ atte&'tin# to %nder&ine t!e !istorians 'rinci'le b, s!oin# t!at so&e o" its
conse0%ences are inconsistent it! eac! ot!er
.C/ s!oin# t!at t!e 'rinci'le t!e !istorian invokes9 !en a''lied to Ale(ander9
does not +%sti", t!e assertion t!at !e as !eroic
.3/ 0%estionin# t!e !istorians &otivation "or deter&inin# !et!er a standard o"
be!avior !as been raised or loered
.E/ clai&in# t!at one o" t!e !istorians criteria "or +%d#in# Ale(ander is
inconsistent it! t!e 'rinci'le t!at t!e !istorian !as advanced
Questions '-8
To 'aleontolo#ists9 3r T,son and 3r. Rees9 disa#ree over t!e inter'retation o"
certain "oot'rints t!at ere le"t a&on# ot!er "oot'rints in !ardened volcanic as! at site
G. 3r. T,son clai&s t!e, are clearl, earl, !o&inid "oot'rints since t!e, s!o !%&an
c!aracteristics: a s0%aris! !eel and a bi# toe i&&ediatel, ad+acent to t!e ne(t toe.
:oever9 since t!e "oot'rints indicate t!at i" !o&inids &ade t!ose 'rints t!e, o%ld
!ave !ad to alk in an %ne('ected cross8ste''in# &anner9 b, 'lacin# t!e le"t "oot to
t!e ri#!t o" t!e ri#!t "oot. 3r. Rees re+ects 3r. T,sons concl%sion.
A. T!e disa#ree&ent beteen t!e to 'aleontolo#ists is over !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
GMAT & LSAT CR 5A<
.A/ t!e relative si#ni"icance o" vario%s as'ects o" t!e evidence
.1/ t!e ass%&'tion t!at earl, !o&inid "oot'rints are distin#%is!able "ro& ot!er
"oot'rints
.C/ t!e 'ossibilit, o" %sin# t!e evidence o" "oot'rints to deter&ine t!e #ait o" t!e
creat%re t!at &ade t!ose "oot'rints
.3/ t!e ass%&'tion t!at evidence "ro& one 'aleontolo#ic site is eno%#! to
s%''ort a concl%sion
.E/ t!e likeli!ood t!at earl, !o&inids o%ld !ave alked %'ri#!t on to "eet
B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines 3r. T,sons
concl%sion-
.A/ T!e "oot 'rints s!oin# !%&an c!aracteristics ere clearl, t!ose o" at least
to distinct individ%als.
.1/ Certain s'ecies o" bears !ad "eet ver, like !%&an "eet9 e(ce't t!at t!e o%tside
toe on eac! "oot as t!e bi##est toe and t!e inner&ost toe as t!e s&allest
toe.
.C/ $oot'rints s!a'ed like a !%&ans t!at do not s!o a cross8ste''in# 'attern
e(ist at site M9 !ic! is a &ile aa, "ro& site G9 and t!e to sets o"
"oot'rints are conte&'oraneo%s.
.3/ 6!en t!e &oist volcanic as! beca&e sealed %nder additional la,ers o" as!
be"ore !ardenin#9 so&e details o" so&e o" t!e "oot'rints ere erased.
.E/ Most o" t!e ot!er "oot'rints at site G ere o" ani&als it! !ooves.
H. It is not knon !et!er bovine s'on#i"or& ence'!alo'at!, .1SE/9 a disease o"
cattle invariabl, deadl, to t!e&9 can be trans&itted directl, "ro& one in"ected
ani&al to anot!er at all sta#es o" t!e in"ection. I" it can be9 t!ere is no a
reservoir o" in"ected cattle inc%batin# t!e disease. T!ere are no dia#nostic tests to
identi", in"ected ani&als be"ore t!e ani&als s!o overt s,&'to&s. T!ere"ore9 i"
s%c! direct trans&ission occ%rs9 t!e disease cannot be eradicated b,;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ re&ovin# "ro& t!e !erd and destro,in# an, diseased ani&al as soon as it
s!os t!e t,'ical s,&'to&s o" advanced 1SE
.1/ develo'in# a dr%# t!at kills t!e a#ent t!at ca%se 1SE9 and t!en treatin# it!
t!at dr%# all cattle t!at &i#!t !ave t!e disease
.C/ destro,in# all cattle in areas !ere 1SE occ%rs and raisin# cattle onl, in
areas to !ic! 1SE is knon not to !ave s'read
.3/ develo'in# a vaccine t!at con"ers li"elon# i&&%nit, a#ainst 1SE and #ivin#
it to all cattle9 destro,in# in d%e co%rse all t!ose ani&als "or !ic! t!e
vaccine 'rotection ca&e too late
.E/ develo'in# a dia#nostic test t!at does identi", an, in"ected ani&al and
destro,in# all ani&als "o%nd to be in"ected
GMAT & LSAT CR 5AC
1I. A%to ind%str, e(ec%tive: Statistics s!o t!at cars t!at ere b%ilt s&aller a"ter
1HAA to &ake t!e& &ore "%el8e""icient !ad a !i#!er incidence o" accident8related
"atalities t!an did t!eir earlier lar#er co%nter'arts. $or t!is reason e o''ose
recent #%idelines t!at o%ld re0%ire %s to 'rod%ce cars it! !i#!er "%el
e""icienc,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld constit%te t!e stron#est ob+ection to t!e
e(ec%tives ar#%&ent-
.A/ Even a"ter 1HAA9 lar#e a%to&obiles ere "re0%entl, involved in accidents
t!at ca%sed deat! or serio%s in+%r,.
.1/ Alt!o%#! "atalities in accidents involvin# s&all cars !ave increased since
1HAA9 t!e n%&ber o" accidents !as decreased.
.C/ 2e co&'%teri)ed "%el s,ste&s can enable lar#e cars to &eet "%el e""icienc,
standards establis!ed b, t!e recent #%idelines.
.3/ Modern tec!nolo#, can &ake s&all cars &ore "%el8e""icient toda, t!an at
an, ot!er ti&e in t!eir 'rod%ction !istor,.
.E/ $%el e""icienc, in &odels o" lar#e cars rose i&&ediatel, a"ter 1HAA b%t !as
been declinin# ever since.
11. 2o one !o lacks knoled#e o" a s%b+ect is co&'etent to 'ass +%d#&ent on t!at
s%b+ect. Since 'olitical kno8!o is a &atter9 not o" ad!erin# to tec!nical r%les9
b%t o" insi#!t and st,le learned t!ro%#! a''rentices!i' and e('erience9 onl,
seasoned 'oliticians are co&'etent to +%d#e !et!er a 'artic%lar 'olitical 'olic, is
"air to all.
A &a+or eakness o" t!e ar#%&ent is t!at it
.A/ relies on a #enerali)ation abo%t t!e c!aracteristic t!at &akes so&eone
co&'etent to 'ass +%d#&ent
.1/ "ails to #ive s'eci"ic e(a&'les to ill%strate !o 'olitical kno8!o can be
ac0%ired
.C/ %ses t!e ter& >a''rentices!i'? to describe !at is seldo& a "or&ali)ed
relations!i'
.3/ e0%ates 'olitical kno8!o it! %nderstandin# t!e social i&'lications o"
'olitical 'olicies
.E/ ass%&es t!at !en ine('erienced 'oliticians set 'olic, t!e, are #%ided b, t!e
advice o" &ore e('erienced 'oliticians
15. I&'act craters ca%sed b, &eteorites s&as!in# into Eart! !ave been "o%nd all
aro%nd t!e #lobe9 b%t t!e, !ave been "o%nd in t!e #reatest densit, in #eolo#icall,
stable re#ions. T!is relativel, #reater ab%ndance o" sec%rel, identi"ied crater in
#eolo#icall, stable re#ions &%st be e('lained b, t!e loer rates o" destr%ctive
#eo'!,sical 'rocesses in t!ose re#ions.
T!e concl%sion is 'ro'erl, dran i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is ass%&ed-
.A/ A &eteorite t!at strikes e(actl, t!e sa&e s'ot as an earlier &eteorite ill
GMAT & LSAT CR 5A@
obliterate all traces o" t!e earlier i&'act.
.1/ Rates o" destr%ctive #eo'!,sical 'rocesses it!in an, #iven re#ion var,
&arkedl, t!ro%#!o%t #eolo#ical ti&e.
.C/ T!e rate at !ic! t!e Eart! is str%ck b, &eteorites !as #reatl, increased in
#eolo#icall, recent ti&es.
.3/ Act%al &eteorite i&'acts !ave been scattered "airl, evenl, over t!e Eart!s
s%r"ace in t!e co%rse o" Eart!s #eolo#ical !istor,.
.E/ T!e Eart!s #eolo#icall, stable re#ions !ave been st%died &ore intensivel,
b, #eolo#ists t!an !ave its less stable re#ions.
1<. T!at t!e 'olic, o" n%clear deterrence !as orked t!%s "ar is %n0%estionable. Since
t!e end o" t!e Second 6orld 6ar9 t!e ver, "act t!at t!ere ere n%clear ar&a&ents
in e(istence !as ke't &a+or 'oers "ro& %sin# n%clear ea'ons9 "or "ear o"
startin# a orldide n%clear e(c!an#e t!at o%ld &ake t!e land o" t!e 'oer
initiatin# it %nin!abitable. T!e 'roo" is t!at a t!ird orld ar beteen
s%'er'oers !as not !a''ened.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 indicates a "la in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Maintainin# a !i#! level o" n%clear ar&a&ents re'resents a si#ni"icant drain
on a co%ntr,s econo&,.
.1/ $ro& !at !as !a''ened in t!e 'ast9 it is i&'ossible to in"er it! certaint,
!at ill !a''en in t!e "%t%re9 so an accident co%ld still tri##er a t!ird
orld ar beteen s%'er'oers.
.C/ Contin%in# to 'rod%ce n%clear ea'ons be,ond t!e &ini&%& needed "or
deterrence increases t!e likeli!ood o" a n%clear accident.
.3/ T!e &a+or 'oers !ave en#a#ed in &an, s&aller8scale &ilitar, o'erations
since t!e end o" t!e Second 6orld 6ar9 !ile re"rainin# "ro& a n%clear
con"rontation.
.E/ It cannot be knon !et!er it as n%clear deterrence t!at orked9 or so&e
ot!er "actor9 s%c! as a reco#nition o" t!e econo&ic val%e o" re&ainin# at
'eace.
1C. A s%rve, o" al%&ni o" t!e class o" 1HGI at A%rora =niversit, ,ielded '%))lin#
res%lts. 6!en asked to indicate t!eir acade&ic rank9 !al" o" t!e res'ondents
re'orted t!at t!e, ere in t!e to' 0%arter o" t!e #rad%atin# class in 1HGI.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost !el's acco%nt "or t!e a''arent contradiction
above-
.A/ A dis'ro'ortionatel, lar#e n%&ber o" !i#!8rankin# al%&ni res'onded to t!e
s%rve,.
.1/ $e9 i" an,9 res'ondents ere &istaken abo%t t!eir class rank.
.C/ 2ot all t!e al%&ni !o ere act%all, in t!e to' 0%arter res'onded to t!e
s%rve,.
.3/ Al&ost all o" t!e al%&ni !o #rad%ated in 1HGI res'onded to t!e s%rve,.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5AG
.E/ Acade&ic rank at A%rora =niversit, as based on a n%&ber o"
considerations in addition to avera#e #rades.
1@. M: It is al&ost i&'ossible to "ind a 'erson beteen t!e a#es o" B@ an HI !o
'ri&aril, %ses t!e le"t !and.
N: Sevent, to ninet, ,ears a#o9 !oever9 c!ildren ere '%nis!ed "or %sin# t!eir
le"t !ands to eat or to rite and ere "orced to %se t!eir ri#!t !ands.
Ns res'onse serves to co%nter an, %se b, M o" t!e evidence abo%t B@ to HI ,ear
olds in s%''orts o" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# !,'ot!eses-
.A/ 1ein# born ri#!t8!anded con"ers a s%rvival advanta#e.
.1/ Societal attit%des toard !andedness di""er at di""erent ti&es.
.C/ $orcin# a 'erson to sitc! "ro& a 're"erred !and is !ar&less.
.3/ :andedness is a 'rod%ct o" bot! #enetic 'redis'osition and social 'ress%res.
.E/ F!,sical !abits learned in sc!ool o"ten 'ersist in old a#e.
1G. T!e seventeent!8cent%r, '!,sicist Sir Isaac 2eton is re&e&bered c!ie"l, "or !is
treaties on &otion and #ravit,. 1%t 2eton also cond%cted e('eri&ents secretl,
"or &an, ,ears based on t!e arcane t!eories o" alc!e&,9 tr,in# %ns%ccess"%ll, to
trans&%te co&&on &etals into #old and 'rod%ce re+%venatin# eli(irs. I" t!e
alc!e&ists o" t!e seventeent! cent%r, !ad '%blis!ed t!e res%lts o" t!eir
e('eri&ents9 c!e&istr, in t!e ei#!teent! cent%r, o%ld !ave been &ore advanced
t!an it act%all, as.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions o%ld allo t!e concl%sion concernin#
ei#!teent!8cent%r, c!e&istr, to be 'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ Scienti"ic 'ro#ress is retarded b, t!e rel%ctance o" !istorians to acknoled#e
t!e "ail%res o" so&e o" t!e #reat scientists.
.1/ Advances in science are !astened !en re'orts o" e('eri&ents9 !et!er
s%ccess"%l or not9 are available "or revie b, ot!er scientists.
.C/ 2etons ork on &otion and #ravit, o%ld not !ave #ained ide
acce'tance i" t!e res%lts o" !is ork in alc!e&, !ad also been &ake '%blic.
.3/ Increasin# s'eciali)ation it!in t!e sciences &akes it di""ic%lt "or scientists
in one "ield to %nderstand t!e 'rinci'les o" ot!er "ields.
.E/ T!e seventeent!8cent%r, alc!e&ists co%ld !ave ac!ieved t!eir #oals onl, i"
t!eir e('eri&ents !ad been s%b+ected to '%blic scr%tin,.
1A. Sedi&entar, rock !ardens it!in t!e eart!s cr%st as la,ers o" &atter acc%&%late
and t!e 'ress%re o" t!e la,ers above converts t!e la,ers belo into rock. 7ne
'artic%lar la,er o" sedi&entar, rock t!at contains an %n%s%al a&o%nt o" t!e
ele&ent iridi%& !as been 'resented as s%''ort "or a t!eor, t!at a &eteorite
collided it! t!e eart! so&e si(t, &illion ,ears a#o. Meteorites are ric! in
iridi%& co&'ared to t!e eart!s cr%st9 and #eolo#ists t!eori)e t!at a &eteorites
collision it! t!e eart! raised a !%#e clo%d o" iridi%&8laden d%st. T!e d%st9 t!e,
GMAT & LSAT CR 5AA
sa,9 event%all, settled to eart! !ere it co&bined it! ot!er &atter9 and as ne
la,ers acc%&%lated above it9 it "or&ed a la,er o" iridi%&8ric! rock.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld co%nter t!e clai& t!at t!e iridi%&8ric!
la,er described in t!e 'assa#e is evidence "or t!e &eteorite collision t!eor,-
.A/ T!e !%#e d%st clo%d described in t!e 'assa#e o%ld !ave blocked t!e
trans&ission o" s%nli#!t and loered t!e eart!s te&'erat%re.
.1/ A la,er o" sedi&entar, rock takes &illions o" ,ears to !arden.
.C/ La,ers o" sedi&entar, rock are %sed to deter&ine t!e dates o" 're!istoric
events !et!er or not t!e, contain iridi%&.
.3/ Si(t, &illion ,ears a#o t!ere as a s%r#e in volcanic activit, in !ic! t!e
&atter s'eed "ro& t!e volcanoes "or&ed !%#e iridi%&8ric! d%st clo%ds.
.E/ T!e iridi%& de'osit occ%rred at abo%t t!e sa&e ti&e t!at &an, ani&al
s'ecies beca&e e(tinct and so&e scientists !ave t!eori)ed t!at &ass
dinosa%r e(tinctions ere ca%sed b, a &eteorite collision.
1B. Mar,9 a veterinar, st%dent9 !as been assi#ned an e('eri&ent in &a&&alian
'!,siolo#, t!at o%ld re0%ire !er to take a !ealt!,9 anest!eti)ed do# and s%b+ect
it to a drastic blood loss in order to observe t!e '!,siolo#ical conse0%ences o"
s!ock. T!e do# o%ld neit!er re#ain conscio%sness nor s%rvive t!e e('eri&ent.
Mar, decides not to do t!is assi#n&ent.
Mar,s decision &ost closel, accords it! !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
'rinci'les-
.A/ All ot!er t!in#s bein# e0%al9 #rat%ito%sl, ca%sin# an, ani&al to s%""er 'ain is
%n+%sti"ied.
.1/ Takin# t!e li"e o" an ani&al is not +%sti"iable %nless doin# so o%ld
i&&ediatel, assist in savin# several ani&al lives or in 'rotectin# t!e !ealt!
o" a 'erson.
.C/ T!e onl, s%""icient +%sti"ication "or e('eri&entin# on ani&als is t!at "%t%re
ani&al s%""erin# is t!ereb, 'revented.
.3/ Fracticin# veterinarians !ave a 'ro"essional obli#ation to strive to 'revent t!e
%nnecessar, deat! o" an ani&al e(ce't in cases o" severel, ill or in+%red
ani&als !ose 'ros'ects "or recover, are di&.
.E/ 2o one is ever +%sti"ied in actin# it! t!e sole intention o" ca%sin# t!e deat!
o" a livin# t!in#9 be it ani&al or !%&an.
1H. A trees a#e can be deter&ined b, co%ntin# t!e ann%al #rot! rin#s in its tr%nk.
Eac! rin# re'resents one ,ear9 and t!e rin#s t!ickness reveals t!e relative a&o%nt
o" rain"all t!at ,ear. Arc!aeolo#ists s%ccess"%ll, %sed ann%al rin#s to deter&ine
t!e relative a#es o" ancient to&bs at Fa),r,k. Eac! to&b as constr%cted "ro&
"res!l, c%t lo#s9 and t!e to&bs b%ilders ere constrained b, tradition to %se onl,
lo#s "ro& trees #roin# in t!e sacred Fa),r,k 4alle,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 contrib%tes &ost to an e('lanation o" t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR 5AB
arc!aeolo#ists s%ccess in %sin# ann%al rin#s to establis! t!e relative a#es o" t!e
to&bs at t!e Fa),r,k site-
.A/ T!e Fa),r,k to&bs ere all robbed d%rin# ancient ti&es9 b%t breaka#e o" t!e
to&bs seals alloed t!e see'a#e o" ater9 !ic! soon "ro)e 'er&anentl,9
t!ereb, 'reservin# t!e to&bs re&ainin# arti"acts.
.1/ T!e Fa),r,k 4alle,9 s%rro%nded b, e(tre&el, !i#! &o%ntains9 !as a
distinctive ,earl, 'attern o" rain"all9 and so trees #roin# in t!e Fa),r,k
4alle, !ave ann%al rin#s t!at are 0%ite distinct "ro& trees #roin# in nearb,
valle,s.
.C/ Eac! lo# in t!e Fa),r,k to&bs !as a&on# its rin#s a distinctive se0%ence o"
telve ann%al rin#s re'resentin# si( dro%#!t ,ears "olloed b, t!ree rain,
,ears and t!ree &ore dro%#!t ,ears.
.3/ T!e arc!aeolo#ists deter&ined t!at t!e ,o%n#est tree %sed in an, o" t!e
to&bs as HI ,ears old and t!at t!e oldest tree as C@I ,ears old.
.E/ All o" t!e Fa),r,k to&bs contained c%lt%ral arti"acts t!at can be dated to
ro%#!l, 5<II ,ears a#o.
5I. E('erienced #ardeners advise a#ainst 'lantin# sna' 'eas a"ter late A'ril beca%se
'eas do not develo' 'ro'erl, in ar& eat!er. T!is ,ear9 !oever9 t!e eat!er
as %n%s%all, cool into late J%ne9 and t!ere"ore t!e "act t!at t!ese sna' 'eas ere
'lanted in &id8Ma, is %nlikel, to res%lt in cro' "ail%re des'ite t!e e('erts
arnin#s.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# dis'la,ed above is &ost closel, 'aralleled in !ic! one
o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Accordin# to &an, #ardenin# a%t!orities9 to&atoes s!o%ld not be 'lanted
near dill beca%se doin# so is likel, to a""ect t!eir taste adversel,D !oever9
since t!ese to&atoes ere #ron near dill and taste "ine9 t!ere is clearl, no
reason to 'a, &%c! attention to t!e so8called e('erts advice.
.1/ Since A"rican violets do not t!rive in direct s%nli#!t9 it is said t!at in t!is
re#ion t!ese 'lants s!o%ld be 'laced in indos "acin# nort! rat!er t!an
so%t!D !oever9 since t!ese so%t!8"acin# indos are ell s!aded b,
ever#reen trees9 t!e A"rican violets 'laced in t!e& are likel, to #ro
satis"actoril,.
.C/ 6!ere "loers are to be 'lanted %nder s!ade trees9 #ardenin# e('erts o"ten
advise %sin# i&'atiens since i&'atiens does ell in conditions o" s!adeD
!oever9 it is %nlikel, to do ell %nder &a'le trees since &a'le tree roots
are so near t!e s%r"ace t!at t!e, absorb all available &oist%re.
.3/ Most seeds tend to #er&inate at &%c! !i#!er rates !en 'lanted in ar& soil
t!an !en 'lanted in cold soilD s'inac! seeds9 !oever9 are %nlikel, to
#er&inate 'ro'erl, i" t!e soil is too ar&9 and t!ere"ore e('erts advise t!at
s'inac! s!o%ld be 'lanted earlier t!an &ost ve#etables.
.E/ :o%se 'lants #enerall, #ro best in 'ots sli#!tl, lar#er t!an t!eir e(istin#
GMAT & LSAT CR 5AH
root s,ste&s9 so t!e %s%al advice is to re'ot !en roots "irst reac! t!e sides
o" t!e 'otD t!is r%le s!o%ld no be "olloed it! a&ar,llis 'lants9 !oever9
beca%se t!e, are likel, to do best it! ti#!tl, co&'ressed roots.
51. 6!enever a &a+or 'olitical scandal er%'ts be"ore an election and voters bla&e t!e
scandal on all 'arties abo%t e0%all,9 virt%all, all inc%&bents9 "ro& !atever 'art,9
seekin# reelection are ret%rned to o""ice. :oever9 !en voters bla&e s%c! a
scandal on onl, one 'art,9 inc%&bents "ro& t!at 'art, are likel, to be de"eated b,
c!allen#ers "ro& ot!er 'arties. T!e 'ro'ortion o" inc%&bents !o seek reelection
is !i#! and re&arkabl, constant "ro& election to election.
I" t!e voters reactions are #%ided b, a 'rinci'le9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
'rinci'les o%ld best acco%nt "or t!e contrast in reactions described above-
.A/ 6!enever one inc%&bent is res'onsible "or one &a+or 'olitical scandal and
anot!er inc%&bent is res'onsible "or anot!er9 t!e conse0%ences "or t!e to
inc%&bents s!o%ld be t!e sa&e.
.1/ 6!en a &a+or 'olitical scandal is bla&ed on inc%&bents "ro& all 'arties9 t!at
+%d#&ent is &ore acc%rate t!an an, +%d#&ent t!at inc%&bents "ro& onl, on
'art, are to bla&e.
.C/ Inc%&bents !o are ri#!tl, bla&ed "or a &a+or 'olitical scandal s!o%ld not
seek reelection9 b%t i" t!e, do9 t!e, s!o%ld not be ret%rned to o""ice.
.3/ Ma+or 'olitical scandals can 'racticall, ala,s be bla&ed on inc%&bents9
b%t !et!er t!ose inc%&bents s!o%ld be voted o%t o" o""ice de'ends on !o
t!eir c!allen#ers are.
.E/ 6!en &a+or 'olitical scandals are less t!e res'onsibilit, o" individ%al
inc%&bents t!an o" t!e 'arties to !ic! t!e, belon#9 !atever 'art, as
res'onsible &%st be 'enali)ed !en 'ossible.
55. 7nce 'eo'le !abit%all, en#a#ed in conversation: no t!e television co&'etes "or
t!eir attention. 6!en t!e television is on9 co&&%nication beteen "a&il,
&e&bers sto's. 6!ere t!ere is no co&&%nication9 "a&il, ties beco&e "ra,ed and
event%all, sna'. T!ere"ore9 t!e onl, sol%tion is to #et rid o" t!e television.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost closel, 'arallel in its reasonin# to t!e "laed
reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ 7nce "riends!i's t!rived on s!ared leis%re ti&e. 1%t conte&'orar, econo&ic
'ress%res &ini&i)e t!e a&o%nt o" "ree ti&e 'eo'le !ave and t!%s +eo'ardi)e
&an, "riends!i's.
.1/ 7nce 'eo'le listened to t!e radio !ile '%rs%in# ot!er activities. 2o t!e,
'assivel, atc! television. T!ere"ore9 radio as less distractin# "or &ost
'eo'le t!an television is.
.C/ 7nce s'orts ent!%siasts re#%larl, en#a#ed in s'orts9 b%t no t!e, atc!
s'ectator s'orts !en t!e, co%ld be #ettin# '!,sical e(ercise. 6it!o%t
'!,sical e(ercise9 !ealt! deteriorates. T!ere"ore9 t!e onl, re&ed, is to
eli&inate s'ectator s'orts.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5BI
.3/ 7nce 'eo'le ere illin# to tailor t!eir da, to t!e constraints o" a b%s or
train sc!ed%le: no t!e, are s'oiled b, t!e 'rivate car. T!e onl, sol%tion is
"or #overn&ent to o""er "inancial incentives to enco%ra#e t!e %se o" '%blic
trans'ortation.
.E/ 7nce 'eo'le did t!eir s!o''in# in %rban retail districts9 !ere t!e, co&bined
t!eir s!o''in# it! ot!er errands. 2o &an, 'eo'le s!o' in s%b%rban
&alls9 !ere t!e, concentrate on s!o''in# e(cl%sivel,. T!ere"ore9 s!o''in#
!as beco&e a leis%re ti&e activit,.
5<. In essence9 all rent8control 'olicies involve s'eci",in# a &a(i&%& rent t!at a
landlord &a, c!ar#e "or a dellin#. T!e rationale "or controllin# rents is to
'rotect tenants in sit%ations !ere li&ited s%''l, ill ca%se rents to rise s!ar'l,
in t!e "ace o" increased de&and. :oever9 alt!o%#! rent control &a, !el' so&e
tenants in t!e s!ort r%n9 it a""ects t!e rental8!o%sin# &arket adversel, in t!e lon#
r%n beca%se landlords beco&e rel%ctant to &aintain t!e 0%alit, o" t!eir e(istin#
'ro'erties and even &ore rel%ctant to !ave additional rental8!o%sin# %nits b%ilt.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best e('lains t!e landlords rel%ctance
described above-
.A/ Tenants 're"er lo80%alit, acco&&odations it! rent control to !i#!80%alit,
acco&&odations it!o%t it.
.1/ Rent control &akes it ver, di""ic%lt "or landlords to ac!ieve reasonable
ret%rns on an, invest&ents in &aintenance or in ne constr%ction.
.C/ Rent control is a co&&on 'ractice even t!o%#! it does not!in# to alleviate
s!orta#es in rental !o%sin#.
.3/ Rent control is #enerall, introd%ced "or 'olitical reasons and it takes 'olitical
action to !ave it li"ted a#ain.
.E/ Tenants 're"er rent control to t!e alternative o" receivin# direct #overn&ent
s%bsidies toard rents t!e, cannot a""ord.
5C. Certain &inor 'ec%liarities o" lan#%a#e are %sed %nconscio%sl, b, 'oets. I" s%c!
'ec%liarities a''ear in t!e orks o" &ore t!an one 'oet9 t!e, are likel, to re"lect
t!e lan#%a#e in co&&on %se d%rin# t!e 'oets ti&e. :oever9 i" t!e, a''ear in
t!e ork o" onl, one 'oet9 t!e, are likel, to be 'ersonal idios,ncrasies. As s%c!9
t!e, can 'rovide a kind o" >"in#er'rint? t!at allos sc!olars9 b, co&'arin# a
'oe& o" 'revio%sl, %nknon a%t!ors!i' to t!e ork o" a 'artic%lar knon 'oet9
to identi", t!e 'oe& as t!e ork o" t!at 'oet.
$or !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# reasons can t!e test described above never
'rovide concl%sive 'roo" o" t!e a%t!ors!i' o" an, 'oe&-
.A/ T!e labor o" anal,)in# 'ec%liarities o" lan#%a#e bot! in t!e ork o" a knon
'oet and in a 'oe& o" %nknon a%t!ors!i' o%ld not be %ndertaken %nless
ot!er evidence alread, s%##ested t!at t!e 'oe& o" %nknon a%t!ors!i' as
ritten b, t!e knon 'oet.
.1/ A 'ec%liarit, o" lan#%a#e t!at &i#!t be %sed as an identi",in# &ark is likel,
GMAT & LSAT CR 5B1
to be idel, scattered in t!e ork o" a 'oet9 so t!at a sin#le 'oe& not
knon to !ave been ritten b, t!at 'oet &i#!t not incl%de t!at 'ec%liarit,.
.C/ A 'ec%liarit, o" lan#%a#e in a 'oe& o" %nknon a%t!ors!i' co%ld be
evidence eit!er t!at t!e 'oe& as ritten b, t!e one a%t!or knon to %se
t!at 'ec%liarit, or t!at t!e 'ec%liarit, as not %ni0%e to t!at a%t!or.
.3/ Minor 'ec%liarities o" lan#%a#e contrib%te "ar less to t!e literar, e""ect o" an,
'oe& t!an s%c! "actors as 'oetic "or&9 s%b+ect &atter9 and deliberatel,
c!osen ordin#.
.E/ A 'oets %se o" so&e 'ec%liarities o" lan#%a#e &i#!t !ave been %nconscio%s
in so&e 'oe&s and conscio%s in ot!er 'oe&s9 and t!e to %ses o%ld be
indistin#%is!able to sc!olars at a later date.
5@. 1eca%se o" t!e recent trans"or&ation o" t!e &arket. N%ore9 Inc.9 &%st increase
'rod%ctivit,9 1I 'ercent over t!e co%rse o" t!e ne(t to ,ears9 or it ill certainl,
#o bankr%'t. In "act9 !oever9 N%ores 'rod%ction str%ct%re is s%c! t!at i" a 1I
'ercent 'rod%ctivit, increase is 'ossible9 t!en a 5I 'ercent increase is attainable.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st on t!e basis o"
t!e& also be tr%e-
.A/ It is onl, N%ores 'rod%ction str%ct%re t!at &akes it 'ossible "or N%ore to
s%rvive t!e trans"or&ation o" t!e &arket.
.1/ N%ore ill not #o bankr%'t i" it ac!ieves a 'rod%ctivit, increase o" 5I
'ercent over t!e ne(t to ,ears.
.C/ I" t!e &arket !ad not been trans"or&ed9 N%ore o%ld !ave re0%ired no
'rod%ctivit, increase in order to avoid bankr%'tc,.
.3/ 1eca%se o" t!e trans"or&ation o" t!e &arket9 N%ore ill ac!ieve a
'rod%ctivit, increase o" 1I 'ercent over t!e ne(t to ,ears.
.E/ I" a 5I 'ercent 'rod%ctivit, increase is %nattainable "or N%ore9 t!en it &%st
#o bankr%'t.
SECTI72 III
1. Terr,: I" ,o% ant to #et a decent +ob9 ,o% s!o%ld #o to colle#e.
Mark: T!at is not tr%e. T!ere are ot!er reasons to #o to colle#e t!an antin# to
#et a #ood +ob.
Marks res'onse s!os t!at !e inter'reted Terr,s re&arks to &ean t!at
.A/ colle#e is one o" &an, 'laces to #et trained "or a +ob
.1/ decent +obs are obtained onl, b, 'ersons !o !ave #one to colle#e
.C/ antin# to #et a decent +ob is t!e onl, reason "or #oin# to colle#e
.3/ trainin# "or decent +obs is available onl, at colle#es
GMAT & LSAT CR 5B5
.E/ all 'eo'le !o ant decent +obs #o to colle#e
5. Several st%dies !ave s!on t!at !os'itals are not all e0%all, s%ccess"%l: 'atients
are &%c! &ore likel, to die in so&e o" t!e& t!an in ot!ers. Since t!e !os'itals in
t!e st%dies !ad a''ro(i&atel, e0%al 'er8'atient "%ndin#9 di""erences in t!e 0%alit,
o" care 'rovided b, !os'ital sta"" are 'robabl, res'onsible "or t!e di""erences in
&ortalit, rates.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost do%bt on t!e concl%sion
dran above-
.A/ T!e sta"" in so&e o" t!e !os'itals st%died !ad earned &ore advanced de#rees9
on avera#e9 t!an t!e sta"" in t!e ot!er !os'itals.
.1/ Fatient 'o'%lations var, s%bstantiall, in avera#e severit, o" illness "ro&
!os'ital to !os'ital.
.C/ T!e avera#e n%&ber o" ,ears t!at sta"" &e&bers sta, on at a #iven +ob varies
considerabl, "ro& one !os'ital to anot!er.
.3/ A''ro(i&atel, t!e sa&e s%r#ical 'roced%res ere 'er"or&ed in eac! o" t!e
!os'itals covered in t!e st%dies.
.E/ Mortalit, rates "or !os'ital 'atients do not var, considerabl, "ro& one re#ion
o" t!e co%ntr, to ant!er.
Questions 3-4
T!e =nited States #overn&ent #enerall, tries to 'rotect val%able nat%ral reso%rces.
1%t one reso%rce !as been i#nored "or too lon#. In t!e =nited States9 eac! b%s!el o"
corn 'rod%ced &i#!t res%lt in t!e loss o" as &%c! as to b%s!els o" to'soil. Moreover9
in t!e last 1II ,ears9 t!e to'soil in &an, states9 !ic! once as abo%t "o%rteen inc!es
t!ick9 !as been eroded to onl, si( or ei#!t inc!es. 2onet!eless9 "ederal e('endit%res
"or nationide soil conservation 'ro#ra&s !ave re&ained at ridic%lo%sl, lo levels.
Total "ederal e('endit%res "or nationide soil conservation 'ro#ra&s !ave been less
t!an t!e allocations o" so&e individ%al states.
<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best e('resses t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Corn is not a cost8e""ective 'rod%ct and s%bstit%tes s!o%ld be "o%nd !ere
'ossible.
.1/ A la,er o" to'soil onl, si( to ei#!t inc!es t!ick cannot s%''ort t!e contin%ed
c%ltivation o" corn.
.C/ Soil conservation is a res'onsibilit, o" t!e "ederal #overn&ent9 not t!e states.
.3/ T!e "ederal #overn&ents e('endit%res "or soil conservation in t!e vario%s
states !ave been ine0%itable.
.E/ T!e "ederal #overn&ent s!o%ld s'end &%c! &ore on soil conservation t!an it
!as been s'endin#.
C. In statin# t!e ar#%&ent9 t!e a%t!or does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ &akes a detailed statistical 'ro+ection o" "%t%re to'soil loss
GMAT & LSAT CR 5B<
.1/ &akes a #enerali)ation abo%t total red%ction in to'soil de't! in all states
.C/ ass%&es t!at t!e =nited States #overn&ent does not 'lace a !i#! val%e on its
nat%ral reso%rces
.3/ re"rains "ro& %sin# slanted lan#%a#e concernin# t!e level o" "ederal
e('endit%res
.E/ co&'ares state e('endit%res it! "ederal e('endit%res
@. Ani&als it! a certain be!avioral disorder !ave %n%s%all, !i#! level o"
al%&in%& in t!eir brain tiss%e. Since a silicon8based co&'o%nd binds to
al%&in%& and 'revents it "ro& a""ectin# t!e brain tiss%e. Ani&als can be c%red o"
t!e disorder b, bein# treated it! t!e co&'o%nd.
T!e ar#%&ent is based on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ Ani&als it! t!e disorder !ave %n%s%all, !i#! b%t invariable levels o"
al%&in%& in t!eir brain tiss%e.
.1/ Al%&in%& is t!e ca%se o" t!e disorder rat!er t!an &erel, an e""ect o" it.
.C/ Introd%cin# t!e co&'o%nd into t!e brain tiss%e !as no side e""ects.
.3/ T!e a&o%nt o" t!e co&'o%nd needed to ne%trali)e t!e al%&in%& in an
ani&als brain tiss%e varies de'endin# %'on t!e s'ecies.
.E/ Al%&in%& is never 'resent in nor&al brain tiss%e.
G. As air8breat!in# &a&&als9 !ales &%st once !ave lived on land and needed !ind
li&bs ca'able o" s%''ortin# t!e &a&&als ei#!t. 6!ales !ave t!e bare
re&nants o" a 'elvis. I" ani&als !ave a 'elvis9 e e('ect t!e& to !ave !ind li&bs.
A nel, discovered "ossili)ed !ale skeleton !as ver, "ra#ile !ind li&bs t!at
co%ld not !ave s%''orted t!e ani&als ei#!t on land. T!is skeleton !ad a 'artial
'elvis.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" also tr%e9 o%ld
&ost stron#l, s%''ort t!e concl%sion t!at t!e "ra#ile !ind li&bs are re&nants o"
li&bs t!at land8dellin# !ales once !ad-
.A/ 6!ale bones older t!an t!e "ossili)ed !ind li&bs con"ir& t!at ancient !ales
!ad "%ll 'elvises.
.1/ 2o skeletons o" ancient !ales it! intact !ind li&bs ca'able o" s%''ortin#
t!e &a&&als ei#!t !ave ever been "o%nd.
.C/ Scientists are %ncertain !et!er t!e a''arentl, non"%nctionin# li&bs o" ot!er
earl, &a&&als derived "ro& once8"%nctionin# li&bs o" t!eir ancestors.
.3/ 7t!er lar#e8bodied &a&&als like seals and sea lions &ane%ver on beac!es
and rock, coasts it!o%t "%ll, "%nctionin# !ind li&bs.
.E/ So&e s&aller sea8dellin# &a&&als9 s%c! as &odern dol'!ins9 !ave no
visible indications o" !ind li&bs.
A. T!e stated #oal o" t!e #overn&ents "%ndin# 'ro#ra& "or t!e arts is to enco%ra#e
t!e creation o" orks o" artistic e(cellence. Senator 1eton clai&s9 !oever9 t!at a
GMAT & LSAT CR 5BC
#overn&ent8"%nded artork can never re"lect t!e inde'endent artistic conscience
o" t!e artist beca%se artists9 like an,one else !o acce'ts "inancial s%''ort9 ill
inevitabl, tr, to 'lease t!ose !o control t!e distrib%tion o" t!at s%''ort. Senator
1eton concl%des t!at #overn&ent "%ndin# o" t!e arts not onl, is a b%rden on
ta('a,ers b%t also cannot lead to t!e creation o" orks o" tr%e artistic e(cellence.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! Senator 1etons ar#%&ent
is based-
.A/ Most ta('a,ers !ave little or no interest in t!e creation o" orks o" tr%e
artistic e(cellence.
.1/ Govern&ent "%ndin# o" t!e arts is &ore #enero%s t!an ot!er "inancial s%''ort
&ost artists receive.
.C/ 3istrib%tion o" #overn&ent "%nds "or t!e arts is based on a broad a#ree&ent
as to !at constit%tes artistic e(cellence.
.3/ 7nce an artist !as 'rod%ced orks o" tr%e artistic e(cellence9 !e or s!e ill
never acce't #overn&ent "%ndin#.
.E/ A conte&'orar, ork o" art t!at does not re"lect t!e inde'endent artistic
conscience o" t!e artist cannot be a ork o" tr%e artistic e(cellence.
B. 7lder =nited States a%to&obiles !ave been identi"ied as contrib%tin#
dis'ro'ortionatel, to #lobal air 'oll%tion. T!e re0%ire&ent in &an, +%risdictions
t!at a%to&obiles 'ass e&ission8control ins'ections !as !ad t!e e""ect o" takin#
&an, s%c! a%to&obiles o%t o" service in t!e =nited States9 as t!e, "ail ins'ection
and t!eir oners o't to b%, neer a%to&obiles. T!%s t!e b%rden o" 'oll%tion s%c!
older =nited States a%to&obiles contrib%te to t!e #lobal at&os'!ere ill be
#rad%all, red%ced over t!e ne(t decade.
.A/ It is i&'ossible to se'arate t!e air o" one co%ntr, or +%risdiction "ro& t!at o"
ot!ers.
.1/ 6!en a%to&obiles t!at are no ne beco&e older9 t!e, ill9 beca%se o" a
desi#n c!an#e9 ca%se less air 'oll%tion t!an older a%to&obiles do no.
.C/ T!ere is a t!rivin# &arket "or %sed older =ntied States a%to&obiles t!at are
e('orted to re#ions t!at !ave no e&ission8control re#%lations.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" +%risdictions in t!e =nited States re0%irin# a%to&obiles to
'ass e&ission8control ins'ections is no lon#er increasin#.
.E/ Even i" all t!e older a%to&obiles in t!e =nited States ere retired "ro&
service9 air 'oll%tion "ro& =nited States a%to&obiles co%ld still increase i"
t!e total n%&ber o" a%to&obiles in %se s!o%ld increase si#ni"icantl,.
H. T!e +o%rnalistic 'ractice o" "abricatin# re&arks a"ter an intervie and 'rintin#
t!e& it!in 0%otation &arks9 as i" t!e, ere t!e intervieees on ords9 !as
been decried as a "or& o" %n"air &isre'resentation. :oever9 'eo'les act%al
s'oken re&arks rarel, conve, t!eir ideas as clearl, as does a distillation o" t!ose
GMAT & LSAT CR 5B@
ideas cra"ted9 a"ter an intervie9 b, a skilled riter. T!ere"ore9 since t!is 'ractice
avoids t!e &ore serio%s &isre'resentation t!at o%ld occ%r i" 'eo'les e(act
ords ere 0%oted b%t t!eir ideas onl, 'artiall, e('ressed9 it is entirel,
de"ensible.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a 0%estionable tec!ni0%e %sed in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ anserin# an e(a##erated c!ar#e b, %nder&inin# t!e 'ersonal a%t!orit, o"
t!ose !o &ade t!at c!ar#e
.1/ clai&in# t!at t!e 'resti#e o" a 'ro"ession 'rovides a&'le #ro%nds "or
dis&issin# criticis&s o" t!at 'ro"ession
.C/ o""erin# as an ade0%ate de"ense o" a 'ractice an observation t!at discredits
onl, one o" several 'ossible alternatives to t!at 'ractice
.3/ concl%din# t!at a 'ractice is ri#!t on t!e #ro%nds t!at it is necessar,
.E/ %sin# t!e o''onents ad&ission t!at a 'ractice is so&eti&es a''ro'riate as
concl%sive 'roo" t!at t!at 'ractice is never ina''ro'riate
1I. T!e re"or&s to i&'rove t!e 0%alit, o" '%blic ed%cation t!at !ave been initiated on
t!e 'art o" s%''liers o" '%blic ed%cation !ave been ins%""icient. T!ere"ore9
re"or&s &%st be de&anded b, cons%&ers. Farents s!o%ld be #iven #overn&ent
vo%c!ers it! !ic! to 'a, "or t!eir c!ildrens ed%cation and s!o%ld be alloed
to c!oose t!e sc!ools at !ic! t!e vo%c!ers ill be s'ent. To attract st%dents9
acade&icall, %nderac!ievin# sc!ools ill be "orced to i&'rove t!eir acade&ic
o""erin#s.
T!e ar#%&ent ass%&es t!at
.A/ in selectin# sc!ools 'arents o%ld tend to 're"er a reasonable level o"
acade&ic 0%alit, to #reater s'orts o''ort%nities or &ore convenient location
.1/ i&'rove&ent in t!e acade&ic o""erin#s o" sc!ools ill be en"orced b, t!e
disci'line o" t!e +ob &arket in !ic! #rad%atin# st%dents co&'ete
.C/ t!ere is a sin#le best a, to ed%cate st%dents
.3/ c!ildren are able to reco#ni)e !ic! sc!ools are better and o%ld in"l%ence
t!eir 'arents decisions
.E/ sc!ools o%ld eac! i&'rove all o" t!eir acade&ic o""erin#s and o%ld not
tend to s'eciali)e in one 'artic%lar "ield to t!e e(cl%sion o" ot!ers
11. Fro"essor S&it! '%blis!ed a 'a'er ar#%in# t!at a c!e&ical "o%nd in &in%te
0%antities in &ost drinkin# ater !ad an adverse e""ect on t!e !%&an nervo%s
s,ste&. E(istin# scienti"ic t!eor, !eld t!at no s%c! e""ect as 'ossible beca%se
t!ere as no ne%ral &ec!anis& "or brin#in# it abo%t. Several 'a'ers b, ell8
knon scientists in t!e "ield "olloed9 %nani&o%sl, '%r'ortin# to 'rove Fro"essor
S&it! ron#. T!is clearl, s!os t!at t!e scienti"ic establis!&ent as t!reatened
b, Fro"essor S&it!s ork and cons'ired to discredit it.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e central "la in t!e ar#%&ent #iven b, t!e
a%t!or o" t!e 'assa#e-
GMAT & LSAT CR 5BG
.A/ T!e a%t!or 'asses over t!e 'ossibilit, t!at Fro"essor S&it! !ad &%c! to #ain
s!o%ld Fro"essor S&it!s discover, !ave "o%nd #eneral acce'tance.
.1/ T!e a%t!or "ails to &ention !et!er or not Fro"essor S&it! kne t!at t!e
e(istence o" t!e alle#ed ne e""ect as inco&'atible it! establis!ed
scienti"ic t!eor,.
.C/ T!e a%t!or "ails to s!o !, t!e ot!er scientists co%ld not !ave been
'resentin# evidence in order to establis! t!e tr%t! o" t!e &atter.
.3/ T!e a%t!or ne#lects to clari", !at !is or !er relations!i' to Fro"essor S&it!
is.
.E/ T!e a%t!or "ails to indicate !at9 i" an,9 e""ect t!e '%blication o" Fro"essor
S&it!s 'a'er !ad on t!e '%blics con"idence in t!e sa"et, o" &ost drinkin#
ater.
15. T!e n%&ber o" 2ort! A&erican c!ildren !o are obeseKt!at is9 !o !ave &ore
bod, "at t!an do B@ 'ercent o" 2ort! A&erican c!ildren t!eir a#eKis steadil,
increasin#9 accordin# to "o%r &a+or st%dies cond%cted over t!e 'ast 1@ ,ears.
I" t!e "indin# re'orted above is correct9 it can be 'ro'erl, concl%ded t!at
.A/ !en "o%r &a+or st%dies all 'rod%ce si&ilar res%lts9 t!ose st%dies &%st be
acc%rate
.1/ 2ort! A&erican c!ildren !ave been 'ro#ressivel, less '!,sicall, active over
t!e 'ast 1@ ,ears
.C/ t!e n%&ber o" 2ort! A&erican c!ildren !o are not obese increased over t!e
'ast 1@ ,ears
.3/ over t!e 'ast 1@ ,ears9 t!e n%&ber o" 2ort! A&erican c!ildren !o are
%nderei#!t !as declined
.E/ t!e incidence o" obesit, in 2ort! A&erican c!ildren tends to increase as t!e
c!ildren #ro older
1<. Econo&ist: Mone,9 no &atter !at its "or& and in al&ost ever, c%lt%re in !ic!
it !as been %sed9 derives its val%e "ro& its scarcit,9 !et!er real or 'erceived.
Ant!ro'olo#ist: 1%t corie s!ells "or&ed t!e &a+or c%rrenc, in t!e Solo&on
Island econo&, o" t!e Maraae9 and %nli&ited n%&bers o" t!ese s!ells as!ed
%' dail, on t!e beac!es to !ic! t!e karaae !ad access.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 abo%t t!e Maraae9 best serves to resolve
t!e a''arentl, con"lictin# 'ositions cited above-
.A/ 3%rin# "estivals t!e, e(c!an#ed strin#s o" corie8s!ell &one, it! eac!
ot!er as 'art o" a traditional rit%al t!at !onored t!eir elders.
.1/ T!e, considered 'or'oise teet! val%able9 and t!ese ere #enerall, t!readed
on strin#s to be orn as +eelr,.
.C/ T!e s!ells %sed as &one, b, &en ere not ala,s "ro& t!e sa&e s'ecies o"
corie as t!ose %sed as &one, b, o&en.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5BA
.3/ T!e, acce'ted as &one, onl, corie s!ells t!at ere 'olis!ed and carved b,
a nei#!borin# 'eo'le9 and s%c! s!ell 're'aration re0%ired bot! ti&e and
skilled labor.
.E/ A"ter 6estern traders bro%#!t &one, in t!e "or& o" 'recio%s8&etal coins to
t!e Solo&on Islands9 Corie8s!ell &one, contin%ed to be %sed as one o" t!e
&a+or &edia o" e(c!an#e "or bot! #oods and services.
1C. Sc!ool s%'erintendent: It is a sad "act t!at9 %ntil no9 entr, into t!e acade&icall,
best !i#! sc!ool in o%r district !as been restricted to t!e c!ildren o" 'eo'le !o
ere ealt!, eno%#! to 'a, t!e !i#! t%ition. Farents !o ere 'revio%sl, denied
t!e o'tion o" sendin# t!eir c!ildren to t!is sc!ool no !ave t!is o'tion9 since I a&
re'lacin# t!e t%ition re0%ire&ent it! a re0%ire&ent t!at allos onl, t!ose !o
live in t!e nei#!bor!ood o" t!e sc!ool to attend.
T!e s%'erintendents clai& abo%t t!e e""ect o" re'lacin# t!e t%ition re0%ire&ent
relies on t!e ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ t!e residents o" t!e sc!ools nei#!bor!ood tend to be ealt!,
.1/ 'eo'le ot!er t!an t!ose ealt!, eno%#! to !ave 'aid t!e old t%ition are able
to live in t!e nei#!bor!ood o" t!e sc!ool
.C/ 'eo'le less ealt!, t!an t!ose !o ere able to 'a, t!e old t%ition are in t!e
&a+orit, in t!e district
.3/ t!ere are no !i#! sc!ools in t!e district ot!er t!an t!e one re"erred to b, t!e
s%'erintendent
.E/ t!ere are &an, 'eo'le not ealt!, eno%#! to !ave 'aid t!e old t%ition !o
is! to !ave t!eir c!ildren attend t!e sc!ool
1@. T!e Scor'io Miser it! its s'ecial !i#!8e""icienc, en#ine costs &ore to b%, t!an
t!e standard Scor'io s'orts car. At c%rrent "%el 'rices9 a b%,er c!oosin# t!e Miser
o%ld !ave to drive it GI9III &iles to &ake %' t!e di""erence in '%rc!ase 'rice
t!ro%#! savin#s on "%el. It "ollos t!at9 i" "%el 'rices "ell9 it o%ld take "eer
&iles to reac! t!e break8even 'oint.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents contains an error o" reasonin# si&ilar to
t!at in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e tr%e ann%al rate o" earnin#s on an interest8bearin# acco%nt is t!e ann%al
rate o" interest less t!e ann%al rate o" in"lation. Conse0%entl,9 i" t!e rate o"
in"lation dri's9 t!e rate o" interest can be red%ced b, an e0%al a&o%nt
it!o%t t!ere bein# a c!an#e in t!e tr%e rate o" earnin#s.
.1/ $or retail "ood stores9 t!e Folar "ree)er9 %nlike t!e Arctic "ree)er9 'rovides a
consistent te&'erat%re t!at allos t!e store to carr, 're&i%& "ro)en "oods.
T!%s9 i" electricit, rates "ell9 a loer vol%&e o" 're&i%&8"ood sales co%ld
+%sti", c!oosin# t!e Folar "ree)er.
.C/ 6it! t!e Road&aker9 a cre can re'ave a &ile o" deca,ed road in less ti&e
t!an it! t!e co&'etin# &odel9 !ic! is9 !oever9 &%c! less e('ensive.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5BB
Red%ced sta""in# levels &ade 'ossible b, t!e Road&aker event%all,
co&'ensate "or its !i#!er 'rice. T!ere"ore9 t!e Road&aker is es'eciall,
advanta#eo%s !ere avera#e a#es are lo.
.3/ T!e i&'rove strain t!e 2ort!land a''le tree bears "r%it ,o%n#er and lives
lon#er t!an t!e standard strain. T!e standard strain does #ro lar#er at
&at%rit,9 b%t to allo "or t!is9 standard trees &%st be s'aced "art!er a'art.
T!ere"ore9 ne 'lantin#s s!o%ld all be o" t!e i&'roved strain.
.E/ Stocks 'a, dividends9 !ic! var, "ro& ,ear to ,ear de'endin# on 'ro"its
&ade. 1onds 'a, interest9 !ic! re&ains constant "ro& ,ear to ,ear.
T!ere"ore9 since t!e interest earned on bonds does not decrease !en
econo&ic conditions decline9 investors interested in a reliable inco&e
s!o%ld c!oose bonds.
1G. A''ro(i&atel, A.G &illion o&en !o earn inco&es !ave 'resc!ool8a#e
c!ildren9 and a''ro(i&atel, G.C &illion o&en are t!e sole inco&e earners "or
t!eir "a&ilies. T!ese "i#%res indicate t!at t!ere are co&'arativel, "e inco&e8
earnin# o&en !o !ave 'resc!ool8a#e c!ildren b%t are not t!e sole inco&e
earners "or t!eir "a&ilies.
A &a+or "la in t!e reasonin# is t!at it
.A/ relies in "i#%res t!at are too i&'recise to s%''ort t!e concl%sion dran
.1/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!ere is little or no overla' beteen t!e to
'o'%lations o" o&en cited
.C/ "ails to indicate !et!er t!e di""erence beteen t!e to "i#%res cited ill
tend to re&ain stable over ti&e
.3/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit,9 t!at "a&ilies it! 'resc!ool8a#e c!ildren &i#!t also
!ave older c!ildren
.E/ 'rovides no in"or&ation on "a&ilies in !ic! &en are t!e sole inco&e
earners
1A. 1ein# artic%late !as been e0%ated it! !avin# a lar#e vocab%lar,. Act%all,9
!oever9 'eo'le it! lar#e vocab%laries !ave no incentive "or9 and tend not to
en#a#e in9 t!e kind o" creative lin#%istic sel"8e('ression t!at is re0%ired !en no
available ords see& ade0%ate. T!%s a lar#e vocab%lar, is a !indrance to %sin#
lan#%a#e in a tr%l, artic%late a,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion &ade in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 6!en 'eo'le are tr%l, artic%late9 t!e, !ave t!e ca'acit, to e('ress
t!e&selves in sit%ations in !ic! t!eir vocab%laries see& inade0%ate.
.1/ Feo'le !o are able to e('ress t!e&selves creativel, in ne sit%ations !ave
little incentive to ac0%ire lar#e vocab%laries.
.C/ T!e &ost artic%late 'eo'le are 'eo'le !o !ave lar#e vocab%laries b%t also
are able to e('ress t!e&selves creativel, !en t!e sit%ation de&ands it.
.3/ In ed%catin# 'eo'le to be &ore artic%late9 it o%ld be "%tile to tr, to increase
GMAT & LSAT CR 5BH
t!e si)e o" t!eir vocab%laries.
.E/ In %n"a&iliar sit%ations9 even 'eo'le it! lar#e 4ocab%laries o"ten do not
!ave s'eci"icall, s%itable ords available.
Questions 18-19
3r. Sc!illin#: T!ose !o advocate re'lacin# &, co%ntr,s 'rivate !ealt! ins%rance
s,ste& it! nationali)ed !ealt! ins%rance beca%se o" t!e risin# costs o" &edical care
"ail to consider t!e !i#! !%&an costs t!at cons%&ers 'a, in co%ntries it!
nationali)ed ins%rance: access to !i#!8tec!nolo#, &edicine is restricted. Midne,
trans'lants and o'en8!eart s%r#er,K"a&iliar li"e8savin# 'roced%resKare rationed.
Feo'le are denied t!eir ri#!t to treat&ents t!e, ant and need.
3r. La"orte: *o%r co%ntr,s reliance on 'rivate !ealt! ins%rance denies access even to
basic9 conventional &edicine to t!e &an, 'eo'le !o cannot a""ord ade0%ate !ealt!
covera#e. 6it! nationali)ed ins%rance9 ric! and 'oor !ave e0%al access to li"e8savin#
&edical 'roced%res. And 'eo'les ri#!t to decent &edical treat&ent re#ardless o"
inco&e is not violated.
1B. 3r. Sc!illin#s and 3r. La"ortes state&ents 'rovide t!e &ost s%''ort "or !oldin#
t!at t!e, o%ld disa#ree abo%t t!e tr%t! o" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Feo'les ri#!ts are violated less !en t!e, are denied an available &edical
treat&ent t!e, need beca%se t!e, lack t!e &eans to 'a, "or it t!an !en
t!e, are denied s%c! treat&ent on nonecono&ic #ro%nds.
.1/ 6!ere !ealt! ins%rance is 'rovided b, 'rivate ins%rance co&'anies9 'eo'le
!o are ealt!, #enerall, receive better !ealt! care t!an do 'eo'le !o are
%nable to a""ord !ealt! ins%rance.
.C/ In co%ntries t!at rel, 'ri&aril, on 'rivate !ealt! ins%rance to 'a, "or &edical
costs9 &ost 'eo'le !o o%ld bene"it "ro& a kidne, trans'lant receive one.
.3/ In co%ntries it! nationali)ed !ealt! ins%rance9 no one !o needs a "a&iliar
&edical treat&ent in order to sta, alive is denied t!at treat&ent.
.E/ An,one !o ants a 'artic%lar &edical treat&ent !as a ri#!t to receive t!at
treat&ent.
1H. In res'ondin# to 3r. Sc!illi!n#9 3r. La"orte e&'lo,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ar#%&entative strate#ies-
.A/ s!oin# t!at t!e ob+ections raised b, 3r. Sc!illin# !ave no bearin# on t!e
0%estion o" !ic! o" t!e to s,ste&s %nder consideration is t!e s%'erior
s,ste&
.1/ callin# into 0%estion 3r. Sc!illin#s stat%s as an a%t!orit, on t!e iss%e o"
!et!er cons%&ers access to &edical treat&ents is restricted in co%ntries
it! nationali)ed !ealt! ins%rance
.C/ 'rod%cin# co%ntere(a&'les to 3r. Sc!illin#s clai&s t!at nationali)ed !ealt!
ins%rance sc!e&es e(tract !i#! !%&an costs "ro& cons%&ers
GMAT & LSAT CR 5HI
.3/ de&onstratin# t!at 3r. Sc!illin#s reasonin# is 'ers%asive onl, beca%se o" !is
a&bi#%o%s %se o" t!e ke, ord >cons%&er?
.E/ s!oin# t!at t!e "orce o" 3r. Sc!illin#s criticis& de'ends on constr%in# t!e
ke, notion o" access in a 'artic%lar li&ited a,
5I. A certain viral in"ection is ides'read a&on# c!ildren9 and abo%t <I 'ercent o"
c!ildren in"ected it! t!e vir%s develo' &iddle ear in"ections. Antibiotics9
alt!o%#! e""ective in treatin# bacterial in"ections9 !ave no e""ect on t!e vir%s. *et
!en &iddle ear in"ections in c!ildren in"ected it! t!e vir%s are treated it!
antibiotics9 t!e ear in"ections o"ten clear %'.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost !el's to e('lain t!e s%ccess o" t!e treat&ents
it! antibiotics-
.A/ Alt!o%#! so&e t,'es o" antibiotics "ail to clear %' certain in"ections9 ot!er
t,'es o" antibiotics &i#!t 'rovide e""ective treat&ent "or t!ose in"ections.
.1/ C!ildren in"ected it! t!e vir%s are 'artic%larl, s%sce'tible to bacteria t!at
in"ect t!e &iddle ear.
.C/ Man, c!ildren !o develo' &iddle ear in"ections are not in"ected it! t!e
vir%s.
.3/ Most viral in"ections are &ore di""ic%lt to treat t!an are &ost bacterial
in"ections.
.E/ A&on# c!ildren not in"ected it! t!e vir%s9 "eer t!an <I 'ercent develo'
&iddle ear in"ections.
51. 2at%ralist: $or decades e !ave knon t!at t!e t%atara9 a 2e Qealand re'tile9
!as been a''roac!in# e(tinction on t!e So%t! Island. 1%t since So%t! Island
t%atara ere t!o%#!t to be o" t!e sa&e s'ecies as 2ort! Island t%atara t!ere as
no need to 'rotect t!e&. 1%t ne researc! indicates t!at t!e So%t! Island t%atara
are a distinct s'ecies9 "o%nd onl, in t!at location. 1eca%se it is no knon t!at i"
t!e So%t! Island t%atara are lost an entire s'ecies ill t!ereb, be lost9 !%&an
bein#s are no obli#ed to 'revent t!eir e(tinction9 even i" it &eans killin# &an,
o" t!eir %nendan#ered nat%ral 'redators.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les &ost !el's to +%sti", t!e nat%ralists
ar#%&entation-
.A/ In order to &a(i&i)e t!e n%&ber o" livin# t!in#s on Eart!9 ste's s!o%ld be
taken to 'reserve all local 'o'%lations o" ani&als.
.1/ 6!en an ani&al is in dan#er o" d,in#9 t!ere is an obli#ation to !el' save its
li"e9 i" doin# so o%ld not inter"ere it! t!e !ealt! or ell8bein# o" ot!er
ani&als or 'eo'le.
.C/ T!e t!reat o" local e(tinction i&'oses no obli#ation to tr, to 'revent t!at
e(tinction9 !ereas t!e t!reat o" #lobal e(tinction does i&'ose s%c! an
obli#ation.
.3/ :%&an activities t!at eit!er intentionall, or %nintentionall, t!reaten t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR 5H1
s%rvival o" an ani&al s'ecies o%#!t to be c%rtailed.
.E/ S'ecies t!at are "o%nd in onl, one circ%&scribed #eo#ra'!ical re#ion o%#!t
to be #iven &ore care and attention t!an are ot!er s'ecies beca%se t!e, are
&ore v%lnerable to e(tinction.
55. 2%rsin# sc!ools cannot attract a #reater n%&ber o" able a''licants t!an t!e,
c%rrentl, do %nless t!e 'roble&s o" lo a#es and !i#!8stress orkin#
conditions in t!e n%rsin# 'ro"ession are solved. I" t!e 'ool o" able a''licants to
n%rsin# sc!ool does not increase be,ond t!e c%rrent level9 eit!er t!e 'ro"ession
ill !ave to loer its entrance standards9 or t!ere ill soon be an ac%te s!orta#e
o" n%rses. It is not certain9 !oever9 t!at loerin# entrance standards ill avert a
s!orta#e. It is clear t!at it! eit!er a s!orta#e o" n%rses or loered entrance
standards o" t!e 'ro"ession9 t!e c%rrent !i#! 0%alit, o" !ealt! care cannot be
&aintained.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'ert, in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ I" t!e n%rsin# 'ro"ession solves t!e 'roble&s o" lo a#es and !i#!8stress
orkin# conditions9 it ill attract able a''licants in #reater n%&bers t!an it
c%rrentl, does.
.1/ T!e n%rsin# 'ro"ession ill !ave to loer its entrance standards i" t!e 'ool o"
able a''licants to n%rsin# sc!ool does not increase be,ond t!e c%rrent level.
.C/ I" t!e n%rsin# 'ro"ession solves t!e 'roble&s o" lo a#es and !i#!8stress
orkin# conditions9 !i#! 0%alit, !ealt! care ill be &aintained.
.3/ I" t!e n%rsin# 'ro"ession "ails to solve t!e 'roble&s o" lo a#es and !i#!8
stress orkin# conditions9 t!ere ill soon be an ac%te s!orta#e o" n%rses.
.E/ T!e c%rrent !i#! 0%alit, o" !ealt! care ill not be &aintained i" t!e 'roble&s
o" lo a#es and !i#!8stress orkin# conditions in t!e n%rsin# 'ro"ession
are not solved.
Questions !3-!4
T!ere are abo%t A@ brands o" &icroave 'o'corn on t!e &arketD alto#et!er9 t!e,
acco%nt "or a little over !al" o" t!e &one, "ro& sales o" &icroave "ood 'rod%cts. It
takes t!ree &in%tes to 'o' corn in t!e &icroave9 co&'ared to seven &in%tes to 'o'
corn conventionall,. *et b, ei#!t9 &icroave 'o'corn t,'icall, costs over "ive
ti&es as &%c! as conventional 'o'corn. J%d#in# b, t!e 'o'%larit, o" &icroave
'o'corn9 &an, 'eo'le are illin# to 'a, a !i#! 'rice "or +%st a little additional
convenience.
5<. I" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be
tr%e-
.A/ 2o sin#le brand o" &icroave 'o'corn acco%nts "or a lar#e s!are o"
&icroave "ood 'rod%ct sales.
.1/ T!ere are &ore brands o" &icroave 'o'corn on t!e &arket t!an t!ere are o"
an, ot!er &icroave "ood 'rod%ct.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5H5
.C/ 1, vol%&e9 &ore &icroave 'o'corn is sold t!an is conventional 'o'corn.
.3/ More &one, is s'ent on &icroave "ood 'rod%cts t!at take t!ree &in%tes or
less to cook t!an on &icroave "ood 'rod%cts t!at take lon#er to cook.
.E/ 7" t!e total n%&ber o" &icroave "ood 'rod%cts on t!e &arket9 &ost are
&icroave 'o'corn 'rod%cts.
5C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld call into 0%estion t!e
.A/ More t!an @I 'ercent o" 'o'corn '%rc!asers b%, conventional 'o'corn rat!er
t!an &icroave 'o'corn.
.1/ Most 'eo'le !o 're"er &icroave 'o'corn do so beca%se it is less "attenin#
t!an 'o'corn t!at is 'o''ed conventionall, in oil.
.C/ T!e 'rice o" &icroave 'o'corn re"lects its 'acka#in# &ore t!an it re"lects
t!e 0%alit, o" t!e 'o'corn contained in t!e 'acka#e.
.3/ T!e ratio o" %n'o''ed kernels to 'o''ed kernels is #enerall, t!e sa&e
!et!er 'o'corn is 'o''ed in a &icroave or conventionall, in oil.
.E/ 1eca%se &icroave 'o'corn contains additives not contained in conventional
'o'corn9 &icroave 'o'corn ei#!s &ore t!an an e0%al vol%&e o"
conventional 'o'corn.
5@. Sit%ation: In t!e island nation o" 1e)%n9 t!e #overn&ent ta(es #asoline !eavil, in
order to ind%ce 'eo'le not to drive. It %ses t!e reven%e "ro& t!e #asoline ta( to
s%bsidi)e electricit, in order to red%ce 'rices c!ar#ed "or electricit,.
Anal,sis: T!e #reater t!e s%ccess ac!ieved in &eetin# t!e "irst o" t!ese
ob+ectives9 t!e less ill be t!e s%ccess ac!ieved in &eetin# t!e second.
T!e anal,sis 'rovided "or t!e sit%ation above o%ld be &ost a''ro'riate in
!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# sit%ations-
.A/ A librar, c!ar#es a late "ee in order to ind%ce borroers to ret%rn books
'ro&'tl,. T!e librar, %ses reven%e "ro& t!e late "ee to send re&inders to
tard, borroers in order to red%ce t!e incidence o" overd%e books.
.1/ A &ail8order store i&'oses a sti"" s%rc!ar#e "or overni#!t deliver, in order to
li&it %se o" t!is o'tion. T!e store %ses reven%e "ro& t!e s%rc!ar#e to 'a,
t!e e(tra e('enses it inc%rs "or 'rovidin# t!e overni#!t deliver, service.
.C/ T!e 'ark &ana#e&ent c!ar#es an ad&ission "ee so t!at a 'arks %sers ill
contrib%te to t!e 'arks %'kee'. In order to kee' ad&ission "ees lo9 t!e
&ana#e&ent does &ot "inance an, ne 'ro+ects "ro& t!e&.
.3/ A resta%rant adds a service c!ar#e in order to s'are c%sto&ers t!e tro%ble o"
individ%al ti's. T!e service c!ar#e is t!en s!ared a&on# t!e resta%rants
orkers in order to a%#&ent t!eir lo !o%rl, a#es.
.E/ T!e !i#!a, ad&inistration c!ar#es a toll "or crossin# a brid#e in order to
#et &otorists to %se ot!er ro%tes. It %ses t!e reven%e "ro& t!at toll to
#enerate a reserve "%nd in order to be able one da, to b%ild a ne brid#e.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5H<
TEST 5
SECTI72 II
1. I" ,o% !ave a lar#e a&o%nt o" &one, in t!e bank9 ,o%r s'endin# 'oer is #reat. I"
,o%r s'endin# 'oer is #reat9 ,o% are !a'',. So i" ,o% !ave a lar#e a&o%nt o"
&one, in t!e bank9 ,o% are !a'',.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost closel, 'arallels t!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent
above-
.A/ I" ,o% !ave #ood !ealt!9 ,o% can earn a lot. I" ,o% can earn a lot9 ,o% can
b%, an e('ensive !o%se. So i" ,o% !ave #ood !ealt!9 ,o% can !ave a
co&"ortable li"e.
.1/ I" ,o% drink too &%c! alco!ol9 ,o% ill "eel sick. I" ,o% drink too &%c!
alco!ol9 ,o% ill !ave no &one, le"t. So i" ,o% !ave no &one, le"t9 ,o% ill
"eel sick.
.C/ I" ,o% si& ener#eticall,9 ,o%r !eart rate increases. I" ,o%r !eart rate
increases9 ,o% are overe(cited. So i" ,o% si& ener#eticall,9 ,o% are
overe(cited.
.3/ I" ,o% take a #reat deal o" e(ercise9 ,o% are '!,sicall, "it. I" ,o% take a #reat
deal o" e(ercise9 ,o% are e(!a%sted. So i" ,o% are '!,sicall, "it9 ,o% are
e(!a%sted.
.E/ I" ,o% !ave a lar#e a&o%nt o" &one, in t!e bank9 ,o% are con"ident abo%t t!e
"%t%re. I" ,o% are o'ti&istic b, nat%re9 ,o% are con"ident abo%t t!e "%t%re.
So i" ,o% !ave a lar#e a&o%nt o" &one, in t!e bank9 ,o% are o'ti&istic b,
nat%re.
5. $or a television 'ro#ra& abo%t astrolo#,9 investi#ators ent into t!e street and
"o%nd tent, vol%nteers born %nder t!e si#n o" Ge&ini !o ere illin# to be
intervieed on t!e 'ro#ra& and to take a 'ersonalit, test. T!e test con"ir&ed t!e
investi#ators 'ersonal i&'ressions t!at eac! o" t!e vol%nteers as &ore sociable
and e(troverted t!an 'eo'le are on avera#e. T!is &odest investi#ation t!%s
s%''orts t!e clai& t!at ones astrolo#ical birt! si#n in"l%ence ones 'ersonalit,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 indicates t!e &ost serio%s "la in t!e &et!od
%sed b, t!e investi#ators-
.A/ T!e 'ersonalit, test as not ad&inistrated or scored 'ersonall, b, t!e
investi#ators.
.1/ Feo'le born %nder astrolo#ical si#ns ot!er t!an Ge&ini !ave been +%d#ed b,
astrolo#ers to be &%c! less sociable t!an t!ose born %nder Ge&ini.
.C/ T!e 'ersonal i&'ressions t!e investi#ators "irst "or&ed o" ot!er 'eo'le !ave
GMAT & LSAT CR 5HC
tended to be con"ir&ed b, t!e investi#ators later e('erience o" t!ose
'eo'le.
.3/ T!ere is not likel, to be a #reater 'ro'ortion o" 'eo'le born %nder t!e si#n o"
Ge&ini on t!e street t!an in t!e 'o'%lation as a !ole.
.E/ Feo'le !o are not sociable and e(troverted are not likel, to a#ree to
'artici'ate in s%c! an investi#ation.
<. In E%ro'e9 sc!oolc!ildren devote ti&e d%rin# eac! sc!ool da, to calist!enics.
2ort! A&erican sc!ools rarel, o""er a dail, calist!enics 'ro#ra&. Tests 'rove t!at
2ort! A&erican c!ildren are eaker9 sloer9 and s!orter8inded t!an E%ro'ean
c!ildren. 6e &%st concl%de t!at 2ort! A&erican c!ildren can be &ade '!,sicall,
"it onl, i" t!e, 'artici'ate in sc!ool calist!enics on a dail, basis.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is ass%&ed in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ All c!ildren can be &ade '!,sicall, "it b, dail, calist!enics.
.1/ All c!ildren can be &ade e0%all, '!,sicall, "it b, dail, calist!enics.
.C/ S%'erior '!,sical "itness 'rod%ces s%'erior !ealt!.
.3/ Sc!ool calist!enics are an indis'ensable "actor in E%ro'ean c!ildrens
s%'erior '!,sical "itness.
.E/ 2ort! A&erican c!ildren can learn to eat a &ore n%tritio%s diet as ell as to
e(ercise dail,.
C. A ork o" arc!itect%re9 i" it is to be bot! invitin# and "%nctional "or '%blic %se9
&%st be %nobtr%sive9 takin# second 'lace to t!e total environ&ent. Modern
arc!itects9 'la#%ed b, e#ois&9 !ave violated t!is 'rece't. T!e, !ave let t!eir
stron# 'ersonalities take over t!eir ork9 'rod%cin# b%ildin#s t!at are not
"%nctional "or '%blic %se.
6!ic! one o" t!e state&ents belo "ollos lo#icall, "ro& t!e state&ents in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ =nobtr%sive arc!itect%re is bot! invitin# and "%nctional.
.1/ Modern arc!itects !o let t!eir stron# 'ersonalities take over t!eir ork
'rod%ce b%ildin#s t!at are not %nobtr%sive.
.C/ An arc!itect it! a stron# 'ersonalit, cannot 'rod%ce b%ildin#s t!at
"%nctional ell "or t!e '%blic.
.3/ A ork o" arc!itect%re t!at takes second 'lace to t!e environ&ent "%nctions
ell "or '%blic %se.
.E/ A ork o" arc!itect%re cannot si&%ltaneo%sl, e('ress its arc!itects
'ersonalit, and be "%nctional "or '%blic %se.
@. 7bservator, director: So&e sa, t!at "%ndin# t!e &e#atelesco'e ill bene"it onl,
t!e astrono&ers !o ill ork it! it. T!is dan#ero%s 'oint o" vie9 a''lied to
t!e ork o" Ma(ell9 2eton9 or Einstein9 o%ld !ave sti"led t!eir researc! and
de'rived t!e orld o" bene"icial a''lications9 s%c! as t!e develo'&ent o" radio9
GMAT & LSAT CR 5H@
t!at "olloed "ro& t!at researc!.
I" t!e state&ents above are '%t "orard as an ar#%&ent in "avor o" develo'&ent
o" t!e &e#atelesco'e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e stron#est criticis& o" t!at
ar#%&ent-
.A/ It a''eals to t!e a%t!orit, o" e('erts !o cannot !ave knon all t!e iss%es
involved in constr%ction o" t!e &e#atelesco'e.
.1/ It does not identi", t!ose o''osed to develo'&ent o" t!e &e#atelesco'e.
.C/ It la%nc!es a 'ersonal attack on o''onents o" t!e &e#atelesco'e b, acc%sin#
t!e& o" !avin# a dan#ero%s 'oint o" vie.
.3/ It does not distin#%is! beteen t!e econo&ic and t!e intellect%al sense o"
>bene"it.?
.E/ It does not s!o t!at t!e 'ro'osed &e#atelesco'e researc! is ort!, o"
co&'arison it! t!at o" e&inent scientists in its 'otential "or a''lications.
G. T!e Transit A%t!orit,s 'ro'osal to increase "ares b, CI 'ercent &%st be
i&'le&ented. Ad&ittedl,9 t!is "are increase ill i&'ose a !ards!i' on so&e b%s
and s%ba, riders. 1%t i" t!e "are is not increased9 service ill !ave to be c%t
severel, and t!at o%ld res%lt in an %nacce'tabl, lar#e loss o" riders!i'.
T!e 'assa#e e&'lo,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative strate#ies-
.A/ It o""ers evidence t!at t!e reco&&ended co%rse o" action o%ld !ave no
%ndesirable conse0%ences.
.1/ It s!os t!at a 'ro'onent o" an, alternative 'osition o%ld be "orce into a
contradiction.
.C/ It arrives at its concl%sion indirectl, b, 'rovidin# reasons "or re+ectin# an
alternative co%rse o" action.
.3/ It e('lains !, t!e reco&&ended co%rse o" action o%ld not be s%b+ect to
t!e ob+ections raised a#ainst t!e alternative.
.E/ It +%sti"ies t!e concl%sion b, s!oin# t!at s%c! a co%rse o" action !as 'roven
e""ective in t!e 'ast.
A. T!ose !o 'artici'ate in local 'olitics incl%de 'eo'le !o are #en%inel,
interested in '%blic service and 'eo'le !o are sel"is! o''ort%nists. Ever,one
!o 'artici'ates in local 'olitics !as an in"l%ence on t!e co&&%nit,s val%es.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e-
.A/ So&e sel"is! o''ort%nists !ave an in"l%ence on t!e co&&%nit,s val%es.
.1/ So&e 'ersons !o are interested in '%blic service do not !ave an in"l%ence
on t!e co&&%nit,s val%es.
.C/ All t!ose !o !ave an in"l%ence on t!e co&&%nit,s val%es 'artici'ate in
local 'olitics.
.3/ So&e o" t!ose !o in"l%ence t!e co&&%nit,s val%es neit!er are interested
in '%blic service nor are sel"is! o''ort%nists.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5HG
.E/ All t!ose !o !ave an in"l%ence on t!e co&&%nit,s val%es are eit!er
interested in '%blic service or are sel"is! o''ort%nists.
Questions 8-9
Alt!o%#! nondair, co""ee li#!teners &ade it! cocon%t oil contain 5 #ra&s o"
sat%rated "at 'er tables'oon9 or A ti&es &ore t!an does !ole &ilk9 t!ose li#!teners
%s%all, contain no c!olesterol. *et one tables'oon o" s%c! li#!teners ca%ses t!e
cons%&ers blood c!olesterol to rise to a !i#!er level t!an does an identical a&o%nt o"
!ole &ilk9 !ic! contains 5 &illi#ra&s o" c!olesterol 'er tables'oon.
B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 contrib%tes &ost to an e('lanation o" t!e
a''arent discre'anc, noted above-
.A/ 2%tritionists reco&&end t!at ad%lts cons%&e as little sat%rated "at as
'ossible and no &ore t!an 5@I &illi#ra&s o" c!olesterol a da,.
.1/ 7ne #ra& o" sat%rated "at in "ood !as ro%#!l, t!e sa&e e""ect on blood
c!olesterol as 5@ &illi#ra&s o" c!olesterol in "ood.
.C/ Li#!t crea&9 a dair, 'rod%ct t!at contains @ ti&es &ore c!olesterol t!an does
!ole &ilk9 is o"ten c!osen as a li#!tener b, cons%&ers !o nor&all,
're"er !ole &ilk.
.3/ Certain nondair, co""ee li#!teners &ade it!o%t cocon%t oil contain less
sat%rated "at and less c!olesterol t!an does !ole &ilk.
.E/ T!e loer t!e sat%rated "at content o" dair, 'rod%cts9 t!e less c!olesterol t!e,
%s%all, contain.
H. Man%"act%rers o" co""ee li#!teners based on cocon%t oil clai& t!at t!eir 'rod%cts
%s%all, ca%se t!e t,'ical cons%&ers blood c!olesterol to rise to a loer level
t!an does t!e %se o" !ole &ilk as a li#!teners. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i"
tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e &an%"act%rers clai&-
.A/ Cons%&ers o" li#!teners &ade it! cocon%t oil !o avoid ot!er !i#!8
c!olesterol "oods and e(ercise &ore t!an avera#e tend to !ave loer8t!an8
avera#e blood c!olesterol levels.
.1/ Co""ee is "re0%entl, cons%&ed it! 'astries and ot!er ric! desserts t!at
t!e&selves res%lt in !i#! blood c!olesterol levels.
.C/ 7ne 'o'%lar nondair, co""ee li#!tener t!at is not based on cocon%t oil !as
red%ced its "at content b, 5I 'ercent !ile kee'in# its c!olesterol content at
)ero.
.3/ Cons%&ers t,'icall, add to t!eir co""ee s%bstantiall, s&aller 0%antities o"
cocon%t8oil8based li#!teners t!an o" !ole &ilk.
.E/ Most cons%&ers are convinced t!at !ole dair, 'rod%cts increase blood
c!olesterol and t!at nondair, co""ee li#!teners do not.
1I. Feo'le it! serio%s "inancial 'roble&s are so orried abo%t &one, t!at t!e,
cannot be !a'',. T!eir &iser, &akes ever,one close to t!e&K"a&il,9 "riends9
GMAT & LSAT CR 5HA
collea#%esK%n!a'', as ell. 7nl, i" t!eir "inancial 'roble&s are solved can t!e,
and t!ose aro%nd t!e& be !a'',.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ 7nl, serio%s 'roble&s &ake 'eo'le %n!a'',.
.1/ Feo'le !o solve t!eir serio%s "inancial 'roble&s ill be !a'',.
.C/ Feo'le !o do not !ave serio%s "inancial 'roble&s ill be !a'',.
.3/ I" 'eo'le are %n!a'',9 t!e, !ave serio%s "inancial 'roble&s.
.E/ I" 'eo'le are !a'',9 t!e, do not !ave serio%s "inancial 'roble&s.
11. It is o"ten said t!at 'eo'le s!o%ld be rearded "or doin# a #iven +ob in 'ro'ortion
to t!e e""ort it costs t!e& to do it. :oever9 a little re"lection ill s!o t!at t!is
is9 in "act9 a ver, bad idea9 since it o%ld &ean t!at t!ose 'eo'le it! t!e least
skill or nat%ral a'tit%de "or a 'artic%lar task o%ld be t!e ones #iven t!e &ost
incentive to do it.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative strate#ies is %sed above-
.A/ statin# a #eneral 'rinci'le and t!en 'resentin# reasons in "avor o" ado'tin# it
.1/ 'rovidin# evidence t!at !ere t!e 'rinci'le %nder disc%ssion !as been
ado'ted9 t!e res%lts %s%all, !ave been %ndesirable
.C/ de&onstratin# t!at a conse0%ence t!at !ad been ass%&ed to "ollo "ro& t!e
'rinci'le %nder consideration need not "ollo "ro& it
.3/ atte&'tin# to %nder&ine a #eneral 'rinci'le b, ar#%in# t!at %ndesirable
conse0%ences o%ld "ollo "ro& it
.E/ s!oin# t!at9 in 'ractice9 t!e 'rinci'le %nder consideration co%ld not be
%ni"or&l, a''lied
15. F!otovoltaic 'oer 'lants 'rod%ce electricit, "ro& s%nli#!t. As a res%lt o"
astonis!in# recent tec!nolo#ical advances9 t!e cost o" 'rod%cin# electric 'oer at
'!otovoltaic 'oer 'lants9 alloin# "or bot! constr%ction and o'eratin# costs9 is
one8tent! o" !at it as 5I ,ears a#o9 !ereas t!e corres'ondin# cost "or
traditional 'lants9 !ic! b%rn "ossil "%els9 !as increased. T!%s9 '!otovoltaic
'oer 'lants o""er a less e('ensive a''roac! to &eetin# de&and "or electricit,
t!an do traditional 'oer 'lants.
T!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent is 'ro'erl, dran i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
is ass%&ed-
.A/ T!e cost o" 'rod%cin# electric 'oer at traditional 'lants !as increased over
t!e 'ast 5I ,ears.
.1/ Tent, ,ears a#o9 traditional 'oer 'lants ere 'rod%cin# 1I ti&es &ore
electric 'oer t!an ere '!otovoltaic 'lants.
.C/ 2one o" t!e recent tec!nolo#ical advances in 'rod%cin# electric 'oer at
'!otovoltaic 'lants can be a''lied to 'rod%cin# 'oer at traditional 'lants.
GMAT & LSAT CR 5HB
.3/ Tent, ,ears a#o9 t!e cost o" 'rod%cin# electric 'oer at '!otovoltaic 'lants
as less t!an 5I ti&es t!e cost o" 'rod%cin# 'oer at traditional 'lants.
.E/ T!e cost o" 'rod%cin# electric 'oer at '!otovoltaic 'lants is e('ected to
decrease "%rt!er9 !ile t!e cost o" 'rod%cin# 'oer at traditional 'lants is
not e('ected to decrease.
1<. I" t!at insect is a bee9 it can onl, stin# once. It onl, did stin# once. So it is a bee.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e(!ibits a 'attern o" reasonin# &ost si&ilar to t!at in
t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ S'rin# is !ere. It !as to be9 beca%se !en it is s'rin#9 I cannot sto' snee)in#D
and I +%st snee)ed.
.1/ 6!en t!e sk, is clear9 t!e at&os'!eric 'ress%re is !i#!. At t!e &o&ent9 it is
clearin# %'9 so t!e at&os'!eric 'ress%re is bo%nd to be !i#! soon.
.C/ 7ld and brittle 'aintin#s are ala,s &oved it! e(tre&e care. T!at 'artic%lar
'aintin# is never &oved it! e(tre&e care. So it &%st not be old and brittle.
.3/ 7nl, one &ore t!%nderstor& as needed to r%in t!at roo". 1%t t!e roo" as
still "ine a &ont! later. T!ere &%st not !ave been an, t!%nderstor& over
t!at &ont!.
.E/ To s%rvive in t!e ild re0%ires '!,sical sta&ina like Marks. All t!e sa&e9
Marks "ear o" s'iders o%ld 'revent !is s%rvival.
1C. Fa&ela: F!,sicians trainin# "or a &edical s'ecialt, serve as resident sta""
'!,sicians in !os'itals. T!e, ork s%c! lon# !o%rsK%' to <G consec%tive !o%rs
Kt!at "ati#%e i&'airs t!eir abilit, to &ake t!e best &edical decisions d%rin# t!e
"inal 'ortion o" t!eir s!i"ts.
N%inc,: T!o%sands o" '!,sicians no 'racticin# !ave been trained accordin# to
t!e sa&e re#i&en9 and records s!o t!e, #enerall, &ade #ood &edical decisions
d%rin# t!eir trainin# 'eriods. 6!, s!o%ld !at !as orked in t!e 'ast be
c!an#ed no-
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e &ost e""ective co%nter Fa&ela &i#!t
&ake to N%inc,s ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e basic res'onsibilities o" resident sta"" '!,sicians in !os'itals !ave not
c!an#ed s%bstantiall, over t!e 'ast "e decades.
.1/ 1eca%se &edical rei&b%rse&ent 'olicies no 'a, "or less rec%'eration ti&e
in !os'itals9 'atients in !os'itals are9 on t!e avera#e9 &ore serio%sl, ill
d%rin# t!eir sta, t!an in t!e 'ast.
.C/ It is i&'ortant t!at e&er#enc,8roo& 'atients receive contin%it, o" '!,sician
care9 inso"ar as 'ossible9 over t!e critical 'eriod a"ter ad&ission9 #enerall,
5C !o%rs.
.3/ T!e load o" ork on resident '!,sicians8in8trainin# varies accordin# to t!e
&edical s'ecialt, "or !ic! eac! is bein# trained.
.E/ T!e trainin# o" '!,sicians s!o%ld incl%de observation and reco#nition o" t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR 5HH
si#ns indicatin# a !os'itali)ed 'atients 'ro#ress or decline over a 'eriod o"
at least <G !o%rs.
1@. 6!en a #ro%' o" c!ildren !o !ave been atc!in# television 'ro#ra&s t!at
incl%de acts o" violence is sent to 'la, it! a #ro%' o" c!ildren !o !ave been
atc!in# 'ro#ra&s t!at do not incl%de acts o" violence9 t!e c!ildren !o !ave
been atc!in# violent 'ro#ra&s co&&it a &%c! #reater n%&ber o" violent acts in
t!eir 'la, t!an do t!e c!ildren !o !ave been atc!in# nonviolent 'ro#ra&s.
T!ere"ore9 c!ildren at 'la, can be 'revented "ro& co&&ittin# violent acts b, not
bein# alloed to atc! violence on television.
T!e ar#%&ent in t!e 'assa#e ass%&es !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Television !as a !ar&"%l e""ect on societ,.
.1/ Farents are res'onsible "or t!e acts o" t!eir c!ildren.
.C/ 4iolent actions and 'assive observation o" violent actions are not related.
.3/ T!ere are no ot!er di""erences beteen t!e to #ro%'s o" c!ildren t!at &i#!t
acco%nt "or t!e di""erence in violent be!avior.
.E/ C!ildren !o are treated violentl, ill res'ond it! violence.
1G. It is re'eatedl, clai&ed t!at t!e d%&'in# o" n%clear aste 'oses no t!reat to
'eo'le livin# nearb,. I" t!is clai& co%ld be &ade it! certaint,9 t!ere o%ld be
no reason "or not locatin# sites in areas o" dense 'o'%lation. 1%t t!e 'olic, o"
d%&'in# n%clear aste onl, in t!e &ore s'arsel, 'o'%lated re#ions indicates9 at
t!e ver, least9 so&e &is#ivin# abo%t sa"et, on t!e 'art o" t!ose res'onsible "or
'olic,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Eval%ation 'lans in t!e event o" an accident co%ld not be #%aranteed to ork
'er"ectl, e(ce't !ere t!e 'o'%lation is s&all.
.1/ In t!e event o" an accident9 it is certain t!at "eer 'eo'le o%ld be !ar&ed in
a s'arsel, 'o'%lated t!an in a densel, 'o'%lated area.
.C/ 3%&'in# o" n%clear aste 'oses "eer econo&ic and b%rea%cratic 'roble&s
in s'arsel, 'o'%lated t!an in densel, 'o'%lated areas.
.3/ T!ere are dan#ers associated it! c!e&ical aste9 and it9 too9 is d%&'ed
aa, "ro& areas o" dense 'o'%lation.
.E/ =ntil t!ere is no s!red o" do%bt t!at n%clear d%&'s are sa"e9 it &akes sense to
sit%ate t!e& !ere t!e, 'ose t!e least t!reat to t!e '%blic.
1A. A societ,s in"ant &ortalit, rate is an acce'ted indicator o" t!at societ,s #eneral
!ealt! stat%s. Even t!o%#! in so&e localities in t!e =nited States t!e rate is !i#!er
t!an in &an, develo'in# co%ntries9 in t!e =nited States overall t!e rate !as been
steadil, declinin#. T!is decline does not necessaril, indicate9 !oever9 t!at
babies in t!e =nited States are no9 on t!e avera#e9 !ealt!ier at birt! t!an t!e,
ere in t!e 'ast.
GMAT & LSAT CR <II
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# reasons9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e clai&
&ade above abo%t t!e i&'lications o" t!e decline-
.A/ T!e "i#%re "or in"ant &ortalit, is co&'iled as an overall rate and t!%s &asks
de"iciencies in 'artic%lar localities.
.1/ Lo birt! ei#!t is a contrib%tin# "actor in &ore t!an !al" o" t!e in"ant
deat!s in t!e =nited States.
.C/ T!e =nited States !as been develo'in# and !as ac!ieved e(tre&el,
so'!isticated tec!nolo#, "or savin# 're&at%re and lo8birt!8ei#!t babies9
&ost o" !o& re0%ire e(tended !os'ital sta,s.
.3/ In eleven states o" t!e =nited States9 t!e in"ant &ortalit, rate declined last
,ear.
.E/ 1abies !o do not receive ade0%ate attention "ro& a care#iver "ail to t!rive
and so t!e, #ain ei#!t slol,.
Questions 18-19
Like a n%&ber o" ot!er articles9 Ian Ra#!nalls article relied on a recent s%rve, in
!ic! over !al" t!e co%'les a''l,in# "or divorces listed >&one,? as a &a+or 'roble&
in t!eir &arria#es. Ra#!nalls concl%sion "ro& t!e s%rve, data is t!at "inancial
'roble&s are t!e &a+or 'roble& in &arria#es and an i&'ortant "actor contrib%tin# to
!i#! divorce rate. *et co%'les o"ten e('ress ot!er t,'es o" &arital "r%strations in
"inancial ter&s. 3es'ite a''earances9 t!e s%rve, data do not establis! t!at "inancial
'roble&s are t!e &a+or 'roble& in conte&'orar, &arria#es.
1B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# sentences best e('resses t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ $inancial 'roble&s are not an i&'ortant "actor contrib%tin# to t!e divorce
rate.
.1/ Marital 'roble&s are &ore easil, solved b, &arria#e co%nselors t!an b,
&arried co%'les on t!eir on.
.C/ T!e concl%sion dran in Ra#!nalls article is inade0%atel, +%sti"ied.
.3/ 7ver !al" t!e co%'les a''l,in# "or divorces listed &one, as a &a+or 'roble&
in t!eir &arria#es.
.E/ Man, articles ron#l, clai& t!at "inancial 'roble&s are t!e &a+or "actor
contrib%tin# to t!e divorce rate.
1H. In t!e 'assa#e9 t!e a%t!or does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ %nder&ines a concl%sion dran "ro& statistical data b, o""erin# a s'eci"ic
co%ntere(a&'le
.1/ %nder&ines a concl%sion dran "ro& statistical data b, o""erin# an
alternative e('lanation "or so&e o" t!e data
.C/ %nder&ines a concl%sion dran "ro& statistical data b, s!oin# t!at one
cannot 'rove t!e 'resence o" an e&otion b, %sin# statistical &et!ods
GMAT & LSAT CR <I1
.3/ %nder&ines a concl%sion dran "ro& statistical data b, critici)in# t!e s%rve,
"or !ic! t!e data as #at!ered
.E/ %nder&ines a concl%sion b, s!oin# t!at co%'les cannot acc%ratel, describe
t!eir on 'roble&s
5I. In 1ra)il9 side8b,8side co&'arisons o" A"ricani)ed !one,bees and t!e native
!one,bees !ave s!on t!at t!e A"ricani)ed bees are "ar s%'erior !one, 'rod%cers.
T!ere"ore9 t!ere is no reason to "ear t!at do&estic co&&ercial !one, 'rod%ction
ill decline in t!e =nited States i" local !one,bees are dis'laced b, A"ricani)ed
!one,bees.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld eaken t!e ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ T!e !one,bees native to 1ra)il are not o" t!e sa&e variet, as t!ose &ost
"re0%entl, %sed in t!e co&&ercial beekee'in# ind%str, in t!e =nited States.
.1/ Co&&ercial !one, 'rod%ction is "ar &ore co&'licated and e('ensive it!
A"ricani)ed !one,bees t!an it is it! t!e &ore docile !one,bees co&&on in
t!e =nited States.
.C/ I" A"ricani)ed !one,bees re'lace local !one,bees9 certain t,'es o"
orna&ental trees ill be less e""ectivel, 'ollinated.
.3/ In t!e =nited States a si#ni"icant 'ro'ortion o" t!e co&&ercial !one, s%''l,
co&es "ro& !obb, beekee'ers9 &an, o" !o& are likel, to abandon
beekee'in# it! t!e in"l%( o" A"ricani)ed bees.
.E/ T!e area o" 1ra)il !ere t!e co&'arative st%d, as done is "ar better s%ited
to t!e "ora#in# !abits o" t!e A"ricani)ed !one,bees t!an are &ost areas o"
t!e =nited States.
51. T!e '%blic is ell aare t!at !i#! blood c!olesterol levels raise t!e risk o" stroke
ca%sed b, blood clots. 1%t a recent re'ort concl%des t!at 'eo'le it! lo blood
c!olesterol levels are at increased risk o" t!e ot!er let!al t,'e o" strokeKcerebral
!e&orr!a#e9 ca%sed !en a brain arter, b%rsts. T!e re'ort s%##ests t!at beca%se
blood c!olesterol 'la,s a vital role in &aintainin# cell &e&branes9 lo blood
c!olesterol eakens arter, alls9 &akin# t!e& 'rone to r%'t%re. T!e concl%sion
t!%s s%''orts a lon#8standin# contention b, Ja'anese researc!ers t!at 6estern
diets better 'rotect a#ainst cerebral !e&orr!a#e t!an do non86estern diets.
T!e ar#%&ent is based on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ 6estern diets are !ealt!ier t!an non86estern diets.
.1/ 6estern diets res%lt in !i#!er blood c!olesterol levels t!an do non86estern
diets.
.C/ :i#! blood c!olesterol levels 'recl%de t!e eakenin# o" arter, alls.
.3/ Cerebral !e&orr!a#es are &ore dan#ero%s t!an strokes ca%sed b, blood
clots.
.E/ Feo'le !o !ave lo blood 'ress%re are at increased risk o" cerebral
!e&orr!a#e.
GMAT & LSAT CR <I5
55. F%blic re'orts b, national co&&issions9 #overnors con"erence9 and leaders!i'
#ro%'s !ave stressed t!e #reat need "or better %nderstandin# o" international
a""airs b, t!e citi)enr,. I" t!e co%ntr, is to re&ain a leadin# nation in an era o"
international co&'etitiveness9 t!e need is %ndeniable. I" t!ere is s%c! a need "or
t!e citi)enr, to !ave a better %nderstandin# o" international a""airs9 t!en all o" o%r
ne teac!ers &%st be 're'ared to teac! t!eir s%b+ect &atter it! an international
orientation.
also be tr%e-
.A/ I" t!e co%ntr, is to re&ain a leadin# nation in an era o" international
co&'etitiveness9 t!en ne teac!ers &%st be 're'ared to teac! t!eir s%b+ect
&atter it! an international orientation.
.1/ I" ne teac!ers are 're'ared to teac! t!eir s%b+ect &atter it! an
international orientation9 t!en t!e co%ntr, ill re&ain a leadin# nation in an
era o" international co&'etitiveness.
.C/ I" t!ere is better %nderstandin# o" international a""airs b, t!e citi)enr,9 t!en
t!e co%ntr, ill re&ain a leadin# nation in an era o" international
co&'etitiveness.
.3/ I" t!e co%ntr, is to re&ain a leadin# nation in an era o" international
co&'etitiveness9 t!en t!ere is no need "or t!e citi)enr, to !ave a better
%nderstandin# o" international a""airs.
.E/ F%blic re'orts "ro& vario%s #ro%'s and co&&issions !ave stressed t!e need
"or a &ore international orientation in t!e ed%cation o" teac!ers.
5<. >32A "in#er'rintin#? is a recentl,8introd%ced bioc!e&ical 'roced%re t!at %ses a
'attern derived "ro& a 'ersons #enetic &aterial to &atc! a s%s'ects #enetic
&aterial a#ainst t!at o" a s'eci&en "ro& a cri&e scene. Fro'onents !ave clai&ed
astrono&icall, !i#! odds a#ainst obtainin# a &atc! b, c!ance alone. T!ese odds
are based on an ass%&'tion t!at t!ere is inde'endence beteen t!e di""erent
c!aracteristics re'resented b, a sin#le 'attern.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost do%bt on t!e clai& o" t!e
'ro'onents o" 32A "in#er'rintin#-
.A/ T!e lar#e a&o%nt o" #enetic &aterial t!at 'eo'le s!are it! all ot!er 'eo'le
and it! ot!er ani&als is not incl%ded in t!e 32A "in#er'rintin# 'roced%re.
.1/ T!ere is #enerall, acce'ted t!eoretical basis "or inter'retin# t!e 'atterns
'rod%ced b, t!e 'roced%re.
.C/ In t!e !ole 'o'%lation t!ere are vario%s di""erent s%b#ro%'s9 it!in eac! o"
!ic! certain sets o" #enetic c!aracteristics are s!ared.
.3/ T!e skill re0%ired o" laborator, tec!nicians 'er"or&in# t!e 32A
"in#er'rintin# 'roced%re is not e(traordinar,.
.E/ In t!e investi#ation o" certain #enetic diseases9 t!e tec!ni0%es %sed in 32A
"in#er'rintin# !ave traced t!e trans&ission o" t!e diseases a&on# t!e livin#
GMAT & LSAT CR <I<
&e&bers o" ver, lar#e "a&ilies.
5C. Ant!ro'olo#ists assert t!at c%lt%res advance onl, !en inde'endence re'laces
de'endenceKt!at is9 onl, !en i&'osition b, o%tsiders is re'laced b, initiative
"ro& it!in. In ot!er ords9 t!e natives o" a c%lt%re are t!e onl, ones !o can
&ove t!at c%lt%re "orard. 2on8natives &a, 'rovide val%able advice9 b%t an,
i&'osition o" t!eir vies t!reatens inde'endence and t!%s 'ro#ress. I" one looks
at individ%al sc!ools as se'arate c%lt%res9 t!ere"ore9 t!e ke, to ed%cational
'ro#ress is obvio%s;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best co&'letes t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ individ%al sc!ools &%st be inde'endent o" o%tside i&'osition
.1/ so&e sc!ools re0%ire &ore inde'endence t!an ot!ers9 de'endin# on t!e
initiative o" t!eir sta""s and st%dents
.C/ sc!ool s,ste& o""icials &%st tailor t!eir initiatives "or c!an#e to eac!
individ%al sc!ool in t!e s,ste&
.3/ o%tsiders &%st be 'revented "ro& 'artici'ation in sc!ools e""ort to advance
.E/ t!e &ore inde'endent a sc!ool is9 t!e &ore ed%cational 'ro#ress it ill &ake
5@. T!e '%blic in t!e =nited States !as in t!e 'ast been conditioned to s%''ort a
s%bstantial de"ense b%d#et b, t!e t!reat o" con"rontation it! t!e Eastern bloc.
2o t!at t!at t!reat is dissolvin#9 alon# it! t!e Eastern bloc itsel"9 it is do%bt"%l
!et!er t!e '%blic can be 'ers%aded to s%''ort an ade0%ate de"ense b%d#et.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# indicates a eakness in t!e 'osition e('ressed
above-
.A/ It 'res%''oses t!at '%blic o'inion can be &ani'%lated inde"initel,9 it!o%t
t!e '%blics beco&in# aare o" t!at &ani'%lation.
.1/ It re"ers to 'ast and 'resent events t!at do not !ave a ca%sal connection it!
'%blic s%''ort o" t!e b%d#et.
.C/ It ass%&es as "act !at it seeks to establis! b, reasonin#.
.3/ It "ails to #ive an, reason "or t!e +%d#&ent it reac!es.
.E/ It !in#es on t!e ter& >ade0%ate9? t!e 'recise &eanin# o" !ic! re0%ires
reeval%ation in t!e ne conte(t.
SECTI72 4I
1. T!e translator o" 'oetr, &%st reali)e t!at ord8"or8ord e0%ivalents do not e(ist
across lan#%a#es9 an, &ore t!an 'iano so%nds e(ist in t!e violin. T!e violin can9
!oever9 'la, reco#ni)abl, t!e sa&e &%sic as t!e 'iano9 b%t onl, i" t!e violinist
is #%ided b, t!e nat%re and 'ossibilities o" t!e violin as ell as b, t!e ori#inal
co&'osition.
GMAT & LSAT CR <IC
As a''lied to t!e act o" translatin# 'oetr, "ro& one lan#%a#e into anot!er9 t!e
analo#, above can best be %nderstood as sa,in# t!at
.A/ 'oetr, cannot be e""ectivel, translated beca%se9 %nlike &%sic9 it is co&'osed
o" ords it! s'eci"ic &eanin#s
.1/ so&e lan#%a#es are in!erentl, &ore &%sical and &ore s%itable to 'oetic
co&'osition t!an ot!ers
.C/ t!e translator s!o%ld be 'ri&aril, concerned it! re'rod%cin# t!e r!,t!&s
and so%nd 'atterns o" t!e ori#inal9 not it! transcribin# its &eanin# e(actl,
.3/ t!e translator &%st observe t!e s'irit o" t!e ori#inal and also t!e 0%alities o"
e('ression t!at c!aracteri)e t!e lan#%a#e into !ic! t!e ori#inal is
translated
.E/ 'oetr, is easier to translate i" it "oc%ses on '!iloso'!ical insi#!ts or nat%ral
descri'tions rat!er t!an on s%b+ective i&'ressions
5. 1e!ind t!e !o'e t!at co&'%ters can re'lace teac!ers is t!e idea t!at t!e st%dents
%nderstandin# o" t!e s%b+ect bein# ta%#!t consists in knoin# "acts and r%les9 t!e
+ob o" a teac!er bein# to &ake t!e "acts and r%les e('licit and conve, t!e& to t!e
st%dent9 eit!er b, 'ractice drills or b, coac!in#. I" t!at ere indeed t!e a, t!e
&ind orks9 t!e teac!er co%ld trans"er "acts and r%les to t!e co&'%ter9 !ic!
o%ld re'lace t!e teac!er as drill&aster and coac!. 1%t since %nderstandin# does
not consist &erel, o" knoin# "acts and r%les9 b%t o" t!e #ras' o" t!e #eneral
conce'ts %nderl,in# t!e&9 t!e !o'e t!at t!e co&'%ter ill event%all, re'lace t!e
teac!er is "%nda&entall, &is#%ided.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, %nder&ine t!e a%t!ors
concl%sion t!at co&'%ters ill not event%all, be able to re'lace teac!ers-
.A/ Co&'%ters are as #ood as teac!ers at drillin# st%dents on "acts and r%les.
.1/ T!e +ob o" a teac!er is to &ake st%dents %nderstand t!e #eneral conce'ts
%nderl,in# s'eci"ic "acts and r%les.
.C/ It is 'ossible to 'ro#ra& co&'%ters so t!at t!e, can teac! t!e %nderstandin#
o" #eneral conce'ts t!at %nderlie s'eci"ic "acts and r%les.
.3/ 1eca%se t!e, are not s%b+ect to !%&an error9 co&'%ters are better t!an
teac!ers at conve,in# "acts and r%les.
.E/ It is not 'ossible "or st%dents to develo' an %nderstandin# o" t!e conce'ts
%nderl,in# "acts and r%les t!ro%#! 'ractice drills and coac!in#.
<. I" t!e cit, co%ncil &aintains s'endin# at t!e sa&e level as t!is ,ears9 it can be
e('ected to lev, a sales ta( o" 5 'ercent ne(t ,ear. T!%s9 i" t!e co%ncil levies a
!i#!er ta(9 it ill be beca%se t!e co%ncil is increasin# its e('endit%re.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e(!ibits a 'attern o" reasonin# &ost closel, si&ilar
to t!at o" t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ I" !o%se8b%ildin# costs are not no risin#9 b%ilders cannot be e('ected to
increase t!e 'rices o" !o%ses. T!%s9 i" t!e, decrease t!e 'rices o" !o%ses9 it
GMAT & LSAT CR <I@
ill be beca%se t!at action ill enable t!e& to sell a #reater n%&ber o"
!o%ses.
.1/ I" s!o's is! to red%ce s!o'li"tin#9 t!e, s!o%ld e&'lo, &ore store
detectives. T!%s9 i" s!o's do not9 t!e, ill s%""er red%ced 'ro"its beca%se o"
t!eir loss "ro& stolen #oods.
.C/ I" t!e co&'anies in t!e state do not increase t!eir orkers a#es t!is ,ear9
t!e 'rices t!e, c!ar#e "or t!eir #oods can be e('ected to be t!e sa&e as t!e,
ere last ,ear. T!%s9 i" t!e co&'anies do increase 'rices9 it ill be beca%se
t!e, !ave increased a#es.
.3/ I" airlines is! to &ake 'ro"its t!is ,ear t!at are si&ilar to last ,ears9 t!e,
s!o%ld not increase t!eir 'rices t!is ,ear. T!%s9 i" t!e, c!ar#e &ore9 t!e,
s!o%ld be e('ected to i&'rove t!eir services.
.E/ I" nes'a'er '%blis!ers is! to '%blis! #ood 'a'ers9 t!e, s!o%ld e&'lo,
#ood +o%rnalists. T!%s9 i" t!e, e&'lo, 'oor +o%rnalists9 it ill not be
s%r'risin# i" t!eir circ%lation "alls as a res%lt.
C. T!e &ind and t!e i&&%ne s,ste& !ave been s!on to be inti&atel, linked9 and
scientists are consistentl, "indin# t!at doin# #ood deeds bene"its ones i&&%ne
s,ste&. T!e bone &arro and s'leen9 !ic! 'rod%ce t!e !ite blood cells
needed to "i#!t in"ection9 are bot! connected b, ne%ral 'at!a,s to t!e brain.
Recent researc! !as s!on t!at t!e activit, o" t!ese !ite blood cells is
sti&%lated b, bene"icial c!e&icals 'rod%ced b, t!e brain as a res%lt o"
&a#nani&o%s be!avior.
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 s%''ort t!e vie t!at
.A/ #ood deeds &%st be based on %nsel"is! &otives
.1/ lack o" &a#nani&it, is t!e ca%se o" &ost serio%s illnesses
.C/ &a#nani&o%s be!avior can be re#%lated b, t!e 'resence or absence o"
certain c!e&icals in t!e brain
.3/ &a#nani&it, is bene"icial to ones on interests
.E/ t!e n%&ber o" !ite blood cells ill increase radicall, i" be!avior is
consistentl, &a#nani&o%s
@. T!e !i#! cost o" 'rod%ctions is severel, li&itin# !ic! o'eras are available to t!e
'%blic. T!ese costs necessitate reliance on lar#e cor'orate s'onsors9 !o in ret%rn
de&and t!at onl, t!e &ost "a&o%s o'eras be 'rod%ced. 3eter&inin# !ic!
o'eras ill be 'rod%ced s!o%ld rest onl, it! ticket '%rc!asers at t!e bo( o""ice9
not it! lar#e cor'orate s'onsors. I" e red%ce 'rod%ction b%d#ets so t!at o'eras
can be s%''orted e(cl%sivel, b, bo(8o""ice recei'ts and donations "ro&
individ%als9 t!en t!e '%blic ill be able to see less "a&o%s o'eras.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ A "e ticket '%rc!asers #o to t!e o'era "or t!e sake o" #oin# to t!e o'era9 not
to see s'eci"ic o'eratic 'rod%ctions.
GMAT & LSAT CR <IG
.1/ T!e red%ction o" o'era 'rod%ction b%d#ets o%ld not red%ce t!e desire o"
lar#e cor'orate s'onsors to s%''ort o'eras.
.C/ 6it!o%t t!e s%''ort o" lar#e cor'orate s'onsors9 o'era co&'anies co%ld not
a""ord to 'rod%ce an, b%t t!e &ost "a&o%s o" o'eras.
.3/ Lar#e cor'orate s'onsors ill sto' s%''ortin# o'era 'rod%ctions i" t!e, are
denied control over !ic! o'eras ill be 'rod%ced.
.E/ T!e co&bination o" individ%al donations and bo(8o""ice recei'ts cannot
&atc! t!e a&o%nts o" &one, obtained t!ro%#! s'onsors!i' b, lar#e
cor'orations.
G. 6!en &ac!ines are invented and tec!nolo#ies are develo'ed9 t!e, alter t!e ran#e
o" c!oices o'en to %s. T!e clock9 "or e(a&'le9 &ade 'ossible t!e s,nc!roni)ation
o" !%&an a""airs9 !ic! res%lted in an increase in 'rod%ctivit,. At t!e sa&e ti&e
t!at t!e clock o'ened %' so&e aven%es9 it closed ot!ers. It !as beco&e !arder and
!arder to live e(ce't b, t!e clock9 so t!at no 'eo'le !ave no c!oice in t!e
&atter at all.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'ro'ositions is best ill%strated b, t!e e(a&'le
'resented in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ 2e &ac!ines and tec!nolo#ies can enslave as ell as liberate %s.
.1/ Feo'le s!o%ld &ake a concerted e""ort to "ree t!e&selves "ro& t!e clock.
.C/ So&e ne &ac!ines and tec!nolo#ies brin# %s i&'rove&ent to o%r lives.
.3/ T!e increase in 'rod%ctivit, as not ort! o%r de'endence on t!e clock.
.E/ Most ne &ac!ines and tec!nolo#ies &ake o%r lives s,nc!roni)ed and
'rod%ctive.
A. To beco&e an e('ert on a &%sical instr%&ent9 a 'erson &%st 'ractice. I" 'eo'le
'ractice a &%sical instr%&ent "or t!ree !o%rs eac! da,9 t!e, ill event%all,
beco&e e('erts on t!at instr%&ent. T!ere"ore9 i" a 'erson is an e('ert on a
&%sical instr%&ent9 t!at 'erson &%st !ave 'racticed "or at least t!ree !o%rs eac!
da,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes a "la in t!e reasonin#
above-
.A/ T!e concl%sion "ails to take into acco%nt t!at 'eo'le !o 'ractice "or t!ree
!o%rs ever, da, &i#!t not ,et !ave reac!ed a de#ree o" 'ro"icienc, t!at
ever,one o%ld consider e('ert.
.1/ T!e concl%sion "ails to take into acco%nt t!at 'racticin# "or less t!an t!ree
!o%rs eac! da, &a, be eno%#! "or so&e 'eo'le to beco&e e('erts.
.C/ T!e concl%sion "ails to take into acco%nt t!at i" a 'erson !as not 'racticed "or
at least t!ree !o%rs a da,9 t!e 'erson !as not beco&e an e('ert.
.3/ T!e concl%sion "ails to take into acco%nt t!at t!ree consec%tive !o%rs o" dail,
'ractice is not reco&&ended b, all &%sic teac!ers.
.E/ T!e concl%sion "ails to take into acco%nt t!at "e 'eo'le !ave t!e s'are ti&e
GMAT & LSAT CR <IA
necessar, to devote t!ree !o%rs dail, to 'ractice.
B. 7n t!e basis o" incontestable 'roo" t!at car sa"et, seats ill #reatl, red%ce t!e
n%&ber o" serio%s in+%ries s%stained b, c!ildren in car accidents9 las !ave been
'assed &andatin# t!e %se o" t!ese seats. =ne('ectedl,9 it !as since been "o%nd
t!at a lar#e n%&ber o" c!ildren !o are ridin# in sa"et, seats contin%e to receive
serio%s in+%ries t!at sa"et, seats ere s'eci"icall, desi#ned to avoid9 and in t!e
'revention o" !ic! t!e, in "act !ave 'roven to be e""ective.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 co%ld b, itsel" ade0%atel, e('lain t!e
%ne('ected "indin# re'orted in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Man, 'arents are de",in# t!e la b, not %sin# sa"et, seats "or t!eir c!ildren.
.1/ C!ildren are &ore likel, to &ake a%to&obile tri's no t!an t!e, ere be"ore
t!e introd%ction o" t!e sa"et, seat.
.C/ T!e !i#! cost o" c!ild sa"et, seats !as ca%sed &an, 'arents to dela,
'%rc!asin# t!e&.
.3/ T!e car sa"et, seat as not desi#ned to 'revent all t,'es o" in+%ries9 so it is
not s%r'risin# t!at so&e in+%ries are s%stained.
.E/ T!e 'rotection a""orded b, c!ild sa"et, seats de'ends on t!eir bein# %sed
'ro'erl,9 !ic! &an, 'arents "ail to do.
H. An eas, illin#ness to tell "%nn, stories or +okes abo%t onesel" is t!e s%rest &ark
o" s%'re&e sel"8con"idence. T!is illin#ness9 o"ten not ac0%ired %ntil late in li"e9
is even &ore revealin# t!an is #ood8nat%red ac0%iescence in !avin# ot!ers 'oke
"%n at one.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# in"erence is &ost s%''orted b, t!e state&ents above-
.A/ A 'erson !o lacks sel"8con"idence ill en+o, neit!er tellin# nor !earin#
"%nn, stories abo%t !i&sel" or !ersel".
.1/ Feo'le it! !i#! sel"8con"idence do not tell "%nn, stories or +okes abo%t
ot!ers.
.C/ :i#!l, sel"8con"ident 'eo'le tell "%nn, stories and +okes in order to let t!eir
a%dience kno t!at t!e, are sel"8con"ident.
.3/ Most 'eo'le o%ld rat!er tell a "%nn, stor, or +oke t!an listen to one bein#
told.
.E/ Tellin# "%nn, stories or +okes abo%t 'eo'le in t!eir 'resence is a a, o"
e('ressin# ones res'ect "or t!e&.
Questions 10-11
2at%re constantl, ad+%sts t!e at&os'!eric carbon level. An increase in t!e level ca%ses
t!e at&os'!ere to !old &ore !eat9 !ic! ca%ses &ore ater to eva'orate "ro& t!e
oceans9 !ic! ca%ses increased rain. Rain as!es so&e carbon "ro& t!e air into t!e
oceans9 !ere it event%all, beco&es 'art o" t!e seabed. A decrease in at&os'!eric
carbon ca%ses t!e at&os'!ere to !old less !eat9 !ic! ca%ses decreased eva'oration
GMAT & LSAT CR <IB
"ro& t!e oceans9 !ic! ca%ses less rain9 and t!%s less carbon is as!ed into t!e
oceans. *et so&e environ&entalists orr, t!at b%rnin# "ossil "%els &a, raise
at&os'!eric carbon to a dan#ero%s level. It is tr%e t!at a s%stained increase o%ld
t!reaten !%&an li"e. 1%t t!e environ&entalists s!o%ld rela(Knat%re ill contin%all,
ad+%st t!e carbon level.
1I. Eac! o" t!e "olloin# can be in"erred "ro& t!e in"or&ation in t!e 'assa#e
EECEFT:
.A/ A decrease in t!e level o" at&os'!eric !eat ca%ses a decrease in t!e a&o%nt
o" carbon t!at rain as!es into t!e oceans "ro& t!e air.
.1/ An increase in t!e level o" carbon in t!e at&os'!ere ca%ses increased
eva'oration o" ocean ater.
.C/ An increase in t!e level o" at&os'!eric !eat ca%ses increased rain"all.
.3/ A decrease in t!e level o" carbon in t!e at&os'!ere ca%ses decreased
eva'oration o" ocean ater.
.E/ A decrease in t!e level o" at&os'!eric !eat ca%ses a decrease in t!e level o"
carbon in t!e at&os'!ere.
11. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e ar#%&ent in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ Flant li"e cannot s%rvive it!o%t at&os'!eric carbon.
.1/ It is not clear t!at breat!in# e(cess carbon in t!e at&os'!ere ill !ave a
ne#ative e""ect on !%&an li"e.
.C/ Carbon is 'art o" t!e c!e&ical >blanket? t!at kee's t!e Eart! ar& eno%#!
to s%stain !%&an li"e.
.3/ 1reat!in# b, ani&als releases al&ost <I ti&es as &%c! carbon as does t!e
b%rnin# o" "ossil "%els.
.E/ T!e nat%ral ad+%st&ent 'rocess9 !ic! occ%rs over &illions o" ,ears9 allos
ide "l%ct%ations in t!e carbon level in t!e s!ort ter&.
15. T!e &ore television c!ildren atc!9 t!e less co&'etent t!e, are in &at!e&atical
knoled#e. More t!an a t!ird o" c!ildren in t!e =nited States atc! television "or
&ore t!an "ive !o%rs a da,D in So%t! Morea t!e "i#%re is onl, A 'ercent. 1%t
!ereas less t!an 1@ 'ercent o" c!ildren in t!e =nited States %nderstand advanced
&eas%re&ent and #eo&etric conce't9 CI 'ercent o" So%t! Morea c!ildren are
co&'etent in t!ese areas. T!ere"ore9 i" =ntied States c!ildren are to do ell in
&at!e&atics9 t!e, &%st atc! less television.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion %'on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ C!ildren in t!e =nited States are less interested in advanced &eas%re&ent
and #eo&etric conce'ts t!an are So%t! Morea c!ildren.
.1/ So%t! Morea c!ildren are &ore disci'lined abo%t doin# sc!oolork t!an are
c!ildren in t!e =nited States.
GMAT & LSAT CR <IH
.C/ C!ildren !o ant to do ell in advanced &eas%re&ent and #eo&etr, ill
atc! less t!an television.
.3/ A c!ilds abilit, in advanced &eas%re&ent and #eo&etr, increases i" !e or
s!e atc!es less t!an one !o%r o" television a da,.
.E/ T!e instr%ction in advanced &eas%re&ent and #eo&etric conce'ts available
to c!ildren in t!e =nited States in not s%bstantiall, orse t!an t!at available
to So%t! Morea c!ildren.
Questions 13-14
T!e onl, a, t!at bookstores can 'ro"itabl, sell books at belo8&arket 'rices is to
#et t!e books at a disco%nt "ro& '%blis!ers. =nless bookstores #enerate a !i#! sales
vol%&e9 !oever9 t!e, cannot #et disco%nts "ro& '%blis!ers. To #enerate s%c!
vol%&e9 bookstores &%st eit!er cater to &ass tastes or !ave e(cl%sive access to a lar#e
s'eciali)ed &arket9 s%c! as &edical &arket9 or bot!.
1<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ I" a bookstore receives disco%nts "ro& '%blis!ers9 it ill 'ro"itabl, sell books
at belo8&arket 'rices.
.1/ A bookstore t!at caters to &ass tastes or !as e(cl%sive access to a lar#e
s'eciali)ed &arket ill !ave a !i#! sales vol%&e.
.C/ A bookstore t!at 'ro"itabl, sells books at belo8&arket 'rices #ets disco%nts
"ro& '%blis!ers.
.3/ A bookstore t!at does not sell books at belo8&arket 'rices does not #et
disco%nts "ro& '%blis!ers.
.E/ A bookstore t!at not onl, caters to &ass tastes b%t also !as e(cl%sive access
to a lar#e s'eciali)ed &arket cannot 'ro"itabl, sell books at belo8&arket
'rices.
1C. I" all state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e and i" it is also tr%e t!at a bookstore does
not cater to &ass tastes9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# CA227T be tr%e-
.A/ T!e bookstore 'ro"itabl, sells so&e o" its books at belo8&arket 'rices.
.1/ T!e bookstore does not 'ro"itabl, sell an, o" its books at belo8&arket
'rices.
.C/ Eit!er t!e bookstore !as e(cl%sive access to a lar#e s'eciali)ed &arket or
else it does not #et a disco%nt "ro& an, '%blis!ers.
.3/ T!e bookstore does not !ave e(cl%sive access to a lar#e s'eciali)ed &arket
b%t 'ro"itabl, sells so&e o" its books at belo8&arket 'rices.
.E/ T!e bookstore does not !ave e(cl%sive access to a lar#e s'eciali)ed &arket9
nor does it #et a disco%nt "ro& an, '%blis!ers.
1@. E(tinction is t!e a, o" nat%re. Scientists esti&ate t!at over !al" o" t!e s'ecies
t!at !ave ever co&e into e(istence on t!is 'lanet ere alread, e(tinct be"ore
!%&ans develo'ed even t!e &ost 'ri&itive o" tools. T!is constant nat%ral 'rocess
GMAT & LSAT CR <1I
o" s'ecies e&er#ence and e(tinction9 !oever9 is i#nored b, t!ose !o is! to
trace t!e bla&e "or &ore recent e(tinctions to !%&anit,s %se o" tec!nolo#,9 it!
its conse0%ent e""ects on t!e environ&ent. T!ese 'eo'le &%st be &ade to
%nderstand t!at t!e s'ecies t!at !ave beco&e e(tinct in &odern ti&es o%ld !ave
beco&e e(tinct b, no even i" !%&ans !ad never ac0%ired tec!nolo#,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# identi"ies a reasonin# error in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e a%t!or &istakenl, ass%&es t!at tec!nolo#, !as not ca%sed an, !ar& to
t!e environ&ent.
.1/ T!e a%t!or i#nores t!e "act t!at so&e s'ecies t!at are not ,et e(tinct are in
dan#er o" e(tinction.
.C/ T!e a%t!or "ails to consider t!at t!ere are 'robabl, s'ecies in e(istence t!at
!ave not ,et been identi"ied and st%died b, scientists.
.3/ T!e a%t!or cites scientists !o s%''ort t!e t!eor, t!at over !al" o" all s'ecies
t!at ever e(isted !ave beco&e e(tinct9 b%t "ails to &ention an, scientists
!o do not s%''ort t!at t!eor,.
.E/ T!e a%t!or 'rovides no s'eci"ic evidence t!at t!e s'ecies t!at !ave beco&e
e(tinct in &odern ti&es are t!e sa&e s'ecies t!at o%ld !ave beco&e
e(tinct in t!e absence o" !%&an tec!nolo#,.
1G. T!e '%blic is aare o" t!e 'ossibilit, o" biases in t!e &ass &edia and distr%sts t!e
&edia as too 'oer"%l. T!e bod, o" in"or&ation a#ainst !ic! t!e '%blic
eval%ates t!e 'la%sibilit, o" eac! ne &edia re'ort co&es9 !oever9 "ro& !at
t!e '%blic !as !eard o" t!ro%#! t!e &ass &edia.
I" t!e vie above is correct9 it 'rovides a reason "or acce'tin# !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# concl%sions-
.A/ I" t!ere is a 'ervasive bias in t!e 'resentation o" nes b, t!e &ass &edia9 it
o%ld be !ard "or t!e '%blic to discern t!at bias.
.1/ T!e &ass &edia tailor t!eir re'orts to con"ir& to a s'eci"ic 'olitical a#enda.
.C/ T!e biases t!at nes &edia i&'ose on re'ortin# tend not to be conscio%s
distortions b%t rat!er 'art o" a sense t!e, s!are abo%t !at is interestin# and
believable.
.3/ 2es re'orters and t!eir '%blic !old lar#el, t!e sa&e vies abo%t !at is
&ost i&'ortant in societ,9 beca%se nes re'orters co&e o%t o" t!at societ,.
.E/ 6!en a nes event occ%rs t!at contradicts a stereot,'e "or&erl,
incor'orated into re'ortin# b, t!e &ass &edia9 t!e '%blic is 'redis'osed to
believe re'orts o" t!e event.
1A. In a b%rea%crac,9 all decisions are arrived at b, a 'rocess t!at involves &an,
'eo'le. T!ere is no one 'erson !o !as t!e a%t!orit, to decide !et!er a 'ro+ect
ill 'rocess or not. As a conse0%ence9 in b%rea%cracies9 risk, 'ro+ects are never
%ndertaken.
T!e concl%sion "ollos lo#icall, "ro& t!e 're&ises i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
GMAT & LSAT CR <11
is ass%&ed-
.A/ All 'ro+ects in a b%rea%crac, re0%ire risk.
.1/ 3ecisive individ%als c!oose not to ork in a b%rea%crac,.
.C/ An individ%al !o !as decision8&akin# 'oer ill take risks.
.3/ T!e onl, risk, 'ro+ects %ndertaken are t!ose "or !ic! a sin#le individ%al
!as decision8&akin# 'oer.
.E/ Feo'le so&eti&es take risks as individ%als t!at t!e, o%ld not take as 'art o"
a #ro%'.
1B. >F!,sicalists? e('ect t!at %lti&atel, all &ental "%nctions ill be e('lainable in
ne%robiolo#ical ter&s. Ac!ievin# t!is #oal re0%ires knoled#e o" !o ne%rons
and t!eir basic "%nctions9 a knoled#e o" !o ne%rons interact9 and a delineation
o" t!e 's,c!olo#ical "ac%lties to be e('lained. At 'resent9 t!ere is a s%bstantial
a&o%nt o" "%nda&ental knoled#e abo%t t!e basic "%nctions o" ne%rons9 and t!e
sco'e and c!aracter o" s%c! 's,c!olo#ical ca'acities as vis%al 'erce'tion and
&e&or, are ell %nderstood. T!%s9 as t!e '!,sicalists clai&9 &ental "%nctions are
bo%nd to receive e('lanations in ne%robiolo#ical ter&s in t!e near "%t%re.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# indicates an error in t!e reasonin# in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e concl%sion contradicts t!e clai& o" t!e '!,sicalists.
.1/ T!e 'assa#e "ails to describe e(actl, !at is c%rrentl, knon abo%t t!e basic
"%nctions o" ne%rons.
.C/ T!e ord >ne%robiolo#ical? is %sed as t!o%#! it !ad t!e sa&e &eanin# as t!e
ord >&ental.?
.3/ T!e ar#%&ent does not indicate !et!er it o%ld be %se"%l to e('lain &ental
"%nctions in ne%robiolo#ical ter&s.
.E/ T!e 'assa#e does not indicate t!at an, knoled#e !as been ac!ieved abo%t
!o ne%rons interact.
1H. 1eca%se a lar#e dis'arit, in 'a, beteen t!e '%blic and 'rivate sectors !as
develo'ed in recent ,ears9 &an, e('erienced and e(tre&el, ca'able #overn&ent
ad&inistrators !ave 0%it t!eir 'osts and taken 'ositions in 'rivate8sector
&ana#e&ent. Govern&ent ill be able to reca't%re t!ese ca'able ad&inistrators
b, raisin# salaries to a level co&'arable to t!ose o" t!e 'rivate sector. In t!at a,9
t!e "%nctionin# o" '%blic a#encies ill be i&'roved.
T!e 'osition taken above 'res%''oses !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ E('erience #ained "ro& 'rivate8sector &ana#e&ent ill be ver, val%able in
#overn&ent ad&inistration.
.1/ T!e &ost i&'ortant "actor deter&inin# !o ell #overn&ent a#encies
"%nction is t!e a&o%nt o" e('erience t!e ad&inistrators !ave.
.C/ =nless #overn&ent action is taken9 t!e dis'arit, in 'a, beteen #overn&ent
ad&inistration and 'rivate8sector &ana#e&ent ill contin%e to increase.
GMAT & LSAT CR <15
.3/ Feo'le !o &oved "ro& +obs in #overn&ent ad&inistration to 'rivate8sector
&ana#e&ent o%ld c!oose to c!an#e careers a#ain.
.E/ I" t!e dis'arit, in 'a, beteen #overn&ent ad&inistration and 'rivate8sector
&ana#e&ent increases9 ad&inistrators ill &ove to t!e '%blic sector in
lar#e n%&bers.
5I. Folitician: :o&elessness is a serio%s social 'roble&9 b%t "%rt!er #overn&ent
s'endin# to 'rovide lo8inco&e !o%sin# is not t!e c%re "or !o&elessness. T!e
&ost c%rsor, #lance at t!e real8estate section o" an, &a+or nes'a'er is eno%#!
to s!o t!at t!ere is no lack o" !o%sin# %nits available to rent. So t!e "re0%ent
clai& t!at 'eo'le are !o&eless beca%se o" a lack o" available !o%sin# is ron#.
T!at !o&elessness is a serio%s social 'roble& "i#%res in t!e ar#%&ent in !ic!
one o" t!e "olloin# a,s-
.A/ It s%##ests an alternative 'ros'ective to t!e one ado'ted in t!e ar#%&ent.
.1/ It sets o%t a 'roble& t!e ar#%&ent is desi#ned to resolve.
.C/ It is co&'atible eit!er it! acce'tin# t!e concl%sion or it! den,in# it.
.3/ It s%&&ari)es a 'osition t!e ar#%&ent as a !ole is directed toard
discreditin#.
.E/ It is re0%ired in order to establis! t!e concl%sion.
51. Leona: I" t!e avera#e cons%&'tion o" e##s in t!e =nited States ere c%t in !al"9
an esti&ated @9III lives &i#!t be saved eac! ,ear.
T!o&as: :o can t!at be- T!at o%ld &ean t!at i" 'eo'le ado't t!is sin#le
c!an#e in diet "or ten ,ears9 t!e 'o'%lation ten ,ears "ro& no ill be #reater b,
@I9III 'eo'le t!an it ot!erise o%ld !ave been.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a state&ent t!at Leona co%ld o""er T!o&as to
clari", !er on clai& and to address t!e 'oint !e !as &ade-
.A/ It is 'ossible "or t!e 'o'%lation to #ro b, @9III 'eo'le "or ever, ,ear i" t!e
base ,ear c!osen "or '%r'oses o" co&'arison is one it! %n%s%all, lo
'o'%lation #rot!.
.1/ It is acc%rate to sa, t!at @9III lives !ave been saved as lon# as @9III 'eo'le
!o o%ld !ave died in a #iven ,ear as a res%lt o" not c!an#in# t!eir diet9
did not do so8even i" t!e, died "or so&e ot!er reason.
.C/ I" e## cons%&'tion ere red%ced b, &ore t!an !al"9 t!e esti&ated n%&ber o"
lives saved eac! ,ear co%ld be even &ore t!an @9III.
.3/ T!e act%al rate o" 'o'%lation #rot! de'ends not onl, on t!e birt! rate9 b%t
also on c!an#es in li"e e('ectanc,.
.E/ $or t!e avera#e cons%&'tion o" e##s to be c%t b, !al"9 &an, individ%al
cons%&ers o%ld !ave to c%t t!eir on cons%&'tion b, &%c! &ore t!an
!al".
55. T!e =nited States $ood and 3r%# Ad&inistration .$3A/ re#%lates t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR <1<
introd%ction o" ne t!era'e%tic a#ents into t!e &arket'lace. Conse0%entl,9 it
'la,s a critical role in i&'rovin# !ealt! care in t!e =nited States. 6!ile it is t!ose
in t!e acade&ic and #overn&ent researc! co&&%nities !o en#a#e in t!e lon#
'rocess o" initial discover, and clinical testin# o" ne t!era'e%tic a#ents9 it is t!e
$3As role and res'onsibilit, to "acilitate t!e trans"er o" ne discoveries "ro& t!e
laborator, to t!e &arket'lace. 7nl, a"ter t!e trans"er can i&'ortant ne t!era'ies
!el' 'atients.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents can be in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e $3A is res'onsible "or ens%rin# t!at an, t!era'e%tic a#ent t!at is
&arketed is t!en re#%lated.
.1/ 1e"ore ne t!era'e%tic a#ents reac! t!e &arket'lace t!e, do not !el'
'atients.
.C/ T!e researc! co&&%nit, is res'onsible "or t!e e(cessivel, lon# testin#
'eriod "or ne dr%#s9 not t!e $3A.
.3/ T!e $3A s!o%ld ork &ore closel, it! researc!ers to ens%re t!at t!e
0%alit, o" t!era'e%tic a#ents is &aintained.
.E/ I" a ne &edical discover, !as been trans"erred "ro& t!e laborator, to t!e
&arket'lace9 it ill !el' 'atients.
5<. In a ne 'ro#ra&9 a%to&obile oners in so&e nei#!bor!oods !ose cars are not
nor&all, driven beteen 1 A.M. and @ A.M. can dis'la, a s'ecial decal in t!e
cars indos and a%t!ori)e 'olice to sto' t!e cars d%rin# t!ose !o%rs to c!eck
t!e drivers licenses. T!e t!e"t rate "or cars bearin# s%c! decals is &%c! loer
t!an !ad been %s%al "or cars in t!ose nei#!bor!oods.
I" it is concl%ded "ro& t!e state&ents above t!at a%to&obile t!e"t !as been
red%ced b, t!e 'ro#ra&9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# o%ld it be &ost i&'ortant
to anser in eval%atin# t!at concl%sion-
.A/ Are oners !o are ca%tio%s eno%#! to +oin t!e 'ro#ra& takin# ot!er s'ecial
&eas%res to 'rotect t!eir cars a#ainst t!e"t-
.1/ In !o &an, nei#!bor!oods is t!e 'olice 'ro#ra& o'eratin#-
.C/ Are cars in nei#!bor!oods t!at are activel, 'artici'atin# in t!e 'ro#ra&
so&eti&es stolen d%rin# da,li#!t !o%rs-
.3/ 6ill oners !o !ave 'laced decals on t!eir cars indos b%t !o "ind it
necessar, to drive beteen 1 A.M. and @ A.M. be !arassed b, 'olice-
.E/ Are t!e nei#!bor!oods in !ic! t!e 'ro#ra& !as been '%t into e""ect a
re'resentative cross section o" nei#!bor!oods it! res'ect to t!e t,'es o"
a%to&obiles oned b, residents-
5C. It !as been clai&ed t!at an action is &orall, #ood onl, i" it bene"its anot!er
'erson and as 'er"or&ed it! t!at intentionD !ereas an action t!at !ar&s
anot!er 'erson is &orall, bad eit!er i" s%c! !ar& as intended or i" reasonable
"oret!o%#!t o%ld !ave s!on t!at t!e action as likel, to ca%se !ar&.
GMAT & LSAT CR <1C
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# +%d#&ents &ost closel, con"ir&s to t!e 'rinci'le
cited above-
.A/ Fa&ela rote a letter atte&'tin# to ca%se tro%ble beteen Edard and !is
"riendsD t!is action o" Fa&elas as &orall, bad9 even t!o%#! t!e letter9 in
"act9 !ad an e""ect directl, o''osite "ro& t!e one intended.
.1/ In order to sec%re a 'ro&otion9 Je""er, devoted !is on ti&e to resolvin# a
backlo# o" &edical bene"its clai&sD Je""re,s action as &orall, #ood since
it alone enabled Saras clai& to be 'rocessed in ti&e "or !er to receive
&%c!8needed treat&ent.
.C/ Intendin# to !el' !er elderl, nei#!bor b, clearin# !is alka, a"ter a
snostor&9 Teresa inadvertentl, le"t ice on !is ste'sD beca%se o" t!is
e('osed ice9 !er nei#!bor !ad a bad "all9 t!%s s!oin# t!at &orall, #ood
actions can !ave bad conse0%ences.
.3/ Marilees9 asked b, a !o&eless &an "or "ood9 #ave t!e &an !er on
sandic!D !oever9 beca%se t!e &an tried to talk !ile !e as eatin# t!e
sandic!9 it ca%sed !i& to c!oke9 and t!%s Marilees %nintentionall,
'er"or&ed a &orall, bad action.
.E/ Jonat!an a#reed to atc! !is t!ree8,ear8old niece !ile s!e 'la,ed b%t9
beco&in# en#rossed in conversion9 did not see !er r%n into t!e street !ere
s!e as !it b, a bic,cleD even t!o%#! !e intended no !ar&9 Jonat!ans
action as &orall, bad.
TEST 6
SECTI72 II
1. A la t!at is not consistentl, en"orced does not serve its '%r'ose. La it!o%t
en"orce&ent is not laD it is &erel, stat%teKa 'ro&ise o" la. To instit%te real
la is not &erel, to declare t!at s%c! and s%c! be!avior is "orbidden9 it is also to
'%nis! t!ose !o violate t!at edict. $%rt!er&ore9 t!ose !o en"orce la &%st
'%nis! it!o%t "avor "or t!eir "riends or &alice "or t!eir ene&ies. To '%nis! onl,
t!ose one dislike !ile "or#ivin# ot!ers is not to en"orce la b%t to en#a#e in t!e
arbitrar, and %n+%st e(ercise o" 'oer.
T!e &ain 'oint o" t!e 'assa#e is t!at instit%tin# real la consists in
.A/ t!e e(ercise o" 'oer
.1/ a%t!ori)in# t!e en"orce&ent o" '%nis!&ents
.C/ t!e %nbiased '%nis!&ent o" 'ro!ibited be!avior
.3/ %nderstandin# t!e '%r'ose o" la
.E/ clearl, de"inin# %nacce'table be!avior
GMAT & LSAT CR <1@
5. F!,siolo#ical researc! !as %ncovered dist%rbin# evidence linkin# a n%&ber o"
str%ct%ral disorders to +o##in#. A&on# t!e ail&ents see&in#l, connected it!
t!is no8'o'%lar s'ort are s'inal disk dis'lace&ents9 stress "ract%res o" t!e "eet
and ankles9 knee and !i' +oint deterioration9 and tendonitis. $%rt!er&ore9 t!ese
in+%ries do not occ%r e(cl%sivel, a&on# be#innin# r%nnersKveteran +o##ers
s%""er an e0%al 'ercenta#e o" in+%ries. 6!at t!e acc%&%latin# data s%##est is t!at
t!e !%&an anato&, is not able to it!stand t!e stresses o" +o##in#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion o" t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e link beteen +o##in# and certain str%ct%ral disorders a''ears to be a
ca%sal one.
.1/ Jo##in# ca%ses &ore serio%s disorders t!an ot!er s'orts.
.C/ T!e +o##ers level o" e('erience is a "actor deter&inin# t!e likeli!ood o" a
+o##in# in+%r,.
.3/ So&e s'orts are sa"er "or t!e !%&an bod, t!an +o##in#.
.E/ T!e !%&an s'ecies is not ver, d%rable.
<. All st%dents at Fitco&be Colle#e ere asked to label t!e&selves conservative9
liberal9 or &iddle8o"8t!e8road 'oliticall,. 7" t!e st%dents9 5@ 'ercent labeled
t!e&selves conservative9 5C 'ercent labeled t!e&selves liberal9 and @1 'ercent
labeled t!e&selves &iddle8o"8t!e8road. 6!en asked abo%t a 'artic%lar set o"
iss%es9 !oever9 AA 'ercent o" t!e st%dents endorsed !at is #enerall, re#arded as
a liberal 'osition.
tr%e-
.A/ All st%dents !o labeled t!e&selves liberal endorsed !at is #enerall,
re#arded as a liberal 'osition on t!at set o" iss%es.
.1/ More st%dents !o labeled t!e&selves &iddle8o"8t!e road t!an st%dents !o
labeled t!e&selves liberal o''osed !at is #enerall, re#arded as a liberal
'osition on t!at set o" iss%es.
.C/ T!e &a+orit, o" st%dents !o labeled t!e&selves &iddle8o"8t!e8road o''osed
!at is #enerall, re#arded as a liberal 'osition on t!at set o" iss%es.
.3/ So&e st%dents !o labeled t!e&selves conservative endorsed !at is
#enerall, re#arded as a liberal 'osition on t!at set o" iss%es.
.E/ So&e st%dents !o labeled t!e&selves liberal endorsed !at is #enerall,
re#arded as a conservative 'osition on t!at set o" iss%es.
C. Lenore: It is naive to t!ink t!at !istorical e('lanations can be ob+ective. In
eval%atin# evidence9 !istorians are ala,s in"l%enced b, t!eir national9 'olitical9
and class lo,alties.
4ictor: Still9 t!e ver, "act t!at cases o" biased t!inkin# !ave been detected and
so%rces o" bias identi"ied s!os t!at t!ere are 'eo'le !o can &aintain
ob+ectivit,.
GMAT & LSAT CR <1G
4ictors res'onse does not s%cceed as a reb%ttal o" Lenores ar#%&ent beca%se
!is res'onse
.A/ dis'la,s t!e sa&e kind o" biased t!inkin# as t!at a#ainst !ic! Lenores
ar#%&ent it directed
.1/ does not address t!e s'ecial case o" !istorians !o '%r'osel, distort
evidence in order to 'ro&ote t!eir on 'olitical ob+ectives
.C/ "ails to 'rovide e(a&'les o" cases in !ic! biased t!inkin# !as been detected
and t!e so%rce o" t!at bias identi"ied
.3/ does not consider so%rces o" bias in !istorical e('lanation ot!er t!an t!ose
t!at are d%e to national9 'olitical9 and class lo,alties
.E/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!ose !o detect and identi", bias are
t!e&selves biased in so&e a,
@. T!e &%se%&s ni#!t sec%rit, #%ard &aintains t!at t!e t!ieves !o stole t!e
'ortrait did not enter t!e &%se%& at an, 'oint at or above #ro%nd level.
T!ere"ore9 t!e t!ieves &%st !ave #ained access to t!e &%se%& "ro& belo
#ro%nd level.
T!e "laed 'attern o" reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar to t!at in
!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ T!e r%les sti'%late t!e 'artici'ants in t!e contest be +%d#ed on bot! "or& and
acc%rac,. T!e event%al inner as +%d#ed !i#!est in neit!er cate#or,9 so
t!ere &%st be a t!ird criterion t!at +%d#es ere "ree to invoke.
.1/ T!e stores co&'etitors clai& t!at t!e store in sellin# o"" t!e s!irts at t!ose
'rices9 neit!er &ade an, 'ro"it nor broke even. Conse0%entl,9 t!e stores
c%sto&ers &%st !ave been able to b%, s!irts t!ere at less t!an t!e stores
cost.
.C/ I" t!e cens%s is to be believed9 t!e 'ercenta#e o" &en !o are &arried is
!i#!er t!an t!e 'ercenta#e o" o&en !o are &arried. T!%s9 t!e cens%s
&%st s!o a !i#!er n%&ber o" &en t!an o" o&en overall.
.3/ T!e 'rod%ct label establis!es t!at t!is insecticide is sa"e "or bot! !%&ans and
'et. T!ere"ore9 t!e insecticide &%st also be sa"e "or s%c! ild &a&&als as
deer and rabbits.
.E/ As !ad #enerall, been e('ected9 not all 0%estionnaires ere sent in b, t!e
o""icial deadline. It "ollos t!at 'lans &%st !ave been &ade "or t!e
'rocessin# o" 0%estionnaires received late.
Questions &-'
:i#!8tec!nolo#, &edicine is drivin# %' t!e nations !ealt! care costs. Recent
advances in cataract s%r#er, ill%strate !, t!is is occ%rrin#. Cataracts are a &a+or
ca%se o" blindness9 es'eciall, in elderl, 'eo'le. Ten ,ears a#o9 cataract s%r#er, as
'ain"%l and not ala,s e""ective. T!anks to t!e ne tec!nolo#, %sed in cataract
s%r#er,9 t!e o'eration no restores vision dra&aticall, and is less e('ensive. T!ese
GMAT & LSAT CR <1A
to "actors !ave ca%sed t!e n%&ber o" cataract o'erations 'er"or&ed to increase
#reatl,9 !ic! !as9 in t%rn9 drive %' t!e total a&o%nt s'ent on cataract s%r#er,.
G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Ten ,ears a#o9 "e 'eo'le !ad s%ccess"%l cataract s%r#er,.
.1/ In t!e lon# r%n9 t!e advanta#es o" advanced &edical tec!nolo#, are likel, to
be o%tei#!ed b, t!e disadvanta#es.
.C/ T!e total a&o%nt s'ent on cataract s%r#er, !as increased beca%se t!e
increased n%&ber o" 'eo'le electin# to !ave t!e s%r#er, &ore t!an o""sets
t!e decrease in cost 'er o'eration.
.3/ :%#e increases in t!e nations !ealt! care costs are d%e 'ri&aril, to
increased de&and "or s%r#er, "or older 'eo'le.
.E/ Ten ,ears a#o9 cataract s%r#er, as a""ordable "or &ore 'eo'le t!an it as
last ,ear.
A. Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld s%''ort a c!allen#e to t!e a%t!ors
e('lanation o" t!e increase in t!e n%&ber o" cataract o'erations EECEFT:
.A/ T!e overall 'o'%lation o" t!e nation !as increased "ro& !at it as ten ,ears
a#o.
.1/ An, one individ%als c!ance o" develo'in# cataracts is #reater t!an it as ten
,ears a#o.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" older 'eo'le !as increased d%rin# t!e last ten ,ears.
.3/ Toda,9 !ealt! ins%rance covers cataract s%r#er, "or &ore 'eo'le t!an it did
ten ,ears a#o.
.E/ Feo'le !o !ave !ad %ns%ccess"%l cataract s%r#er, are le"t it! &ore
serio%sl, i&'aired vision t!an t!e, !ad be"ore t!e s%r#er,.
B. So&e co&'anies in "ields !ere skilled e&'lo,ees are !ard to "ind &ake si#nin#
an >a#ree&ent not to co&'ete? a condition o" e&'lo,&ent. In s%c! an a#ree&ent
t!e e&'lo,ee 'ro&ises not to #o ork "or a co&'etin# "ir& "or a set 'eriod a"ter
leavin# !is or !er c%rrent e&'lo,er. Co%rts are increasin#l, r%lin# t!at t!ese
a#ree&ents are not bindin#. *et 'arado(icall,9 "or 'eo'le !o si#ned s%c!
a#ree&ents !en orkin# "or co&'etin# "ir&s9 &an, "ir&s are %nillin# to
consider !irin# t!e& d%rin# t!e 'eriod covered b, t!e a#ree&ent.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to resolve t!e 'arado(-
.A/ Man, co&'anies ill not risk !avin# to beco&e involved in las%its9 even
s%its t!at t!e, e('ect to !ave a "avorable o%tco&e.
.1/ In so&e ind%stries9 "or e(a&'le t!e broadcast &edia9 co&'anies &ain so%rce
o" ne e&'lo,ees tends to be 'eo'le !o are alread, e&'lo,ed b,
co&'etin# "ir&s.
.C/ Most co&'anies t!at re0%ire t!eir e&'lo,ees to si#n a#ree&ents not to
co&'ete are aare t!at t!ese doc%&ents are not le#all, bindin#.
GMAT & LSAT CR <1B
.3/ Man, 'eo'le !o !ave si#ned a#ree&ents not to co&'ete are %nillin# to
rene#e on a 'ro&ise b, #oin# to ork "or a co&'etin# "ir&.
.E/ Man, co&'anied consider t!eir e&'lo,ees establis!ed relations!i's it!
clients and ot!er 'eo'le o%tside t!e co&'an, to be val%able co&'an,
assets.
H. Man, Ann: 7%r co%ntr, s!o%ld9 above all9 be stron#. Stren#t! #ains t!e res'ect o"
ot!er co%ntries and &akes a co%ntr, ad&irable.
Ine): T!ere are &an, e(a&'les in !istor, o" co%ntries t!at ere stron# b%t %sed
t!eir stren#t! to co&&it atrocities. 6e s!o%ld +%d#e a co%ntr, b, t!e &oralit, o"
its actions9 not b, its stren#t!. I" t!e actions are &orall, #ood9 t!e co%ntr, is
ad&irable.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a 'res%''osition t!at %nderlies Ine) ar#%&ent-
.A/ At least one co%ntr, is ad&irable.
.1/ Co%ntries can not be bot! stron# and &oral.
.C/ It is 'ossible to assi#n &oral ei#!t to t!e actions o" co%ntries.
.3/ T!e citi)ens o" an, co%ntr, believe t!at !atever t!eir co%ntr, does is #ood.
.E/ Co%ntries s!o%ld i&'ose t!eir standards o" &oralit, on ot!er co%ntries b,
!atever &eans necessar,.
1I. All o" Jo!ns "riends sa, t!e, kno so&eone !o !as s&oked CI ci#arettes a da,
"or t!e 'ast CI ,ears and ,et !o is reall, "it and ell. Jo!n does not kno
an,one like t!at and it is 0%ite certain t!at !e is not %ni0%e a&on# !is "riends in
t!is res'ect.
I" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 t!en !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st
also be tr%e-
.A/ S&okers o"ten lie abo%t !o &%c! t!e, s&oke.
.1/ Feo'le o"ten knoin#l, e(a##erate it!o%t intendin# to lie.
.C/ All Jo!ns "riends kno t!e sa&e li"elon# !eav, s&oker.
.3/ Most o" Jo!ns "riends are not tellin# t!e tr%t!.
.E/ So&e o" Jo!ns "riends are not tellin# t!e tr%t!.
11. $or de&ocrac, to s%rvive9 it is i&'erative t!at t!e avera#e citi)en be able to
develo' in"or&ed o'inions abo%t i&'ortant 'olic, iss%es. In toda,s societ,9 t!is
&eans t!at citi)ens &%st be able to develo' in"or&ed o'inions on &an, scienti"ic
s%b+ects9 "ro& ecos,ste&s to de"ense s,ste&. *et9 as scienti"ic knoled#e
advances9 t!e avera#e citi)en is increasin#l, %nable to absorb eno%#! in"or&ation
to develo' in"or&ed o'inions on &an, i&'ortant iss%es.
7" t!e "olloin#9 !ic! one "ollos lo#icall, "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Scientists !ave a d%t, to ed%cate t!e '%blic.
.1/ T!e s%rvival o" de&ocrac, is t!reatened b, t!e advance o" scienti"ic
knoled#e.
GMAT & LSAT CR <1H
.C/ Ever, citi)en !as a d%t, to and can beco&e scienti"icall, literate.
.3/ T!e &ost e""ective de&ocrac, is one t!at is t!e &ost scienti"icall,
%nso'!isticated.
.E/ 3e&ocrac, ill s%rvive i" t!ere are at least so&e citi)ens !o are ca'able o"
develo'in# in"or&ed o'inions on i&'ortant scienti"ic iss%es.
15. 1, datin# "ossils o" 'ollen and beetles9 !ic! ret%rned a"ter an Ice A#e #lacier
le"t an area9 it is 'ossible to establis! an a''ro(i&ate date !en a ar&er cli&ate
develo'ed. In one #lacial area9 it a''ears "ro& t!e insect record t!at a ar&
cli&ate develo'ed i&&ediatel, a"ter t!e &eltin# o" t!e #lacier. $ro& t!e 'ollen
record9 !oever9 it a''ears t!at t!e ar& cli&ate did not develo' %ntil lon# a"ter
t!e #lacier disa''eared.
Eac! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 !el's to e('lain t!e a''arent discre'anc,
EECEFT:
.A/ Cold8eat!er beetle "ossils can be &istaken "or t!ose o" beetles t!at live in
ar& cli&ates.
.1/ 6ar&8eat!er 'lants cannot establis! t!e&selves as 0%ickl, as can beetles in
a ne environ&ent.
.C/ 1eetles can s%rvive in a relativel, barren 'ost#lacial area b, scaven#in#.
.3/ Since 'lanes s'read %nevenl, in a ne cli&ate9 researc!ers can &istake #a's
in t!e 'ollen record as evidence o" no ne overall #rot!.
.E/ 1eetles are a&on# t!e oldest insect s'ecies and are &%c! older t!en &an,
ar&8eat!er 'lants.
1<. =sin# clean8coal tec!nolo#ies to >re'oer? e(istin# "actories 'ro&ises %lti&atel,
a s%bstantial red%ction o" 'oll%tin# e&issions9 and ill a""ect t!e "%ll ran#e o"
'oll%tants i&'licated in acid rain. T!e strate#, o" %sin# t!ese tec!nolo#ies co%ld
c%t s%l"%r dio(ide e&ission b, &ore t!en BI 'ercent and nitro#en o(ide e&issions
b, &ore t!an @I 'ercent. T!e e&ission o" s&aller 0%antit, o" nitro#en 'oll%tants
o%ld in t%rn red%ce t!e "or&ation o" no(io%s o)one in t!e tro'os'!ere.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents is an in"erence t!at can be dran "ro& t!e
in"or&ation #iven in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ S%l"%r dio(ide e&issions are t!e &ost dan#ero%s 'oll%tants i&'licated in
acid rain.
.1/ 2o(io%s o)one is "or&ed in "actories b, c!e&ical reactions involvin# s%l"%r
dio(ide.
.C/ Tent, 'ercent o" t!e 'resent level o" s%l"%r dio(ide e&issions in t!e
at&os'!ere is not considered a !ar&"%l level.
.3/ A s%bstantial red%ction o" 'oll%tin# e&issions ill be ac!ieved b, t!e care"%l
desi#n o" ne "actories.
.E/ T!e c!oice o" tec!nolo#ies in "actories co%ld red%ce t!e "or&ation o" no(io%s
o)one in t!e tro'os'!ere.
GMAT & LSAT CR <5I
1C. Jos!%a S&it!s ne novel as critici)ed b, t!e book editor "or T!e 3ail,
Standard as i&'la%sible. T!at criticis&9 like so &an, ot!er criticis&s "ro& t!e
sa&e so%rce in t!e 'ast9 is co&'letel, %narranted9 as an,one !o !as act%all,
read t!e novel o%ld a#ree. Eac! one o" t!e incidents in !ic! S&it!s !ero #ets
involved is t!e kind o" incident t!at co%ld ver, ell !ave !a''ened to so&eone or
ot!er.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ost serio%s error o" reasonin# in t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ It relies on t!e ass%&'tion t!at a criticis& can le#iti&atel, b, dis&issed as
%narranted i" it is o""ended b, so&eone !o !ad 'revio%sl, dis'la,ed
0%estionable +%d#&ent.
.1/ It i#nores t!e "act t!at 'eo'le can a#ree abo%t so&et!in# even t!o%#! !at
t!e, a#ree abo%t is not t!e case.
.C/ It calls into 0%estion t!e intellect%al inte#rit, o" t!e critic in order to avoid
!avin# to address t!e #ro%nds on !ic! t!e criticis& is based.
.3/ It takes "or #ranted t!at a !ole stor, ill !ave a #iven c!aracteristics i" eac!
o" its 'arts !as t!at c!aracteristics.
.E/ It atte&'ts to +%sti", its concl%sion b, citin# reasons t!at &ost 'eo'le o%ld
"ind 'la%sible onl, i" t!e, ere alread, convinced t!at t!e concl%sion as
tr%e.
1@. J. J. T!o&son9 t!e discoverer o" t!e electron and a reci'ient o" t!e 2obel Frice in
'!,sics9 trained &an, '!,sicists9 a&on# t!e& seven 2obel Frice inners9 <5
"ellos o" t!e Ro,al Societ, o" London9 and B< 'ro"essors o" '!,sics. T!is s!os
t!at t!e skills needed "or creative researc! can be ta%#!t and learned.
.A/ J. J. T!o&son as an internationall, knon '!,sicist and scientists ca&e
"ro& all over t!e orld to ork it! !i&.
.1/ All t!e scientists trained b, J. J. T!o&son ere renoned "or t!eir creative
scienti"ic researc!.
.C/ At least one o" t!e e&inent scientists trained b, J. J. T!o&son as not a
creative researc!er be"ore co&in# to st%d, it! !i&.
.3/ Creative researc! in '!,sics re0%ires researc! !abits not necessar, "or
creative researc! in ot!er "ields.
.E/ Scientists !o #o on to be t!e &ost s%ccess"%l researc!ers o"ten receive t!eir
scienti"ic ed%cation in classes ta%#!t b, renoned researc! scientists.
1G. T!e ancient Ro&ans %nderstood t!e 'rinci'les o" ater 'oer ver, ell and in
so&e o%tl,in# 'arts o" t!eir e&'ire t!e, &ade e(tensive and e(cellent %se o"
ater as an ener#, so%rces. T!is &akes it all t!e &ore strikin# t!at t!e Ro&ans
&ade do it!o%t ater 'oer in re#ions do&inated b, lar#e cities.
GMAT & LSAT CR <51
di""erence described above in t!e Ro&ans %se o" ater 'oer-
.A/ T!e ancient Ro&ans ere ade't at constr%ctin# and &aintainin# a0%ed%cts
t!at co%ld carr, 0%antities o" ater s%""icient to s%''l, lar#e cities over
considerable distances.
.1/ In t!e areas in !ic! ater 'oer as not %sed ater "lo in rivers and
strea&s as s%bstantial t!ro%#!o%t t!e ,ear b%t nevert!eless e(!ibited so&e
seasonal variation.
.C/ 6ater 'oer as relativel, v%lnerable to sabota#e b%t an, da&a#e co%ld be
0%ickl, and ine('ensivel, re'aired.
.3/ In &ost areas to !ic! t!e %se o" ater 'oer as not e(tended ot!er &ore
traditional so%rces o" ener#, contin%ed to be %sed.
.E/ In !eavil, 'o'%lated areas t!e introd%ction o" ater 'oer o%ld !ave been
certain to ca%se social %nrest b, de'rivin# lar#e n%&bers o" 'eo'le o" t!eir
liveli!ood.
1A. $ro& a book revie: T!e a%t!ors blit!el, clai& t!at t!ere are >t!ree basic a,s
to store ener#,: as !eat9 as electricit, or as kinetic ener#,.? :oever9 I cannot call
to &ind an, a""ective a,s to store ener#, as electricit,9 !ereas an, ca'able
st%dent o" '!,sics co%ld readil, s%##est a "e &ore a,s to store ener#,:
c!e&ical9 #ravitational9 n%clear.
T!e revieer &akes !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# criticis&s o" a clai& t!at a''ears
in t!e book %nder revie-
.A/ T!ere is no reason to consider an, 'artic%lar a, to store ener#, an, &ore
basic t!an an, ot!er.
.1/ T!e list #iven o" a,s to store ener#, is 'ossibl, inacc%rate and certainl, not
e(!a%stive.
.C/ It is overl, li&itin# to treat basic a,s to store ener#, as a 0%estion %nrelated
to t!e 0%estion o" e""ective a,s to %se ener#,.
.3/ 6!at needs to be considered is not !et!er vario%s a,s to store ener#, are
basic b%t !et!er t!e, are e""ective.
.E/ E(ce't 'ossibl, "or electricit,9 all a,s to store ener#, are e0%all, e""ective
and t!ere"ore e0%all, basic.
1B. T!ere is no &,ster, as to !, "i#%rative 'aintin# revived in t!e late 1HAIs.
Feo'le ant to look at reco#ni)able i&a#es. Sortin# o%t art t!eories re"lected in
abstract 'aintin#s is no s%bstit%te "or t!e sense o" e&'at!, t!at co&es "or&
lookin# at a realistic 'aintin# o" a "i#%re in a landsca'e. Fer!a's &e&bers o" t!e
art8viein# '%blic resented abstract art beca%se t!e, "elt t!at its lack o" realistic
s%b+ect &atter as a re+ection o" t!e vieers and t!eir orld.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ Abstract 'aintin#s o"ten incl%de s!a'es or "or&s t!at are s%##estive o" real
GMAT & LSAT CR <55
ob+ects or e&otions.
.1/ T!e art8viein# '%blic is!ed to see traditional s%b+ects treated in a
nontraditional &anner.
.C/ Faintin#s t!at de'ict a reco#ni)able '!,sical orld rat!er t!an t!e e&otional
orld o" t!e artists li"e re0%ire &ore artistic talent to create.
.3/ T!e #eneral '%blic is %nable to %nderstand t!e t!eories on !ic! abstract
'aintin# is based.
.E/ T!e artistic 're"erences o" t!e art8viein# '%blic sti&%lated t!e revival.
1H. 4alitanias lon#8standin# 'ractice o" 'a,in# !i#! salaries to its elected 'oliticians
!as !ad a disastro%s e""ect on t!e level o" inte#rit, a&on# 'oliticians in t!at
co%ntr,. T!is is beca%se t!e 'ros'ect o" earnin# a !i#! salar, is ala,s attractive
to an,one !ose 'ri&ar, ai& in li"e is to &ake &one,9 so t!at inevitabl, t!e
ron# 'eo'le &%st !ave been attracted into 4alitanian 'olitics: 'eo'le !o are
&ore interested in &akin# &one, t!an in servin# t!e needs o" t!e nation
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 orld eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Man, 4alitanian candidates "or elected o""ice s'end so&e o" t!eir on
&one, to "inance t!eir ca&'ai#ns.
.1/ Most 4alitanian elective o""ices !ave "o%r8,ear ter&s.
.C/ 2o &ore 'eo'le co&'ete "or elected o""ice !en o""ice!olders are 'aid ell
t!an !en t!e, are 'aid 'oorl,.
.3/ 7nl, 'oliticians !o rel, on t!eir o""ices "or inco&e tend to s%''ort 'olicies
t!at advance t!eir on sel"is! interests.
.E/ Most o" t!ose !o are c%rrentl, 4alitanian 'oliticians co%ld !ave obtained
better8'aid ork o%tside 'olitics.
Questions !0-!1
Folic, Adviser: $reedo& o" s'eec! is not onl, a basic !%&an ri#!tD it is also t!e onl,
rational 'olic, "or t!is #overn&ent to ado't. 6!en ideas are o'enl, aired9 #ood idea
"lo%ris!9 sill, 'ro'osals are easil, reco#ni)ed as s%c!9 and dan#ero%s ideas can be
res'onded to b, rational ar#%&ent. 2ot!in# is ever #ained b, "orcin# citi)ens to
disse&inate t!eir t!o%#!ts in secret.
5I. T!e 'olic, advisers &et!od o" 'ers%asion9 in reco&&endin# a 'olic, o" "ree
s'eec! to t!e #overn&ent9 is best described b, !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ a circ%lar +%sti"ication o" t!e idea o" "ree s'eec! as an idea t!at "lo%ris!es
!en "ree s'eec! is alloed
.1/ advocatin# res'ect "or basic ri#!ts o" citi)ens "or its on sake
.C/ a co%'lin# o" &oral ideals it! sel"8interest
.3/ a arnin# abo%t t!e di""ic%lt, o" s%''ressin# t!e tr%t!
.E/ a descri'tion o" an ideal sit%ation t!at cannot realisticall, be ac!ieved
GMAT & LSAT CR <5<
51. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 orld &ost stren#t!en t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Most citi)ens o%ld tolerate so&e li&its on "reedo& o" s'eec!.
.1/ 6it! or it!o%t a 'olic, o" "reedo& o" s'eec!9 #overn&ents res'ond to
dan#ero%s ideas irrationall,.
.C/ $reedo& o" reli#ion and "reedo& o" asse&bl, are also basic !%&an ri#!ts
t!at #overn&ents &%st reco#ni)e.
.3/ Govern&ents are less likel, to be overt!ron i" t!e, o'enl, ado't a 'olic,
alloin# "reedo& o" s'eec!.
.E/ Great ideas !ave "lo%ris!ed in societies t!at re'ress "ree s'eec! as o"ten as in
t!ose t!at 'er&it it.
55. T!e tr%stees o" t!e Avonbrid#e s%&&er dra&a orks!o' !ave decided to o""er
sc!olars!i's to t!e to' 1I 'ercent o" local a''licants and t!e to' 1I 'ercent o"
nonlocal a''licants as +%d#ed on t!e basis o" a 0%ali",in# a%dition. T!e, are
doin# t!is to ens%re t!at onl, t!e a''licants it! t!e &ost !i#!l, eval%ated
a%ditions are o""ered sc!olars!i's to t!e 'ro#ra&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'oints o%t !, t!e tr%stees 'lan &i#!t not be
e""ective in ac!ievin# its #oal-
.A/ T!e best actors can also a''l, "or ad&ission to anot!er 'ro#ra& and t!en not
enroll in t!e Avonbrid#e 'ro#ra&.
.1/ A%dition &aterials t!at 'rod%ce #ood res%lts "or one actor &a, disadvanta#e
anot!er9 res%ltin# in inacc%rate assess&ent.
.C/ T!e to' 1I 'ercent o" local and nonlocal a''licants &i#!t not need
sc!olars!i's to t!e Avonbrid#e 'ro#ra&.
.3/ So&e o" t!e a''licants !o are o""ered sc!olars!i's co%ld !ave less !i#!l,
eval%ated a%ditions t!an so&e o" t!e a''licants !o are not o""ered
sc!olars!i's.
.E/ 3ividin# a''licants into local and nonlocal #ro%'s is %n"air beca%se it "avors
nonlocal a''licants.
5<. 1ook Revie: 6!en I read a novel set in a cit, I kno ell9 I &%st see t!at t!e
riter knos t!e cit, as ell as I do i" I a& to take t!at riter serio%sl,. I" t!e
riter is "akin#9 I kno i&&ediatel, and do not tr%st t!e riter. 6!en a novelist
de&onstrates t!e re0%ired knoled#e9 I tr%st t!e stor, teller9 so I tr%st t!e tale.
T!is tr%st increases &, en+o,&ent o" a #ood novel. Feter Lees second novel is
set in San $rancisco9 in t!is novel9 as in !is "irst9 Lee 'asses &, test it! "l,in#
colors.
.A/ T!e book revieer en+o,s virt%all, an, novel ritten b, a novelist !o& s!e
tr%sts.
.1/ I" t!e book revieer tr%sts t!e novelist as a stor,teller9 t!e novel in 0%estion
&%st be set in a cit, t!e book revieer knos ell.
GMAT & LSAT CR <5C
.C/ Feter Lees "irst novel as set in San $rancisco.
.3/ T!e book revieer does not tr%st an, novel set in a cit, t!at s!e does not
kno ell.
.E/ T!e book revieer does not believe t!at s!e knos San $rancisco better t!an
Feter Lee does.
5C. So&eones bene"itin# "ro& !avin# done !ar& to anot!er 'erson is &orall,
+%sti"iable onl, i" t!e 'erson !o as !ar&ed kne t!at !at as done co%ld
ca%se t!at !ar& b%t consented to its bein# done an,a,.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# +%d#&ents &ost closel, con"or&s to t!e 'rinci'le above-
.A/ Atte&'tin# to avoid bein# ke't a"ter sc!ool as '%nis!&ent "or breakin# a
indo9 Sonia "alsel, clai&ed t!at !er brot!er !ad broken itD Sonias action
as &orall, %n+%sti"iable since it res%lted in bot! c!ildren bein# ke't a"ter
sc!ool "or so&et!in# onl, Sonia !ad done.
.1/ Since 2ed o%ld not !ave on t!e 'ri)e "or best &odel air'lane i" Fenn,s
brot!er !ad not inadvertentl, da&a#ed !er entr, !ile 'la,in# it! it. 2ed
is &orall, %n+%sti"ied in acce'tin# !is 'ri)e.
.C/ 6esle,9 a doctor9 'ers%ade Ma( to take 'art in a &edical e('eri&ent in !ic!
a ne dr%# as bein# tested: since 6esle, "ailed to arn Ma( abo%t t!e
serio%s side e""ects o" t!e dr%# and t!e dr%# 'roved to !ave no ot!er e""ects9
6esle, as &orall, %n+%sti"ied in %sin# t!e res%lts obtained "ro& Ma( in
!is re'ort.
.3/ 1eca%se Ro#ers &ot!er s%""ered severe co&'lications as a res%lt o"
donatin# a kidne, to !i& "or li"esavin# kidne, trans'lant9 it as &orall,
%n+%sti"iable "or Ro#er to receive t!e trans'lant9 even t!o%#! !is &ot!er9
!ersel" a doctor9 !ad been ea#er "or t!e trans'lant to be 'er"or&ed.
.E/ $or Ja&es9 !o as convicted o" !avin# de"ra%ded a lar#e n%&ber o" 'eo'le
o%t o" t!eir savin#s and rote a book abo%t !is sc!e&e !ile in 'rison9 to
be denied t!e 'ro"its "ro& !is book o%ld be &orall, %n+%sti"iable since !e
as alread, been '%nis!ed "or !is cri&e.
5@. Certain #overn&ents s%bsidi)e certain basic a#ric%lt%ral 'rod%cts in order to
#%arantee an ade0%ate do&estic 'rod%ction o" t!e&. 1%t s%bsidies enco%ra#e
&ore intensive "ar&in#9 !ic! event%all, leads to soil e(!a%stion and drasticall,
red%ced ,ields.
T!e sit%ation above is &ost nearl, si&ilar to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
sit%ations it! res'ect to t!e relations!i' beteen t!e declared intent o" a
#overn&ent 'ractice and a circ%&stance relevant to it-
.A/ Certain #overn&ents s%bsidi)e t!eaters in order to attract "orei#n to%rists.
1%t to%rists rarel, c!oose a destination "or t!e t!eatrical 'er"or&ances it !as
to o""er.
.1/ Certain #overn&ents restrict i&'orts in order to kee' do&estic 'rod%cers in
GMAT & LSAT CR <5@
b%siness. 1%t9 since do&estic 'rod%cers do not !ave to "ace t!e "%ll "orce o"
"orei#n co&'etition9 so&e do&estic 'rod%cers are able to earn inordinatel,
!i#! 'ro"its.
.C/ Certain #overn&ents b%ild stron# ar&ed "orces in order to "orestall ar&ed
con"lict9 b%t in order to &aintain t!e sort o" disci'line and &orale t!at kee's
ar&ed "orces stron#9 t!ose "orces &%st be %sed in act%al co&bat
'eriodicall,.
.3/ Certain #overn&ents red%ce ta(es on b%siness in order to sti&%late 'rivate
invest&ent. 1%t an, invest&ent is to so&e e(tent a #a&ble9 and ne
b%siness vent%res are not ala,s as s%ccess"%l as t!eir oners !o'ed.
.E/ Certain #overn&ents 'ass tra""ic las in order to &ake travel sa"er. 1%t t!e
'o'%lation8driven #rot! in vol%&es o" tra""ic o"ten !as t!e e""ect o"
&akin# travel less sa"e des'ite t!e 'assa#e o" ne tra""ic las.
SECTI72 III
1. Roses ala,s 'rovide a st%nnin# dis'la, o" color9 b%t onl, t!ose "loers t!at
s&ell seet are ort! #roin# in a #arden. So&e roses !ave no scent.
6!ic! one t!e "olloin# concl%sions can be 'ro'erl, dran "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ So&e "loers !ic! 'rovide a st%nnin# dis'la, o" color are not ort!
#roin# in a #arden.
.1/ All "loers it! no scent 'rovide a st%nnin# dis'la, o" color.
.C/ So&e "loers !ic! are ort! #roin# in a #arden !ave no scent.
.3/ So&e roses !ic! s&ell seet are not ort! #roin# in a #arden.
.E/ 2o seet8s&ellin# "loer is ort! #roin# in a #arden %nless it 'rovides a
st%nnin# dis'la, o" color.
5. T!e %se o" &one, ca%ses a civili)ation to decline. T!at t!is is tr%e is s!on b,
t!e a, t!e tro%bles o" 6estern civili)ation be#an it! t!e invention o" &one,.
6!ile real &one, .#old and silver/ is bad eno%#!9 i&itation &one, .'a'er
&one,/ is a !orror. T!e decline o" 6estern civili)ation e(actl, 'arallels t!e
increasin# %se o" &one,Kbot! real &one, and ort!less 'a'er &one,Kas a
s%bstit%te "or t!in#s o" intrinsic val%e.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 co%ld contrib%te &ost to a re"%tation o" t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Feo'le 're"er %sin# &one, to !avin# a s,ste& in !ic! #oods are bartered
"or ot!er #oods o" e0%al intrinsic val%e.
.1/ Eastern c%lt%res !ave %sed &one,9 and Eastern civili)ations !ave not
declined.
GMAT & LSAT CR <5G
.C/ T!e %se o" 'a'er &one, enco%ra#es disre#ard "or t!e val%e o" ork beca%se
t!e &one, itsel" !as no intrinsic val%e.
.3/ T!e rate o" e(c!an#e beteen #old and 'a'er &one, !as "l%ct%ated #reatl,
in 6estern civili)ation.
.E/ So&e e&'lo,ers e(c!an#e #oods "or t!eir e&'lo,ees services in order to
avoid t!e e(c!an#e o" &one,.
<. $ire ants "ro& 1ra)il no in"est t!e so%t!ern =nited States. =nlike 0%een "ire
ants in 1ra)il9 to 0%eens in t!e =nited States s!are a nest. Ants "ro& t!ese nests
are &ore a##ressive t!an t!ose "ro& sin#le80%een nests. 1, destro,in# virt%all,
all insects in t!e nest area9 t!ese a##ressive ants #ain sole access to "ood so%rces9
and t!e ant 'o'%lation sk,rockets. Since certain 'redator insects in 1ra)il li&it
t!e "ire8ant 'o'%lation t!ere9 i&'ortin# s%c! 'redator insects into t!e =nited
States o%ld be o" overall bene"it to t!e environ&ent b, sto''in# t!e increase o"
t!e "ire8ant 'o'%lation in t!e =nited States.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion &ade in t!e ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ T!e i&'orted insects o%ld not 'rove &ore da&a#in# to t!e environ&ent in
t!e =nited States t!an are t!e "ire ants t!e&selves.
.1/ T!e 'redator insects "ro& 1ra)il co%ld s%rvive in t!e ecolo#ical environ&ent
"o%nd in t!e =nited States.
.C/ T!e es'eciall, a##ressive "ire ants "ro& t!e to80%een nests o%ld not be
able to destro, t!e 1ra)ilian 'redator insects.
.3/ T!e 'redator insects o%ld sto' t!e increase o" t!e ant 'o'%lation be"ore t!e
ants s'read to states t!at are "art!er nort!.
.E/ T!e rate o" increase o" t!e "ire8ant 'o'%lation o%ld not e(ceed t!e rate at
!ic! t!e 'redator insects co%ld kill t!e ants.
C. In an atte&'t to co%nter co&'laints t!at a certain 'esticide is 'otentiall,
!a)ardo%s to !%&ans i" absorbed into edible 'lants9 t!e 'esticide &an%"act%rer
!as advertised t!at >o%nce "or o%nce9 t!e active in#redient in t!is 'esticide is less
to(ic t!an t!e active in#redient in &o%t!as!.?
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 indicates a eakness in t!e &an%"act%rers
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e o%nce8"or8o%nce to(icit, o" t!e active in#redient in &o%t!as! is less
t!an t!at o" &ost 'rod%cts &eant "or e(ternal %se b, !%&ans9 s%c! as nail
'olis! or ot!er cos&etics.
.1/ T!e 0%antit, o" to(ins !%&ans in#est b, cons%&in# 'lants treated it! t!e
'esticide is9 on avera#e9 &%c! !i#!er t!an t!e 0%antit, o" to(ins !%&ans
in#est b, %sin# &o%t!as!.
.C/ T!e container in !ic! t!e 'esticide is 'acka#ed clearl, identi"ies t!e to(ic
in#redients and carries arnin#s abo%t t!eir 'otential dan#er to !%&ans.
.3/ 7n avera#e9 t!e to(ins 'resent in t!e 'esticide take lon#er t!an t!e to(ins
GMAT & LSAT CR <5A
'resent in &o%t!as! to reac! !ar&"%l levels in t!e !%&an bod,.
.E/ Since t!e #overn&ent be#an to re#%late t!e 'esticide ind%str, over ten ,ears
a#o9 t!ere !as been a #roin# aareness o" t!e dan#ers o" to(ins %sed in
'esticides.
Questions 5-&
$o%r rando&l, c!osen &arket researc! co&'anies eac! 'rod%ced 'o'%lation
esti&ated "or t!ree &iddle8si)ed citiesD t!e esti&ates o" eac! co&'an, ere t!en
co&'ared it! t!ose o" t!e ot!er co&'anies. To o" t!e cities !ad relativel, stable
'o'%lations9 and "or t!e& esti&ates o" c%rrent 'o'%lation and o" 'ro+ected 'o'%lation
in "ive ,ears varied little "ro& co&'an, to co&'an,. :oever9 "or t!e t!ird cit,9
!ic! as #roin# ra'idl,9 esti&ates varied #reatl, "ro& co&'an, to co&'an,.
@. T!e 'assa#e 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ It is &ore di""ic%lt to esti&ate t!e 'o'%lation o" &iddle8si)ed cities t!an o"
s&aller cities.
.1/ Fo'%lation esti&ates "or ra'idl, #roin# cities can be acc%rate eno%#! to be
%se"%l "or &arketin#.
.C/ T!e rate o" c!an#e in 'o'%lation o" ra'idl, #roin# cities does not "l%ct%ate.
.3/ T!e &arket researc! co&'anies are likel, to be e0%all, reliable in esti&atin#
t!e 'o'%lation o" stable cities.
.E/ Esti&ates o" cit,s "%t%re 'o'%lation are likel, to be &ore acc%rate t!an are
esti&ates o" t!at cit,s c%rrent 'o'%lation.
G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best !el' e('lain !, esti&ates o" t!e
c%rrent 'o'%lation o" t!e ra'idl, #roin# cit, varied &ore t!an did c%rrent
'o'%lation esti&ates "or t!e to ot!er cities-
.A/ Fo'%lation c!an#es over ti&e are &ore %ni"or& "ro& one district to anot!er
in t!e ra'idl, #roin# cit, t!an in t!e to ot!er cities.
.1/ T!e 'o'%lation o" t!e ra'idl, #roin# cit, is increasin# lar#el, as a res%lt o"
a !i#! birt! rate.
.C/ T!e 'o'%lation o" t!e ra'idl, #roin# cit, !as a loer avera#e a#e t!an t!e
'o'%lations o" eit!er o" t!e to ot!er cities.
.3/ All 'o'%lation esti&ates o" t!e ra'idl, #roin# cit, ere 'rod%ced "irst b,
esti&atin# t!e c%rrent 'o'%lations o" t!e cit,s districts and t!en b, addin#
t!ose esti&ates.
.E/ 6!ereas t!e co&'anies %sed di""erent &et!ods "or esti&atin# t!e c%rrent
'o'%lation o" t!e ra'idl, #roin# cit,9 t!e co&'anies %sed t!e sa&e &et!od
"or t!e to ot!er cities.
A. :ead in+%r, is t!e &ost serio%s t,'e o" in+%r, s%stained in &otorc,cle accidents.
T!e avera#e cost to ta('a,ers "or &edical care "or non!el&eted &otorc,cle8
accident victi&s is tice t!at "or t!eir !el&eted co%nter'arts. J%risdictions t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR <5B
!ave enacted &otorc,cle8!el&et las !ave red%ced t!e incidence and severit, o"
accident8related !ead in+%ries9 t!ereb, red%cin# t!e cost to ta('a,ers. T!ere"ore9
to ac!ieve si&ilar cost red%ctions9 ot!er +%risdictions s!o%ld enact &otorc,cle8
!el&et las. $or t!e sa&e reason +%risdictions s!o%ld also re0%ire !el&ets "or
!orseback riders9 since !orseback8ridin# accidents are even &ore likel, to ca%se
serio%s !ead in+%r, t!an &otorc,cle accidents are.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion %'on !ic! t!e a%t!ors concl%sion
concernin# !el&ets "or !orseback riders de'end-
.A/ Medical care "or victi&s o" !orseback8ridin# accidents is "inancial drain on
ta( "%nds.
.1/ T!e !i#!er rate o" serio%s !ead in+%r, s%""ered b, victi&s o" !orseback8
ridin# accidents is d%e to t!e di""erence in si)e beteen !orses and
&otorc,cles.
.C/ T!e &edical costs associated it! treatin# !ead in+%ries are !i#!er t!an t!ose
"or ot!er t,'es o" in+%r,.
.3/ Most "atalities res%ltin# "ro& !orseback8ridin# and &otorc,cle accidents
co%ld !ave been 'revented i" t!e victi&s !ad been earin# !el&ets.
.E/ 6!en decidin# !et!er to enact !el&et las "or &otorc,clists and !orseback
riders9 t!e +%risdictions 'ri&ar, concerns is t!e sa"et, o" its citi)ens.
B. T!e senator !as lon# !eld to t!e #eneral 'rinci'le t!at no tr%e ork o" art is
obscene9 and t!%s t!at t!ere is no con"lict beteen t!e need to enco%ra#e "ree
artistic e('ression and t!e need to 'rotect t!e sensibilities o" t!e '%blic "ro&
obscenit,. 6!en ell8knon orks #enerall, vieed as obscene are cited as
'ossible co%ntere(a&'les9 t!e senator +%sti"ies acce'tin# t!e 'rinci'le b, sa,in#
t!at i" t!ese orks reall, are obscene t!en t!e, cannot be orks o" art.
T!e senators reasonin# contains !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# errors-
.A/ It seeks to 'ers%ade b, e&otional rat!er t!an intellect%al &eans.
.1/ It contains an i&'licit contradiction.
.C/ It relies on an assertion o" t!e senators a%t!orit,.
.3/ It ass%&es !at it seeks to establis!.
.E/ It atte&'ts to +%sti", a 'osition b, a''eal to an irrelevant consideration.
H. =ntil !e as dis&issed a&id #reat controvers,9 :astin#s as considered one o"
t!e #reatest intelli#ence a#ents o" all ti&e. It is clear t!at i" !is dis&issal as
+%sti"ied9 t!en :astin#s as eit!er inco&'etent or else dislo,al. Soon a"ter t!e
dis&issal9 !oever9 it as s!on t!at !e !ad never been inco&'etent. T!%s9 one
is "orced to concl%de t!at :astin#s &%st !ave been dislo,al.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# states an ass%&'tion %'on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent
de'ends-
.A/ :astin#ss dis&issal as +%sti"ied.
.1/ :astin#s as a !i#!8rankin# intelli#ence o""icer.
GMAT & LSAT CR <5H
.C/ T!e dis&issal o" an,one !o as dislo,al o%ld be +%sti"ied.
.3/ An,one !ose dis&issal as +%sti"ied as dislo,al.
.E/ I" so&eone as dislo,al or inco&'etent9 t!en !is dis&issal as +%sti"ied.
1I. An,one !o "ails to anser a 'atients 0%estions cannot be a co&'etent
'!,sician. T!at is !, I "eel con"ident abo%t &, '!,sicians co&'etence: s!e
care"%ll, ansers ever, one o" &, 0%estions9 no &atter !o trivial.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost closel, 'arallels t!e "laed reasonin# in t!e
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ An,one !o #ros %' in a lar#e "a&il, is acc%sto&ed to &akin#
co&'ro&ises. Meredit! is acc%sto&ed to &akin# co&'ro&ises9 so s!e
&i#!t !ave #ron %' in a lar#e "a&il,.
.1/ An,one !o is not in "avor o" t!is 'ro'osal is ill in"or&ed on t!e iss%e.
Jeanne o''oses t!e 'ro'osal9 so s!e is ill in"or&ed on t!e iss%e.
.C/ 2o one !o likes &%sic &isses a 'er"or&ance o" t!e s,&'!on,. Fa%l likes
&%sic9 ,et last eek !e &issed a 'er"or&ance o" t!e s,&'!on,.
.3/ An,one !o orks to or &ore +obs is %nable to "ind a balance beteen
'ro"essional and 'ersonal li"e. Ma##ie !as onl, one +ob9 so s!e can "ind a
balance beteen !er 'ro"essional and 'ersonal li"e.
.E/ 2o one !o is !ot8te&'ered and stron#8illed ill s%cceed in t!is b%siness.
Jere&, is stron#8illed9 so !e ill not s%cceed in t!is b%siness.
11. T!e ann%al Jo%rnal "or F%blication9 !ic! o"ten solicits articles9 '%blis!es onl,
t!ose articles t!at are bot! s%b&itted be"ore Marc! G and ritten b, certi"ied
's,c!oanal,sts9 Stevens9 !o '%blis!es "re0%entl, in 's,c!oanal,tic literat%re9
s%b&itted an article to t!e Jo%rnal be"ore Marc! G. T!is article as acce'ted "or
'%blication in t!e Jo%rnal.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions "ollos lo#icall, "ro& t!e state&ent
above-
.A/ Stevens is a 's,c!oanal,st.
.1/ T!e "ournal "re0%entl, acce'ts Stevens articles.
.C/ Stevens is an a%t!orit, on a lar#e n%&ber o" to'ics in 's,c!oanal,sis.
.3/ T!e "ournal asked Stevens to rite an article.
.E/ Stevens recentl, acce'ted article ill be interestin# to "ournal readers.
Questions 1!-13
Ar#%in# t!at t!ere as no trade beteen E%ro'e and East Asia in t!e earl, Middle
A#es beca%se t!ere are no ritten records o" s%c! trade is like ar#%in# t!at t!e ,eti9 an
a'elike creat%re s%''osedl, e(istin# in t!e :i&ala,as9 does not e(ist beca%se t!ere
!ave been no scienti"icall, con"ir&ed si#!tin#s. A veri"iable si#!tin# o" t!e ,eti o%ld
'rove t!at t!e creat%re does e(ist9 b%t t!e absence o" si#!tin#s cannot 'rove t!at it
does not.
GMAT & LSAT CR <<I
15. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best e('resses t!e 'oint o" t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Evidence "or t!e e(istence o" trade beteen E%ro'e and East Asia in t!e
earl, Middle A#es is9 like evidence "or t!e e(istence o" t!e ,eti9 not
scienti"icall, con"ir&ed.
.1/ In order to 'rove t!at in t!e earl, Middle A#es t!ere as trade beteen
E%ro'e and East Asia it is necessar, to "ind bot! Asian and E%ro'ean
evidence t!at s%c! trade e(isted.
.C/ T!at trade beteen E%ro'e and East Asia did not e(ist in t!e earl, Middle
A#es cannot be establis!ed si&'l, b, t!e absence o" a certain sort o"
evidence t!at t!is trade e(isted.
.3/ T!e vie t!at t!ere as trade beteen E%ro'e and East Asia in t!e earl,
Middle A#es can onl, be dis'roved b, s!oin# t!at no re"erences to t!is
trade e(ist in s%rvivin# records.
.E/ T!ere is no &ore evidence t!at trade beteen E%ro'e and East Asia e(isted
in t!e earl, Middle A#es t!an t!ere is t!at t!e ,eti e(ists.
1<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# considerations9 i" tr%e9 best co%nters t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Most o" t!e evidence "or t!e e(istence o" trade beteen E%ro'e and East
Asia in t!e earl, Middle A#es is arc!aeolo#ical and t!ere"ore does not rel,
on ritten records.
.1/ Alt!o%#! ritten records o" trade in East Asia in t!e earl, Middle A#es
s%rvived9 t!ere are al&ost no E%ro'e doc%&ents "ro& t!at 'eriod t!at
&ention trade at all.
.C/ An, trade beteen E%ro'e and East Asia in t!e earl, Middle A#es o%ld
necessaril, !ave been o" ver, lo vol%&e and o%ld !ave involved !i#!8
'riced ite&s9 s%c! as 'recio%s &etals and silk.
.3/ T!ere !ave been no con"ir&ed si#!tin#s o" t!e ,eti9 b%t t!ere is indirect
evidence9 s%c! as "oot'rints9 !ic! i" it is acce'ted as a%t!entic o%ld
establis! t!e ,etis e(istence.
.E/ T!ere are s%rvivin# E%ro'ean and East Asian ritten records "ro& t!e earl,
Middle A#es t!at do not &ention trade beteen t!e to re#ions b%t o%ld
!ave been ver, likel, to do so i" t!is trade !ad e(isted.
1C. 6!en t!e econo&, is in a recession9 overall de&and "or #oods and services is
lo. I" overall de&and "or #oods and services is lo9 bank interest rates are also
lo. T!ere"ore9 i" bank interest rates are not lo9 t!e econo&, is not in a
recession.
T!e reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost closel, 'arallels t!e reasonin#
.A/ I" t!e resta%rant is "%ll9 t!e 'arkin# lot ill be "%ll9 and i" t!e 'arkin# lot is
"%ll9 t!e resta%rant is "%ll9 so i" t!e 'arkin# lot is not "%ll9 t!e resta%rant is not
"%ll.
GMAT & LSAT CR <<1
.1/ I" t!e "is! is read,9 it is cooked all t!e a, t!ro%#!9 and i" it is cooked
t!ro%#! it ill be !ite9 so i" t!e "is! is not !ite9 it is not read,.
.C/ I" 'terodact,ls "le b, "la''in# t!eir in#s9 t!e, &%st !ave been ar&8
blooded9 so i" t!e, ere cold8blooded9 t!e, &%st !ave "lon onl, b,
#lidin#9 i" t!e, "le at all.
.3/ I" ,o% ant to '%t in 'leats9 ,o% ill !ave to do%ble t!e a&o%nt o" &aterial
"or t!e skirt9 and t!at &eans ,o% ill !ave none le"t "or t!e to'9 so i" ,o% '%t
in 'leats ,o% ill not be able to &ake t!e to'.
.E/ I" econo&ic "orecasters are ri#!t9 t!ere ill be in"lation9 and i" t!ere is
in"lation9 t!e #overnin# 'art, ill lose t!e election9 so i" it does lose t!e
election9 t!e econo&ic "orecasters ere ri#!t.
1@. Tent, ,ears a#o t!e Re'%blic o" Rosinia 'rod%ced nearl, 1II &illion tons o"
'otatoes9 b%t last ,ear t!e !arvest barel, reac!ed GI &illion tons. A#ric%lt%ral
researc!ers9 !o !ave "ailed to develo' ne !i#!er ,ieldin# strains o" 'otatoes9
are to bla&e "or t!is decrease9 since t!e, !ave been concerned onl, it! t!eir
on researc! and not it! t!e needs o" Rosinia.
.A/ An, c%rrent atte&'ts b, a#ric%lt%ral researc!ers to develo' !i#!er8,ieldin#
'otato strains are "%tile.
.1/ Strains o" 'otatoes &ost co&&onl, #ron in Rosinia co%ld not !ave
'rod%ced t!e ,ields last ,ear t!at t!e, once did.
.C/ A#ric%lt%ral researc!ers o"ten "ind concrete sol%tions to 'ractical 'roble&s
!en investi#atin# see&in#l, %nrelated 0%estions.
.3/ 6ide "l%ct%ations in t!e si)e o" t!e 'otato cro' over a tent,8,ear 'eriod are
not %n%s%al.
.E/ A#ric%lt%ral researc! in Rosinia is "%nded b, #overn&ent #rants.
1G. An ancient Favonian te(t describes !o an ar&, o" one &illion ene&ies o"
Favonia sto''ed to drink at a certain lake and drank t!e lake dr,. Recentl,9
arc!aeolo#ists discovered t!at ater8based li"e as s%ddenl, absent +%st a"ter t!e
event as alle#ed b, t!e te(t to !ave occ%rred. 7n t!e basis o" readin# t!e te(t
and an acco%nt o" t!e arc!aeolo#ical evidence9 so&e st%dents concl%ded t!at t!e
events described reall, took 'lace.
6!en one o" t!e "olloin# is a 0%estionable tec!ni0%e %sed b, t!e st%dents to
reac! t!eir concl%sion-
.A/ &akin# a #enerali)ation abo%t !istorical events on t!e basis o" a sin#le
instance o" t!at t,'e o" event
.1/ i#norin# available9 'otentiall, %se"%l co%nterevidence
.C/ re+ectin# a !,'ot!esis beca%se it is see&in#l, sel"8contradictor,
.3/ considerin# 'eo'le and locations !ose e(istence cannot be s%bstantiated b,
&odern !istorians
GMAT & LSAT CR <<5
.E/ takin# evidence t!at a te(t !as correctl, described an e""ect to s!o t!at t!e
te(t !as correctl, described t!e ca%se
1A. Sa&'les "ro& t!e "loor o" a rock s!elter in Fenns,lvania ere dated b, anal,)in#
t!e carbon t!e, contained. T!e dates assi#ned to sa&'les associated it! !%&an
activities "or&ed a consistent series9 be#innin# it! t!e 'resent and #oin# back in
ti&e9 a series t!at as correlated it! t!e de't! "ro& !ic! t!e sa&'les ca&e.
T!e oldest and dee'est sa&'le as dated at 1H9G@I ,ears be"ore t!e 'resent9 'l%s
or &in%s 59CII ,ears. Ske'tic9 viein# t!at date as too earl, and inconsistent it!
t!e acce'ted date o" !%&an &i#ration into 2ort! A&erica9 s%##ested t!at t!e
sa&'les co%ld !ave been conta&inated b, dissolved >old carbon? carried b,
'ercolatin# #ro%ndater "ro& nearb, coal de'osits.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# considerations9 i" tr%e9 ar#%es &ost stron#l, a#ainst
t!e s%##estion o" t!e ske'tics-
.A/ 2o likel, &ec!anis& o" conta&ination involvin# 'ercolatin# #ro%ndater
o%ld !ave a""ected t!e dee'er sa&'les "ro& t!e site it!o%t a""ectin# t!e
%''er&ost sa&'le.
.1/ 2ot ever, a''lication o" t!e carbon8datin# 'roced%re !as led to res%lts t!at
!ave been #enerall, acce'table to scientists.
.C/ T!ere is no evidence t!at 'eo'le ere %sin# coal "or "%el at an, ti&e !en
t!e dee'est la,er &i#!t !ave been laid don.
.3/ 2o sa&'le in t!e series9 !en retested b, t!e carbon8datin# 'roced%re9 as
assi#ned an earlier date t!an t!at assi#ned to a sa&'le "ro& a la,er above it.
.E/ 2o 2ort! A&erican site besides t!e one in Fenns,lvania !as ever ,ielded a
sa&'le to !ic! t!e carbon8datin# 'roced%re assi#ned a date t!at as
co&'arabl, ancient.
1B. T!ose in"l%enced b, &odern 6estern science take it "or #ranted t!at a #en%ine
belie" in astrolo#, is 'roo" o" a cred%lo%s and %nscienti"ic &ind. *et9 in t!e 'ast9
'eo'le o" indis'%table intellect%al and scienti"ic brilliance acce'ted astrolo#, as a
"act. T!ere"ore9 t!ere is no scienti"ic basis "or re+ectin# astrolo#,.
T!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
#ro%nds-
.A/ A belie" can be consistent it! t!e available evidence and acce'ted scienti"ic
t!eories at one ti&e b%t not it! t!e acce'ted evidence and t!eories o" a
later ti&e.
.1/ Since it is controversial !et!er astrolo#, !as a scienti"ic basis9 an,
ar#%&ent t!at atte&'ts to 'rove t!at it !as ill be s'ecio%s.
.C/ Alt!o%#! t!e concl%sion is intended to !old in all c%lt%res9 t!e evidence
advanced in its s%''ort is dran onl, "ro& t!ose c%lt%res stron#l,
in"l%enced b, &odern 6estern science.
.3/ T!e i&'licit ass%&'tion t!at all 'ractitioners o" 6estern science believe in
GMAT & LSAT CR <<<
astrolo#, is "alse.
.E/ T!e "act t!at t!ere &i#!t be le#iti&ate nonscienti"ic reasons "or re+ectin#
astrolo#, !as been overlooked.
1H. A&, McConnell is considerin# r%nnin# "or election a#ainst t!e inc%&bent9
Gre#or, L%t). I" L%t) !as a lar#e ca&'ai#n "%nd9 t!en !e is alread, "ar a!ead9 and
McConnell ill not r%n a#ainst !i&. I" L%t) does not !ave a lar#e ca&'ai#n "%nd9
McConnell ill scr%tini)e L%t)s record "or an, !ints o" scandal t!at s!e co%ld
%se a#ainst !i&. An,t!in# o" a scandalo%s nat%re o%ld increase McConnells
c!ances o" innin#9 and s!e o%ld ca&'ai#n "or election. I" L%t) !as a clean
record9 !oever9 McConnell ill not r%n a#ainst !i&.
Given t!e in"or&ation in t!e 'assa#e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st be "alse-
.A/ L%t) does not !ave a lar#e ca&'ai#n "%nd9 and McConnell does not r%n
a#ainst !i&.
.1/ L%t)s record contains ite&s t!at o%ld increase McConnells c!ances o"
innin#9 and s!e r%ns a#ainst !i&.
.C/ L%t)s record contains scandalo%s ite&s9 and McConnell does not r%n a#ainst
!i&.
.3/ L%t)s record contains not!in# t!at o%ld increase McConnells c!ances o"
innin#9 and s!e r%ns a#ainst !i&.
.E/ L%t) !as a lar#e ca&'ai#n "%nd9 and McConnell does not r%n a#ainst !i&.
5I. Fs,c!ot!era', !as been described as a "or& o" &oral coercion. :oever9 !en
'eo'le are coerced9 t!eir abilit, to &ake c!oices is restricted9 and t!e #oal o"
's,c!ot!era', is to en!ance 'eo'les abilit, to &ake c!oices. :ence9
's,c!ot!era', cannot 'ossibl, be a "or& o" coercion.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# describes a "la in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e 'osition bein# ar#%ed a#ainst is rede"ined %n"airl, in order to &ake it an
easier tar#et.
.1/ Fs,c!ot!era', is %n"airl, critici)ed "or !avin# a sin#le #oal9 rat!er t!an
!avin# &an, co&'le( #oals.
.C/ 2o alloance is &ade "or t!e "act t!at t!e 'ractice or res%lts o"
's,c!ot!era', &i#!t r%n co%nter to its #oals.
.3/ T!e #oals o" 's,c!ot!era', are taken to +%sti", an, &eans t!at are %sed to
ac!ieve t!ose #oals.
.E/ It o""ers no ar#%&ent to s!o t!at &oral coercion is ala,s %ndesirable.
51. Joel: A &,t! is a narrative told to conve, a co&&%nit,s traditional isdo&.
M,t!s are not #enerall, told in t!e &odern orld beca%se t!ere are no lon#er
bodies o" #enerall, acce'ted tr%t!s t!at can be conve,ed in t!is a,.
Giselle: 7" co%rse t!ere are &,t!s in t!e &odern orld. $or e(a&'le9 t!ere is t!e
&,t! o" t!e &ac!ine: e see t!e !%&an bod, as a &ac!ine9 to be "i(ed b,
GMAT & LSAT CR <<C
&endin# de"ective 'arts. T!is &a, not be a narrative9 b%t !at &edicall, trained
s'ecialist can den, t!e e(istence o" t!at &,t!-
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, c!aracteri)es Giselles res'onse to
Joels state&ent-
.A/ It o""ers a scienti"ic e('lanation to a 'roble& o" literar, t!eor,.
.1/ It 'oints o%t a eakness in Joels 'osition b, advancin# an analo#o%s
'osition.
.C/ It is based on an %ns%''orted distinction beteen traditional societies and t!e
&odern orld.
.3/ It ass%&es t!at Joel is &edicall, trained s'ecialist.
.E/ It o""ers a co%ntere(a&'le t!at calls into 0%estion 'art o" Joels de"inition o"
&,t!.
55. T!e tr%e scienti"ic si#ni"icance o" a #ro%' o" %n%s%al "ossils discovered b, t!e
'aleontolo#ist C!arles 6alcott is &ore likel, to be re"lected in a recent
classi"ication t!an it as in 6alcotts on classi"ication. 6alcott as9 a"ter all9 a
'ro&inent &e&ber o" t!e scienti"ic establis!&ent. :is classi"ications are t!%s
%nlikel, to !ave done an,t!in# b%t con"ir& !at establis!ed science !ad alread,
taken to be tr%e.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes a 0%estionable tec!ni0%e
%sed in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It dras concl%sions abo%t t!e &erit o" a 'osition and abo%t t!e content o"
t!at 'osition "ro& evidence abo%t t!e 'ositions so%rce.
.1/ It cites to 'ieces o" evidence9 eac! o" !ic! is bot! 0%estionable and
%nveri"iable9 and %ses t!is evidence to s%''ort its concl%sions.
.C/ It bases a concl%sion on to 're&ises t!at contradict eac! ot!er and
&ini&i)es t!is contradiction b, t!e va#%eness o" t!e ter&s e&'lo,ed.
.3/ It atte&'ts to establis! t!e validit, o" a clai&9 !ic! is ot!erise
%ns%''orted9 b, den,in# t!e tr%t! o" t!e o''osite o" t!at clai&.
.E/ It anal,)es t!e 'ast on t!e basis o" social and 'olitical cate#ories t!at
'ro'erl, a''l, onl, to t!e 'resent and %ses t!e res%lts o" t!is anal,sis to
s%''ort its concl%sion.
5<. Ant!on,: It !as been establis!ed t!at over BI 'ercent o" t!ose !o %se !eroin
!ave a !istor, o" !avin# %sed &ari+%ana. S%c! evidence o%ld see& to 'rove t!at
s&okin# &ari+%ana de"initel, leads to !eroin %se.
J%dit!: Ma,be s&okin# &ari+%ana does lead to !eroin %se9 b%t it is abs%rd to
t!inks t!at citin# t!ose statistics 'roves t!at it does. A"ter all9 1II 'ercent o" t!e
'eo'le !o take %' !eroin !ad a 'revio%s !istor, o" drinkin# ater.
J%dit!s re'l, to Ant!on,s ar#%&ent relies on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ar#%&entative strate#ies-
.A/ o""erin# evidence s%##estin# t!at t!e statistics Ant!on, cites in s%''ort o"
GMAT & LSAT CR <<@
!is concl%sion are inacc%rate
.1/ %nder&inin# t!e credibilit, o" !is concl%sion b, s!oin# t!at it is a
state&ent "ro& !ic! abs%rd conse0%ences can be derived
.C/ 'rovidin# an e(a&'le to s!o t!at not ever,t!in# t!at 'ro&otes !eroin %se is
%nsa"e
.3/ de&onstratin# t!at Ant!on,s line o" reasonin# is "laed b, s!oin# s%c!
reasonin# can lead to clearl, "alse concl%sions
.E/ callin# into 0%estion t!e 'ossibilit, o" ever establis!in# ca%sal connections
solel, on t!e basis o" statistical evidence
5C. R%&ored declines in a%to&obile8ind%str, reven%es are e(a##erated. It is tr%e t!at
a%to&obile &an%"act%res s!are o" t!e ind%str,s reven%es "ell "ro& G@ 'ercent
to ,ears a#o to @I 'ercent toda,9 b%t over t!e sa&e 'eriod s%''liers o"
a%to&obile 'arts !ad t!eir s!are increase "ro& 1@ 'ercent to 5I 'ercent and
service co&'anies ."or e(a&'le9 distrib%tors9 dealers9 and re'airers/ !ad t!eir
s!are increase "ro& 5I 'ercent to <I 'ercent.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best indicates !, t!e statistics #iven above 'rovide
b, t!e&selves no evidence "or t!e concl%sion t!e, are intended to s%''ort-
.A/ T!e 'ossibilit, is le"t o'en t!at t!e statistics "or &an%"act%res s!are o"
reven%es co&e "ro& a di""erent so%rce t!an t!e ot!er statistics.
.1/ 2o &atter !at c!an#es t!e a%to&obile ind%str,s overall reven%es %nder#o9
t!e total o" all s!ares o" t!ese reven%es &%st be 1II 'ercent.
.C/ 2o e('lanation is #iven "or !, t!e reven%e s!ares o" di""erent sectors o" t!e
ind%str, c!an#ed.
.3/ Man%"act%res and 'arts co&'anies de'end "or t!eir reven%e on dealers
s%ccess in sellin# cars.
.E/ Reven%es are an i&'ortant "actor b%t are not t!e onl, "actor in deter&inin#
'ro"its.
Questions !5-!&
Fro'osals "or e(tendin# t!e =nited States sc!ool ,ear to brin# it &ore in line it! its
E%ro'ean and Ja'anese co%nter'arts are o"ten &et it! t!e ob+ection t!at c%rtailin#
t!e sc!ools t!ree8&ont! s%&&er vacation o%ld violate an establis!ed =nited States
tradition datin# "ro& t!e nineteent! cent%r,. :oever9 t!is ob+ection &isses its &ark.
Tr%e9 in t!e nineteent! cent%r,9 t!e &a+orit, o" sc!ools closed "or t!ree &ont!s ever,
s%&&er9 b%t onl, beca%se t!e, ere in r%ral areas !ere s%ccess"%l !arvests
de'ended on c!ildren labor. I" an, 'olic, co%ld be +%sti"ied b, t!ose a''ears to
tradition9 it o%ld be t!e 'olic, o" deter&inin# t!e len#t! o" t!e sc!ool ,ear accordin#
to t!e needs o" t!e econo&,.
5@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" acce'ted9 o%ld 'rovide t!e stron#est
+%sti"ication "or t!e concl%sion-
GMAT & LSAT CR <<G
.A/ T!at a #iven social 'olic, !as traditionall, been in "orce +%sti"ies &aintainin#
t!at 'olic, onl, i" doin# so does not con"lict it! &ore 'ressin# social
needs.
.1/ A''eals to its on traditions cannot e(c%se a co%ntr, "ro& t!e obli#ation to
brin# its 'ractices in line it! t!e le#iti&ate e('ectations o" t!e rest o" t!e
orld.
.C/ 1eca%se a''eals to tradition o"ten serve to &ask t!e real interests at iss%e9
s%c! a''eals s!o%ld be disre#arded.
.3/ Traditional 'rinci'les s!o%ld be discarded !en t!e, no lon#er serve t!e
needs o" t!e econo&,.
.E/ T!e act%al tradition e&bodied in a #iven 'ractice can be acc%ratel, identi"ied
onl, b, re"erence to t!e reasons t!at ori#inall, 'ro&'ted t!at 'ractice.
5G. T!e ar#%&ent co%nters t!e ob+ection b,
.A/ 'rovidin# evidence to s!o t!at t!e ob+ection relies on a &is%nderstandin#
abo%t t!e a&o%nt o" ti&e eac! ,ear =nited States sc!ools traditionall, !ave
been closed
.1/ callin# into 0%estion t!e relevance o" in"or&ation abo%t !istorical 'ractices to
c%rrent dis'%tes abo%t 'ro'osed social c!an#e
.C/ ar#%in# "or an alternative %nderstandin# o" t!e nat%re o" t!e =nited States
tradition re#ardin# t!e len#t! o" t!e sc!ool ,ear
.3/ s!oin# t!at t!ose !o o''ose e(tendin# t!e sc!ool ,ear !ave no #en%ine
concern "or tradition
.E/ de&onstratin# t!at tradition +%sti"ies brin#in# t!e =nited States sc!ool ,ear in
line it! t!at o" t!e rest o" t!e ind%striali)ed orld
TEST 7
SECTI72 I
1. 1e"ore t!e 'rintin# 'ress9 books co%ld be '%rc!ased onl, in e('ensive &an%scri't
co'ies. T!e 'rintin# 'ress 'rod%ced books t!at ere si#ni"icantl, less e('ensive
t!an t!e &an%scri't editions. T!e '%blics de&and "or 'rinted books in t!e "irst
,ears a"ter t!e invention o" t!e 'rintin# 'ress as &an, ti&es #reater t!an
de&and !ad been "or &an%scri't co'ies. T!is increase de&onstrates t!at t!ere
as a dra&atic +%&' in t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le !o learned !o to read in t!e
,ears a"ter '%blis!ers "irst started 'rod%cin# books on t!e 'rintin# 'ress.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 casts do%bt on t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 3%rin# t!e "irst ,ears a"ter t!e invention o" t!e 'rintin# 'ress9 letter ritin#
GMAT & LSAT CR <<A
b, 'eo'le !o rote it!o%t t!e assistance o" scribes or clerks e(!ibited a
dra&atic increase.
.1/ 1ooks 'rod%ced on t!e 'rintin# 'ress are o"ten "o%nd it! ritten co&&ents
in t!e &ar#ins in t!e !andritin# o" t!e 'eo'le !o oned t!e books.
.C/ In t!e "irst ,ears a"ter t!e 'rintin# 'ress as invented9 'rinted books ere
'%rc!ased 'ri&aril, b, 'eo'le !o !ad ala,s bo%#!t and read e('ensive
&an%scri'ts b%t co%ld a""ord a #reater n%&ber o" 'rinted books "or t!e sa&e
&one,.
.3/ 1ooks t!at ere 'rinted on t!e 'rintin# 'ress in t!e "irst ,ears a"ter its
invention o"ten circ%lated a&on# "riends in in"or&al readin# cl%bs or
libraries.
.E/ T!e "irst 'rinted books '%blis!ed a"ter t!e invention o" t!e 'rintin# 'ress
o%ld !ave been %seless to illiterate 'eo'le9 since t!e books !ad virt%all, no
ill%strations.
5. 1eve(9 an arti"icial seetener %sed onl, in so"t drinks9 is carcino#enic "or &ice9
b%t onl, !en it is cons%&ed in ver, lar#e 0%antities. To in#est an a&o%nt o"
1eve( e0%ivalent to t!e a&o%nt "ed to t!e &ice in t!e relevant st%dies9 a 'erson
o%ld !ave to drink 5@ cans o" 1eve(8seetened so"t drinks 'er da,. $or t!at
reason9 1eve( is in "act sa"e "or 'eo'le.
In order "or t!e concl%sion t!at 1eve( is sa"e "or 'eo'le to be 'ro'erl, dran9
!ic! o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e-
.A/ Cancer "ro& carcino#enic s%bstances develo's &ore slol, in &ice t!an it
does in 'eo'le.
.1/ I" all "ood additives t!at are c%rrentl, %sed in "oods ere tested9 so&e o%ld
be "o%nd to be carcino#enic "or &ice.
.C/ Feo'le drink "eer t!an 5@ cans o" 1eve(8seetened soda 'er da,.
.3/ Feo'le can obtain i&'ortant !ealt! bene"its b, controllin# t!eir ei#!t
t!ro%#! t!e %se o" arti"iciall, seetened so"t drinks.
.E/ So&e o" t!e st%dies done on 1eve( ere not relevant to t!e 0%estion o"
!et!er or not 1eve( is carcino#enic "or 'eo'le.
<. :arr,: Airlines !ave &ade it 'ossible "or an,one to travel aro%nd t!e orld in
&%c! less ti&e t!an as "or&erl, 'ossible.
J%dit!: T!at is not tr%e. Man, "li#!ts are too e('ensive "or all b%t t!e ric!.
J%dit!s res'onse s!os t!at s!e inter'rets :arr,s state&ent to i&'l, t!at
.A/ t!e &a+orit, o" 'eo'le are ric!
.1/ ever,one !as an e0%al ri#!t to e('erience orld travel
.C/ orld travel is onl, 'ossible via ro%tes serviced b, airlines
.3/ &ost "or&s o" orld travel are not a""ordable "or &ost 'eo'le
.E/ an,one can a""ord to travel lon# distances b, air
GMAT & LSAT CR <<B
C. 2%tritionists !ave reco&&ended t!at 'eo'le eat &ore "iber. Advertise&ents "or a
ne "iber8s%''le&ent 'ill state onl, t!at it contains >CC 'ercent "iber?.
T!e advertisin# clai& is &isleadin# in its selection o" in"or&ation on !ic! to
"oc%s i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is tr%e-
.A/ T!ere are ot!er 'rod%cts on t!e &arket t!at are advertised as 'rovidin# "iber
as a dietar, s%''le&ent.
.1/ 2%tritionists base t!eir reco&&endation on &edical "indin#s t!at dietar,
"iber 'rotects a#ainst so&e kinds o" cancer.
.C/ It is 'ossible to beco&e addicted to so&e kinds o" advertised 'ills9 s%c! as
slee'in# 'ills and 'ainkillers.
.3/ T!e label o" t!e advertised 'rod%ct reco&&ends takin# < 'ills ever, da,.
.E/ T!e reco&&ended dail, intake o" "iber is 5I to <I #ra&s9 and t!e 'ill
contains one8t!ird #ra&.
@. Man, environ&entalists !ave %r#ed environ&ental aareness on cons%&ers9
sa,in# t!at i" e acce't &oral res'onsibilit, "or o%r e""ects on t!e environ&ent9
t!en 'rod%cts t!at directl, or indirectl, !ar& t!e environ&ent o%#!t to be
avoided. =n"ort%natel, it is %s%all, i&'ossible "or cons%&ers to assess t!e
environ&ental i&'act o" a 'rod%ct9 and t!%s i&'ossible "or t!e& to conscio%sl,
restrict t!eir '%rc!ases to environ&entall, beni#n 'rod%cts. 1eca%se o" t!is
i&'ossibilit, t!ere can be no &oral d%t, to c!oose 'rod%cts in t!e a, t!ese
environ&entalists %r#e9 since;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les 'rovides t!e &ost a''ro'riate co&'letion
"or t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ a &oral d%t, to 'er"or& an action is never based solel, on t!e e""ects t!e
action ill !ave on ot!er 'eo'le
.1/ a 'erson cannot 'ossibl, !ave a &oral d%t, to do !at !e or s!e is %nable to
do
.C/ &oral considerations s!o%ld not be t!e sole deter&inants o" !at 'rod%cts
are &ade available to cons%&ers
.3/ t!e &orall, ri#!t action is ala,s t!e one !ose e""ects 'rod%ce t!e least
total !ar&
.E/ !ere a &oral d%t, e(ists9 it s%'ersedes an, le#al d%t, and an, ot!er kind o"
d%t,
G. Advertise&ent: An,one !o e(ercises knos "ro& "irst!and e('erience t!at
e(ercise leads to better 'er"or&ance o" s%c! '!,sical or#ans as t!e !eart and
l%n#s9 as ell as to i&'rove&ent in &%scle tone. And since ,o%r brain is a
'!,sical or#an9 ,o%r actions can i&'rove its 'er"or&ance9 too. Act no.
S%bscribe to Sti&%l%s: read t!e &a#a)ine t!at e(ercises ,o%r brain.
T!e Advertise&ent e&'lo,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative
strate#ies-
GMAT & LSAT CR <<H
.A/ It cites e('eri&ental evidence t!at s%bscribin# to t!e 'rod%ct bein#
advertised !as desirable conse0%ences.
.1/ It ridic%les 'eo'le !o do not s%bscribe to /ti,ulus b, s%##estin# t!at t!e,
do not believe t!at e(ercise ill i&'rove brain ca'acit,.
.C/ It e('lains t!e 'rocess b, !ic! t!e 'rod%ct bein# advertised brin#s abo%t
t!e res%lt clai&ed "or its %se.
.3/ It s%''orts its reco&&endation b, a care"%l anal,sis o" t!e conce't o"
e(ercise.
.E/ It i&'lies t!at brains and &%scle are si&ilar in one res'ect beca%se t!e, are
si&ilar in anot!er res'ect.
Questions '- 8
Co!erent sol%tions "or t!e 'roble& o" red%cin# !ealt!8care costs cannot be "o%nd
it!in t!e c%rrent 'iece&eal .done9 &ade9 or acco&'lis!ed 'iece b, 'iece or in a
"ra#&entar, a, S'iece&eal re"or&s in t!e s,ste&S/ s,ste& o" 'a,in# t!ese costs.
T!e reason is t!at t!is s,ste& #ives !ealt!8care 'roviders and ins%rers ever, incentive
to s!i"t9 !erever 'ossible9 t!e costs o" treatin# illness onto eac! ot!er or an, ot!er
'art,9 incl%din# t!e 'atient. T!at clearl, is t!e lesson o" t!e vario%s re"or&s o" t!e
1HBIs: '%s! in on one 'art o" t!is 'liable s'endin# balloon and an e0%all, e('ensive
b%l#e 'o's %' else!ere. $or e(a&'le9 !en t!e #overn&ent !ealt!8care ins%rance
'ro#ra& "or t!e 'oor c%t costs b, disalloin# 'a,&ents "or so&e visits to '!,sicians9
'atients it! advanced illness later 'resented t!e&selves at !os'ital e&er#enc, roo&s
in increased n%&bers.
A. T!e ar#%&ent 'roceeds b,
.A/ s!oin# t!at s!i"tin# costs onto t!e 'atient contradicts t!e 're&ise o" !ealt!8
care rei&b%rse&ent
.1/ attrib%tin# it!o%t +%sti"ication "ra%d%lent intent to 'eo'le
.C/ e&'lo,in# an analo#, to c!aracteri)e interrelations!i's
.3/ den,in# t!e 'ossibilit, o" a sol%tion b, dis'ara#in# eac! 'ossible alternative
s,ste&
.E/ de&onstratin# t!at coo'eration is "easible b, citin# an instance
B. T!e ar#%&ent 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ =nder t!e conditions in !ic! t!e c%rrent s,ste& o'erates9 t!e overall
vol%&e o" !ealt!8care costs co%ld be s!r%nk9 i" at all9 onl, b, a
co&'re!ensive a''roac!.
.1/ Relative to t!e reso%rces available "or !ealt!8care "%ndin#9 t!e inco&e o" t!e
!i#!er8'aid !ealt!8care 'ro"essionals is too !i#!.
.C/ :ealt!8care costs are e('andin# to &eet additional "%nds t!at !ave been
&ade available "or t!e&.
.3/ Advances in &edical tec!nolo#, !ave raised t!e e('ected standards o"
GMAT & LSAT CR <CI
&edical care b%t !ave 'roved e('ensive.
.E/ Since %n"illed !os'ital beds contrib%te to over!ead c!ar#es on eac! 'atients
bill9 it o%ld be %nise to !old %n%sed !os'ital ca'acit, in reserve "or
lar#e8scale e&er#encies.
H. T!e co&&ercial nes &edia e&'!asi)e e(ce'tional events s%c! as air'lane
cras!es at t!e e('ense o" t!ose s%c! as a%to&obile accidents9 !ic! occ%r "ar
&ore "re0%entl, and re'resent a "ar #reater risk to t!e '%blic. *et t!e '%blic tends
to inter'ret t!e de#ree o" e&'!asis t!e nes &edia #ive to t!ese occ%rrences as
indicatin# t!e de#ree o" risk t!e, re'resent.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is &ore
.A/ Frint &edia9 s%c! as nes'a'ers and &a#a)ines9 are a better so%rce o"
in"or&ation t!an are broadcast &edia.
.1/ T!e e&'!asis #iven in t!e co&&ercial nes &edia to &a+or catastro'!es is
dictated b, t!e '%blics taste "or t!e e(traordinar,.
.C/ Events over !ic! 'eo'le "eel t!e, !ave no control are #enerall, 'erceived
as &ore dan#ero%s t!an t!ose !ic! 'eo'le "eel t!e, can avert or avoid.
.3/ 6!ere co&&ercial nes &edia constit%te t!e do&inant so%rce o"
in"or&ation9 '%blic 'erce'tion o" risk does not re"lect act%al risk.
.E/ A &assive o%tbreak o" c!olera ill be covered &ore e(tensivel, b, t!e nes
&edia t!an ill t!e occ%rrence o" a rarer b%t less serio%s disease.
1I. A lar#e #ro%' o" !,'eractive c!ildren !ose re#%lar diets incl%ded "ood
containin# lar#e a&o%nts o" additives as observed b, researc!ers trained to
assess t!e 'resence or absence o" be!avior 'roble&s. T!e c!ildren ere t!en
'laced on a lo8additive diet "or several eeks9 a"ter !ic! t!e, ere observed
a#ain. 7ri#inall, nearl, GI 'ercent o" t!e c!ildren e(!ibited be!avior 'roble&sD
a"ter t!e c!an#e in diet9 onl, <I 'ercent did so. 7n t!e basis o" t!ese data9 it can
be concl%ded t!at "ood additives can contrib%te to be!avior 'roble&s in
!,'eractive c!ildren.
T!e evidence cited "ails to establis! t!e concl%sion beca%se
.A/ t!ere is no evidence t!at t!e red%ction in be!avior 'roble&s as
'ro'ortionate to t!e red%ction in "ood8additive intake
.1/ t!ere is no a, to kno !at c!an#es o%ld !ave occ%rred it!o%t t!e
c!an#e o" diet9 since onl, c!ildren !o c!an#ed to a lo8additive diet ere
st%died
.C/ e(actl, !o &an, c!ildren e(!ibited be!avior 'roble&s a"ter t!e c!an#e in
diet cannot be deter&ined9 since t!e si)e o" t!e #ro%' st%died is not
'recisel, #iven
.3/ t!ere is no evidence t!at t!e be!avior o" so&e o" t!e c!ildren as %na""ected
b, additives
GMAT & LSAT CR <C1
.E/ t!e evidence is consistent it! t!e clai& t!at so&e c!ildren e(!ibit &ore
"re0%ent be!avior 'roble&s a"ter bein# on t!e lo8additive diet t!an t!e,
!ad e(!ibited !en "irst observed
11. In 1HHI &a+or en#ine re'airs ere 'er"or&ed on 1I 'ercent o" t!e cars t!at !ad
been b%ilt b, t!e 2ational Motor Co&'an, in t!e 1HAIs and t!at ere still
re#istered. :oever9 t!e corres'ondin# "i#%re "or t!e cars t!at t!e 2ational Motor
Co&'an, !ad &an%"act%red in t!e 1HGIs as onl, "ive 'ercent.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain t!e discre'anc,-
.A/ Govern&ent &otor ve!icle re#%lations #enerall, re0%ire all cars9 !et!er old
or ne9 to be ins'ected "or e&ission levels 'rior to re#istration.
.1/ 7ners o" ne cars tend to drive t!eir cars &ore care"%ll, t!an do oners o"
old cars.
.C/ T!e older a car is9 t!e &ore likel, it is to be discarded "or scra' rat!er t!an
re'aired !en &a+or en#ine ork is needed to kee' t!e car in o'eration.
.3/ T!e cars t!at t!e 2ational Motor Co&'an, b%ilt in t!e 1HAIs incor'orated
si&'li"ied en#ine desi#ns t!at &ade t!e en#ines less co&'licated t!an t!ose
o" earlier &odels.
.E/ Man, o" t!e re'airs t!at ere 'er"or&ed on t!e cars t!at t!e 2ational Motor
Co&'an, b%ilt in t!e 1HGIs co%ld !ave been avoided i" 'eriodic ro%tine
&aintenance !ad been 'er"or&ed.
15. 2o &at!e&atician toda, o%ld "latl, re"%se to acce't t!e res%lts o" an enor&o%s
co&'%tation as an ade0%ate de&onstration o" t!e tr%t! o" a t!eore&. In 1HAG9
!oever9 t!is as not t!e case. So&e &at!e&aticians at t!at ti&e re"%sed to
acce't t!e res%lts o" a co&'le( co&'%ter de&onstration o" a ver, si&'le &a''in#
t!eore&. Alt!o%#! so&e &at!e&aticians still !old a stron# belie" t!at a si&'le
t!eore& o%#!t to !ave a s!ort9 si&'le 'roo"9 in "act9 so&e si&'le t!eore&s !ave
re0%ired enor&o%s 'roo"s.
also be tr%e-
.A/ Toda,9 so&e &at!e&aticians !o believe t!at a si&'le t!eore& o%#!t to
!ave a si&'le 'roo" o%ld consider acce'tin# t!e res%lts o" an enor&o%s
co&'%tation as a de&onstration o" t!e tr%t! o" a t!eore&.
.1/ So&e individ%als !o believe t!at a si&'le t!eore& o%#!t to !ave a si&'le
'roo" are not &at!e&aticians.
.C/ Toda,9 so&e individ%als !o re"%se to acce't t!e res%lts o" an enor&o%s
co&'%tation as a de&onstration o" t!e tr%t! o" a t!eore& believe t!at a
si&'le t!eore& o%#!t to !ave a si&'le 'roo".
.3/ So&e individ%als !o do not believe t!at a si&'le t!eore& o%#!t to !ave a
si&'le 'roo" o%ld not be illin# to acce't t!e res%lts o" an enor&o%s
co&'%tation as 'roo" o" a co&'le( t!eore&.
GMAT & LSAT CR <C5
.E/ So&e non&at!e&aticians do not believe t!at a si&'le t!eore& o%#!t to !ave
a si&'le 'roo".
1<. I" ,o% cli&b &o%ntains9 ,o% ill not live to a ri'e old a#e. 1%t ,o% ill be bored
%nless ,o% cli&b &o%ntains. T!ere"ore9 i" ,o% live to a ri'e old a#e ,o% ill !ave
been bored.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# &ost closel, 'arallels t!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ents
above-
.A/ I" ,o% do not tr, to si&9 ,o% ill not learn !o to si&. 1%t ,o% ill not
be sa"e in boats i" ,o% do not learn !o to si&. T!ere"ore9 ,o% &%st tr, to
si&.
.1/ I" ,o% do not 'la, #ol"9 ,o% ill not en+o, t!e eekend. 1%t ,o% ill be tired
ne(t eek %nless ,o% rela( d%rin# t!e eekend. T!ere"ore9 to en+o, t!e
eekend9 ,o% ill !ave to rela( b, 'la,in# #ol".
.C/ I" ,o% ork "or ,o%r candidate9 ,o% ill not i&'rove ,o%r #%itar 'la,in#.
1%t ,o% ill ne#lect ,o%r civic d%t, %nless ,o% ork "or ,o%r candidate.
T!ere"ore9 i" ,o% i&'rove ,o%r #%itar 'la,in#9 ,o% ill !ave ne#lected ,o%r
civic d%t,.
.3/ I" ,o% do not train9 ,o% ill not be a #ood at!lete. 1%t ,o% ill beco&e
e(!a%sted easil, %nless ,o% train. T!ere"ore9 i" ,o% train9 ,o% ill not !ave
beco&e e(!a%sted easil,.
.E/ I" ,o% s'end all o" ,o%r &one,9 ,o% ill not beco&e ealt!,. 1%t ,o% ill
beco&e !%n#r, %nless ,o% s'end all o" ,o%r &one,. T!ere"ore9 i" ,o%
beco&e ealt!,9 ,o% ill not beco&e !%n#r,.
1C. Marine biolo#ists !ad !,'ot!esi)ed t!at lobsters ke't to#et!er in lobster tra's eat
one anot!er in res'onse to !%n#er. Feriodic c!eckin# o" lobster tra's9 !oever9
!as revealed instances o" lobsters s!arin# tra's to#et!er "or eeks. Ei#!t lobsters
even s!ared one tra' to#et!er "or to &ont!s it!o%t eatin# one anot!er. T!e
&arine biolo#ists !,'ot!esis9 t!ere"ore9 is clearl, ron#.
T!e ar#%&ent a#ainst t!e &arine biolo#ists !,'ot!esis is based on !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ Lobsters not ca%#!t in lobster tra's !ave been observed eatin# one anot!er.
.1/ To &ont!s is t!e lon#est knon 'eriod d%rin# !ic! ei#!t or &ore lobsters
!ave been tra''ed to#et!er.
.C/ It is %n%s%al to "ind as &an, as ei#!t lobsters ca%#!t to#et!er in one sin#le
tra'.
.3/ Me&bers o" ot!er &arine s'ecies so&eti&es eat t!eir on kind !en no
ot!er "ood so%rces are available.
.E/ An, "ood t!at t!e ei#!t lobsters in t!e tra' &i#!t !ave obtained as not
eno%#! to ard o"" !%n#er.
1@. Ei#!t ,ears a#o !%ntin# as banned in Green"ield Co%nt, on t!e #ro%nds t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR <C<
!%ntin# endan#ers '%blic sa"et,. 2o t!e deer 'o'%lation in t!e co%nt, is si(
ti&es !at it as be"ore t!e ban. 3eer are invadin# residential areas9 da&a#in#
'ro'ert, and ca%sin# &otor ve!icle accidents t!at res%lt in serio%s in+%r, to
&otorists. Since t!ere ere never an, !%ntin#8related in+%ries in t!e co%nt,9
clearl, t!e ban as not onl, %nnecessar, b%t !as created a dan#er to '%blic sa"et,
t!at o%ld not ot!erise e(ist.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e stron#est additional s%''ort "or
t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ In s%rro%ndin# co%nties9 !ere !%ntin# is 'er&itted9 t!e si)e o" t!e deer
'o'%lation !as not increased in t!e last ei#!t ,ears.
.1/ Motor ve!icle accidents involvin# deer o"ten res%lt in da&a#e to t!e ve!icle9
in+%r, to t!e &otorist9 or bot!.
.C/ 6!en deer 'o'%lations increase be,ond o'ti&al si)e9 disease and
&aln%trition beco&e &ore ides'read a&on# t!e deer !erds.
.3/ In residential areas in t!e co%nt,9 &an, residents 'rovide "ood and salt "or
deer.
.E/ 3eer can ca%se e(tensive da&a#e to orna&ental s!r%bs and trees b, c!ein#
on ti#s and sa'lin#s.
1G. Co&ets do not #ive o"" t!eir on li#!t b%t re"lect li#!t "ro& ot!er so%rces9 s%c!
as t!e S%n. Scientists esti&ate t!e &ass o" co&ets b, t!eir bri#!tness: t!e #reater
a co&ets &ass9 t!e &ore li#!t t!at co&et ill re"lect. A satellite 'robe9 !oever9
!as revealed t!at t!e &aterial o" !ic! :alle,s co&et is co&'osed re"lects GI
ti&es less li#!t 'er %nit o" &ass t!an !ad been 'revio%sl, t!o%#!t.
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 #ive t!e &ost s%''ort to !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ So&e co&ets are co&'osed o" &aterial t!at re"lects GI ti&es &ore li#!t 'er
%nit o" &ass t!an t!e &aterial o" !ic! :alle,s co&et is co&'osed.
.1/ Frevio%s esti&ates o" t!e &ass o" :alle,s co&et !ic! ere base on its
bri#!tness ere too lo.
.C/ T!e total a&o%nt o" li#!t re"lected "ro& :alle,s co&et is less t!an scientists
!ad 'revio%sl, t!o%#!t.
.3/ T!e re"lective 'ro'erties o" t!e &aterial o" !ic! co&ets are co&'osed var,
considerabl, "ro& co&et to co&et.
.E/ Scientists need &ore in"or&ation be"ore t!e, can &ake a #ood esti&ate o"
t!e &ass o" :alle,s co&et.
1A. 7""ice &ana#er: I ill not order rec,cled 'a'er "or t!is o""ice. 7%r letters to
clients &%st &ake a #ood i&'ression9 so e cannot 'rint t!e& on in"erior 'a'er.
Stationer, s%''lier: rec,cled 'a'er is not necessaril, in"erior. In "act9 "ro& t!e
be#innin#9 t!e "inest 'a'er !as been &ade o" rec,cled &aterial. It as onl, in t!e
1B@Is t!at 'a'er be#an to be &ade "ro& ood "iber9 and t!en onl, beca%se t!ere
GMAT & LSAT CR <CC
ere no lon#er eno%#! ra#s to &eet t!e de&and "or 'a'er.
In !ic! o" t!e "olloin# a,s does t!e stationers res'onse "ail to address t!e
o""ice &ana#ers ob+ection to rec,cled 'a'er-
.A/ It does not reco#ni)e t!at t!e o""ice &ana#ers 're+%dice a#ainst rec,cled
'a'er ste&s "ro& i#norance.
.1/ It %ses irrelevant "acts to +%sti", a clai& abo%t t!e 0%alit, o" t!e dis'%ted
'rod%ct.
.C/ It ass%&es t!at t!e o""ice &ana#er is concerned abo%t environ&ental iss%es.
.3/ It 'res%''oses t!at t!e o""ice &ana#er %nderstands t!e basic tec!nolo#, o"
'a'er &an%"act%rin#.
.E/ It i#nores t!e o""ice &ana#ers le#iti&ate concern abo%t 0%alit,.
Question 18-19
6!en Alicia Green borroed a nei#!bors car it!o%t 'er&ission9 t!e 'olice &erel,
#ave !er a arnin#. :oever9 !en Feter $oster did t!e sa&e t!in#9 !e as c!ar#ed
it! a%to&obile t!e"t. Feter ca&e to t!e attention o" t!e 'olice beca%se t!e car !e as
drivin# as !it b, a s'eedin# ta(i. Alicia as sto''ed beca%se t!e car s!e as drivin#
!ad de"ective tailli#!ts. It is tr%e t!at t!e car Feter took #ot da&a#ed and t!e car Alicia
took did not9 b%t since it as t!e ta(i t!at ca%sed t!e da&a#e t!is di""erence as not
d%e to an, di""erence in t!e bla&eort!iness o" t!eir be!avior. T!ere"ore9 Alicia
s!o%ld also !ave been c!ar#ed it! a%to&obile t!e"t.
1B. T!e state&ent t!at t!e car Feter took #ot da&a#ed and t!e car Alicia took did not
'la,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# roles in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It 'resents a reason t!at directl, s%''orts t!e concl%sion.
.1/ It +%sti"ies t!e di""erence in t!e act%al o%tco&e in t!e to cases.
.C/ It de&onstrates aareness o" a "act on !ic! a 'ossible ob+ection &i#!t be
based.
.3/ It ill%strates a #eneral 'rinci'le on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent relies.
.E/ It s%&&ari)es a 'osition a#ainst !ic! t!e ar#%&ent is directed.
1H. I" all o" t!e clai&s o""ered in s%''ort o" t!e concl%sion are acc%rate9 eac! o" t!e
"olloin# co%ld be tr%e EECEFT:
.A/ T!e interests o" +%stice o%ld !ave been better served i" t!e 'olice !ad
released Feter $oster it! a arnin#.
.1/ Alicia Green !ad never be"ore driven a car belon#in# to so&eone else
it!o%t "irst sec%rin# t!e oners 'er&ission.
.C/ Feter $oster as !it b, t!e ta(i !ile !e as r%nnin# a red li#!t9 !ereas
Alicia Green drove it! e(tra care to avoid drain# t!e attention o" t!e
'olice to t!e car s!e !ad taken.
.3/ Alicia Green barel, &issed !ittin# a 'edestrian !en s!e s'ed t!ro%#! a red
li#!t ten &in%tes be"ore s!e as sto''ed b, t!e 'olice "or drivin# a car t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR <C@
!ad de"ective tailli#!ts.
.E/ Feter $oster !ad been cited "or s'eedin# tice in t!e 'recedin# &ont!9
!ereas Alicia Green !ad never been cited "or a tra""ic violation.
5I. Accordin# to so%rces !o can be e('ected to kno9 3r. Maria Es'osito is #oin#
to r%n in t!e &a,oral election. 1%t i" 3r. Es'osito r%ns9 Jero&e Mras&an ill
certainl, not r%n a#ainst !er. T!ere"ore 3r. Es'osito ill be t!e onl, candidate in
t!e election.
T!e "laed reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above &ost closel, 'arallels t!at in !ic!
one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Accordin# to its &ana#e&ent9 1rons Stores ill &ove ne(t ,ear. 6it!o%t
1rons bein# 'resent9 no ne lar#e store can be attracted to t!e donton
area. T!ere"ore t!e donton area ill no lon#er be viable as a s!o''in#
district.
.1/ T!e 'ress release sa,s t!at t!e rock #ro%' Rollercoaster is 'la,in# a concert
on Sat%rda,. It ont be 'la,in# on $rida, i" it 'la,s on Sat%rda,. So
Sat%rda, ill be t!e onl, da, t!is eek on !ic! Rollercoaster ill
'er"or&.
.C/ Jos!%a sa,s t!e interviein# 'anel as i&'ressed b, Maril,n. 1%t i" t!e,
ere i&'ressed b, Maril,n9 t!e, 'robabl, t!o%#!t less o" Sven. Jos!%a is
'robabl, ri#!t9 and so Sven ill 'robabl, not #et t!e +ob.
.3/ An in"or&ant sa,s t!at R%sti&ann as involved in t!e bank robber,9 I"
R%sti&ann as involved9 Jones as certainl, not involved. Since t!ese to
are t!e onl, 'eo'le !o co%ld !ave been involved. R%sti&ann is t!e onl,
'erson t!e 'olice need to arrest.
.E/ T!e revie said t!at t!is book is t!e best one "or be#inners at 'ro#ra&&in#.
I" t!is book is t!e best9 t!at ot!er one cant be as #ood. So t!is one is t!e
book e s!o%ld b%,.
51. T!e initial ca%ses o" serio%s accidents at n%clear 'oer 'lants !ave not so "ar
been "las in t!e advanced8tec!nolo#, 'ortion o" t!e 'lants. Rat!er9 t!e initial
ca%ses !ave been attrib%ted to !%&an error9 as !en a orker at t!e 1rons Mills
reactor in t!e =nited States dro''ed a candle and started a "ire9 or to "las in t!e
'l%&bin#9 e(e&'li"ied in a recent incident in Ja'an. S%c! ever,da, events cannot
be t!o%#!t %nlikel, to occ%r over t!e lon# r%n.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e state&ents above-
.A/ 2o t!at n%clear 'oer #eneration !as beco&e a 'art o" ever,da, li"e9 an
ever8increasin# ,earl, incidence o" serio%s accidents at 'lants can be
e('ected.
.1/ I" n%clear 'oer 'lants contin%e in o'eration9 a serio%s accident at s%c! a
'lant is not i&'robable.
.C/ T!e likeli!ood o" !%&an error at t!e o'eratin# consoles o" n%clear 'oer
GMAT & LSAT CR <CG
#enerators cannot be lessened b, t!o%#!t"%l desi#n o" dials9 sitc!es9 and
dis'la,s.
.3/ T!e desi#n o" n%clear 'oer 'lants atte&'ts to co&'ensate "or 'ossible
"ail%res o" t!e &aterials %sed in t!eir constr%ction.
.E/ 2o serio%s accident ill be ca%sed in t!e "%t%re b, so&e "la in t!e
advanced8tec!nolo#, 'ortion o" a n%clear 'oer 'lant.
55. T!ere is a ides'read belie" t!at 'eo'le can 'redict i&'endin# eart!0%akes "ro&
%n%s%al ani&al be!avior. Ske'tics clai& t!at t!is belie" is based on selective
coincidence: 'eo'le !ose do#s be!aved oddl, +%st be"ore an eart!0%ake ill be
es'eciall, likel, to re&e&ber t!at "act. At an, #iven ti&e9 t!e ske'tics sa,9 so&e
o" t!e orlds do#s ill be be!avin# oddl,.
Clari"ication o" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# iss%es o%ld be &ost i&'ortant to an
eval%ation o" t!e ske'tics 'osition-
.A/ 6!ic! is lar#er9 t!e n%&ber o" ske'tics or t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le !o believe
t!at ani&al be!avior can "ores!ado eart!0%akes-
.1/ Are t!ere &eans ot!er t!an t!e observation o" ani&al be!avior t!at
nonscientists can %se to 'redict eart!0%akes-
.C/ Are t!ere ani&als abo%t !ose be!avior 'eo'le kno too little to be able to
distin#%is! %n%s%al "ro& ever,da, be!avior-
.3/ Are t!e sorts o" be!avior s%''osedl, 'redictive o" eart!0%akes as
'rono%nced in do#s as t!e, are in ot!er ani&als-
.E/ Is t!e ani&al be!avior s%''osedl, 'redictive o" eart!0%akes s'eci"ic to
i&'endin# eart!0%akes or can it be an, kind o" %n%s%al be!avior-
5<. 3e"endants !o can a""ord e('ensive 'rivate de"ense la,ers !ave a loer
conviction rate t!an t!ose !o rel, on co%rt8a''ointed '%blic de"enders. T!is
e('lains !, cri&inals !o co&&it l%crative cri&es like e&be))le&ent or
insider tradin# are &ore s%ccess"%l at avoidin# conviction t!an are street
cri&inals.
T!e e('lanation o""ered above o%ld be &ore 'ers%asive i" !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# ere tr%e-
.A/ Man, street cri&es9 s%c! as dr%# dealin#9 are e(tre&el, l%crative and t!ose
co&&ittin# t!e& can a""ord e('ensive 'rivate la,ers.
.1/ Most 'rosec%tors are not co&'etent to !andle cases involvin# !i#!l,
tec!nical "inancial evidence and !ave &ore s%ccess in 'rosec%tin# cases o"
robber, or si&'le assa%lt.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" cri&inals convicted o" street cri&es is "ar #reater t!an t!e
n%&ber o" cri&inals convicted o" e&be))le&ent or insider tradin#.
.3/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" de"endants !o act%all, co&&itted t!e cri&es o" !ic!
t!e, are acc%sed is no #reater "or '%blicl, de"ended t!an "or 'rivatel,
de"ended de"endants.
GMAT & LSAT CR <CA
.E/ J%ries9 o%t o" s,&'at!, "or t!e victi&s o" cri&es9 are &%c! &ore likel, to
convict de"endants acc%sed o" violent cri&es t!an t!e, are to convict
de"endants acc%sed o" >victi&less? cri&es or cri&es a#ainst 'ro'ert,.
5C. Man, &a+or scienti"ic discoveries o" t!e 'ast ere t!e 'rod%ct o" serendi'it,9 t!e
c!ances discover, o" val%able "indin#s t!at investi#ators !ad not '%r'osel,
so%#!t. 2o9 !oever9 scienti"ic researc! tends to be so costl, t!at investi#ators
are !eavil, de'endent on lar#e #rants to "%nd t!eir researc!. 1eca%se s%c! #rants
re0%ire investi#ators to 'rovide t!e #rant s'onsors it! clear 'ro+ections o" t!e
o%tco&e o" t!e 'ro'osed researc!9 investi#ators i#nore an,t!in# t!at does not
directl, bear on t!e "%nded researc!. T!ere"ore9 %nder t!e 'revailin#
circ%&stances9 serendi'it, can no lon#er 'la, a role in scienti"ic discover,.
.A/ 7nl, "indin#s t!at an investi#ator '%r'osel, seeks can directl, bear on t!at
investi#ators researc!.
.1/ In t!e 'ast "e scienti"ic investi#ators atte&'ted to &ake clear 'redictions o"
t!e o%tco&e o" t!eir researc!.
.C/ 3e'endence on lar#e #rants is 'reventin# investi#ators "ro& cond%ctin# t!e
t,'e o" scienti"ic researc! t!at t!ose investi#ators o%ld 'ersonall, 're"er.
.3/ All scienti"ic investi#ators !o 'rovide #rant s'onsors it! clear 'ro+ections
o" t!e o%tco&e o" t!eir researc! receive at least so&e o" t!e #rants "or
!ic! t!e, a''l,.
.E/ In #eneral t!e &ost val%able scienti"ic discoveries are t!e 'rod%ct o"
serendi'it,.
5@. Folice statistics !ave s!on t!at a%to&obile antit!e"t devices red%ce t!e risk o"
car t!e"t9 b%t a statistical st%d, o" a%to&obile t!e"t b, t!e a%to&obile ins%rance
ind%str, clai&s t!at cars e0%i''ed it! antit!e"t devices are9 'arado(icall,9 &ore
likel, to be stolen t!an cars t!at are not so e0%i''ed.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does t!e &ost to resolve t!e a''arent
'arado(-
.A/ 7ners o" stolen cars al&ost invariabl, re'ort t!e t!e"t i&&ediatel, to t!e
'olice b%t tend to dela, noti",in# t!eir ins%rance co&'an,9 in t!e !o'e t!at
t!e ve!icle ill be recovered.
.1/ Most cars t!at are stolen are not e0%i''ed it! antit!e"t devices9 and &ost
cars t!at are e0%i''ed it! antit!e"t devices are not stolen.
.C/ T!e &ost co&&on a%to&obile antit!e"t devices are a%dible alar&s9 !ic!
t,'icall, 'rod%ce ten "alse alar&s "or ever, act%al atte&'ted t!e"t.
.3/ A%to&obile oners !o !ave 'artic%larl, t!e"t8'rone cars and live in areas
o" #reatest incidence o" car t!e"t are t!ose !o are &ost likel, to !ave
antit!e"t devices installed.
.E/ Most a%to&obile t!e"ts are t!e ork o" 'ro"essional t!ieves a#ainst !ose
GMAT & LSAT CR <CB
e""orts antit!e"t devices o""er scant 'rotection.
SECTI72 I4
1. In 1HAC t!e s'eed li&it on !i#!a,s in t!e =nited States as red%ced to @@ &iles
'er !o%r in order to save "%el. In t!e "irst 15 &ont!s a"ter t!e c!an#e9 t!e rate o"
!i#!a, "atalities dro''ed 1@ 'ercent9 t!e s!ar'est one8,ear dro' in !istor,. 7ver
t!e ne(t 1I ,ears9 t!e "atalit, rate declined b, anot!er 5@ 'ercent. It "ollos t!at
t!e 1HAC red%ction in t!e s'eed li&it saved &an, lives.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e 1HAC "%el s!orta#e c%t drivin# s!ar'l, "or &ore t!an a ,ear.
.1/ T!ere as no decline in t!e rate o" !i#!a, "atalities d%rin# t!e tel"t! ,ear
"olloin# t!e red%ction in t!e s'eed li&it.
.C/ Since 1HAC a%to&obile &an%"act%rers !ave been re0%ired b, la to install
li"esavin# e0%i'&ent9 s%c! as seat belts9 in all ne cars.
.3/ T!e "atalit, rate in !i#!a, accidents involvin# &otorists drivin# "aster t!an
@@ &iles 'er !o%r is &%c! !i#!er t!an in !i#!a, accidents t!at do not
involve &otorists drivin# at s%c! s'eeds.
.E/ Motorists are &ore likel, to avoid accidents b, &atc!in# t!eir s'eed to t!at
o" t!e s%rro%ndin# !i#!a, tra""ic t!an b, drivin# at "aster or sloer
s'eeds.
5. So&e le#islators re"%se to co&&it '%blic "%nds "or ne scienti"ic researc! i" t!e,
cannot be ass%red t!at t!e researc! ill contrib%te to t!e '%blic el"are. S%c! a
'osition i#nores t!e lessons o" e('erience. Man, i&'ortant contrib%tions to t!e
'%blic el"are t!at res%lted "ro& scienti"ic researc! ere never 'redicted as
'otential o%tco&es o" t!at researc!. S%''ose t!at a scientist in t!e earl, tentiet!
cent%r, !ad a''lied "or '%blic "%nds to st%d, &olds: !o o%ld !ave 'redicted
t!at s%c! researc! o%ld lead to t!e discover, o" antibioticsKone o" t!e #reatest
contrib%tions ever &ade to t!e '%blic el"are-
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e co&&ittal o" '%blic "%nds "or ne scienti"ic researc! ill ens%re t!at t!e
'%blic el"are ill be en!anced.
.1/ I" it ere 'ossible to 'redict t!e #eneral o%tco&e o" a ne scienti"ic researc!
e""ort9 t!en le#islators o%ld not re"%se to co&&it '%blic "%nds "or t!at
e""ort.
.C/ Scienti"ic discoveries t!at !ave contrib%ted to t!e '%blic el"are o%ld !ave
occ%rred sooner i" '%blic "%nds !ad been co&&itted to t!e researc! t!at
#enerated t!ose discoveries.
GMAT & LSAT CR <CH
.3/ In order to ens%re t!at scienti"ic researc! is directed toard contrib%tin# to
t!e '%blic el"are9 le#islators &%st co&&it '%blic "%nds to ne scienti"ic
researc!.
.E/ Lack o" #%arantees t!at ne scienti"ic researc! ill contrib%te to t!e '%blic
el"are is not s%""icient reason "or le#islators to re"%se to co&&it '%blic
"%nds to ne scienti"ic researc!.
<. 6!en orkers do not "ind t!eir assi#n&ents c!allen#in#9 t!e, beco&e bored and
so ac!ieve less t!an t!eir abilities o%ld allo. 7n t!e ot!er !and9 !en orkers
"ind t!eir assi#n&ents too di""ic%lt9 t!e, #ive %' and so a#ain ac!ieve less t!an
!at t!e, are ca'able o" ac!ievin#. It is9 t!ere"ore9 clear t!at no orkers "%ll
'otential ill ever be reali)ed.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an error o" reasonin# contained in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ &istakenl, e0%atin# !at is act%al and !at is &erel, 'ossible
.1/ ass%&in# it!o%t arrant t!at a sit%ation allos onl, to 'ossibilities
.C/ rel,in# on s%b+ective rat!er t!an ob+ective evidence
.3/ con"%sin# t!e coincidence o" to events it! a ca%sal relation beteen t!e
to
.E/ de'endin# on t!e a&bi#%o%s %se o" a ke, ter&
C. 7%r to&ato so%' 'rovides #ood n%trition: "or instance9 a ar& bol o" it contains
&ore %nits o" vita&in C t!an does a servin# o" a'ricots or "res! carrotsJ
T!e advertise&ent is &isleadin# i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is tr%e-
.A/ $e 'eo'le de'end e(cl%sivel, on a'ricots and carrots to s%''l, vita&in C
to t!eir diets.
.1/ A li0%id can lose vita&ins i" it stands in contact it! t!e air "or a 'rotracted
'eriod o" ti&e.
.C/ To&ato so%' contains i&'ortant n%trients ot!er t!an vita&in C.
.3/ T!e a&o%nt o" vita&in C 'rovided b, a servin# o" t!e advertised so%' is less
t!an t!e a&o%nt "%rnis!ed b, a servin# o" "res! straberries.
.E/ A'ricots and "res! carrots are idel, knon to be n%tritio%s9 b%t t!eir
contrib%tion consists 'ri&aril, in 'rovidin# a lar#e a&o%nt o" vita&in A9
not a lar#e a&o%nt o" vita&in C.
Questions 5-&
T!e #overn&ent 'rovides ins%rance "or individ%als bank de'osits9 b%t re0%ires t!e
banks to 'a, t!e 're&i%&s "or t!e ins%rance. Since it is de'ositors !o 'ri&aril,
bene"it "ro& t!e sec%rit, t!is ins%rance 'rovides9 t!e #overn&ent s!o%ld take ste's to
ens%re t!at de'ositors !o ant t!is sec%rit, bear t!e cost o" it and t!%s s!o%ld &ake
de'ositors 'a, t!e 're&i%&s "or ins%rin# t!eir on acco%nts.
@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld do &ost to +%sti",
GMAT & LSAT CR <@I
drain# t!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent on t!e basis o" t!e reasons o""ered in its
s%''ort-
.A/ T!e 'eo'le !o stand to bene"it "ro& an econo&ic service s!o%ld ala,s be
&ade to bear t!e costs o" t!at service.
.1/ An, rational s,ste& o" ins%rance &%st base t!e si)e o" 're&i%&s on t!e
de#ree o" risk involved.
.C/ Govern&ent8backed sec%rit, "or investors9 s%c! as bank de'ositors9 s!o%ld
be 'rovided onl, !en it does not red%ce incentives "or investors to &ake
res'onsible invest&ents.
.3/ T!e c!oice o" not acce'tin# an o""ered service s!o%ld ala,s be available9
even i" t!ere is no c!ar#e "or t!e service.
.E/ T!e #overn&ent s!o%ld avoid an, actions t!at &i#!t alter t!e be!avior o"
cor'orations and individ%als in t!e &arket.
G. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is ass%&ed b, t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 1anks are not ins%red b, t!e #overn&ent a#ainst de"a%lt on t!e loans t!e
banks &ake.
.1/ Frivate ins%rance co&'anies do not !ave t!e reso%rces to 'rovide banks or
individ%al it! de'osit ins%rance.
.C/ 1anks do not ala,s cover t!e cost o" t!e de'osit8ins%rance 're&i%&s b,
'a,in# de'ositors loer interest rates on ins%red de'osits t!an t!e banks
o%ld on %nins%red de'osits.
.3/ T!e #overn&ent li&its t!e ins%rance 'rotection it 'rovides b, ins%rin#
acco%nts %' to a certain le#all, de"ined a&o%nt onl,.
.E/ T!e #overn&ent does not allo banks to o""er so&e kinds o" acco%nts in
!ic! de'osits are not ins%red.
A. 6!en individ%al st%dents are all treated e0%all, in t!at t!e, !ave identical
e('os%re to c%rric%l%& &aterial9 t!e rate9 0%alit,9 and 0%antit, o" learnin# ill
var, "ro& st%dent to st%dent. I" all st%dents are to &aster a #iven c%rric%l%&9
so&e o" t!e& need di""erent t,'es o" !el' t!an ot!ers9 as an, e('erienced teac!er
knos.
I" t!e state&ents above are bot! tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can
be dran on t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ =ne0%al treat&ent9 in a sense9 o" individ%al st%dents is re0%ired in order to
ens%re e0%alit, it! res'ect to t!e ed%cational tasks t!e, &aster.
.1/ T!e rate and 0%alit, o" learnin#9 it! learnin# %nderstood as t!e ac0%irin# o"
t!e abilit, to solve 'roble&s it!in a #iven c%rric%l%& area9 de'end on t!e
0%alit, o" teac!in# an individ%al st%dent receives in an, #iven c%rric%l%&.
.C/ T!e &ore e('erienced t!e teac!er is9 t!e &ore t!e st%dents ill learn.
.3/ All st%dents s!o%ld !ave identical e('os%re to learn t!e &aterial bein# ta%#!t
in an, #iven c%rric%l%&.
GMAT & LSAT CR <@1
.E/ Teac!ers s!o%ld !el' eac! o" t!eir st%dents to learn as &%c! as 'ossible.
B. Geor#e: So&e scientists sa, t!at #lobal ar&in# ill occ%r beca%se 'eo'le are
releasin# lar#e a&o%nts o" carbon dio(ide into t!e at&os'!ere b, b%rnin# trees
and "ossil "%els. 6e can see9 t!o%#!9 t!at t!e 'redicted ar&in# is occ%rrin#
alread,. In t!e &iddle o" last inter9 e !ad a &ont! o" s'rin#like eat!er in o%r
area9 and t!is "all9 beca%se o" %n%s%all, &ild te&'erat%res9 t!e leaves on o%r
tons trees ere t!ree eeks late in t%rnin# color.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# o%ld it be &ost relevant to investi#ate in eval%atin#
t!e concl%sion o" Geor#es ar#%&ent-
.A/ !et!er carbon dio(ide is t!e onl, ca%se o" #lobal ar&in#
.1/ !en leaves on t!e trees in t!e ton %s%all, c!an#e color
.C/ !at 'ro'ortion o" #lobal e&issions o" carbon dio(ide is d%e to t!e b%rnin#
o" trees b, !%&ans
.3/ !et!er air 'oll%tion is ca%sin# so&e trees in t!e are to lose t!eir leaves
.E/ !et!er %n%s%all, ar& eat!er is occ%rrin# else!ere on t!e #lobe &ore
"re0%entl, t!an be"ore
H. St%dent re'resentative: 7%r %niversit,9 in e('ellin# a st%dent !o verball,
!arassed !is roo&&ate9 !as erred b, 'enali)in# t!e st%dent "or doin# !at !e
s%rel, !as a ri#!t to do: s'eak !is &indJ
3ean o" st%dents: 1%t !at ,o%re sa,in# is t!at o%r %niversit, s!o%ld endorse
verbal !arass&ent. *et s%rel, i" e did t!at9 e o%ld t!reaten t!e "ree "lo o"
ideas t!at is t!e essence o" %niversit, li"e.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a 0%estionable tec!ni0%e t!at t!e dean o" st%dents
%ses in atte&'tin# to re"%te t!e st%dent re'resentative-
.A/ c!allen#in# t!e st%dent re'resentatives knoled#e o" t!e 'rocess b, !ic!
t!e st%dent as e('elled
.1/ invokin# a "allacio%s distinction beteen s'eec! and ot!er sorts o" be!avior
.C/ &isdescribin# t!e st%dent re'resentatives 'osition9 t!ereb, &akin# it easier
to c!allen#e
.3/ 0%estionin# t!e &otives o" t!e st%dent re'resentative rat!er t!an o""erin#
reasons "or t!e concl%sion de"ended
.E/ rel,in# on a 'osition o" 'oer to silence t!e o''osin# vie'oint it! a t!reat
1I. $a&o%s 'ersonalities "o%nd #%ilt, o" &an, t,'es o" cri&es in ell8'%blici)ed
trials are increasin#l, sentenced to t!e 'er"or&ance o" co&&%nit, service9 t!o%#!
%nknon de"endants convicted o" si&ilar cri&es al&ost ala,s serve 'rison
sentences. :oever9 t!e 'rinci'le o" e0%alit, be"ore t!e la r%les o%t %sin# "a&e
and '%blicit, as relevant considerations in t!e sentencin# o" convicted cri&inals.
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''ort !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
concl%sions-
GMAT & LSAT CR <@5
.A/ T!e 'rinci'le o" e0%alit, be"ore t!e la is ri#oro%sl, a''lied in onl, a "e
t,'es o" cri&inal trials.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" convicted celebrities sentenced to co&&%nit, service s!o%ld
e0%al t!e n%&ber o" convicted %nknon de"endants sentenced to
co&&%nit, service.
.C/ T!e 'rinci'le o" e0%alit, be"ore t!e la can 'ro'erl, be overridden b, ot!er
'rinci'les in so&e cases.
.3/ T!e sentencin# o" celebrities to co&&%nit, service instead o" 'rison
constit%tes a violation o" t!e 'rinci'le o" e0%alit, be"ore t!e la in &an,
cases.
.E/ T!e 'rinci'le o" e0%alit, be"ore t!e la does not allo "or lenienc, in
sentencin#.
11. Scienti"ic researc! at a certain %niversit, as s%''orted in 'art b, an ann%al #rant
"ro& a &a+or "o%ndation. 6!en t!e %niversit,s '!,sics de'art&ent e&barked on
ea'ons8related researc!9 t!e "o%ndation9 !ic! !as a '%rel, !%&anitarian
&ission9 t!reatened to cancel its #rant. T!e %niversit, t!en 'ro&ised t!at none o"
t!e "o%ndations &one, o%ld be %sed "or t!e ea'ons researc!9 !ere%'on t!e
"o%ndation it!dre its t!reat9 concl%din# t!at t!e ea'ons researc! o%ld not
bene"it "ro& t!e "o%ndations #rants.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# describes a "la in t!e reasonin# %nderl,in# t!e
"o%ndations concl%sion-
.A/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e availabilit, o" t!e "o%ndations &one, "or
!%&anitarian %ses ill allo t!e %niversit, to redirect ot!er "%nds "ro&
!%&anitarian %ses to ea'ons researc!.
.1/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e '!,sics de'art&ents ea'ons researc! is
not t!e onl, one o" t!e %niversit,s researc! activities it! ot!er t!an '%rel,
!%&anitarian '%r'oses.
.C/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e %niversit, &ade its 'ro&ise s'eci"icall,
in order to ind%ce t!e "o%ndation to it!dra its t!reat.
.3/ It con"%ses t!e intention o" not %sin# a s%& o" &one, "or a 'artic%lar '%r'ose
it! t!e intention o" not %sin# t!at s%& o" &one, at all.
.E/ It ass%&es t!at i" t!e &eans to ac!ieve an ob+ective are !%&anitarian in
c!aracter9 t!en t!e ob+ective is also !%&anitarian in c!aracter.
15. To s%it t!e needs o" cor'orate clients9 advertisin# a#encies !ave s%ccess"%ll,
&odi"ied a strate#, ori#inall, develo'ed "or 'olitical ca&'ai#ns. T!is strate#,
ai&s to 'rovide clients it! "ree '%blicit, and air ti&e b, desi#nin# an
advertisin# ca&'ai#n t!at is controversial9 t!%s drain# 'ri&e8ti&e &edia
covera#e and evokin# '%blic co&&ent b, o""icials.
T!e State&ents above9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ine !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# assertions-
GMAT & LSAT CR <@<
.A/ T!e %se"%lness o" an advertisin# ca&'ai#n is based solel, on t!e de#ree to
!ic! t!e ca&'ai#ns advertise&ents 'ers%ade t!eir a%diences.
.1/ 7nl, a s&all 'ercenta#e o" eli#ible voters ad&it to bein# in"l%enced b,
advertisin# ca&'ai#ns in decidin# !o to vote.
.C/ Ca&'ai#n &ana#ers !ave trans"or&ed 'olitical ca&'ai#ns b, &akin#
increasin# %se o" strate#ies borroed "ro& cor'orate advertisin# ca&'ai#ns.
.3/ Cor'orations are t,'icall, &ore concerned it! &aintainin# '%blic
reco#nition o" t!e cor'orate na&e t!an it! en!ancin# #oodill toard t!e
cor'oration.
.E/ Advertisin# a#encies t!at s'eciali)e in ca&'ai#ns "or cor'orate clients are
not %s%all, c!osen "or 'olitical ca&'ai#ns.
1<. T!e 2ational Association o" $ire $i#!ters sa,s t!at C@ 'ercent o" !o&es no !ave
s&oke detectors9 !ereas onl, <I 'ercent o" !o&es !ad t!e& 1I ,ears a#o. T!is
&akes earl, detection o" !o%se "ires no &ore likel,9 !oever9 beca%se over !al"
o" t!e do&estic s&oke detectors are eit!er it!o%t batteries or else ino'erative "or
so&e ot!er reason.
In order "or t!e concl%sion above to be 'ro'erl, dran9 !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# ass%&'tions o%ld !ave to be &ade-
.A/ $i"teen 'ercent o" do&estic s&oke detectors ere installed less t!an 1I ,ears
a#o.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" "ires 'er ,ear in !o&es it! s&oke detectors !as increased.
.C/ 2ot all o" t!e s&oke detectors in !o&es are batter, o'erated.
.3/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" do&estic s&oke detectors t!at are ino'erative !as
increased in t!e 'ast ten ,ears.
.E/ =nlike a%to&atic ater s'rinklers9 a 'ro'erl, "%nctionin# s&oke detector
cannot b, itsel" increase "ire sa"et, in a !o&e.
1C. Advertise&ent: :o&eGlo Faints9 Inc.9 !as on t!e 'resti#io%s Golden Faintbr%s!
AardK#iven to t!e one 'aint &an%"act%rer in t!e co%ntr, t!at !as increased t!e
environ&ental sa"et, o" its 'rod%ct &ost over t!e 'ast t!ree ,earsK"or :o&eGlo
E(terior Ena&el. T!e Golden Faintbr%s! is aarded onl, on t!e basis o" t!oro%#!
tests b, inde'endent testin# laboratories. So !en ,o% c!oose :o&eGlo E(terior
Ena&el9 ,o% ill kno t!at ,o% !ave c!osen t!e &ost environ&entall, sa"e brand
o" 'aint &an%"act%red in t!is co%ntr, toda,.
T!e "laed reasonin# in t!e advertise&ent &ost closel, 'arallels t!at in !ic!
.A/ T!e QEC a%dio s,ste& received t!e overall to' rankin# "or looks9
'er"or&ance9 d%rabilit,9 and val%e in )isteners* -e0ort &a#a)ines ratin#s
o" c%rrentl, 'rod%ced s,ste&s. T!ere"ore9 t!e QEC &%st !ave better so%nd
0%alit, t!an an, ot!er c%rrentl, 'rod%ced so%nd s,ste&.
.1/ Mornin# S%ns!ine break"ast cereal contains9 o%nce "or o%nce9 &ore o" t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR <@C
n%trients needed "or a !ealt!, diet t!an an, ot!er break"ast cereal on t!e
&arket toda,. T!%s9 !en ,o% eat Mornin# S%ns!ine9 ,o% ill kno ,o%
are eatin# t!e &ost n%tritio%s "ood no on t!e &arket.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" cons%&er visits increased &ore at Co%ntr,side Market last
,ear t!an at an, ot!er &arket in t!e re#ion. T!ere"ore9 Co%ntr,sides 'ro"its
&%st also !ave increased &ore last ,ear t!an t!ose o" an, ot!er &arket in
t!e re#ion.
.3/ Jerrolds teac!ers reco#ni)e !i& as t!e st%dent !o !as s!on &ore
acade&ic i&'rove&ent t!an an, ot!er st%dent in t!e +%nior class t!is ,ear.
T!ere"ore9 i" Jerrold and !is class&ates are ranked accordin# to t!eir c%rrent
acade&ic 'er"or&ance9 Jerrold &%st !old t!e !i#!est rankin#.
.E/ Mar#aret 3%rrin#s s!ort stor, >T!e Foer L%nc!? on t!ree se'arate
aards "or best s!ort "iction o" t!e ,ear. T!ere"ore9 an, o" Mar#aret
3%rrin#s earlier stories certainl, !as eno%#! literar, &erit to be incl%ded in
an ant!olo#, o" t!e best recent s!ort "iction.
1@. T!e consistenc, o" ice crea& is adversel, a""ected b, even sli#!t te&'erat%re
c!an#es in t!e "ree)er. To co%nteract t!is 'roble&9 &an%"act%rers add stabili)ers
to ice crea&. =n"ort%natel,9 stabili)ers9 t!o%#! ine('ensive9 adversel, a""ect
"lavor. Stabili)ers are less needed i" stora#e te&'erat%res are ver, lo. :oever9
since ener#, costs are constantl, #oin# %'9 t!ose costs constit%te a stron#
incentive in "avor o" relativel, !i#! stora#e te&'erat%res.
.A/ Even sli#!t deviations "ro& t!e 'ro'er consistenc, "or ice crea& s!ar'l,
i&'air its "lavor.
.1/ Cost considerations "avor sacri"icin# consistenc, over sacri"icin# "lavor.
.C/ It o%ld not be cost e""ective to develo' a ne device to &aintain t!e
constanc, o" "ree)er te&'erat%res.
.3/ Stabili)ers "%nction ell onl, at ver, lo "ree)er te&'erat%res.
.E/ 4er, lo9 stable "ree)er te&'erat%res allo "or t!e best 'ossible consistenc,
and "lavor o" ice crea&.
1G. Edina: Tr%e a''reciation o" Mo)arts &%sic de&ands t!at ,o% !ear it e(actl, as
!e intended it to be !eardD t!at is9 e(actl, as !e !eard it. Since !e !eard it on
ei#!teent!8cent%r, instr%&ents9 it "ollos t!at so s!o%ld e.
Alberto: 1%t !at &akes ,o% t!ink t!at Mo)art ever !eard !is &%sic 'la,ed as
!e !ad intended it to be 'la,ed- A"ter all9 Mo)art as ritin# at a ti&e !en t!e
'er"or&er as e('ected9 as a &atter o" co%rse9 not +%st to inter'ret b%t to &odi",
t!e ritten score.
Alberto ado'ts !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# strate#ies in critici)in# Edinas
'osition-
.A/ :e a''eals to an acade&ic a%t!orit, in order to c!allen#e t!e "act%al basis o"
GMAT & LSAT CR <@@
!er concl%sion.
.1/ :e attacks !er +%d#&ent b, s%##estin# t!at s!e does not reco#ni)e t!e
i&'ortance o" t!e 'er"or&ers creativit, to t!e a%diences a''reciation o" a
&%sical co&'osition.
.C/ :e de"ends a co&'etin# vie o" &%sical a%t!enticit,.
.3/ :e attacks t!e lo#ic o" !er ar#%&ent b, s%##estin# t!at t!e concl%sion s!e
dras does not "ollo "ro& t!e 're&ises s!e sets "ort!.
.E/ :e o""ers a reason to believe t!at one o" t!e 're&ises o" !er ar#%&ent is
"alse.
1A. Since t!e introd%ction o" t!e I&'anian 2ational :ealt! Sc!e&e9 I&'anians .or
t!eir 'rivate ins%rance co&'anies/ !ave !ad to 'a, onl, "or t!e &ore %n%s%al and
so'!isticated &edical 'roced%res. 6!en t!e sc!e&e as introd%ced9 it as !o'ed
t!at 'rivate ins%rance to 'a, "or t!ese 'roced%res o%ld be available at &odest
cost9 since t!e ins%rers o%ld no lon#er be 'a,in# "or t!e b%lk o" !ealt! care
costs9 as t!e, !ad done 'revio%sl,. Farado(icall,9 !oever9 t!e cost o" 'rivate
!ealt! ins%rance did not decrease b%t !as instead increased dra&aticall, in t!e
,ears since t!e sc!e&es introd%ction.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does &ost to e('lain t!e a''arentl,
'arado(ical o%tco&e-
.A/ T!e 2ational :ealt! sc!e&e !as #reatl, red%ced t!e n%&ber o" &edical
clai&s !andled ann%all, b, I&'anias 'rivate ins%rers9 enablin# t!ese "ir&s
to red%ce over!ead costs s%bstantiall,.
.1/ 1e"ore t!e 2ational :ealt! sc!e&e as introd%ced9 &ore t!an BI 'ercent o"
all I&'anian &edical costs ere associated it! 'roced%res t!at are no
covered b, t!e sc!e&e.
.C/ I&'anians !o 'revio%sl, ere %nable to a""ord re#%lar &edical treat&ent
no %se t!e 2ational :ealt! sc!e&e9 b%t t!e n%&ber o" I&'anians it!
'rivate !ealt! ins%rance !as not increased.
.3/ I&'anians no b%, 'rivate &edical ins%rance onl, at ti&es !en t!e,
e('ect t!at t!e, ill need care o" kinds not available in t!e 2ational :ealt!
sc!e&e.
.E/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" total e('endit%res it!in I&'ania t!at is s'ent on !ealt!
care !as declined since t!e introd%ction o" t!e 2ational :ealt! sc!e&e.
1B. In clinical trials o" ne &edicines9 !al" o" t!e s%b+ects receive t!e dr%# bein#
tested and !al" receive a '!,siolo#icall, inert s%bstanceKa 'lacebo. Trials are
desi#ned it! t!e intention t!at neit!er s%b+ects nor e('eri&enters ill "ind o%t
!ic! s%b+ects are act%all, bein# #iven t!e dr%# bein# tested. :oever9 t!is
intention is "re0%entl, "r%strated beca%se;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost a''ro'riatel, co&'letes t!e
e('lanation-
GMAT & LSAT CR <@G
.A/ o"ten t!e s%b+ects !o receive t!e dr%# bein# tested develo' s,&'to&s t!at
t!e e('eri&enters reco#ni)e as side e""ects o" t!e '!,siolo#icall, active
dr%#
.1/ s%b+ects !o believe t!e, are receivin# t!e dr%# bein# tested o"ten dis'la,
i&'rove&ents in t!eir conditions re#ardless o" !et!er !at is ad&inistered
to t!e& is '!,siolo#icall, active or not
.C/ in #eneral9 !en t!e trial is intended to establis! t!e e('eri&ental dr%#s
sa"et, rat!er t!an its e""ectiveness9 all o" t!e s%b+ects are !ealt!,
.3/ !en a trial r%ns a lon# ti&e9 "e o" t!e e('eri&enters ill ork on it "ro&
ince'tion to concl%sion
.E/ t!e 'eo'le !o are s%b+ects "or clinical trials &%st9 b, la9 be vol%nteers and
&%st be in"or&ed o" t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e, ill receive a 'lacebo
1H. It takes <G@.5@ da,s "or t!e Eart! to &ake one co&'lete revol%tion aro%nd t!e
s%n. Lon#8standin# convention &akes a ,ear <G@ da,s lon#9 it! an e(tra da,
added ever, "o%rt! ,ear9 and t!e ,ear is divided into @5 seven8da, eeks. 1%t
since @5 ti&es A is onl, <GC9 anniversaries do not "all on t!e sa&e da, o" t!e
eek eac! ,ear. Man, sc!ed%lin# 'roble&s co%ld be avoided i" t!e last da, o"
eac! ,ear and an additional da, ever, "o%rt! ,ear belon#ed to no eek9 so t!at
Jan%ar, 1 o%ld be a S%nda, ever, ,ear.
T!e 'ro'osal above9 once '%t into e""ect9 o%ld be &ost likel, to res%lt in
contin%ed sc!ed%lin# con"licts "or !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# #ro%'s-
.A/ 'eo'le !o !ave birt!da,s or ot!er anniversaries on 3ece&ber <I or <1
.1/ e&'lo,ed 'eo'le !ose strict reli#io%s observances re0%ire t!at t!e, re"rain
"ro& orkin# ever, sevent! da,
.C/ sc!ool s,ste&s t!at re0%ire st%dents to attend classes a s'eci"ic n%&ber o"
da,s eac! ,ear
.3/ e&'lo,ed 'eo'le !o !ave t!ree8da, breaks "ro& ork !en !olida,s are
celebrated on Monda,s or $rida,s
.E/ 'eo'le !o !ave to 'lan events several ,ears be"ore t!ose events occ%r
5I. Gra'!olo#ists clai& t!at it is 'ossible to detect 'er&anent c!aracter traits b,
e(a&inin# 'eo'les !andritin#. $or e(a&'le9 a stron# cross on t!e >t? is
s%''osed to denote ent!%sias&. 7bvio%sl,9 !oever9 it! 'ractice and
'erseverance 'eo'le can alter t!eir !andritin# to incl%de t!is "eat%re. So it
see&s t!at #ra'!olo#ists &%st !old t!at 'er&anent c!aracter traits can be
c!an#ed.
T!e ar#%&ent a#ainst #ra'!olo#, 'roceeds b,
.A/ citin# a''arentl, incontestable evidence t!at leads to abs%rd conse0%ences
!en con+oined it! t!e vie in 0%estion
.1/ de&onstratin# t!at an a''arentl, controversial and interestin# clai& is reall,
+%st a 'latit%de
GMAT & LSAT CR <@A
.C/ ar#%in# t!at a 'artic%lar tec!ni0%e o" anal,sis can never be e""ective !en
t!e 'eo'le anal,)ed kno t!at it is bein# %sed
.3/ s!oin# t!at 'ro'onents o" t!e vie !ave no t!eoretical +%sti"ication "or t!e
vie
.E/ attackin# a tec!ni0%e b, ar#%in# t!at !at t!e tec!ni0%e is s%''osed to
detect can be detected 0%ite readil, it!o%t it
Questions !1-!!
:istorian: T!ere is no direct evidence t!at ti&ber as traded beteen t!e ancient
nations o" Foran and 2a,al9 b%t t!e "act t!at a la settin# tari""s on ti&ber i&'orts
"ro& Foran as enacted d%rin# t!e t!ird 2a,alese d,nast, does s%##est t!at d%rin#
t!at 'eriod a ti&ber trade as cond%cted.
Critic: *o%r reasonin# is "laed. 3%rin# its t!ird d,nast,9 2a,al &a, ell !ave
i&'orted ti&ber "ro& Foran9 b%t certainl, on toda,s stat%te books t!ere re&ain &an,
las re#%latin# activities t!at ere once co&&on b%t in !ic! 'eo'le no lon#er
en#a#e.
51. T!e critics res'onse to t!e !istorians reasonin# does !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ It i&'lies an analo#, beteen t!e 'resent and t!e 'ast.
.1/ It identi"ies a #eneral 'rinci'le t!at t!e !istorians reasonin# violates.
.C/ It distin#%is!es beteen !at !as been establis!ed as a certaint, and !at
!as been establis!ed as a 'ossibilit,.
.3/ It establis!es e('licit criteria t!at &%st be %sed in eval%atin# indirect
evidence.
.E/ It 'oints o%t t!e dissi&ilar roles t!at la 'la,s in societies t!at are distinct
"ro& one anot!er.
55. T!e critics res'onse to t!e !istorian is "laed beca%se it
.A/ 'rod%ces evidence t!at is consistent it! t!ere not !avin# been an, ti&ber
trade beteen Foran and 2a,al d%rin# t!e t!ird 2a,alese d,nast,
.1/ cites c%rrent las it!o%t indicatin# !et!er t!e las cited are relevant to
t!e ti&ber trade
.C/ "ails to reco#ni)e t!at t!e !istorians concl%sion as based on indirect
evidence rat!er t!an direct evidence
.3/ takes no acco%nt o" t!e di""erence beteen a las enact&ent at a 'artic%lar
ti&e and a las e(istence as 'art o" a le#al code at a 'artic%lar ti&e
.E/ acce'ts it!o%t 0%estion t!at ass%&'tion abo%t t!e '%r'ose o" las t!at
%nderlies t!e !istorians ar#%&ent
5<. T!e orkers at 1ell Man%"act%rin# ill s!ortl, #o on strike %nless t!e
&ana#e&ent increases t!eir a#es. As 1ells 'resident is ell aare9 !oever9 in
GMAT & LSAT CR <@B
order to increase t!e orkers a#es9 1ell o%ld !ave to sell o"" so&e o" its
s%bsidiaries. So9 so&e o" 1ells s%bsidiaries ill be sold.
T!e concl%sion above is 'ro'erl, dran i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is
ass%&ed-
.A/ 1ell Man%"act%rin# ill be#in to s%""er increased losses.
.1/ 1ells &ana#e&ent ill re"%se to increase its orkers a#es.
.C/ T!e orkers at 1ell Man%"act%rin# ill not be #oin# on strike.
.3/ 1ells 'resident !as t!e a%t!orit, to o""er t!e orkers t!eir desired a#e
increase.
.E/ 1ells orkers ill not acce't a 'acka#e o" i&'roved bene"its in 'lace o"
t!eir desired a#e increase.
5C. 7ne s%re a, ,o% can tell !o 0%ickl, a ne ideaK"or e(a&'le9 t!e idea o"
>'rivati)ation?Kis takin# !old a&on# t!e 'o'%lation is to &onitor !o "ast t!e
ord or ords e('ressin# t!at 'artic%lar idea are 'assin# into co&&on %sa#e.
Fro"essional o'inions o" !et!er or not ords can indeed be said to !ave 'assed
into co&&on %sa#e are available "ro& dictionar, editors9 !o are vitall,
concerned it! t!is 0%estion.
T!e &et!od described above "or deter&inin# !o 0%ickl, a ne idea is takin#
!old relies on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ 3ictionar, editors are not 'ro"essionall, interested in ords t!at are onl,
rarel, %sed.
.1/ 3ictionar, editors !ave e(act n%&erical criteria "or tellin# !en a ord !as
'assed into co&&on %sa#e.
.C/ $or a ne idea to take !old9 dictionar, editors !ave to incl%de t!e relevant
ord or ords in t!eir dictionaries.
.3/ As a ord 'asses into co&&on %sa#es9 its &eanin# does not %nder#o an,
severe distortions in t!e 'rocess.
.E/ 6ords denotin# ne ideas tend to be %sed be"ore t!e ideas denoted are
%nderstood.
5@. 1eca%se &i#rant orkers are t,'icall, not !ired b, an, one e&'lo,er "or lon#er
t!an a sin#le season9 &i#rant orkers can le#all, be 'aid less t!an t!e &ini&%&
!o%rl, a#e t!at t!e #overn&ent re0%ires e&'lo,ers to 'a, all t!eir 'er&anent
e&'lo,ees. *et &ost &i#rant orkers ork lon# !o%rs eac! da, "or eleven or
telve &ont!s a ,ear and t!%s are as &%c! "%ll8ti&e orkers as are 'eo'le !ired
on a ,ear8ro%nd basis. T!ere"ore9 t!e la s!o%ld re0%ire t!at &i#rant orkers be
'aid t!e sa&e &ini&%& !o%rl, a#e t!at ot!er "%ll8ti&e orkers &%st be 'aid.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# dis'la,ed above &ost closel, 'arallels t!at dis'la,ed in
!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents-
.A/ 1eca%se da,8care "acilities are no re#%lated at t!e local level9 t!e 0%alit, o"
care available to c!ildren in to di""erent cities can di""er idel,. Since
GMAT & LSAT CR <@H
s%c! di""erences in treat&ent clearl, are %n"air9 da, care s!o%ld be "ederall,
rat!er t!an locall, re#%lated.
.1/ 1eca%se &an, r%ral areas !ave "e restrictions on develo'&ent9 !o%sin#
estates in s%c! areas !ave been b%ilt !ere no ade0%ate s%''l, o" sa"e
drinkin# ater co%ld be ens%red. T!%s9 r%ral areas s!o%ld ado't b%ildin#
codes &ore like t!ose lar#e cities !ave.
.C/ 1eca%se so&e co%ntries re#%late #%n sales &ore strictl, t!an do ot!er
co%ntries9 so&e 'eo'le can readil, '%rc!ase a #%n9 !ereas ot!ers cannot.
T!ere"ore9 all co%ntries s!o%ld coo'erate in develo'in# a %ni"or&
international 'olic, re#ardin# #%n sales.
.3/ 1eca%se it is a de&ocratic 'rinci'le t!at las s!o%ld !ave t!e consent o"
t!ose a""ected b, t!e&9 li0%or las s!o%ld be "or&%lated not b, 'oliticians
b%t b, cl%b and resta%rant oners9 since s%c! las directl, a""ect t!e
'ro"itabilit, o" t!eir b%sinesses.
.E/ 1eca%se "ood additives are not considered dr%#s9 t!e, !ave not !ad to &eet
t!e sa"et, standards t!e #overn&ent a''lies to dr%#s. 1%t "ood additives can
be as dan#ero%s as dr%#s. T!ere"ore9 "ood additives s!o%ld also be s%b+ect
to sa"et, re#%lations as strin#ent as t!ose coverin# dr%#s.
TEST 8
SECTI72 II
1. Farent 1: Ten ,ears a#o9 c!ildren in co&&%nities like o%rs did not date %ntil t!e,
ere t!irteen to "i"teen ,ears old. 2o o%r nine to eleven ,ear olds are datin#.
7bvio%sl,9 c!ildren in co&&%nities like o%rs are beco&in# ro&anticall,
interested in &e&bers o" t!e o''osite se( at an earlier a#e toda, t!an t!e, did ten
,ears a#o.
Farent 5: I disa#ree. 7%r nine to eleven ,ear olds do not ant to date9 b%t t!e,
"eel intense 'eer 'ress%re to act #ron %' b, datin#.
Farent 59 in res'ondin# to Farent 19 does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ dras a concl%sion abo%t a ne '!eno&enon b, co&'arin# it to a
'!eno&enon t!at is knon and %nderstood
.1/ re"%tes a #enerali)ation abo%t nine8 to eleven8,ear8old c!ildren b, &eans o"
an e(ce'tional case overlooked b, Farent 1
.C/ ass%&es t!at nine8 to eleven8,ear8old c!ildren are as interested in datin# as
t!irteen8 to "i"teen8,ear8old c!ildren
.3/ 'rovides an alternative e('lanation "or t!e c!an#es in c!ildrens datin#
described b, Farent 1
GMAT & LSAT CR <GI
.E/ critici)es Farent 1 as a 'ro'onent o" a clai& rat!er t!an critici)in# t!e clai&
itsel"
5. All cattle ranc!ers dislike lon# inters.
All ski resort oners like lon# inters beca%se lon# inters &ean increased
'ro"its.
So&e la,ers are cattle ranc!ers.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 and added to t!ose above9 &ost
s%''orts t!e concl%sion t!at no ski resort oners are la,ers-
.A/ So&e cattle ranc!ers are la,ers.
.1/ So&e 'eo'le !o dislike lon# inters are not cattle ranc!ers.
.C/ All la,ers are cattle ranc!ers.
.3/ All 'eo'le !o dislike lon# inters are cattle ranc!ers.
.E/ All 'eo'le it! increasin# 'ro"its on ski resorts.
<. Citi)en o" Mooresville: Mooresvilles c%rrent cit, co%ncil is !avin# a r%ino%s
e""ect on &%nici'al "inances. Since a &a+orit, o" t!e inc%&bents are r%nnin# "or
reelection9 I a& #oin# to ca&'ai#n a#ainst all t!ese inc%&bents in t!e %'co&in#
cit, co%ncil election. T!e onl, inc%&bent I ill s%''ort and vote "or is t!e one
!o re'resents &, on nei#!bor!ood9 beca%se s!e !as t!e e('erience necessar,
to ens%re t!at o%r nei#!bor!oods interests are served. I" ever,one in Mooresville
o%ld "ollo &, e(a&'le9 e co%ld s%bstantiall, c!an#e t!e co%ncils
&e&bers!i'.
Ass%&in# t!at eac! citi)en o" Mooresville is alloed to vote onl, "or a cit,
co%ncil re'resentative "ro& !is or !er on nei#!bor!ood9 "or t!e co%ncils
&e&bers!i' to be c!an#ed s%bstantiall,9 it &%st be tr%e t!at
.A/ at least so&e ot!er voters in Mooresville do not &ake t!e sa&e e(ce'tion "or
t!eir on inc%&bent in t!e %'co&in# election
.1/ &ost o" t!e eli#ible voters in Mooresville vote in t!e %'co&in# election
.C/ "e o" t!e inc%&bents on t!e Mooresville cit, co%ncil !ave r%n "or reelection
in 'revio%s elections
.3/ all o" t!e seats on t!e Mooresville cit, co%ncil are "illed b, inc%&bents
!ose ter&s are e('irin#
.E/ none o" t!e c!allen#ers in t!e %'co&in# election "or seats on Mooresvilles
cit, co%ncil are better able to serve t!e interests o" t!eir nei#!bor!oods t!an
ere t!e inc%&bents
C. Marianna: T!e 'roble& o" dr%nk drivin# !as been so&e!at a&eliorated b,
'%blic ed%cation and stricter las. Additional &eas%res are nevert!eless needed.
Feo'le still drive a"ter drinkin#9 and !en t!e, do9 t!e 'robabilit, is #reatl,
increased t!at t!e, ill ca%se an accident involvin# deat! or serio%s in+%r,.
3avid: I t!ink ,o% e(a##erate t!e dan#ers o" drivin# !ile dr%nk. Act%all,9 a
GMAT & LSAT CR <G1
driver !o is in an a%to&obile accident is sli#!tl, less likel, to be serio%sl,
in+%red i" dr%nk t!an i" sober.
In res'ondin# to Mariannas ar#%&ent9 3avid &akes !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
errors o" reasonin#-
.A/ :e contradicts !i&sel".
.1/ :e ass%&es !at !e is seekin# to establis!.
.C/ :e contradicts Mariannas concl%sion it!o%t #ivin# an, evidence "or !is
'oint o" vie.
.3/ :e ar#%es a#ainst a 'oint t!at is not one t!at Marianna as &akin#.
.E/ :e directs !is criticis& a#ainst t!e 'erson &akin# t!e ar#%&ent rat!er t!an
directin# it a#ainst t!e ar#%&ent itsel".
@. $ro& a &a#a)ine article: Sel"8con"idence is a dan#ero%s virt%e: it o"ten
de#enerates into t!e vice o" arro#ance. T!e dan#er o" arro#ance is evident to all
!o care to look. :o &%c! &ore !%&ane t!e tentiet! cent%r, o%ld !ave
been it!o%t t!e arro#ant sel"8con"idence o" a :itler or a Stalin.
T!e a%t!or atte&'ts to 'ers%ade b, doin# all o" t!e "olloin# EECEFT:
.A/ =sin# e(tre&e cases to evoke an e&otional res'onse
.1/ Introd%cin# val%e8laden ter&s9 s%c! as >vice?
.C/ Ill%stratin# t!e dan#er o" arro#ance
.3/ A''ealin# to a%t!orit, to s%bstantiate an assertion
.E/ I&'l,in# t!at :itlers arro#ance arose "ro& sel"8con"idence
G. A st%d, as desi#ned to establis! !at e""ect9 i" an,9 t!e lon#8ter& o'eration o"
o""s!ore oil ri#s !ad on ani&al li"e on t!e botto& o" t!e sea. T!e st%d, co&'ared
t!e sea8botto& co&&%nities near ri#s it! t!ose located in control sites several
&iles "ro& an, ri# and "o%nd no si#ni"icant di""erences. T!e researc!ers
concl%ded t!at oil ri#s !ad no adverse e""ect on sea8botto& ani&als.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e researc!er
concl%sion-
.A/ Co&&erciall, i&'ortant "is! de'end on sea8botto& ani&als "or &%c! o"
t!eir "ood9 so a dro' in catc!es o" t!ese "is! o%ld be evidence o" da&a#e
to sea8botto& co&&%nities.
.1/ T!e disc!ar#e o" oil "ro& o""s!ore oil ri#s t,'icall, occ%rs at t!e s%r"ace o"
t!e ater9 and c%rrents o"ten carr, t!e oil considerable distances be"ore it
settles on t!e ocean "loor.
.C/ Conta&ination o" t!e ocean "loor "ro& sea#e and ind%strial e""l%ent does
not res%lt in t!e destr%ction o" all sea8botto& ani&als b%t instead red%ces
s'ecies diversit, as ell as densit, o" ani&al li"e.
.3/ 7nl, 'art o" an, oil disc!ar#ed into t!e ocean reac!es t!e ocean "loor: so&e
oil eva'orates9 and so&e re&ains in t!e ater as s%s'ended dro's.
GMAT & LSAT CR <G5
.E/ 6!ere t!e ocean "loor consists o" so"t sedi&ent9 conta&inatin# oil 'ersists
&%c! lon#er t!an !ere t!e ocean "loor is rock,.
A. Scientists are so&eti&es said to ass%&e t!at so&et!in# is not t!e case %ntil t!ere
is 'roo" t!at it is t!e case. 2o s%''ose t!e 0%estion arises !et!er a #iven "ood
additive is sa"e. At t!at 'oint9 it o%ld be neit!er knon to be sa"e nor knon not
to be sa"e. 1, t!e c!aracteri)ation above9 scientists o%ld ass%&e t!e additive not
to be sa"e beca%se it !as not been 'roven sa"e. 1%t t!e, o%ld also ass%&e it to
be sa"e beca%se it !as not been 'roven ot!erise. 1%t no scientist co%ld ass%&e
it!o%t contradiction t!at a #iven s%bstance is bot! sa"e and not sa"e: so t!is
c!aracteri)ation o" scientists is clearl, ron#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# describes t!e tec!ni0%e o" reasonin# %sed above-
.A/ A #eneral state&ent is ar#%ed to be "alse b, s!oin# t!at it !as deliberatel,
been "or&%lated to &islead.
.1/ A state&ent is ar#%ed to be "alse b, s!oin# t!at takin# it to be tr%e leads to
i&'la%sible conse0%ences.
.C/ A state&ent is s!on to be "alse b, s!oin# t!at it directl, contradicts a
second state&ent t!at is taken to be tr%e.
.3/ A #eneral state&ent is s!on to be %nin"or&ative b, s!oin# t!at t!ere are
as &an, s'eci"ic instances in !ic! it is "alse as t!ere are instances in !ic!
it is tr%e.
.E/ A state&ent is s!on to be %nin"or&ative b, s!oin# t!at it s%''orts no
inde'endentl, testable in"erences.
B. 3%rin# t!e 1HBIs t!e !o&icide rate in 1ritain rose b, @I 'ercent. T!e ea'on
%sed %s%all, as a kni"e. Fotentiall, let!al knives are sold o'enl, and le#all, in
&an, s!o's. Most !o&icide deat!s occ%r as a res%lt o" %n're&editated assa%lts
it!in t!e "a&il,. Even i" t!ese are increasin#9 t!e, o%ld 'robabl, not res%lt in
deat!s i" it ere not "or t!e 'revalence o" s%c! knives. T!%s t!e bla&e lies it!
t!e 'er&issiveness o" t!e #overn&ent t!at allos s%c! let!al ea'ons to be sold.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e stron#est criticis& o" t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!ere are ot!er &eans besides knives9 s%c! as #%ns or 'oison9 t!at can be
%sed to acco&'lis! !o&icide b, a 'erson !o intends to ca%se t!e deat! o"
anot!er.
.1/ It is i&'ossible to kno !o &an, %n're&editated assa%lts occ%r it!in t!e
"a&il,9 since &an, are not re'orted to t!e a%t!orities.
.C/ Mnives are %sed in ot!er !o&icides besides t!ose t!at res%lt "ro&
%n're&editated assa%lts it!in t!e "a&il,.
.3/ T!e ar#%&ent ass%&es it!o%t +%sti"ication t!at t!e knives %sed to co&&it
!o&icide are #enerall, '%rc!ased as 'art o" a deliberate 'lan to co&&it
&%rder or to in"lict #rievo%s !ar& on a "a&il, &e&ber.
.E/ I" t!e 'otentiall, let!al knives re"erred to are ordinar, !o%se!old knives9 s%c!
GMAT & LSAT CR <G<
knives ere co&&on be"ore t!e rise in t!e !o&icide rateD b%t i" t!e, are
ea'onr,9 s%c! knives are not #enerall, available in !o%se!olds.
H. 2%tritionist: 4ita&ins s,nt!esi)ed b, c!e&ists are e(actl, t!e sa&e as vita&ins
t!at occ%r nat%rall, in "oods. T!ere"ore9 it is a aste o" &one, to 'a, e(tra "or
brands o" vita&in 'ills t!at are advertised as &ade o" !i#!er80%alit, in#redients or
&ore nat%ral in#redients t!an ot!er brands are.
T!e n%tritionists advice is based on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ It is a aste o" &one, "or 'eo'le to s%''le&ent t!eir diets it! vita&in 'ills.
.1/ 1rands o" vita&in 'ills &ade o" nat%ral in#redients ala,s cost &ore &one,
t!an brands t!at contain s,nt!esi)ed vita&ins.
.C/ All brands o" vita&in 'ills contain so&e s,nt!esi)ed vita&ins.
.3/ So&e 'rod%cers o" vita&in 'ills are #%ilt, o" "alse advertisin#.
.E/ T!ere is no nonvita&in in#redient in vita&in 'ills !ose 0%alit, &akes one
brand ort! &ore &one, t!an anot!er brand.
1I. Most 'eo'le are indi#nant at t!e s%##estion t!at t!e, are not reliable a%t!orities
abo%t t!eir real ants. S%c! sel"8knoled#e9 !oever9 is not t!e easiest kind o"
knoled#e to ac0%ire. Indeed9 ac0%irin# it o"ten re0%ires !ard and even
'otentiall, risk, ork. To avoid s%c! e""ort9 'eo'le %nconscio%sl, convince
t!e&selves t!at t!e, ant !at societ, sa,s t!e, s!o%ld ant.
T!e &ain 'oint o" t!e ar#%&ent is t!at
.A/ ac0%irin# sel"8knoled#e can be risk,
.1/ knoled#e o" !at one reall, ants is not as desirable as it is %s%all,
t!o%#!t to be
.C/ 'eo'le cannot reall, ant !at t!e, s!o%ld ant
.3/ 'eo'le %s%all, avoid &akin# di""ic%lt decisions
.E/ 'eo'le are not necessaril, reliable a%t!orities abo%t !at t!e, reall, ant
11. Since 1HC@ 'esticide %se in t!e =nited Stares !as increased ten"old des'ite an
overall stabilit, in n%&ber o" acres 'lanted. 3%rin# t!e sa&e 'eriod9 cro' loss
"ro& insects !as a''ro(i&atel, do%bled9 "ro& abo%t seven to t!irteen 'ercent.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 contrib%tes &ost to e('lainin# t!e
'arado(ical "indin#s above-
.A/ E(tension a#ents e&'lo,ed b, state #overn&ents to advise "ar&ers !ave
recentl, advocated %sin# s&aller a&o%nts o" 'esticide9 t!o%#! in 'ast ,ears
t!e, 'ro&oted !eav, 'esticide %se.
.1/ 6!ile 'esticide8resistant strains o" insects ere develo'in#9 cro' rotation9
!ic! "or insects disr%'ts a stable "ood s%''l,9 as #rad%all, abandoned
beca%se "ar&ers eli#ibilit, to receive #overn&ent cro' s%bsidies de'ended
on contin%in# to 'lant t!e sa&e cro'.
.C/ Since 1HAI t!e 'esticides &ost let!al to 'eo'le !ave #enerall, been re'laced
GMAT & LSAT CR <GC
b, less8let!al c!e&icals t!at are e0%all, e""ective a#ainst insects and !ave a
less8da&a#in# e""ect on t!e "is! in strea&s "ed b, ater t!at r%ns o"" "ro&
treated a#ric%lt%ral "ields.
.3/ 1eca%se "ar&ers decisions abo%t !o &%c! land to 'lant are #overned b,
t!eir e('ectations abo%t cro' 'rices at !arvest ti&e9 t!e a&o%nt o" 'esticide
t!e, a''l, also de'ends in 'art on e('ected cro' 'rices.
.E/ Alt!o%#! so&e 'esticides can be re&oved "ro& "oodst%""s t!ro%#! as!in#9
ot!ers are taken %' into t!e edible 'ortion o" 'lants9 and cons%&ers !ave
be#%n to bo,cott "oods containin# 'esticides t!at cannot be as!ed o"".
15. In disc%ssin# t!e 'ros and cons o" &onetar, %nion a&on# several E%ro'ean
nations9 so&e 'oliticians !ave clai&ed t!at livin# standards in t!e co%ntries
concerned o%ld "irst !ave to conver#e i" &onetar, %nion is not to lead to
econo&ic c!aos. T!is clai& is 'lainl, "alse9 as is de&onstrated b, t!e "act t!at
livin# standards diver#e idel, beteen re#ions it!in co%ntries t!at
nevert!eless !ave stable econo&ies.
In atte&'tin# to re"%te t!e 'oliticians clai&9 t!e a%t!or does !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ ar#%es t!at t!ose &akin# t!e clai& are &istaken abo%t a te&'oral
relations!i' t!at !as been observed
.1/ 'resents an earlier instance o" t!e action bein# considered in !ic! t!e
'redicted conse0%ences did not occ%r
.C/ ar#%es t!at t!e "eared conse0%ence o%ld occ%r re#ardless o" !at co%rse o"
action as "olloed
.3/ #ives an e(a&'le o" a state o" a""airs9 ass%&ed to be relevantl, si&ilar9 in
!ic! t!e alle#edl, inco&'atible ele&ents coe(ist
.E/ 'oints o%t t!at i" an i&'licit reco&&endation is "olloed9 t!e clai& can be
neit!er s!on to be tr%e nor s!on to be "alse
1<. 1eca%se so&e st%dent de&onstrations 'rotestin# !is sc!ed%led a''earance !ave
res%lted in violence9 t!e 'resident o" t!e I&'erialist Societ, !as been 'revented
"ro& s'eakin# abo%t 'olitics on ca&'%s b, t!e dean o" st%dent a""airs. *et to den,
an,one t!e %nrestricted "reedo& to s'eak is to t!reaten ever,ones ri#!t to "ree
e('ression. :ence t!e deans decision !as t!reatened ever,ones ri#!t to "ree
e('ression.
o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 3r. Fac!eco saved a c!ilds li"e b, 'er"or&in# e&er#enc, s%r#er,. 1%t
s%r#er, rarel, involves an, risk to t!e s%r#eon. T!ere"ore9 i" an act is not
!eroic %nless it re0%ires t!e actor to take so&e risk9 3r. Fac!ecos s%r#er,
as not !eroic.
.1/ 1eca%se an,one !o 'er"or&s an act o" !erois& acts altr%isticall, rat!er
GMAT & LSAT CR <G@
t!an sel"is!l,9 a societ, t!at reards !erois& enco%ra#es altr%is& rat!er
t!an '%re sel"8interest.
.C/ In order to resc%e a dronin# c!ild9 Isabel +%&'ed into a "ree)in# river. S%c!
acts o" !erois& 'er"or&ed to save t!e li"e o" one enric! t!e lives o" all.
:ence9 Isabels action enric!ed t!e lives o" all.
.3/ $ire "i#!ters are o"ten e('ected to 'er"or& !eroicall, %nder !ars! conditions.
1%t no one is ever re0%ired to act !eroicall,. :ence9 "ire "i#!ters are o"ten
e('ected to 'er"or& actions t!e, are not re0%ired to 'er"or&.
.E/ Acts o" e(tre&e #enerosit, are %s%all, above and be,ond t!e call o" d%t,.
T!ere"ore9 &ost acts o" e(tre&e #enerosit, are !eroic9 since all actions t!at
are above and be,ond t!e call o" d%t, are !eroic.
1C. Fro"essor: Me&bers o" &ost s'ecies are able to co&&%nicate it! ot!er &e&bers
o" t!e sa&e s'ecies9 b%t it is not tr%e t!at all co&&%nication can be called
>lan#%a#e.? T!e !%&an co&&%nication s,ste& %n0%estionabl, 0%ali"ies as
lan#%a#e. In "act9 %sin# lan#%a#e is a trait it!o%t !ic! e o%ld not be !%&an.
St%dent: I %nderstand t!at co&&%nication b, itsel" is not lan#%a#e9 b%t !o do
,o% kno t!at t!e !i#!l, evolved co&&%nication s,ste&s o" son#birds9
dol'!ins9 !one,bees9 and a'es9 "or e(a&'le9 are not lan#%a#es-
T!e st%dent !as inter'reted t!e 'ro"essors re&arks to &ean t!at
.A/ di""erent s'ecies can !ave si&ilar de"inin# traits
.1/ ever, !%&an trait e(ce't %sin# lan#%a#e is s!ared b, at least one ot!er
s'ecies
.C/ not all lan#%a#es are %sed to co&&%nicate
.3/ %sin# lan#%a#e is a trait !%&ans do not s!are it! an, ot!er s'ecies
.E/ !%&ans cannot co&&%nicate it! &e&bers o" ot!er s'ecies
Questions 15-1&
Environ&entalist: An increased n%&ber o" oil s'ills and t!e conse0%ent da&a#e to t!e
environ&ent indicate t!e need "or stricter sa"et, standards "or t!e oil ind%str,. Since
t!e ind%str, re"%ses to take action9 it is t!e national #overn&ent t!at &%st re#%late
ind%str, sa"et, standards. In 'artic%lar9 t!e #overn&ent !as to at least re0%ire oil
co&'anies to '%t do%ble !%lls on t!eir tankers and to ass%&e "inancial res'onsibilit,
"or accidents.
Ind%str, re'resentative: T!e ind%str, alone s!o%ld be res'onsible "or devisin# sa"et,
standards beca%se o" its e('ertise in !andlin# oil and its %nderstandin# o" t!e cost
entailed. I&'le&entin# t!e do%ble8!%ll 'ro'osal is not c%rrentl, "easible beca%se it
creates ne sa"et, iss%es. $%rt!er&ore9 t!e cost o%ld be b%rdenso&e to t!e ind%str,
and cons%&ers.
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent o" t!e
environ&entalist de'ends-
GMAT & LSAT CR <GG
.A/ T!e onl, e""ective so%rces o" increased strin#enc, in sa"et, standards "or oil
tankers are action b, t!e ind%str, itsel" or national #overn&ent re#%lation.
.1/ T!e re0%ire&ent o" to !%lls on oil tankers9 alt!o%#! initiall, costl,9 ill
save &one, over ti&e b, red%cin# clean%' costs.
.C/ T!e oil ind%str,s a#in# "leet o" tankers &%st eit!er be re'aired or else
re'laced.
.3/ Govern&ent sa"et, re#%lations are develo'ed in a 'rocess o" ne#otiation it!
ind%str, leaders and inde'endent e('erts.
.E/ Environ&ental concerns o%tei#! all "inancial considerations !en
develo'in# sa"et, standards.
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e ind%str,
re'resentatives 'osition a#ainst t!e environ&entalists 'osition-
.A/ Recentl, a do%ble8!%lled tanker loaded it! oil as '%nct%red !en it ran
a#ro%nd9 b%t no oil as released.
.1/ Fro'osed #overn&ent re#%lation o%ld &andate t!e creation o" re#ional
res'onse tea&s it!in t!e Coast G%ard to res'ond to oil s'ills and
coordinate clean%' activities.
.C/ Fro'osed le#islation re0%ires t!at ne tankers !ave do%ble !%lls b%t t!at
e(istin# tankers eit!er be re"itted it! do%ble !%lls in t!e ne(t 5I ,ears or
else be retired.
.3/ $%&es can beco&e tra''ed beteen t!e to !%ll la,ers o" do%ble8!%lled
tankers9 and t!e risk o" e('losions t!at co%ld r%'t%re t!e tankers !%ll is
t!ereb, increased.
.E/ $ro& no on9 t!e oil ind%str, ill be re0%ired b, recent le#islation to "inance
a nel, establis!ed oil8s'ill clean%' "%nd.
1A. 1io#ra'!er: Arnolds belie" t!at ever, o""er o" assistance on t!e 'art o" !is
collea#%es as a dis#%ised atte&'t to &ake !i& look inade0%ate and t!at no
e('ression o" con#rat%lations on !is 'ro&otion s!o%ld be taken at "ace val%e &a,
see& irrational. In "act9 t!is belie" as a conse0%ence o" !is earl, e('eriences
it! an ad&ired older sister !o ala,s &ade "%n o" !is a&bitions and
ac!ieve&ents. In li#!t o" t!is e('lanation9 t!ere"ore9 Arnolds st%bborn belie" t!at
!is collea#%es ere d%'licito%s e&er#es as clearl, +%sti"ied.
T!e "laed reasonin# in t!e bio#ra'!ers ar#%&ent is &ost si&ilar to t!at in
.A/ T!e "act t!at to' e(ec%tives #enerall, !ave &%c! lar#er vocab%laries t!an do
t!eir s%bordinates e('lains !, S!eldons belie"9 instilled in !i& d%rin# !is
c!ild!ood9 t!at develo'in# a lar#e vocab%lar, is t!e a, to #et to t!e to' in
t!e orld o" b%siness is co&'letel, +%sti"ied.
.1/ E&il, s%s'ected t!at a''les are %n!ealt!, ever since s!e al&ost c!oked to
deat! !ile eatin# an a''le !en s!e as a c!ild. 2o9 evidence t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR <GA
a''les treated it! certain 'esticides can be !ealt! !a)ards s!os t!at
E&il,s lon#8!eld belie" is "%ll, +%sti"ied.
.C/ As a c!ild. Joan as severel, '%nis!ed !enever s!e 'la,ed it! !er
"at!ers 'ri)e Sia&ese cat. T!ere"ore9 since t!is in"or&ation &akes !er
'resent belie" t!at cats are not #ood 'ets co&'letel, %nderstandable9 t!at
belie" is +%sti"ied.
.3/ St%dies s!o t!at !en %s%all, ell8be!aved c!ildren beco&e irritable9 t!e,
o"ten e(!ibit s,&'to&s o" viral in"ections t!e ne(t da,. T!e s%s'icion9 still
!eld b, &an, ad%lts9 t!at &isbe!avior &%st ala,s be 'aid "or is t!%s bot!
e('lained and +%sti"ied.
.E/ S%&a,ias "at!er and &ot!er ere bot! concert 'ianists9 and as a c!ild9
S%&a,ia kne several ot!er 'eo'le tr,in# to &ake careers as &%sicians.
T!%s S%&a,ias o'inion t!at !er "riend Ant!on, lacks t!e drive to be a
s%ccess"%l 'ianist is %ndo%btedl, +%sti"ied.
1B. T!e television doc%&entar, ent be,ond t!e save8t!e8ildli"e 'ieties o" so&e o"
t!ose re&ote "ro& East A"rica and s!oed t!at in a co%ntr, 'ressed "or "ood9 t!e
ele'!ant is a 'est9 and an intelli#ent 'est at t!at. T!ere a''ears to be no a, to
'rotect East A"rican "ar&s "ro& t!e voracio%s "ora#in# o" ni#!t8raidin# ele'!ant
!erds. Clearl, t!is e(a&'le ill%strates t!at;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost lo#icall, co&'letes t!e 'ara#ra'!-
.A/ t!e 'reservation o" ildli"e &a, endan#er !%&an el"are
.1/ it is ti&e to re&ove ele'!ants "ro& t!e list o" endan#ered s'ecies
.C/ television doc%&entaries are inca'able o" doin# &ore t!an reiteratin#
acce'ted 'ieties
.3/ "ar&ers and a#ric%lt%ral a#ents s!o%ld ork closel, it! ildli"e
conservationists be"ore takin# &eas%res to control ele'!ants
.E/ it is %n"air t!at 'eo'le in an, co%ntr, s!o%ld !ave to end%re "ood s!orta#es
Questions 19-!0
7(,#en81B is a !eavier8t!an8nor&al isoto'e o" o(,#en. In a rain clo%d9 ater
&olec%les containin# o(,#en81B are rarer t!an ater &olec%les containin# nor&al
o(,#en. 1%t in rain"all9 a !i#!er 'ro'ortion o" all ater &olec%les containin# o(,#en8
1B t!an o" all ater &olec%les containin# ordinar, o(,#en descends to eart!.
Conse0%entl,9 scientists ere s%r'rised !en &eas%re&ents alon# t!e entire ro%te o"
rain clo%ds 'assa#e "ro& above t!e Atlantic 7cean9 t!e site o" t!eir ori#inal
"or&ation9 across t!e A&a)on "orests9 !ere it rains al&ost dail,9 s!oed t!at t!e
o(,#en81B content o" eac! o" t!e clo%ds re&ained "airl, constant.
1H. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 best !el's to resolve t!e con"lict
beteen scientists e('ectations9 based on t!e knon be!avior o" o(,#en81B9 and
t!e res%lt o" t!eir &eas%re&ents o" t!e rain clo%ds o(,#en81B content-
.A/ Rain clo%ds above tro'ical "orests are 'oorer in o(,#en81B t!an rain clo%ds
GMAT & LSAT CR <GB
above %n"orested re#ions.
.1/ Like t!e oceans9 tro'ical rain "orests can create or re'lenis! rain clo%ds in t!e
at&os'!ere above t!e&.
.C/ T!e a&o%nt o" rain"all over t!e A&a)on rain "orests is e(actl, t!e sa&e as
t!e a&o%nt o" rain ori#inall, collected in t!e clo%ds "or&ed above t!e
Atlantic 7cean.
.3/ T!e a&o%nt o" rain rec,cled back into t!e at&os'!ere "ro& t!e leaves o"
"orest ve#etation is e(actl, t!e sa&e as t!e a&o%nt o" rain in river r%no""s
t!at is not rec,cled into t!e at&os'!ere.
.E/ 7(,#en81B is not a #ood indicator o" t!e e""ect o" tro'ical rain "orests on t!e
at&os'!ere above t!e&.
5I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# in"erences abo%t an individ%al rain clo%d is s%''orted
b, t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ 7nce it is "or&ed over t!e Atlantic9 t!e rain clo%d contains &ore ordinar,
o(,#en t!an o(,#en81B.
.1/ 7nce it !as 'assed over t!e A&a)on9 t!e rain clo%d contains a #reater8t!an8
nor&al 'ercenta#e o" o(,#en81B.
.C/ T!e clo%ds rain"all contains &ore o(,#en81B t!an ordinar, o(,#en.
.3/ 3%rin# a rain"all9 t!e clo%d &%st s%rrender t!e sa&e 'ercenta#e o" its
ordinar, o(,#en as o" its o(,#en81B.
.E/ 3%rin# a rain"all9 t!e clo%d &%st s%rrender &ore o" its o(,#en8lB t!an it
retains.
51. It is ver, di""ic%lt to 'rove toda, t!at a 'aintin# done to or t!ree !%ndred ,ears
a#o9 es'eciall, one it!o%t a si#nat%re or it! a 0%estionabl, a%t!entic si#nat%re9
is ind%bitabl, t!e ork o" t!is or t!at 'artic%lar artist. T!is "act #ives t!e
traditional attrib%tion o" a dis'%ted 'aintin# s'ecial ei#!t9 since t!at attrib%tion
carries t!e 'res%&'tion o" !istorical contin%it,. Conse0%entl,9 an art !istorian
ar#%in# "or a deattrib%tion ill #enerall, convince ot!er art !istorians onl, i" !e
or s!e can 'ers%asivel, ar#%e "or a s'eci"ic reattrib%tion.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e 'osition t!at t!e
traditional attrib%tion o" a dis'%ted 'aintin# s!o%ld not !ave s'ecial ei#!t-
.A/ Art dealers !ave ala,s been led b, econo&ic sel"8interest to attrib%te an,
%nsi#ned 'aintin#s o" &erit to reco#ni)ed &asters rat!er t!an to obsc%re
artists.
.1/ 6!en a 'aintin# is ori#inall, created9 t!ere are invariabl, at least so&e
e,eitnesses !o see t!e artist at ork9 and t!%s 0%estions o" correct
attrib%tion cannot arise at t!at ti&e.
.C/ T!ere are not ala,s clearl, discernible di""erences beteen t!e occasional
in"erior ork 'rod%ced b, a &aster and t!e ver, best ork 'rod%ced b, a
lesser talent.
GMAT & LSAT CR <GH
.3/ Attrib%tion can s!a'e 'erce'tion inas&%c! as certain "eat%res t!at o%ld
co%nt as &arks o" #reatness in a &asters ork o%ld be co%nted as si#ns o"
in"erior artistr, i" a ork ere attrib%ted to a &inor artist.
.E/ Even t!o%#! so&e &asters !ad s'ecialists assist t!e& it! certain detail
ork9 s%c! as de'ictin# lace9 t!e res%ltin# orks are 'ro'erl, attrib%ted to
t!e &asters alone.
55. M%c! o" t!e best scienti"ic researc! o" toda, s!os t!at &an, o" t!e res%lts o"
earlier scienti"ic ork t!at as re#arded in its ti&e as #ood are in "act &istaken.
*et des'ite t!e "act t!at scientists are above all concerned to discover t!e tr%t!9 it
is val%able "or toda,s scientists to st%d, "irst!and acco%nts o" earlier scienti"ic
ork.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best reconcile t!e to state&ents
above-
.A/ Man, "irst!and acco%nts o" earlier9 "laed scienti"ic ork are not #enerall,
knon to be &istaken.
.1/ Lessons in scienti"ic &et!odolo#, can be learned b, seein# !o earlier
scienti"ic ork as carried o%t9 so&eti&es es'eciall, !en t!e res%lts o"
t!at ork are knon to be incorrect.
.C/ Scientists can &ake val%able contrib%tions to t!e scienti"ic ork o" t!eir ti&e
even i" t!e res%lts o" t!eir ork ill later be s!on to be &istaken.
.3/ T!ere are &an, scientists toda, !o are not t!oro%#!l, "a&iliar it! earlier
scienti"ic researc!.
.E/ So&e o" t!e better scienti"ic researc! o" toda, does not directl, address
earlier scienti"ic ork.
5<. Teac!ers are e""ective onl, !en t!e, !el' t!eir st%dents beco&e inde'endent
learners. *et not %ntil teac!ers !ave t!e 'oer to &ake decisions in t!eir on
classroo&s can t!e, enable t!eir st%dents to &ake t!eir on decisions. St%dents
ca'abilit, to &ake t!eir on decisions is essential to t!eir beco&in# inde'endent
learners. T!ere"ore9 i" teac!ers are to be e""ective9 t!e, &%st !ave t!e 'oer to
&ake decisions in t!eir on classroo&s.
Accordin# to t!e ar#%&ent9 eac! o" t!e "olloin# co%ld be tr%e o" teac!ers !o
!ave enabled t!eir st%dents to &ake t!eir on decisions EECEFT:
.A/ T!eir st%dents !ave not beco&e inde'endent learners.
.1/ T!e, are not e""ective teac!ers.
.C/ T!e, are e""ective teac!ers.
.3/ T!e, !ave t!e 'oer to &ake decisions in t!eir on classroo&s.
.E/ T!e, do not !ave t!e 'oer to &ake decisions.
5C. 3r. R%i): 3r. S&it! !as e('ressed o%ts'oken antis&okin# vies in '%blic. Even
t!o%#! 3r. S&it! is ot!erise 0%ali"ied9 clearl, s!e cannot be incl%ded on a 'anel
GMAT & LSAT CR <AI
t!at e(a&ines t!e dan#er o" second!and ci#arette s&oke. As an or#ani)er o" t!e
'anel9 I ant to ens%re t!at t!e 'anel e(a&ines t!e iss%e in an %nbiased &anner
be"ore co&in# to an, concl%sion.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e stron#est basis "or co%nterin#
3r. R%i) ar#%&ent t!at 3r. S&it! s!o%ld not be incl%ded on t!e 'anel-
.A/ A 'anel co&'osed o" 0%ali"ied 'eo'le it! stron# b%t con"lictin# vies on a
'artic%lar to'ic is &ore likel, to reac! an %nbiased concl%sion t!an a 'anel
co&'osed o" 'eo'le !o !ave ke't t!eir vies9 i" an,9 'rivate.
.1/ Feo'le !o !old stron# vies on a 'artic%lar to'ic tend to acce't ne
evidence on t!at to'ic onl, i" it s%''orts t!eir vies.
.C/ A 'anel t!at incl%des one 0%ali"ied 'erson it! '%blicl, knon stron# vies
on a 'artic%lar to'ic is &ore likel, to !ave livel, disc%ssions t!an a 'anel
t!at incl%des onl, 'eo'le it! no ell8de"ined vies on t!at to'ic.
.3/ Feo'le !o !ave e('ressed stron# vies in '%blic on a 'artic%lar to'ic are
better at raisin# "%nds to s%''ort t!eir case t!an are 'eo'le !o !ave never
e('ressed stron# vies in '%blic.
.E/ Feo'le !o !ave ell8de"ined stron# vies on a 'artic%lar to'ic 'rior to
+oinin# a 'anel are o"ten able to i&'ose t!eir vies on 'anel &e&bers !o
are not co&&itted at t!e o%tset to an, concl%sion.
SECTI72 I4
1. 1iotec!nolo#, co&'anies sa, t!at vol%ntar, #%ideline "or t!eir ind%str, are
s%""icient to ens%re t!at no !ar& ill res%lt !en a #eneticall, altered or#anis& is
released into t!e environ&ent. It is "oolis!9 !oever9 to rel, on ass%rances "ro&
'rod%cers o" #eneticall, altered or#anis&s t!at t!eir 'rod%cts ill not be !ar&"%l.
T!ere"ore9 a biotec!nolo#, co&'an, s!o%ld be re0%ired to a''l, to an
inde'endent re#%lator, board co&'osed o" scientists o%tside t!e biotec!nolo#,
ind%str, "or t!e ri#!t to sell nel, created or#anis&s.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" acce'ted9 &ost stron#l, +%sti"ies
drain# t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ 4ol%ntar, #%idelines are s%""icient to re#%late activities t!at 'ose little dan#er
to t!e environ&ent.
.1/ Feo'le !o en#a#e in an activit, and !ave a "inancial stake in t!at activit,
s!o%ld not be t!e sole re#%lators o" t!at activit,.
.C/ Met!ods t!at res%lt in !ar& to t!e environ&ent &%st so&eti&es be %sed in
order to avoid even #reater !ar&.
.3/ A co&'an, is obli#ated to ens%re t!e e""ectiveness o" its 'rod%cts b%t not
t!eir environ&ental sa"et,.
GMAT & LSAT CR <A1
.E/ Iss%es o" environ&ental 'rotection are so i&'ortant t!at t!e, s!o%ld not be
le"t to scienti"ic e('erts.
5. Qoo director: T!e cit, is in a "inancial crisis and &%st red%ce its s'endin#.
2evert!eless9 at least one red%ction &eas%re in ne(t ,ears b%d#et9 c%ttin# Cit,
Qoos "%ndin# in !al"9 is "alse econo&,. T!e )oos c%rrent b%d#et e0%als less t!an
1 'ercent o" t!e cit,s de"icit9 so it!drain# s%''ort "ro& t!e )oo does little to
!el' t!e cit,s "inancial sit%ation. $%rt!er&ore9 t!e )oo9 !ic! &%st close i" its
b%d#et is c%t9 attracts to%rists and ta( dollars to t!e cit,. $inall,9 t!e )oo adds
i&&eas%rabl, to t!e cit,s c%lt%ral cli&ate and t!%s &akes t!e cit, an attractive
'lace "or b%siness to locate.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ain concl%sion o" t!e )oo directors
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Red%cin# s'endin# is t!e onl, &eans t!e cit, !as o" res'ondin# to t!e
c%rrent "inancial crisis.
.1/ It o%ld be "alse econo&, "or t!e cit, to c%t t!e )oos b%d#et in !al".
.C/ Cit, Qoos b%d#et is onl, a ver, s&all 'ortion o" t!e cit,s entire b%d#et.
.3/ T!e )oo ill be "orced to close i" its b%d#et is c%t.
.E/ T!e cit,s ed%cational and c%lt%ral cli&ate ill be irre'arabl, da&a#ed i" t!e
)oo is "orced to close.
<. A cat ill not be a""ectionate toard 'eo'le %nless it is !andled !en it is a
kitten. Since t!e cat t!at Fa%la 'lans to #ive to !er "riend as !andled !en it
as a kitten9 t!at cat ill be a""ectionate toard 'eo'le.
.A/ T%li' b%lbs ill not 'rod%ce "loers %nless t!e, are c!illed "or to &ont!s.
Since t!e t%li' b%lbs in t!e cla, 'ot ere not c!illed "or to &ont!s9 t!ese
b%lbs ill not 'rod%ce "loers.
.1/ 1eets do not #ro ell %nless t!e soil in !ic! t!e, are #ron contains trace
a&o%nts o" boron. Since t!e beets in t!is 'lot are #roin# ell9 t!e soil in
t!e 'lot &%st contain trace a&o%nts o" boron.
.C/ $r%it trees ill not 'rod%ce &%c! "r%it %nless t!e, are 'r%ned 'ro'erl,. T!at
t!e "r%it trees at t!e local orc!ard 'rod%ce a lar#e a&o%nt o" "r%it 'roves
t!at t!e, !ave been 'r%ned 'ro'erl,.
.3/ Cranberries ill not t!rive %nless t!e, are #ron in bo#s. Since t!e
cranberries in t!is area are not #ron in bo#s9 t!ese cranberries ill not
t!rive.
.E/ Crass seeds ill not #er&inate ell %nless t!e, are 'ressed "ir&l, into t!e
#ro%nd. T!e #rass seeds son in t!is ,ard ere 'ressed "ir&l, into t!e
#ro%nd9 so t!e, ill #er&inate ell.
C. =ntil recentl,9 ant!ro'olo#ists #enerall, a#reed t!at !i#!er 'ri&ates ori#inated
GMAT & LSAT CR <A5
abo%t <I &illion ,ears a#o in t!e Al $a,,%& re#ion o" E#,'t. :oever9 a CI8
&illion8,ear old "ossili)ed "ra#&ent o" a loer +abone discovered in 1%r&a
.no called M,an&ar/ in 1HAB as %sed to s%''ort t!e t!eor, t!at t!e earliest
!i#!er 'ri&ates ori#inated in 1%r&a. :oever9 t!e clai& is 're&at%re9 "or;;;;;;
6!ic! one or t!e "olloin#9 i" r%e9 is t!e &ost lo#ical co&'letion o" t!e
'ara#ra'! above-
.A/ t!ere are no &ore 'ri&ate s'ecies in 1%r&a t!an t!ere are in E#,'t
.1/ several ant!ro'olo#ists9 %sin# di""erent datin# &et!ods9 inde'endentl,
con"ir&ed t!e esti&ated a#e o" t!e +abone "ra#&ent
.C/ !i#!er 'ri&ates cannot be identi"ied solel, b, t!eir loer +abones
.3/ several 'ro&inent ant!ro'olo#ists do not believe t!at !i#!er 'ri&ates co%ld
!ave ori#inated in eit!er E#,'t or 1%r&a
.E/ ot!er arc!aeolo#ical e('editions in 1%r&a !ave %neart!ed !i#!er8'ri&ate
"ossili)ed bone "ra#&ents t!at are clearl, older t!an CI &illion ,ears
@. T!e ends o" &odern cent%ries !ave been #reeted it! bot! a'ocal,'tic an(ieties
and %to'ian "antasies. It is not s%r'risin# t!at bot! reactions !ave consistentl,
'roven to be &is'laced. A"ter all9 t!e 'recise ti&e !en a cent%r, !a''ens to end
cannot !ave an, s'ecial si#ni"icance9 since t!e Gre#orian calendar9 t!o%#! idel,
%sed9 is onl, one a&on# &an, t!at 'eo'le !ave devised.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 co%ld be s%bstit%ted "or t!e reason cited
above !ile still 'reservin# t!e "orce o" t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It is lo#icall, i&'ossible "or bot! reactions to be correct at t!e sa&e ti&e.
.1/ 6!at is a %to'ian "antas, to one #ro%' o" 'eo'le &a, ell be9 "or anot!er
#ro%' o" 'eo'le9 a reali)ation o" t!eir orst "ears.
.C/ T!e n%&ber s,ste& based on t!e n%&ber ten9 in t!e absence o" !ic! one
!%ndred ,ears o%ld not !ave t!e a''earance o" bein# a si#ni"icant 'eriod
o" ti&e9 is b, no &eans t!e onl, one t!at 'eo'le !ave created.
.3/ T!e "ir& e('ectation t!at so&et!in# e(traordinar, is abo%t to !a''en can
&ake 'eo'le be!ave in a &anner t!at &akes it less likel, t!at so&et!in#
e(traordinar, ill !a''en.
.E/ Since a cent%r, "ar e(ceeds t!e nor&al !%&an li"e s'an9 'eo'le do not live
lon# eno%#! to learn "ro& &istakes t!at t!e, t!e&selves &ade one !%ndred
,ears be"ore.
G. Feo'le !o listen to certain recordin#s o" &%sic are in dan#er o" bein# %nd%l,
in"l%enced b, s'oken &essa#es t!at !ave been recorded backards on t!e records
or ta'es.
A conse0%ence o" t!e vie above is t!at
.A/ t!e s'oken &essa#es &%st be lo%der t!an t!e &%sic on t!e recordin#s
.1/ backards &essa#es can be added to a recordin# !ile still 'reservin# all o"
t!e &%sical 0%alities o" t!e recorded 'er"or&ance
GMAT & LSAT CR <A<
.C/ t!e recordin#s on !ic! s%c! &essa#es a''ear are c!osen "or t!is '%r'ose
eit!er beca%se t!e, are es'eciall, 'o'%lar or beca%se t!e, introd%ce a
trancelike state
.3/ i" s%c! &essa#es &%st be co&'re!ended to e(ert in"l%ence9 t!en 'eo'le &%st
be able to co&'re!end s'oken &essa#es recorded backards
.E/ !en 'eo'le listen to recorded &%sic9 t!e, 'a, "%ll attention to t!e &%sic as
it 'la,s
A. Advertise&ent: 7ver BI 'ercent o" t!e 'eo'le !o test8drive a Qenit! car end %'
b%,in# one. So be arned: ,o% s!o%ld not test8drive a Qenit! %nless ,o% are
're'ared to b%, one9 beca%se i" ,o% so &%c! as drive a Qenit! aro%nd t!e block9
t!ere is a better t!an BI 'ercent c!ance ,o% ill c!oose to b%, it.
I" t!e advertise&ent is inter'reted as i&'l,in# t!at t!e 0%alit, o" t!e car is
%n%s%all, i&'ressive9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost clearl, casts
do%bt on t!at i&'lication-
.A/ Test8drives o" Qenit! cars are9 accordin# to Qenit! sales 'ersonnel9 #enerall,
&ore e(tensive t!an a drive aro%nd t!e block and enco%nter varied drivin#
conditions.
.1/ =s%all, dealers !ave eno%#! Qenit! &odels in stock t!at 'ros'ective
'%rc!asers are able to test8drive t!e e(act &odel t!at t!e, are considerin#
"or '%rc!ase.
.C/ T!ose !o take test8drives in cars are9 in over!el&in# 'ro'ortions9 'eo'le
!o !ave alread, decided to b%, t!e &odel driven %nless so&e "a%lt s!o%ld
beco&e evident.
.3/ Al&ost HI 'ercent o" t!e 'eo'le !o '%rc!ase a car do not do so on t!e da,
t!e, take a "irst test8drive b%t do so a"ter anot!er test8drive.
.E/ In so&e Qenit! cars9 a &inor 'art !as broken it!in t!e "irst ,ear9 and Qenit!
dealers !ave iss%ed notices to oners t!at t!e dealers ill re'lace t!e 'art
it! a redesi#ned one at no cost to oners.
B. In Malsenia sales o" classical records are soarin#. T!e b%,ers res'onsible "or t!is
boo& are 0%ite ne to classical &%sic and ere dran to it eit!er b, classical
scores "ro& television co&&ercials or b, t!e&e t%nes introd%cin# &a+or s'orts
events on television. A%diences at classical concerts9 !oever9 are contin%all,
s!rinkin# in Malsenia. It can be concl%ded "ro& t!is t!at t!e ne Malsenian
converts to classical &%sic9 !avin# initiall, e('erienced t!is &%sic as recorded
&%sic9 are &ost co&"ortable it! classical &%sic as recorded &%sic and reall,
!ave no desire to !ear live 'er"or&ances.
T!e ar#%&ent ass%&es !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ To sell ell in Malsenia9 a classical record &%st incl%de at least one 'iece
"a&iliar "ro& television.
.1/ At least so&e o" t!e ne Malsenian b%,ers o" classical records !ave
GMAT & LSAT CR <AC
available to t!e& t!e o'tion o" attendin# classical concerts.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" classical concerts 'er"or&ed in Malsenia !as not decreased in
res'onse to s&aller a%diences.
.3/ T!e classical records available in Malsenia are9 "or t!e &ost 'art9 not
recordin#s o" act%al '%blic concerts.
.E/ Classical concerts in Malsenia are not li&ited to &%sic t!at is readil,
available on recordin#s.
H. 1rain scans o" 'eo'le e('osed to certain ne%roto(ins reveal brain da&a#e
identical to t!at "o%nd in 'eo'le s%""erin# "ro& Farkinsons disease. T!is "act
s!os not onl, t!at t!ese ne%roto(ins ca%se t!is t,'e o" brain da&a#e9 b%t also
t!at t!e brain da&a#e itsel" ca%ses Farkinsons disease. T!%s brain scans can be
%sed to deter&ine !o is likel, to develo' Farkinsons disease.
T!e ar#%&ent contains !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# reasonin# errors-
.A/ It "ails to establis! t!at ot!er &et!ods t!at can be %sed to dia#nose
Farkinsons disease are less acc%rate t!an brain scans.
.1/ It overesti&ates t!e i&'ortance o" earl, dia#nosis in deter&inin# a''ro'riate
treat&ents "or 'eo'le s%""erin# "ro& Farkinsons disease.
.C/ It &istakes a correlation beteen t!e t,'e o" brain da&a#e described and
Farkinsons disease "or a ca%sal relation beteen t!e to.
.3/ It ass%&es t!at 'eo'le o%ld ant to kno as earl, as 'ossible !et!er t!e,
ere likel, to develo' Farkinsons disease.
.E/ It ne#lects to s'eci", !o t!e in"or&ation 'rovided b, brain scans co%ld be
%sed eit!er in treatin# Farkinsons disease or in &onitorin# t!e 'ro#ression
o" t!e disease.
1I. Al&ost all o" t!e books '%blis!ed in t!e 'ast 1@I ,ears ere 'rinted on acidic
'a'er. =n"ort%natel,9 ever, kind o" acidic 'a'er #rad%all, destro,s itsel" d%e to
its ver, acidit,. T!is 'rocess o" deterioration can be sloed i" t!e books are stored
in a cool9 dr, environ&ent. Tec!ni0%es9 !ic! are no bein# develo'ed9 to
deacidi", books ill 'robabl, be a''lied onl, to books it! !istorical
si#ni"icance.
I" all o" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
&%st also be tr%e-
.A/ I" a book as '%blis!ed in t!e 'ast 1@I ,ears and is !istoricall, insi#ni"icant9
it ill 'robabl, deteriorate co&'letel,.
.1/ Al&ost all o" t!e books '%blis!ed in t!e 'ast 1@I ,ears ill #rad%all, destro,
t!e&selves.
.C/ Al&ost all o" t!e books t!at #rad%all, deteriorate are &ade o" acidic 'a'er.
.3/ I" a book is o" !istorical si#ni"icance and as 'rinted be"ore 1@I ,ears a#o9 it
ill be deacidi"ied.
.E/ 1ooks '%blis!ed on acidic 'a'er in 1HII s!o%ld no all be at abo%t t!e sa&e
GMAT & LSAT CR <A@
state o" deterioration.
11. Civil libertarian: T!e cate#orical 'ro!ibition o" an, nonviolent &eans o"
e('ression inevitabl, 'oisons a societ,s intellect%al at&os'!ere. T!ere"ore9 t!ose
advocatin# censors!i' o" all 'otentiall, o""ensive art are '%rs%in# a co%rse t!at is
!ar&"%l to societ,.
Censors!i' advocate: *o%re ron#9 beca%se &an, 'eo'le are in a#ree&ent
abo%t !at constit%tes 'otentiall, o""ensive art.
T!e censors!i' advocates reb%ttal is "laed beca%se it
.A/ atte&'ts to e(tract a #eneral r%le "ro& a s'eci"ic case
.1/ e(tracts an erroneo%s 'rinci'le "ro& a co&&onl, !eld belie"
.C/ attacks t!e civil libertarians c!aracter instead o" t!e ar#%&ent
.3/ relies on an irrelevant reason "or re+ectin# t!e civil libertarians ar#%&ent
.E/ %ses !,'erbolic in"la&&ator, lan#%a#e t!at obsc%res t!e iss%e at !and
15. Alt!o%#! &ost s'ecies o" nondo&estic &a&&als in A%stralia are &ars%'ials9
over 1II s'eciesKincl%din# seals9 bats9 and &iceKare not &ars%'ials b%t
'lacentals. It is clear9 !oever9 t!at t!ese 'lacentals are not native to t!is island
continent: all non!%&an 'lacentals e(ce't t!e din#o9 a do# introd%ced b, t!e "irst
!%&ans t!at settled A%stralia9 are ani&als !ose ancestors co%ld si& lon#
distances9 "l,9 or "loat on dri"tood.
ass%&ed-
.A/ So&e &ars%'ials no "o%nd in A%stralia &i#!t not be native to t!at
continent9 b%t rat!er &i#!t !ave been introd%ced to A%stralia b, so&e ot!er
&eans.
.1/ :%&ans !o settled A%stralia 'robabl, introd%ced &an, o" t!e 'lacental
&a&&al s'ecies no 'resent on t!at Continent.
.C/ T!e onl, A%stralian 'lacentals t!at co%ld be native to A%stralia o%ld be
ani&als !ose ancestors co%ld not !ave reac!ed A%stralia "ro& else!ere.
.3/ 2o &ars%'ials no "o%nd in A%stralia can si& lon# distances9 "l,9 or "loat
on dri"tood.
.E/ Seals9 bats9 and &ice are t,'icall, "o%nd onl, in areas !ere t!ere are no
native &ars%'ials.
1<. I. Roo& air conditioners 'rod%ced b, Ja'anese &an%"act%rers tend to be &ore
reliable t!an t!ose 'rod%ced b, =nited States &an%"act%rers.
II. T!e avera#e li"eti&e o" roo& air conditioners 'rod%ced b, =nited States
&an%"act%rers is abo%t "i"teen ,ears9 t!e sa&e as t!at o" roo& air conditioners
'rod%ced b, Ja'anese &an%"act%rers.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best reconcile t!e to state&ents
above-
GMAT & LSAT CR <AG
.A/ Reliabilit, is a &eas%re o" !o lon# a 'rod%ct "%nctions it!o%t needin#
re'air.
.1/ Frod%ction "acilities o" "ir&s desi#nated as =nited States &an%"act%rers are
not all located in t!e =nited States.
.C/ 3a&a#e to roo& air conditioners d%rin# s!i''in# and installation does not
occ%r it! #reat "re0%enc, in t!e =nited States or in Ja'an.
.3/ Roo& air conditioners !ave been &an%"act%red "or a lon#er ti&e in t!e
=nited States t!an in Ja'an.
.E/ Ja'anese &an%"act%rers o"ten %se &ore reliable co&'onents in t!eir roo& air
conditioners t!an do =nited States &an%"act%rers.
1C. In 1HBI t!ere as #roin# concern t!at t!e 'rotective o)one la,er over t!e
Antarctic &i#!t be decreasin# and t!ereb, alloin# so &%c! !ar&"%l %ltraviolet
radiation to reac! t!e Eart! t!at 'olar &arine li"e o%ld be da&a#ed. So&e
#overn&ent o""icials dis&issed t!ese concerns9 since statistics indicated t!at
#lobal at&os'!eric o)one levels re&ained constant.
T!e relevance o" t!e evidence cited b, t!e #overn&ent o""icials in s%''ort o"
t!eir 'osition o%ld be &ost serio%sl, %nder&ined i" it ere tr%e t!at
.A/ &ost s'ecies o" 'lant and ani&al li"e "lo%ris! in ar& cli&ates rat!er t!an in
t!e 'olar re#ions
.1/ decreases in t!e a&o%nt o" at&os'!eric 7)one over t!e Antarctic ice ca'
tend to be seasonal rat!er t!an constant
.C/ decreases in t!e a&o%nt o" at&os'!eric o)one ere o" little concern be"ore
lHBI
.3/ 0%antities o" at&os'!eric o)one s!i"ted aa, "ro& t!e 'olar ca's9
corres'ondin#l, increasin# o)one levels in ot!er re#ions
.E/ even !ere t!e a&o%nt o" at&os'!eric o)one is nor&al9 so&e %ltraviolet
li#!t reac!es t!e Eart!s s%r"ace
1@. Goodbod,9 Inc.9 is in t!e 'rocess o" "indin# tenants "or its nel, co&'leted Farrot
N%a, co&&ercial develo'&ent9 !ic! ill &ake available !%ndreds o" t!o%sands
o" s0%are "eet o" ne o""ice s'ace on !at as "or&erl, derelict 'ro'ert, o%tside
t!e "inancial center o" t!e cit,. S%r'risin#l, eno%#!9 t!e co&in# recession9 t!o%#!
it ill !%rt &ost o" t!e cit,s b%sinesses9 s!o%ld !el' Goodbod, to "ind tenants.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does &ost to !el' resolve t!e a''arent
'arado(-
.A/ 1%sinesses "orced to econo&i)e b, t!e recession ill ant to take advanta#e
o" t!e loer rents available o%tside t!e "inancial center.
.1/ F%blic trans'ortation links t!e "inancial center it! t!e area aro%nd Farrot
N%a,.
.C/ T!e area in !ic! t!e Farrot N%a, develo'&ent is located beca&e derelict
a"ter t!e !eav, ind%str, t!at %sed to be t!ere closed don in a 'revio%s
GMAT & LSAT CR <AA
recession.
.3/ Man, o" Goodbod,s ot!er 'ro'erties are in "inancial center and ill beco&e
vacant i" t!e recession is severe eno%#! to "orce Goodbod,s tenants o%t o"
b%siness.
.E/ T!e recession is likel, to !ave t!e &ost severe e""ect not on service
ind%stries9 !ic! re0%ire a lot o" o""ice s'ace9 b%t on &an%"act%rers.
Questions 1&-1'
3r. Mi&: Electronic "etal &onitors9 no ro%tinel, %sed in !os'ital deliver, roo&s to
c!eck "etal !eartbeat9 are &ore intr%sive t!an ordinar, stet!osco'es and do no &ore to
i&'rove t!e c!ances t!at a !ealt!, bab, ill be born. T!ere"ore9 t!e additional cost o"
electronic &onitorin# is %n+%sti"ied and s%c! &onitorin# s!o%ld be discontin%ed.
3r. Anders: I disa#ree. Alt!o%#! ,o% and I kno t!at bot! &et!ods are ca'able o"
'rovidin# t!e sa&e in"or&ation9 electronic &onitorin# !as been ell ort! t!e cost.
3octors no kno t!e arnin# si#ns t!e, need to listen "or it! stet!osco'es9 b%t
onl, beca%se o" !at as learned "ro& %sin# electronic &onitors.
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" acce'ted9 o%ld 'rovide t!e &ost
s%''ort "or 3r. Mi&s contention t!at t!e %se o" electronic "etal &onitors s!o%ld
be discontin%ed-
.A/ :os'itals s!o%ld discontin%e t!e ro%tine %se o" a &onitorin# &et!od
!enever an alternative &et!od t!at 'rovides &ore in"or&ation beco&es
available.
.1/ Monitorin# 'roced%res s!o%ld be ro%tinel, %sed in deliver, roo&s onl, i"
t!e, 'rovide in"or&ation o" a kind t!at is 'otentiall, %se"%l in ens%rin# t!at
a !ealt!, bab, ill be born.
.C/ 6!en to &et!ods available to !os'itals 'rovide t!e sa&e kind o"
in"or&ation9 t!e &ore intr%sive &et!od s!o%ld not be %sed.
.3/ 6!en t!e %se o" a &edical device !as enabled doctors to learn so&et!in#
t!at i&'roves t!e c!ances t!at babies ill be born !ealt!,9 t!at device is
ell ort! its cost.
.E/ Ro%tinel, %sed &edical 'roced%res s!o%ld be reeval%ated 'eriodicall, to be
s%re t!at t!ese 'roced%res 'rovide reliable in"or&ation.
1A. As a re'l, to 3r. Mi&s ar#%&ent9 3r. Anders res'onse is inade0%ate beca%se it
.A/ &isses t!e 'oint at iss%e
.1/ ass%&es !at it sets o%t to 'rove
.C/ con"%ses !i#! cost it! !i#! 0%alit,
.3/ overesti&ates t!e i&'ortance o" tec!nolo#, to &ode& &edicine
.E/ overlooks t!e "act t!at a 'roced%re can be e(tensivel, %sed it!o%t bein# t!e
best 'roced%re available
GMAT & LSAT CR <AB
1B. Fro"essor :artle,s ne book on &oral '!iloso'!, contains n%&ero%s 'assa#es
t!at can be "o%nd verbati& in an earlier '%blis!ed ork b, :artle,s collea#%e9
Fro"essor Larence. T!ere"ore in vie o" t!e "act t!at t!ese 'assa#es ere
%nattrib%ted in :artle,s book9 :artle, !as been dis!onest in not acknoled#in#
t!e intellect%al debt oed to Larence.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent is based-
.A/ :artle, co%ld not !ave ritten t!e ne book it!o%t t!e 'assa#es in
0%estion.
.1/ 6!ile ritin# t!e ne book9 :artle, !ad access to t!e &an%scri't o"
Larence s book.
.C/ A book on &oral '!iloso'!, s!o%ld contain onl, &aterial re'resentin# t!e
a%t!ors on convictions.
.3/ Larence did not #et t!e ideas in t!e 'assa#es in N%estion or did not #et
t!eir "or&%lations ori#inall, "ro& :artle,.
.E/ :artle, considered t!e 'assa#es in 0%estion to be t!e best 'ossible
e('ressions o" t!e ideas t!e, contain.
1H. Feo'le !o receive %nsolicited advice "ro& so&eone !ose advanta#e o%ld be
served i" t!at advice is taken s!o%ld re#ard t!e 'ro""ered advice it! ske'ticis&
%nless t!ere is #ood reason to t!ink t!at t!eir interests s%bstantiall, coincide it!
t!ose o" t!e advice #iver in t!e circ%&stance in 0%estion.
T!is 'rinci'le9 i" acce'ted9 o%ld +%sti", !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# +%d#&ents-
.A/ A"ter learnin# b, c!ance t!at :arriet is lookin# "or a sec%re invest&ent "or
!er retire&ent savin#s9 $lo,d rites to !er reco&&endin# t!e R&M
Co&'an, as an es'eciall, sec%re invest&ent. 1%t since $lo,d is t!e sole
oner o" R&M9 :arrier s!o%ld re+ect !is advice o%t o" !and and invest t!e
savin#s else!ere.
.1/ 6!ile s!o''in# "or a re"ri#erator9 Ra&on is a''roac!ed b, a sales'erson
!o9 on t!e basis o" !er 'ersonal e('erience9 arns !i& a#ainst t!e least
e('ensive &odel. :oever9 t!e sales'ersons co&&ission increases it! t!e
'rice o" t!e re"ri#erator sold9 so Ra&on s!o%ld not re+ect t!e least e('ensive
&odel on t!e sales'ersons advice alone.
.C/ Mario ants to brin# 'astr, to *vettes 'art,9 and !en !e cons%lts !er
*vette s%##ests t!at !e brin# !is "avorite c!ocolate "%d#e bronies "ro& t!e
local baker,. :oever9 since *vette also 're"ers t!ose bronies to an, ot!er
'astr,9 Mario o%ld be ise to c!eck it! ot!ers be"ore "olloin# !er
reco&&endation.
.3/ Sara over!ears Ron talkin# abo%t a co%rse !e ill be teac!in# and interr%'ts
to reco&&end a te(tbook "or !is co%rse. :oever9 even t!o%#! Sara and
Ron eac! rote a c!a'ter o" t!is te(tbook9 since t!e books editor is a
'ersonal "riend o" Saras9 Ron s!o%ld investi#ate "%rt!er be"ore decidin#
!et!er it is t!e best te(tbook "or !is co%rse.
GMAT & LSAT CR <AH
.E/ Mel is b%,in# "is! "or so%'. Joel9 !o ons t!e "is! &arket !ere Mel is a
re#%lar and val%ed c%sto&er9 s%##ests a &%c! less e('ensive "is! t!an t!e
"is! Mel !ersel" 're"ers. Since i" Mel "ollos Joels advice9 Joel ill &ake
less 'ro"it on t!e sale t!an !e o%ld !ave ot!erise9 Mel s!o%ld "ollo !is
reco&&endation.
5I. Last ,ear t!e co%nt, 'ark s,ste& "ailed to #enerate eno%#! reven%e to cover its
costs. An, b%siness s!o%ld be closed i" it is %n'ro"itable9 b%t co%nt, 'arks are not
b%sinesses. T!ere"ore9 t!e "act t!at co%nt, 'arks are %n'ro"itable does not b,
itsel" +%sti", closin# t!e&.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost closel, 'aralleled in
.A/ A 'ri&e8ti&e television series s!o%ld be canceled i" it "ails to attract a lar#e
a%dience9 b%t t!e s&all a%dience attracted b, t!e doc%&entar, series is not
s%""icient reason to cancel it9 since it does not air d%rin# 'ri&e ti&e.
.1/ Alt!o%#! co&'anies t!at &an%"act%re and &arket a%to&obiles in t!e =nited
States &%st &eet strin#ent air80%alit, standards9 t!e 7MESA co&'an,
s!o%ld be e(e&'t "ro& t!ese standards since it &an%"act%res bic,cles in
addition to a%to&obiles.
.C/ Alt!o%#! t!e 'rovince did not s'eci"icall, intend to 'ro!ibit bettin# on !orse
races !en it 'assed a la 'ro!ibitin# #a&blin#9 s%c! bettin# s!o%ld be
re#arded as bein# 'ro!ibited beca%se it is a "or& o" #a&blin#.
.3/ Even t!o%#! cockatiels are not9 strictl, s'eakin#9 &e&bers o" t!e 'arrot
"a&il,9 t!e, s!o%ld be "ed t!e sa&e diet as &ost 'arrots since t!e cockatiels
dietar, needs are so si&ilar to t!ose o" 'arrots.
.E/ Since &inors are not s%b+ect to t!e sa&e cri&inal las as are ad%lts9 t!e,
s!o%ld not be s%b+ect to t!e sa&e sorts o" '%nis!&ents as t!ose t!at a''l, to
ad%lts.
51. Jane: Fro"essor :ar'ers ideas "or &odi",in# t!e desi#n o" #%itars are o" no val%e
beca%se t!ere is no #eneral a#ree&ent a&on# &%sicians as to !at a #%itar
s!o%ld so%nd like and9 conse0%entl,9 no idel, acce'ted basis "or eval%atin# t!e
&erits o" a #%itars so%nd.
Mark: 6!ats &ore9 :ar'ers ideas !ave !ad eno%#! ti&e to be ado'ted i" t!e,
reall, res%lted in s%'erior so%nd. It took onl, ten ,ears "or t!e Torres desi#n "or
#%itars to be al&ost %niversall, ado'ted beca%se o" t!e i&'rove&ent it &akes in
tonal 0%alit,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes t!e relations!i' beteen
Janes ar#%&ent and Marks ar#%&ent-
.A/ Marks ar#%&ent s!os !o a eakness in Janes ar#%&ent can be
overco&e.
.1/ Marks ar#%&ent !as a 're&ise in co&&on it! Janes ar#%&ent.
GMAT & LSAT CR <BI
.C/ Mark and Jane %se si&ilar tec!ni0%es to ar#%e "or di""erent concl%sions.
.3/ Marks ar#%&ent restates Janes ar#%&ent in ot!er ter&s.
.E/ Marks ar#%&ent and Janes ar#%&ent are based on con"lictin# s%''ositions.
Questions !!-!3
3octors in 1ritain !ave lon# s%s'ected t!at 'atients !o ear tinted e,e#lasses are
abnor&all, 'rone to de'ression and !,'oc!ondria. Fs,c!olo#ical tests #iven t!ere to
!os'ital 'atients ad&itted "or '!,sical co&'laints like !eart 'ain and di#estive
distress con"ir&ed s%c! a relations!i'. Fer!a's 'eo'le !ose relations!i' to t!e orld
is 's,c!olo#icall, 'ain"%l c!oose s%c! #lasses to red%ce vis%al sti&%lation9 !ic! is
'erceived as irritatin#. At an, rate9 it can be concl%ded t!at !en s%c! #lasses are
orn9 it is beca%se t!e earer !as a tendenc, to be de'ressed or !,'oc!ondriacal.
55. T!e ar#%&ent ass%&es !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 3e'ression is not ca%sed in so&e cases b, an or#anic condition o" t!e bod,.
.1/ 6earers do not t!ink o" t!e tinted #lasses as a &eans o" distancin#
t!e&selves "ro& oc!er 'eo'le.
.C/ 3e'ression can !ave &an, ca%ses9 incl%din# act%al conditions abo%t !ic! it
is reasonable "or an,one to be de'ressed.
.3/ $or !,'oc!ondriacs earin# tinted #lasses9 t!e #lasses serve as a vis%al
si#nal to ot!ers t!at t!e earers !ealt! is delicate.
.E/ T!e tintin# does not di& li#!t to t!e e,e eno%#! to de'ress t!e earers
&ood s%bstantiall,.
5<. Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ So&e 'eo'le ear tinted #lasses not beca%se t!e, c!oose to do so b%t
beca%se a &edical condition o" t!eir e,es "orces t!e& to do so.
.1/ Even a de'ressed or !,'oc!ondriacal 'erson can !ave valid &edical
co&'laints9 so a doctor s!o%ld 'er"or& all t!e %s%al ob+ective tests in
dia#nosin# s%c! 'ersons.
.C/ T!e con"ir&ator, tests ere not done "or 'laces s%c! as estern 2ort!
A&erica !ere t!e %s%al 0%alit, o" li#!t di""ers "ro& t!at 'revailin# in
1ritain.
.3/ $as!ions it! res'ect to earin# tinted #lasses di""er in di""erent 'arts o" t!e
orld.
.E/ At t!e !os'itals !ere t!e tests ere #iven9 'atients !o ere ad&itted "or
conditions less a&bi#%o%s t!an !eart 'ain or di#estive distress did not s!o
t!e relations!i' beteen tinted #lasses and de'ression or !,'oc!ondria.
5C. T!e onl, "ossili)ed bones o" lar#e 're, "o%nd in and aro%nd settle&ents o" earl,
!%&ans bear teet! &arks o" non!%&an 'redators on areas o" t!e skeleton t!at !ad
t!e &ost &eal9 and c%t &arks &ade b, !%&ans on t!e areas t!at !ad t!e least
&eat. T!e 'redators t!at !%nted lar#e 're, invariabl, are t!e &eatiest 'arts o" t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR <B1
carcasses9 leavin# %neaten re&ains be!ind.
I" t!e in"or&ation above is tr%e9 it 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ Earl, !%&ans ere 'redators o" s&all 're,9 not o" lar#e 're,.
.1/ Earl, !%&ans ate "r%its and edible roots as ell as &eat.
.C/ Earl, !%&ans o%ld !ave been &ore e""ective !%nters o" lar#e 're, i" t!e,
!ad !%nted in lar#e #ro%'s rat!er t!an individ%all,.
.3/ Earl, !%&ans ere not !%nters o" lar#e 're, b%t scaven#ed t!e %neaten
re&ains o" 're, killed b, ot!er 'redators.
.E/ Earl, !%&ans ere no&adic9 and t!eir settle&ents "olloed t!e &i#rator,
'atterns o" 'redators o" lar#e 're,.
5@. Geor#e: A ell8knon ed%cator clai&s t!at c!ildren !o are read to !en t!e,
are ver, ,o%n# are &ore likel, to en+o, readin# !en t!e, #ro %' t!an are
c!ildren !o ere not read to. 1%t t!is clai& is clearl, "alse. M, co%sin E&or,
as re#%larl, read to as a c!ild and as an ad%lt !e seldo& reads "or 'leas%re9
!ereas no one read to &e and readin# is no &, "avorite "or& o" rela(ation.
=rs%la: *o% and E&or, 'rove not!in# in t!is case. *o%r e('erience is eno%#! to
re"%te t!e clai& t!at all avid ad%lt readers ere read to as c!ildren9 b%t !at t!e
ed%cator said abo%t readin# to c!ildren is not t!at sort o" clai&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# describes a "la in Geor#es reasonin#-
.A/ :e treats !is on e('erience and t!e e('eriences o" ot!er &e&bers o" !is
on "a&il, as t!o%#! t!e, !ave &ore ei#!t as evidence t!an do t!e
e('eriences o" ot!er 'eo'le.
.1/ :e does not distin#%is! beteen t!e 0%alit, and t!e 0%antit, o" t!e books
t!at ad%lts read to E&or, !en E&or, as a c!ild.
.C/ :e overlooks t!e ell8knon "act t!at not all readin# is e0%all, rela(in#.
.3/ :e "ails to establis! t!at t!e clai& &ade b, t!is 'artic%lar ed%cator
acc%ratel, re"lects t!e 'osition !eld b, t!e &a+orit, o" ed%cators.
.E/ :e atte&'ts to re"%te a #eneral clai& b, re"erence to noncon"or&in# cases9
alt!o%#! t!e clai& is consistent it! t!e occ%rrence o" s%c! cases.
TEST 9
SECTI72 I
1. 7" all o" t!e s%r#eons 'racticin# at t!e cit, !os'ital9 t!e c!ie" s%r#eon !as t!e
orst record in ter&s o" t!e 'ercenta#e o" !is 'atients !o die eit!er d%rin# or
i&&ediatel, "olloin# an o'eration 'er"or&ed b, !i&. Farado(icall,9 t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR <B5
!os'itals ad&inistrators clai& t!at !e is t!e best s%r#eon c%rrentl, orkin# at t!e
!os'ital.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 #oes "art!est toard s!oin# t!at t!e
ad&inistrators clai& and t!e statistic cited &i#!t bot! be correct-
.A/ Since t!e !os'ital ad&inistrators a''oint t!e c!ie" s%r#eon9 t!e
ad&inistrators are stron#l, &otivated to de'ict t!e c!ie" s%r#eon t!e, !ave
c!osen as a ise c!oice.
.1/ In a''ointin# t!e c%rrent c!ie" s%r#eon9 t!e !os'ital ad&inistrators "olloed
t!e 'ractice9 ell establis!ed at t!e cit, !os'ital9 o" 'ro&otin# one o" t!e
s%r#eons alread, on sta"".
.C/ So&e o" t!e ,o%n#er s%r#eons on t!e cit, !os'itals sta"" received 'art o"
t!eir trainin# "ro& t!e c%rrent c!ie" s%r#eon.
.3/ At t!e cit, !os'ital t!ose o'erations t!at in!erentl, entail t!e #reatest risk to
t!e li"e o" t!e 'atient are #enerall, 'er"or&ed b, t!e c!ie" s%r#eon.
.E/ T!e c%rrent c!ie" s%r#eon !as a better record o" 'atients s%rvivin# s%r#er,
t!an did !is i&&ediate 'redecessor.
5. 1eteen 1HA1 and 1HA@9 t!e #overn&ent o""ice t!at &onitors dr%# co&'anies
iss%ed an avera#e o" GI citations a ,ear "or serio%s violations o" dr%#8'ro&otion
las. 1eteen 1HAG and 1HBI9 t!e ann%al avera#e "or iss%ance o" s%c! citations
as onl, @. T!is decrease indicates t!at t!e #overn&ent o""ice as9 on avera#e9
considerabl, &ore la( in en"orcin# dr%#8'ro&otion las beteen 1HAG and 1HBI
t!an it as beteen 1HA1 and 1HA@.
.A/ T!e decrease in t!e n%&ber o" citations as not ca%sed b, a decrease in dr%#
co&'anies violations o" dr%#8'ro&otion las.
.1/ A c!an#e in en"orce&ent o" dr%#8'ro&otion las did not a''l, to &inor
violations.
.C/ T!e en"orce&ent o" dr%#8'ro&otion las c!an#ed in res'onse to 'olitical
'ress%re.
.3/ T!e #overn&ent o""ice s!o%ld not iss%e &ore t!an an avera#e o" @ citations a
,ear to dr%# co&'anies "or serio%s violations o" dr%#8'ro&otion las.
.E/ 1e"ore 1HA1 t!e #overn&ent o""ice iss%ed &ore t!an GI citations a ,ear to
dr%# co&'anies "or serio%s violations o" dr%#8'ro&otion las.
<. S!eila: :ealt! e('erts #enerall, a#ree t!at s&okin# a tobacco 'rod%ct "or &an,
,ears is ver, likel, to be !ar&"%l to t!e s&okers !ealt!.
Ti&: 7n t!e contrar,9 s&okin# !as no e""ect on !ealt! at all: alt!o%#! &,
#rand"at!er s&oked t!ree ci#ars a da, "ro& t!e a#e o" "o%rteen9 !e died at a#e
ninet,8si(.
A &a+or eakness o" Ti&s co%nterar#%&ent is t!at !is co%nterar#%&ent
.A/ atte&'ts to re"%te a 'robabilistic concl%sion b, clai&in# t!e e(istence o" a
GMAT & LSAT CR <B<
sin#le co%ntere(a&'le
.1/ c!allen#es e('ert o'inion on t!e basis o" s'eci"ic in"or&ation %navailable to
e('erts in t!e "ield
.C/ describes an individ%al case t!at is e('licitl, disco%nted as an e(ce'tion to
t!e e('erts concl%sion
.3/ 'res%''oses t!at lon#evit, and !ealt! stat%s are %nrelated to eac! ot!er in t!e
#eneral 'o'%lation
.E/ tacitl, ass%&es t!at t!ose !ealt! e('erts !o are in a#ree&ent on t!is iss%e
arrived at t!at a#ree&ent inde'endentl, o" one anot!er
C. T!e case o" t!e $renc! Revol%tion is t,'icall, re#arded as t!e best evidence "or
t!e clai& t!at societies can rea' &ore bene"it t!an !ar& "ro& a revol%tion. 1%t
even t!e $renc! Revol%tion serves t!is role 'oorl,9 since $rance at t!e ti&e o" t!e
Revol%tion !ad a %ni0%e advanta#e. 3es'ite t!e Revol%tion9 t!e sa&e civil
servants and "%nctionaries re&ained in o""ice9 carr,in# on t!e da,8to8da, ork o"
#overn&ent9 and t!%s &an, o" t!e disr%'tions t!at revol%tions nor&all, brin#
ere avoided.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, c!aracteri)es t!e ar#%&entative
strate#, %sed in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ de&onstratin# t!at t!e clai& ar#%ed a#ainst is internall, inconsistent
.1/ s%''ortin# a 'artic%lar 'osition on t!e basis o" #eneral 'rinci'les
.C/ o''osin# a clai& b, %nder&inin# evidence o""ered in s%''ort o" t!at clai&
.3/ +%sti",in# a vie t!ro%#! t!e %se o" a series o" 'ers%asive e(a&'les
.E/ co&'arin# to 'ositions in order to ill%strate t!eir relative stren#t!s and
eaknesses
@. A 'erson can develo' or o%t#ro ast!&a at an, a#e. In c!ildren %nder ten9 ast!&a
is tice as likel, to develo' in bo,s. 1o,s are less likel, t!an #irls to o%t#ro
ast!&a9 ,et b, adolescence t!e 'ercenta#e o" bo,s it! ast!&a is abo%t t!e sa&e
as t!e 'ercenta#e o" #irls it! ast!&a beca%se a lar#e n%&ber o" #irls develo'
ast!&a in earl, adolescence.
Ass%&in# t!e tr%t! o" t!e 'assa#e9 one can concl%de "ro& it t!at t!e n%&ber o"
adolescent bo,s it! ast!&a is a''ro(i&atel, e0%al to t!e n%&ber o" adolescent
#irls it! ast!&a9 i" one also knos t!at
.A/ a tendenc, toard ast!&a is o"ten in!erited
.1/ c!ildren !o develo' ast!&a be"ore to ,ears o" a#e are %nlikel, to o%t#ro
it
.C/ t!ere are a''ro(i&atel, e0%al n%&bers o" adolescent bo,s and adolescent
#irls in t!e 'o'%lation
.3/ t!e develo'&ent o" ast!&a in c!ild!ood is not closel, related to cli&ate or
environ&ent
GMAT & LSAT CR <BC
.E/ t!e 'ercenta#e o" ad%lts it! ast!&a is loer t!an t!e 'ercenta#e o"
adolescents it! ast!&a
G. :arr, Treval#a: *o% and ,o%r '%blication !ave %n"airl, discri&inated a#ainst &,
'oe&s. I !ave s%b&itted t!irt, 'oe&s in t!e last to ,ears and ,o% !ave not
'%blis!ed an, o" t!e&J It is all beca%se I on t!e $enner Foetr, Aard to ,ears
a#o and ,o%r 'oetr, editor t!o%#!t s!e deserved it.
F%blis!er: Ridic%lo%sJ 7%r editorial 'olic, and 'ractice is 'er"ectl, "air9 since
o%r 'oetr, editor +%d#es all s%b&issions "or '%blication it!o%t ever seein# t!e
na&es o" t!e 'oets9 and !ence cannot 'ossibl, !ave knon !o rote ,o%r
'oe&s.
T!e '%blis!er &akes !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions in re'l,in# to
Treval#as c!ar#es o" %n"air discri&ination-
.A/ T!e 'oetr, editor does not bear a #r%d#e a#ainst :arr, Treval#a "or !is
innin# t!e $enner Foetr, Aard.
.1/ It is not %n%s%al "or 'oets to contrib%te &an, 'oe&s to t!e '%blis!ers
'%blication it!o%t ever !avin# an, acce'ted "or '%blication.
.C/ T!e 'oetr, editor cannot reco#ni)e t!e 'oe&s s%b&itted b, :arr, Treval#a
as !is %nless Treval#as na&e is attac!ed to t!e&.
.3/ T!e 'oetr, editors decisions on !ic! 'oe&s to '%blis! are not based
strictl, on +%d#&ents o" intrinsic &erit.
.E/ :arr, Treval#a s%b&itted !is 'oe&s to t!e '%blis!ers '%blication %nder !is
'en na&e.
A. In a st%d, o" t!e e""ect o" radiation "ro& n%clear ea'ons 'lants on 'eo'le livin#
in areas near t!e&9 researc!ers co&'ared deat! rates in t!e areas near t!e 'lants
it! deat! rates in areas t!at !ad no s%c! 'lants. $indin# no di""erence in t!ese
rates9 t!e researc!ers concl%ded t!at radiation "ro& t!e n%clear ea'ons 'lants
'oses no !ealt! !a)ards to 'eo'le livin# near t!e&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e researc!ers
ar#%&ent-
.A/ 2%clear 'oer 'lants ere not incl%ded in t!e st%d,.
.1/ T!e areas st%died !ad si&ilar deat! rates be"ore and a"ter t!e n%clear
ea'ons 'lants ere b%ilt.
.C/ E('os%re to n%clear radiation can ca%se &an, serio%s diseases t!at do not
necessaril, res%lt in deat!.
.3/ 7nl, a s&all n%&ber o" areas !ave n%clear ea'ons 'lants.
.E/ T!e researc!ers did not st%d, t!e 'ossible !ealt! !a)ards o" radiation on
'eo'le !o ere e&'lo,ed at t!e n%clear ea'ons 'lants i" t!ose
e&'lo,ees did not live in t!e st%d, areas.
B. It as once believed t!at cells #ron in laborator, tiss%e c%lt%res ere essentiall,
GMAT & LSAT CR <B@
i&&ortal. T!at is9 as lon# as all o" t!eir needs ere &et9 t!e, o%ld contin%e
dividin# "orever. :oever9 it !as been s!on t!at nor&al cells !ave a "inite
re'rod%ctive li&it. A !%&an liver cell9 "or e(a&'le9 divides GI ti&es and t!en
sto's. I" s%c! a cell divides <I ti&es and t!en is '%t into a dee' "ree)e "or &ont!s
or even ,ears. It >re&e&bers? !ere it sto''ed dividin#. A"ter t!ain#9 it divides
anot!er <I ti&esKb%t no &ore.
I" t!e in"or&ation above is acc%rate9 a liver cell in !ic! &ore t!an GI divisions
took 'lace in a tiss%e c%lt%re CA227T be !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ an abnor&al !%&an liver cell
.1/ a nor&al !%&an liver cell t!at !ad been "ro)en a"ter its "irst division and
a"terard t!aed
.C/ a nor&al cell t!at ca&e "ro& t!e liver o" an individ%al o" a non!%&an s'ecies
and !ad never been "ro)en
.3/ a nor&al liver cell t!at ca&e "ro& an individ%al o" a non!%&an s'ecies and
!ad been "ro)en a"ter its "irst division and a"terard t!aed
.E/ an abnor&al cell "ro& t!e liver o" an individ%al o" a non!%&an s'ecies
H. Co&'laints t!at &ilk bottlers take enor&o%s &ark%'s on t!e bottled &ilk sold to
cons%&ers are &ost likel, to arise !en least arranted b, t!e act%al s'read
beteen t!e 'rice t!at bottlers 'a, "or ra &ilk and t!e 'rice at !ic! t!e, sell
bottled &ilk. T!e co&'laints occ%r !en t!e bottled8&ilk 'rice rises9 ,et t!ese
'rice increases &ost o"ten &erel, re"lect t!e risin# 'rice o" t!e ra &ilk t!at
bottlers b%, "ro& dair, "ar&ers. 6!en t!e ra8&ilk 'rice is risin#9 t!e bottlers
&ark%'s are act%all, s&allest 'ro'ortionate to t!e retail 'rice. 6!en t!e ra8&ilk
'rice is "allin#9 !oever9 t!e &ark%'s are #reatest.
tr%e on t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ Cons%&ers 'a, &ore "or bottled &ilk !en ra8&ilk 'rices are "allin# t!an
!en t!ese 'rices are risin#.
.1/ Increases in dair, "ar&ers cost o" 'rod%cin# &ilk are #enerall, not 'assed
on to cons%&ers.
.C/ Milk bottlers take s%bstantiall, #reater &ark%'s on bottled &ilk !en its
'rice is lo "or an e(tended 'eriod t!an !en it is !i#! "or an e(tended
'eriod.
.3/ Milk bottlers #enerall, do not res'ond to a decrease in ra8&ilk 'rices b,
strai#!taa, 'ro'ortionatel, loerin# t!e 'rice o" t!e bottled &ilk t!e, sell.
.E/ Cons%&ers tend to co&'lain &ore abo%t t!e 'rice t!e, 'a, "or bottled &ilk
!en dair, "ar&ers are earnin# t!eir s&allest 'ro"its.
Questions 10-11
I" t!e '%blic librar, s!ared b, t!e ad+acent tons o" Redville and Glenood ere
relocated "ro& t!e librar,s c%rrent9 overcroded b%ildin# in central Redville to a
GMAT & LSAT CR <BG
lar#er9 available b%ildin# in central Glenood9 t!e librar, o%ld t!en be it!in
alkin# distance o" a lar#er n%&ber o" librar, %sers. T!at is beca%se t!ere are &an,
&ore 'eo'le livin# in central Glenood t!an in central Redville9 and 'eo'le #enerall,
ill alk to t!e librar, onl, i" it is located close to t!eir !o&es.
1I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e '%blic librar, as located beteen Glenood and Redville be"ore bein#
&oved to its c%rrent location in central Redville.
.1/ T!e area covered b, central Glenood is a''ro(i&atel, t!e sa&e si)e as t!at
covered b, central Redville.
.C/ T!e b%ildin# t!at is available in Glenood is s&aller t!an an alternative
b%ildin# t!at is available in Redville.
.3/ Man, o" t!e 'eo'le !o %se t!e '%blic librar, do not live in eit!er Glenood
or Redville.
.E/ T!e distance t!at 'eo'le c%rrentl, alk to #et to t!e librar, is "art!er t!an
!at is #enerall, considered alkin# distance.
11. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Man, &ore 'eo'le !o c%rrentl, alk to t!e librar, live in central Redville
t!an in central Glenood.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le livin# in central Glenood !o o%ld %se t!e librar,
i" it ere located t!ere is s&aller t!an t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le livin# in central
Redville !o c%rrentl, %se t!e librar,.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le %sin# t!e '%blic librar, o%ld contin%e to increase
steadil, i" t!e librar, ere &oved to Glenood.
.3/ Most o" t!e 'eo'le !o c%rrentl, eit!er drive to t!e librar, or take '%blic
trans'ortation to reac! it o%ld contin%e to do so i" t!e librar, ere &oved
to central Glenood.
.E/ Most o" t!e 'eo'le !o c%rrentl, alk to t!e librar, o%ld re&ain librar,
%sers i" t!e librar, ere relocated to central Glenood.
15. Li#!t %tilit, tr%cks !ave beco&e 'o'%lar a&on# cons%&ers !o b%, t!e&
'ri&aril, "or t!e tr%cks r%##ed a''earance. *et alt!o%#! t!ese tr%cks are to%#!8
lookin#9 t!e, are e(e&'t "ro& t!e #overn&ents car8sa"et, standards t!at dictate
&ini&%& roo" stren#t! and &ini&%& resistance to i&'act. T!ere"ore9 i" involved
in a serio%s !i#!8i&'act accident9 a driver o" one o" t!ese tr%cks is &ore likel, to
be in+%red t!an is a driver o" a car t!at is s%b+ect to t!ese #overn&ent standards.
T!e ar#%&ent de'ends on t!e ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ t!e #overn&ent !as establis!ed sa"et, standards "or t!e constr%ction o" li#!t
%tilit, tr%cks
.1/ 'eo'le !o b%, a%to&obiles solel, "or t!eir a''earance are &ore likel, t!an
ot!er 'eo'le to drive recklessl,
GMAT & LSAT CR <BA
.C/ li#!t %tilit, tr%cks are &ore likel, t!an ot!er kinds o" ve!icles to be involved
in accidents t!at res%lt in in+%ries
.3/ t!e tr%cks r%##ed a''earance is dece'tive in t!at t!eir en#ines are not
es'eciall, 'oer"%l
.E/ li#!t %tilit, tr%cks are less likel, to &eet t!e car8sa"et, standards t!an are cars
t!at are s%b+ect to t!e standards
1<. $ive ,ears a#o9 d%rin# t!e "irst 2ort! A&erican o%tbreak o" t!e cattle disease
CEC9 t!e deat! rate "ro& t!e disease as @ 'ercent o" all re'orted cases9 !ereas
toda, t!e corres'ondin# "i#%re is over 1B 'ercent. It is clear9 t!ere"ore9 t!at d%rin#
t!ese 'ast @ ,ears9 CEC !as increased in vir%lence.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost s%bstantiall, eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Man, recent cattle deat!s t!at !ave act%all, been ca%sed b, CEC !ave been
&istakenl, attrib%ted to anot!er disease t!at &i&ics t!e s,&'to&s o" CEC.
.1/ 3%rin# t!e "irst 2ort! A&erican o%tbreak o" t!e disease9 &an, o" t!e deat!s
re'orted to !ave been ca%sed b, CEC ere act%all, d%e to ot!er ca%ses.
.C/ An inoc%lation 'ro#ra& a#ainst CEC as recentl, be#%n a"ter controlled
st%dies s!oed inoc%lation to be AI 'ercent e""ective in 'reventin# serio%s
cases o" t!e illness.
.3/ Since t!e "irst o%tbreak9 "ar&ers !ave learned to treat &ild cases o" CEC and
no lon#er re'ort t!e& to veterinarians or a%t!orities.
.E/ Cattle t!at !ave contracted and s%rvived CEC rarel, contract t!e disease a
second ti&e.
Questions 14-15
Econo&ist: So&e 'olic,&akers believe t!at o%r co%ntr,s contin%ed econo&ic #rot!
re0%ires a !i#!er level o" 'ersonal savin#s t!an e c%rrentl, !ave. A recent le#islative
'ro'osal o%ld allo individ%als to set %' savin#s acco%nts in !ic! interest earned
o%ld be e(e&'t "ro& ta(es %ntil &one, is it!dran "ro& t!e acco%nt. 1ackers o"
t!is 'ro'osal clai& t!at its i&'le&entation o%ld increase t!e a&o%nt o" &one,
available "or banks to loan at a relativel, s&all cost to t!e #overn&ent in lost ta(
reven%es. *et9 !en si&ilar ta(8incentive 'ro#ra&s ere tried in t!e 'ast9 virt%all, all
o" t!e &one, invested t!ro%#! t!e& as diverted "ro& ot!er 'ersonal savin#s9 and t!e
overall level o" 'ersonal savin#s as %nc!an#ed.
1C. T!e 'assa#e as a !ole 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
concl%sions-
.A/ 1ackers o" t!e ta(8incentive 'ro'osal %ndo%btedl, !ave so&e &otive ot!er
t!an t!eir e('ressed ai& o" increasin# t!e a&o%nt o" &one, available "or
banks to loan.
.1/ T!e 'ro'osed ta( incentive is %nlikel, to attract eno%#! additional &one,
into 'ersonal savin#s acco%nts to &ake %' "or t!e attendant loss in ta(
reven%es.
GMAT & LSAT CR <BB
.C/ A ta(8incentive 'ro#ra& t!at res%lted in s%bstantial loss o" ta( reven%es
o%ld be likel, to #enerate a lar#e increase in 'ersonal savin#s.
.3/ T!e econo&, ill be in dan#er %nless so&e alternative to increased 'ersonal
savin#s can be "o%nd to sti&%late #rot!.
.E/ T!e #overn&ent !as no e""ective &eans o" in"l%encin# t!e a&o%nt o" &one,
t!at 'eo'le are illin# to '%t into savin#s acco%nts.
1@. T!e a%t!or critici)es t!e 'ro'osed ta(8incentive 'ro#ra& b,
.A/ c!allen#in# a 're&ise on !ic! t!e 'ro'osal is based
.1/ 'ointin# o%t a disa#ree&ent a&on# 'olic,&akers
.C/ de&onstratin# t!at t!e 'ro'osals i&'le&entation is not "easible
.3/ 0%estionin# t!e +%d#&ent o" t!e 'ro'osals backers b, citin# 'ast cases in
!ic! t!e, !ad advocated 'ro#ra&s t!at !ave 'roved ine""ective
.E/ dis'%tin# t!e ass%&'tion t!at a 'ro#ra& to enco%ra#e 'ersonal savin#s is
needed
1G. Alt!o%#! all birds !ave "eat!ers and all birds !ave in#s9 so&e birds do not "l,.
$or e(a&'le9 'en#%ins and ostric!es %se t!eir in#s to &ove in a di""erent a,
"ro& ot!er birds. Fen#%ins %se t!eir in#s onl, to si& %nder ater at !i#!
s'eeds. 7stric!es %se t!eir in#s onl, to r%n it! t!e ind b, li"tin# t!e& as i"
t!e, ere sails.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost 'arallel in its reasonin# to t!e ar#%&ent
above-
.A/ Ancient '!iloso'!ers tried to e('lain not !o t!e orld "%nctions b%t !, it
"%nctions. In contrast9 &ost conte&'orar, biolo#ists seek co&'re!ensive
t!eories o" !o or#anis&s "%nction9 b%t &an, re"%se to s'ec%late abo%t
'%r'ose.
.1/ So&e c!airs are %sed onl, as decorations9 and ot!er c!airs are %sed onl, to
ta&e lions. T!ere"ore9 not all c!airs are %sed "or sittin# in des'ite t!e "act
t!at all c!airs !ave a seat and so&e s%''ort s%c! as le#s.
.C/ So&e &%sicians in a s,&'!on, orc!estra 'la, t!e violin9 and ot!ers 'la, t!e
viola9 b%t t!ese are bot! in t!e sa&e cate#or, o" &%sical instr%&ents9
na&el, strin# instr%&ents.
.3/ All cars !ave si&ilar drive &ec!anis&s9 b%t so&e cars derive t!eir 'oer
"ro& solar ener#,9 !ereas ot!ers b%rn #asoline. T!%s9 solar8'oered cars
are less e""icient t!an #asoline8'oered ones.
.E/ Sailin# s!i's &ove in a di""erent a, "ro& stea&s!i's. 1ot! sailin# s!i's
and stea&s!i's navi#ate over ater9 b%t onl, sailin# s!i's %se sails to &ove
over t!e s%r"ace.
Questions 1'-18
Jones: Fre!istoric ooden tools "o%nd in So%t! A&erica !ave been dated to 1<9III
GMAT & LSAT CR <BH
,ears a#o. Alt!o%#! scientists attrib%te t!ese tools to 'eo'les !ose ancestors "irst
crossed into t!e A&ericas "ro& Siberia to Alaska9 t!is cannot be correct. In order to
!ave reac!ed a site so "ar so%t!9 t!ese 'eo'les &%st !ave been &i#ratin# so%t!ard
ell be"ore 1<9III ,ears a#o. :oever9 no s%c! tools datin# to be"ore 1<9III ,ears
a#o !ave been "o%nd an,!ere beteen Alaska and So%t! A&erica.
S&it!: *o%r evidence is inconcl%sive. T!ose tools ere "o%nd in 'eat bo#s9 !ic! are
rare in t!e A&ericas. 6ooden tools in soils ot!er t!an 'eat bo#s %s%all, deco&'ose
it!in onl, a "e ,ears.
1A. T!e 'oint at iss%e beteen Jones and S&it! is
.A/ !et!er all 're!istoric tools t!at are 1<9III ,ears or older ere &ade o"
ood
.1/ !et!er t!e scientists attrib%tion o" tools co%ld be correct in li#!t o" Joness
evidence
.C/ !et!er t!e datin# o" t!e ooden tools b, t!e scientists co%ld be correct
.3/ !o lon# a#o t!e 'eo'les !o crossed into t!e A&erican "ro& Siberia to
Alaska "irst did so
.E/ !et!er S&it!s evidence entails t!at t!e ooden tools !ave been dated
correctl,
1B. S&it! res'onds to Jones b,
.A/ citin# several st%dies t!at invalidate Joness concl%sion
.1/ acc%sin# Jones o" distortin# t!e scientists 'osition
.C/ dis'%tin# t!e acc%rac, o" t!e s%''ortin# evidence cited b, Jones
.3/ s!oin# t!at Joness evidence act%all, s%''orts t!e denial o" Joness
concl%sion
.E/ c!allen#in# an i&'licit ass%&'tion in Joness ar#%&ent
1H. Editorial: It is clear t!at i" t!is co%ntr,s %niversities ere livin# %' to bot! t!eir
&oral and t!eir intellect%al res'onsibilities9 t!e best8sellin# '%blications in &ost
%niversit, bookstores o%ld not be "rivolo%s ones like 12 1oday and 3ossi0
-e4iew. :oever9 in &ost %niversit, bookstores t!e onl, '%blication t!at sells
better t!an 3ossi0 -e4iew is 12 1oday.
I" t!e state&ents in t!e editorial are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be
tr%e on t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ Feo'le !o '%rc!ase '%blications t!at are devoted 'ri&aril, to #ossi' or to
television 'ro#ra&&in# are intellect%all, irres'onsible.
.1/ It is irres'onsible "or %niversit, bookstores to carr, '%blications s%c! as
3ossi0 -e4iew and 12 1oday.
.C/ Most 'eo'le !o '%rc!ase '%blications at %niversit, bookstores '%rc!ase
eit!er 12 1oday or 3ossi0 -e4iew.
.3/ Man, 'eo'le !o attend t!is co%ntr,s %niversities "ail to live %' to bot!
GMAT & LSAT CR <HI
t!eir &oral and t!eir intellect%al res'onsibilities.
.E/ At least so&e o" t!is co%ntr,s %niversities are not &eetin# t!eir &oral
res'onsibilities or t!eir intellect%al res'onsibilities or bot!.
Questions !0-!1
Sa%nders: Ever,one at last eeks nei#!bor!ood association &eetin# a#reed t!at t!e
ro o" abandoned and vandali)ed !o%ses on Carlton Street 'osed a t!reat to t!e sa"et,
o" o%r nei#!bor!ood. Moreover9 no one no dis'%tes t!at #ettin# t!e !o%ses torn
don eli&inated t!at t!reat. So&e 'eo'le tried to ar#%e t!at it as %nnecessar, to
de&olis! !at t!e, clai&ed ere basicall, so%nd b%ildin#s9 since t!e cit, !ad
establis!ed a "%nd to !el' 'eo'le in need o" !o%sin# b%, and re!abilitate s%c!
b%ildin#s. T!e over!el&in# s%ccess o" t!e de&olition strate#,9 !oever9 'roves t!at
t!e &a+orit,9 !o "avored de&olition9 ere ri#!t and t!at t!ose !o clai&ed t!at t!e
'roble& co%ld and s!o%ld be solved b, re!abilitatin# t!e !o%ses ere ron#.
5I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld deter&ine t!at
de&olis!in# t!e !o%ses as t!e ri#!t decision or instead o%ld deter&ine t!at t!e
'ro'osal advocated b, t!e o''onents o" de&olition s!o%ld !ave been ado'ted-
.A/ 6!en !at to do abo%t an abandoned nei#!bor!ood b%ildin# is in dis'%te9
t!e co%rse o" action t!at o%ld res%lt in t!e &ost !o%sin# "or 'eo'le !o
need it s!o%ld be t!e one ado'ted %nless t!e b%ildin# is believed to 'ose a
t!reat to nei#!bor!ood sa"et,.
.1/ 6!en t!ere are to 'ro'osals "or solvin# a nei#!bor!ood 'roble&9 and onl,
one o" t!e& o%ld 'recl%de t!e 'ossibilit, o" tr,in# t!e ot!er a''roac! i"
t!e "irst 'roves %nsatis"actor,9 t!en t!e a''roac! t!at does not "oreclose t!e
ot!er 'ossibilit, s!o%ld be t!e one ado'ted.
.C/ I" one o" to 'ro'osals "or renovatin# vacant nei#!bor!ood b%ildin#s
re0%ires #overn&ent "%ndin# !ereas t!e second does not9 t!e second
'ro'osal s!o%ld be t!e one ado'ted %nless t!e necessar, #overn&ent "%nds
!ave alread, been sec%red.
.3/ 2o 'lan "or eli&inatin# a nei#!bor!ood 'roble& t!at re0%ires de&olis!in#
basicall, so%nd !o%ses s!o%ld be carried o%t %ntil all ot!er 'ossible
alternatives !ave been t!oro%#!l, investi#ated.
.E/ 2o 'ro'osal "or dealin# it! a t!reat to a nei#!bor!oods sa"et, s!o%ld be
ado'ted &erel, beca%se a &a+orit, o" t!e residents o" t!at nei#!bor!ood
're"er t!at 'ro'osal to a 'artic%lar co%nter'ro'osal.
51. Sa%nders reasonin# is "laed beca%se it
.A/ relies on "ear rat!er t!an on ar#%&ent to 'ers%ade t!e nei#!bor!ood
association to re+ect t!e 'olic, advocated b, Sa%nders o''onents
.1/ "ails to establis! t!at t!ere is an,one !o co%ld 0%ali", "or cit, "%nds !o
o%ld be interested in b%,in# and re!abilitatin# t!e !o%ses
.C/ &istakenl, e0%ates an absence o" vocal '%blic dissent it! t!e 'resence o"
GMAT & LSAT CR <H1
%niversal '%blic s%''ort
.3/ o""ers no evidence t!at t!e 'olic, advocated b, Sa%nders o''onents o%ld
not !ave s%cceeded i" it !ad been #iven t!e c!ance
.E/ does not s'eci", t!e 'recise nat%re o" t!e t!reat to nei#!bor!ood sa"et,
s%''osedl, 'osed b, t!e vandali)ed !o%ses
55. $or t!e riters !o "irst #ave "e%dalis& its na&e9 t!e e(istence o" "e%dalis&
'res%''osed t!e e(istence o" a noble class. *et t!ere cannot be a noble class9
'ro'erl, s'eakin#9 %nless bot! t!e titles t!at indicate s%'erior9 noble stat%s and
t!e in!eritance o" s%c! titles are sanctioned b, la. Alt!o%#! "e%dalis& e(isted in
E%ro'e as earl, as t!e ei#!t! cent%r,9 it as not %ntil t!e tel"t! cent%r,9 !en
&an, "e%dal instit%tions ere in decline9 t!at t!e !ereditar, trans"er o" le#all,
reco#ni)ed titles o" nobilit, "irst a''eared.
clai&s-
.A/ To sa, t!at "e%dalis& b, de"inition re0%ires t!e e(istence o" a nobilit, is to
e&'lo, a de"inition t!at distorts !istor,.
.1/ Frior to t!e tel"t! cent%r,9 t!e instit%tion o" E%ro'ean "e%dalis& "%nctioned
it!o%t t!e 'resence o" a do&inant class.
.C/ T!e "act t!at a societal #ro%' !as a distinct le#al stat%s is not in itsel"
s%""icient to allo t!at #ro%' to be 'ro'erl, considered a social class.
.3/ T!e decline o" "e%dalis& in E%ro'e as t!e onl, ca%se o" t!e rise o" a
E%ro'ean nobilit,.
.E/ T!e 'rior e(istence o" "e%dal instit%tions is a 'rere0%isite "or t!e e&er#ence
o" a nobilit,9 as de"ined in t!e strictest sense o" t!e ter&.
5<. Ma,or S&it!9 one o" o%r "e #overn&ent o""icials it! a record o" o%ts'oken9
in"or&ed9 and consistent o''osition to n%clear 'oer 'lant constr%ction 'ro+ects9
!as no declared !ersel" in "avor o" b%ildin# t!e n%clear 'oer 'lant at
Littleton. I" so&eone it! !er 'ast antin%clear record no "avors b%ildin# t!is
'oer 'lant9 t!en t!ere is #ood reason to believe t!at it ill be sa"e and t!ere"ore
s!o%ld be b%ilt.
T!e ar#%&ent is v%lnerable to criticis& on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# #ro%nds-
.A/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at not all t!ose !o "ail to s'eak o%t on iss%es
o" n%clear 'oer are necessaril, o''osed to it.
.1/ It ass%&es it!o%t arrant t!at t!e 0%alities enablin# a 'erson to be elected
to '%blic o""ice con"er on t!at 'erson a #ras' o" t!e scienti"ic 'rinci'les on
!ic! tec!nical decisions are based.
.C/ It "ails to establis! t!at a consistent and o%ts'oken o''osition is necessaril,
an in"or&ed o''osition.
.3/ It leads to t!e "%rt!er b%t %nacce'table concl%sion t!at an, 'ro+ect "avored b,
Ma,or S&it! s!o%ld be sanctioned si&'l, on t!e basis o" !er !avin# s'oken
GMAT & LSAT CR <H5
o%t in "avor o" it.
.E/ It #ives no indication o" eit!er t!e basis o" Ma,or S&it!s "or&er o''osition
to n%clear 'oer 'lant constr%ction or t!e reasons "or !er s%''ort "or t!e
Littleton 'ro+ect.
5C. Advertise&ent: In toda,s orld9 ,o% &ake a state&ent abo%t t!e 'erson ,o% are
b, t!e car ,o% on. T!e &essa#e o" t!e SME Mac!8@ is %na&bi#%o%s: Its oner
is 3,na&ic9 A##ressive9 and S%ccess"%l. S!o%ldnt ,o% on an SME Mac!8@-
I" t!e clai&s &ade in t!e advertise&ent are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st
also be tr%e on t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ An,one !o is d,na&ic and a##ressive is also s%ccess"%l.
.1/ An,one !o is not bot! d,na&ic and s%ccess"%l o%ld &isre'resent !i&sel"
or !ersel" b, bein# t!e oner o" an SME Mac!8@.
.C/ Feo'le !o b%, t!e SME Mac!8@ are %s%all, &ore a##ressive t!an 'eo'le
!o b%, ot!er cars.
.3/ 2o car ot!er t!an t!e SME Mac!8@ anno%nces t!at its oner is s%ccess"%l.
.E/ Al&ost no one o%ld "ail to reco#ni)e t!e kind o" 'erson !o o%ld c!oose
to on an SME Mac!8@.
5@. T!e #reat &edieval %niversities !ad no ad&inistrators9 ,et t!e, end%red "or
cent%ries. 7%r %niversit, !as a !%#e ad&inistrative sta""9 and e are in serio%s
"inancial di""ic%lties. T!ere"ore9 e s!o%ld abolis! t!e 'ositions and salaries o"
t!e ad&inistrators to ens%re t!e lon#evit, o" t!e %niversit,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents contains "laed reasonin# t!at &ost
closel, 'arallels t!e "laed reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ 2o air'lane !ad +et en#ines be"ore 1HCI9 ,et air'lanes !ad been "l,in# since
1HI<. T!ere"ore9 +et en#ines are not necessar, "or t!e o'eration o" air'lanes.
.1/ T!e novelists stories be#an to be acce'ted "or '%blication soon a"ter s!e
started %sin# a co&'%ter to rite t!e&. *o% !ave been !avin# tro%ble
#ettin# ,o%r stories acce'ted "or '%blication9 and ,o% do not %se a co&'%ter.
To &ake s%re ,o%r stories are acce'ted "or '%blication9 t!en9 ,o% s!o%ld
rite t!e& it! t!e aid o" a co&'%ter.
.C/ A"ter doctors be#an %sin# antibiotics9 t!e n%&ber o" in"ections a&on#
'atients dro''ed drasticall,. 2o9 !oever9 resistant strains o" bacteria
cannot be controlled b, standard antibiotics. T!ere"ore9 ne &et!ods o"
control are needed.
.3/ A bic,cle s!o%ld not be ridden it!o%t a !el&et. Since a #ood !el&et can
save t!e riders li"e9 a !el&et s!o%ld be considered t!e &ost i&'ortant 'iece
o" bic,clin# e0%i'&ent.
.E/ T!e #reat cities o" t!e ancient orld ere &ostl, b%ilt alon# atera,s.
Arc!aeolo#ists searc!in# "or t!e re&ains o" s%c! cities s!o%ld t!ere"ore tr,
to deter&ine !ere &a+or rivers %sed to r%n.
GMAT & LSAT CR <H<
SECTI72 I4
1. T!e ca"eteria at Ac&e Co&'an, can o""er onl, "o%r &ain dis!es at l%nc!ti&e9 and
t!e sa&e "o%r c!oices !ave been o""ered "or ,ears. Recentl, &%s!roo& casserole
as o""ered in 'lace o" one o" t!e ot!er &ain dis!es "or to da,s9 d%rin# !ic!
&ore 'eo'le c!ose &%s!roo& casserole t!an an, ot!er &ain dis!. Clearl,9 i" t!e
ca"eteria ants to 'lease its c%sto&ers9 &%s!roo& casserole s!o%ld re'lace one o"
t!e re#%lar dis!es as a 'er&anent 'art o" t!e &en%.
T!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at it "ails to
consider
.A/ t!e 'ro'ortion o" Ac&e Co&'an, e&'lo,ees !o re#%larl, eat l%nc! in t!e
co&'an, ca"eteria
.1/ !et!er an, o" t!e in#redients %sed in t!e ca"eterias reci'e "or &%s!roo&
casserole are incl%ded in an, o" t!e re#%lar &ain dis!es
.C/ a desire "or variet, as a reason "or 'eo'les c!oice o" &%s!roo& casserole
d%rin# t!e da,s it as o""ered
.3/ !at "oods ot!er t!an &ain dis!es are re#%larl, o""ered at l%nc!ti&e b, t!e
ca"eteria
.E/ !et!er ot!er &eals besides l%nc! are served in t!e Ac&e Co&'an, ca"eteria
5. 6!en old8#ro "orests are cleared o" tall trees9 &ore s%nli#!t reac!es t!e "orest
"loor. T!is res%lts in a s!ar' increase in t!e 'o'%lation o" lea", s!r%bs on !ic!
t!e &%le deer de'end "or "ood. *et &%le deer !erds t!at in!abit cleared "orests are
less ell8no%ris!ed t!an are !erds livin# in old8#rot! "orests.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to resolve t!e a''arent 'arado(-
.A/ M%le deer !ave en),&e8ric! saliva and s'eciali)ed di#estive or#ans t!at
enable t!e deer to di#est to%#! 'lants inedible to ot!er deer s'ecies.
.1/ M%le deer !erds t!at in!abit cleared "orests tend to !ave &ore "e&ale it!
,o%n# o""s'rin# and "eer ad%lt &ales t!an do ot!er &%le deer 'o'%lations.
.C/ M%le deer 'o'%lations are s'read t!ro%#!o%t estern 2ort! A&erica and
in!abit !ot9 s%nn, cli&ates as ell as cool9 et cli&ates.
.3/ As 'lants receive &ore s%nli#!t9 t!e, 'rod%ce !i#!er a&o%nts o" tannins9
co&'o%nds t!at in!ibit di#estion o" t!e 'lants 'roteins.
.E/ Insect 'arasites9 s%c! as certain s'ecies o" ticks9 t!at "eed 'ri&ar, on &%le
deer o"ten dell in trees9 "ro& !ic! t!e, dro' onto 'assin# deer.
<. Genevieve: Increasin# costs !ave led co&&ercial airlines to c%t back on air'lane
&aintenance. Also9 red%ctions in '%blic s'endin# !ave led to air tra""ic control
centers bein# %nder"%nded and %ndersta""ed. $or t!ese and ot!er reasons it is
beco&in# 0%ite %nsa"e to "l,9 and so one s!o%ld avoid doin# it.
GMAT & LSAT CR <HC
:arold: *o%r reasonin# &a, be so%nd9 b%t I can !ardl, acce't ,o%r concl%sion
!en ,o% ,o%rsel" !ave recentl, been "l,in# on co&&ercial airlines even &ore
t!an be"ore.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# relies on a 0%estionable tec!ni0%e &ost si&ilar to
t!at %sed in :arolds re'l, to Genevieve-
.A/ 3avid sa,s t!at t!e ne "il& is not ver, #ood9 b%t !e !as not seen it !i&sel"9
so I dont acce't !is o'inion.
.1/ A lon# ti&e a#o Maria s!oed &e a #reat a, to cook la&b9 b%t "or &edical
reasons s!e no lon#er eats red &eat9 so Ill cook so&et!in# else "or dinner
toni#!t.
.C/ S%san !as been tr,in# to 'ers%ade &e to #o rock cli&bin# it! !er9 clai&in#
t!at its 0%ite sa"e9 b%t last eek s!e "ell and broke !er collarbone9 so I dont
believe !er.
.3/ Fat !as s!on &e researc! t!at 'roves t!at eatin# ra #reen ve#etables is
ver, bene"icial and t!at one s!o%ld eat t!e& dail,9 b%t I dont believe it9
since s!e !ardl, ever eats ra #reen ve#etables.
.E/ Gabriel !as all t!e 0%ali"ications e !ave s'eci"ied "or t!e +ob and !as &%c!
relevant ork e('erience9 b%t I dont believe e s!o%ld !ire !i&9 beca%se
!en !e orked in a si&ilar 'osition be"ore !is 'er"or&ance as &ediocre.
C. All 'eo'le residin# in t!e co%ntr, o" Gradara a''rove o" le#islation re0%irin# t!at
certain !a)ardo%s aste be dis'osed o" b, bein# b%rned in &odern !i#!8
te&'erat%re incinerators. :oever9 aste dis'osal co&'anies 'lannin# to b%ild
s%c! incinerators enco%nter "ierce resistance to t!eir a''lications "or b%ildin#
'er&its "ro& t!e residents o" ever, Gradaran co&&%nit, t!at t!ose co&'anies
'ro'ose as an incinerator site.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain t!e residents
si&%ltaneo%sl, !oldin# bot! o" t!e 'ositions ascribe t!e&-
.A/ :i#!8te&'erat%re incineration &ini&i)es t!e overall risk to t!e !%&an
'o'%lation o" t!e co%ntr, "ro& t!e astes bein# dis'osed o"9 b%t it
concentrates t!e re&ainin# risk in a s&all n%&ber o" incineration sites.
.1/ :i#!8te&'erat%re incineration is &ore e('ensive t!an an, o" t!e available
alternatives o%ld be and t!e !i#!er costs o%ld be recovered t!ro%#!
!i#!er 'rod%ct 'rices.
.C/ :i#!8te&'erat%re incineration ill be carried o%t b, 'rivate co&'anies
rat!er t!an b, a #overn&ent a#enc, so t!at t!e #overn&ent ill not be
re0%ired to 'olice itsel".
.3/ T!e to(in "%&es #enerated it!in a !i#!8te&'erat%re incinerator can be
"%rt!er treated so t!at all to(ic resid%es "ro& a 'ro'erl, o'eratin#
incinerator are solids.
.E/ T!e s%bstantial cost o" !i#!8te&'erat%re incineration can be 'artiall, o""set
b, reven%e "ro& sales o" electric ener#, #enerated as a b,8'rod%ct o"
GMAT & LSAT CR <H@
incineration.
@. Elena: 6!ile I as at t!e do# s!o9 ever, do# t!at #roled at &e as a !ite
'oodle9 and ever, !ite 'oodle I sa #roled at &e.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& Elenas state&ent-
.A/ T!e onl, !ite do#s t!at Elena sa at t!e do# s!o ere 'oodles.
.1/ T!ere ere no #ra, 'oodles at t!e do# s!o.
.C/ At t!e do# s!o9 no #ra, do#s #roled at Elena.
.3/ All t!e !ite do#s t!at Elena sa #roled at !er.
.E/ Elena did not see an, #ra, 'oodles at t!e do# s!o.
Questions &-'
3erek: 6e &%st e('loit available reso%rces in develo'in# e""ective anticancer dr%#s
s%c! as t!e one &ade "ro& &at%re Faci"ic ,e trees. Alt!o%#! t!e ,e 'o'%lation
&i#!t be t!reatened9 t!e trees s!o%ld be !arvested no9 since an e""ective s,nt!etic
version o" t!e ,es anticancer c!e&ical co%ld take ,ears to develo'.
Lola: 2ot onl, are &at%re ,es ver, rare9 b%t &ost are located in areas !ere lo##in#
is 'ro!ibited to 'rotect t!e !abitat o" t!e endan#ered s'otted ol. 3es'ite o%r
ea#erness to take advanta#e o" a ne &edical breakt!ro%#!9 e s!o%ld ait "or a
s,nt!etic dr%# rat!er t!an t!reaten t!e s%rvival o" bot! t!e ,e and t!e ol9 !ic!
co%ld !ave "ar8reac!in# conse0%ences "or an entire ecos,ste&.
G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ain 'oint at iss%e beteen Lola and 3erek-
.A/ !et!er t!e !arvestin# o" available Faci"ic ,es o%ld !ave "ar8reac!in#
environ&ental re'erc%ssions
.1/ !et!er t!e dr%#s t!at are e""ective a#ainst 'otentiall, deadl, diseases
s!o%ld be based on s,nt!etic rat!er t!an nat%rall, occ%rrin# c!e&icals
.C/ !et!er it is +%sti"iable to ait %ntil a s,nt!etic dr%# can be develo'ed !en
t!e ca'acit, "or 'rod%cin# t!e ,e8derived dr%# alread, e(ists
.3/ t!e e(tent o" t!e environ&ental disaster t!at o%ld res%lt i" bot! t!e Faci"ic
,e and t!e s'otted ol ere to beco&e e(tinct
.E/ !et!er environ&ental considerations s!o%ld ever !ave an, ei#!t !en
!%&an lives are at stake
A. Lolas 'osition &ost closel, con"or&s to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les-
.A/ =nless 'eo'les ell8bein# is t!reatened9 t!ere s!o%ld be no !i#!er 'riorit,
t!an 'reservin# endan#ered 'lant and ani&al 'o'%lations.
.1/ Medical researc!ers s!o%ld ork it! environ&entalists to co&e to an
a#ree&ent abo%t t!e "ate o" t!e Faci"ic ,e and t!e s'otted ol.
.C/ Environ&ental concerns s!o%ld 'la, a role in decisions concernin# &edical
researc! onl, i" !%&an lives are not at stake.
.3/ 7nl, &edical breakt!ro%#!s t!at co%ld save !%&an lives o%ld +%sti",
GMAT & LSAT CR <HG
t!reatenin# t!e environ&ent.
.E/ Avoidin# actions t!at t!reaten an entire ecos,ste& takes 'recedence over
i&&ediatel, 'rovidin# advanta#e to a restricted #ro%' o" 'eo'le.
B. T!e director o" a secondar, sc!ool !ere &an, st%dents ere !avin# severe
acade&ic 'roble&s i&'aneled a co&&ittee to st%d, t!e &atter. T!e co&&ittee
re'orted t!at t!ese st%dents ere !avin# acade&ic 'roble&s beca%se t!e, s'ent
lar#e a&o%nts o" ti&e on sc!ool s'orts and too little ti&e st%d,in#. T!e director
t!en 'ro!ibited all st%dents !o ere !avin# acade&ic 'roble&s "ro& takin# 'art
in s'orts in !ic! t!e, ere active. :e stated t!at t!is o%ld ens%re t!at s%c!
st%dents o%ld do ell acade&icall,.
T!e reasonin# on !ic! t!e director bases !is state&ent is not so%nd beca%se !e
"ails to establis! t!at
.A/ so&e st%dents !o s'end ti&e on s'orts do not !ave acade&ic 'roble&s
.1/ all st%dents !o do ell acade&icall, do so beca%se o" ti&e saved b, not
'artici'atin# in s'orts
.C/ at least so&e o" t!e ti&e t!e st%dents ill save b, not 'artici'atin# in s'orts
ill be s'ent on solvin# t!eir acade&ic 'roble&s
.3/ no st%dents !o do ell acade&icall, s'end ti&e on s'orts
.E/ t!e 0%alit, o" t!e sc!ools s'orts 'ro#ra& o%ld not s%""er as a res%lt o" t!e
ban
H. It can sa"el, be concl%ded t!at t!ere are at least as &an, trees in Seclee as t!ere
are in Marton.
$ro& !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# does t!e concl%sion lo#icall, "ollo-
.A/ More trees ere 'lanted in Seclee in t!e 'ast to ,ears t!an in Marton.
.1/ Seclee is t!e re#ion it!in !ic! Marton is located.
.C/ Marton is s%""erin# "ro& an e'ide&ic o" tree8vir%s in"ection.
.3/ T!e avera#e ann%al rain"all "or Seclee is #reater t!an t!e avera#e ann%al
rain"all "or Marton.
.E/ T!e avera#e n%&ber o" trees c%t don ann%all, in Marton is !i#!er t!an in
Seclee.
Questions 10-11
A diste&'er vir%s !as ca%sed to8t!irds o" t!e seal 'o'%lation in t!e 2ort! Sea to die
since Ma, 1HBB. T!e e('lanation "or t!e deat!s cannot rest !ere9 !oever. T!ere &%st
be a reason t!e nor&all, latent vir%s co%ld 'revail so s%ddenl,: clearl, t!e severe
'oll%tion o" t!e 2ort! Sea aters &%st !ave eakened t!e i&&%ne s,ste& o" t!e
seals so t!at t!e, co%ld no lon#er it!stand t!e vir%s.
1I. T!e ar#%&ent concernin# t!e i&&%ne s,ste& o" t!e seals 'res%''oses !ic! one
o" t!e "olloin#-
GMAT & LSAT CR <HA
.A/ T!ere !as been a #rad%al decline in t!e seal 'o'%lation o" t!e 2ort! Sea
d%rin# t!e 'ast to cent%ries.
.1/ 2o "%rt!er so%rces o" 'oll%tion !ave been added since Ma, 1HBB to t!e
alread, e(istin# so%rces o" 'oll%tion in t!e 2ort! Sea.
.C/ T!ere as no s%dden &%tation in t!e diste&'er vir%s !ic! o%ld !ave
alloed t!e vir%s s%ccess"%ll, to attack !ealt!, 2ort! Sea seals b, Ma,
1HBB.
.3/ Foll%tion in t!e 2ort! Sea is no #reater t!an 'oll%tion in t!e Mediterranean
Sea9 o"" t!e coast o" 2ort! A&erica9 or in t!e Sea o" Ja'an.
.E/ So&e s'ecies t!at 'rovide "ood "or t!e seals !ave nearl, beco&e e(tinct as a
res%lt o" t!e 'oll%tion.
11. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e e('lanation #iven
in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ At vario%s ti&es d%rin# t!e last ten ,ears9 several s'ecies o" s!ell"is! and
seabirds in t!e 2ort! Sea !ave e('erienced %n'recedented stee' dro's in
'o'%lation.
.1/ 1, red%cin# 'oll%tion at its so%rce9 2ort!ern E%ro'e and Scandinavia !ave
been takin# t!e lead in 'reventin# 'oll%tion "ro& reac!in# t!e aters o" t!e
2ort! Sea.
.C/ $or &an, ,ears9 "is! "or !%&an cons%&'tion !ave been taken "ro& t!e
aters o" t!e 2ort! Sea.
.3/ T!ere are to s'ecies o" seal "o%nd t!ro%#!o%t t!e 2ort! Sea area9 t!e
co&&on seal and t!e #ra, seal.
.E/ T!e diste&'er ca%sed b, t!e vir%s as a disease t!at as ne to t!e
'o'%lation o" 2ort! Sea seals in Ma, 1HBB9 and so t!e seals i&&%ne
s,ste&s ere %n're'ared to co%nter it.
15. It is clear t!at none o" t!e volle,ball 'la,ers at ,esterda,s o""ice beac! 'art,
ca&e to ork toda, since ever,one !o 'la,ed volle,ball at t!at 'art, #ot badl,
s%nb%rned and no one at ork toda, is even sli#!tl, s%nb%rned.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e(!ibits a 'attern o" reasonin# t!at &ost closel,
'arallels t!at in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Since ever,one e&'lo,ed b, TR$ !o as #iven t!e o''ort%nit, to
'%rc!ase dental ins%rance did so and ever,one !o '%rc!ased dental
ins%rance sa a dentist9 it is clear t!at no one !o "ailed to see a dentist is
e&'lo,ed b, TR$.
.1/ Since no one !o as 'ro&oted d%rin# t!e 'ast ,ear "ailed to attend t!e
aards ban0%et9 evidentl, none o" t!e o""ice &ana#ers attended t!e ban0%et
t!is ,ear since t!e, ere all denied 'ro&otion.
.C/ Since t!e 3onnel, re'ort as not "inis!ed on ti&e9 no one in Jo!ns #ro%'
co%ld !ave been assi#ned to contrib%te to t!at re'ort since ever,one in
GMAT & LSAT CR <HB
Jo!ns #ro%' !as a re'%tation "or #ettin# assi#n&ents in on ti&e.
.3/ Ever,one it! an o""ice on t!e second "loor orks directl, "or t!e 'resident
and9 as a res%lt9 no one it! a second "loor o""ice ill take a J%l, vacation
beca%se no one !o orks "or t!e 'resident ill be able to take ti&e o""
d%rin# J%l,.
.E/ Since all o" t!e 'eo'le !o are no on t!e MEM Cor'oration 'a,roll !ave
been e&'lo,ed in t!e sa&e +ob "or t!e 'ast "ive ,ears9 it is clear t!at no one
!o "re0%entl, c!an#es +obs is likel, to be !ired b, MEM.
Questions 13-14
T!e dean o" co&'%tin# &%st be res'ected b, t!e acade&ic sta"" and be co&'etent to
oversee t!e %se o" co&'%ters on ca&'%s. T!e onl, deans !o& acade&ics res'ect are
t!ose !o !old doctoral de#rees9 and onl, so&eone !o reall, knos abo%t
co&'%ters can co&'etentl, oversee t!e %se o" co&'%ters on ca&'%s. $%rt!er&ore9 t!e
board o" tr%stees !as decided t!at t!e dean o" co&'%tin# &%st be selected "ro& a&on#
t!is %niversit,s sta"". T!ere"ore9 t!e dean o" co&'%tin# &%st be a 'ro"essor "ro& t!is
%niversit,s co&'%ter science de'art&ent.
1<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ Acade&ics res'ect onl, 'eo'le !o !old doctoral de#rees.
.1/ All o" t!is %niversit,s 'ro"essors !ave obtained doctoral de#rees.
.C/ At t!is %niversit,9 ever, 'ro"essor !o !olds a doctoral de#ree in co&'%ter
science reall, knos abo%t co&'%ters.
.3/ All acade&ics !o !old doctoral de#rees are res'ected b, t!eir acade&ic
collea#%es.
.E/ A&on# t!is %niversit,s sta"" &e&bers it! doctoral de#rees9 onl, t!ose in
t!e co&'%ter science de'art&ent reall, kno abo%t co&'%ters.
1C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!ere are &e&bers o" t!is %niversit,s sta"" !o !old doctoral de#rees and
!o are not 'ro"essors b%t !o reall, kno abo%t co&'%ters.
.1/ T!ere are &e&bers o" t!is %niversit,s '!iloso'!, de'art&ent !o do not
!old doctoral de#rees b%t !o reall, kno abo%t co&'%ters.
.C/ Co&'%ter science 'ro"essors !o !old doctoral de#rees b%t !o are not
&e&bers o" t!is %niversit,s sta"" !ave a''lied "or t!e 'osition o" dean o"
co&'%tin#.
.3/ Several &e&bers o" t!e board o" tr%stees o" t!is %niversit, do not !old
doctoral de#rees.
.E/ So&e &e&bers o" t!e co&'%ter science de'art&ent at t!is %niversit, are not
res'ected b, acade&ics in ot!er de'art&ents.
Questions 15-1&
GMAT & LSAT CR <HH
Cons%&er advocate: =nder t!e c%rrent absence o" #overn&ent standards "or "ood
'rod%ct labelin#9 &an%"act%rers are &isleadin# or deceivin# cons%&ers b, t!eir
'rod%ct labelin#. $or e(a&'le9 a certain brand o" +%ice is labeled >"res! oran#e +%ice9?
,et t!e 'rod%ct is &ade "ro& ater9 concentrate9 and "lavor en!ancers. Since >"res!?
as a''lied to "ood 'rod%cts is co&&onl, %nderstood to &ean '%re and %n'rocessed9
labelin# t!at oran#e +%ice >"res!? is %n0%estionabl, dece'tive.
Man%"act%rer: =sin# ords so&e!at di""erentl, t!an t!e, are co&&onl, %sed is not
dece'tive. A"ter all9 >"res!? can also &ean never "ro)en. 6e cannot be "a%lted "or
"ailin# to co&'l, it! standards t!at !ave not been o""iciall, "or&%lated. 6!en t!e
#overn&ent sets clear standards 'ertainin# to 'rod%ct labelin#9 e ill certainl,
co&'l, it! t!e&.
1@. 7n t!e basis o" t!eir state&ents above9 t!e cons%&er advocate and t!e
&an%"act%rer are co&&itted to disa#reein# abo%t t!e tr%t! o" !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# state&ents-
.A/ In t!e absence o" #overn&ent standards9 co&&on %nderstandin# is t!e
arbiter o" dece'tive labelin# 'ractices.
.1/ Tr%t!"%l labelin# 'ractices t!at re"lect co&&on standards o" %sa#e can be
establis!ed b, t!e #overn&ent.
.C/ T!e ter& >"res!? !en it is a''lied to "ood 'rod%cts is co&&onl, %nderstood
to &ean '%re and %n'rocessed.
.3/ Ter&s t!at a''l, to nat%ral "oods can be tr%t!"%ll, a''lied to 'acka#ed
"oods.
.E/ Clear #overn&ent standards "or labelin# "ood 'rod%cts ill ens%re tr%t!"%l
labelin# 'ractices.
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'le9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld contrib%te &ost to a
de"ense o" t!e &an%"act%rers 'osition a#ainst t!at o" t!e cons%&er advocate-
.A/ In t!e absence o" #overn&ent de"initions "or ter&s %sed in 'rod%ct labelin#9
co&&on standards o" %nderstandin# alone s!o%ld a''l,.
.1/ Govern&ent standards "or tr%t!"%l labelin# s!o%ld ala,s be desi#ned to
re"lect co&&on standards o" %nderstandin#.
.C/ Feo'le s!o%ld be "ree to t!e e(tent t!at it is le#al to do so9 to e('loit to t!eir
advanta#es t!e in!erent a&bi#%it, and va#%eness in lan#%a#e.
.3/ 6!en #overn&ent standards and co&&on standards "or tr%t!"%l labelin# are
inco&'atible it! eac! ot!er9 t!e #overn&ent standards s!o%ld ala,s take
'recedence.
.E/ In t!eir inter'retation o" lan#%a#e9 cons%&ers s!o%ld never 'res%&e t!at
va#%eness indicates an atte&'t to deceive on t!e 'art o" &an%"act%rers
%nless t!ose &an%"act%rers o%ld rea' lar#e bene"its "ro& s%ccess"%l
dece'tion.
1A. Certain ite&sKt!ose it! t!at !ard8to8de"ine 0%alit, called e(cl%sivit,K!ave t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR CII
odd 'ro'ert,9 !en t!e, beco&e available "or sale9 o" sellin# ra'idl, even t!o%#!
t!e, are e(tre&el, e('ensive. In "act9 tr,in# to sell s%c! an ite& "ast b, askin#
too lo a 'rice is a serio%s error9 since it calls into 0%estion t!e ver, t!in#K
e(cl%sivit,Kt!at is s%''osed to be t!e ite&s c!ie" a''eal. T!ere"ore9 #iven t!at a
'rice t!at ill 'rove to be ri#!t is virt%all, i&'ossible "or t!e seller to #a%#e in
advance9 t!e seller s!o%ld &ake s%re t!at an, error in t!e initial askin# 'rice is in
t!e direction o" settin# t!e 'rice too !i#!.
T!e ar#%&ent reco&&ends a certain 'ricin# strate#, on t!e #ro%nds t!at
.A/ t!is strate#, lacks a co%nter'rod%ctive "eat%re o" t!e re+ected alternative
.1/ t!is strate#, !as all o" advanta#es o" t!e re+ected alternative9 b%t "eer o" its
disadvanta#es
.C/ e('erience !as 'roven t!is strate#, to be s%'erior9 even t!o%#! t!e reasons
"or t!is s%'eriorit, el%de anal,sis
.3/ t!is strate#, does not rel, on 'ros'ective b%,ers esti&ates o" val%e
.E/ t!e error associated it! t!is strate#,9 %nlike t!e error associated it! t!e
re+ected alternative9 is likel, to #o %nnoticed
1B. In order to control t!e deer 'o'%lation9 a biolo#ist !as 'ro'osed in+ectin# "e&ale
deer d%rin# breedin# season it! 1I &illi#ra&s o" a !or&one t!at o%ld s%''ress
"ertilit,. Critics !ave c!ar#ed t!at t!e 'ro'osal 'oses !ealt! risks to 'eo'le !o
&i#!t eat t!e &eat o" treated deer and t!ereb, in#est %nsa"e 0%antities o" t!e
!or&one. T!e biolo#ist !as res'onded to t!ese critics b, 'ointin# o%t t!at !%&ans
can in#est %' to 1I &illi#ra&s o" t!e !or&one a da, it!o%t an, adverse e""ects9
and since no one o%ld eat even one entire deer a da,9 t!e treat&ent o%ld be
sa"e.
T!e biolo#ists res'onse to critics o" t!e 'ro'osal is based on !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ Feo'le o%ld be noti"ied o" t!e ti&e !en deer in t!eir area ere to be
treated it! t!e !or&one.
.1/ T!e !or&one t!at o%ld be in+ected into t!e deer is c!e&icall, si&ilar to
!or&ones %sed in !%&an contrace'tives.
.C/ :%ntin# season "or deer co%ld be sc!ed%led so t!at it o%ld not coincide
it! breedin# season.
.3/ T!e !or&one in 0%estion does not occ%r nat%rall, in t!e "e&ale deer t!at
o%ld be in+ected.
.E/ Most 'eo'le do not consider deer &eat to be 'art o" t!eir dail, diet and eat it
onl, on rare occasions.
1H. A recent s%rve, cond%cted in one 2ort! A&erican cit, revealed ides'read
concern abo%t t!e 'roble&s "aced b, teena#ers toda,. Sevent, 'ercent o" t!e
ad%lts s%rve,ed said t!e, o%ld 'a, !i#!er ta(es "or dr%# treat&ent 'ro#ra&s9
and GI 'ercent said t!e, ere illin# to 'a, !i#!er ta(es to i&'rove t!e cit,s
GMAT & LSAT CR CI1
sc!ools. *et in a vote in t!at sa&e cit,9 a 'ro'osition to increase "%ndin# "or
sc!ools b, raisin# ta(es "ailed b, a narro &ar#in to in &a+orit, a''roval.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# "actors9 i" tr%e9 o%ld LEAST contrib%te to an
e('lanation o" t!e discre'anc, described above-
.A/ T!e s%rve, sa&'le as not re'resentative o" t!e voters !o voted on t!e
'ro'osition.
.1/ Man, o" t!e 'eo'le !o ere s%rve,ed did not res'ond tr%t!"%ll, to all o"
t!e 0%estions '%t to t!e&.
.C/ T!e 'ro'osition as onl, 'art o" a &ore e('ensive co&&%nit, i&'rove&ent
'ro#ra& t!at voters !ad to acce't or re+ect in total.
.3/ A 'ro'osition "or increasin# "%nds "or local dr%# treat&ent centers also "ailed
to in a''roval.
.E/ T!e 'ro'osition to raise ta(es "or sc!ools as co%c!ed in ter&inolo#, t!at
&an, o" t!e voters "o%nd con"%sin#.
Questions !0-!1
So8called environ&entalists !ave ar#%ed t!at t!e 'ro'osed Golden Lake 3evelo'&ent
o%ld inter"ere it! bird8&i#ration 'atterns. :oever9 t!e "act t!at t!ese sa&e 'eo'le
!ave raised environ&ental ob+ections to virt%all, ever, develo'&ent 'ro'osal bro%#!t
be"ore t!e co%ncil in recent ,ears indicates t!at t!eir e('ressed concern "or bird8
&i#ration 'atterns is not!in# b%t a &ask "or t!eir antidevelo'&ent9 anti'ro#ress
a#enda. T!eir clai&9 t!ere"ore9 s!o%ld be dis&issed it!o%t "%rt!er consideration.
5I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 0%estionable ar#%&entative tec!ni0%es is e&'lo,ed
in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ takin# t!e "ail%re o" a #iven ar#%&ent to establis! its concl%sion as t!e basis
"or clai&in# t!at t!e vie e('ressed b, t!at concl%sion is "alse
.1/ re+ectin# t!e concl%sion o" an ar#%&ent on t!e basis o" a clai& abo%t t!e
&otives o" t!ose advancin# t!e ar#%&ent
.C/ %sin# a "e e(ce'tional cases as t!e basis "or a clai& abo%t !at is tr%e in
#eneral
.3/ &isre'resentin# evidence t!at s%''orts t!e 'osition t!e ar#%&ent is intended
to re"%te
.E/ ass%&in# t!at !at is tr%e o" a #ro%' as a !ole is necessaril, tr%e o" eac!
&e&ber o" t!at #ro%'
51. $or t!e clai& t!at t!e concern e('ressed b, t!e so8called environ&entalists is not
t!eir real concern to be 'ro'erl, dran on t!e basis o" t!e evidence cited9 !ic!
one o" t!e "olloin# &%st be ass%&ed-
.A/ 2ot ever, develo'&ent 'ro'osal o''osed in recent ,ears b, t!ese so8called
environ&entalists as o''osed beca%se t!e, believed it to 'ose a t!reat to
t!e environ&ent.
GMAT & LSAT CR CI5
.1/ Feo'le !ose real a#enda is to block develo'&ent !erever it is 'ro'osed
ala,s tr, to dis#%ise t!eir tr%e &otives.
.C/ An,one !o o''oses %nrestricted develo'&ent is an o''onent o" 'ro#ress.
.3/ T!e co%ncil !as no reason to ob+ect to t!e 'ro'osed Golden Lake
3evelo'&ent ot!er t!an concern abo%t t!e develo'&ents e""ect on bird8
&i#ration 'atterns.
.E/ 6!en 'eo'le sa, t!at t!e, o''ose a develo'&ent 'ro+ect solel, on
environ&ental #ro%nds9 t!eir real concern al&ost ala,s lies else!ere.
55. Fs,c!olo#ists toda, reco#ni)e c!ild!ood as a se'arate sta#e o" li"e !ic! can
onl, be %nderstood in its on ter&s9 and t!e, onder !, t!e 6estern orld
took so lon# to see t!e "oll, o" re#ardin# c!ildren si&'l, as s&all9 inade0%atel,
sociali)ed ad%lts. Most 's,c!olo#ists9 !oever9 'ersist in re#ardin# 'eo'le AI to
HI ,ears old as t!o%#! t!e, ere <@ ,ear olds !o +%st !a''en to !ave !ite !air
and e(tra leis%re ti&e. 1%t old a#e is as "%nda&entall, di""erent "ro& ,o%n#
ad%lt!ood and &iddle a#e as c!ild!ood isKa "act attested to b, t!e or#ani)ation
o" &odern social and econo&ic li"e. S%rel, it is ti&e9 t!ere"ore9 to acknoled#e
t!at serio%s researc! into t!e %ni0%e 's,c!olo#, o" advanced a#e !as beco&e
indis'ensable.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld 'rovide t!e
stron#est backin# "or t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 6!enever c%rrent 's,c!olo#ical 'ractice con"licts it! traditional attit%des
toard 'eo'le9 t!ose traditional attit%des s!o%ld be c!an#ed to brin# t!e&
in line it! c%rrent 's,c!olo#ical 'ractice.
.1/ 6!enever to #ro%'s o" 'eo'le are so related to eac! ot!er t!at an, &e&ber
o" t!e second #ro%' &%st 'revio%sl, !ave been a &e&ber o" t!e "irst9
'eo'le in t!e "irst #ro%' s!o%ld not be re#arded si&'l, as deviant &e&bers
o" t!e second #ro%'.
.C/ 6!enever &ost 'ractitioners o" a #iven disci'line a''roac! a 'artic%lar
'roble& in t!e sa&e a,9 t!at %ni"or&it, is #ood evidence t!at all si&ilar
'roble&s s!o%ld also be a''roac!ed in t!at a,.
.3/ 6!enever a societ,s econo&ic li"e is so or#ani)ed t!at to distinct ti&es o"
li"e are treated as bein# "%nda&entall, di""erent "ro& one anot!er9 eac! ti&e
o" li"e can be %nderstood onl, in ter&s o" its on distinct 's,c!olo#,.
.E/ 6!enever 's,c!olo#ists a#ree t!at a sin#le 's,c!olo#, is inade0%ate "or to
distinct a#e #ro%'s9 t!e, s!o%ld be 're'ared to s!o t!at t!ere are #reater
di""erences beteen t!e to a#e #ro%'s t!an t!ere are beteen individ%als
in t!e sa&e a#e #ro%'.
5<. Sabina: T!e ords %sed in e('ressin# "acts a""ect neit!er t!e "acts nor t!e
concl%sions t!ose "acts ill s%''ort. Moreover9 i" t!e ords are clearl, de"ined
and consistentl, %sed9 t!e act%al ords c!osen &ake no di""erence to an
ar#%&ents so%ndness. T!%s9 !o an ar#%&ent is e('ressed can !ave no bearin#
GMAT & LSAT CR CI<
on !et!er it is a #ood ar#%&ent.
E&ile: 1adl, c!osen ords can &ake even t!e so%ndest ar#%&ent a 'oor one.
A"ter all9 &an, ords !ave social and 'olitical connotations t!at in"l%ence
'eo'les res'onse to clai&s e('ressed in t!ose ords9 re#ardless o" !o
care"%ll, and e('licitl, t!ose ords are de"ined. Since !et!er 'eo'le ill
acknoled#e a "act is a""ected b, !o t!e "act is e('ressed9 t!e concl%sions t!e,
act%all, dra are also a""ected.
T!e 'oint at iss%e beteen E&ile and Sabina is !et!er
.A/ de"inin# ords in one a, rat!er t!an anot!er can alter eit!er t!e "acts or t!e
concl%sions t!e "acts ill +%sti",
.1/ a ord can be de"ined it!o%t takin# into acco%nt its social and 'olitical
connotations
.C/ a so%nd ar#%&ent in s%''ort o" a #iven concl%sion is a better ar#%&ent t!an
an, %nso%nd ar#%&ent "or t!at sa&e concl%sion
.3/ it o%ld be a #ood 'olic, to avoid %sin# ords t!at are likel, to lead 'eo'le
eit!er to &is%nderstand t!e clai&s bein# &ade or to reason badl, abo%t
t!ose clai&s
.E/ a "actor t!at a""ects neit!er t!e tr%t! o" an ar#%&ents 're&ises nor t!e lo#ical
relation beteen its 're&ises and its concl%sion can ca%se an ar#%&ent to
be a bad one
5C. Most dis'osable 'lastic containers are no labeled it! a code n%&ber ."ro& 1 to
H/ indicatin# t!e t,'e or 0%alit, o" t!e 'lastic. Flastics it! t!e loest code
n%&bers are t!e easiest "or rec,clin# 'lants to rec,cle and are t!%s t!e &ost likel,
to be rec,cled a"ter %se rat!er t!an d%&'ed in land"ills. Flastics labeled it! t!e
!i#!est n%&bers are onl, rarel, rec,cled. Cons%&ers can &ake a si#ni"icant lon#8
ter& red%ction in t!e a&o%nt o" aste t!at #oes %nrec,cled9 t!ere"ore9 b, re"%sin#
to '%rc!ase t!ose 'rod%cts 'acka#ed in 'lastic containers labeled it! t!e !i#!est
code n%&bers.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e concl%sion
above-
.A/ T!e cost o" collectin#9 sortin#9 and rec,clin# discarded 'lastics is c%rrentl,
!i#!er t!an t!e cost o" &an%"act%rin# ne 'lastics "ro& vir#in &aterials.
.1/ Man, cons%&ers are %naare o" t!e codes t!at are sta&'ed on t!e 'lastic
containers.
.C/ A 'lastic container al&ost ala,s !as a !i#!er code n%&ber a"ter it is
rec,cled t!an it !ad be"ore rec,clin# beca%se t!e rec,clin# 'rocess ca%ses a
de#radation o" t!e 0%alit, o" t!e 'lastic.
.3/ Frod%cts 'acka#ed in 'lastics it! t!e loest code n%&bers are o"ten &ore
e('ensive t!an t!ose 'acka#ed in t!e !i#!er8n%&bered 'lastics.
.E/ Co&&%nities t!at collect all discarded 'lastic containers "or 'otential
GMAT & LSAT CR CIC
rec,clin# later d%&' in land"ills 'lastics it! !i#!er8n%&bered codes onl,
!en it is clear t!at no rec,cler ill take t!e&.
5@. 3es'ite a stead, decrease in t!e avera#e n%&ber o" !o%rs orked 'er 'erson 'er
eek9 t!e s!are o" t!e 'o'%lation t!at reads a dail, nes'a'er !as declined
#reatl, in t!e 'ast 5I ,ears. 1%t t!e 'ercenta#e o" t!e 'o'%lation t!at atc!es
television dail, !as s!on a si&ilarl, dra&atic increase over t!e sa&e 'eriod.
Clearl,9 increased television viein# !as ca%sed a si&%ltaneo%s decline in
nes'a'er readin#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld be &ost da&a#in# to t!e e('lanation
#iven above "or t!e decline in nes'a'er readin#-
.A/ T!ere !as been a dra&atic increase over t!e 'ast 5I ,ears in t!e 'ercenta#e
o" 'eo'le !o tell 'olltakers t!at television is t!eir 'ri&ar, so%rce o"
in"or&ation abo%t c%rrent events.
.1/ 7" t!ose &e&bers o" t!e 'o'%lation !o do not atc! television9 t!e
'ercenta#e !o read a nes'a'er ever, da, !as also s!on a dra&atic
decrease.
.C/ T!e ti&e 'eo'le s'end it! t!e books and nes'a'ers t!e, read !as
increased9 on avera#e9 "ro& 1 to < !o%rs 'er eek in t!e 'ast 5I ,ears.
.3/ Feo'le !o s'end lar#e a&o%nts o" ti&e eac! da, atc!in# television are
less able to 'rocess and re&e&ber 'rinted in"or&ation t!an are t!ose !o
do not atc! television.
.E/ A t,'ical television set is on G !o%rs a da,9 don "ro& an avera#e o" G 1R5
!o%rs a da, @ ,ears a#o.
TEST 10
SECTI72 II
1. Cri&es in !ic! !and#%ns are %sed are &ore likel, t!an ot!er cri&es to res%lt in
"atalities. :oever9 t!e &a+orit, o" cri&es in !ic! !and#%ns are %sed do not
res%lt in "atalities. T!ere"ore9 t!ere is no need to enact las t!at address cri&es
involvin# !and#%ns as distinct "ro& ot!er cri&es.
T!e 'attern o" "laed reasonin# dis'la,ed in t!e ar#%&ent above &ost closel,
rese&bles t!at in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 7verei#!t 'eo'le are at !i#!er risk o" develo'in# !eart disease t!an ot!er
'eo'le. :oever9 &ore t!an !al" o" all overei#!t 'eo'le never develo'
!eart disease. :ence it is %nnecessar, "or '!,sicians to be &ore care"%l to
e&'!asi)e t!e dan#er o" !eart disease to t!eir overei#!t 'atients t!an to
t!eir ot!er 'atients.
GMAT & LSAT CR CI@
.1/ Man, 'eo'le si& dail, in order to sta, '!,sicall, "it. *et 'eo'le !o si&
dail, increase t!eir risk o" develo'in# ear in"ections. :ence 'eo'le !o
ant to re&ain in #ood !ealt! are better o"" not "olloin# "itness 'ro#ra&s
t!at incl%de si&&in# dail,.
.C/ Most '!,sicians reco&&end a balanced diet "or t!ose !o ant to re&ain in
#ood !ealt!. *et &an, 'eo'le "ind t!at nontraditional dietar, re#i&ents
s%c! as e(tended "astin# do t!eir !ealt! no serio%s !ar&. T!ere"ore9 t!ere is
no need "or ever,one to avoid nontraditional dietar, re#i&ents.
.3/ $ood ric! in c!olesterol and "at 'ose a serio%s !ealt! t!reat to &ost 'eo'le.
:oever9 &an, 'eo'le are rel%ctant to #ive %' eatin# "oods t!at t!e,
#reatl, en+o,. T!ere"ore9 'eo'le !o re"%se to #ive %' ric! "oods need to
s'end &ore ti&e e(ercisin# t!an do ot!er 'eo'le.
.E/ Man, serio%s !ealt! 'roble&s are t!e res%lt o" dietar, disorders. *et t!ese
disorders are o"ten bro%#!t abo%t b, 's,c!olo#ical "actors. :ence 'eo'le
s%""erin# "ro& serio%s !ealt! 'roble&s s!o%ld %nder#o 's,c!olo#ical
eval%ation.
5. Tall c!ildren can #enerall, reac! !i#! s!elves easil,. S!ort c!ildren can #enerall,
reac! !i#! s!elves onl, it! di""ic%lt,. It is knon t!at s!ort c!ildren are &ore
likel, t!an are tall c!ildren to beco&e s!ort ad%lts. T!ere"ore9 i" s!ort c!ildren are
ta%#!t to reac! !i#! s!elves easil,9 t!e 'ro'ortion o" t!e& !o beco&e s!ort
ad%lts ill decrease.
A reasonin# error in t!e ar#%&ent is t!at t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ attrib%tes a c!aracteristic o" an individ%al &e&ber o" a #ro%' to t!e #ro%' as
a !ole
.1/ 'res%''oses t!at !ic! is to be 'roved
.C/ re"%tes a #enerali)ation b, &ean o" an e(ce'tional case
.3/ ass%&es a ca%sal relations!i' !ere onl, a correlation !as been indicated
.E/ take lack o" evidence "or t!e e(istence o" a state o" a""airs as evidence t!at
t!ere can be no s%c! state o" a""airs
<. 1alance is 'artic%larl, i&'ortant !en re'ortin# t!e back#ro%nd o" civil ars and
con"licts. $acts &%st not be deliberatel, &ani'%lated to s!o one 'art, in a
"avorable li#!t9 and t!e vies o" eac! side s!o%ld be "airl, re'resented. T!is
conce't o" balance9 !oever9 does not +%sti", concealin# or #lossin# over basic
in+%stices in an e""ort to be even8!anded. I" all t!e &edia ere to ado't s%c! a
'erverse inter'retation o" balanced re'ortin#9 t!e '%blic o%ld be #iven a 'ict%re
o" a orld !ere eac! 'art, in ever, con"lict !ad an e0%al &eas%re o" +%stice on
its side9 contrar, to o%r e('erience o" li"e and9 indeed9 o%r co&&on sense.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best e('resses t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 1alanced re'ortin# 'resents t!e '%blic it! a 'ict%re o" t!e orld in !ic!
all sides to a con"lict !ave e0%al +%sti"ication.
GMAT & LSAT CR CIG
.1/ 1alanced re'ortin# re0%ires i&'artiall, revealin# in+%stices !ere t!e, occ%r
no less t!an "airl, 'resentin# t!e vies o" eac! 'art, in a con"lict.
.C/ 7%r e('erience o" li"e s!os t!at t!ere are indeed cases in !ic! con"licts
arise beca%se o" an in+%stice9 it! one 'art, clearl, in t!e ron#.
.3/ Co&&on sense tells %s t!at balance is es'eciall, needed !en re'ortin# t!e
back#ro%nd o" civil ars and con"licts.
.E/ 1alanced re'ortin# is an ideal t!at cannot be reali)ed9 beca%se +%d#&ents o"
balance are necessaril, s%b+ective.
C. 3ata "ro& satellite '!oto#ra'!s o" t!e tro'ical rain "orest in Melonia s!o t!at
last ,ear t!e de"orestation rate o" t!is environ&entall, sensitive )one as
si#ni"icantl, loer t!an in 'revio%s ,ears. T!e Melonian #overn&ent9 !ic!
s'ent &illions o" dollars last ,ear to en"orce las a#ainst b%rnin# and c%ttin# o"
t!e "orest9 is clai&in# t!at t!e satellite data indicate t!at its increased e""orts to
!alt t!e destr%ction are 'rovin# e""ective.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e #overn&ents
clai&-
.A/ Landoner o''osition to t!e #overn&ents antide"orestation e""orts #re
&ore violent last ,ear in res'onse to t!e increased en"orce&ent.
.1/ Rain"all d%rin# t!e %s%all, dr, G8&ont! ann%al b%rnin# season as
abnor&all, !eav, last ,ear.
.C/ Govern&ent a#ents !ad to iss%e "ines totalin# over LH &illion to <9@II
violators o" b%rnin#8and8c%ttin# re#%lations.
.3/ T!e inaccessibilit, o" &%c! o" t!e rain "orest !as &ade it i&'ossible to
con"ir& t!e satellite data b, direct observation "ro& t!e "ield.
.E/ M%c! o" t!e &one, t!at as desi#nated last ,ear "or "orest 'reservation !as
been s'ent on researc! and not on en"orce&ent.
@. Advertise&ent: 2ort!oods Ma'le S,r%'9 &ade t!e old8"as!ioned a,9 is si&'l,
to's "or taste. And !ere is t!e 'roo": in a recent &arket s%rve,9 A o%t o" ever, 1I
s!o''ers !o e('ressed a 're"erence said t!at 2ort!oods as t!e onl, &a'le
s,r%' "or t!e&9 no i"s9 ands9 or b%ts.
7" t!e "olloin#9 !ic! one is t!e stron#est reason !, t!e advertise&ent is
'otentiall, &isleadin#-
.A/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" s!o''ers e('ressin# no 're"erence &i#!t !ave been ver,
s&all.
.1/ 7t!er brands o" &a'le s,r%' &i#!t also be &ade t!e old8"as!ioned a,.
.C/ 2o &arket s%rve, covers &ore t!an a si)able &inorit, o" t!e total 'o'%lation
o" cons%&ers.
.3/ T!e 're"erence "or t!e 2ort!oods brand &i#!t be based on s%c! a "actor as
an e(ce'tionall, lo 'rice.
.E/ S!o''ers !o b%, s,r%' &i#!t b%, onl, &a'le s,r%'.
GMAT & LSAT CR CIA
G. In t!e s%&&er o" 1H<G a 'ollin# service tele'!oned 1I9III =nited States voters
and asked !o t!e, 'lanned to vote in t!e co&in# 'residential election. T!e
s%rve, sa&'le incl%ded a variet, o" res'ondentsKr%ral and %rban9 &ale and
"e&ale9 "ro& ever, state. T!e 'oll 'redicted t!at Al"red Landon o%ld so%ndl,
de"eat $ranklin Roosevelt. 2evert!eless9 Roosevelt on in a landslide.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best e('lains !, t!e 'olls 'rediction as
inacc%rate-
.A/ T!e intervieers did not reveal t!eir on 'olitical a""iliation to t!e
res'ondents.
.1/ 7nl, 'eo'le !o o%ld be 0%ali"ied to vote b, election ti&e ere
intervieed9 so t!e s%rve, sa&'le as not re'resentative o" t!e overall
=nited States 'o'%lation.
.C/ T!e s%rve, sa&'le as re'resentative onl, o" 'eo'le !o co%ld a""ord
tele'!ones at a ti&e !en '!one oners!i' as less co&&on t!an it is
toda,.
.3/ 2o e""ort as &ade to deter&ine t!e res'ondents 'olitical a""iliations.
.E/ 1eca%se t!e 'oll asked onl, "or res'ondents candidate 're"erence9 it
collected no in"or&ation concernin# t!eir reasons "or "avorin# Landon or
Roosevelt.
A. 6aste &ana#e&ent co&'anies9 !ic! collect aste "or dis'osal in land"ills and
incineration 'lants9 re'ort t!at dis'osable 'lastics &ake %' an ever8increasin#
'ercenta#e o" t!e aste t!e, !andle. It is clear t!at atte&'ts to decrease t!e
a&o%nt o" 'lastic t!at 'eo'le t!ro aa, in t!e #arba#e are "ailin#.
.A/ 1eca%se 'lastics create !ar&"%l 'oll%tants !en b%rned9 an increasin#
'ercenta#e o" t!e 'lastics !andled b, aste &ana#e&ent co&'anies are
bein# dis'osed o" in land"ills.
.1/ Alt!o%#! &an, 'lastics are rec,clable9 &ost o" t!e 'lastics dis'osed o" b,
aste &ana#e&ent co&'anies are not.
.C/ Feo'le are &ore likel, to save and re%se 'lastic containers t!an containers
&ade o" !eavier &aterials like #lass or &etal.
.3/ An increasin# 'ro'ortion o" t!e 'a'er9 #lass9 and &etal cans t!at aste
&ana#e&ent co&'anies %sed to !andle is no bein# rec,cled.
.E/ 6!ile t!e 'ercenta#e o" 'rod%cts %sin# 'lastic 'acka#in# is increasin#9 t!e
total a&o%nt o" 'lastic bein# &an%"act%red !as re&ained %nc!an#ed.
B. Most o" t!e %ltraviolet radiation reac!in# t!e Eart!s at&os'!ere "ro& t!e S%n is
absorbed b, t!e la,er o" stratos'!eric o)one and never reac!es t!e Eart!s
s%r"ace. 1eteen 1HGH and 1HBG9 t!e la,er o" stratos'!eric o)one over 2ort!
A&erica t!inned9 decreasin# b, abo%t < 'ercent. *et t!e avera#e level o"
%ltraviolet radiation &eas%red at researc! stations across 2ort! A&erica
GMAT & LSAT CR CIB
decreased over t!e sa&e 'eriod.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best reconciles t!e a''arentl, discre'ant
"acts described above-
.A/ =ltraviolet radiation increases t!e risk o" skin cancer and cataractsD t!e
incidence o" skin cancer and cataracts increased s%bstantiall, beteen 1HGH
and 1HBG.
.1/ 1eteen 1HGH and 1HBG9 t!e la,er o" stratos'!eric o)one over 1ra)il t!inned9
and t!e avera#e level o" %ltraviolet radiation reac!in# t!e Eart!s s%r"ace in
1ra)il increased.
.C/ Man%"act%red c!lorine c!e&icals t!in t!e la,er o" stratos'!eric o)one.
.3/ 7)one 'oll%tion9 !ic! absorbs %ltraviolet radiation9 increased dra&aticall,
beteen 1HGH and 1HBG.
.E/ T!innin# o" t!e la,er o" stratos'!eric o)one varies "ro& one 'art o" t!e orld
to anot!er and "ro& ,ear to ,ear.
Questions 9-10
T!e n%&ber o" aircra"t collisions on t!e #ro%nd is increasin# beca%se o" t!e
s%bstantial increase in t!e n%&ber o" "li#!ts o'erated b, t!e airlines. Man, o" t!e
"atalities t!at occ%r in s%c! collisions are ca%sed not b, t!e collision itsel"9 b%t b, an
in!erent "la in t!e cabin desi#n o" &ost aircra"t9 in !ic! seats9 b, restrictin# access
to e&er#enc, e(its9 i&'ede esca'e. T!ere"ore9 to red%ce t!e total n%&ber o" "atalities
t!at res%lt ann%all, "ro& s%c! collisions9 t!e airlines s!o%ld be re0%ired to re&ove all
seats t!at restrict access to e&er#enc, e(its.
H. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e 'ro'osal-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" deat!s t!at occ%rred in t!eater "ires beca%se t!eater 'atrons
co%ld not esca'e as #reatl, red%ced !en t!eaters ere re0%ired to !ave
aisles leadin# to eac! e(it.
.1/ Re&ovin# t!e seats t!at block e&er#enc, e(its on aircra"t ill re0%ire a
costl, re"ittin# o" aircra"t cabins.
.C/ In t!e event o" "ire9 '%blic b%ildin#s e0%i''ed it! s&oke detectors !ave
"eer "atalities t!an do '%blic b%ildin#s not so e0%i''ed.
.3/ In t!e event o" collision9 'assen#ers on 'lanes it! a s&aller 'assen#er
ca'acit, #enerall, s%""er &ore serio%s in+%r, t!an do 'assen#ers on 'lanes
it! a lar#er 'assen#er ca'acit,.
.E/ T!e sa"et, belts attac!ed to aircra"t seats "%nction to 'rotect 'assen#ers "ro&
t!e "%ll "orce o" i&'act in t!e event o" a collision.
1I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'ro'osals9 i" i&'le&ented to#et!er it! t!e 'ro'osal
&ade in t!e 'assa#e9 o%ld i&'rove t!e 'ros'ects "or ac!ievin# t!e stated
ob+ective o" red%cin# "atalities-
.A/ T!e airlines s!o%ld be re0%ired9 !en b%,in# ne 'lanes9 to b%, onl, 'lanes
GMAT & LSAT CR CIH
it! %nrestricted access to e&er#enc, e(its.
.1/ T!e airlines s!o%ld not be 'er&itted to increase "%rt!er t!e n%&ber o" "li#!ts
in order to o""set t!e decrease in t!e n%&ber o" seats on eac! aircra"t.
.C/ Air'ort a%t!orities s!o%ld be re0%ired to strea&line t!eir 'assen#er c!eck8in
'roced%res to acco&&odate t!e increased n%&ber o" 'assen#ers served b,
t!e airlines.
.3/ Air'ort a%t!orities s!o%ld be re0%ired to re"ine sec%rit, 'reca%tions b,
&akin# t!e& less cons'ic%o%s it!o%t &akin# t!e& less e""ective.
.E/ T!e airlines s!o%ld not be alloed to increase t!e ticket 'rice "or eac!
'assen#er to o""set t!e decrease in t!e n%&ber o" seats on eac! aircra"t.
11. Recentl, discovered "ossil evidence casts do%bt on t!e evol%tionar, t!eor, t!at
dinosa%rs are &ore closel, related to re'tiles t!an to ot!er classes o" ani&als.
$ossils s!o t!at so&e dinosa%rs !ad !ollo bonesKa "eat%re "o%nd toda, onl,
in ar&8blooded creat%res9 s%c! as birds9 t!at !ave a !i#! &etabolic rate.
3inosa%rs !ad ell8develo'ed senses o" si#!t and !earin#9 !ic! is not tr%e o"
'resent8da, cold8blooded creat%res like re'tiles. T!e !i#!l, arc!ed &o%t! roo" o"
so&e dinosa%rs o%ld !ave 'er&itted t!e& to breat!e !ile eatin#9 as "ast8
breat!in# ani&als9 s%c! as birds9 need to do. Toda,9 all "ast8breat!in# ani&als are
ar&8blooded. $inall,9 "ossils reveal t!at &an, dinosa%rs !ad a 'attern o" #rot!
t,'ical o" ar&8blooded ani&als.
T!e ar#%&ent in t!e 'assa#e 'roceeds b,
.A/ atte&'tin# to +%sti", one 'osition b, de&onstratin# t!at an o''osin# 'osition
is based on erroneo%s in"or&ation
.1/ establis!in# a #eneral 'rinci'le t!at it t!en %ses to dra a concl%sion abo%t a
'artic%lar case
.C/ dis&issin# a clai& &ade abo%t t!e 'resent on t!e basis o" !istorical evidence
.3/ ass%&in# t!at i" all &e&bers o" a cate#or, !ave a certain 'ro'ert, t!en all
t!in#s it! t!at 'ro'ert, belon# to t!e cate#or,
.E/ 'resentin# evidence t!at a 'ast '!eno&enon is &ore si&ilar to one rat!er
t!an t!e ot!er o" to 'resent8da, '!eno&ena
15. F%rebred do#s are 'rone to #eneticall, deter&ined abnor&alities. Alt!o%#! s%c!
abnor&alities o"ten can be corrected b, s%r#er,9 t!e cost can reac! several
t!o%sand dollars. Since non'%rebred do#s rarel, s%""er "ro& #eneticall,
deter&ined abnor&alities9 'otential do# oners !o ant to red%ce t!e risk o"
inc%rrin# costl, &edical bills "or t!eir 'ets o%ld be ell advised to c!oose
non'%rebred do#s.
.A/ Most #eneticall, deter&ined abnor&alities in do#s do not serio%sl, a""ect a
do#s #eneral ell8bein#.
.1/ All do#s9 !et!er '%rebred or non'%rebred9 are s%b+ect to t!e sa&e co&&on
GMAT & LSAT CR C1I
non#eneticall, deter&ined diseases.
.C/ F%rebred do#s tend to !ave s!orter nat%ral li"e s'ans t!an do non'%rebred
do#s.
.3/ T!e '%rc!ase 'rice o" non'%rebred do#s tends to be loer t!an t!e '%rc!ase
'rice o" '%rebred do#s.
.E/ A do# t!at does not !ave #eneticall, deter&ined abnor&alities &a,
nevert!eless !ave o""s'rin# it! s%c! abnor&alities.
1<. Criticis& t!at t!e 'ress 'anders to '%blic senti&ent ne#lects to consider t!at t!e
'ress is a 'ro"it8&akin# instit%tion. Like ot!er 'rivate enter'rises9 it !as to &ake
&one, to s%rvive. I" 'ress ere not 'ro"it8&akin#9 !o o%ld s%''ort it- T!e
onl, alternative is s%bsid, and9 it! it9 o%tside control. It is eas, to #et s%bsidies
"or 'ro'a#anda9 b%t no one ill s%bsidi)e !onest +o%rnalis&.
It can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e t!at i" t!e 'ress is
.A/ not s%bsidi)ed9 it is in no dan#er o" o%tside control
.1/ not s%bsidi)ed9 it ill not 'rod%ce 'ro'a#anda
.C/ not to be s%bsidi)ed9 it cannot be a 'ro"it8&akin# instit%tion
.3/ to 'rod%ce !onest +o%rnalis&9 it &%st be 'ro"it8&akin# instit%tion
.E/ to &ake a 'ro"it9 it &%st 'rod%ce !onest +o%rnalis&
Questions 14-15
L%cien: F%blic8!o%sin# advocates clai& t!at t!e &an, !o&eless 'eo'le in t!is cit, are
'roo" t!at t!ere is ins%""icient !o%sin# available to t!e& and t!ere"ore t!at &ore lo8
inco&e a'art&ents are needed. 1%t t!at concl%sion is abs%rd. Man, a'art&ents in &,
on b%ildin# re&ain %nrented and &, 'ro"essional collea#%es re'ort si&ilar
vacancies !ere t!e, live. Since a'art&ents clearl, are available9 !o&elessness is not
a !o%sin# 'roble&. :o&elessness can9 t!ere"ore9 onl, be ca%sed b, 'eo'les inabilit,
or %nillin#ness to ork to 'a, t!e rent.
Maria: 7n t!e contrar,9 all recent st%dies s!o t!at a si#ni"icant 'ercenta#e o" t!is
cit,s !o&eless 'eo'le !old re#%lar +obs. T!ese are 'eo'le !o lack neit!er ill nor
abilit,.
1C. L%ciens ar#%&ent a#ainst t!e '%blic8!o%sin# advocates 'osition is &ost
v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# criticis&s-
.A/ It o""ers no +%sti"ication "or dis&issin# as abs%rd t!e !o%sin# advocates
clai& t!at t!ere are &an, !o&eless 'eo'le in t!e cit,.
.1/ It treats in"or&ation ac0%ired t!ro%#! in"or&al conversations as t!o%#! it
'rovided evidence as stron# as in"or&ation ac0%ired on t!e basis o"
controlled scienti"ic st%dies.
.C/ It res'onds to a clai& in !ic! >available? is %sed in t!e sense o"
>a""ordable? b, %sin# >available? in t!e sense o" >not occ%'ied.?
GMAT & LSAT CR C11
.3/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at not all a'art&ent b%ildin#s !ave vacant
a'art&ents "or rent.
.E/ It "ails to address t!e iss%e9 raised b, t!e '%blic8!o%sin# advocates ar#ent9 o"
!o o%ld 'a, "or t!e constr%ction o" &ore lo8inco&e !o%sin#.
1@. Maria res'onds to L%ciens ar#%&ent b,
.A/ c!allen#in# t!e acc%rac, o" t!e 'ersonal e('eriences !e o""ers in s%''ort o"
!is 'osition
.1/ s!oin# t!at a 'res%''osition o" !is ar#%&ent is "alse
.C/ 'resentin# evidence t!at calls into 0%estion !is &otives "or ado'tin# t!e vie
!e !olds
.3/ de&onstratin# t!at t!e evidence !e o""ers s%''orts a concl%sion ot!er t!an
t!e concl%sion !e dras "ro& it
.E/ o""erin# an alternative e('lanation "or t!e "acts !e cites as evidence
s%''ortin# !is concl%sion
1G. So&e 'eo'le take t!eir &oral c%es "ro& #overn&ental codes o" laD "or t!e&9 it
is inconceivable t!at so&et!in# t!at is le#all, 'er&issible co%ld be i&&oral.
T!ose !ose vie is described above !old inconsistent belie"s i" t!e, also
believe t!at
.A/ la does not cover all circ%&stances in !ic! one 'erson &orall, ron#s
anot!er
.1/ a le#all, i&'er&issible action is never &orall, e(c%sable
.C/ #overn&ental o""icials so&eti&es be!ave ille#all,
.3/ t!e &oral consens%s o" a societ, is e('ressed in its las
.E/ so&e #overn&ental re#%lations are so detailed t!at t!e, are b%rdenso&e to
t!e econo&,
1A. Certain instr%&ents %sed in veterinar, s%r#er, can be &ade eit!er o" stainless
steel or o" n,lon. In a st%d, o" s%c! instr%&ents9 1I co&'lete sterili)ations o" a
set o" n,lon instr%&ents re0%ired <.C ti&es t!e a&o%nt o" ener#, %sed to
&an%"act%re t!at set o" instr%&ents9 !ereas @I co&'lete sterili)ations o" a set o"
stainless steel instr%&ents re0%ired 5.1 ti&es t!e a&o%nt o" ener#, re0%ired to
&an%"act%re t!at set o" instr%&ents.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 eac! o" t!e "olloin# co%ld be tr%e EECEFT:
.A/ T!e @I co&'lete sterili)ations o" n,lon instr%&ents %sed &ore ener#, t!an
did t!e @I co&'lete sterili)ations o" t!e stainless steel instr%&ents.
.1/ More ener#, as re0%ired "or eac! co&'lete sterili)ation o" t!e n,lon
instr%&ents t!an as re0%ired to &an%"act%re t!e n,lon instr%&ents.
.C/ More n,lon instr%&ents t!an stainless steel instr%&ents ere sterili)ed in t!e
st%d,.
.3/ More ener#, as %sed to 'rod%ce t!e stainless steel instr%&ents t!an as
GMAT & LSAT CR C15
%sed to 'rod%ce t!e n,lon instr%&ents.
.E/ T!e total cost o" @I co&'lete sterili)ations o" t!e stainless steel instr%&ents
as #reater t!an t!e cost o" &an%"act%rin# t!e stainless steel instr%&ents.
1B. A local #ro%' !ad 'lanned a 'arade "or to&orro9 b%t cit, !all !as not ,et acted
on its a''lication "or a 'er&it. T!e #ro%' !ad a''lied "or t!e 'er&it ell in
advance9 !ad &ade s%re t!eir a''lication satis"ied all t!e re0%ire&ents9 and as
clearl, entitled to a 'er&it. Alt!o%#! t!e la 'ro!ibits 'arades it!o%t a 'er&it9
t!e #ro%' 'lans to 'roceed it! its 'arade. T!e #ro%'s leader de"ended its
decision b, a''ealin# to t!e 'rinci'le t!at citi)ens need not re"rain "ro& actions
t!at "ail to co&'l, it! t!e la i" t!e, !ave &ade a #ood8"ait! e""ort to co&'l,
b%t are 'revented "ro& doin# so b, #overn&ent inaction.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# actions o%ld be +%sti"ied b, t!e 'rinci'le to !ic!
t!e leader o" t!e #ro%' a''ealed in de"endin# t!e decision to 'roceed-
.A/ A c!e&ical8'rocessin# co&'an, co&&issioned an environ&ental i&'act
re'ort on its 'lant. T!e re'ort described "o%l odors e&anatin# "ro& t!e 'lant
b%t "o%nd no !a)ardo%s astes bein# 'rod%ced. Conse0%entl,9 t!e 'lant did
not alter its 'rocessin# 'ractices.
.1/ A cit, resident a''lied "or re)onin# o" !er 'ro'ert, so t!at s!e o%ld b%ild a
bolin# alle, in a residential co&&%nit,. S!e based !er a''lication on t!e
need "or recreational "acilities in t!e co&&%nit,. :er a''lication as t%rned
don b, t!e )onin# board9 so s!e decided to "or#o constr%ction.
.C/ T!e la re0%ires t!at no car be o'erated it!o%t a certain a&o%nt o"
ins%rance covera#e. 1%t since t!e a%t!orities !ave been %nable to desi#n an
e""ective 'roced%re "or 'rosec%tin# oners o" cars t!at are driven it!o%t
ins%rance9 &an, car oners are alloin# t!eir ins%rance to la'se.
.3/ a real8estate develo'er obtained a 'er&it to de&olis! a !istoric a'art&ent
b%ildin# t!at !ad not ,et been declared a #overn&entall, 'rotected !istoric
land&ark. 3es'ite t!e 'rotests o" citi)ens #ro%'s9 t!e develo'er t!en
de&olis!ed t!e b%ildin#.
.E/ A '!,sician !o !ad been trained in one co%ntr, a''lied "or a license to
'ractice &edicine in anot!er co%ntr,. Alt!o%#! !e kne !e &et all t!e
0%ali"ications "or t!is license9 !e !ad not ,et received it one ,ear a"ter !e
a''lied "or it. :e be#an to 'ractice &edicine it!o%t t!e license in t!e
second co%ntr, des'ite t!e las re0%ire&ent "or a license.
Questions 19-!0
A %niversit, s!o%ld not be entitled to 'atent t!e inventions o" its "ac%lt, &e&bers.
=niversities9 as #%arantors o" intellect%al "reedo&9 s!o%ld enco%ra#e t!e "ree "lo o"
ideas and t!e #eneral disse&ination o" knoled#e. *et a %niversit, t!at retains t!e
ri#!t to 'atent t!e inventions o" its "ac%lt, &e&bers !as a &otive to s%''ress
in"or&ation abo%t a 'otentiall, val%able discover, %ntil t!e 'atent "or it !as been
sec%red. Clearl,9 s%''ressin# in"or&ation concernin# s%c! discoveries is inco&'atible
GMAT & LSAT CR C1<
it! t!e %niversit,s obli#ation to 'ro&ote t!e "ree "lo o" ideas.
1H. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at t!e ar#%&ent &akes-
.A/ =niversities are t!e onl, instit%tions t!at !ave an obli#ation to #%arantee
intellect%al "reedo&.
.1/ Most inventions b, %niversit, "ac%lt, &e&bers o%ld be 'ro"itable i"
'atented.
.C/ F%blication o" re'orts on researc! is t!e onl, 'ractical a, to disse&inate
in"or&ation concernin# ne discoveries.
.3/ =niversities t!at !ave a &otive to s%''ress in"or&ation concernin#
discoveries b, t!eir "ac%lt, &e&bers ill occasionall, act on t!at &otive.
.E/ I" t!e inventions o" a %niversit, "ac%lt, &e&ber are not 'atented b, t!at
%niversit,9 t!en t!e, ill be 'atented b, t!e "ac%lt, &e&ber instead.
5I. T!e clai& t!at a %niversit, s!o%ld not be entitled to 'atent t!e inventions o" its
"ac%lt, &e&bers 'la,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# roles in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It is t!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent.
.1/ It is a 'rinci'le "ro& !ic! t!e concl%sion is derived.
.C/ It is an e('licit ass%&'tion.
.3/ It is additional b%t nonessential in"or&ation in s%''ort o" one o" t!e
're&ises.
.E/ It is a clai& t!at &%st be de&onstrated to be "alse in order to establis! t!e
concl%sion.
51. En#lis! and t!e A%stronesian lan#%a#e Mbarbara& bot! %se t!e ord >do#? "or
canines. T!ese to lan#%a#es are %nrelated9 and since s'eakers o" t!e to
lan#%a#es onl, ca&e in contact it! one anot!er lon# a"ter t!e ord >do#? as
"irst %sed in t!is a, in eit!er lan#%a#e9 neit!er lan#%a#e co%ld !ave borroed
t!e ord "ro& t!e ot!er. T!%s t!is case s!os t!at so&eti&es !en lan#%a#es
s!are ords t!at are si&ilar in so%nd and &eanin# t!e si&ilarit, is d%e neit!er to
lan#%a#e relatedness nor to borroin#.
T!e ar#%&ent re0%ires t!at !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# be ass%&es-
.A/ En#lis! and Mbarbara& s!are no ords ot!er t!an >do#.?
.1/ Several lan#%a#es besides En#lis! and Mbarbara& %se >do#? as t!e ord "or
canines.
.C/ =s%all, !en to lan#%a#es s!are a ord9 t!ose lan#%a#es are related to
eac! ot!er.
.3/ T!ere is no t!ird lan#%a#e "ro& !ic! bot! En#lis! and Mbarbara&
borroed t!e ord >do#.?
.E/ I" to %nrelated lan#%a#es s!are a ord9 s'eakers o" t!ose to lan#%a#es
&%st !ave co&e in contact it! one anot!er at so&e ti&e.
GMAT & LSAT CR C1C
55. Folitician: $ro& t!e ti&e o%r 'art, took o""ice al&ost "o%r ,ears a#o t!e n%&ber
o" 'eo'le %ne&'lo,ed cit,8ide increased b, less t!an 5I 'ercent. T!e
o''osition 'art, controlled cit, #overn&ent d%rin# t!e "o%r 'recedin# ,ears9 and
t!e n%&ber o" %ne&'lo,ed cit, residents rose b, over 5I 'ercent. T!%s9 d%e to
o%r leaders!i'9 "eer 'eo'le no "ind t!e&selves a&on# t!e ranks o" t!e
%ne&'lo,ed9 !atever t!e o''osition &a, clai&.
T!e reasonin# in t!e 'oliticians ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to t!e criticis& t!at
.A/ t!e clai&s &ade b, t!e o''osition are si&'l, dis&issed it!o%t bein#
s'eci"ied
.1/ no evidence !as been o""ered to s!o t!at an, decline in %ne&'lo,&ent over
t!e 'ast "o%r ,ears as %ni"or& t!ro%#!o%t all areas o" t!e cit,
.C/ t!e iss%e o" !o &%c! %ne&'lo,&ent in t!e cit, is a""ected b, seasonal
"l%ct%ations is i#nored
.3/ t!e evidence cited in s%''ort o" t!e concl%sion act%all, 'rovides &ore
s%''ort "or t!e denial o" t!e concl%sion
.E/ t!e 'ossibilit, !as not been addressed t!at an, increase in t!e n%&ber o"
'eo'le e&'lo,ed is d%e to 'ro#ra&s s%''orted b, t!e o''osition 'art,
5<. A 'oor "ar&er as "ond o" tellin# !is c!ildren: >In t!is orld9 ,o% are eit!er ric!
or 'oor9 and ,o% are eit!er !onest or dis!onest. All 'oor "ar&ers are !onest.
T!ere"ore9 all ric! "ar&ers are dis!onest.?
T!e "ar&ers concl%sion is 'ro'erl, dran i" t!e ar#%&ent ass%&es t!at
.A/ ever, !onest "ar&er is 'oor
.1/ ever, !onest 'erson is a "ar&er
.C/ ever,one !o is dis!onest is a ric! "ar&er
.3/ ever,one !o is 'oor is !onest
.E/ ever, 'oor 'erson is a "ar&er
5C. Jo%rnalist: Can ,o% #ive &e a s%&&ar, o" t!e novel ,o% are orkin# on-
2ovelist: 6ell9 I ass%&e t!at b, >s%&&ar,? ,o% &ean so&et!in# brie" and not a
version o" t!e novel itsel". T!e reason I rite novels is t!at !at I ant to
co&&%nicate can be co&&%nicated onl, in t!e "or& o" a novel. So I a& a"raid I
cannot s%&&ari)e &, novel "or ,o% in a a, t!at o%ld tell ,o% !at I a&
tr,in# to co&&%nicate it! t!is novel.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e(!ibits a 'attern o" reasonin# t!at is &ost 'arallel to
t!at %sed b, t!e novelist-
.A/ 7nl, i" a drain# can be %sed as a #%ide b, t!e b%ilder can it be considered a
bl%e'rint. T!is drain# o" t!e 'ro'osed b%ildin# can be %sed as a #%ide b,
t!e b%ilder9 so it can be considered a bl%e'rint.
.1/ 7nl, a state&ent t!at does not div%l#e co&'an, secrets can be %sed as a
'ress release. T!is state&ent does not div%l#e co&'an, secrets9 b%t it is
GMAT & LSAT CR C1@
%nin"or&ative and t!ere"ore cannot be %sed as a 'ress release.
.C/ 6atc!in# a travelo# is not t!e sa&e as travelin#. 1%t a travelo# con"ers so&e
o" t!e bene"its o" travel it!o%t t!e !ards!i's o" travel. So &an, 'eo'le +%st
atc! travelo#s and do not %nder#o t!e !ards!i's o" travel.
.3/ 7nl, a t!ree8di&ensional re'resentation o" a landsca'e can conve, t!e
e('erience o" bein# in t!at landsca'e. A '!oto#ra'! taken it! a traditional
ca&era is not t!ree8di&ensional. T!ere"ore a '!oto#ra'! taken it! a
traditional ca&era can never conve, t!e e('erience o" bein# in a landsca'e.
.E/ A ban0%et &en% "oretells t!e content o" a &eal9 b%t so&e 'eo'le collect
&en%s in order to re&ind t!e&selves o" #reat &eals t!e, !ave eaten. T!%s a
ban0%et &en% !as a "%nction not onl, be"ore9 b%t also a"ter9 a &eal !as been
served.
5@. Medical researc! "indin#s are c%sto&aril, not &ade '%blic 'rior to t!eir
'%blication in a &edical +o%rnal t!at !as !ad t!e& revieed b, a 'anel o" e('erts
in a 'rocess called 'eer revie. It is clai&ed t!at t!is 'ractice dela,s '%blic
access to 'otentiall, bene"icial in"or&ation t!at9 in e(tre&e instances9 co%ld save
lives. *et 're'%blication 'eer revie is t!e onl, a, to 'revent erroneo%s and
t!ere"ore 'otentiall, !ar&"%l in"or&ation "ro& reac!in# a '%blic t!at is ill
e0%i''ed to eval%ate &edical clai&s on its on. T!ere"ore9 aitin# %ntil a
&edical +o%rnal !as '%blis!ed t!e researc! "indin#s t!at !ave 'assed 'eer revie
is t!e 'rice t!at &%st be 'aid to 'rotect t!e '%blic "ro& &akin# decisions based
on 'ossibl, s%bstandard researc!.
.A/ %nless &edical researc! "indin#s are bro%#!t to 'eer revie b, a &edical
+o%rnal9 'eer revie ill not occ%r
.1/ an,one !o does not serve on &edical revie 'anel does not !ave t!e
necessar, knoled#e and e('ertise to eval%ate &edical researc! "indin#
.C/ t!e #eneral '%blic does not !ave access to t!e &edical +o%rnals in !ic!
researc! "indin#s are '%blis!ed
.3/ all &edical researc! "indin#s are s%b+ected to 're'%blication 'eer revie
.E/ 'eer revie 'anels are so&eti&es s%b+ect to 'olitical and 'ro"essional
'ress%res t!at can &ake t!eir +%d#&ents less t!an i&'artial
SECTI72 I4
1. Feo'le !o acc%se t!e 'ostal service o" inco&'etence and ine""icienc, !ile
co&'lainin# o" t!e 'ro'osed "ive8cent increase in 'ostal rates do not kno a
bar#ain !en t!e, see one. $e e('eriences are &ore en+o,able t!an readin# a
'ersonal letter "ro& a "riend. 4ieed in t!is a,9 'ostal service is so %nder'riced
GMAT & LSAT CR C1G
t!at a "ive8cent increase is %nort!, o" serio%s debate.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ s%##ests t!at t!e 'ostal service is bot! co&'etent and e""icient9 b%t does not
establis! !o co&'etence and e""icienc, s!o%ld be &eas%red
.1/ clai&s t!at t!e 'ro'osed increase is insi#ni"icant b%t does not sa, at !at
level t!e increase o%ld be ort!, o" serio%s debate
.C/ con"%ses t!e val%e o" t!e ob+ect delivered it! t!e val%e o" deliverin# t!at
ob+ect
.3/ a''eals to an o%tside a%t!orit, "or s%''ort o" a 're&ise t!at s!o%ld be
establis!ed b, ar#%&ent
.E/ "ails to establis! !et!er or not t!e critics o" t!e 'ostal service are e&'lo,ees
o" t!e 'ostal service
5. 6!en a st%d, o" as'irins abilit, to 'revent !eart attacks in !%&ans ,ielded
'ositive res%lts9 researc!ers i&&ediatel, s%b&itted t!ose res%lts to a &edical
+o%rnal9 !ic! '%blis!ed t!e& si( eeks later. :ad t!e res%lts been '%blis!ed
sooner9 &an, o" t!e !eart attacks t!at occ%rred d%rin# t!e dela, co%ld !ave been
'revented.
T!e concl%sion dran above o%ld be &ost %nder&ined i" it ere tr%e t!at
.A/ t!e &edical +o%rnals sta"" orked overti&e in order to '%blis! t!e st%d,s
res%lts as soon as 'ossible
.1/ st%dies o" as'irins %se"%lness in red%cin# !eart attacks in laborator, ani&als
re&ain inconcl%sive
.C/ 'eo'le !o take as'irin re#%larl, s%""er a !i#!er8t!an8avera#e incidence o"
sto&ac! %lcers
.3/ t!e &edical +o%rnals o""icial 'olic, is to '%blis! articles onl, a"ter an
e(tensive revie 'rocess
.E/ a 'ersons risk o" s%""erin# a !eart attack dro's onl, a"ter t!at 'erson !as
taken as'irin re#%larl, "or to ,ears
<. It &i#!t see& t!at an airline co%ld increase 'ro"its b, red%cin# air"ares on all its
"li#!ts in order to enco%ra#e discretionar, travel and t!%s "ill 'lanes. 7""ers o"
across8t!e8board disco%nt "ares !ave9 indeed9 res%lted in t!e sale o" lar#e n%&bers
o" red%ced8'rice tickets. 2evert!eless s%c! o""ers !ave9 in t!e 'ast9 act%all, c%t
t!e airlines 'ro"its.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to resolve t!e a''arent
.A/ $eer t!an 1I 'ercent o" all air travelers &ake no atte&'t to seek o%t
disco%nt "ares.
.1/ $ares "or tri's beteen a lar#e cit, and a s&all cit, are !i#!er t!an t!ose "or
tri's beteen to lar#e cities even !en t!e distances involved are t!e
sa&e.
GMAT & LSAT CR C1A
.C/ Across8t!e8board disco%nts in "ares tend to decrease reven%es on "li#!ts t!at
are nor&all, "illed9 b%t t!e, "ail to attract 'assen#ers to %n'o'%lar "li#!ts.
.3/ 7nl, a s&all n%&ber o" 'eo'le !o !ave never be"ore traveled b, air are
'ers%aded to do so on t!e basis o" across8t!e8board disco%nt "ares.
.E/ It is di""ic%lt to devise an advertisin# ca&'ai#n t!at &akes t!e '%blic aare
o" across8t!e8board disco%nt "ares !ile "%ll, e('lainin# t!e restrictions
a''lied to t!ose disco%nt "ares.
C. 7nl, i" t!e electorate is &oral and intelli#ent ill a de&ocrac, "%nction ell.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be lo#icall, in"erred "ro& t!e clai& above-
.A/ I" t!e electorate is &oral and intelli#ent9 t!en a de&ocrac, ill "%nction ell.
.1/ Eit!er a de&ocrac, does not "%nction ell or else t!e electorate is not &oral
or not intelli#ent.
.C/ I" t!e electorate is not &oral or not intelli#ent9 t!en a de&ocrac, ill not
"%nction ell.
.3/ I" a de&ocrac, does not "%nction ell9 t!en t!e electorate is not &oral or not
intelli#ent.
.E/ It cannot9 at t!e sa&e ti&e9 be tr%e t!at t!e electorate is &oral and intelli#ent
and t!at a de&ocrac, ill not "%nction ell.
@. In"ants ,o%n#er t!an si( &ont!s !o !ave nor&al !earin# can readil, distin#%is!
beteen aco%sticall, si&ilar so%nds t!at are %sed as 'art o" an, lan#%a#eKnot
onl, t!ose %sed in t!e lan#%a#e s'oken b, t!e 'eo'le !o raise t!e&. *o%n#
ad%lts can readil, distin#%is! beteen s%c! so%nds onl, in lan#%a#es t!at t!e,
re#%larl, %se. It is knon t!at t!e '!,siolo#ical ca'acit, to !ear be#ins to
deteriorate a"ter in"anc,. So t!e observed di""erence in t!e abilities o" in"ants and
,o%n# ad%lt to distin#%is! beteen aco%sticall, si&ilar s'eec! so%nds &%st be
t!e res%lt o" t!e '!,siolo#ical deterioration o" !earin#.
.A/ sets an arbitrar, c%to"" 'oint o" si( &ont!s "or t!e a#e belo !ic! in"ants
are able to distin#%is! aco%sticall, si&ilar s'eec! so%nds
.1/ does not e('lain t!e 'roced%res %sed to &eas%re t!e abilities o" to ver,
di""erent 'o'%lations
.C/ i#nores t!e "act t!at certain t,'es o" s'eec! so%nds occ%r in al&ost all
lan#%a#es
.3/ ass%&es t!at !at is tr%e o" a #ro%' o" 'eo'le taken collectivel, is also tr%e
o" an, individ%al it! t!at #ro%'
.E/ takes a "actor t!at &i#!t contrib%te to an e('lanation o" t!e observed
di""erence as a s%""icient e('lanation "or t!at di""erence
G. T!e econo&ies o" so&e ind%striali)ed co%ntries "ace t!e 'ros'ect o" lar#e labor
s!orta#es in t!e decades a!ead. Mean!ile9 t!ese co%ntries ill !ave a vast
GMAT & LSAT CR C1B
n%&ber o" e('erienced and 'rod%ctive older orkers !o9 as t!in#s stand9 ill be
driven "ro& t!e ork "orce %'on reac!in# t!e a#e o" si(t,8"ive b, t!e ides'read
'ractice o" re0%irin# orkers to retire at t!at a#e. T!ere"ore9 i" t!e discri&inator,
'ractice o" &andator, retire&ent at a#e si(t,8"ive ere eli&inated9 t!e labor
s!orta#es "acin# t!ese econo&ies o%ld be averted.
.A/ older orkers !ave ac0%ired skills t!at are e(tre&el, val%able and t!at t!eir
,o%n#er collea#%es lack
.1/ orkers in ind%striali)ed co%ntries are o"ten %n're'ared to "ace t!e econo&ic
conse0%ences o" en"orced idleness
.C/ a lar#e n%&ber o" orkers in so&e ind%striali)ed co%ntries o%ld contin%e
orkin# be,ond t!e a#e o" si(t,8"ive i" orkers in t!ose co%ntries ere
alloed to do so
.3/ &andator, retire&ent at a#e si(t,8"ive as "irst instit%ted !en li"e
e('ectanc, as considerable loer t!an it is toda,
.E/ a s%bstantial 'ro'ortion o" t!e 'o'%lation o" o""iciall, retired orkers is
act%all, en#a#ed in #ain"%l e&'lo,&ent
A. T!e incidence in Ja'an o" &ost t,'es o" cancer is re&arkable lo co&'ared to
it! in 2ort! A&erica9 es'eciall, considerin# t!at Ja'an !as a &odern li"e8st,le9
ind%strial 'oll%tion incl%ded. T!e cancer rates9 !oever9 "or Ja'anese 'eo'le !o
i&&i#rate to 2ort! A&erica and ado't t!e diet o" 2ort! A&ericans a''ro(i&ate
t!e !i#!er cancer rates 'revalent in 2ort! A&erica.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 t!e, 'rovide t!e &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ T!e #reater t!e level o" ind%strial 'oll%tion in a co%ntr,9 t!e !i#!er t!at
co%ntr,s cancer rate ill tend to be.
.1/ T!e stress o" li"e in 2ort! A&erica is #reater t!an t!at o" li"e in Ja'an and
'redis'oses to cancer.
.C/ T!e sta'le "oods o" t!e Ja'anese diet contain ele&ents t!at c%re cancer.
.3/ T!e relativel, lo rate o" cancer a&on# 'eo'le in Ja'an does not res%lt "ro&
a !i#! "re0%enc, o" a 'rotective #enetic trait a&on# Ja'anese 'eo'le.
.E/ T!e !i#!er cancer rates o" Ja'anese i&&i#rants to 2ort! A&erica are ca%sed
b, "ats in t!e 2ort! A&erican diet.
B. A translation invariabl, re"lects t!e ritin# st,le o" t!e translator. So&eti&es
!en a lon# doc%&ent needs to be translated 0%ickl,9 several translators are '%t
to ork on t!e +ob9 eac! assi#ned to translate 'art o" t!e doc%&ent. In t!ese cases9
t!e res%lt is %s%all, a translation &arked b, di""erent and o"ten inco&'atible
ritin# st,les. Certain co&'%ter 'ro#ra&s "or lan#%a#e translation t!at ork
it!o%t t!e intervention o" !%&an translation can "inis! t!e +ob "aster t!an !%&an
translators and 'rod%ce a st,listicall, %ni"or& translation it! an BI 'ercent
GMAT & LSAT CR C1H
acc%rac, rate. T!ere"ore9 !en a lon# doc%&ent needs to be translated 0%ickl,9 it
is better to %se a co&'%ter translation 'ro#ra& t!an !%&an translators.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# iss%es o%ld be LEAST i&'ortant to resolve in
eval%atin# t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ !et!er t!e 'roble& o" st,listic variet, in !%&an translation co%ld be solved
b, #ivin# st,listic #%idelines to !%&an translators
.1/ !et!er n%&erical co&'arisons o" t!e acc%rac, o" translations can
reasonabl, be &ade
.C/ !et!er co&'%ter translation 'ro#ra&s9 like !%&an translators9 eac! !ave
t!eir on distinct ritin# st,le
.3/ !et!er t!e co&'%ter translation contains errors o" #ra&&ar and %sa#e t!at
drasticall, alter t!e &eanin# o" t!e te(t
.E/ !o t!e acc%rac, rate o" co&'%ter translation 'ro#ra&s co&'ares it! t!at
o" !%&an translators in relation to t!e %sers needs
Questions 9-10
M,rna: Feo'le s!o%ld "ollo diets in !ic! "at re'resents no &ore t!an <I 'ercent o"
total calories9 not t!e <A 'ercent t!e avera#e diet in t!is co%ntr, contains.
Roland: I" ever,one in t!e co%ntr, "olloed ,o% reco&&endation d%rin# !is or !er
entire li"e9 +%st I.5 'ercent o%ld len#t!en t!eir live at all9 and t!en onl, b, an
avera#e o" < &ont!s. Modi",in# o%r diet is not ort!!ile. A li"eti&e o" sacri"ice
s'ent eatin# an %na''ealin# lo8"at diet is too !i#! a 'rice to 'a, "or t!e c!ance o"
e(tendin# t!at sacri"ice "or < &ont!s.
M,rna: 1%t "or ever,one !o dies earl, "ro& a !i#!8"at diet9 &an, &ore 'eo'le s%""er
"ro& serio%s c!ronic diseases beca%se t!e, "olloed s%c! diets.
H. M,rna res'onds to Roland b,
.A/ dis'%tin# t!e correctness o" t!e "acts cited b, Roland and o""erin# "acts t!at
s!e considers correct
.1/ s!oin# t!at t!e "actors considered b, Roland are not t!e onl, ones relevant
in eval%atin# !er reco&&endation
.C/ de&onstratin# t!at t!e statistics %sed b, Roland to dis'%te !er
reco&&endation are inacc%rate
.3/ s%##estin# t!at Rolands evidence derives "ro& %nreliable so%rces
.E/ 'ointin# o%t t!at Rolands ar#%&ent ass%&es t!e ver, 'ro'osition it sets o%t
to 'rove
1I. Rolands ar#%&ent ass%&es t!at
.A/ it is desirable to live in s%c! a a, as to len#t! li"e as &%c! as 'ossible
.1/ a lo8"at diet cannot readil, be &ade a''ealin# and satis",in# to a 'erson
!o "ollos it re#%larl,
GMAT & LSAT CR C5I
.C/ diet is t!e onl, relevant "actor to consider in co&'%tin# in"l%ences on len#t!
o" li"e
.3/ t!e di""erence in tastiness beteen a diet in !ic! "at re'resents <I 'ercent
o" total calories and one in !ic! it re'resents <A 'ercent is not noticeable
.E/ not ever,one in t!e co%ntr, eats t!e avera#e diet
11. So&e critics clai& t!at it is %n"air t!at so &an, #reat orks o" art are !o%sed in
!%#e &etro'olitan &%se%&s9 since t!e 'o'%lations served b, t!ese &%se%&s
alread, !ave access to a ide variet, o" i&'ortant artork. 1%t t!is criticis& is in
'rinci'le %narranted beca%se t!e li&ited n%&ber o" &aster'ieces &akes ider
distrib%tion o" t!e& i&'ractical. 1esides9 i" a &aster'iece is to be "%ll,
a''reciated9 it &%st be seen alon#side ot!er orks t!at 'rovide a social and
!istorical conte(t "or it.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" establis!ed9 co%ld &ost lo#icall, serve as t!e
'rinci'le a''ealed to in t!e ar#%&ent co%nterin# t!e critics clai&-
.A/ In 'rovidin# "acilities to t!e '%blic9 t!e #oal s!o%ld be to ens%re t!at as &an,
as 'ossible o" t!ose 'eo'le !o co%ld bene"it "ro& t!e "acilities are able to
do so.
.1/ In 'rovidin# "acilities to t!e '%blic9 t!e #oal s!o%ld be to ens%re t!at t!e
#reatest 'ossible n%&ber o" 'eo'le #ain t!e #reatest bene"it 'ossible "ro&
t!e&.
.C/ It is %nreasonable to en"orce a redistrib%tion o" social #oods t!at involves
de'rivin# so&e &e&bers o" societ, o" t!ese #oods in order to s%''l, ot!ers.
.3/ $or it to be reasonable to critici)e an arran#e&ent as %n"air9 t!ere &%st be a
&ore e0%itable arran#e&ent t!at is 'racticall, attainable.
.E/ A ork o" art s!o%ld be dis'la,ed in conditions rese&blin# as closel, as
'ossible t!ose in !ic! t!e ork as ori#inall, intended to be dis'la,ed.
15. So&e acco%ntants calc%late it! si&'le addin# &ac!ines9 and so&e %se co&'le(
co&'%ters. 7ne can 'er"or& &ore calc%lations in less ti&e it! a co&'%ter t!an
it! an addin# &ac!ine. T!ere"ore9 ass%&in# t!e costs o" %sin# t!e to t,'es o"
&ac!ines are e0%al9 an acco%ntant !o %ses a co&'%ter #enerall, can earn &ore
'er !o%r t!an an acco%ntant !o %ses an addin# &ac!ine.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at o%ld &ake t!e concl%sion in
t!e 'assa#e a lo#ical one-
.A/ More acco%ntants %se co&'%ters t!an %se addin# &ac!ines.
.1/ T!e &ore !o%rs an acco%ntant s'ends on t!e +ob9 t!e &ore &one, !e or s!e
ill earn.
.C/ T!e &ore calc%lations an acco%ntant 'er"or&s9 t!e &ore &one, !e or s!e
ill earn.
.3/ An acco%ntant !o %ses an addin# &ac!ine can c!ar#e a !i#!er !o%rl, rate
t!an one !o %ses a co&'%ter.
GMAT & LSAT CR C51
.E/ In #eneral9 acco%ntants var, in ter&s o" t!e n%&ber o" calc%lations t!e,
&ake and t!e a&o%nt o" &one, t!e, earn.
1<. T!is s%&&er9 Jenni"er9 !o !as orked at M4Q Man%"act%rin# "or +%st over t!ree
,ears9 'lans to s'end it! !er "a&il, t!e entire "o%r eeks o" 'aid vacation to
!ic! s!e is entitled t!is ,ear. An,one !o !as orked at M4Q Man%"act%rin#
"or beteen one and "o%r ,ears is a%to&aticall, entitled to e(actl, t!ree eeks
'aid vacation eac! ,ear b%t can a''l, %' to !al" o" an, vacation ti&e t!at re&ains
%n%sed at t!e end o" one ,ear to t!e ne(t ,ears vacation.
I" t!e state&ents above are all tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e
on t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ Jenni"er did not %se to eeks o" t!e 'aid vacation ti&e to !ic! s!e as
entitled 'ast ,ear.
.1/ I" Jenni"er contin%es to ork "or M4Q Man%"act%rin#9 s!e ill onl, be
entitled to t!ree eeks 'aid vacation ne(t ,ear.
.C/ T!e &a+orit, o" M4Qs e&'lo,ees %se eac! ,ear all o" t!e 'aid vacation ti&e
to !ic! t!e, are entitled.
.3/ Last ,ear Jenni"er took onl, one eek o" t!e 'aid vacation ti&e to !ic! s!e
as entitled.
.E/ M4Q Man%"act%rin# so&eti&es allos e(tra vacation ti&e to e&'lo,ees !o
need to s'end &ore ti&e it! t!eir "a&ilies.
1C. A care"%l revie o" !os'ital "atalities d%e to anest!esia d%rin# t!e last 5I ,ears
indicates t!at t!e &ost si#ni"icant sa"et, i&'rove&ents res%lted "ro& better
trainin# o" anest!etists. E0%i'&ent t!at &onitors a 'atients o(,#en and carbon
dio(ide levels as not available in &ost o'eratin# roo&s d%rin# t!e 'eriod %nder
revie. T!ere"ore9 t!e increased %se o" s%c! &onitorin# e0%i'&ent in o'eratin#
roo&s ill not si#ni"icantl, c%t "atalities d%e to anest!esia.
A "la in t!e ar#%&ent is t!at
.A/ t!e evidence cited to s!o t!at one "actor led to a certain res%lt is not
s%""icient to s!o t!at a second "actor ill not also lead to t!at res%lt
.1/ t!e reasons #iven in s%''ort o" t!e concl%sion 'res%''ose t!e tr%t! o" t!at
concl%sion
.C/ t!e evidence cited to s!o t!at a certain "actor as absent !en a certain
res%lt occ%rred does not s!o t!at t!e absence o" t!at "actor ca%sed t!at
res%lt
.3/ t!e evidence cited in s%''ort o" t!e concl%sion is inconsistent it! ot!er
in"or&ation t!at is 'rovided
.E/ t!e reason indicated "or t!e clai& t!at one event ca%sed a second &ore
stron#l, s%''orts t!e clai& t!at bot! events ere inde'endent e""ects o" a
t!ird event
1@. 2e t,'es o" as!in# &ac!ines desi#ned to cons%&e less ener#, also e(tract less
GMAT & LSAT CR C55
ater "ro& la%ndr, d%rin# t!eir "inal s'in c,cles t!an do as!in# &ac!ines t!at
cons%&e so&e!at &ore ener#,. T!e etter t!e la%ndr,9 t!e &ore ener#,
re0%ired to dr, it in an a%to&atic dr,er. T!%s %sin# t!ese ne t,'es o" as!in#
&ac!ines co%ld res%lt in an overall increase in t!e ener#, needed to as! and dr,
a load o" la%ndr,.
In !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e 'attern o" reasonin# &ost 'arallel to t!at in
t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e &ore skill re0%ired to o'erate a &ac!ine9 t!e !arder it is to "ind 'eo'le
able to do it9 and t!%s t!e &ore t!ose 'eo'le &%st be 'aid. T!ere"ore9 i" a
"actor, installs &ac!ines t!at re0%ire !i#!l, skilled o'erators9 it &%st be
're'ared to 'a, !i#!er a#es.
.1/ T!ere are to ro%tes beteen Centerville and Ma'leton9 and t!e scenic
ro%te is t!e lon#er ro%te. T!ere"ore9 a 'erson !o is not concerned it! !o
lon# it ill take to travel beteen Centerville and Ma'leton ill 'robabl,
take t!e scenic ro%te.
.C/ T!e &ore 'eo'le !o ork in t!e librar,s readin# roo&9 t!e noisier t!e
roo& beco&esD and t!e noisier t!e orkin# environ&ent9 t!e less e""icientl,
'eo'le ork. T!ere"ore9 !en &an, 'eo'le are orkin# in t!e readin#
roo&9 t!ose 'eo'le are orkin# less e""icientl,.
.3/ Fine is a less e('ensive ood t!an cedar b%t is &ore s%sce'tible to rot.
7%tdoor "%rnit%re &ade "ro& ood s%sce'tible to rot &%st be 'ainter it!
&ore e('ensive 'aint. T!ere"ore9 b%ildin# o%tdoor "%rnit%re "ro& 'ine
rat!er t!an cedar co%ld increase t!e total cost o" b%ildin# and 'aintin# t!e
"%rnit%re.
.E/ T!e &ore ei#!ts added to an e(ercise &ac!ine9 t!e #reater t!e &%scle
stren#t! needed to ork o%t on t!e &ac!ine. =' to a 'oint9 %sin# &ore
&%scle stren#t! can &ake a 'erson stron#er. T!%s an e(ercise &ac!ine it!
&ore ei#!ts can9 b%t does not necessaril,9 &ake a 'erson stron#er.
Questions 1&-1'
G: T!e #ro%' o" orks e(!ibited in t!is ,ears Metro'olitan Art S!o reveals a bias
in "avor o" '!oto#ra'!ers. E0%al n%&bers o" '!oto#ra'!ers9 sc%l'tors9 and 'ainters
s%b&itted orks t!at &et t!e traditional criteria "or t!e s!o9 ,et &ore '!oto#ra'!s
ere e(!ibited t!an eit!er sc%l't%res or 'aintin#s. As ,o% kno9 eac! artist as
alloed to s%b&it ork in one &edi%& onl,.
:: :o co%ld t!ere !ave been bias- All s%b&itted orks t!at &et t!e traditional
criteriaKand onl, t!ose orksKere e(!ibited in t!e s!o.
1G. I" bot! Gs assertions and :s assertion are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st
also be tr%e-
.A/ More '!oto#ra'!ers t!an sc%l'tors or 'ainters s%b&itted orks to be
considered "or e(!ibition in t!e Metro'olitan Art S!o.
GMAT & LSAT CR C5<
.1/ All t!e orks s%b&itted "or t!e Metro'olitan Art S!o &et t!e traditional
criteria "or t!e s!o.
.C/ T!e 0%alit, o" '!oto#ra'!s e(!ibited in t!e &etro'olitan Art S!o as
in"erior to t!e 0%alit, o" t!e sc%l't%res or 'aintin#s e(!ibited.
.3/ So&e o" t!e '!oto#ra'!s s%b&itted "or t!e Metro'olitan Art S!o did not
&eet t!e traditional criteria "or t!e s!o.
.E/ More orks t!at &et t!e traditional criteria "or t!e Metro'olitan Art S!o
ere s%b&itted b, '!oto#ra'!ers t!an b, sc%l'tors or 'ainters.
1A. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts Gs alle#ation o" bias-
.A/ I" an artist !as !ad one o" !is or !er orks e(!ibited in t!e Metro'olitan Art
S!o9 t!at artist !as an advanta#e in #ettin# co&&issions and sellin# orks
over artists !o !ave never !ad a ork e(!ibited in t!e s!o.
.1/ T!e "ee "or enterin# '!oto#ra'!s in t!e Metro'olitan Art S!o as L5@ 'er
ork s%b&itted9 !ile t!e "ee "or eac! 'aintin# or sc%l't%re s%b&itted as
LA@.
.C/ T!e co&&ittee t!at selected "ro& t!e s%b&itted orks t!e ones to be
e(!ibited in t!is ,ears Metro'olitan Art S!o !ad "o%r &e&bers: one
'!oto#ra'!er9 on sc%l'tor9 one 'ainter9 and one !o orks in all t!ree
&edia b%t is t!e least knon o" t!e "o%r &e&bers.
.3/ Revies o" t!is ,ears Metro'olitan Art S!o t!at a''eared in &a+or
nes'a'ers and &a#a)ines tended to #ive &ore covera#e to t!e '!oto#ra'!s
in t!e s!o t!an to t!e sc%l't%res and 'aintin#s t!at ere e(!ibited.
.E/ In 'revio%s ,ears9 it !as o"ten !a''ened t!at &ore 'aintin#s or &ore
sc%l't%res ere e(!ibited in t!e Metro'olitan Art S!o t!an '!oto#ra'!s9
even t!o%#! t!e total n%&ber o" orks e(!ibited eac! ,ear does not var,
idel,.
Questions 18-19
Marc%s: $or &ost et!ical dile&&as t!e +o%rnalist is likel, to "ace9 traditional
+o%rnalistic et!ics is clear9 ade0%ate9 and essentiall, correct. $or e(a&'le9 !en
+o%rnalists !ave %ncovered nesort!, in"or&ation9 t!e, s!o%ld #o to 'ress it! it as
soon as 'ossible. 2o dela, &otivated b, t!e +o%rnalists 'ersonal or 'ro"essional
interests is 'er&issible.
Anita: 6ell9 Marc%s9 o" co%rse interestin# and i&'ortant in"or&ation s!o%ld be
bro%#!t be"ore t!e '%blicKt!at is a +o%rnalists +ob. 1%t in t!e t,'ical case9 !ere a
+o%rnalist !as so&e in"or&ation b%t is in a 0%andar, abo%t !et!er it is ,et i&'ortant
or >nesort!,9? t!is #%idance is inade0%ate.
1B. T!e 'oint &ade b, Anitas state&ents is &ost acc%ratel, e('ressed b, !ic! one
o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Marc%ss clai& t!at traditional +o%rnalistic et!ics is clear "or &ost et!ical
GMAT & LSAT CR C5C
dile&&as in +o%rnalis& is incorrect.
.1/ A t,'ical case ill%strates t!at Marc%s is ron# in clai&in# t!at traditional
+o%rnalistic et!ics is essentiall, correct "or &ost et!ical dile&&as in
+o%rnalis&.
.C/ T!e et!ical 'rinci'le t!at Marc%s cites does not !el' t!e +o%rnalist in a
t,'ical kind o" sit%ation in !ic! a decision needs to be &ade.
.3/ T!ere are co&&on sit%ations in !ic! a +o%rnalist &%st &ake a decision and
in !ic! no 'rinci'le o" +o%rnalistic et!ics can be o" !el'.
.E/ Traditional +o%rnalistic et!ics a&o%nts to no &ore t!an an %nnecessaril,
convol%ted descri'tion o" t!e +o%rnalists +ob.
1H. In order to concl%de 'ro'erl, "ro& Anitas state&ents t!at Marc%s #eneral clai&
abo%t traditional +o%rnalistic et!ics is incorrect9 it o%ld !ave to be ass%&ed t!at
.A/ !et!er a 'iece o" in"or&ation is or is not nesort!, can raise et!ical
dile&&as "or +o%rnalists
.1/ t!ere are circ%&stances in !ic! it o%ld be et!icall, ron# "or a +o%rnalist
to #o to 'ress it! le#iti&atel, ac0%ired9 nesort!, in"or&ation
.C/ t!e &ost serio%s 'ro"essional dile&&as t!at a +o%rnalist is likel, to "ace are
not et!ical dile&&as
.3/ t!ere are no et!ical dile&&as t!at a +o%rnalist is likel, to "ace t!at o%ld not
be concl%sivel, resolved b, an ade0%ate s,ste& o" +o%rnalistic et!ics
.E/ $or a s,ste& o" +o%rnalistic et!ics to be ade0%ate it &%st be able to 'rovide
#%idance in ever, case in !ic! a +o%rnalist &%st &ake a 'ro"essional
decision
Questions !0-!1
7" ever, 1II b%r#lar alar&s 'olice anser9 HH are "alse alar&s. T!is sit%ation ca%ses
an enor&o%s and dan#ero%s drain on increasin#l, scarce '%blic reso%rces. Eac! "alse
alar& astes an avera#e o" C@ &in%tes o" 'olice ti&e. As a res%lt 'olice are
consistentl, taken aa, "ro& res'ondin# to ot!er le#iti&ate calls "or service9 and a
dis'ro'ortionate s!are o" 'olice service #oes to alar& s,ste& %sers9 !o are &ostl,
b%sinesses and a""l%ent !o&eoners. :oever9 b%r#lar alar& s,ste&s9 %nlike car
alar& s,ste&s9 are e""ective in deterrin# b%r#laries9 so t!e onl, acce'table sol%tion is
to "ine b%r#lar alar& s,ste& oners t!e cost o" C@ &in%tes o" 'olice ti&e "or eac!
"alse alar& t!eir s,ste&s #enerate.
5I. T!e state&ent t!at b%r#lar alar& s,ste&s9 %nlike car alar& s,ste&s9 are e""ective
in deterrin# b%r#laries 'la,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# roles in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It +%sti"ies 'lacin# &ore restrictions on oners o" b%r#lar alar&s t!an on
oners o" car alar&s.
.1/ It 'rovides back#ro%nd in"or&ation needed to &ake 'la%sible t!e clai& t!at
t!e n%&ber o" b%r#lar alar&s 'olice are called on to anser is #reat eno%#!
GMAT & LSAT CR C5@
to be a drain on '%blic reso%rces.
.C/ It 'rovides a basis "or e(cl%din# as %nacce'table one obvio%s alternative to
t!e 'ro'osal o" "inin# oners o" b%r#lar alar& s,ste&s "or "alse alar&s.
.3/ It #ives a reason !, 'olice &i#!t be &ore inclined to res'ond to b%r#lar
alar&s t!an to car alar&s.
.E/ It e('lains !, a dis'ro'ortionate n%&ber o" t!e b%r#lar alar&s res'onded to
b, 'olice co&e "ro& alar& s,ste&s oned b, b%sinesses.
51. 7n t!e basis o" t!e 're&ises advanced9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i"
establis!ed9 o%ld 'rovide t!e &ost +%sti"ication "or t!e concl%din#
reco&&endation-
.A/ 2o se#&ent o" a co&&%nit, s!o%ld be 'er&itted to en#a#e in a 'ractice t!at
!as been s!on to res%lt in a dis'ro'ortionate s!are o" 'olice service bein#
devoted to t!at se#&ent o" t!e co&&%nit,.
.1/ 6!en '%blic reso%rces are in s!ort s%''l,9 an, individ%al !o ants s'ecial
services "ro& '%blic a#encies s%c! as 'olice and "ire de'art&ents s!o%ld be
re0%ired to 'a, "or t!ose services i" !e or s!e can a""ord to do so.
.C/ Folice de'art&ents are not +%sti"ied in i&'rovin# service to one se#&ent o"
t!e co&&%nit, at t!e e('ense o" ot!er se#&ents o" t!e co&&%nit, %nless
doin# so red%ces t!e cri&e level t!ro%#!o%t t!e entire area served.
.3/ An,one !o directl, bene"its "ro& a service 'rovided b, '%blic e&'lo,ees
s!o%ld be re0%ired to rei&b%rse t!e #eneral '%blic "%nd an a&o%nt
e0%ivalent to t!e avera#e cost 'rovidin# t!at service.
.E/ I" recei't o" a service res%lts in t!e aste o" scarce '%blic reso%rces and
'eo'le it! ot!er le#iti&ate needs are disadvanta#ed in conse0%ence9 t!e
reci'ient o" t!at service s!o%ld co&'ensate t!e '%blic "or t!e reso%rces
asted.
55. 6!en b%tter"at as considered n%tritio%s and !ealt!"%l9 a la as enacted
re0%irin# t!at &an%"act%rers %se t!e ter& >i&itation b%tter? to indicate b%tter
!ose b%tter"at content !ad been di&inis!ed t!ro%#! t!e addition o" ater.
Toda,9 it is knon t!at t!e !i#! c!olesterol content o" b%tter"at &akes it !ar&"%l
to !%&an !ealt!. Since t!e '%blic s!o%ld be enco%ra#ed to eat "oods it! loer
rat!er t!an !i#!er b%tter"at content and since t!e ter& >i&itation? it! its
connotations o" "alsit, deters &an, 'eo'le "ro& '%rc!asin# 'rod%cts so
desi#nated9 &an%"act%res !o is! to #ive red%ced8b%tter"at b%tter t!e &ore
a''ealin# na&e o" >lite b%tter? s!o%ld be alloed to do so.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e &an%"act%rers !o 're"er to %se t!e ord >lite? instead o" >i&itation?
are &otivated 'rinci'all, b, t!e "inancial interest o" t!eir stock !olders.
.1/ T!e &an%"act%rers !o is! to call t!eir 'rod%ct >lite b%tter? 'lan to c!an#e
t!e co&'osition o" t!e 'rod%ct so t!at it contains &ore ater t!an it no
GMAT & LSAT CR C5G
does.
.C/ So&e individ%als !o need to red%ce t!eir intake o" c!olesterol are not
deterred "ro& %sin# t!e red%ced8b%tter"at 'rod%ct b, t!e ne#ative
connotations o" t!e ter& >i&itation.?
.3/ C!olesterol is onl, one o" &an, "actors t!at contrib%te to t!e t,'es o" !ealt!
'roble&s it! !ic! t!e cons%&'tion o" e(cessive a&o%nts o" c!olesterol
is o"ten associated.
.E/ Most 'eo'le deterred "ro& eatin# >i&itation b%tter? beca%se o" its na&e
c!oose alternatives it! a loer b%tter"at content t!an t!is 'rod%ct !as.
5<. $ar& ani&als !ave certain be!avioral tendencies t!at res%lt "ro& t!e evol%tionar,
!istor, o" t!ese s'ecies. 1, i&'osin# on t!ese ani&als a t,'e o" or#ani)ation t!at
con"licts it! t!eir be!avioral tendencies9 c%rrent "ar&8&ana#e&ent 'ractices
ca%se t!e ani&als &ore 'ain and distress t!an do 'ractices t!at &ore closel,
con"or& to t!e ani&als be!avioral tendencies. 1eca%se t!e ani&als tend to resist
t!is t,'e o" or#ani)ation9 c%rrent 'ractices can also be less e""icient t!an t!ose
ot!er "ar&8&ana#e&ent 'ractices.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl,
in"erred "ro& t!e&-
.A/ So&e o" t!e be!avioral tendencies o" "ar& ani&als can be altered b, e""icient
"ar&8&ana#e&ent 'ractices.
.1/ In order to i&'le&ent e""icient "ar&8&ana#e&ent 'ractices9 it is necessar, to
be "a&iliar it! t!e evol%tionar, !istor, o" "ar& ani&als.
.C/ In order to create "ar&8&ana#e&ent 'ractices t!at ca%se less 'ain and
distress to "ar& ani&als9 a si#ni"icant loss o" e""icienc, ill be re0%ired.
.3/ $ar&8&ana#e&ent 'ractices t!at ca%se t!e least a&o%nt '" 'ain and distress
to "ar& ani&als are also t!e &ost e""icient &ana#e&ent 'ractices.
.E/ So&e c!an#es in "ar&8&ana#e&ent 'ractices t!at lessen t!e 'ain and distress
e('erienced b, "ar& ani&als can res%lt in #ains in e""icienc,.
5C. It no see&s clear t!at t!e si#ni"icant role initiall, 'redicted "or 'ersonal
co&'%ters in t!e classroo& !as not beco&e "act. 7ne need onl, look to t!e
dra&atic decline in sales o" co&'%ters "or classroo& %se in t!e 'ast ,ear "or 'roo"
t!at t!e "ad !as 'assed.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents contains "laed reasonin# 'arallel to t!at
.A/ Clearl, #overn&ent le#islation &andatin# t!e red%ction o" a%to&obile
e&issions !as been at least 'artiall, s%ccess"%l9 as is de&onstrated b, t!e
"act t!at t!e air o" t!e 5I lar#est cities no contains s&aller a&o%nts o" t!e
&a+or 'oll%tants &entioned in t!e le#islation t!an it did be"ore t!e
le#islation as 'assed.
.1/ Mec!anical translation "ro& one lan#%a#e into anot!er9 not &erel, in narro
GMAT & LSAT CR C5A
conte(ts s%c! as airline reservations b%t #enerall,9 is clearl, an idea !ose
ti&e !as co&e. Since e('erts !ave been orkin# on t!e 'roble& "or CI
,ears9 it is no ti&e "or t!e acc%&%lated e('ertise to ac!ieve a
breakt!ro%#!.
.C/ Sales o" co&'%ters "or !o&e %se ill never reac! t!e levels o'ti&isticall,
'ro+ected b, &an%"act%rers. T!e reason is t!at !o&e %se as envisioned as
enco&'assin# tasks9 s%c! as &en% 'lannin# and c!eckbook reconciliation9
t!at &ost !o&e&akers 'er"or& in &%c! si&'ler a,s t!an %sin# a
co&'%ter o%ld re0%ire.
.3/ It is a''arent t!at cons%&ers !ave tired o" &icroave ovens as 0%ickl, as
t!e, initiall, ca&e to acce't t!is recent invention. In contrast to several
,ears o" increasin# sales "olloin# t!e introd%ction o" &icroave ovens9
sales o" &icroave ovens "lattened last ,ear9 indicatin# t!at cons%&ers !ave
"o%nd relativel, little %se "or t!ese devices.
.E/ Creatin# incentives "or a 'artic%lar kind o" invest&ent inevitabl, en#enders
boo&8and8b%st c,cles. T!e evidence is in t!e recent decline in t!e val%e o"
co&&ercial real estate9 !ic! s!os t!at9 alt!o%#! t!e #overn&ent can
enco%ra#e 'eo'le to '%t %' b%ildin#s9 it cannot #%arantee t!at t!ose
b%ildin#s ill be "%ll, rented or sold.
5@. Scientists atte&'tin# to re'licate certain controversial res%lts re'orted b, a #ro%'
o" e('erienced researc!ers "ailed to #et t!e sa&e res%lts as t!ose re'orted. T!e
concl%sion dran "ro& t!is b, t!e scientists !o cond%cted t!e re'lication
e('eri&ents as t!at t!e ori#inall, re'orted res%lts !ad been d%e to "a%lt,
&eas%re&ents.
T!e ar#%&ent o" t!e scientists !o cond%cted t!e re'lication e('eri&ents
ass%&es t!at
.A/ t!e ori#inal e('eri&ents !ad not been described in s%""icient detail to &ake
an e(act re'lication 'ossible
.1/ t!e "act t!at ori#inall, re'orted res%lts aro%sed controvers, &ade it !i#!l,
likel, t!at t!e, ere in error
.C/ t!e t!eoretical 'rinci'les called into 0%estion b, t!e ori#inall, re'orted
res%lts ere t!e&selves based on eak evidence
.3/ t!e re'lication e('eri&ents ere not so likel, as t!e ori#inal e('eri&ents to
be &arred b, "a%lt, &eas%re&ents
.E/ t!e researc!ers !o ori#inall, re'orted t!e controversial res%lts !ad
t!e&selves observed t!ose res%lts onl, once
TEST 11
SECTI72 I
GMAT & LSAT CR C5B
1. Ed%cational television is a contradiction in ter&s. 6!ile a classroo& enco%ra#es
social interaction9 television enco%ra#es solit%de. Sc!ool is centered on t!e
develo'&ent o" lan#%a#e9 b%t television de'ends %'on constantl, c!an#in# vis%al
i&a#es. And in a classroo&9 "%n is &erel, a &eans to an end9 b%t on television it
is t!e end in itsel".
='on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions does t!e a%t!or rel, in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ T!e classroo& s!o%ld not be a 'lace !ere an,one !as "%n.
.1/ 7nl, e('eriences t!at closel, rese&ble !at takes 'lace in t!e sc!ool
environ&ent can be ed%cational.
.C/ Television 'ro#ra&s rein"orce so&e o" t!e val%es o" t!e sc!ool environ&ent.
.3/ Ed%cational television 'ro#ra&s are better t!an &ost ot!er television
'ro#ra&s.
.E/ T!e 'otential o" television as a 'oer"%l learnin# tool !as not ,et been
reali)ed.
5. Sitc!in# to >lo8,ield? ci#arettes9 t!ose t!at ,ield less nicotine9 tar9 and carbon
&ono(ide t!an re#%lar ci#arettes !en tested on a standard &ac!ine9 does not9 in
#eneral9 red%ce t!e incidence o" !eart attack. T!is res%lt is s%r'risin#9 since
nicotine and carbon &ono(ide !ave been i&'licated as contrib%tin# to !eart
disease.
discre'anc,-
.A/ S&okin# lo8,ield ci#arettes !as beco&e "as!ionable9 as relativel, !ealt!ier
st,les o" li"e !ave beco&e &ore 'o'%lar t!an t!ose t!at !ave been identi"ied
as risk,.
.1/ $or t!ose !o are t!e&selves s&okers9 in!alin# t!e s&oke o" ot!ers is not
#enerall, a si#ni"icant "actor contrib%tin# to an increased risk o" !eart
disease.
.C/ 2icotine does not contrib%te as &%c! as to !eart disease as does carbon
&ono(ide.
.3/ Carbon &ono(ide and ci#arette tar are not addictive s%bstances.
.E/ Feo'le !o sitc! "ro& !i#!8,ield to lo8,ield ci#arettes o"ten co&'ensate
b, increasin# t!e n%&ber and de't! o" '%""s in order to &aintain t!eir
acc%sto&ed nicotine level.
Questions 3-4
Sall,: I cannot st%d, at a %niversit, !ere t!ere is an alco!ol 'roble&. So %nless
so&et!in# is done abo%t t!e alco!ol 'roble& at t!is %niversit,9 Ill !ave to trans"er to
GMAT & LSAT CR C5H
a %niversit, !ere t!ere are no "raternities.
*olanda: I dont a#ree t!at "raternities are res'onsible "or t!e alco!ol 'roble& at t!is
%niversit,. Alco!ol 'roble&s e(ist at all %niversities9 incl%din# t!ose !ere t!ere are
no "raternities. 6e all s!o%ld beco&e &ore aare o" alco!ol ab%se. Its not si&'l, a
"raternit, 'roble&D its a c%lt%ral 'roble&.
<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! Sall,s ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ Most %niversities !ave "raternities.
.1/ 2ot!in# ill be done abo%t t!e alco!ol 'roble& at Sall,s %niversit,.
.C/ Alco!ol 'roble&s are beco&in# &ore ides'read at %niversities.
.3/ So&e "raternit, &e&bers !o drink alco!ol bevera#es are too ,o%n# to do
so le#all,.
.E/ T!ere co%ld be %niversities t!at !ave no alco!ol 'roble&s.
C. In t!e conversation9 *olanda does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ S!e ar#%es t!at i" 'eo'le beco&e &ore aare o" alco!ol ab%se9 "eer 'eo'le
ill t!e&selves ab%se alco!ol.
.1/ S!e &akes an overl, broad #enerali)ation "ro& one %niversit, to all
%niversities.
.C/ S!e concl%des t!at beca%se alco!ol 'roble&s are c%lt%ral 'roble&s9 t!e,
cannot be "raternit, 'roble&s.
.3/ S!e tries to %nder&ine !at s!e s%''oses to be Sall,s 'osition b, 'ointin#
o%t t!at alco!ol 'roble&s occ%r even at %niversities !ere t!ere are no
"raternities.
.E/ S!e s%##ests t!at even i" alco!ol 'roble&s e(isted onl, at %niversities it!
"raternities9 s!e o%ld still concl%de t!at alco!olis& is a c%lt%ral rat!er t!an
a "raternit, 'roble&.
@. So&e 'eo'le !ave 0%estioned !, t!e :o&eoners Association is s%''ortin#
Coo'ers candidac, "or &a,or. 1%t i" t!e Association ants a &a,or !o ill
attract &ore b%sinesses to t!e ton9 Coo'er is t!e onl, candidate it co%ld s%''ort.
So9 since t!e Association is s%''ortin# Coo'er9 it &%st !ave a #oal o" attractin#
&ore b%sinesses to t!e ton.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is in error beca%se
.A/ t!e reasons t!e :o&eoners Association s!o%ld ant to attract &ore
b%sinesses to t!e ton are not #iven
.1/ t!e :o&eoners Association co%ld be s%''ortin# Coo'ers candidac, "or
reasons %nrelated to attractin# b%sinesses to t!e ton
.C/ ot!er #ro%'s besides t!e :o&eoners Association co%ld be s%''ortin#
Coo'ers candidac,
.3/ t!e :o&eoners Association &i#!t discover t!at attractin# &ore b%sinesses
to t!e ton o%ld not be in t!e best interest o" its &e&bers
GMAT & LSAT CR C<I
.E/ Coo'er &i#!t not !ave all o" t!e skills t!at are needed b, a &a,or !o ants
to attract b%sinesses to a ton
G. Advertise&ent: Most 'oer !ed#e tri&&ers on t!e &arket do an ade0%ate +ob o"
tri&&in# !ed#es. 1%t &an, 'oer !ed#e tri&&ers are dan#ero%s to o'erate and
can ca%se serio%s in+%r, !en %sed b, %ntrained o'erators. 1olter Ind%stries
!ed#e tri&&er !as been tested b, 2ational Laboratories9 t!e &ost tr%sted na&e in
sa"et, testin#. So ,o% kno9 i" ,o% b%, a 1olters9 ,o% are b%,in# a 'oer !ed#e
tri&&er !ose sa"et, is ass%red.
T!e anser to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 0%estions o%ld be &ost %se"%l in
eval%atin# t!e tr%t! o" t!e concl%sion dran in t!e advertise&ent-
.A/ :as 2ational Laboratories 'er"or&ed sa"et, tests on ot!er &ac!ines &ade b,
1olter Ind%stries-
.1/ :o i&'ortant to t!e avera#e b%,er o" a 'oer !ed#e tri&&er is sa"et, o"
o'eration-
.C/ 6!at ere t!e res%lts o" 2ational Laboratories tests o" 1olter Ind%stries
!ed#e tri&&er-
.3/ Are t!ere sa"er a,s o" tri&&in# a !ed#e t!an %sin# a 'oer !ed#e tri&&er-
.E/ 3oes an, ot!er 'oer !ed#e tri&&er on t!e &arket do a better +ob o"
tri&&in# !ed#es t!an does 1olter Ind%stries !ed#e tri&&er-
A. Slas!8and8b%rn a#ric%lt%re involves b%rnin# several acres o" "orest9 leavin#
ve#etable as! t!at 'rovides a&'le "ertili)er "or t!ree or "o%r ,ears o" bo%nti"%l
cro's. 7n t!e cleared land n%trients leac! o%t o" t!e soil9 !oever9 and t!e land
beco&es too 'oor to s%''ort a#ric%lt%re. 2e land is t!en cleared b, b%rnin# and
t!e 'rocess starts a#ain. Since &ost "ar&in# in t!e tro'ics %ses t!is &et!od9
"orests in t!is re#ion ill event%all, be 'er&anentl, eradicated.
.A/ "orests in t!e tro'ics do not re#enerate ell eno%#! to restore t!e&selves
once t!e, !ave been cleared b, t!e slas!8and8b%rn &et!od
.1/ so&e ot!er &et!ods o" a#ric%lt%re are not as destr%ctive to t!e environ&ent
in tro'ical re#ions as t!e slas!8and8b%rn &et!od is
.C/ "orests in t!e tro'ics are nat%rall, de"icient in n%trients t!at are needed to
s%''ort t!e #rot! o" 'lants t!at are not native to t!ose re#ions
.3/ slas!8and8b%rn a#ric%lt%re is 'artic%larl, s%itable "or "ar&in# in tro'ical
areas
.E/ slas!8and8b%rn a#ric%lt%re 'rod%ces a &ore bo%nti"%l cro' t!an do ot!er
a#ric%lt%re &et!ods "or t!e "irst ,ear
B. 7" 59@II 'eo'le !o s%rvived a "irst !eart attack9 t!ose !o did not s&oke !ad
t!eir "irst !eart attack at a &edian a#e o" G5. :oever9 o" t!ose 59@II9 'eo'le !o
s&oked to 'acks o" ci#arettes a da, !ad t!eir "irst !eart attack at a &edian a#e
o" @1. 7n t!e basis o" t!is in"or&ation9 it can be concl%ded t!at nons&okers tend
GMAT & LSAT CR C<1
to !ave a "irst !eart attack eleven ,ears later t!an do 'eo'le !o s&oke to 'acks
o" ci#arettes a da,.
T!e concl%sion is incorrectl, dran "ro& t!e in"or&ation #iven beca%se t!is
in"or&ation does not incl%de
.A/ t!e relative severit, o" !eart attacks s%""ered b, s&okers and nons&okers
.1/ t!e nat%re o" t!e di""erent &edical treat&ents t!at s&okers and nons&okers
received a"ter t!e, !ad s%rvived t!eir "irst !eart attack
.C/ !o &an, o" t!e 59@II 'eo'le st%died s%""ered a second !eart attack
.3/ t!e earliest a#e at !ic! a 'erson !o s&oked to 'acks a da, !ad !is or !er
"irst !eart attack
.E/ data on 'eo'le !o did not s%rvive a "irst !eart attack
H. Faleontolo#ists !ave discovered "ossils o" centi'edes t!at are C1C &illion ,ears
old. T!ese "ossils are at least 5I &illion ,ears older t!an t!e earliest land8
dellin# ani&als 'revio%sl, identi"ied. T!e 'aleontolo#ists are con"ident t!at
t!ese centi'edes lived on land9 even t!o%#! t!e "ossili)ed centi'edes ere
discovered in rock t!at also contained "ossili)ed re&ains o" ani&als knon to be
ater8dellin#.
T!e 'aleontolo#ists vie o%ld be LEAST s%''orted b, t!e tr%t! o" !ic! one
o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ T!e le#s o" t!e "ossili)ed centi'edes ere 'artic%larl, s%ited to bein# a
&eans o" loco&otion on land.
.1/ All o" t!e centi'edes t!at !ad 'revio%sl, been discovered ere land dellers.
.C/ T!e rock in !ic! t!e "ossili)ed centi'edes ere "o%nd as "or&ed "ro&
&%d "lats t!at ere occasionall, covered b, river ater.
.3/ $ossils o" t!e earliest land8dellin# ani&als t!at !ad 'revio%sl, been
identi"ied ere "o%nd in rock t!at did not contain "ossili)ed re&ains o"
ater8dellin# ani&als.
.E/ $ossils o" s'iders it! res'irator, s,ste&s ada'ted onl, to breat!in# air ere
"o%nd in t!e sa&e rock as t!e centi'ede "ossils.
1I. 1roadcaster: 7%r radio station !as a res'onsibilit, to serve t!e '%blic interest.
:ence9 !en o%r critics contend t!at o%r recent e('ose o" events in t!e 'rivate
lives o" local celebrities as e(cessivel, intr%sive9 e can onl, re'l, t!at t!e
over!el&in# '%blic interest in t!ese &atters &akes it o%r res'onsibilit, to
'%blici)e t!e&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a "la in t!e broadcasters de"ense o" t!e radio
stations 'ractice-
.A/ ass%&in# it!o%t ar#%&ent t!at t!ere is a ri#!t to 'rivac,
.1/ i#norin# #ro%nds "or criticis& o" t!e e('ose aside "ro& intr%sion into
'eo'les 'rivate lives
GMAT & LSAT CR C<5
.C/ intentionall, "ailin# to s'eci", !at is &eant b, >e(cessivel, intr%sive?
.3/ con"%sin# le#al res'onsibilit, it! &oral obli#ation
.E/ i&'ro'erl, e('loitin# an a&bi#%it, in t!e '!rase >'%blic interest?
Questions 11-1!
T!e "ire t!at destro,ed t!e M%nici'al 1%ildin# started be"ore dan t!is &ornin#9 and
t!e last "ire "i#!ters did not leave %ntil late t!is a"ternoon. 2o one co%ld !ave been
an,!ere in t!e vicinit, o" a "ire like t!at one and "ail to notice it. T!o&as &%st !ave
seen it9 !atever !e no sa,s to t!e contrar,. :e ad&its t!at9 as %s%al9 !e ent "ro&
!is a'art&ent to t!e librar, t!is &ornin#9 and t!ere is no a, "or !i& to #et "ro& !is
a'art&ent to t!e librar, it!o%t #oin# 'ast t!e M%nici'al 1%ildin#.
11. T!e &ain concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent is t!at
.A/ T!o&as as in t!e vicinit, o" t!e "ire t!is &ornin#
.1/ T!o&as clai&ed not to !ave seen t!e "ire
.C/ T!o&as sa t!e "ire t!is &ornin#
.3/ T!o&as ent directl, "ro& !is a'art&ent to t!e librar, t!is &ornin#
.E/ T!o&as ent b, t!e M%nici'al 1%ildin# t!is &ornin#
15. T!e ar#%&ent e&'lo,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# reasonin# tec!ni0%es-
.A/ 'resentin# several di""erent 'ieces o" evidence eac! o" !ic! b, itsel" o%ld
allo t!e concl%sion to be 'ro'erl, dran
.1/ establis!in# t!at one t!in# occ%rred b, s!oin# t!at anot!er t!in# occ%rred
and t!at t!is second t!in# as eno%#! to ens%re t!e occ%rrence o" t!e "irst
t!in#
.C/ +%sti",in# a clai& t!at a vie !eld b, so&eone else is "alse b, e('lainin#
!, t!at vie9 des'ite its "alsit,9 is a te&'tin# one "or t!at 'erson to !old
%nder t!e circ%&stances
.3/ rel,in# on evidence t!at a certain kind o" event !as re#%larl, occ%rred in t!e
'ast as a basis "or concl%din# t!at an event o" t!at kind occ%rred in t!e
'resent case
.E/ drain# a #eneral concl%sion abo%t !at is 'ossible in a certain kind o"
sit%ation on t!e basis o" "irst!and e('erience it! one s%c! sit%ation
1<. Editorial: In re+ectin# t!e 'lan 'ro'osed b, 'arlia&ent to re"or& t!e electoral
'rocess9 t!e 'resident clearl, acted in t!e best interests o" t!e nation. An,one !o
t!inks ot!erise s!o%ld re&e&ber t!at t!e 'resident &ade t!is decision knoin#
it o%ld be &et it! "ierce o''osition at !o&e and ides'read disa''roval
abroad. All citi)ens !o 'lace t!e nations ell8bein# above narro 'artisan
interests ill a''la%d t!is co%ra#eo%s action.
T!e reasonin# in t!e editorial is in error beca%se
.A/ it con"%sed a 0%alit, t!at is &erel, desirable in a 'olitical leader it! a
GMAT & LSAT CR C<<
0%alit, t!at is essential to e""ective 'olitical decision8&akin#
.1/ it "ails to distin#%is! beteen evidence concernin# t!e co%ra#e re0%ired to
&ake a certain decision and evidence concernin# t!e isdo& o" &akin# t!at
decision
.C/ it i#nores t!e likeli!ood t!at &an, citi)ens !ave no narro 'artisan interest
in t!e 'ro'osed election re"or& 'lan
.3/ it overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!ere as stron# o''osition to t!e
'arlia&ents 'lan a&on# &e&bers o" t!e 'residents on 'art,
.E/ it de'ends on t!e %narranted ass%&'tion t!at an, 'lan 'ro'osed b, a
'arlia&ent ill necessaril, serve onl, narro 'artisan interests
1C. 7nce cons%&ers reco#ni)e t!at a 'eriod o" in"lation !as be#%n9 t!ere is #enerall,
an increase in cons%&er s'endin#. T!is increase can be readil, e('lained b,
cons%&ers desire not to 'ost'one '%rc!ases t!at ill s%rel, increase in 'rice. 1%t
d%rin# 'rotracted 'eriods o" in"lation9 cons%&ers event%all, be#in to '%t o""
&akin# even ro%tine '%rc!ases9 des'ite t!e "act t!at cons%&ers contin%e to e('ect
'rice to rise and des'ite t!e "act t!at salaries also rise d%rin# in"lationar, 'eriods.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain t!e a''arent
inconsistenc, in cons%&er be!avior described above-
.A/ 3%rin# ti&es o" in"lation cons%&ers save &ore &one, t!an t!e, do in
nonin"lationar, 'eriods.
.1/ T!ere is %s%all, a la# beteen t!e leadin# econo&ic indicators "irst si#nalin#
t!e onset o" an in"lationar, 'eriod and cons%&ers reco#nition o" its onset.
.C/ 2o #enerali)ation t!at describes !%&an be!avior ill be tr%e o" ever, t,'e o"
!%&an be!avior.
.3/ I" si#ni"icant n%&bers o" cons%&ers are %nable to &ake '%rc!ases9 'rices
ill event%all, "all b%t salaries ill not be directl, a""ected.
.E/ Cons%&ers '%rc!asin# 'oer decreases d%rin# 'eriods o" 'rotracted
in"lation since salaries do not kee' 'ace it! 'rices.
Questions 15-1&
A "avored t!eor, to e('lain t!e e(tinction o" dinosa%rs9 to#et!er it! &an, ot!er
s'ecies9 !as been t!e #loball, catastro'!ic collision o" a lar#e asteroid it! t!e Eart!.
S%''ortin# evidence is an e(traterrestrial c!e&ical ele&ent in a la,er o" d%st "o%nd
orldide at a #eolo#ical level laid don conte&'oraneo%sl, it! t!e s%''orted
event. A ne co&'etin# t!eor, contends t!at an, asteroid i&'act as irrelevant9
beca%se it as &assive volcanic activit, t!at ca%sed t!e e(tinctions b, '%ttin# eno%#!
d%st into t!e at&os'!ere to cool t!e 'lanet. T!e 3ecean re#ion o" India contains
e(tensive volcanic "los t!at occ%rred it!in t!e sa&e ti&e 'eriod as t!e s%''osed
asteroid i&'act and t!e e(tinctions.
1@. T!e ne t!eor, ass%&es t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR C<C
.A/ t!e &assive volcanic activit, as not ca%sed b, t!e i&'act o" an asteroid
.1/ no individ%al dinosa%rs s%rvived t!e i&'act o" t!e asteroid9 i" it occ%rred
.C/ t!e e(tinctions took 'lace over a lon#er ti&e 'eriod t!an t!e, o%ld !ave i"
ca%sed b, t!e i&'act o" an asteroid
.3/ ot!er volcanic er%'tions ere not occ%rrin# at t!e sa&e ti&e as t!ose in t!e
3ecean re#ion
.E/ it is not 'ossible to deter&ine !ic! o%ld !ave occ%rred "irst9 t!e volcanic
"los in t!e 3ecean re#ion or t!e s%''osed i&'act o" an asteroid
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost o" stron#l, indicates t!at t!e asteroid8
i&'act t!eor, is at least inco&'lete9 i" not "alse-
.A/ Lar#e concentrations o" dinosa%r nests it! "ossil e##s "o%nd in Alberta
indicate t!at at least so&e s'ecies o" dinosa%rs con#re#ated in lar#e #ro%'s
d%rin# so&e 'art o" t!eir lives.
.1/ 3inosa%r re&ains indicate t!at so&e s'ecies o" dinosa%r co%ld !ave &i#rated
in !erds over ide ran#es9 so t!at t!e, co%ld !ave traveled to esca'e t!e
local e""ects o" certain catastro'!es.
.C/ Le#ends "ro& &an, c%lt%res9 s%c! as t!e Greek le#end t!at Cad&%s raised
an ar&, b, soin# dra#ons teet! in t!e #ro%nd9 s!o t!at vario%s accident
'eo'les orldide ere "a&iliar it! t!e "ossils o" dinosa%rs.
.3/ In t!e Gobi desert in C!ina9 !ere no onl, s&all ani&als can eke o%t an
e(istence9 "ossil dinosa%r skeletons 5A "eet lon# ere "o%nd in
circ%&stances indicatin# t!at t!e cli&ate t!ere as as dr, !en t!e
dinosa%rs lived as it is no.
.E/ T!e "ossil record in Montano "ro& belo t!e la,er o" e(traterrestrial d%st
s!os a di&in%tion over ti&e in dinosa%r s'ecies "ro& <@ to 1<9 and
dinosa%r teet! "o%nd above t!e d%st la,er s!o a di&in%tion in s'ecies "ro&
1< to @.
1A. A contract9 !et!er e('ressed or %ne('ressed9 e(ists !en to 'arties en#a#e
it! eac! ot!er "or t!e reci'rocal trans"er o" bene"its. T!%s9 in acce'tin# s%''ort
"ro& '%blic "%nds9 an artist creates at least an %ne('ressed contract beteen
!i&sel" or !ersel" and t!e '%blic9 and t!e '%blic can ri#!tl, e('ect to bene"it "ro&
t!e artists ork.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes an error in reasonin# in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ atte&'tin# to +%sti", a r%le o" cond%ct on t!e #ro%nds t!at it con"ers bene"its
on all o" t!e 'arties involved
.1/ concl%din# t!at a de"inition is "%ll, a''licable to a sit%ation !en it is knon
onl, t!at t!e sit%ation con"or&s 'artiall, to t!at de"inition
.C/ s'eakin# onl, in a abstract ter&s abo%t &atters t!at involve contin#encies
and t!at &%st be +%d#ed on a case8b,8case basis
GMAT & LSAT CR C<@
.3/ con"%sin# t!e t,'e o" &ental or e&otional activit, in !ic! an individ%al can
en#a#e it! t!e &ental or e&otional states t!at can c!aracteri)e #ro%'s o"
individ%als
.E/ treatin# an iss%e t!at re0%ires resol%tion t!ro%#! 'olitical 'rocesses as i" it
ere &erel, a &atter o" o'inion
1B. Feo'le cannot be &orall, res'onsible "or t!in#s over !ic! t!e, !ave no control.
T!ere"ore9 t!e, s!o%ld not be !eld &orall, res'onsible "or an, inevitable
conse0%ences o" s%c! t!in#s9 eit!er. 3eter&inin# !et!er ad%lts !ave an, control
over t!e treat&ent t!e, are receivin# can be di""ic%lt. :ence in so&e cases it can
be di""ic%lt to kno !et!er ad%lts bear an, &oral res'onsibilit, "or t!e a, t!e,
are treated. Ever,one9 !oever9 so&eti&es acts in a,s t!at are an inevitable
conse0%ence o" treat&ent received as an in"ant and in"ants clearl, cannot control9
and so are not &orall, res'onsible "or9 t!e treat&ent t!e, receive.
An,one &akin# t!e clai&s above o%ld be lo#icall, co&&itted to !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# "%rt!er clai&s-
.A/ An in"ant s!o%ld never be !eld &orall, res'onsible "or an action t!at in"ant
!as 'er"or&ed.
.1/ T!ere are certain co&&onl, 'er"or&ed actions "or !ic! no one 'er"or&in#
t!ose actions s!o%ld ever be !eld &orall, res'onsible.
.C/ Ad%lts !o clai& t!at t!e, !ave no control over t!e treat&ent t!e, are
receivin# s!o%ld o"ten be !eld at least 'artiall, res'onsible "or bein# so
treated.
.3/ I" a #iven action is it!in a certain 'ersons control t!at 'erson s!o%ld be
!eld &orall,.
.E/ 2o ad%lt s!o%ld be !eld &orall, res'onsible "or ever, action !e or s!e
'er"or&s.
1H. $ares on t!e cit,8r%n '%blic b%ses in Greenville are s%bsidi)ed b, cit, ta(
reven%es9 b%t a&on# t!e bene"iciaries o" t!e lo "ares are &an, 'eo'le !o
co&&%te "ro& o%tside t!e cit, to +obs in Greenville. So&e cit, co%ncilors ar#%e
t!at cit, ta(es s!o%ld be %sed 'ri&aril, to bene"it t!e 'eo'le !o 'a, t!e&9 and
t!ere"ore t!at b%s "ares s!o%ld be raised eno%#! to cover t!e cost o" t!e service.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld eaken t!e ar#%&ent advanced b, t!e cit,
co%ncilors EECEFT:
.A/ Man, b%sinesses !ose 'resence in t!e cit, is bene"icial to t!e cit,s
ta('a,ers o%ld relocate o%tside t!e cit, i" '%blic8transit "are ere &ore
e('ensive.
.1/ 1, 'rovidin# co&&%ters it! econo&ic incentives to drive to ork9 !i#!er
transit "ares o%ld orsen air 'oll%tion in Greenville and increase t!e cost
o" &aintainin# t!e cit,s streets.
.C/ Increasin# transit "ares o%ld disadvanta#e t!ose residents o" t!e cit, !ose
GMAT & LSAT CR C<G
lo inco&es &ake t!e& e(e&'t "ro& cit, ta(es9 and all cit, co%ncilors
a#ree t!at t!ese residents s!o%ld be able to take advanta#e o" cit,8r%n
services.
.3/ 4oters in t!e cit,9 &an, o" !o& bene"it "ro& t!e lo transit "ares9 are
stron#l, o''osed to increasin# local ta(es.
.E/ Feo'le !o ork in Greenville and earn a#es above t!e nationall,
&andated &ini&%& all 'a, t!e cit, a#e ta( o" @ 'ercent.
5I. Govern&ent o""icial: Clearl,9 censors!i' e(ists i" e9 as citi)ens9 are not alloed
to co&&%nicate !at e are read, to co&&%nicate at o%r on e('ense or i" ot!er
citi)ens are not 'er&itted access to o%r co&&%nications at t!eir on e('ense.
F%blic %nillin#ness to 'rovide "%nds "or certain kinds o" scienti"ic9 sc!olarl,9 or
artistic activities cannot9 t!ere"ore9 be described as censors!i'.
T!e "laed reasonin# in t!e #overn&ent o""icials ar#%&ent is &ost 'arallel to
t!at in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ All actions t!at ca%se %nnecessar, !ar& to ot!ers are %n+%st: so i" a +%st
action ca%ses !ar& to ot!ers9 t!at action &%st be necessar,.
.1/ Since t!ere is &ore to #ood &anners t!an si&'l, %sin# 'olite "or&s o"
address9 it is not 'ossible to sa, on "irst &eetin# a 'erson !et!er or not
t!at 'erson !as #ood &anners.
.C/ Acro'!obia9 %s%all, de"ined as a &orbid "ear o" !ei#!ts9 can also &ean a
&orbid "ear o" s!ar' ob+ects. Since bot! "ears !ave t!e sa&e ori#in.
.3/ T!ere is no do%bt t!at a deed is !eroic i" t!e doer risks !is or !er on li"e to
bene"it anot!er 'erson. T!%s an action is not !eroic i" onl, t!in# it
endan#ers is t!e re'%tation o" t!e doer.
.E/ Ferce'tion o" bea%t, in an ob+ect is deter&ined b, 'ast and 'resent
in"l%ences on t!e &ind o" t!e be!older. T!%s on ob+ect can be called
bea%ti"%l9 since not ever,one ill see bea%t, in it.
51. T!e Ja'anese hai5u is de"ined as a 'oe& o" t!ree lines it! "ive s,llables in t!e
"irst line9 seven s,llables in t!e second line9 and "ive s,llables in t!e t!ird line.
En#lis! 'oets tend to i#nore t!is "act. 3isre#ardin# s,llable co%nt9 t!e, #enerall,
call an, t!ree8line En#lis! 'oe& it! a >hai5u "eel? a hai5u. T!is de&onstrates
t!at En#lis! 'oets !ave little res'ect "or "orei#n traditions9 even t!ose "ro& !ic!
so&e o" t!eir on 'oetr, derives.
T!e reasonin# is "laed beca%se it
.A/ con"%ses &atters o" ob+ective "act it! &atters o" s%b+ective "eelin#
.1/ dras a concl%sion t!at is broader in sco'e t!an is arranted b, t!e evidence
advanced
.C/ relies on stereot,'es instead o" 'resentin# evidence
.3/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e case it cites is not %ni0%e
.E/ "ails to acknoled#e t!at i#norin# so&et!in# i&'lies a ne#ative +%d#&ent
GMAT & LSAT CR C<A
abo%t t!at t!in#
Questions !!-!3
2o one knos !at '%r'oses9 i" an,9 drea&s serve9 alt!o%#! t!ere are a n%&ber o"
!,'ot!eses. Accordin# to one !,'ot!esis9 drea&s are 'rod%ced !en t!e brain is
erasin# >'arasitic connections? .&eanin#less9 accidental associations beteen ideas/9
!ic! acc%&%late d%rin# t!e da, and !ic! o%ld ot!erise clo# %' o%r &e&ories.
Interestin#l,9 t!e onl, &a&&al t!at does not !ave ra'id e,e &ove&ent slee'9 in
!ic! e !%&ans t,'icall, !ave o%r &ost vivid drea&s9 is t!e s'in, anteater9 !ic!
!as been seen as ano&alo%s in t!at it !as a ver, lar#e brain relative to t!e ani&als
si)e. T!is "act 'rovides so&e con"ir&ation "or t!e 'arasitic8connection !,'ot!esis9
since t!e !,'ot!esis 'redicts t!at "or an ani&al t!at did not drea& to !ave an e""ective
&e&or, t!at ani&al o%ld need e(tra &e&or, s'ace "or t!e 'arasitic connections.
55. T!e 'arasitic8connection !,'ot!esis9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ T!e ani&als it! t!e s&allest brains s'end t!e &ost ti&e slee'in#.
.1/ I&&ediatel, a"ter a 'erson aakens "ro& nor&al slee'9 !er or !is &e&or,
contains virt%all, no accidental associations beteen ideas.
.C/ 6!en a &a&&al t!at o%ld nor&all, drea& is 'revented "ro& drea&in#9 t!e
"%nctionin# o" its &e&or, ill be i&'aired.
.3/ Inso"ar as a 'ersons descri'tion o" a drea& involves &eanin#"%l associations
beteen ideas9 it is an inacc%rate descri'tion.
.E/ All ani&als ot!er t!an t!e s'in, anteater drea&.
5<. T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent &ost closel, con"or&s to !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# 'rinci'les-
.A/ $acts abo%t one s'ecies o" ani&al can 'rovide con"ir&ation "or !,'ot!esis
abo%t all s'ecies t!at are si&ilar in all relevant res'ects to t!e 'artic%lar
s'ecies in 0%estion.
.1/ A !,'ot!esis "ro& !ic! several 'redictions can be dran as lo#ical
concl%sions is con"ir&ed onl, !en t!e &a+orit, o" t!ese 'redictions t%rn
o%t to be tr%e.
.C/ A !,'ot!esis abo%t t!e '%r'ose o" an action or ob+ect is con"ir&ed !en it is
s!on t!at t!e !,'ot!esi)ed '%r'ose is ac!ieved it! t!e !el' o" t!e action
or ob+ect and co%ld not be ac!ieved it!o%t t!at action or ob+ect.
.3/ A !,'ot!esis is 'artiall, con"ir&ed !enever a 'rediction derived "ro& t!at
!,'ot!esis 'rovides an e('lanation "or an ot!erise %ne('lained set o"
"acts.
.E/ 6!en several co&'etin# !,'ot!eses e(ist9 one o" t!e& is con"ir&ed onl,
!en it &akes a correct 'rediction t!at its rivals "ail to &ake.
5C. T!e bod, o" an,one in"ected b, vir%s E ill9 a"ter a eek9 'rod%ce antibodies to
GMAT & LSAT CR C<B
"i#!t t!e vir%sD t!e antibodies ill increase in n%&ber "or t!e ne(t ,ear or so.
T!ere is no a test t!at reliabl, indicates !o &an, antibodies are 'resent in a
'ersons bod,. I" 'ositive9 t!is test can be %sed d%rin# t!e "irst ,ear o" in"ection to
esti&ate to it!in a &ont! !o lon# t!at 'erson !as !ad t!e vir%s.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is best s%''orted b, t!e state&ents
above-
.A/ Antibodies increase in n%&ber onl, %ntil t!e, !ave de"eated t!e vir%s.
.1/ 6it!o%t t!e test "or antibodies9 t!ere is no a, o" establis!in# !et!er a
'erson !as vir%s E.
.C/ Antibodies are 'rod%ced onl, "or viral in"ections t!at cannot be "o%#!t b,
an, ot!er bod, de"enses.
.3/ I" a 'erson re&ains in"ected b, vir%s E inde"initel,9 t!ere is no li&it to t!e
n%&ber o" antibodies t!at can be 'resent in t!e 'ersons bod,.
.E/ An,one in"ected b, vir%s E ill "or a ti&e "ail to e(!ibit in"ection i" tested
b, t!e antibod, test.
5@. Lar#e ine0%alities in ealt! ala,s t!reaten t!e viabilit, o" tr%e de&ocrac,9 since
ealt! is t!e basis o" 'olitical 'oer9 and tr%e de&ocrac, de'ends on t!e e0%al
distrib%tion o" 'olitical 'oer a&on# all citi)ens.
T!e reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents &ost closel, 'arallels t!e
.A/ Cons%&er c%lt%re and an e&'!asis on tec!nolo#ical innovation are a
dan#ero%s co&bination9 since to#et!er t!e, are %ncontrollable and lead to
irrational e(cess.
.1/ I" Sara ent to t!e bookstore ever, ti&e !er 'ocket as "%ll9 Sara o%ld
never !ave eno%#! &one, to cover !er livin# e('enses9 since books are !er
love and t!e, are #ettin# ver, e('ensive.
.C/ It is ver, di""ic%lt to rite a s%ccess"%l science "iction novel t!at is set in t!e
'ast9 since !istorical "iction de'ends on !istorical acc%rac,9 !ereas science
"iction does not.
.3/ :onest, is i&'ortant in &aintainin# "riends!i's. 1%t so&eti&es !onest, can
lead to ar#%&ents9 so it is di""ic%lt to 'redict t!e e""ect a 'artic%lar !onest,
act ill !ave on a "riends!i'.
.E/ Re'eated encroac!&ents on ones leis%re ti&e b, a de&andin# +ob inter"ere
it! t!e re0%ire&ents o" #ood !ealt!. T!e reason is t!at #ood !ealt!
de'ends on re#%lar &oderate e(ercise9 b%t ade0%ate leis%re ti&e is essential
to re#%lar e(ercise.
SECTI72 I4
GMAT & LSAT CR C<H
Questions 1-!
A '!,sician !o is too t!oro%#! in cond%ctin# a &edical c!eck%' is likel, to s%b+ect
t!e 'atient to t!e disco&"ort and e('ense o" %nnecessar, tests. 7ne !o is not
t!oro%#! eno%#! is likel, to &iss so&e serio%s 'roble& and t!ere"ore #ive t!e 'atient
a "alse sense o" sec%rit,. It is di""ic%lt "or '!,sicians to +%d#e e(actl, !o t!oro%#!
t!e, s!o%ld be. T!ere"ore9 it is #enerall, %nise "or 'atients to !ave &edical c!eck%'s
!en t!e, do not "eel ill.
1. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e ar#%&ent in
t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ So&e serio%s diseases in t!eir earl, sta#es !ave s,&'to&s t!at '!,sicians
can readil, detect.
.1/ =nder t!e 'ress%re o" red%ced rei&b%rse&ents9 '!,sicians !ave been
red%cin# t!e avera#e a&o%nt o" ti&e t!e, s'end on eac! &edical c!eck%'.
.C/ Fatients not &edicall, trained are %nable to +%d#e "oe t!e&selves !at
de#ree o" t!oro%#!ness is a''ro'riate "or '!,sicians in cond%ctin# &edical
c!eck%'s.
.3/ Man, 'eo'le are "inanciall, %nable to a""ord re#%lar &edical c!eck%'s.
.E/ So&e '!,sicians so&eti&es e(ercise e(actl, t!e ri#!t de#ree o"
t!oro%#!ness in 'er"or&in# a &edical c!eck%'.
5. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld 'rovide t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e
.A/ 2ot all &edical tests entail si#ni"icant disco&"ort.
.1/ So&eti&es %nnecessar, &edical tests ca%se !ealt!, 'eo'le to beco&e ill.
.C/ So&e 'atients re"%se to acce't a '!,sicians ass%rance t!at t!e 'atient is
!ealt!,.
.3/ T!e &ore co&'lete t!e series o" tests 'er"or&ed in a &edical c!eck%'9 t!e
&ore likel, it is t!at a rare disease9 i" 'resent9 ill be discovered.
.E/ F!,sicians can eli&inate t!e need to order certain tests b, care"%ll,
0%estionin# 'atients and re+ectin# so&e 'ossibilities on t!at basis.
<. Feo'le o"ten 'rono%nce a ord di""erentl, !en asked to read ritten &aterial
alo%d t!an !en s'eakin# s'ontaneo%sl,. T!ese di""erences &a, ca%se 'roble&s
"or t!ose !o develo' co&'%ters t!at reco#ni)e s'eec!. =s%all, t!e develo'ers
>train? t!e co&'%ters b, %sin# sa&'les o" ritten &aterial read b, t!e 'eo'le
!o ill be %sin# t!e co&'%te.
T!e observations above 'rovide &ost evidence "or t!e concl%sion t!at
.A/ It ill be i&'ossible to develo' co&'%ters t!at decode s'ontaneo%s s'eec!.
.1/ 6!en readin# ritten &aterial9 'eo'le !o !ave di""erent accents 'rono%nce
t!e sa&e ord in t!e sa&e a, as one anot!er.
.C/ Co&'%ters &a, be less reliable in decodin# s'ontaneo%s s'eec! t!an in
GMAT & LSAT CR CCI
decodin# sa&'les t!at !ave been read alo%d.
.3/ A >trained? co&'%ter never correctl, decodes t!e s'ontaneo%s s'eec! o" a
'erson !ose voice sa&'le as %sed to train it.
.E/ Co&'%ters are no able to inter'ret oral s'eec! it!o%t error.
C. 7ne o" t!e re0%ire&ents "or ad&ission to t!e L%nnville Roller Skatin# Cl%b is a
!i#! de#ree o" skill in roller skatin#. T!e cl%b 'resident !as e('ressed concern
t!at t!e cl%b &a, !ave discri&inated a#ainst 0%ali"ied o&en in its ad&issions
t!is ,ear. *et !al" o" t!e a''licants ad&itted to t!e cl%b t!is ,ear ere o&en.
T!is 'roves t!at t!ere as no discri&ination a#ainst 0%ali"ied o&en a''licants
in t!e cl%bs ad&issions t!is ,ear.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e concl%sion o" t!e
ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ 7nl, a "e a''licants ere "o%nd to be 0%ali"ied and ere ad&itted to t!e
cl%b t!is ,ear.
.1/ 2o &ore t!an !al" o" all t!e roller skaters in L%nnville are o&en.
.C/ 2o &ore t!an !al" o" all t!e roller skaters in L%nnville are &en.
.3/ T!is ,ear no &ore t!an !al" o" t!e a''licants !o &et all t!e 0%ali"ications
"or ad&ission to t!e cl%b ere o&en.
.E/ T!is ,ear no &ore t!an !al" o" t!e &e&bers o" t!e cl%bs co&&ittee t!at
&akes decisions abo%t a''licants 0%ali"ications ere &en.
@. 6!en #irls are ed%cated in sin#le8se( secondar, sc!ools9 t!e, tend to do better
acade&icall, t!an #irls !o attend &i(ed8se( sc!ools. Since Alice ac!ieved
!i#!er #rades t!an an, ot!er o&an in !er "irst ,ear at t!e %niversit,9 s!e as
'robabl, ed%cated at a sin#le8se( sc!ool.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost closel, 'arallels t!e "laed reasonin# %sed in
t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ 6!en st%dents !ave individ%al t%torin# in &at!9 t!e, %s%all, #et #ood #rades
on t!eir "inal e(a&s. Celia !ad individ%al t%torin# in &at! so s!e ill
'robabl, #et a #ood #rade.
.1/ 6!en babies are ta%#!t to si&9 t!e, !ave &ore t!an t!e avera#e n%&ber o"
ear in"ections as t!e, #ro %'. Janice !as &ore ear in"ections t!an an, ot!er
'erson at t!e local si&&in# cl%b9 so s!e 'robabl, as ta%#!t to si&
!en s!e as a bab,.
.C/ 6!en c!ildren st%d, &%sic at an earl, a#e9 t!e, later tend to a''reciate a
ide variet, o" &%sic9 so t!e talent o" "%t%re &%sicians is best "ostered at an
earl, a#e.
.3/ 6!en c!ildren 'ractice t!eir 'iano scales "or !al" an !o%r eac! da,9 t!e,
%s%all, 'ass t!eir 'iano e(a&s. Sall, 'ractices scales "or less t!an !al" an
!o%r eac! da,9 so s!e ill 'robabl, "ail !er 'iano e(a&.
.E/ 6!en c!ildren !ave 'arents !o !el' t!e& it! t!eir !o&eork9 t!e,
GMAT & LSAT CR CC1
%s%all, do ell in sc!ool. T!ere"ore9 !avin# !el' it! !o&eork is
'robabl, t!e ca%se o" !i#! acade&ic ac!ieve&ent.
G. In t!e 'ast cent%r,9 2ort! A&erica !as s!i"ted its &ain ener#, so%rce "irst "ro&
ood to coal9 t!en "ro& coal to oil and nat%ral #as. 6it! eac! transition9 t!e
nel, do&inant "%el !as !ad less carbon and &ore !,dro#en t!an its 'redecessor
!ad. It is lo#ical to concl%de t!at in t!e "%t%re t!e &ain ener#, so%rce ill be '%re
!,dro#en.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e('resses a #eneral 'rinci'le t!at co%ld %nderlie t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ I" series o" transitions "ro& one state o" a s,ste& to anot!er state o" t!at
s,ste& is alloed to contin%e it!o%t inter"erence9 t!e initial state o" t!e
series ill event%all, rec%r.
.1/ I" eac! o" to desirable attrib%tes belon#s to a %se"%l s%bstance9 t!en t!e
&ost %se"%l "or& o" t!at s%bstance ill !ave t!ose to attrib%tes in e0%al
a&o%nts.
.C/ I" t!e second sta#e o" a 'rocess !as been co&'leted &ore 0%ickl, t!an t!e
"irst sta#e9 t!e t!ird sta#e o" t!at 'rocess ill be co&'leted &ore 0%ickl,
t!an t!e second sta#e.
.3/ I" eac! ste' in a series o" c!an#es involves a decrease o" one attrib%te o" t!e
t!in# %nder#oin# t!e c!an#e and an increase o" anot!er9 t!e series ill
ter&inate it! t!e "irst attrib%te eli&inated and onl, t!e second attrib%te
'resent.
.E/ I" one s%bstance is better "or a certain '%r'ose t!an anot!er s%bstance is9 t!en
t!e best s%bstance "or t!at '%r'ose is one t!at incl%des a&on# its attrib%tes
all o" t!e attrib%tes o" t!e "irst s%bstance and none o" t!e attrib%tes o" t!e
second s%bstance.
Questions '-8
E: Since &an, c!e&icals %se"%l "or a#ric%lt%re and &edicine derive "ro& rare or
endan#ered 'lant s'ecies9 it is likel, t!at &an, 'lant s'ecies t!at are no e(tinct
co%ld !ave 'rovide %s it! s%bstances t!at o%ld !ave been a boon to !%&anit,.
T!ere"ore9 i" e ant to ens%re t!at c!e&icals "ro& 'lants are available "or %se in t!e
"%t%re9 e &%st &ake &ore serio%s e""orts to 'reserve "or all ti&e o%r nat%ral
reso%rce.
*: 1%t livin# t!in#s are not o%r >reso%rces.? *o%rs is a sel"is! a''roac! to
conservation. 6e s!o%ld rat!er strive to 'reserve livin# s'ecies beca%se t!e, deserve
to s%rvive9 not beca%se o" t!e #ood t!e, can do %s.
A. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an iss%e abo%t !ic! E and * disa#ree-
.A/ 6!et!er t!e bene"its !%&ans derive "ro& e('lorin# non8!%&an s'ecies
'rovides a #ood reason "or 'reservin# non8!%&an s'ecies.
GMAT & LSAT CR CC5
.1/ 6!et!er t!e cost o" 'reservin# 'lant s'ecies o%tei#!s t!e cost o" arti"iciall,
s,nt!esi)in# c!e&icals t!at co%ld ot!erise be derived "ro& t!ose s'ecies.
.C/ 6!et!er it is 'r%dent to conserve nat%ral reso%rces.
.3/ 6!et!er !%&ans s!o%ld &ake e""orts to 'revent t!e e(tinction o" livin#
s'ecies.
.E/ 6!et!er all non8!%&an s'ecies are e0%all, val%able as nat%ral reso%rces.
B. Es ar#%&ent relies on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ Medicine o%ld no be &ore advanced t!an it is i" t!ere !ad been a serio%s
conservation 'olic, in t!e 'ast.
.1/ All livin# t!in#s e(ist to serve !%&ankind.
.C/ T!e %se o" rare and endan#ered 'lant s'ecies as a so%rce "or c!e&icals ill
not itsel" render t!ose s'ecies e(tinct.
.3/ T!e onl, a, to 'ers%ade 'eo'le to 'reserve nat%ral reso%rces is to convince
t!e& t!at it is in t!eir interest to do so.
.E/ $e9 i" an,9 'lant s'ecies !ave been saved "ro& e(tinction t!ro%#! !%&an
e""orts.
H. T!ere is relativel, little roo& "or #rot! in t!e overall car'et &arket9 !ic! is
tied to t!e si)e o" t!e 'o'%lation. Most !o '%rc!ase car'et do so onl, once or
tice9 "irst in t!eir tenties or t!irties9 and t!en 'er!a's a#ain in t!eir "i"ties or
si(ties. T!%s as t!e 'o'%lation a#es9 co&'anies 'rod%cin# car'et ill be able to
#ain &arket s!are in t!e car'et &arket onl, t!ro%#! '%rc!asin# co&'etitors9 and
not t!ro%#! &ore a##ressive &arketin#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost do%bt on t!e concl%sion
above-
.A/ Most o" t!e &a+or car'et 'rod%cers &arket ot!er "loor coverin#s as ell.
.1/ Most establis!ed car'et 'rod%cers &arket several di""erent brand na&es and
varieties9 and t!ere is no re&ainin# nic!e in t!e &arket "or ne brands to
"ill.
.C/ To o" t!e t!ree &er#ers in t!e ind%str,s last ten ,ears led to a decline in
'ro"its and reven%es "or t!e nel, &er#ed co&'anies.
.3/ Frice red%ctions9 ac!ieved b, cost8c%ttin# in 'rod%ction9 b, so&e o" t!e
do&inant "ir&s in t!e car'et &arket are ca%sin# ot!er 'rod%cers to leave t!e
&arket alto#et!er.
.E/ T!e car'et &arket is %nlike &ost &arkets in t!at cons%&ers are beco&in#
increasin#l, resistant to ne 'atterns and st,les.
1I. 3ecision &akers tend to !ave distinctive st,les. 7ne s%c! st,le is "or t!e decision
&aker to seek t!e idest 'ossible in'%t "ro& advisers and to e('lore alternatives
!ile &akin# %' !is or !er &ind. In "act9 decision &akers o" t!is sort ill o"ten
ar#%e vi#oro%sl, "or a 'artic%lar idea9 e&'!asi)in# its stron# 'oints and
GMAT & LSAT CR CC<
don'la,in# its eaknesses9 not beca%se t!e, act%all, believe in t!e idea b%t
beca%se t!e, ant to see i" t!eir real reservations abo%t it are idios,ncratic or are
!eld inde'endentl, b, t!eir advisers.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e state&ent above-
.A/ I" certain decision &akers state&ents are 0%oted acc%ratel, and at len#t!D
t!e content o" t!e 0%ote co%ld nonet!eless be #reatl, at variance it! t!e
decision event%all, &ake.
.1/ Certain decision &akers do not kno !ic! ideas t!e, do not reall, believe
in %ntil a"ter t!e, !ave 'resented a variet, o" ideas to t!eir advisers.
.C/ I" certain decision &akers dis&iss an idea o%t o" !and9 it &%st be beca%se its
eaknesses are &ore 'rono%nced t!an an, stron# 'oints it &a, !ave.
.3/ Certain decision &akers 'roceed in a a, t!at &akes it likel, t!at t!e, ill
"re0%entl, decide in "avor o" ideas in !ic! t!e, do not believe.
.E/ I" certain decision &akers advisers kno t!e act%al belie"s o" t!ose t!e,
advise9 t!ose advisers ill #ive better advice t!an t!e, o%ld i" t!e, did not
kno t!ose belie"s.
Questions 11-1!
T!e "orei#n &inister o" Qeria anno%nced toda, t!at !er co%ntr, as severin#
di'lo&atic relations it! 2andalo beca%se o" 2andalos "la#rant violations o" !%&an
ri#!ts. 1%t Qeria contin%es to &aintain di'lo&atic relations it! &an, co%ntries t!at
t!e &inister knos to !ave "ar orse !%&an8ri#!ts records t!an 2andalo does.
T!ere"ore9 des'ite t!e "orei#n &inisters clai&9 t!is latest di'lo&atic &ove cannot be
e('lained e(cl%sivel, b, Qerias co&&it&ent to %'!oldin# !%&an ri#!ts.
11. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e ar#%&ent in
t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e co%ntr, t!at c%rrentl, b%,s &ost o" Qerias e('orts recentl, s%##ested
t!at it &i#!t severel, restrict its i&'orts "ro& Qeria %nless Qeria broke o""
3i'lo&atic relations it! 2andalo.
.1/ To eeks a"ter t!e Qerian &inisters anno%nce&ent9 several ot!er co%ntries
cited !%&an8ri#!ts violations as a reason "or severin# di'lo&atic relations
it! 2andalo.
.C/ More co%ntries !ave e('ressed concern over re'orted !%&an8ri#!ts
violations in 2andalo t!an !ave e('ressed concern over !%&an8ri#!ts
violations in Qeria.
.3/ 2andalo !as considered acc%sin# Qeria o" violatin# t!e !%&an ri#!ts o"
2andalo citi)ens livin# in Qeria.
.E/ T!e o''osition 'art, in Qeria !as lon# advocated severin# trade relations
it! co%ntries t!at s,ste&aticall, violate !%&an ri#!ts b%t !as o''osed
severin# di'lo&atic relations.
GMAT & LSAT CR CCC
15. T!e ar#%&entative str%ct%re o" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost closel, 'arallels
t!at o" t!e ar#%&ent in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ :enr,s 'arents insist t!at !e eat break"ast be"ore leavin# "or sc!ool beca%se
not doin# so o%ld be bad "or !is !ealt!. 1%t !is 'arents t!e&selves al&ost
never eat break"ast9 so t!eir insistence cannot be co&'letel, e('lained b,
t!eir concern "or !is !ealt!.
.1/ Fro"essor 6als! sa,s t!at onl, t,'ed ter& 'a'ers ill be acce'ted beca%se
&ost !andritin# is di""ic%lt to read. 1%t since s!e lect%res "ro&
!andritten notes9 !er 'olic, cannot be e(cl%sivel, e('lained b, an,
di""ic%lt, s!e !as it! !andritten &aterial.
.C/ Ja&es clai&s t!at !e stole onl, beca%se !e as !%n#r,. 1%t alt!o%#! !%n#er
co%ld acco%nt "or stealin# i" "ood co%ld not be readil, obtained in an, ot!er
a,9 in t!is case "ood as ot!erise readil, available9 and so Ja&es t!e"t
cannot be co&'letel, e('lained b, !is !%n#er.
.3/ Ar&and declined :elens invitation to dinner on t!e #ro%nds t!at sociali)in#
it! coorkers is i&'r%dent. 1%t since Ar&and ent to a &ovie it!
anot!er coorker9 Maria9 t!at sa&e evenin#9 !is e('ressed concern "or
'r%dence cannot "%ll, e('lain !is re"%sal.
.E/ It is o"ten asserted t!at t!ere are "eer #ood teac!ers t!an t!ere %sed to be
beca%se teac!ers salaries !ave reac!ed a ne lo. 1%t teac!ers !ave ala,s
been 'oorl, 'aid9 so lo salaries cannot "%ll, e('lain t!is 'erceived decline
in t!e e""ectiveness o" teac!ers.
1<. $e 'oliticians ill s%''ort le#islation t!at con"licts it! t!eir on sel"8interest.
A case in 'oint is A%#%st $renson9 !o t!ro%#!o%t !is ei#!t ter&s in o""ice
consistentl, o''osed &eas%res li&itin# t!e advanta#e inc%&bents en+o, over
t!eir c!allen#ers. T!ere"ore9 i" s%c! &eas%res are to be enacted9 t!e, &%st res%lt
"ro& direct 'o'%lar vote rat!er "ro& le#islative action.
T!e case o" A%#%st $renson 'la,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# roles in t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ It 'rovides evidence9 t!e "alsit, o" !ic! o%ld #%arantee t!e "alsit, o" t!e
a%t!ors concl%sion.
.1/ It is cited as an e(a&'le ill%stratin# t!e #enerali)ation t!at is invoked.
.C/ It #ives essential back#ro%nd in"or&ation concernin# a &eas%re bein#
advocated.
.3/ It de&onstrates t!e e(tent to !ic! inc%&bents !ave t!e advanta#e over
c!allen#ers.
.E/ It #ives an e(a&'le o" t!e li&its o" direct 'o'%lar vote.
1C. In a learnin# e('eri&ent a researc!er ran rats t!ro%#! a &a)e. So&e o" t!e rats
ere blind9 ot!ers dea"9 ot!ers lacked a sense o" s&ell9 and ot!ers !ad no sensor,
de"iciencies: ,et all t!e rats learned t!e task in &%c! t!e sa&e a&o%nt o" ti&e. 7"
GMAT & LSAT CR CC@
t!e senses ot!er t!an si#!t9 !earin#9 and s&ell9 onl, kinest!esia !ad not
'revio%sl, been s!on to be irrelevant to &a)e8learnin#. T!e researc!er
concl%ded on t!e basis o" t!ese "acts t!at kinest!esia9 t!e sensation o" bodil,
&ove&ent9 is s%""icient "or &a)e8learnin#.
T!e researc!ers reasonin# is &ost v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
criticis&s-
.A/ T!e s&all di""erences in 'ro"icienc, "o%nd b, t!e researc!er did not a''ear
to "all into a s,ste&atic 'attern b, #ro%'.
.1/ T!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e interaction o" kinest!esia it! at least one ot!er sense
is re0%ired "or &a)e8learnin# cannot be r%led o%t on t!e basis o" t!e data
above.
.C/ It can be deter&ined "ro& t!e data t!at rats !o are de'rived o" one o" t!eir
so%rces o" sensor, sti&%lation beco&e &ore reliant on kinest!esia t!an t!e,
!ad been9 b%t t!e data do not indicate !o s%c! a trans"erence takes 'lace.
.3/ It can be deter&ined "ro& t!e data t!at rats can learn to r%n &a)es b,
de'endin# on kinest!esia alone9 b%t t!e 'ossibilit, t!at rats res'ond to non8
kinest!etic sti&%lation is not r%led o%t.
.E/ It can be deter&ined "ro& t!e data t!at &a)e8learnin# in rats de'ends on at
least to so%rces o" sensor, sti&%lation9 one o" !ic! is kinest!esia9 b%t
!ic! o" t!e re&ainin# so%rces &%st also be e&'lo,ed is not deter&inable.
1@. 2e le#islation o%ld re0%ire a seven8da, aitin# 'eriod in t!e sale o" !and#%ns
to 'rivate individ%als9 in order t!at records o" 'risons co%ld be c!ecked and t!e
sale o" !and#%ns to 'eo'le likel, to !%rt ot!er 'eo'le t!ereb, 'revented. Feo'le
o''osed to t!is le#islation clai& t!at 'rison records are so "%ll o" errors t!at t!e
'ro'osed la o%ld 'revent as &an, la8abidin# citi)ens as cri&inals "ro&
!avin# access to !and#%ns.
I" t!e clai& &ade b, 'eo'le o''osed to t!e ne le#islation is tr%e9 !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# is a 'rinci'le t!at9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld do t!e &ost to +%sti",
o''osition to t!e ne le#islation on t!e basis o" t!at clai&-
.A/ T!e ri#!ts o" la8abidin# citi)ens are &ore ort!, o" 'rotection t!an are t!e
ri#!ts o" cri&inals.
.1/ 2ot!in# s!o%ld be done to restrict 'otential cri&inals at t!e cost o" 'lacin#
restrictions on la8abidin# citi)ens.
.C/ Le#islation s!o%ld not be enacted i" no bene"it co%ld accr%e to societ, as a
res%lt o" t!at le#islation.
.3/ 2o restrictions s!o%ld be 'laced on t!e sale o" &erc!andise %nless sale o"
t!at &erc!andise co%ld endan#er innocent 'eo'le.
.E/ Even citi)ens !o are neit!er "%#itives nor "elons s!o%ld not be 'er&itted to
on a !and#%n %nless t!e, !ave received ade0%ate trainin#.
Questions 1&-1'
GMAT & LSAT CR CCG
T!e G%lc!es is an area o" volcanic rock t!at is #as!ed b, &an, c!annels t!at lead
don!ill "ro& t!e site o" a 're!istoric #lacier to a river. T!e c!annels clearl, ere c%t
b, r%nnin# ater. It as once acce'ted as "act t!at t!e c%ttin# occ%rred #rad%all,9 as
t!e #lacier &elted. 1%t one #eolo#ist t!eori)ed t!at t!e c!annels ere c%t in a s!ort
ti&e b, an enor&o%s "lood. T!e c!annels do s!o '!,sical evidence o" !avin# been
"or&ed 0%ickl,9 b%t t!e "lood t!eor, as ori#inall, re+ected beca%se scientists kne
o" no nat%ral 'rocess t!at co%ld &elt so &%c! ice so 0%ickl,. Farado(icall,9 toda, t!e
scienti"ic co&&%nit, acce'ts t!e "lood t!eor, even t!o%#! scientists still do not kno
o" a 'rocess t!at can &elt so &%c! ice so 0%ickl,.
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is s%''orted b, t!e in"or&ation in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ 7nl, r%nnin# ater can ca%se dee' c!annels in volcanic rock.
.1/ T!e river did not e(ist be"ore t!e c!annels ere c%t.
.C/ Geolo#ists cannot deter&ine t!e a&o%nt o" !eat re0%ired to &elt a #lacier
0%ickl,.
.3/ T!e '!,sical e""ects o" ater on rock var, it! t!e s'eed it! !ic! t!ose
e""ects are 'rod%ced.
.E/ Geolo#ists are co&'elled to re+ect '!,sical evidence !en it leads to an
%ne('lainable concl%sion.
1A. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to resolve t!e a''arent 'arado( in
t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Ri''les9 !ic! indicate t!at t!e c!annels ere c%t b, ater9 !ave been
discovered in t!e "loors o" t!e c!annels.
.1/ T!e G%lc!es is knon to be si&ilar in certain res'ects to &an, ot!er
volcanic rock "or&ations.
.C/ More t!an one #lacier as 'resent in t!e area d%rin# 're!istoric ti&es.
.3/ 4olcanic rock is &ore easil, c%t b, ater t!an are ot!er "or&s o" rock.
.E/ Scientists no believe t!at t!e 're!istoric #lacier da&&ed a so%rce o" ater9
created a !%#e lake in t!e 'rocess9 and t!en retreated.
1B. Advertise&ent: Attention 'ond onersJ 2inet,8ei#!t 'ercent o" &os0%ito larvae
in a 'ond die it!in &in%tes a"ter t!e 'ond !as been treated it! 1TI. *et 1TI is
not to(ic to "is!9 birds9 ani&als9 'lants9 or bene"icial insects. So b, %sin# 1TI
re#%larl, to destro, t!eir larvae9 ,o% can #reatl, red%ce 'o'%lations o" 'esk,
&os0%itoes t!at !atc! in ,o%r 'ond9 and ,o% can do so it!o%t di&inis!in# t!e
'o'%lations o" "is!9 "ro#s9 or bene"icial insects in and aro%nd t!e 'ond.
.A/ T!e &ost e""ective a, to control t!e n%&bers o" &os0%itoes in a #iven area
is to destro, t!e &os0%ito larvae in t!at area.
.1/ Fo'%lations o" &os0%itoes are not de'endent on a sin#le bod, o" ater
it!in an area as a 'lace "or t!eir larvae to !atc! and develo'.
GMAT & LSAT CR CCA
.C/ T!ere are no insect 'ests besides &os0%itoes t!at 'ond oners &i#!t ant to
eli&inate "ro& in and aro%nd t!eir 'ond.
.3/ T!e e""ectiveness o" 1TI in destro,in# &os0%ito larvae in a 'ond does not
re0%ire t!e 'ond oners strict ad!erence to s'eci"ic a''lication 'roced%res.
.E/ T!e "is!9 "ro#s9 and bene"icial insects in and aro%nd a 'ond8oners 'ond do
not de'end on &os0%ito larvae as an i&'ortant so%rce o" "ood.
1H. Man, 'eo'le c!an#e t!eir ills on t!eir on ever, "e ,ears9 in res'onse to
si#ni"icant c!an#es in t!eir 'ersonal or "inancial circ%&stances. T!is 'ractice can
create a 'roble& "or t!e e(ec%tor !en t!ese 'eo'le are careless and do not date
t!eir ills: t!e e(ec%tor ill t!en o"ten kno neit!er !ic! one o" several
%ndated ills is t!e &ost recent9 nor !et!er t!e ill dran %' last !as ever been
"o%nd. T!ere"ore9 'eo'le s!o%ld not onl, date t!eir ills b%t also state in an, ne
ill !ic! ill it s%'ersedes9 "or t!en t!ere o%ld not be a 'roble& to be#in it!.
.A/ treats a 'artial sol%tion to t!e stated 'roble& as t!o%#! it ere a co&'lete
sol%tion
.1/ "ails to distin#%is! beteen 'revention o" a 'roble& and s%ccess"%l
contain&ent o" t!e adverse e""ects t!at t!e 'roble& &i#!t ca%se
.C/ 'ro'oses a sol%tion to t!e stated 'roble& t!at does not act%all, solve t!e
'roble& b%t &erel, &akes so&eone else res'onsible "or solvin# t!e
'roble&
.3/ clai&s t!at a certain action o%ld be a c!an#e "or t!e better it!o%t
e('licitl, considerin# !at ne#ative conse0%ences t!e action &i#!t !ave
.E/ 'ro'oses t!at a certain action be based on in"or&ation t!at o%ld be
%navailable at t!e ti&e 'ro'osed "or t!at action
5I. So&e "loerin# 'lant s'ecies9 entirel, de'endent on bees "or 'ollination9 l%re
t!eir 'ollinators it! ab%ndant nectar and 'ollen9 !ic! are t!e onl, so%rce o"
"ood "or bees. 7"ten t!e 'ollinatin# s'ecies is so !i#!l, ada'ted t!at it can "eed
"ro&Kand t!%s 'ollinateKonl, a sin#le s'ecies o" 'lant. Si&ilarl,9 so&e 'lant
s'ecies !ave evolved "loers t!at onl, a sin#le s'ecies o" bee can 'ollinateKan
arran#e&ent t!at 'laces t!e 'lant s'ecies at #reat risk o" e(tinction. I" careless
a''lications o" 'esticides destro, t!e 'ollinatin# bee s'ecies9 t!e 'lant s'ecies
itsel" can no lon#er re'rod%ce.
T!e in"or&ation above9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ T!e earliest s'ecies o" "loerin# 'lants a''eared on Eart!
conte&'oraneo%sl, it! t!e earliest bee s'ecies.
.1/ I" t!e sole 'ollinator o" a certain 'lant s'ecies is in no dan#er o" e(tinction9
t!e 'lant s'ecies it 'ollinates is also %nlikel, to beco&e e(tinct.
.C/ So&e bees are able to #at!er 'ollen and nectar "ro& an, s'ecies o" 'lant.
GMAT & LSAT CR CCB
.3/ T!e blosso&s o" &ost s'ecies o" "loerin# 'lants attract so&e s'ecies o"
bees and do not attract ot!ers.
.E/ T!e total destr%ction o" t!e !abitat o" so&e 'lant s'ecies co%ld ca%se so&e
bee s'ecies to beco&e e(tinct.
51. T!e 'ro'er a, to 'lan a scienti"ic 'ro+ect is "irst to decide its #oal and t!en to
'lan t!e best a, to acco&'lis! t!at #oal. T!e =nited States s'ace station 'ro+ect
does not con"or& to t!is ideal. 6!en t!e Cold 6ar ended9 t!e 'ro+ect lost its
ori#inal '%r'ose9 so anot!er '%r'ose as 0%ickl, #ra"ted onto t!e 'ro+ect9 t!at o"
cond%ctin# li&ited8#ravit, e('eri&ents9 even t!o%#! s%c! e('eri&ents can be
done in an alternative a,. It is9 t!ere"ore9 ab%ndantl, clear t!at t!e s'ace station
s!o%ld not be b%ilt.
.A/ attacks t!e 'ro'onents o" a clai& rat!er t!an ar#%in# a#ainst t!e clai& itsel"
.1/ 'res%''oses !at it sets o%t to 'rove
.C/ "a%lts 'lanners "or not "oreseein# a certain event9 !en in "act t!at event as
not "oreseeable
.3/ contains state&ents t!at lead to a sel"8contradiction
.E/ concl%des t!at a s!ortco&in# is "atal9 !avin# 'rod%ced evidence onl, o" t!e
e(istence o" t!at s!ortco&in#
55. 7nl, an e('ert in so&e branc! o" 's,c!olo#, co%ld %nderstand !, Fatrick is
be!avin# irrationall,. 1%t no e('ert is certain o" bein# able to solve so&eone
elses 'roble&. Fatrick ants to devise a sol%tion to !is on be!avioral 'roble&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can be validl, dran "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Fatrick does not %nderstand !, !e is be!avin# in t!is a,.
.1/ Fatrick is not an e('ert in 's,c!olo#,.
.C/ Fatrick is not certain o" bein# able to devise a sol%tion to !is on be!avioral
'roble&.
.3/ =nless C!arles is an e('ert in so&e branc! o" 's,c!olo#,9 C!arles s!o%ld
not o""er a sol%tion to Fatricks be!avioral 'roble&.
.E/ I" C!arles is certain o" bein# able to solve Fatricks be!avioral 'roble&9 t!en
C!arles does not %nderstand !, Fatrick is be!avin# in t!is a,.
5<. T!ro%#!o%t E%ro'ean !istor, "a&ines !ave #enerall, been "olloed b, 'eriod o"
risin# a#es9 beca%se !en a labor "orce is di&inis!ed9 orkers are &ore
val%able in accordance it! t!e la o" s%''l, and de&and. T!e Iris! 'otato
"a&ine o" t!e 1BCIs is an e(ce'tionD it res%lted in t!e deat! or e&i#ration o" !al"
o" Irelands 'o'%lation9 b%t t!ere as no si#ni"icant rise in t!e avera#e a#es in
Ireland in t!e "olloin# decade.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld LEAST contrib%te to an e('lanation
o" t!e e(ce'tion to t!e #enerali)ation-
GMAT & LSAT CR CCH
.A/ I&'roved &edical care red%ced t!e &ortalit, rate a&on# able8bodied ad%lts
in t!e decade "olloin# t!e "a&ine to belo 're"a&ine levels.
.1/ Eviction 'olicies o" t!e landoners in Ireland ere desi#ned to "orce
e&i#ration o" t!e elderl, and in"ir&9 !o co%ld not ork9 and to retain a
!i#! 'ercenta#e o" able8bodied orkers.
.C/ Advances in tec!nolo#, increased t!e e""icienc, o" ind%str, and a#ric%lt%re9
and so alloed &aintenance o" econo&ic o%t'%t it! less de&and "or labor.
.3/ T!e birt! rate increased d%rin# t!e decade "olloin# t!e "a&ine9 and t!is
co&'ensated "or &%c! o" t!e loss o" 'o'%lation t!at as d%e to t!e "a&ine.
.E/ En#land9 !ic! !ad 'olitical control o" Ireland9 le#islated arti"iciall, lo
a#es to 'rovide En#lis!8oned ind%str, and a#ric%lt%re in Ireland it!
c!ea' labor.
5C. 6!en t!e rate o" in"lation e(ceeds t!e rate o" ret%rn on t!e &ost 'ro"itable
invest&ent available9 t!e di""erence beteen t!ose to rates ill be t!e
'ercenta#e b, !ic!9 at a &ini&%&9 t!e val%e o" an, invest&ent ill decline. I"
in s%c! a circ%&stance t!e val%e o" a 'artic%lar invest&ent declines b, &ore t!an
t!at 'ercenta#e. It &%st be tr%e t!at;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# lo#icall, co&'letes t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ t!e rate o" in"lation !as risen
.1/ t!e invest&ent in 0%estion is beco&in# less 'ro"itable
.C/ t!e invest&ent in 0%estion is less 'ro"itable t!an t!e &ost 'ro"itable
invest&ent available
.3/ t!e rate o" ret%rn on t!e &ost 'ro"itable invest&ent available !as declined
.E/ t!ere !as been a c!an#e in !ic! 'artic%lar invest&ent !a''ens to be t!e
&ost 'ro"itable available
5@. F!iloso'!er: T!e ei#!teent!8cent%r, t!esis t!at &otion is absol%te asserts t!at t!e
c!an#e in an ob+ects 'osition over ti&e co%ld be &eas%red it!o%t re"erence to
t!e 'osition o" an, ot!er ob+ect. A ell8res'ected '!,sicist9 !oever9 clai&s t!at
t!is t!esis is inco!erent. Since a t!esis t!at is inco!erent cannot be acce'ted as a
descri'tion o" realit,9 &otion cannot be absol%te.
T!e ar#%&ent %ses !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative tec!ni0%es-
.A/ atte&'tin# to 'ers%ade b, t!e &ere %se o" tec!nical ter&inolo#,
.1/ %sin# e('eri&ental res%lts to +%sti", a c!an#e in de"inition
.C/ rel,in# on t!e a%t!orit, o" an e('ert to s%''ort a 're&ise
.3/ in"errin# "ro& !at !as been observed to be t!e case %nder e('eri&ental
conditions to !at is in 'rinci'le tr%e
.E/ #enerali)in# "ro& !at is tr%e in one re#ion o" s'ace to !at &%st be tr%e in
all re#ions o" s'ace
GMAT & LSAT CR C@I
TEST 12
SECTI72 II
Question 1-!
1. Sea t%rtles nest onl, at t!eir on birt!'laces. A"ter !atc!in# on t!e beac!9 t!e
t%rtles enter t!e ater to be#in t!eir "ar8ran#in# &i#ration9 onl, ret%rnin# to t!eir
birt!'lace to nest so&e 1@ to <I ,ears later. It !as been !,'ot!esi)ed t!at
neborn sea t%rtles learn t!e s&ell o" t!eir environ&ent9 and it is t!is s&ell t!at
sti&%lates t!e t%rtles to ret%rn to nest.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld cast t!e &ost serio%s do%bt on t!e
!,'ot!esis in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ 1eac!es on !ic! sea t%rtles nest tend to be in secl%ded locations s%c! as on
islands.
.1/ Sea t%rtles e('osed to a variet, o" environ&ents %nder e('eri&ental
conditions 're"erred t!e environ&ent t!at contained sand "or& t!eir on
birt!'laces.
.C/ Electronic ta#s attac!ed to sea t%rtles did not alter t!eir nestin# 'atterns.
.3/ =nlike ot!er t,'es o" t%rtles9 sea t%rtles !ave a ell8develo'ed sense o"
s&ell.
.E/ Sea t%rtles t!at !ave t!eir sense o" s&ell destro,ed b, e('os%re to 'etrole%&
'rod%cts ret%rned to nest at t!eir on birt!'laces.
5. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# o%ld be &ost i&'ortant to kno in eval%atin# t!e
!,'ot!esis in t!e 'assa#es-
.A/ !o lon# t!e e('ected li"e s'an o" sea t%rtles
.1/ !at t!e &a(i&%& &i#ration ran#e o" t!e sea t%rtles is
.C/ !et!er &an, beac!es on !ic! sea t%rtles ere !atc!ed !ave since been
destro,ed b, develo'&ent
.3/ be"ore ret%rnin# to t!e nest9 sea t%rtles are o%tside t!e area !ere t!e s&ell
o" t!eir birt!'lace o%ld be 'erce'tible
.E/ !et!er bot! se( o" sea t%rtles are activel, involved in t!e nestin# 'rocess
<. $or J%anita to #et to t!e )oo s!e &%st take eit!er t!e n%&ber 15 b%s or else t!e
s%ba,. Ever,one knos t!at t!e n%&ber 15 b%s is not r%nnin# t!is eekD so
alt!o%#! J%anita #enerall, avoids %sin# t!e s%ba,9 s!e &%st !ave %sed it toda,9
since s!e as seen at t!e )oo t!is a"ternoon.
T!e &et!od o" t!e ar#%&ent is to
GMAT & LSAT CR C@1
.A/ assert t!at i" so&et!in# is tr%e9 it ill be knon to be tr%e
.1/ de&onstrate t!at certain 'ossibilities are not e(cl%sive
.C/ s!o t!at so&et!in# is t!e case b, r%lin# o%t t!e onl, alternative
.3/ e('lain !, an a''arent e(ce'tion to a #eneral r%le is not a real
.E/ s%bstit%tes a clai& abo%t !at invariabl, occ%rs "or a clai& abo%t !at
t,'icall, occ%rs
C. I" t!e re#%lation o" co&'%ter netorks is to be &odeled on 'ast le#islation9 t!en
its &odel &%st be eit!er le#islation re#%latin# a tele'!one s,ste& or else
le#islation re#%latin# a '%blic broadcastin# service. I" t!e tele'!one &odel is
%sed9 co&'%ter netorks ill be !eld res'onsible onl, "or ens%rin# t!at &essa#es
#et trans&itted. I" t!e '%blic broadcast &odel is %sed9 co&'%ter netorks ill
additionall, be res'onsible "or t!e content o" t!ose &essa#es. *et a co&'%ter
netork serves bot! t!ese sorts o" "%nctions: it can serve as a 'rivate &essa#e
service or as a '%blicl, accessible in"or&ation service. T!%s neit!er o" t!ese
&odels can be a''ro'riate "or co&'%ter netorks.
T!e 'assa#e is str%ct%red to lead to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions-
.A/ Re#%lation o" co&'%ter netorks is re0%ired in order to ens%re t!e 'rivac, o"
t!e &essa#es trans&itted t!ro%#! s%c! netorks.
.1/ T!e re#%lation o" co&'%ter netorks s!o%ld not be &odeled on an, sin#le
'iece o" 'ast le#islation.
.C/ Co&'%ter netorks ere develo'ed b, bein# &odeled on bot! tele'!one
s,ste&s and television netorks.
.3/ Le#islators !o do not !ave e(tensive e('erience it! co&'%ters s!o%ld not
atte&'t to rite le#islation re#%latin# co&'%ter netorks.
.E/ A co&'%ter netork &erel, d%'licates t!e "%nctions o" a tele'!one s,ste&s
and a television s,ste&.
@. T!e #overn&ent !as 'ro'osed a 'lan re0%irin# ,o%n# 'eo'le to 'er"or& services
to correct vario%s c%rrent social ills9 es'eciall, t!ose in ed%cation and !o%sin#.
Govern&ent service9 !oever9 s!o%ld be co&'elled onl, in res'onse to a direct
t!reat to t!e nations e(istence. $or t!at reason9 t!e 'ro'osed 'ro#ra& s!o%ld not
be i&'le&ented.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e #overn&ent de'ends-
.A/ Govern&ent8re0%ired service b, ,o%n# 'eo'le cannot correct all social ills.
.1/ T!e nations e(istence is directl, t!reatened onl, in ti&es o" "orei#n attack.
.C/ Crises in ed%cation and !o%sin# constit%te a t!reat to t!e nations e(istence.
.3/ T!e nations ,o%n# 'eo'le believe t!at c%rrent social ills 'ose no direct
t!reat to t!e nations e(istence.
.E/ So&e o" t!e social ills t!at c%rrentl, a""lict t!e nation do not 'ose a direct
t!reat to t!e nations e(istence.
GMAT & LSAT CR C@5
G. Ci#arette s&okin# !as been s!on to be a !ealt! !a)ardD t!ere"ore9 #overn&ents
s!o%ld ban all advertise&ents t!at 'ro&ote s&okin#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 &ast stron#l, s%''orts t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Advertise&ents s!o%ld not be alloed to s!o 'eo'le doin# t!in#s t!at
endan#er t!eir !ealt!.
.1/ Advertisers s!o%ld not &ake &isleadin# clai&s abo%t t!e !ealt!"%lness o"
t!eir 'rod%cts.
.C/ Advertise&ents s!o%ld disclose t!e !ealt! !a)ards associated it! t!e
'rod%cts t!e, 'ro&ote.
.3/ All 'rod%cts s!o%ld con"or& to strict #overn&ent !ealt! and sa"et,
standards.
.E/ Advertise&ents s!o%ld 'ro&ote onl, !ealt!"%l 'rod%cts.
A. Ever, ad%lt &ale ooll, &onke, is lar#er t!an even t!e lar#est "e&ale ooll,
&onke,. In colonies o" ooll, &onke,s9 an, ad%lt &ale ill do&inate an,
"e&ale.
t!e& be tr%e o" ooll, &onke,s in colonies-
.A/ Si)e is t!e 'ri&ar, deter&inant o" relations o" do&inance a&on# ooll,
&onke,s.
.1/ So&e lar#e adolescent &ale ooll, &onke,s do&inate so&e s&aller "e&ales
o" t!e s'ecies.
.C/ I" a &ale ooll, &onke, is lar#er t!an a "e&ale o" t!e s'ecies9 t!at &ale ill
do&inate t!at "e&ale.
.3/ I" a "e&ale ooll, &onke, do&inates a &ale o" t!e s'ecies9 t!e do&inated
&ale &onke, is not an ad%lt.
.E/ An ad%lt &ale ooll, &onke, can do&inate a "e&ale o" t!e s'ecies onl, i"
t!at "e&ale is also an ad%lt.
B. S: 7%r nation is beco&in# too averse to risk. 6e bo,cott an, "ood re'orted to
contain a to(ic c!e&ical9 even t!o%#! t!e risk9 as a &at!e&atical ratio9 &i#!t be
&ini&al. 6it! t!is &entalit,9 Col%&b%s o%ld never !ave sailed est.
T: A risk8taker in one conte(t can be risk8averse in anot!er: t!e sa&e 'erson can
drive recklessl,9 b%t re"%se to eat "ood not #ron or#anicall,.
T res'onds to S b, s!oin# t!at
.A/ a distinction s!o%ld be &ade beteen avoidable and %navoidable risks
.1/ aversion to risk cannot be reliabl, assessed it!o%t re"erence to conte(t
.C/ t!ere is con"%sion abo%t risk in t!e &inds o" &an, &e&bers o" t!e '%blic
.3/ &at!e&atical odds concernin# risk #ive an %narranted i&'ression o"
'recision
GMAT & LSAT CR C@<
.E/ risk cannot be de"ined in relation to 'erceived 'robable bene"it
H. An, anno%nce&ent a%t!ori)ed b, t!e !ead o" t!e de'art&ent is i&'ortant.
:oever9 anno%nce&ents are so&eti&es iss%ed9 it!o%t a%t!ori)ation9 b, 'eo'le
ot!er t!an t!e !ead o" t!e de'art&ent9 so so&e anno%nce&ents ill inevitabl,
t%rn o%t not to be i&'ortant.
T!e reasonin# is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ does not s'eci", e(actl, !ic! co&&%nications are to be classi"ied as
anno%nce&ents
.1/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at 'eo'le ot!er t!an t!e !ead o" t!e de'art&ent
!ave t!e a%t!orit, to a%t!ori)e anno%nce&ents
.C/ leaves o'en t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e !ead o" t!e de'art&ent never9 in "act9
a%t!ori)es an, anno%nce&ents
.3/ ass%&es it!o%t arrant t!at +%st beca%se satis",in# a #iven condition is
eno%#! to ens%re an anno%nce&ents i&'ortance9 satis",in# t!at condition is
necessar, "or its i&'ortance
.E/ "ails to distin#%is! beteen t!e i&'ortance o" t!e 'osition so&eone !olds
and t!e i&'ortance o" !at t!at 'erson &a, act%all, be anno%ncin# on a
'artic%lar occasion
Questions 10-11
T!e labelin# o" ot!erise !i#!8calorie "oods as >s%#ar8"ree9? based on t!e
re'lace&ent o" all s%#ar b, arti"icial seeteners9 s!o%ld be 'ro!ibited b, la. S%c! a
'ro!ibition is indicated beca%se &an, cons%&ers !o need to lose ei#!t ill
inter'ret t!e label >s%#ar8"ree? as s,non,&o%s it! >lo in calories? and !ar&
t!e&selves b, b%ildin# ei#!t8loss diets aro%nd "oods labeled >s%#ar8"ree.?
Man%"act%rers o" s%#ar8"ree "oods are ell aare o" t!is tendenc, on t!e 'art o"
cons%&ers.
1I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 &ost !el's to +%sti", t!e
.A/ Frod%ct labels t!at are literall, incorrect s!o%ld be 'ro!ibited b, la9 even i"
reliance on t!ose labels is not likel, to ca%se !ar& to cons%&ers.
.1/ Frod%ct labels t!at are literall, incorrect9 b%t in s%c! an obvio%s &anner t!at
no rational cons%&er o%ld rel, on t!e&9 s!o%ld nevert!eless be 'ro!ibited
b, la.
.C/ Frod%ct labels t!at are literall, correct b%t cannot be inter'reted b, t!e
avera#e b%,er o" t!e 'rod%ct it!o%t e('ert !el' s!o%ld be 'ro!ibited b,
la.
.3/ Frod%ct labels t!at are literall, correct b%t ill 'redictabl, be &isinter'reted
b, so&e b%,ers o" t!e 'rod%ct to t!eir on !ar& s!o%ld be 'ro!ibited b,
la.
GMAT & LSAT CR C@C
.E/ Frod%ct labels t!at are literall, correct9 b%t onl, on one o" to e0%all,
acc%rate inter'retations9 s!o%ld be 'ro!ibited b, la i" b%,ers tend to
inter'ret t!e label in t!e a, t!at does not &atc! t!e 'rod%cts act%al
'ro'erties.
11. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e stron#est basis "or c!allen#in#
t!e concl%sion in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ $ood &an%"act%rers o%ld res'ond to a ban on t!e label >s%#ar8"ree? b,
red%cin# t!e calories in s%#ar8"ree 'rod%cts b, eno%#! to be able to 'ro&ote
t!ose 'rod%cts as diet "oods.
.1/ Individ%als !o are diabetic need to be able to identi", 'rod%cts t!at contain
no s%#ar b, re"erence to 'rod%ct labels t!at e('ressl, state t!at t!e 'rod%ct
contains no s%#ar.
.C/ Cons%&ers are so&eti&es slo to notice c!an#es in 'rod%ct labels %nless
t!ose c!an#es are t!e&selves ell advertised.
.3/ Cons%&ers !o !ave c!osen a 'artic%lar ei#!t8loss diet tend to 'ersist it!
t!is diet i" t!e, !ave been arned not to e('ect ver, 0%ick res%lts.
.E/ E(actl, !at a''ears on a 'rod%ct label is less i&'ortant to cons%&er
be!avior t!an is t!e relative vis%al 'ro&inence o" t!e di""erent 'ieces o"
in"or&ation t!at t!e label contains.
15. In t!e Centerville 1otanical Gardens9 all t%li' trees are older t!an an, &a'les. A
&a+orit,9 b%t not all9 o" t!e #ardens s,ca&ores are older t!an an, o" its &a'les.
All t!e #ardens &a'les are older t!an an, o" its do#oods.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e o"
trees in t!e Centerville 1otanical Gardens-
.A/ So&e do#oods are as old as t!e ,o%n#est t%li' trees.
.1/ So&e do#oods are as old as t!e ,o%n#est s,ca&ores.
.C/ So&e s,ca&ores are not as old as t!e oldest do#oods.
.3/ So&e t%li' trees are not as old as t!e oldest s,ca&ores.
.E/ So&e s,ca&ores are not as old as t!e ,o%n#est t%li' trees.
1<. E&issions "ro& a%to&obiles t!at b%rn #asoline and a%to&obiles t!at b%rn diesel
"%el are t!reatenin# t!e 0%alit, o" li"e on o%r 'lanet9 conta&inatin# bot! %rban air
and #lobal at&os'!ere. T!ere"ore9 t!e onl, e""ective a, to red%ce s%c!
e&issions is to re'lace t!e conventional diesel "%el and #asoline %sed in
a%to&obiles it! cleaner8b%rnin# "%els9 s%c! as &et!anol9 t!at create "eer
e&issions.
.A/ Red%cin# t!e %se o" a%to&obiles o%ld not be a &ore e""ective &eans to
red%ce a%to&obile e&issions t!an t!e %se o" &et!anol.
.1/ T!ere is no "%el ot!er t!an &et!anol t!at is cleaner8b%rnin# t!an bot! diesel
GMAT & LSAT CR C@@
"%el and #asoline.
.C/ I" #iven a c!oice o" a%to&obile "%els9 a%to&obile oners o%ld not select
#asoline over &et!anol.
.3/ A%to&obile e&issions constit%te t!e &ost serio%s t!reat to t!e #lobal
environ&ent.
.E/ At an, #iven ti&e t!ere is a direct correlation beteen t!e level o" %rban air
'oll%tion and t!e level o" conta&ination 'resent in t!e #lobal at&os'!ere.
1C. 3r. Libokov: Certain islands near 2e Qealand are !o&e to t!e t%atara9 re'tiles
t!at are t!e sole s%rvivin# &e&bers o" t!e s'!enodontidans. S'!enodontidans
ere 'lenti"%l t!ro%#!o%t t!e orld d%rin# t!e a#e o" t!e dinosa%rs. 1%t t!e
s%rvival o" s'!enodontidans near 2e Qealand9 and t!eir total disa''earance
else!ere9 is no &,ster,. 2e Qealand and nearb, islands !ave no native land
&a&&als. Land &a&&als9 'lenti"%l else!ere9 %ndo%btedl, beca&e &a+or
'redators o" s'!enodontidans and t!eir e##s9 leadin# to t!eir e(tinction.
3r. Santos: In "act9 t!e t%atara t!rive onl, on a "e islands near 2e Qealand. 7n
all t!ose !ere land &a&&als9 s%c! as rats9 do#s9 or cats9 !ave been introd%ced
in recent ,ears9 t!e t%atara are no e(tinct or nearl, so.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, c!aracteri)es 3r. Santos res'onse to
t!e !,'ot!esis advanced b, 3r. Libokov-
.A/ It identi"ies a "la in 3r. Libokovs reasonin#.
.1/ It restates 3r. Libokovs &a+or !,'ot!esis and t!%s adds not!in# to it.
.C/ It contradicts one o" 3r. Libokovs assertions.
.3/ It o""ers a !,'ot!esis t!at is inco&'atible it! 3r. Libokovs 'osition.
.E/ It 'rovides additional evidence in s%''ort o" 3r. Libokovs !,'ot!esis.
1@. A standard 'roble& "or co&'%ter sec%rit, is t!at 'assords t!at !ave to be t,'ed
on a co&'%ter ke,board are co&'arativel, eas, "or %na%t!ori)ed %sers to steal or
#%ess. A ne s,ste& t!at relies on reco#ni)in# t!e voices o" a%t!ori)ed %sers
a''arentl, avoids t!is 'roble&. In a s&all initial trial9 t!e s,ste& never
incorrectl, acce'ted so&eone seekin# access to t!e co&'%ters data. Clearl,9 i"
t!is res%lt can be re'eated in an o'erational settin#9 t!en t!ere ill be a a, o"
#ivin# access to t!ose 'eo'le !o are entitled to access and to no one else.
T!e reasonin# above is "laed beca%se it
.A/ &akes a "a%lt, co&'arison9 in t!at a sec%rit, s,ste& based on voice
reco#nition o%ld not be e('ected to s%""er "ro& t!e sa&e 'roble&s as one
t!at relied on 'assords entered "ro& a ke,board
.1/ bases a #eneral concl%sion on a s&all a&o%nt o" data
.C/ "ails to reco#ni)e t!at a sec%rit, s,ste& based on voice reco#nition co%ld
easil, !ave a''lications ot!er t!an co&'%ter sec%rit,
.3/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e s,ste& so&eti&es denies access to 'eo'le
!o are entitled to access
GMAT & LSAT CR C@G
.E/ states its concl%sion in a !eavil, 0%ali"ied a,
1G. 1od, te&'erat%re varies over a 5C8!o%r 'eriod9 it! a lo 'oint ro%#!l, beteen
C a.&. and @ a.&. S'eed o" reaction varies in line it! bod, te&'erat%re9 s%c!
t!at !enever bod, te&'erat%re is lo9 s'eed o" reaction is lo. I" lo bod,
te&'erat%re ca%sed slo reaction9 t!e s'eed o" reaction s!o%ld increase i" e
arti"iciall, raised bod, te&'erat%re d%rin# t!e 'eriod C a.&. to @ a.&. 1%t t!e
s'eed o" reaction does not increase.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can 'ro'erl, be dran "ro& t!e above
state&ents-
.A/ Lo s'eeds o" reaction ca%se lo bod, te&'erat%re.
.1/ Lo s'eeds o" reaction do not ca%se lo bod, te&'erat%re.
.C/ Lo bod, te&'erat%res do not ca%se lo s'eeds o" reaction.
.3/ Lo bod, te&'erat%res ca%se lo s'eeds o" reaction.
.E/ Arti"iciall, raisin# bod, te&'erat%re ca%ses increased s'eed o" reaction.
1A. 7" t!e to 'ro'osals "or solvin# t!e tra""ic 'roble&s on Main Street9 C!ens 'lan
is better "or t!e cit, as a !ole9 as is clear "ro& t!e "act t!at t!e 'rinci'al
s%''orter o" Ri'le,s 'lan is S&it! Stores. S&it! Stores9 it! its !i#!l, 'aid
cons%ltants9 knos !ere its on interest lies and9 &oreover9 !as s%''orted its
on interests in t!e 'ast9 even to t!e detri&ent o" t!e cit, as a !ole.
T!e "a%lt, reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost 'arallel to t!at in t!e
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ S%rel, Centreville s!o%ld o''ose ado'tion o" t!e re#ional 'lannin#
co&&issions ne 'lan since it is not in Centrevilles interest9 even t!o%#!
it &i#!t be in t!e interest o" so&e tons in t!e re#ion.
.1/ T!e sc!ool board s!o%ld s%''ort t!e 'lan "or t!e ne !i#! sc!ool since t!is
'lan as reco&&ended b, t!e ell80%ali"ied cons%ltants !o& t!e sc!ool
board !ired at #reat e('ense.
.C/ 7" t!e to b%d#et 'ro'osals9 t!e &a,ors is clearl, 're"erable to t!e cit,
co%ncils9 since t!e &a,ors b%d#et addresses t!e needs o" t!e cit, as a
!ole9 !ereas t!e cit, co%ncil is 'rotectin# s'ecial interests.
.3/ 2o&%ra is clearl, a better candidate "or colle#e 'resident t!an Miller9 since
2o&%ra !as t!e s%''ort o" t!e t!ree deans !o best %nderstand t!e
'residents +ob and it! !o& t!e 'resident ill !ave to ork &ost closel,.
.E/ T!e 'lanned li#!t8rail s,ste& ill clearl, serve s%b%rban areas ell9 since its
&ain o''onent is t!e cit, #overn&ent9 !ic! !as ala,s i#nored t!e needs
o" t!e s%b%rbs and so%#!t onl, to 'rotect t!e interests o" t!e cit,.
Questions 18-19
T!e "or&at o" netork television nes 'ro#ra&s #enerall, allos advocates o" a
'oint o" vie onl, <I seconds to conve, t!eir &essa#e. Conse0%entl,9 re#%lar
GMAT & LSAT CR C@A
atc!ers beco&e acc%sto&ed to t!inkin# o" iss%es in ter&s onl, o" slo#ans and catc!
'!rases9 and so t!e e('ectation o" care"%l disc%ssion o" '%blic iss%es #rad%all,
disa''ears "ro& t!eir aareness. T!e "or&at o" nes'a'er stories9 on t!e ot!er !and9
leads readers to '%rs%e details o" stories !eaded b, t!e &ost i&'ortant "acts and so !as
t!e o''osite e""ect on re#%lar readersKt!at o" &aintainin# t!e e('ectation o" care"%l
disc%ssion o" '%blic iss%es. T!ere"ore9 in contrast to re#%lar nes'a'er readin#9
re#%lar atc!in# o" netork television nes 'ro#ra&s increases t!e tendenc, to t!ink
o" '%blic iss%es in oversi&'li"ied ter&s.
1B. T!e ar#%&ent ass%&es !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 4ieers o" netork television nes 'ro#ra&s o%ld be interested in seein#
advocates o" o''osin# vies 'resent t!eir 'ositions at len#t!.
.1/ Since it is not 'ossible to 'resent strikin# i&a#es t!at o%ld s,&boli)e
events "or vieers9 and since i&a#es !old sa, over ords in television9
television &%st oversi&'li",.
.C/ It is not 'ossible "or television to 'resent '%blic iss%es in a a, t!at allos
"or t!e n%anced 'resentation o" diverse vies and a #ood8"ait! interc!an#e
beteen advocates o" o''osin# vies.
.3/ In netork television nes re'orts9 it is not %s%al "or a re'orter to o""er
additional "act%al evidence and back#ro%nd in"or&ation to develo' a stor,
in !ic! o''osin# vies are 'resented brie"l, b, t!eir advocates.
.E/ Television nes re'orters introd%ce &ore o" t!eir on biases into nes
stories t!an do nes'a'er re'orters.
1H. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Re#%lar atc!ers o" netork television nes 'ro#ra&s are &%c! &ore likel,
t!an ot!er 'eo'le to be !abit%al readers o" nes'a'ers.
.1/ Incl%din# an, <I8second 0%otations "ro& 'ro'onents o" diverse vies9 t!e
total a&o%nt o" ti&e devoted to a sin#le to'ic on re#%lar netork television
nes 'ro#ra&s avera#es less t!an one and a !al" &in%tes.
.C/ T!e "or&at o" netork television nes 'ro#ra&s does not incl%de ro%ndtable
disc%ssion o" iss%es a&on# in"or&ed 'ro'onents o" diverse vies.
.3/ Television nes re'orts tend to devote e0%al ti&e to disc%ssion o" o''osin#
vies.
.E/ Feo'le !o atc! t!e &ost television9 &eas%red in avera#e n%&ber o" !o%rs
o" atc!in# 'er eek9 tend not to be re#%lar readers o" nes'a'ers.
Questions !0-!1
A recent re'ort on an environ&ental i&'rove&ent 'ro#ra& as critici)ed "or "oc%sin#
solel, on 'ra#&atic sol%tions to t!e lar#e n%&ber o" si#ni"icant 'roble&s t!at 'la#%e
t!e 'ro#ra& instead o" serio%sl, tr,in# to 'rod%ce a co!erent vision "or t!e "%t%re o"
t!e 'ro#ra&. In res'onse t!e re'orts a%t!ors #ranted t!at t!e critics !ad raised a valid
'oint b%t e('lained t!at9 to do an,t!in# at all9 t!e 'ro#ra& needed contin%ed
GMAT & LSAT CR C@B
#overn&ent "%ndin#9 and t!at to #et s%c! "%ndin# t!e 'ro#ra& "irst needed to re#ain a
re'%tation "or co&'etence.
5I. T!e basic 'osition taken b, t!e re'orts a%t!ors on t!e criticis& leveled a#ainst
t!e re'ort is t!at
.A/ addressin# t!e critics concern no o%ld be 're&at%re
.1/ t!e critics &otives are sel"8servin#
.C/ t!e notion o" a co!erent vision o%ld be ina''ro'riate to a 'ro#ra& o" t!e
sort at iss%e
.3/ t!e a%t!ors o" t!e re'ort are &ore knoled#eable t!an its critics
.E/ #ivin# t!e re'ort a sin#le "oc%s is less desirable t!an t!e critics clai&
51. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld best serve t!e critics o" t!e re'ort in
t!eir atte&'t to %nder&ine t!e 'osition taken b, t!e re'orts a%t!ors-
.A/ T!e #overn&ent does not act%all, 'rovide a "%ll lII 'ercent o" t!e 'ro#ra&s
"%ndin#.
.1/ T!e 'ro#ra& ill contin%e to !ave n%&ero%s serio%s 'roble&s 'recisel,
beca%se it lacks a co!erent vision "or its "%t%re.
.C/ T!e 'ro#ra& !ad a co!erent vision at its ince'tion9 b%t t!at vision !as 'roved
i&'ossible to s%stain.
.3/ T!e #overn&ent !as t!reatened to c%t o"" "%ndin# "or t!e 'ro#ra& b%t !as not
acted ,et on t!is t!reat.
.E/ T!e 'ro#ra& !as ac0%ired a orse re'%tation "or inco&'etence t!an it
deserves.
55. 7il co&'an, re'resentative: 6e s'ent &ore &one, on cleanin# t!e otters a""ected
b, o%r recent oil s'ill t!an !as been s'ent on an, 'revio%s &arine &a&&al resc%e
'ro+ect. T!is s!os o%r concern "or t!e environ&ent.
Environ&entalist: *o% !ave no s%c! concern. *o%r real concern is evident in
,o%r ad&ission to t!e 'ress t!at nes '!oto#ra'!s o" oil8covered otters o%ld be
'artic%larl, da&a#in# to ,o%r '%blic i&a#e9 !ic! 'la,s an i&'ortant role in
,o%r level o" sales.
T!e environ&entalists concl%sion o%ld be 'ro'erl, dran i" it ere tr%e t!at
t!e
.A/ oil co&'an, cannot !ave &ore t!an one &otive "or cleanin# t!e otters
a""ected b, t!e oil s'ill
.1/ otter 'o'%lation in t!e area o" t!e oil s'ill co%ld not !ave s%rvived it!o%t
t!e cleanin# 'ro+ect
.C/ oil co&'an, !as ala,s s!on a !i#! re#ard "or its 'ro"its in c!oosin# its
co%rses o" action
.3/ #overn&ent o%ld !ave s'ent t!e &one, to clean t!e otters i" t!e oil
co&'an, !ad not a#reed to do it
GMAT & LSAT CR C@H
.E/ oil co&'an,s e""orts toard cleanin# t!e a""ected otters !ave been &ore
s%ccess"%l t!an !ave s%c! e""orts in 'revio%s 'ro+ects to clean %' oil s'ills
5<. A #ro%' o" scientists st%d,in# calci%& &etabolis& in laborator, rats discovered
t!at re&ovin# t!e rats 'arat!,roid #lands res%lted in t!e rats !avin# s%bstantiall,
loer t!an nor&al levels o" calci%& in t!eir blood. T!is discover, led t!e
scientists to !,'ot!esi)e t!at t!e "%nction o" t!e 'arat!,roid #land is to re#%late
t!e level o" calci%& in t!e blood b, raisin# t!at level !en it "alls belo t!e
nor&al ran#e. In a "%rt!er e('eri&ent9 t!e scientists re&oved not onl, t!e
'arat!,roid #land b%t also t!e adrenal #land "ro& rats. T!e, &ade t!e s%r'risin#
discover, t!at t!e level o" calci%& in t!e rats blood decreased &%c! less s!ar'l,
t!an !en t!e 'arat!,roid #land alone as re&oved.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 e('lains t!e s%r'risin# discover, in a a,
&ost consistent it! t!e scientists !,'ot!esis-
.A/ T!e adrenal #land acts to loer t!e level o" calci%& in t!e blood.
.1/ T!e adrenal #land and t!e 'arat!,roid #land 'la, t!e sa&e role in re#%latin#
calci%& blood levels.
.C/ T!e absence o" a 'arat!,roid #land ca%ses t!e adrenal #land to increase t!e
level o" calci%& in t!e blood.
.3/ I" t!e adrenal #land9 and no ot!er #land9 o" a rat ere re&oved9 t!e rats
calci%& level o%ld re&ain stable.
.E/ T!e onl, "%nction o" t!e 'arat!,roid #land is to re#%late t!e level o" calci%&
in t!e blood.
5C. Since Ma,or 3rabble ala,s re'a,s !er 'olitical debts as soon as 'ossible9 s!e
ill al&ost certainl, a''oint Lee to be t!e ne !ead o" t!e arts co&&ission. Lee
!as anted t!at +ob "or a lon# ti&e9 and 3rabble oes Lee a lot "or !is s%''ort in
t!e last election.
.A/ Ma,or 3rabble !as no 'olitical debt t!at is bot! o" lon#er standin# t!an t!e
one s!e oes to Lee and co%ld as s%itabl, be re'aid b, an a''oint&ent to be
t!e ne !ead o" t!e arts co&&ission.
.1/ T!ere is no one to !o& Ma,or 3rabble oes a #reater 'olitical debt "or
s%''ort in t!e last election t!an t!e 'olitical debt s!e oes to Lee.
.C/ Lee is t!e onl, 'erson to !o& Ma,or 3rabble oes a 'olitical debt !o
o%ld be illin# to acce't an a''oint&ent "ro& !er as t!e ne !ead o" t!e
arts co&&ission.
.3/ 6!et!er Lee is 0%ali"ied to !ead t!e arts co&&ission is irrelevant to Ma,or
3rabbles decision.
.E/ T!e onl, a, t!at Ma,or 3rabble can ade0%atel, re'a, !er 'olitical debt to
Lee is b, a''ointin# !i& to !ead t!e arts co&&ission.
5@. T!e "act t!at tobacco s&oke in!aled b, s&okers !ar&s t!e s&okers does not
GMAT & LSAT CR CGI
'rove t!at t!e &%c! s&aller a&o%nt o" tobacco s&oke in!aled b, nons&okers
!o s!are livin# s'ace it! s&okers !ar&s t!e nons&okers to so&e de#ree.
Man, s%bstances9 s%c! as vita&in A9 are to(ic in lar#e 0%antities b%t bene"icial in
s&all 0%antities.
In !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e 'attern o" reasonin# &ost si&ilar to t!at in
t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e "act t!at a lar#e concentration o" bleac! ill &ake "abric ver, !ite does
not 'rove t!at a s&all concentration o" bleac! ill &ake "abric so&e!at
!ite. T!e e""ect o" a s&all concentration o" bleac! &a, be too sli#!t to
c!an#e t!e color o" t!e "abric.
.1/ Alt!o%#! a !ealt!"%l diet s!o%ld incl%de a certain a&o%nt o" "iber9 it does not
"ollo t!at a diet t!at incl%des lar#e a&o%nts o" "iber is &ore !ealt!"%l t!an
one t!at incl%des s&aller a&o%nts o" "iber. Too &%c! "iber can inter"ere
it! 'ro'er di#estion.
.C/ T!e "act t!at lar#e a&o%nts o" c!e&ical "ertili)ers can kill 'lants does not
'rove t!at c!e&ical "ertili)ers are #enerall, !ar&"%l to 'lants. It 'roves onl,
t!at t!e 0%antit, o" c!e&ical "ertili)er %sed s!o%ld be ad+%sted accordin# to
t!e needs o" t!e 'lants and t!e n%trients alread, in t!e soil.
.3/ $ro& t!e "act t!at "ive 'ro"essional taste testers "o%nd a ne cereal 'rod%ct
tast,9 it does not "ollo t!at ever,one ill like it. Man, 'eo'le "ind broccoli
a tast, "ood9 b%t ot!er 'eo'le !ave a stron# dislike "or t!e taste o" broccoli.
.E/ Alt!o%#! atc!in# television "or !al" o" ever, da, o%ld be a aste o" ti&e9
atc!in# television brie"l, ever, da, is not necessaril, even a s&all aste
o" ti&e. A"ter all9 it o%ld be a aste to slee' !al" o" ever, da,9 b%t so&e
slee' ever, da, is necessar,.
5G. 6!, s!o%ld t!e #overn&ent9 rat!er t!an ind%str, or %niversities9 'rovide t!e
&one, to '%t a netork o" s%'erco&'%ters in 'lace- 1eca%se t!ere is a ran#e o"
'roble&s t!at can be attacked onl, it! t!e &assive data8&ana#in# ca'acit, o" a
s%'erco&'%ter netork. 2o b%siness or %niversit, !as t!e reso%rces to '%rc!ase
b, itsel" eno%#! &ac!ines "or a !ole netork9 and no b%siness or %niversit,
ants to invest in a 'art o" a netork i" no &ec!anis& e(ists "or coordinatin#
establis!&ent o" t!e netork as a !ole.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# indicates a eakness in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It does not "%rnis! a a, in !ic! t!e dile&&a concernin# t!e establis!&ent
o" t!e netork can be resolved.
.1/ It does not establis! t!e i&'ossibilit, o" creatin# a s%'erco&'%ter netork as
an international netork.
.C/ It "ails to address t!e 0%estion o" !o o%ld &aintain t!e netork i" t!e
#overn&ent9 rat!er t!an ind%str, or %niversities9 'rovides t!e &one, "or
establis!in# it.
.3/ It takes "or #ranted and it!o%t +%sti"ication t!at it o%ld en!ance national
GMAT & LSAT CR CG1
'ree&inence in science "or t!e #overn&ent to 'rovide t!e netork.
.E/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at b%sinesses or %niversities9 or bot!9 co%ld
coo'erate to b%ild t!e netork.
SECTI72 I4
1. Me#atras! Co.9 t!e co%ntr,s lar#est aste8dis'osal co&'an,9 !as been s%ed b,
environ&ental #ro%'s !o !ave acc%sed t!e "ir& o" ne#li#ent !andlin# o"
!a)ardo%s aste. T!e "ines and le#al "ees t!at !ave res%lted "ro& t!e le#al attacks
a#ainst Me#atras! !ave cost t!e co&'an, s%bstantial a&o%nts o" &one,.
S%r'risin#l,9 as s%ccess"%l las%its a#ainst t!e co&'an, !ave increased in
n%&ber9 t!e co&'an, !as #ron stron#er and &ore 'ro"itable.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does t!e &ost to resolve t!e a''arent
'arado(-
.A/ Alt!o%#! aste8dis'osal "ir&s &erel, !andle b%t do not #enerate to(ic
aste9 t!ese "ir&s !ave been !eld le#all, res'onsible "or environ&ental
da&a#e ca%sed b, t!is aste.
.1/ Me#atras! !as &ade s%bstantial contrib%tions to environ&ental ca%ses9 as
!ave ot!er lar#e aste8dis'osal co&'anies.
.C/ So&e o" t!e +%d#&ents a#ainst Me#atras! !ave le#all, barred it "ro&
enterin# t!e &ore 'ro"itable areas o" t!e aste8&ana#e&ent b%siness.
.3/ T!e e(a&'le o" Me#atras!s le#al entan#le&ents !as driven &ost o" t!e
co&'an,s co&'etitors "ro& t!e "ield and deterred 'otential rivals "ro&
enterin# it.
.E/ In cases in !ic! Me#atras! !as been ac0%itted o" c!ar#es o" ne#li#ence9 t!e
co&'an, !as 'aid &ore in le#al "ees t!an it o%ld !ave been likel, to 'a,
in "ines.
5. Leis: T!ose !o do not learn "ro& 'ast &istakesKt!eir on and t!ose o" ot!ers
Kare conde&ned to re'eat t!e&. In order to bene"it "ro& t!e lessons o" !istor,9
!oever9 e "irst !ave to kno !istor,. T!at is !, t!e ac0%isition o" broad
!istorical knoled#e is so i&'ortant.
Morris: T!e tro%ble is t!at t!e 'ast is in"initel, vario%s. $ro& its ine(!a%stible
store!o%se o" events it is 'ossible to 'rove an,t!in# or its contrar,.
T!e iss%e t!at Morris raises in ob+ectin# to Leis vie is !et!er
.A/ t!ere are an, %ncontested !istorical "acts
.1/ !istorical knoled#e can be too narro to be %se"%l
.C/ !istor, teac!es an, %ne0%ivocal lessons
.3/ t!ere are conventional criteria "or callin# a 'ast action a &istake
GMAT & LSAT CR CG5
.E/ events in t!e 'resent are in"l%enced b, 'ast events
<. A #ro%' o" scientists !o !ave done researc! on t!e !ealt! e""ects o" "ood
irradiation !as discovered no evidence c!allen#in# its sa"et,. S%''orters o" "ood
irradiation !ave cited t!is researc! as certain 'roo" t!at "ood irradiation is a sa"e
'ractice.
A "la in t!e reasonin# o" t!e s%''orters o" "ood irradiation is t!at t!e,
.A/ ass%&e t!at t!e scientists doin# t!e researc! set o%t to 'rove t!at "ood
irradiation is an %nsa"e 'ractice
.1/ are &otivated b, a biased interest in 'rovin# t!e 'ractice to be sa"e
.C/ overlook t!e 'ossibilit, t!at ob+ections abo%t sa"et, are not t!e onl, 'ossible
ob+ections to t!e 'ractice
.3/ ne#lect to 'rovide detailed in"or&ation abo%t t!e evidence %sed to s%''ort
t!e concl%sion
.E/ %se t!e lack o" evidence contradictin# a clai& as concl%sive evidence "or t!at
clai&
C. Cookin# teac!er: Li&a beans #enerall, need abo%t an !o%r o" boilin# to reac! t!e
'ro'er de#ree o" doneness. T!e 'recise a&o%nt o" ti&e it takes de'ends on si)e:
lar#er beans re0%ire a lon#er cookin# ti&e t!an s&aller beans do. It is i&'ortant
t!at li&a beans not be overcooked since overcookin# robs beans o" &an, o" t!eir
n%trients. =ndercookin# s!o%ld also be avoided9 since %ndercooked beans cannot
be co&'letel, di#ested.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 t!e, &ost stron#l, s%''ort !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ Li&a beans t!at are co&'letel, di#estible !ave lost &an, o" t!eir n%trients in
cookin#.
.1/ T!e n%trients t!at are lost !en li&a beans are overcooked are t!e sa&e as
t!ose t!at t!e bod, "ails to assi&ilate !en li&a beans are not co&'letel,
di#ested.
.C/ Lar#e li&a beans9 even !en "%ll, cooked9 are &ore di""ic%lt to di#est t!an
s&all li&a beans.
.3/ Li&a beans t!at are added to t!e 'ot to#et!er s!o%ld be as close to t!e sa&e
si)e as 'ossible i" t!e, are to ,ield t!eir "%ll n%tritional val%e.
.E/ $ro& t!e stand'oint o" #ood n%trition9 it is better to overcook t!an to
%ndercook li&a beans.
Questions 5-&
Lar#e 0%antities o" lead d%st can be released d%rin# renovations in !o%ses it! alls
'ainted it! lead8based 'aint. 1eca%se t!e d%st '%ts occ%'ants at !i#! risk o" lead
'oisonin#9 s%c! renovations s!o%ld be done onl, in %nocc%'ied !o%ses b, contractors
!o are e('erienced in re&ovin# all traces o" lead "ro& !o%ses and !o !ave t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR CG<
e0%i'&ent to 'rotect t!e&selves "ro& lead d%st. Even !en arned9 !oever9 &an,
'eo'le ill not 'a, to !ave so&eone else do renovations t!e, believe t!e, co%ld do
less e('ensivel, t!e&selves. T!ere"ore9 +o,eowners* "ournal s!o%ld r%n an article
#ivin# in"or&ation to !o&eoners on !o to red%ce t!e risk o" lead 'oisonin#
associated it! do8it8,o%rsel" renovation.
@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 ar#%es &ost stron#l, a#ainst t!e 'assa#es
reco&&endation abo%t an article-
.A/ Most !o&eoners kno !et!er or not t!e alls o" t!eir !o%ses are 'ainted
it! lead8based 'aint9 even i" t!e alls ere 'ainted b, 'revio%s oners.
.1/ Most 'eo'le !o %ndertake do8it8,o%rsel" renovation 'ro+ects do so "or t!e
satis"action o" doin# t!e ork t!e&selves and so are %nlikel, to !ire a
'ro"essional to do t!at sort o" ork.
.C/ 6!enever in"or&ation on do8it8,o%rsel" !o&e renovation is '%blis!ed9 &an,
'eo'le !o o%ld ot!erise !ire 'ro"essionals decide to 'er"or& t!e
renovations t!e&selves9 even !en t!ere are risks involved.
.3/ In &an, areas9 it is di""ic%lt to "ind 'ro"essional renovators !o !ave t!e
e0%i'&ent and 0%ali"ications to 'er"or& sa"el, renovations involvin# lead
d%st.
.E/ 6!en 'ro"essionall, done !o&e renovations are no &ore e('ensive t!an do8
it8,o%rsel" renovations9 &ost 'eo'le c!oose to !ave t!eir !o&es renovated
b, 'ro"essionals.
G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les &ost !el's to +%sti", t!e 'assa#es
reco&&endation abo%t an article-
.A/ Fotentiall, dan#ero%s +obs s!o%ld ala,s be le"t to t!ose !o !ave t!e
trainin# and e('erience to 'er"or& t!e& sa"el,9 even i" additional e('ense
res%lts.
.1/ I" 'eo'le re"%se to c!an#e t!eir be!avior even !en arned t!at t!e, are
+eo'ardi)in# t!eir !ealt!9 in"or&ation t!at enables t!e& to &ini&i)e t!e
risks o" t!at be!avior s!o%ld be &ade available to t!e&.
.C/ A +o%rnal "or !o&eoners s!o%ld 'rovide its readers it! in"or&ation on do8
it8,o%rsel" 'ro+ects onl, i" s%c! 'ro+ects do not entail s%bstantial risks.
.3/ 2o one s!o%ld be enco%ra#ed to 'er"or& a 'otentiall, dan#ero%s 'roced%re
i" doin# so co%ld 'lace an, ot!er 'eo'le at risk.
.E/ Feo'le !o are illin# to do ork t!e&selves and !o are co&'etent to do
so s!o%ld not be disco%ra#ed "ro& doin# t!at ork.
A. T!e scienti"ic t!eor, o" evol%tion !as c!allen#ed t!e vie o" !%&an ori#in as
divine creation and sees %s as si&'l, descended "ro& t!e sa&e ancestors as t!e
a'es. 6!ile science and tec!nolo#, !ave 'rovided brilliant insi#!ts into o%r
orld and eased o%r ever,da, li"e9 t!e, !ave si&%ltaneo%sl, de'rived %s o" a
vie in !ic! o%r i&'ortance is ass%red. T!%s9 !ile science !as #iven %s &an,
GMAT & LSAT CR CGC
t!in#s9 it !as taken aa, &%c! t!at is also #reatl, val%ed.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is ass%&ed in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Science and tec!nolo#, are o" less val%e t!an reli#ion.
.1/ Feo'le !ave resisted t!e advances o" science and tec!nolo#,.
.C/ T!e ass%rance t!at 'eo'le are i&'ortant is !i#!l, val%ed.
.3/ T!e orld as a better 'lace be"ore t!e advent o" science and tec!nolo#,.
.E/ T!e need o" 'eo'le to "eel i&'ortant is no &et b, science and tec!nolo#,.
Questions 8-9
T!at lon#8ter& ci#arette s&okin# can lead to !ealt! 'roble&s incl%din# cancer and
l%n# disease is a scienti"icall, ell8establis!ed "act. Contrar, to !at &an, 'eo'le
see& to believe9 !oever9 it is not necessar, to den, t!is "act in order to re+ect t!e
vie t!at tobacco co&'anies s!o%ld be !eld eit!er &orall, or le#all, res'onsible "or
t!e 'oor !ealt! o" s&okers. A"ter all9 e(cessive cons%&'tion o" cand, %ndeniabl,
leads to s%c! !ealt! 'roble&s as toot! deca,9 b%t no one serio%sl, believes t!at cand,
eaters !o #et cavities s!o%ld be able to s%e cand, &an%"act%rers.
B. T!e &ain 'oint o" t!e ar#%&ent is t!at
.A/ no one s!o%ld "eel it necessar, to den, t!e scienti"icall, ell8establis!ed "act
t!at lon#8ter& ci#arette s&okin# can lead to !ealt! 'roble&s
.1/ 'eo'le !o #et cavities s!o%ld not be able to s%e cand, &an%"act%rers
.C/ t!e "act t!at s&okers !ealt! 'roble&s can be ca%sed b, t!eir s&okin# is not
eno%#! to +%sti", !oldin# tobacco co&'anies eit!er le#all, or &orall,
res'onsible "or t!ose 'roble&s
.3/ e(cessive cons%&'tion o" cand, ill lead to !ealt! 'roble&s +%st as s%rel, as
lon#8ter& ci#arette s&okin# ill
.E/ i" cand, &an%"act%rers ere !eld res'onsible "or toot! deca, a&on# cand,
eaters t!en tobacco co&'anies s!o%ld also be !eld res'onsible "or !ealt!
'roble&s s%""ered b, s&okers
H. T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at
it
.A/ "ails to establis! t!at t!e connection beteen toot! deca, and cand, eatin# is
as scienti"icall, ell doc%&ented as t!at beteen s&okin# and t!e !ealt!
'roble&s s%""ered b, s&okers
.1/ de'ends on t!e obvio%sl, "alse ass%&'tion t!at ever,one !o #ets cavities
does so onl, as a res%lt o" eatin# too &%c! cand,
.C/ leaves %nde"ined s%c! critical 0%ali",in# ter&s as >e(cessive? and >lon#8
ter&?
.3/ attrib%tes certain belie"s to >&an, 'eo'le? it!o%t identi",in# t!e 'eo'le
!o alle#edl, !old t!ose belie"s
GMAT & LSAT CR CG@
.E/ "ails to address t!e strikin# di""erences in t!e nat%re o" t!e t!reat to !ealt!
'osed b, toot! deca, on t!e one !and and cancer and l%n# disease on t!e
ot!er
1I. L,dia: Eac! ,ear9 t!o%sands o" seabirds are in+%red !en t!e, beco&e entan#led
in e0%i'&ent oned b, "is!in# co&'anies. T!ere"ore9 t!e "is!in# co&'anies
s!o%ld ass%&e res'onsibilit, "or "%ndin# veterinar, treat&ent "or t!e in+%red
birds.
Jonat!an: *o%r "eelin#s "or t!e birds are ad&irable. *o%r 'ro'osal9 !oever9
s!o%ld not be ado'ted beca%se treat&ent o" t!e &ost serio%sl, in+%red birds
o%ld in!%&anel, 'rolon# t!e lives o" ani&als no lon#er able to live in t!e ild9
as all ildli"e s!o%ld.
Jonat!an %ses !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# tec!ni0%es in !is res'onse to L,dia-
.A/ :e directs a 'ersonal attack a#ainst !er rat!er t!an addressin# t!e ar#%&ent
s!e advances.
.1/ :e s%##ests t!at !er 'ro'osal is based on sel"8interest rat!er t!an on real
s,&'at!, "or t!e in+%red birds.
.C/ :e 0%estions t!e a''ro'riateness o" inter"erin# it! ildli"e in an, a,9
even i" t!e #oal o" t!e inter"erence is to !el'.
.3/ :e atte&'ts to discredit !er 'ro'osal b, disc%ssin# its i&'lications "or onl,
t!ose birds t!at it serves least ell.
.E/ :e evades disc%ssion o" !er 'ro'osal b, raisin# t!e iss%e o" !et!er !er
"eelin#s abo%t t!e birds are +%sti"ied.
11. Lo##in# ind%str, o""icial: :arvestin# trees "ro& old8#rot! "orests "or %se in
&an%"act%re can red%ce t!e a&o%nt o" carbon dio(ide in t!e at&os'!ere9 since
!en lar#e old trees die in t!e "orest t!e, deco&'ose9 releasin# t!eir stored
carbon dio(ide. :arvestin# old8#rot! "orests o%ld9 &oreover9 &ake roo& "or
ra'idl, #roin# ,o%n# trees9 !ic! absorb &ore carbon dio(ide "ro& t!e
at&os'!ere t!an do trees in old8#rot! "orests.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e o""icials
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Man, old8#rot! "orests are t!e !o&e o" t!o%sands o" ani&al s'ecies t!at
o%ld be endan#ered i" t!e "orests ere to be destro,ed.
.1/ M%c! o" t!e or#anic &atter "ro& old8#rot! trees9 %n%sable as l%&ber9 is
&ade into 'rod%cts t!at deco&'ose ra'idl,.
.C/ A ,o%n# tree contains less t!an !al" t!e a&o%nt o" carbon dio(ide t!at is
stored in an old tree o" t!e sa&e s'ecies.
.3/ M%c! o" t!e carbon dio(ide 'resent in "orests is event%all, released !en
ood and ot!er or#anic debris "o%nd on t!e "orest "loor deco&'ose.
.E/ It can take &an, ,ears "or t!e trees o" a nel, 'lanted "orest to reac! t!e si)e
o" t!ose "o%nd in e(istin# old8#rot! "orests.
GMAT & LSAT CR CGG
15. A s%rve, o" a #ro%' o" 'eo'le beteen t!e a#es o" A@ and BI "o%nd t!at t!ose
!o re#%larl, 'la,ed t!e card #a&e brid#e tended to !ave better s!ort8ter&
&e&or, t!an t!ose !o did not 'la, brid#e. It as ori#inall, concl%ded "ro& t!is
t!at 'la,in# brid#e can !el' older 'eo'le to retain and develo' t!eir &e&or,.
:oever9 it &a, ell be t!at brid#e is si&'l, a &ore en+o,able #a&e "or 'eo'le
!o alread, !ave #ood s!ort8ter& &e&or, and !o are t!%s &ore inclined to
'la,.
In co%nterin# t!e ori#inal concl%sion t!e reasonin# above %ses !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# tec!ni0%es-
.A/ c!allen#in# t!e re'resentativeness o" t!e sa&'le s%rve,ed
.1/ concedin# t!e s%##ested relations!i' beteen 'la,in# brid#e and s!ort8ter&
&e&or,9 b%t 0%estionin# !et!er an, concl%sion abo%t a''ro'riate t!era',
can be dran
.C/ ar#%in# t!at t!e ori#inal concl%sion relied on an inacc%rate %nderstandin# o"
t!e &otives t!at t!e 'eo'le s%rve,ed !ave "or 'la,in# brid#e
.3/ 'rovidin# an alternative !,'ot!esis to e('lain t!e data on !ic! t!e ori#inal
concl%sion as based
.E/ describin# a "la in t!e reasonin# on !ic! t!e ori#inal concl%sion as
based
1<. T!ere are tests to detect so&e o" t!e rare #enetic "las t!at increase t!e likeli!ood
o" certain diseases. I" t!ese tests are 'er"or&ed9 t!en a 'erson it! a rare #enetic
"la t!at is detected can receive t!e a''ro'riate 'reventive treat&ent. Since it
costs t!e !ealt!8care s,ste& less to 'revent a disease t!an to treat it a"ter it !as
occ%rred9 ides'read #enetic screenin# ill red%ce t!e overall cost o" !ealt! care.
.A/ T!e cost o" treatin# 'atients !o o%ld9 in t!e absence o" screenin#9 develo'
diseases t!at are linked to rare #enetic "las o%ld be &ore t!an t!e
co&bined costs o" ides'read screenin# and 'reventive treat&ent.
.1/ Most diseases linked to rare #enetic "las are 'reventable.
.C/ T!e reso%rces allocated b, !os'itals to t!e treat&ent o" 'ersons it! diseases
linked to #enetic "las ill increase once screenin# is idel, available.
.3/ Even i" t!e #enetic tests are 'er"or&ed9 &an, 'eo'le !ose rare #enetic
"las are detected ill develo' diseases linked to t!e "las as a
conse0%ence o" not receivin# t!e a''ro'riate 'reventive treat&ent.
.E/ I" 'reventive treat&ent is #iven to 'atients it! rare #enetic "las9 additional
"%nds ill be available "or treatin# t!e &ore co&&on diseases.
1C. In t!e 1HGIs 'aranoia as vieed b, social scientists as %n#ro%nded "ear o"
'oerlessness9 and t!e t!e&e o" 'aranoia as it relates to "eelin#s o" 'oerlessness
as do&inant in "il&s o" t!at 'eriod. In t!e 1HAIs 'aranoia instead as vieed
b, social scientists as a res'onse to real t!reats "ro& societ,. $il&s o" t!is 'eriod
GMAT & LSAT CR CGA
'ortra, 'aranoia as a le#iti&ate res'onse to a orld #one &ad.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a concl%sion t!at t!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9
&ost stron#l, s%''ort-
.A/ I&a#es o" 'aranoia 'resented in "il&s &ade in a 'eriod re"lect trends in
social science o" t!at 'eriod.
.1/ Res'onses to real t!reats can9 and o"ten do9 de#enerate into #ro%ndless "ears.
.C/ T!e orld is beco&in# &ore and &ore t!reatenin#.
.3/ Faranoia is a condition t!at kee's c!an#in# alon# it! c!an#es in societ,.
.E/ T!e s!i"t in 'erce'tion b, social scientists "ro& t!e 1HGIs to t!e 1HAIs
res%lted "ro& an inabilit, to "ind a s%ccess"%l c%re "or 'aranoia.
1@. A certain e('eri&ental "%n#icide ca%ses no !ar& to #arden 'lants9 t!o%#! onl, i"
it is dil%ted at least to ten 'arts ater to one 'art "%n#icide. Moreover9 t!is
"%n#icide is knon to be so e""ective a#ainst 'oder, &ilde t!at it !as t!e
ca'acit, to eli&inate it co&'letel, "ro& rose 'lants. T!%s t!is "%n#icide9 as lon#
as it is s%""icientl, dil%ted9 'rovides a &eans o" eli&inatin# 'oder, &ilde
"ro& rose 'lants t!at involves no risk o" !ar&in# t!e 'lants.
.A/ T!ere is not an alternative &et!od9 besides a''lication o" t!is "%n#icide9 "or
eli&inatin# 'oder, &ilde "ro& rose 'lants it!o%t !ar&in# t!e 'lants.
.1/ 6!en t!e "%n#icide is s%""icientl, dil%ted9 it does not 'resent an, risk o"
!ar& to 'eo'le9 ani&als9 or bene"icial insects.
.C/ Foder, &ilde is t!e onl, "%n#al in"ection t!at a""ects rose 'lants.
.3/ I" a "%n#icide is to be e""ective a#ainst 'oder, &ilde on rose 'lants9 it
&%st eli&inate t!e 'oder, &ilde co&'letel,.
.E/ T!e e""ectiveness o" t!e "%n#icide does not de'end on its bein# &ore
concentrated t!an one 'art in ten 'arts o" ater.
1G. 6!en #lass 'rod%cts are &ade "ro& rec,cled #lass9 t!e res%ltin# 'rod%cts can be
e0%al in 0%alit, to #lass 'rod%cts &ade "ro& 0%art) sand9 t!e %s%al ra &aterial.
6!en 'lastics are rec,cled9 !oever9 t!e res%lt is inevitabl, a 'lastic o" a loer
#rade t!an t!e 'lastic "ro& !ic! it is derived. Moreover9 no a''lications !ave
been "o%nd "or #rades o" 'lastic t!at are loer t!an t!e c%rrentl, loest
co&&ercial #rade.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a concl%sion t!at can be 'ro'erl, dran "ro& t!e
state&ents above-
.A/ Frod%cts cannot 'resentl, be &ade o%t o" 'lastic rec,cled entirel, "ro& t!e
c%rrentl, loest co&&ercial #rade.
.1/ It is i&'ossible to &ake #lass 'rod%cts "ro& rec,cled #lass t!at are e0%al in
0%alit, to t!e best #lass 'rod%cts &ade "ro& t!e %s%al ra &aterial.
.C/ Glass 'rod%cts &ade "ro& rec,cled #lass are less e('ensive t!an co&'arable
GMAT & LSAT CR CGB
'rod%cts &ade "ro& 0%art) sand.
.3/ =nless rec,cled 'lastic bears so&e s,&bol revealin# its ori#in9 not even
&aterials scientists can distin#%is! it "ro& vir#in 'lastic.
.E/ T!e di""erence in 0%alit, beteen di""erent #rades o" #lass is not as #reat as
t!at beteen di""erent #rades o" 'lastic.
Questions 1'-18
Teac!er: Jo%rnalists !o conceal t!e identit, o" t!e so%rces t!e, 0%ote stake t!eir
'ro"essional re'%tations on !at &a, be called t!e lo#ic o" anecdotes. T!is is so
beca%se t!e state&ents re'orted b, s%c! +o%rnalists are dissociated "ro& t!e 'recise
circ%&stances in !ic! t!e, ere &ade and t!%s ill be acce'ted "or '%blication onl,
i" t!e state&ents are !i#! in 'la%sibilit, or ori#inalit, or interest to a #iven a%dienceK
'recisel, t!e 'ro'erties o" a #ood anecdote.
St%dent: 1%t !at ,o% are sa,in#9 t!en9 is t!at t!e +o%rnalist need not bot!er it!
so%rces in t!e "irst 'lace. S%rel,9 an, reasonabl, reso%rce"%l +o%rnalist can invent
'la%sible9 ori#inal9 or interestin# stories "aster t!an t!e, can be obtained "ro&
%nidenti"ied so%rces.
1A. T!e st%dents res'onse contains !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# reasonin# "las-
.A/ con"%sin# a &ar#inal +o%rnalistic 'ractice it! t!e 'ri&ar, ork done b,
+o%rnalists
.1/ i#norin# t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e teac!er re#ards as a 'rere0%isite "or t!e
'%blication o" an %nattrib%ted state&ent t!at t!e state&ent !ave act%all,
been &ade
.C/ con"%sin# t!e c!aracteristics o" re'orted state&ents it! t!e c!aracteristics
o" t!e sit%ations in !ic! t!e state&ents ere &ade
.3/ +%d#in# t!e &erits o" t!e teac!ers 'osition solel, b, t!e &ost e(tre&e case
to !ic! t!e 'osition a''lies
.E/ "alsel, concl%din# t!at i" t!ree criteria9 &et +ointl,9 ass%re an o%tco&e9 t!en
eac! criterion9 &et individ%all,9 also ass%res t!at o%tco&e
1B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e teac!ers ar#%&ent-
.A/ A +o%rnalist %nder&ines !is or !er on 'ro"essional standin# b, s%b&ittin#
"or '%blication state&ents t!at9 not bein# attrib%ted to a na&ed so%rce9 are
re+ected "or bein# i&'la%sible9 %nori#inal9 or d%ll.
.1/ State&ents t!at are attrib%ted to a "%ll, identi"ied so%rce &ake %' t!e
&a+orit, o" re'orted state&ents incl%ded b, +o%rnalists in stories s%b&itted
"or '%blication.
.C/ Re'orted state&ents t!at are !i#!l, ori#inal ill o"ten see& i&'la%sible
%nless s%b&itted b, a +o%rnalist !o is knon "or solid9 reliable ork.
.3/ Re'%table +o%rnalists so&eti&es do not conceal t!e identit, o" t!eir so%rces
"ro& t!eir '%blis!ers b%t insist t!at t!e identit, o" t!ose so%rces be
GMAT & LSAT CR CGH
concealed "ro& t!e '%blic.
.E/ Jo%rnalists !o !ave s'ecial access to so%rces !ose identit, t!e, &%st
conceal are #reatl, val%ed b, t!eir '%blis!ers.
1H. T!e 'ro'osal to e(tend clinical trials9 !ic! are ro%tinel, %sed as s,ste&atic tests
o" '!ar&ace%tical innovations9 to ne s%r#ical 'roced%res s!o%ld not be
i&'le&ented. T!e 'oint is t!at s%r#ical 'roced%res di""er in one i&'ortant res'ect
"ro& &edicinal dr%#s: a correctl, 'rescribed dr%# de'ends "or its e""ectiveness
onl, on t!e dr%#s co&'osition9 !ereas t!e e""ectiveness o" even t!e &ost
a''ro'riate s%r#ical 'roced%re is trans'arentl, related to t!e skills o" t!e s%r#eon
!o %ses it.
.A/ does not consider t!at ne s%r#ical 'roced%res &i#!t be "o%nd to be
intrinsicall, &ore !ar&"%l t!an t!e best treat&ent 'revio%sl, available
.1/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e c!allen#ed 'ro'osal is deliberatel, cr%de in a
a, desi#ned to elicit criticis& to be %sed in re"inin# t!e 'ro'osal
.C/ ass%&es t!at a s%r#eons skills re&ain %nc!an#ed t!ro%#!o%t t!e s%r#eons
'ro"essional li"e
.3/ describes a dissi&ilarit, it!o%t citin# an, scienti"ic evidence "or t!e
e(istence o" t!at dissi&ilarit,
.E/ re+ects a 'ro'osal 'res%&abl, advanced in #ood "ait! it!o%t acknoled#in#
an, s%c! #ood "ait!
5I. I" t!e &a+orit, o" t!e residents o" t!e a'art&ent co&'le( co&'lain t!at t!eir
a'art&ents are in"ested it! ants9 t!en t!e &ana#e&ent o" t!e co&'le( ill !ave
to en#a#e t!e services o" an e(ter&inator. 1%t t!e &a+orit, o" t!e residents o" t!e
co&'le( indicate t!at t!eir a'art&ents are virt%all, "ree o" ants. T!ere"ore9 t!e
&ana#e&ent o" t!e co&'le( ill not !ave to en#a#e t!e services o" an
e(ter&inator.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents contains a "laed 'attern o" reasonin#
'arallel to t!at contained in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ A t!eater ill be constr%cted in t!e "all i" "%nds collected are at least
s%""icient to cover its cost. To date9 t!e "%nds collected e(ceed t!e t!eaters
cost9 so t!e t!eater ill be constr%cted in t!e "all.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" "li#!ts o'erated b, t!e airlines cannot be red%ced %nless t!e
airlines can collect !i#!er air"ares. 1%t 'eo'le ill not 'a, !i#!er air"ares9
so it is not t!e case t!at t!e n%&ber o" "li#!ts ill be red%ced.
.C/ In order "or t!e co&'an, to start t!e 'ro'osed b%ildin# 'ro+ect9 bot! t!e ton
co%ncil and t!e &a,or &%st a''rove. Since t!e &a,or !as alread, a''roved9
t!e b%ildin# 'ro+ect ill be started soon.
.3/ Most e&'lo,ees ill attend t!e co&'an, 'icnic i" t!e entertain&ent
co&&ittee is s%ccess"%l in #ettin# a certain band to 'la, at t!e 'icnic. 1%t
GMAT & LSAT CR CAI
t!at band ill be o%t o" t!e co%ntr, on t!e da, o" t!e 'icnic9 so it is not tr%e
t!at &ost e&'lo,ees ill attend.
.E/ Eit!er t!e sc!ools 'rinci'al or to8t!irds o" t!e 'arent co%ncil &%st a''rove
a c!an#e in t!e sc!ool dress code in order "or t!e code to be c!an#ed. Since
t!e 'rinci'al ill not a''rove a c!an#e in t!e dress code9 t!e code ill not
be c!an#ed.
51. 6!en t!e s%''l, o" a #iven reso%rce dindles9 alternative tec!nolo#ies alloin#
t!e %se o" di""erent reso%rces develo'9 and de&and "or t!e reso%rce t!at as in
s!ort s%''l, nat%rall, declines. T!en t!e e(istin# s%''lies o" t!at reso%rce satis",
!atever de&and re&ains. A&on# t!e once8dindlin# reso%rces t!at are no in
&ore t!an ade0%ate s%''l, are "lint "or arro!eads9 trees %sable "or sc!ooner
&asts9 and #ood &%les. 1eca%se ne tec!nolo#ies constantl, re'lace old ones9
e can never r%n o%t o" i&'ortant nat%ral reso%rces.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e concl%sion-
.A/ T!e &asts and !%lls o" so&e sailin# s!i's b%ilt toda, are still &ade o" ood.
.1/ T!ere are considerabl, "eer &%les toda, t!an t!ere ere 1II ,ears a#o.
.C/ T!e cost o" so&e ne tec!nolo#ies is o"ten so !i#! t!at t!e co&'anies
develo'in# t!e& &i#!t act%all, lose &one, at "irst.
.3/ 3indlin# s%''lies o" a nat%ral reso%rce o"ten res%lt in t!at reso%rces
costin# &ore to %se.
.E/ T!e biolo#ical re0%ire&ents "or s%bstances like clean air and clean ater are
%na""ected b, tec!nolo#ical c!an#e.
55. Fa%lsville and Lon#ton cannot bot! be incl%ded in t!e candidates itinerar, o"
ca&'ai#n sto's. T!e candidate ill &ake a sto' in Fa%lsville %nless Salisb%r, is
&ade 'art o" t!e itinerar,. =n"ort%natel,9 a sto' in Salisb%r, is o%t o" t!e
0%estion. Clearl,9 t!en9 a sto' in Lon#ton can be r%led o%t.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above &ost closel, 'arallels t!at in !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents-
.A/ T!e c!e" never !as bot! "res! radis!es and "res! #reen 'e''ers available "or
t!e c!ie"s salad at t!e sa&e ti&e. I" s!e %ses "res! radis!es9 s!e also %ses
s'inac!. 1%t c%rrentl, t!ere is no s'inac! to be !ad. It can be in"erred9 t!en9
t!at s!e ill not be %sin# "res! #reen 'e''ers.
.1/ To& ill de"initel, s%''ort Farker i" Mendo)a does not a''l,D and To& ill
not s%''ort bot! Farker and C!%n#. Since9 as it t%rns o%t9 Mendo)a ill not
a''l,9 it "ollos t!at C!%n# ill not #et To&s s%''ort.
.C/ T!e 'ro#ra& co&&ittee never selects to 'la,s b, S!a "or a sin#le season.
1%t !en t!e, select a 'la, b, Coard9 t!e, do not select an, 'la, b, S!a
at all. $or t!is season9 t!e co&&ittee !as +%st selected a 'la, b, S!a9 so
t!e, ill not select an, 'la, b, Coard.
.3/ In a#ric%lt%ral 'est control9 eit!er 'esticides or t!e introd%ction o" nat%ral
GMAT & LSAT CR CA1
ene&ies o" t!e 'est9 b%t not bot!9 ill ork. 7" co%rse9 neit!er ill be
needed i" 'est8resistant cro's are 'lanted. So i" 'esticides are in "act needed9
it &%st be t!at t!ere are no nat%ral ene&ies o" t!e 'est.
.E/ T!e cit, cannot a""ord to b%ild bot! a ne stadi%& and t!e ne road t!at
o%ld be needed to #et t!ere. 1%t neit!er o" t!e to 'ro+ects is ort! doin#
it!o%t t!e ot!er. Since t!e cit, ill not %ndertake an, b%t ort!!ile
'ro+ects9 t!e ne stadi%& ill not be constr%cted at t!is ti&e.
5<. A st%d, o" ad%lts !o s%""er "ro& &i#raine !eadac!es revealed t!at a si#ni"icant
'ro'ortion o" t!e st%d, 'artici'ants s%""er "ro& a co&'le( s,ndro&e
c!aracteri)ed b, a set o" t!ree s,&'to&s. T!ose !o s%""er "ro& t!e s,ndro&e
e('erienced e(cessive an(iet, d%rin# earl, c!ild!ood. As adolescents9 t!ese
'eo'le be#an e('eriencin# &i#raine !eadac!es. As t!ese 'eo'le a''roac!ed t!e
a#e o" 5I9 t!e, also be#an to e('erience rec%rrin# bo%ts o" de'ression. Since t!is
'attern is invariant9 ala,s it! e(cessive an(iet, at its be#innin#9 it "ollos t!at
e(cessive an(iet, in c!ild!ood is one o" t!e ca%ses o" &i#raine !eadac!es and
de'ression in later li"e.
T!e reasonin# & t!e ar#%&ent is v%lnerable to criticis& on !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# #ro%nds-
.A/ It does not s'eci", t!e 'ro'ortion o" t!ose in t!e #eneral 'o'%lation !o
s%""er "ro& t!e s,ndro&e.
.1/ It "ails to r%le o%t t!e 'ossibilit, t!at all o" t!e c!aracteristic s,&'to&s o" t!e
s,ndro&e !ave a co&&on ca%se.
.C/ It &akes a #enerali)ation t!at is inconsistent it! t!e evidence.
.3/ It "ails to de&onstrate t!at t!e 'eo'le !o 'artici'ated in t!e st%d, are
re'resentative o" &i#raine s%""erers.
.E/ It does not establis! !, t!e st%d, o" &i#raine s%""erers as restricted to
ad%lt 'artici'ants.
5C. Mainstrea& econo&ic t!eor, !olds t!at &an%"act%rers9 in decidin# !at kinds o"
'rod%cts to &an%"act%re and !at "or& t!ose 'rod%cts s!o%ld !ave9 si&'l,
res'ond to t!e needs and desires o" cons%&ers. :oever9 &ost &a+or
&an%"act%rers &ani'%late and even create cons%&er de&and9 as an,one !o
atc!es television knos. Since even &ainstrea& econo&ic t!eorists atc!
television9 t!eir &otive in advancin# t!is t!eor, &%st be so&et!in# ot!er t!an
disinterested concern "or scienti"ic tr%t!.
T!e clai& t!at &an%"act%rers &ani'%late and create cons%&er de&and 'la,s
!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# roles in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It is one o" t!e clai&s on !ic! t!e concl%sion is based.
.1/ It is t!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent.
.C/ It states t!e 'osition ar#%ed a#ainst.
.3/ It states a 'ossible ob+ection to t!e ar#%&ents concl%sion.
GMAT & LSAT CR CA5
.E/ It 'rovides s%''le&entar, back#ro%nd in"or&ation.
TEST 13
SECTI72 I
1. It is 'robabl, it!in t!e reac! o" !%&an tec!nolo#, to &ake t!e cli&ate o" Mars
in!abitable. It &i#!t be several cent%ries be"ore 'eo'le co%ld live t!ere9 even it!
breat!in# a''arat%ses9 b%t so&e o" t!e orlds #reat te&'les and cat!edrals took
cent%ries to b%ild. Researc! e""orts no are +%sti"ied i" t!ere is even a c!ance o"
&akin# anot!er 'lanet in!abitable. 1esides9 t!e intellect%al e(ercise o"
%nderstandin# !o t!e Martian at&os'!ere &i#!t be c!an#ed co%ld !el' in
%nderstandin# at&os'!eric c!an#es inadvertentl, tri##ered b, !%&an activit, on
Eart!.
.A/ it is 'robabl, tec!nolo#icall, 'ossible "or !%&ankind to alter t!e cli&ate o"
Mars
.1/ it o%ld take several cent%ries to &ake Mars even &ar#inall, in!abitable
.C/ &akin# Mars in!abitable is an e""ort co&'arable to b%ildin# a #reat te&'le
or cat!edral
.3/ researc! e""orts ai&ed at discoverin# !o to c!an#e t!e cli&ate o" Mars are
+%sti"ied
.E/ e""orts to c!an#e t!e cli&ate o" Mars co%ld "acilitate %nderstandin# o" t!e
Eart!s cli&ate
Questions !-3
Ad%lts !ave t!e ri#!t to voteD so s!o%ld adolescents. Ad&ittedl,9 adolescents and
ad%lts are not t!e sa&e. 1%t to t!e e(tent t!at adolescents and ad%lts are di""erent9
ad%lts cannot be e('ected to re'resent t!e interests o" adolescents. I" ad%lts cannot
re'resent t!e interests o" adolescents9 t!en onl, b, #ivin# adolescents t!e vote ill
t!ese interests re'resented.
5. T!e ar#%&ent relies on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tion-
.A/ T!e ri#!t to vote is a ri#!t t!at all !%&an bein#s s!o%ld !ave.
.1/ Adolescents and ad%lts di""er in &ost res'ects t!at are i&'ortant.
.C/ Adolescents s!o%ld !ave t!eir interests re'resented.
.3/ An,one !o !as t!e ri#!t to vote !as all t!e ri#!t an ad%lt !as.
.E/ Adolescents !ave never en+o,ed t!e ri#!t to vote.
<. T!e state&ent t!at adolescents and ad%lts are not t!e sa&e 'la,s !ic! one o" t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR CA<
"olloin# roles in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It 'resents t!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent.
.1/ It &akes a ke, ord in t!e ar#%&ent &ore 'recise.
.C/ It ill%strates a conse0%ence o" one o" t!e clai&s t!at are %sed to s%''ort t!e
concl%sion.
.3/ It distracts attention "ro& t!e 'oint at iss%e.
.E/ It concedes a 'oint t!at is t!en %sed to s%''ort t!e concl%sion.
C. 6!en decidin# !ere to locate or relocate9 b%siness look "or an ed%cated ork
"orce9 a !i#! level o" services9 a lo b%siness8ta( rate9 and close 'ro(i&it, to
&arkets and ra &aterials. :oever9 alt!o%#! eac! o" t!ese considerations !as
a''ro(i&atel, e0%al i&'ortance9 t!e lack o" 'ro(i&it, eit!er to &arkets or to ra
&aterials o"ten ca%ses &%nici'alities to lose 'ros'ective b%siness9 !ereas !avin#
a !i#!er8t!an8avera#e b%siness8ta( rate rarel, !as t!is e""ect.
discre'anc, in t!e state&ents above-
.A/ Ta(es 'aid b, b%siness constit%te onl, a 'art o" t!e ta( reven%e collected b,
&ost &%nici'alities.
.1/ In #eneral9 t!e !i#!er t!e rate at !ic! &%nici'alities ta( b%sinesses9 t!e
&ore t!ose &%nici'alities s'end on ed%cation and on 'rovidin# services to
b%sinesses.
.C/ 1%sinesses so&eti&es leave a &%nici'alit, a"ter t!at &%nici'alit, !as raised
its ta(es on b%sinesses.
.3/ Me&bers o" t!e ork "orce !o are !i#!l, ed%cated are &ore likel, to be
illin# to relocate to sec%re ork t!an are less !i#!l, ed%cated orkers.
.E/ 1%sinesses !ave so&eti&es tried to obtain ta( red%ctions "ro& &%nici'alities
b, s%##estin# t!at it!o%t s%c! a red%ction t!e b%siness &i#!t be "orced to
relocate else!ere.
Questions 5-&
7scar: I !ave been acc%sed o" 'la#iari)in# t!e ork o" Et!el M,ers in &, recent
article. 1%t t!at acc%sation is %narranted. Alt!o%#! I ad&it I %sed 'assa#es "ro&
M,erss book it!o%t attrib%tion9 M,ers #ave &e 'er&ission in 'rivate
corres'ondence to do so.
Millie: M,ers cannot #ive ,o% 'er&ission to 'la#iari)e. Fla#iaris& is ron#9 not onl,
beca%se it violates a%t!ors ri#!ts to t!eir on ords9 b%t also beca%se it &isleads
readers: it is "%nda&entall, a t,'e o" lie. A lie is no less a lie i" anot!er 'erson a#rees
to t!e dece'tion.
@. 6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld +%sti", 7scars
+%d#&ent-
.A/ A riter !as no ri#!t to 0%ote 'assa#e "ro& anot!er '%blis!ed so%rce i" t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR CAC
a%t!or o" t!at ot!er so%rce !as not #ranted t!e riter 'er&ission to do so.
.1/ T!e riter o" an article &%st cite t!e so%rce o" all 'assa#es t!at ere not
ritten b, t!at riter i" t!ose 'assa#es are &ore t!an a "e sentences lon#.
.C/ Fla#iaris& is never +%sti"ied9 b%t riters are +%sti"ied in occasionall, 0%otin#
it!o%t attrib%tion t!e ork o" ot!er riters i" t!e ork 0%oted !as not been
'%blis!ed.
.3/ An a%t!or is entitled to 0%ote "reel, it!o%t attrib%tion t!e ork o" a riter i"
t!at riter relin0%is!es !is or !er e(cl%sive ri#!t to t!e &aterial.
.E/ A%t!ors are entitled to 0%ote it!o%t attrib%tion 'assa#es t!at t!e,
t!e&selves !ave ritten and '%blis!ed in ot!er books or articles.
G. Millie %ses !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative strate#ies in contestin#
7scars 'osition-
.A/ anal,)in# 'la#iaris& in a a, t!at %nder&ines 7scars 'osition
.1/ invokin# evidence to s!o t!at 7scar did 0%ote M,ers ork it!o%t
attrib%tion
.C/ c!allen#in# 7scars abilit, to 0%ote M,ers ork it!o%t attrib%tion
.3/ citin# a t!eor, o" ri#!ts t!at 'ro!ibits 'la#iaris& and s%##estin# t!at 7scar is
co&&itted to t!at t!eor,
.E/ s!oin# t!at 7scars ad&ission de&onstrates !is lack o" credibilit,
A. Soil scientists st%d,in# t!e role o" co&'ost in !ortic%lt%re !ave "o%nd t!at9 !ile
co&'ost is %se"%l "or b%ildin# soil str%ct%re9 it does not s%''l, lar#e eno%#!
0%antities o" t!e n%trients essential "or 'lant #rot! to &ake it a re'lace&ent "or
"ertili)er. Man, !o&e #ardeners9 !oever9 !ave "o%nd t!e, can #ro !ealt!, and
!i#!l, 'rod%ctive 'lants in soil t!at lacked essential n%trients b, enric!in# t!e
soil it! not!in# b%t co&'ost.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain t!e discre'ant "indin#s
o" t!e soil scientists and t!e !o&e #ardeners-
.A/ T!e "indin#s o" soil scientists !o are e&'lo,ed b, "ertili)er &an%"act%rers
do not di""er idel, "ro& t!ose o" scientists e&'lo,ed b, t!e #overn&ent or
b, %niversities.
.1/ Co&'ost %sed in researc! 'ro+ects is %s%all, &ade "ro& leaves and #rass
cli''in# onl,9 !ereas co&'ost %sed in !o&e #ardens is #enerall, &ade
"ro& a ide variet, o" in#redients.
.C/ Most 'lants #ron in !o&e #ardens and in scientists test 'lots need a
"avorable soil str%ct%re9 as ell as essential n%trients9 in order to t!rive.
.3/ T!e soil in test 'lots9 be"ore it is ad+%sted in t!e co%rse o" e('eri&ents9 tends
to contain abo%t t!e sa&e 0%antities o" 'lant n%trients as does soil in !o&e
#ardens to !ic! no co&'ost or "ertili)er !as been added.
.E/ So&e o" t!e varieties o" 'lants #ron b, !o&e #ardeners re0%ire #reater
0%antities o" n%trients in order to be !ealt!, t!an do t!e varieties o" 'lants
GMAT & LSAT CR CA@
#enerall, #ron b, t!e soil scientists in test 'lots.
B. At :a'',ell9 Inc.9 last ,ear t!e avera#e ann%al salar, "or dieticians as
L@I9III9 !ile t!e avera#e ann%al salar, "or '!,sical t!era'ists as LC59III. T!e
avera#e ann%al salar, "or all :a'',ell e&'lo,ees last ,ear as LCI9III.
I" t!e in"or&ation above is correct9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can
'ro'erl, be dran on t!e basis o" it-
.A/ T!ere ere &ore '!,sical t!era'ists t!an dieticians at :a'',ell last ,ear.
.1/ T!ere as no dietician at :a'', ell last ,ear !o earned less t!an t!e
avera#e "or a '!,sical t!era'ist.
.C/ At least one :a'',ell e&'lo,ee earned less t!an t!e avera#e "or a '!,sical
t!era'ist last ,ear.
.3/ At least one '!,sical t!era'ist earned less t!an t!e loest8'aid :a'',ell
dietician last ,ear.
.E/ At least one dietician earned &ore t!an t!e !i#!est8'aid :a'',ell '!,sical
t!era'ist last ,ear.
H. Since &%ltinational #rain co&'anies o'erate so as to &a(i&i)e 'ro"its9 t!e,
cannot be relied to initiate econo&ic c!an#es t!at o%ld re"or& t!e orlds "ood8
distrib%tion s,ste&. Alt!o%#! it is tr%e t!at t!e actions o" &%ltinational co&'anies
so&eti&es do res%lt in s%c! econo&ic c!an#e9 t!is res%lt is incidental9 arisin# not
"ro& t!e desire "or re"or& b%t "ro& t!e desire to &a(i&i)e 'ro"its. T!e
&a(i&i)ation o" 'ro"its nor&all, de'ends on a stable econo&ic environ&ent9 one
t!at disco%ra#es c!an#e.
.A/ t!e &a(i&i)ation o" 'ro"its de'ends on a stable econo&ic environ&ent
.1/ !en econo&ic c!an#e acco&'anies b%siness activit,9 t!at c!an#e is
initiated b, concern "or t!e 'ro"it &otive
.C/ &%ltinational #rain co&'anies o'erates so as to &a(i&i)e 'ro"its
.3/ t!e orlds c%rrent "ood8distrib%tion s,ste& is not in need o" re"or&
.E/ &%ltinational #rain co&'anies cannot be relied on to initiate re"or& o" t!e
orlds "ood8distrib%tion s,ste&
1I. Sta#e 'er"or&ances are +%d#ed to be realistic to t!e de#ree t!at actors re'rod%ce
on sta#e t!e be!aviors #enerall, associated b, a%diences it! t!e e&otional
states o" t!e c!aracters 'ortra,ed. Traditional actors i&itate t!ose be!aviors9
!ereas Met!od actors9 t!ro%#! recollection o" 'ersonal e('erience9 act%all,
e('erience t!e sa&e e&otions t!at t!eir c!aracters are &eant to be e('eriencin#.
A%diences ill t!ere"ore +%d#e t!e 'er"or&ances o" Met!od actors to be &ore
realistic t!an t!e 'er"or&ances o" traditional actors.
.A/ Fer"or&ances based on an actors on e('erience o" e&otional states are
GMAT & LSAT CR CAG
&ore likel, to a""ect an a%diences e&otions t!an are 'er"or&ances based on
i&itations o" t!e be!aviors #enerall, associated it! t!ose e&otional states.
.1/ T!e be!avior t!at res%lts !en a Met!od actor "eels a certain e&otion ill
con"or& to t!e be!avior t!at is #enerall, associated b, a%diences it! t!at
e&otion.
.C/ Realis& is an essential criterion "or eval%atin# t!e 'er"or&ances o" bot!
traditional actors and Met!od actors.
.3/ Traditional actors do not ai& to 'rod%ce 'er"or&ances t!at are realistic
re'resentations o" a c!aracters e&otional states.
.E/ In order to 'ortra, a c!aracter9 a Met!od actor need not !ave !ad e('eriences
identical to t!ose o" t!e c!aracter 'ortra,ed.
11. T!e de&and "or %sed cars !as risen dra&aticall, in Ger&an, in recent ,ears.
Most o" t!is de&and is #enerated b, "or&er East Ger&ans !o cannot ,et a""ord
ne cars and "or !o& cars ere #enerall, %navailable 'rior to %ni"ication. T!is
de&and !as o%tstri''ed s%''l, and t!%s !as e(erted an %'ard 'ress%re on t!e
'rices o" %sed cars. Conse0%entl,9 an increasin# n%&ber o" "or&er 6est Ger&ans9
in order to take advanta#e o" t!e i&'roved &arket9 ill be sellin# t!e cars t!e,
!ave oned "or several ,ears. :ence9 t!e Ger&an ne8car &arket ill &ost
likel, i&'rove soon as ell.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost !el' to s%''ort t!e concl%sion
abo%t t!e Ger&an ne8car &arket-
.A/ T!e de&and "or old cars in "or&er 6est Ger&an, is #reater t!an t!e de&and
"or ne cars in "or&er East Ger&an,.
.1/ In &ost E%ro'ean co%ntries9 t!e sale o" a %sed car is s%b+ect to less ta( t!an is
t!e sale o" a ne car.
.C/ Most Ger&ans on ver, "e cars in t!e co%rse o" t!eir lives.
.3/ Most "or&er 6est Ger&ans '%rc!ase ne cars once t!e, sell t!eir %sed cars.
.E/ Man, "or&er East Ger&ans 're"er to b%, cars i&'orted "ro& 2ort! A&erica
beca%se t!e, are #enerall, lar#er t!an E%ro'ean cars.
15. In 1HBI !ealt! o""icials be#an to '%blici)e t!e adverse e""ects o" 'rolon#ed
e('os%re to t!e s%n9 and since t!en t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le !o s%nbat!e "or
e(tended 'eriods o" ti&e !as decreased considerabl, eac! ,ear. 2evert!eless9 in
1HB5 t!ere as a dra&atic rise in nel, re'orted cases o" &elano&a9 a "or& o"
skin cancer "o%nd &ostl, in 'eo'le !o !ave !ad 'rolon#ed e('os%re to t!e s%n.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 !el's to resolve t!e a''arent discre'anc, in
t!e in"or&ation above-
.A/ 1e"ore 1HBI a considerable n%&ber o" t!e 'eo'le !o develo'ed &elano&a
as a res%lt o" 'rolon#ed e('os%re to t!e s%n ere over "ort, ,ears o" a#e.
.1/ 1e"ore 1HBI9 !en &ost 'eo'le !ad not ,et be#%n to avoid 'rolon#ed
e('os%re to t!e s%n9 s%nbat!in# as idel, t!o%#!t to be !ealt!"%l.
GMAT & LSAT CR CAA
.C/ In 1HB5 scientists re'orted t!at t!e bod,s need "or e('os%re to s%nli#!t in
order to 'rod%ce vita&in 39 !ic! !el's 'revent t!e #rot! o" skin cancers9
is less t!an as 'revio%sl, t!o%#!.
.3/ In 1HB5 &edical researc!ers 'er"ected a dia#nostic tec!ni0%e t!at alloed
t!e& to detect t!e 'resence o" &elano&a &%c! earlier t!an !ad 'revio%sl,
been 'ossible.
.E/ Since 1HBI9 t!ose 'eo'le !o !ave contin%ed to s%nbat!e "or e(tended
'eriods o" ti&e !ave %sed s%nblocks t!at e""ectivel, screen o%t t!e
%ltraviolet ra,s t!at !el' ca%se &elano&a.
1<. T!e tin, co%ntr, o" Minlandia does not 'rod%ce its on television 'ro#ra&&in#.
Instead9 t!e citi)ens o" Minlandia9 !o #enerall, are "l%ent not onl, in t!eir
native Minlandian9 b%t also in 1oltese9 atc! 1oltese8lan#%a#e television
'ro#ra&s "ro& nei#!borin# 1olta. S%rve,s s!o t!at t!e Minlandians s'end on
avera#e &ore !o%rs 'er eek readin# "or 'leas%re and "eer !o%rs 'er eek
atc!in# television t!an 'eo'le an,!ere else in t!e orld. A 'ro&inent
's,c!olo#ist acco%nts "or t!e s%rve, res%lts b, e('lainin# t!at 'eo'le #enerall,
're"er to be entertained in t!eir native lan#%a#e even i" t!e, are 'er"ectl, "l%ent in
ot!er lan#%a#es.
T!e e('lanation o""ered b, t!e 's,c!olo#ist acco%nts "or t!e Minlandians
be!avior onl, i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is ass%&ed-
.A/ So&e Minlandians derive no 'leas%re "ro& atc!in# television in a lan#%a#e
ot!er t!an t!eir native Minlandian.
.1/ T!e st%d, o" 1oltese is re0%ired o" Minlandian c!ildren as 'art o" t!eir
sc!oolin#.
.C/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" bilin#%al residents to total 'o'%lation is #reater in
Minlandia t!an an,!ere else in t!e orld.
.3/ At least so&e o" !at t!e Minlandians read "or 'leas%re is in t!e Minlandian
lan#%a#e.
.E/ 6!en Minlandians atc! 1oltese television 'ro#ra&s9 t!e, tend to i#nore
t!e "act t!at t!e, are !earin# a "orei#n lan#%a#e s'oken.
1C. Morris :i#! Sc!ool !as introd%ced a 'olic, desi#ned to i&'rove t!e orkin#
conditions o" its ne teac!ers. As a res%lt o" t!is 'olic,9 onl, one80%arter o" all
'art8ti&e teac!ers no 0%it d%rin# t!eir "irst ,ear. :oever9 a t!ird o" all "%ll8
ti&e teac!ers no 0%it d%rin# t!eir "irst ,ear. T!%s9 &ore "%ll8ti&e t!an 'art8ti&e
teac!ers at Morris no 0%it d%rin# t!eir "irst ,ear.
T!e ar#%&ents reasonin# is 0%estionable beca%se t!e ar#%&ent "ails to r%le o%t
t!e 'ossibilit, t!at
.A/ be"ore t!e ne 'olic, as instit%ted9 &ore 'art8ti&e t!an "%ll8ti&e teac!ers
at Morris :i#! Sc!ool %sed to 0%it d%rin# t!eir "irst ,ear
.1/ be"ore t!e ne 'olic, as instit%ted9 t!e sa&e n%&ber o" "%ll8ti&e teac!ers
GMAT & LSAT CR CAB
as 'art8ti&e teac!ers at Morris :i#! Sc!ool %sed to 0%it d%rin# t!eir "irst
,ear
.C/ Morris :i#! Sc!ool e&'lo,s &ore ne "%ll8ti&e teac!ers t!an ne 'art8ti&e
teac!ers
.3/ Morris :i#! Sc!ool e&'lo,s &ore ne 'art8ti&e teac!ers t!an ne "%ll8ti&e
teac!ers
.E/ Morris :i#! Sc!ool e&'lo,s t!e sa&e n%&ber o" ne 'art8ti&e as ne "%ll8
ti&e teac!ers
Questions 15-1&
Sal&onella is a "ood8borne &icroor#anis& t!at can ca%se intestinal illness. T!e illness
is so&eti&es "atal9 es'eciall, i" not identi"ied 0%ickl, and treated. Conventional
Sal&onella tests on "ood sa&'les are slo and can &iss %n%s%al strains o" t!e
&icroor#anis&. A ne test identi"ies t!e 'resence or absence o" Sal&onella b, t!e
one 'iece o" #enetic &aterial co&&on to all strains. Clearl,9 '%blic !ealt! o""icials
o%ld be ell advised to re'lace t!e 'revio%s Sal&onella tests it! t!e ne test.
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e level o" skill re0%ired "or laborator, tec!nicians to 'er"or& t!e ne test
is !i#!er t!an t!at re0%ired to 'er"or& 'revio%s tests "or Sal&onella.
.1/ T!e ne test ret%rns res%lts ver, soon a"ter "ood sa&'les are s%b&itted "or
testin#.
.C/ A 'ro'osed ne treat&ent "or Sal&onella 'oisonin# o%ld take e""ect "aster
t!an t!e old treat&ent.
.3/ Sal&onella 'oisonin# is beco&in# less "re0%ent in t!e #eneral 'o'%lation.
.E/ So&e re&edies "or Sal&onella 'oisonin# also c%re intestinal disorders
ca%sed b, ot!er &icroor#anis&.
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost s%bstantiall, eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e ne test identi"ies #enetic &aterial "ro& Sal&onella or#anis&s onl, and
not "ro& si&ilar bacteria.
.1/ T!e ne test detects t!e 'resence o" Sal&onella at levels t!at are too lo to
'ose a !ealt! to 'eo'le.
.C/ Sal&onella is onl, one o" a variet, o" "ood8borne &icroor#anis& t!at can
ca%se intestinal illness.
.3/ T!e ne test !as been &ade 'ossible onl, recentl, b, dra&atic advances in
biolo#ical science.
.E/ S,&'to&s o" Sal&onella 'oisonin# are o"ten &istaken "or t!ose o" ot!er
co&&on intestinal illness.
1A. 7n avera#e9 cit, b%s drivers !o are %sin# t!e ne co&'%teri)ed "are8collection
s,ste& !ave a &%c! better on8ti&e record t!an do drivers %sin# t!e old "are8
GMAT & LSAT CR CAH
collection s,ste&. Millicent S&it! !as t!e best on8ti&e record o" an, b%s driver
in t!e cit,. T!ere"ore9 s!e &%st be %sin# t!e co&'%teri)ed "are8collection s,ste&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# contains "laed reasonin# &ost si&ilar to t!at
contained in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ All t!e cit,s solid8aste collection ve!icles ac0%ired a"ter 1HBB !ave a lar#e
ca'acit, t!an an, o" t!ose ac0%ired be"ore 1HBB. T!is ve!icle !as t!e lar#est
ca'acit, o" an, t!e cit, ons9 so it &%st !ave been ac0%ired a"ter 1HBB.
.1/ T!e soccer 'la,ers on t!e bl%e tea& are #enerall, taller t!an t!e 'la,ers on
t!e #old tea&. Since :enri is a &e&ber o" t!e bl%e tea&9 !e is %ndo%btedl,
taller t!an &ost o" t!e &e&bers o" t!e #old tea&.
.C/ T!is to&ato is t!e lar#est o" t!is ,ears cro'. Since t!e to&atoes in t!e
e('eri&ental 'lot are on avera#e lar#er t!an t!ose #ron in t!e re#%lar
'lots9 t!is to&ato &%st !ave been #ron in t!e e('eri&ent 'lot.
.3/ Last eeks snostor& in Toronto as 'robabl, an avera#e stor& "or t!e
area. It as certainl, !eavier t!an an, snostor& knon to !ave occ%rred
in Mia&i9 b%t an, avera#e snostor& in Toronto leaves &ore sno t!an
ever "alls in Mia&i.
.E/ Lan &oers 'oered b, electricit, #enerall, re0%ire less &aintenance t!an
do lan &oers 'oered b, #asoline. T!is lan &oer is 'oered b,
#asoline9 so it ill 'robabl, re0%ire a lot o" &aintenance.
1B. $rieda: Li#!tnin# ca%ses "ires and da&a#es electronic e0%i'&ent. Since li#!tnin#
rods can 'revent an, &a+or da&a#e9 ever, b%ildin# s!o%ld !ave one.
Erik: *o%r reco&&endation is 'ointless. It is tr%e t!at li#!tnin# occasionall,
ca%ses "ires9 b%t "a%lt, irin# and overloaded circ%its ca%se "ar &ore "ires and
da&a#e to e0%i'&ent t!an li#!tnin# does.
Eriks res'onse "ails to establis! t!at $riedas reco&&endation s!o%ld not be
acted on beca%se !is res'onse
.A/ does not s!o t!at t!e bene"its t!at o%ld "ollo "ro& $riedas
reco&&endation o%ld be o""set b, an, disadvanta#e
.1/ does not o""er an, additional a, o" lessenin# t!e risk associated it!
li#!tnin#
.C/ a''eals to $riedas e&otions rat!er t!an to !er reason
.3/ introd%ces an irrelevant co&'arison beteen overloaded circ%its and "a%lt,
irin#
.E/ con"%ses t!e notion o" 'reventin# da&a#e it! t!at o" ca%sin# inconvenience
1H. T!e %se o" a%to&obile sa"et, seats b, c!ildren a#ed C and %nder !as nearl,
do%bled in t!e 'ast B ,ears. It is clear t!at t!is increase !as 'revented c!ild
"atalities t!at ot!erise o%ld !ave occ%rred9 beca%se alt!o%#! t!e n%&ber o"
c!ildren a#ed C and %nder !o ere killed !ile ridin# in cars involved in
accidents rose 1I 'ercent over t!e 'ast B ,ears9 t!e total n%&ber o" serio%s
GMAT & LSAT CR CBI
a%to&obile accidents rose b, 5I 'ercent d%rin# t!at 'eriod.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ So&e o" t!e a%to&obile sa"et, seats '%rc!ased "or c!ildren %nder C contin%e
to be %sed a"ter t!e c!ild reac!es t!e a#e o" @.
.1/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" serio%s a%to&obile accidents involvin# c!ild 'assen#ers
!as re&ained constant over t!e 'ast B ,ears.
.C/ C!ildren are takin# &ore tri's in cars toda, t!an t!e, ere B ,ears a#o9 b%t
t!e avera#e total ti&e t!e, s'end in cars !as re&ained constant.
.3/ T!e s!ar'est increase in t!e %se o" a%to&obile sa"et, seats over t!e 'ast B
,ears !as been "or c!ildren over t!e a#e o" 5.
.E/ T!e n%&ber o" "atalities a&on# ad%lts involved in a%to&obile accidents rose
b, 1I 'ercent over t!e 'ast B ,ears.
Questions !0-!1
T!e ne 'er"%&e A%rora s&ells orse to Joan t!an an, co&'arabl, 'riced 'er"%&e9
and none o" !er "riend likes t!e s&ell o" A%rora as &%c! as t!e s&ell o" ot!er
'er"%&es. :oever9 s!e and !er "riends &%st !ave a de"ect in t!eir sense o" s&ell9
since Fro"essor Ja&eson 're"ers t!e s&ell o" A%rora to t!at o" an, ot!er 'er"%&e and
s!e is one o" t!e orlds "ore&ost e('erts on t!e '!,siolo#, o" s&ell.
5I. T!e reasonin# is "laed beca%se it
.A/ calls into 0%estion t!e tr%t!"%lness o" t!e o''onent rat!er t!an addressin# t!e
'oint iss%e
.1/ i#nore t!e ell8knon "act t!at so&eone can 're"er one t!in# to anot!er
it!o%t likin# eit!er ver, &%c!
.C/ "ails to establis! t!at t!ere is ides'read a#ree&ent a&on# t!e e('erts in t!e
"ield
.3/ &akes an ille#iti&ate a''eal to t!e a%t!orit, o" an e('ert
.E/ &isre'resents t!e 'osition a#ainst !ic! it is directed
51. $ro& t!e in"or&ation 'resented in t!e s%''ort o" t!e concl%sion9 it can be
'ro'erl, in"erred t!at
.A/ none o" Joans "riends is an e('ert on t!e '!,siolo#, o" s&ell
.1/ Joan 're"ers all ot!er 'er"%&es to A%rora
.C/ Fro"essor Ja&eson is not one o" Joans "riends
.3/ none o" Joans "riends likes A%rora 'er"%&e
.E/ Joan and !er "riends all like t!e sa&e kinds o" 'er"%&es
55. At t!e end o" t!e ,ear9 6ilsons 3e'art&ent Store aards "ree &erc!andise to its
to' sales'eo'le. 6!en 'resented it! t!e "act t!at t!e n%&ber o" sales'eo'le
receivin# t!ese aards !as declined &arkedl, over t!e 'ast "i"teen ,ears9 t!e
nel, a''ointed 'resident o" t!e co&'an, res'onded9 >In t!at case9 since o%r
GMAT & LSAT CR CB1
aard criterion at 'resent is &e&bers!i' in t!e to' t!ird o" o%r sales "orce9 e
can also sa, t!at t!e n%&ber o" sales'eo'le 'assed over "or t!ese aards !as
si&ilarl, declined.?
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at o%ld allo t!e co&'an,
'residents concl%sion to be 'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ Folicies at 6ilsons it! re#ard to !irin# sales'eo'le !ave not beco&e &ore
la( over t!e 'ast "i"teen ,ears.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" sales'eo'le at 6ilsons !as increased over t!e 'ast "i"teen
,ears.
.C/ T!e criterion %sed b, 6ilsons "or selectin# its aard reci'ients !as re&ained
t!e sa&e "or t!e 'ast "i"teen ,ears.
.3/ T!e avera#e total sales "i#%res "or 6ilsons sales'eo'le !ave been declinin#
"or "i"teen ,ears.
.E/ 6ilsons calc%lates its sales'eo'les sales "i#%res in t!e sa&e a, as it did
"i"teen ,ears a#o.
5<. T!e ca't%re o" a ild ani&al is +%sti"ied onl, as a last resort to save t!at ani&als
li"e. 1%t &an, ild ani&als are ca't%red not beca%se t!eir lives are in an, dan#er
b%t so t!at t!e, can be bred in ca'tivit,. :ence9 &an, ani&als t!at !ave been
ca't%red s!o%ld not !ave been ca't%red.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents is &ost si&ilar in its 'attern o" reasonin#
to t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ F%nis!in# a c!ild is +%sti"ied i" it is t!e onl, a, to re"or& 'oor be!avior.
1%t '%nis!&ent is never t!e onl, a, to re"or& 'oor be!avior. :ence9
'%nis!in# a c!ild is never +%sti"ied.
.1/ Farents !o never '%nis! a c!ild are not +%sti"ied in co&'lainin# i" t!e c!ild
re#%larl, be!aves in a,s t!at dist%rb t!e&. 1%t &an, 'arents !o 're"er
not to '%nis! t!eir c!ildrens be!avior. :ence9 &an, 'arents !o co&'lain
abo%t t!eir c!ildren !ave no ri#!t to co&'lain.
.C/ F%nis!in# a ,o%n# c!ild is +%sti"ied onl, i" it is done o%t o" concern "or t!e
c!ilds "%t%re el"are. 1%t &an, ,o%n# c!ildren are '%nis!ed not in order to
'ro&ote t!eir el"are b%t to &ini&i)e siblin# rivalr,. :ence9 &an, c!ildren
!o are '%nis!ed s!o%ld not !ave been '%nis!ed.
.3/ A teac!er is entitled to '%nis! a c!ild onl, i" t!e c!ilds 'arents !ave
e('licitl, #iven t!e teac!er t!e 'er&ission to do so. 1%t &an, 'arents never
#ive t!eir c!ilds teac!er t!e ri#!t to '%nis! t!eir c!ild. :ence9 &an,
teac!ers s!o%ld not '%nis! t!eir '%'ils.
.E/ Societ, !as no ri#!t to '%nis! c!ildren "or deeds t!at o%ld be cri&es i" t!e
c!ildren ere ad%lts. 1%t societ, does !ave t!e ri#!t to 'rotest itsel" "ro&
c!ildren !o are knon t!reats. :ence9 con"ine&ent o" s%c! c!ildren does
not constit%te '%nis!&ent.
GMAT & LSAT CR CB5
5C. =ntil recentl, it as t!o%#!t t!at ink %sed be"ore t!e si(teent! cent%r, did not
contain titani%&. :oever9 a ne t,'e o" anal,sis detected titani%& in t!e ink o"
t!e "a&o%s 1ible 'rinted b, Jo!annes G%tenber# and in t!at o" anot!er "i"teent!8
cent%r, 1ible knon as 18<G9 t!o%#! not in t!e ink o" an, o" n%&ero%s ot!er
"i"teent!8cent%r, books anal,)ed. T!is "indin# is o" #reat si#ni"icance9 since it not
onl, stron#l, s%''orts t!e !,'ot!esis t!at 18<G as 'rinted b, G%tenber# b%t
also s!os t!at t!e 'resence o" titani%& in t!e ink o" t!e '%r'ortedl, "i"teent!
cent%r, 4inland Ma' can no lon#er be re#arded as a reason "or do%btin# t!e
&a's a%t!enticit,.
T!e reasonin# in t!e 'assa#e is v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nd t!at
.A/ t!e res%lts o" t!e anal,sis are inter'reted as indicatin# t!at t!e %se o" titani%&
as an in#redient in "i"teent!8cent%r, ink bot! as9 and as not9 e(tre&el,
restricted
.1/ i" t!e tec!nolo#, t!at &akes it 'ossible to detect titani%& in 'rintin# ink !as
onl, recentl, beco&e available9 it is %nlikel, t!at 'rinters or artists in t!e
"i"teent! cent%r, o%ld kno !et!er t!eir ink contained titani%& or not
.C/ it is %nreasonable to s%''ose t!at deter&ination o" t!e date and location o" a
doc%&ents 'rintin# or drain# can be &ade solel, on t!e basis o" t!e
'resence or absence o" a sin#le ele&ent in t!e ink %sed in t!e doc%&ent
.3/ bot! t!e 18<G 1ible and t!e 4inland Ma' are ob+ects t!at can be a''reciated
on t!eir on &erits !et!er or not t!e 'recise date o" t!eir creation or t!e
identit, o" t!e 'erson !o &ade t!e& is knon
.E/ t!e discover, o" titani%& in t!e ink o" t!e 4inland Ma' &%st !ave occ%rred
be"ore titani%& as discovered in t!e ink o" t!e G%tenber# 1ible and t!e 18
<G 1ible
5@. All actors are e(%berant 'eo'le and all e(%berant 'eo'le are e(troverts9 b%t
nevert!eless it is tr%e t!at so&e s!, 'eo'le are actors.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 eac! o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e
EECEFT:
.A/ So&e s!, 'eo'le are e(troverts.
.1/ So&e s!, e(troverts are not actors.
.C/ So&e e(%berant 'eo'le !o are actors are s!,.
.3/ All 'eo'le !o are not e(troverts are not actors.
.E/ So&e e(troverts are s!,.
5G. Science Acade&, st%d,: It !as been de&onstrated t!at it! nat%ral &et!ods9
so&e ell8&ana#ed "ar&s are able to red%ce t!e a&o%nts o" s,nt!etic "ertili)er
and 'esticide and also o" antibiotics t!e, %se it!o%t necessaril, decreasin#
,ieldsD in so&e cases ,ields can be increased.
Critics: 2ot so. T!e "ar&s t!e acade&, selected to st%d, ere t!e ones t!at
see&ed &ost likel, to be s%ccess"%l in %sin# nat%ral &et!ods. 6!at abo%t t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR CB<
"ar&ers !o !ave tried s%c! &et!ods and "ailed-
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ost ade0%ate eval%ation o" t!e lo#ical "orce
o" t!e critics res'onse-
.A/ S%ccess and "ail%re in "ar&in# are rarel, d%e onl, to l%ck9 beca%se "ar&in# is
t!e &ana#e&ent o" c!ance occ%rrences.
.1/ T!e critics s!o t!at t!e res%lt o" t!e st%d, o%ld !ave been di""erent i"
tice as &an, "ar&s !ad been st%died.
.C/ T!e critics ass%&e it!o%t +%sti"ication t!at t!e "ail%res ere not d%e to soil
0%alit,.
.3/ T!e critics de&onstrate t!at nat%ral &et!ods are not s%itable "or t!e &a+orit,
o" "ra&ers.
.E/ T!e iss%e is onl, to s!o t!at so&et!in# is 'ossible9 so it is not relevant
!et!er t!e instances st%died ere re'resentative.
SECTI72 I4
1. Most re#%lar co""ee is &ade "ro& arabica co""ee beans beca%se t!e #reat &a+orit,
o" cons%&ers 're"er its #enerall, ric!er "lavor to t!at o" co""ee &ade "ro& rob%sta
beans. Co""ee drinkers !o sitc! to deca""einated co""ee9 !oever9
over!el&in#l, 're"er co""ee &ade "ro& rob%sta beans9 !ic! are %nlike arabica
beans in t!at t!eir "lavors is not as #reatl, a""ected b, deca""eination. 3e'endin#
on t!e t,'e o" bean involved9 deca""eination red%ces or re&oves vario%s
s%bstances9 &ost o" !ic! are "lavor8ne%tral b%t one o" !ic! contrib%tes to t!e
ric!ness o" t!e co""ees "lavor.
T!e state&ents above 'rovide t!e &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
concl%sion-
.A/ T!e ann%al orld cro' o" arabica beans is not lar#e eno%#! to satis",
co&'letel, t!e orld de&and "or re#%lar co""ee.
.1/ Arabica beans contain &ore ca""eine 'er %nit o" ei#!t t!an do rob%sta
beans.
.C/ Co""ee drinkers !o drink deca""einated co""ee al&ost e(cl%sivel, are t!e
ones !o 're"er re#%lar co""ee &ade "ro& rob%sta beans to re#%lar co""ee
&ade "ro& arabica beans.
.3/ 3eca""eination o" arabica beans e(tracts &ore o" t!e s%bstance t!at en!ances
a co""ees "lavor t!an does deca""eination o" rob%sta beans.
.E/ T!ere are co""ee drinkers !o sitc! "ro& drinkin# re#%lar co""ee &ade
"ro& arabica beans to drinkin# deca""einated co""ee &ade "ro& arabica
beans beca%se co""ee &ade "ro& arabica beans is less costl,.
5. $or t!e 'ast 1< ,ears9 !i#! sc!ool #%idance co%nselors nationide !ave
GMAT & LSAT CR CBC
i&'le&ented an a##ressive 'ro#ra& to convince !i#! sc!ool st%dents to select
careers re0%irin# colle#e de#rees. T!e #overn&ent re'orted t!at t!e 'ercenta#e o"
last ,ears !i#! sc!ool #rad%ates !o ent on to colle#e as 1@ 'ercent #reater
t!an t!e 'ercenta#e o" t!ose !o #rad%ated 1I ,ears a#o and did so. T!e
co%nselors concl%ded "ro& t!is re'ort t!at t!e 'ro#ra& !ad been s%ccess"%l.
T!e #%idance co%nselors reasonin# de'ends on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ass%&'tions abo%t !i#! sc!ool #rad%ates-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" #rad%ates !o ent on to colle#e re&ained constant eac!
,ear d%rin# t!e 1I8,ear 'eriod.
.1/ An, colle#e co%rses t!at t!e #rad%ates take ill i&'rove t!eir career
'ros'ects.
.C/ So&e o" t!e #rad%ates !o ent on to colle#e never received #%idance "ro&
a !i#! sc!ool co%nselor.
.3/ T!ere !as been a decrease in t!e n%&ber o" #rad%ates !o #o on to colle#e
it!o%t career 'lans.
.E/ Man, o" last ,ears #rad%ates !o ent on to colle#e did so in order to
're'are "or careers re0%irin# colle#e de#rees.
<. Insectivoro%s 'lants9 !ic! %nlike ot!er 'lants !ave t!e abilit, to tra' and di#est
insects9 can t!rive in soils t!at are too 'oor in &inerals to s%''ort
noninsectivoro%s 'lants. *et t!e &ineral re0%ire&ents o" insectivoro%s 'lants are
not noticeabl, di""erent "ro& t!e &ineral re0%ire&ents o" noninsectivoro%s 'lants.
!,'ot!eses-
.A/ T!e insects t!at insectivoro%s 'lants tra' and di#est are es'eciall, ab%ndant
!ere t!e soil is 'oor in &inerals.
.1/ Insectivoro%s 'lants t!rive onl, in soils t!at are too 'oor in &inerals to
s%''ort noninsectivoro%s 'lants.
.C/ T!e t,'es o" &inerals re0%ired b, noninsectivoro%s 'lants are &ore likel,
t!an are t!e t,'es o" &inerals re0%ired b, insectivoro%s 'lants to be "o%nd
in soils 'oor in &inerals.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" di""erent environ&ents in !ic! insectivoro%s 'lants t!rive is
#reater t!an t!e n%&ber o" di""erent environ&ents in !ic!
noninsectivoro%s 'lants t!rive.
.E/ Insectivoro%s 'lants can #et so&e o" t!e &inerals t!e, re0%ire "ro& t!e
insects t!e, tra' and di#est.
C. T!e re#ions ater a%t!orit, is res'ondin# to t!e c%rrent dro%#!t b, restrictin#
residential ater %se. *et reservoir levels are no at t!e sa&e !ei#!t t!e, ere
d%rin# t!e dro%#!t ten ,ears a#o !en no restrictions ere '%t into e""ect and
none 'roved necessar,. T!ere"ore9 i&'osin# restriction no is clearl, 're&at%re.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, calls t!e concl%sion above
GMAT & LSAT CR CB@
into 0%estion-
.A/ T!ere are no &ore ater stora#e reservoirs in t!e re#ion t!an t!ere ere
ten ,ears a#o.
.1/ T!e 'o'%lation o" t!e re#ion is a''ro(i&atel, t!ree ti&es #reater t!an it as
ten ,ears a#o.
.C/ T!e re#ion c%rrentl, !as &ore so%rces o%tside t!e dro%#!t8stricken area "ro&
!ic! to dra ater t!an it did ten ,ears a#o.
.3/ T!e ater8cons%&in# !o&e a''liances and "i(t%res sold toda, are desi#ned
to %se ater &ore e""icientl, t!an t!ose sold ten ,ears a#o.
.E/ T!e 'rice o" ater "or residential %se is si#ni"icantl, !i#!er in t!e re#ion t!an
it is in re#ions t!at are not dro%#!t8stricken.
@. Mont#o&er,9 a biolo#ist !o is also ell read in arc!aeolo#,9 !as recentl,
ritten a book on t!e ori#in and '%r'ose o" ancient &on%&ental arc!itect%re.
T!is book !as received &%c! 'ositive attention in t!e 'o'%lar 'ress b%t !as been
severel, critici)ed b, &an, 'ro"essional arc!aeolo#ists "or bein# too e(tre&e.
Mont#o&er,s vies do not deserve a ne#ative a''raisal9 !oever9 since t!ose
vies are no &ore e(tre&e t!an t!e vies o" so&e 'ro"essional arc!aeolo#ists.
T!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to !ic! one o" "olloin# criticis&s-
.A/ It "ails to establis! t!at 'ro"essional arc!aeolo#ists vies t!at are at least as
e(tre&e as Mont#o&er,s vies do not deserve ne#ative a''raisal "or t!at
reason.
.1/ It ass%&es it!o%t arrant t!at &an, 'ro"essional arc!aeolo#ists consider
biolo#ists %n0%ali"ied to disc%ss ancient arc!itect%re.
.C/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at &an, 'ro"essional arc!aeolo#ists are
%n"a&iliar it! Mont#o&er,s vies.
.3/ It 'rovides no inde'endent evidence to s!o t!at t!e &a+orit, o" 'ro"essional
arc!aeolo#ists do not s%''ort Mont#o&er,s vies.
.E/ It atte&'ts to s%''ort its 'osition b, callin# into 0%estion t!e &otives o"
an,one !o s%''orts an o''osin# 'osition.
G. C!ronic "ati#%e s,ndro&e is c!aracteri)ed b, 'rolon#ed "ati#%e9 &%sc%lar 'ain9
and ne%rolo#ical 'roble&s. It is not knon !et!er t!ese s,&'to&s are all
ca%sed b, a sin#le vir%s or !et!er eac! s,&'to& is t!e res%lt o" a se'arate viral
in"ection. A nel, s,nt!esi)ed dr%# !as been tested on t!ose !o s%""er "ro&
c!ronic "ati#%e s,ndro&e. Alt!o%#! t!e s'eci"ic antiviral e""ects o" t!is dr%# are
%nknon9 it !as lessened t!e severit, o" all o" t!e s,&'to&s o" c!ronic "ati#%e
s,ndro&e. T!%s t!ere is evidence t!at c!ronic "ati#%e s,ndro&e is9 in "act9 ca%sed
b, one vir%s.
T!e ar#%&ent ass%&es !ic! one o" "olloin#-
.A/ All t!ose !o s%""er "ro& 'rolon#ed "ati#%e also s%""er "ro& ne%rolo#ical
'roble&s.
GMAT & LSAT CR CBG
.1/ It is &ore likel, t!at t!e ne dr%# co%nteracts one vir%s t!an t!at it
co%nteracts several vir%ses.
.C/ T!e s,&'to&s o" c!ronic "ati#%e s,ndro&e are dissi&ilar to t!ose o" an,
ot!er s,ndro&e.
.3/ Most s,ndro&es t!at are c!aracteri)ed b, related s,&'to&s are eac! ca%sed
b, a sin#le viral in"ection.
.E/ An antiviral &edication t!at eli&inates t!e &ost severe s,&'to&s o" c!ronic
"ati#%e s,ndro&e t!ereb, c%res c!ronic "ati#%e s,ndro&e.
A. 3ataCo&9 a co&'an, t!at "iled &an, 'atents last ,ear9 as "inanciall, &ore
s%ccess"%l last ,ear t!an ere its co&'etitors9 none o" !ic! "iled &an, 'atents.
It is t!ere"ore likel, t!at 3ataCo& oed its #reater "inancial s%ccess to t!e "act
t!at it "iled &an, 'atents last ,ear.
T!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at it
.A/ 'res%''oses !at it sets o%t to de&onstrate abo%t t!e relations!i' beteen
t!e "inancial s%ccess o" 3ataCo&s co&'etitors and t!e n%&ber o" 'atents
t!e, "iled
.1/ con"%sed a co&'an,s "inancial s%ccess it! its tec!nolo#ical innovativeness
.C/ "ails to establis! !et!er an, one o" 3ataCo&s co&'etitors as "inanciall,
&ore s%ccess"%l last ,ear t!an as an, ot!er
.3/ #ives no reason to e(cl%de t!e 'ossibilit, t!at ot!er di""erences beteen
3ataCo& and its co&'etitors acco%nted "or its co&'arative "inancial
s%ccess
.E/ a''lies a #enerali)ation to an e(ce'tional case
B. A !istor, book ritten !%ndreds o" ,ears a#o contains several inconsistencies.
So&e sc!olars ar#%e t!at beca%se t!e book contains inconsistencies9 t!e a%t!or
&%st !ave been #ettin# in"or&ation "ro& &ore t!an one so%rce.
T!e concl%sion cited does not "ollo %nless
.A/ a%t!ors #enerall, tr, to reconcile discre'ancies beteen so%rces
.1/ t!e inconsistencies o%ld be a''arent to t!e avera#e reader o" t!e !istor,
book at t!e 'resent ti&e
.C/ t!e !istor, books a%t!or %sed no so%rce t!at contained inconsistencies
re'eated in t!e !istor, book
.3/ t!e a%t!or o" t!e !istor, book as aare o" t!e kinds o" inconsistencies t!at
can arise !en &%lti'le so%rces are cons%lted
.E/ t!e a%t!or o" t!e !istor, book as "a&iliar it! all o" t!e available so%rce
&aterial t!at as relevant to t!e !istor, book
H. So&e #a&es9 s%c! as c!ess and soccer9 are co&'etitive and 'la,ed accordin# to
r%les9 b%t ot!ers9 s%c! as c!ildrens #a&es o" &ake believe9 are neit!er. T!ere"ore9
bein# co&'etitive and involvin# r%les are not essential to bein# a #a&e.
GMAT & LSAT CR CBA
6!ic! one o" "olloin# is &ost si&ilar in its lo#ical "eat%res to t!e ar#%&ent
above-
.A/ 1ot! t!e #o%r&et and t!e #l%tton en+o, eatin#. :oever9 one can be a
#l%tton9 b%t not a #o%r&et9 it!o%t !avin# an ed%cated 'alate. T!ere"ore9
!avin# an ed%cated 'alate is essential to bein# a #o%r&et9 b%t en+o,in# "ood
is not.
.1/ All 2ort! A&erican bears eat &eat. So&e ta(ono&ists9 !oever9 !ave
t!eori)ed t!at t!e #iant 'anda9 !ic! eats onl, ba&boo s!oots9 is a kind o"
bear. Eit!er t!ere ta(ono&ists are ron# or eatin# &eat is not essential to
bein# a bear.
.C/ It is tr%e t!at do#s occasionall, eat ve#etation9 b%t i" do#s ere not
carnivoro%s t!e, o%ld be s!a'ed 0%ite di""erentl, "ro& t!e a, t!e, are.
T!ere"ore9 bein# carnivoro%s is essential to bein# a do#.
.3/ Most a%to&obiles9 and nearl, all o" t!ose 'rod%ced toda,9 are #asoline8
"%eled and "o%r8!eeled9 b%t ot!ers9 s%c! as so&e e('eri&ental electric
cars9 are neit!er. T!ere"ore9 bein# #asoline8"%eled and !avin# "o%r !eels
are not essential to bein# an a%to&obile.
.E/ Montreals &ost va%nted c!aracteristics9 s%c! as its cos&o'olitanis& and its
vitalit,9 are all to be "o%nd in &an, ot!er cities. T!ere"ore9 cos&o'olitanis&
and vitalit, are not essential 'ro'erties o" Montreal.
Questions 10-11
:o%se!old indebtedness9 !ic! so&e t!eorists re#ard as ca%sin# recession9 as !i#!
'recedin# t!e recent recession9 b%t so as t!e val%e o" assets oned b, !o%se!olds.
Ad&ittedl,9 i" &ost o" t!e assets ere oned b, 0%ite a""l%ent !o%se!olds9 and &ost
o" t!e debt as oed b, lo8inco&e !o%se!olds9 !i#! !o%se!old debt levels co%ld
!ave been t!e ca%se o" t!e recession des'ite !i#! asset val%es: lo8inco&e
!o%se!olds &i#!t !ave decreased s'endin# in order to 'a, o"" debts !ile t!e 0%ite
a""l%ent ones &i#!t si&'l, !ave "ailed to increase s'endin#. 1%t9 in "act9 0%ite a""l%ent
'eo'le &%st !ave oed &ost o" t!e !o%se!old debt9 since &one, is not lent to t!ose
it!o%t assets. T!ere"ore9 t!e real ca%se &%st lie else!ere.
1I. T!e ar#%&ent is str%ct%red to lead to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions-
.A/ :i#! levels o" !o%se!old debt did not ca%se t!e recent recession.
.1/ Lo8inco&e !o%se!olds s%cceeded in 'a,in# o"" t!eir debts des'ite t!e
recent recession.
.C/ A""l%ent 'eo'le 'robabl, increased t!eir s'endin# levels d%rin# t!e recent
recession.
.3/ :i#! levels o" !o%se!old debt !ave little i&'act on t!e econo&,.
.E/ 6!en 'eo'le borroed &one, 'rior to t!e recent recession9 t!e, did not %se
it to '%rc!ase assets.
11. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost do%bt on t!e ar#%&ent-
GMAT & LSAT CR CBB
.A/ Frior to t!e recent recession9 &iddle8inco&e !o%se!olds oed eno%#! debt
t!at t!e, !ad be#%n to decrease s'endin#.
.1/ T!e total val%e o" t!e econo&,s !o%se!old debt is e(ceeded b, t!e total
val%e o" assets !eld b, !o%se!olds.
.C/ Lo8inco&e !o%se!olds so&e!at decreased t!eir s'endin# d%rin# t!e
recent recession.
.3/ 3%rin# a recession t!e a""l%ent %s%all, borro &one, onl, in order to
'%rc!ase assets.
.E/ :o%se!old debt is t!e cate#or, o" debt least likel, to a""ect t!e econo&,.
15. $ossil8"%el e&issions9 considered a ke, "actor in t!e '!eno&enon knon as
#lobal ar&in#9 contain to #ases9 carbon dio(ide and s%l"%r dio(ide9 t!at !ave
o''osite e""ects on at&os'!eric te&'erat%res. Carbon dio(ide tra's !eat9 tendin#
to ar& t!e at&os'!ere9 !ereas s%l"%r dio(ide t%rns into s%l"ate aerosols t!at
re"lect s%nli#!t back toard s'ace9 t!ereb, tendin# to cool t!e at&os'!ere. Given
t!at t!e !eat8tra''in# e""ect is stron#er t!an t!e coolin# e""ect9 c%ttin# "ossil8"%el
e&issions &i#!t be e('ected to slo t!e rise in #lobal te&'erat%res. *et9
s%r'risin#l,9 i" "ossil8"%el e&issions ere c%t toda,9 #lobal ar&in# o%ld
act%all, be en!anced "or &ore t!an t!ree decades be"ore t!e te&'erat%re rise
be#an to slo.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain t!e clai& &ade in t!e
last sentence above-
.A/ Carbon dio(ide sta,s in t!e at&os'!ere "or &an, decades9 !ile t!e s%l"ate
aerosols "all o%t it!in da,s.
.1/ S%l"%r 'oll%tion is not s'read evenl, aro%nd t!e #lobe b%t is concentrated in
t!e 2ort!ern :e&is'!ere9 !ere t!ere is a relativel, !i#! concentration o"
ind%str,.
.C/ 6!ile it !as lon# been %nderstood t!at s%l"%r dio(ide is a !ar&"%l 'oll%tant9
it !as been %nderstood onl, recentl, t!at carbon dio(ide &i#!t also be a
!ar&"%l 'oll%tant.
.3/ Carbon dio(ide is 'rod%ced not onl, b, a%to&obiles b%t also b, 'oer
'lants t!at b%rn "ossil "%els.
.E/ 1eca%se "ossil8"%el e&issions contain s%l"%r dio(ide9 t!e, contrib%te not onl,
to #lobal ar&in# b%t also to acid rain.
1<. Folice '%blis!ed a >anted? 'oster "or a cri&inal "%#itive in a &edical +o%rnal9
beca%se t!e "%#itive as knon to !ave a certain ac%te nonin"ectio%s skin
'roble& t!at o%ld event%all, re0%ire a visit to a doctor. T!e 'oster asked "or
in"or&ation abo%t t!e !ereabo%ts o" t!e "%#itive. A '!,sicians res'ondin# to
t!e 'osters re0%est "or in"or&ation o%ld not violate &edical et!ics9 since
'!,sicians are alread, s%b+ect to re0%ire&ents to re'ort #%ns!ot o%nds to 'olice
and certain in"ectio%s diseases to !ealt! a%t!orities. T!ese e(ce'tions to
con"identialit, are clearl, et!ical.
GMAT & LSAT CR CBH
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 !ile re&ainin# co&'atible it! t!e
re0%ire&ents cited above9 s%''orts t!e vie t!at a '!,sicians res'ondin# to t!e
re0%est o%ld violate &edical et!ics-
.A/ Since a '!,sician acts bot! as a 'ro"essional 'erson and as a citi)en9 it is not
et!ical "or a '!,sician to conceal in"or&ation abo%t 'atients "ro& d%l,
constit%ted la en"orce&ent a#encies t!at !ave 'ro'er +%risdiction.
.1/ Since a 'atient co&es to a '!,sician it! t!e e('ectation t!at t!e 'atients
visit and &edical condition ill re&ain con"idential9 it is not et!ical "or a
'!,sician to s!are t!is in"or&ation it! an,one e(ce't 'ersonnel it!in t!e
'!,sicians o""ice.
.C/ Since t!e 'ri&ar, concern o" &edicine is individ%al and '%blic !ealt!9 it is
not et!ical "or a '!,sician9 e(ce't in t!e case o" #%ns!ot o%nds9 to red%ce
'atients illin#ness to co&e "or treat&ent b, a 'olic, o" disclosin# t!eir
identities to la8en"orce&ent a#encies.
.3/ E(ce't as re0%ired b, t!e &edical treat&ent o" t!e 'atient9 '!,sicians cannot
et!icall, disclose to ot!ers in"or&ation abo%t a 'atients identit, or &edical
condition it!o%t t!e 'atients consent.
.E/ E(ce't to ot!er &edical 'ersonnel orkin# to 'reserve or restore t!e !ealt!
o" a 'atient or o" ot!er 'ersons9 '!,sicians cannot et!icall, disclose
in"or&ation abo%t t!e identit, o" 'atients or t!eir &edical condition.
1C. In#rid: Rock &%sic !as 'rod%ced no son#s as d%rable as t!e son#s o" t!e 1HCIs9
!ic! contin%e to be recorded b, n%&ero%s 'er"or&ers.
Jero&e: Tr%e9 rock son#s are %s%all, recorded onl, once. I" t!e ori#inal
recordin# contin%es to be 'o'%lar9 !oever9 t!at "act can indicate d%rabilit,9 and
t!e best rock son#s ill 'rove to be d%rable.
Jero&e res'onds to In#rids clai& b,
.A/ intentionall, &isinter'retin# t!e clai&
.1/ s!oin# t!at t!e clai& necessaril, leads to a contradiction
.C/ %nder&inin# t!e tr%t! o" t!e evidence t!at In#rid 'resents
.3/ s%##estin# an alternative standard "or +%d#in# t!e 'oint at iss%e
.E/ clai&in# t!at In#rids knoled#e o" t!e 'eriod %nder disc%ssion is
inco&'lete
1@. :ealt! ins%rance ins%lates 'atients "ro& t!e e('ense o" &edical care9 #ivin#
doctors al&ost co&'lete discretion in decidin# t!e co%rse o" &ost &edical
treat&ents. Moreover9 it! doctors bein# 'aid "or eac! 'roced%re 'er"or&ed9 t!e,
!ave an incentive to overtreat 'atients. It is t!%s clear t!at &edical 'roced%res
ad&inistered b, doctors are "re0%entl, 'rescribed onl, beca%se t!ese 'roced%res
lead to "inancial reards.
T!e ar#%&ent %ses !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 0%estionable tec!ni0%es-
.A/ assi#nin# res'onsibilit, "or a certain res%lt to so&eone !ose involve&ent in
GMAT & LSAT CR CHI
t!e events leadin# to t!at res%lt as '%rel, coincidental
.1/ in"errin# t!e 'er"or&ance o" certain actions on no basis ot!er t!an t!e
e(istence o" bot! incentive and o''ort%nit, "or 'er"or&in# t!ose actions
.C/ 'resentin# as ca'ricio%s and idios,ncratic decisions t!at are based on t!e
ri#oro%s a''lication o" ell8de"ined 'rinci'les
.3/ de'ictin# c!oices as !avin# been &ade arbitraril, b, dis&issin# it!o%t
ar#%&ent reasons t!at !ave been #iven "or t!ese c!oices
.E/ ass%&in# t!at t!e irrelevance o" a consideration "or one 'artici'ant in a
decision &akes t!at consideration irrelevant "or eac! 'artici'ant in t!e
decision
1G. C!loro"l%orocarbons are t!e best 'ossible solvents to !ave in car en#ines "or
cleanin# t!e electronic sensors in &odern a%to&obile i#nition s,ste&s. T!ese
solvents !ave contrib%ted si#ni"icantl, to a%to&akers abilit, to &eet le#all,
&andated e&ission standards. 2o a%to&akers ill !ave to '!ase o%t t!e %se o"
c!loro"l%orocarbons at t!e sa&e ti&e t!at e&ission standards are beco&in# &ore
strin#ent.
I" %nder t!e circ%&stances described above cars contin%e to &eet e&ission
standards9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ost stron#l, s%''orted in"erence-
.A/ As e&ission standards beco&e &ore strin#ent9 a%to&akers ill increasin#l,
coo'erate it! eac! ot!er in t!e area o" e&ission control.
.1/ Car en#ines ill be radicall, redesi#ned so as to do aa, it! t!e need "or
cleanin# t!e electronic i#nition sensors.
.C/ T!ere ill be a &arked s!i"t toard s&aller9 li#!ter cars t!at ill !ave less
'oer"%l en#ines b%t ill %se t!eir "%el &ore e""icientl,.
.3/ T!e solvents develo'ed to re'lace c!loro"l%orocarbons in car en#ines ill be
onl, &ar#inall, less e""ective t!an t!e c!loro"l%orocarbons t!e&selves.
.E/ So&et!in# ot!er t!an t!e cleansers "or electronic i#nition sensors ill &ake a
relativel, #reater contrib%tion to &eetin# e&ission standards t!an at 'resent.
Questions 1'-18
To alternative dr%#s are available to 'revent blood clots "ro& develo'in# a"ter a
!eart attack. Accordin# to to &a+or st%dies9 dr%# * does t!is no &ore e""ectivel,
t!an t!e &ore e('ensive dr%# Q9 b%t dr%# Q is eit!er no &ore or onl, sli#!tl, &ore
e""ective t!an dr%# *. 3r%# Qs &an%"act%rer9 !ic! !as en#a#ed in 0%estionable
&arketin# 'ractices s%c! as o""erin# stock o'tions to doctors !o 'artici'ate in
clinical trials o" dr%# Q9 does not contest t!e res%lts o" t!e st%dies b%t clai&s t!at t!e,
do not reveal dr%# Qs advanta#es. :oever9 since dr%# Q does not clearl, treat t!e
'roble& &ore e""ectivel, t!an dr%# *9 t!ere is no establis!ed &edical reason "or
doctors to %se dr%# Q rat!er t!an dr%# * on t!eir !eart8attack victi&s.
1A. A &a+or "la in t!e ar#%&ent is t!at t!e ar#%&ent
GMAT & LSAT CR CH1
.A/ does not consider dr%#s or treat&ents ot!er t!an dr%# * and Q t!at &a, be
%sed to 'revent blood clottin# in !eart8attack 'atients
.1/ ne#lects to co&'are t!e &arketin# 'ractices o" dr%# *s &an%"act%rer it!
t!ose o" dr%# Qs &an%"act%rer
.C/ "ails to reco#ni)e t!at t!ere &a, be &edical criteria relevant to t!e c!oice
beteen t!e to dr%#s ot!er t!an t!eir e""ectiveness as a treat&ent
.3/ ass%&es it!o%t 'roo" t!at t!e to dr%#s are si&ilar in t!eir e""ectiveness as
treat&ents beca%se t!e, are si&ilar in t!eir c!e&ical co&'osition
.E/ con"%ses econo&ic reasons "or selectin# a treat&ent it! &edical reasons
1B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld &ost !el' to +%sti", a
doctors decision to %se dr%# Q rat!er t!an dr%# * !en treatin# a 'atient-
.A/ 7nl, 'atients to !o& t!e cost o" an e('ensive treat&ent ill not be a
"inancial !ards!i' s!o%ld receive t!at treat&ent rat!er t!an a less e('ensive
alternative one.
.1/ 3octors !o are illin# to assist in researc! on t!e relative e""ectiveness o"
dr%#s b, 'artici'atin# in clinical trials deserve "air re&%neration "or t!at
'artici'ation.
.C/ T!e decision to %se a 'artic%lar dr%# !en treatin# a 'atient s!o%ld not be
in"l%enced b, t!e &arketin# 'ractices e&'lo,ed b, t!e co&'an,
&an%"act%rin# t!at dr%#.
.3/ A dr%# co&'an,s criticis& o" st%dies o" its 'rod%ct t!at do not re'ort
"avorabl, on t!at 'rod%ct is %navoidabl, biased and t!ere"ore invalid.
.E/ 6!ere alternative treat&ents e(ist and t!ere is a c!ance t!at one is &ore
e""ective t!an t!e ot!er9 t!e 'ossibl, &ore e""ective one s!o%ld be
e&'lo,ed9 re#ardless o" cost.
1H. Jane: Accordin# to an article in t!is nes&a#a)ine9 c!ildrens !and8e,e
coordination s%""ers !en t!e, s'end a #reat a&o%nt o" ti&e atc!in# television.
T!ere"ore9 e &%st restrict t!e a&o%nt o" ti&e Jac0%eline and Mildred are
alloed to atc! television.
Alan: R%bbis!J T!e article sa,s t!at onl, c!ildren %nder t!ree are a""ected in t!at
a,. Jac0%eline is ten and Mildred is ei#!t. T!ere"ore9 e need not restrict t!eir
television viein#.
Alans ar#%&ent a#ainst Janes concl%sion &akes !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
errors in reasonin#-
.A/ It relies on t!e sa&e so%rce t!at Jane cited in s%''ort o" !er concl%sion.
.1/ It con"%ses %nder&inin# an ar#%&ent in s%''ort o" a #iven concl%sion it!
s!oin# t!at t!e concl%sion itsel" is "alse.
.C/ It does not address t!e &ain 'oint o" Janes ar#%&ent and "oc%ses instead on
a side iss%e.
.3/ It &akes an irrelevant a''eal to an a%t!orit,.
GMAT & LSAT CR CH5
.E/ It "ails to distin#%is! t!e conse0%ences o" a certain 'ractice "ro& t!e ca%ses
o" t!e 'ractice.
5I. A ne #ardenin# rake it! an S8s!a'ed !andle red%ces co&'ression stress on t!e
s'ine d%rin# t!e '%ll stroke to abo%t one8"i"t! o" !at it is it! a strai#!t8!andled
rake. 3%rin# t!e '%s! stroke9 !oever9 co&'ression stress is "ive ti&es &ore it!
t!e ne rake t!an it! a strai#!t8!andled rake. 2eit!er t!e '%s! stroke nor t!e
'%ll stroke it! a strai#!t8!andled rake 'rod%ces eno%#! co&'ression stress to
ca%se in+%r,9 b%t co&'ression stress d%rin# t!e '%s! stroke it! t!e ne rake is
above t!e dan#er level. T!ere"ore9 strai#!t8!andled rakes are better t!an t!e ne
rakes "or &ini&i)in# risk o" s'inal in+%r,.
T!e concl%sion above is 'ro'erl, dran "ro& t!e 're&ises #iven i" !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# is tr%e-
.A/ Co&'ression stress res%ltin# "ro& '%s!in# is t!e onl, ca%se o" in+%ries to t!e
s'ine t!at occ%rs as a res%lt o" rakin#.
.1/ Rakin# is a "re0%ent ca%se o" s'inal in+%r, a&on# #ardeners.
.C/ T!e redesi#n o" a tool rarel, res%lts in a net #ain o" e""icienc,9 since #ains
tend to be co%nterbalanced b, losses.
.3/ A #arden rake can never be %sed in s%c! a a, t!at all t!e strokes it! t!at
rake are '%s! strokes.
.E/ It is not 'ossible to desi#n a #arden rake it! a !andle t!at is ot!er t!an
strai#!t or S8s!a'ed.
51. So&e 'eo'le "ear t!at #lobal ar&in# ill ca%se t!e lar#e ice "or&ations in t!e
'olar seas to &elt9 t!ereb, ar&in# t!e ater o" t!ose seas and t!reatenin# t!e
'lankton t!at is cr%cial to t!e &arine "ood c!ain. So&e scientists contend t!at it is
%nlikel, t!at t!e &eltin# 'rocess !as be#%n9 since ater te&'erat%res in t!e 'olar
seas are t!e sa&e toda, as t!e, ere a cent%r, a#o.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e scientists
contention-
.A/ M%c! o" t!e &arine 'lant li"e t!at "lo%ris!ed in t!e 'olar seas ill die in t!e
event t!at t!e ater te&'erat%res rise above t!eir 'resent levels.
.1/ T!e overall e""ect o" t!e &eltin# 'rocess ill be an increase in #lobal sea
levels.
.C/ T!e &ean air te&'erat%re above bot! land and ater in t!e 'olar re#ions !as
not varied si#ni"icantl, over t!e 'ast 1II ,ears.
.3/ T!e te&'erat%re o" ater t!at contains &eltin# ice tends to re&ain constant
%ntil all o" t!e ice in t!e ice8and8ater &i(t%re !as &elted.
.E/ T!e &ean te&'erat%re o" ocean aters near t!e e0%ator !as re&ained
constant over t!e 'ast 1II ,ears.
55. A lon#8ter& !ealt! st%d, t!at "olloed a #ro%' o" 'eo'le !o ere a#e <@ in
1H@I "o%nd t!at t!ose !ose ei#!t increased b, a''ro(i&atel, !al" a kilo#ra&
GMAT & LSAT CR CH<
or one 'o%nd 'er ,ear a"ter t!e a#e o" <@ tended9 on t!e !ole9 to live lon#er t!an
t!ose !o &aintained t!e ei#!t t!e, !ad at a#e <@. T!is "indin# see&s at
variance it! ot!er st%dies t!at !ave associated ei#!t #ain it! a !ost o" !ealt!
'roble&s t!at tend to loer li"e e('ectanc,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to resolve t!e a''arentl,
con"lictin# "indin#s-
.A/ As 'eo'le a#e9 &%scle and bone tiss%e tends to &ake %' a s&aller and
s&aller 'ro'ortion o" total bod, ei#!t.
.1/ Individ%als !o red%ce t!eir c!olesterol levels b, losin# ei#!t can t!ereb,
also red%ce t!eir risk o" d,in# "ro& !eart attacks or strokes.
.C/ S&okers9 !o tend to be leaner t!an nons&okers9 tend to !ave s!orter li"e
s'ans t!an nons&okers.
.3/ T!e nor&al deterioration o" t!e !%&an i&&%ne s,ste& it! a#e can be
sloed don b, a red%ction in t!e n%&ber o" calories cons%&ed.
.E/ 3iets t!at tend to lead to ei#!t #ain o"ten contain not onl, e(cess "at b%t
also %n!ealt!"%l concentrations o" s%#ar and sodi%&.
5<. Ins%rance ind%str, statistics de&onstrate t!at cars it! alar&s or ot!er antit!e"t
devices are &ore likel, to be stolen or broken into t!an cars it!o%t s%c! devices
or alar&s. T!ere"ore antit!e"t devices do not 'rotect cars a#ainst t!ieves.
T!e 'attern o" "laed reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar to t!at in
.A/ Since s%rve,s reveal t!at co&&%nities it! "lo%ris!in# '%blic libraries !ave9
on avera#e9 better8ed%cated citi)ens9 it "ollos t!at #ood sc!ools are
t,'icall, "o%nd in co&&%nities it! '%blic libraries.
.1/ Most '%blic libraries are obvio%sl, intended to serve t!e interests o" t!e
cas%al reader9 beca%se &ost '%blic libraries contain lar#e collections o"
"iction and relativel, s&all re"erence collections.
.C/ St%dies reveal t!at 'eo'le !o are re#%lar %sers o" libraries '%rc!ase &ore
books 'er ,ear t!an do 'eo'le !o do not %se libraries re#%larl,. :ence
%sin# libraries re#%larl, does not red%ce t!e n%&ber o" books t!at librar,
'atrons '%rc!ase.
.3/ Since ,o%n#sters !o read voracio%sl, are &ore likel, to !ave de"ective
vision t!an ,o%n#sters !o do not read ver, &%c!9 it "ollos t!at c!ildren
!o do not like to read %s%all, !ave 'er"ect vision.
.E/ Societies t!at s%''ort "ree '%blic libraries are &ore likel, to s%''ort "ree
'%blic %niversities t!an are societies it!o%t "ree '%blic libraries. :ence a
societ, t!at is!ed to establis! a "ree '%blic %niversit, s!o%ld "irst establis!
a "ree '%blic librar,.
5C. T!e 'roble& t!at environ&ental econo&ics ai&s to re&ed, is t!e "olloin#:
'eo'le &akin# econo&ic decisions cannot readil, co&'are environ&ental
GMAT & LSAT CR CHC
"actors9 s%c! as clean air and t!e s%rvival o" endan#ered s'ecies9 it! ot!er costs
and bene"its. As environ&ental econo&ists reco#ni)e9 solvin# t!is 'roble&
re0%ires assi#nin# &onetar, val%es to environ&ental "actors. 1%t &onetar, val%es
res%lt "ro& 'eo'le co&'arin# costs and bene"its in order to arrive at econo&ic
decisions. T!%s9 environ&ental econo&ics is st,&ied b, !at &otivates it.
I" t!e considerations advanced in its s%''ort are tr%e9 t!e 'assa#es concl%sion is
s%''orted
.A/ stron#l,9 on t!e ass%&'tion t!at &onetar, val%es "or environ&ent "actors
cannot be assi#ned %nless 'eo'le &ake econo&ic decisions abo%t t!ese
"actors
.1/ stron#l,9 %nless econo&ic decision8&akin# !as not ,et !ad an, e""ect on t!e
t!in#s cate#ori)ed as environ&ental "actors
.C/ at best eakl,9 beca%se t!e 'assa#e "ails to establis! t!at econo&ic decision8
&akers do not b, and lar#e take ade0%ate acco%nt o" environ&ental "actors
.3/ at best eakl,9 beca%se t!e ar#%&ent ass%&es t!at 'oll%tion and ot!er e""ects
on environ&ental "actors rarel, res%lt "ro& econo&ic decision8&akin#
.E/ not at all9 since t!e ar#%&ent is circ%lar9 takin# t!at concl%sion as one o" its
're&ises
TEST 14
SECTI72 II
1. Fa'erback books ear o%t &ore 0%ickl, t!an !ardcover books do9 b%t 'a'erback
books cost &%c! less. T!ere"ore9 %sers o" '%blic libraries o%ld be better served
i" '%blic libraries bo%#!t onl, 'a'erback books9 since b, so doin# t!ese libraries
co%ld increase t!e n%&ber o" ne book titles added to t!eir collections it!o%t
increasin# t!eir b%d#ets.
6!ic! one " t!e "olloin#9 i" r%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ I" a '%blic librar,s overall b%d#et is c%t9 t!e b%d#e "or ne ac0%isitions is
%s%all, c%t back &ore t!an is t!at "or da,8to8da, o'erations.
.1/ Fa'erback books can ver, ine('ensivel, !ave t!eir covers rein"orced in
order to &ake t!e& last lon#er.
.C/ Man, 'a'erback books are never '%blis!ed in !ardcover.
.3/ Librar, %sers as a #ro%' de'end on t!eir '%blic librar, "or access to a ide
variet, o" %'8to8date re"erence books t!at are '%blis!ed in !ardcover onl,.
.E/ Feo'le are &ore likel, to b%, "or t!e&selves a co', o" a book t!e, !ad
'revio%sl, borroed "ro& t!e '%blic librar, i" t!at book is available in
GMAT & LSAT CR CH@
'a'erback.
5. Garba#e in t!is nei#!bor!ood 'robabl, ill not be collected %ntil T!%rsda, t!is
eek. Garba#e is %s%all, collected !ere on 6ednesda,s9 and t!e #arba#e
collectors in t!is cit, are e(tre&el, reliable. :oever9 Monda, as a '%blic
!olida,9 and a"ter a '%blic !olida, t!at "alls on a Monda,9 #arba#e t!ro%#!o%t t!e
cit, is s%''osed to be collected one da, later t!an %s%al.
T!e ar#%&ent 'roceeds b,
.A/ treatin# several 'ieces o" irrelevant evidence as t!o%#! t!e, 'rovide s%''ort
"or t!e concl%sion
.1/ indirectl, establis!in# t!at one t!in# is likel, to occ%r b, directl, r%lin# o%t
all o" t!e alternative 'ossibilities
.C/ 'rovidin# in"or&ation t!at allos a''lication o" a #eneral r%le to a s'eci"ic
case
.3/ #enerali)in# abo%t all actions o" a certain kind on t!e basis o" a descri'tion
o" one s%c! action
.E/ treatin# so&et!in# t!at is 'robable as t!o%#! it ere inevitable
<. 6!en co&'act discs "irst entered t!e &arket9 t!e, ere 'riced si#ni"icantl,
!i#!er t!an vin,l records. Man%"act%rers attrib%ted t!e di""erence in 'rice to t!e
di""erence in 'rod%ction costs9 sa,in# t!at co&'act disc 'rod%ction as
e('ensive beca%se t!e tec!nolo#, as ne and %n"a&iliar. As t!e tec!nolo#,
beca&e &ore e""icient9 t!e 'rice o" t!e discs did indeed co&e don. 1%t vin,l
records9 !ose 'rod%ction tec!nolo#, !as lon# been establis!ed t!en ent %' in
'rice to a''roac! t!at o" co&'act discs.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost !el's to e('lain !, t!e 'rice o" vin,l records
ent %'-
.A/ Cons%&ers ere so ent!%siastic abo%t t!e i&'roved so%nd 0%alit, o""ered b,
co&'act disc tec!nolo#, t!at t!e, ere illin# to 'a, !i#!er 'rice to obtain
it.
.1/ So&e cons%&ers !o contin%ed to b%, vin,l records instead o" co&'act
discs did so beca%se t!e, ere %nillin# to 'a, a !i#!er 'rice "or co&'act
discs.
.C/ As cons%&ers bo%#!t co&'act discs instead o" vin,l records9 t!e n%&ber o"
vin,l records 'rod%ced decreased9 &akin# t!eir 'rod%ction less cost8
e""icient.
.3/ Co&'act disc 'la,er tec!nolo#, contin%ed to c!an#e and develo' even a"ter
co&'act discs "irst entered t!e &arket.
.E/ 6!en co&'act discs "irst entered t!e &arket9 &an, cons%&ers contin%ed to
b%, vin,l records rat!er t!an b%,in# t!e e0%i'&ent necessar, to 'la,
co&'act discs.
C. Conservationists !ave establis!ed land reserves to 'reserve t!e last re&ainin#
GMAT & LSAT CR CHG
!abitat "or certain s'ecies !ose s%rvival de'ends on t!e e(istence o" s%c!
!abitat. A #rove o" trees in Me(ico t!at 'rovide !abitat "or 2ort! A&erican
&onarc! b%tter"lies in inter is a t,'ical e(a&'le o" s%c! a land reserve. I" #lobal
ar&in# occ%rs as 'redicted9 !oever9 t!e te&'erat%re bands it!in !ic!
vario%s t,'es o" ve#etation can #ro ill s!i"t into re#ions t!at are c%rrentl,
cooler.
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ I" #lobal ar&in# occ%rs as 'redicted9 t!e conservation land reserves ill
cease to serve t!eir '%r'ose.
.1/ Monarc! b%tter"lies ill s%cceed in ada'tin# to cli&atic c!an#e b,
s!ortenin# t!eir &i#ration.
.C/ I" #lobal ar&in# occ%rs9 it ill &elt 'olar ice and so ill ca%se t!e sea level
to rise so !i#! t!at &an, coastal 'lants and ani&als ill beco&e e(tinct.
.3/ T!e nat%ral orld !as ada'ted &an, ti&es in t!e 'ast to drastic #lobal
ar&in# and coolin#.
.E/ I" #lobal ar&in# occ%rs ra'idl,9 s'ecies o" 'lants and ani&als no
'rotected in conservation land reserves ill &ove to in!abit areas t!at are
c%rrentl, %sed "or a#ric%lt%re.
@. $inancial s%ccess does not #%arantee !a''iness. T!is clai& is not &ere 'roverbial
isdo& b%t a "act veri"ied b, statistics. In a recentl, concl%ded s%rve,9 onl, one8
t!ird o" t!e res'ondents !o clai&ed to !ave ac!ieved "inancial s%ccess re'orted
t!at t!e, ere !a'',.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e concl%sion dran
"ro& t!e s%rve, res%lts-
.A/ T!e res'ondents !o re'orted "inancial s%ccess ere9 "or t!e &ost 'art9
"inanciall, s%ccess"%l.
.1/ $inancial s%ccess as once t!o%#!t to be necessar, "or !a''iness b%t is no
lon#er considered a 'rere0%isite "or !a''iness.
.C/ Man, o" t!e res'ondents !o clai&ed not to !ave ac!ieved "inancial s%ccess
re'orted t!at t!e, ere !a'', "ive ,ears a#o.
.3/ Man, o" t!e res'ondents !o "ailed to re'ort "inancial s%ccess ere in "act
"inanciall, s%ccess"%l.
.E/ Most o" t!e res'ondents !o re'orted t!e, ere %n!a'', ere in "act !a'',.
G. T!e distance t!at ani&als travel eac! da, and t!e si)e o" t!e #ro%'s in !ic! t!e,
live are !i#!l, correlated it! t!eir diets. And diet itsel" de'ends in lar#e 'art on
t!e si)es and s!a'es o" ani&als teet! and "aces.
T!e state&ents above 'rovide t!e &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Ani&als t!at eat &eat travel in relativel, s&all #ro%'s and across relativel,
s&all ran#es co&'ared to ani&als t!at eat 'lants.
GMAT & LSAT CR CHA
.1/ Ani&als t!at !ave varied diets can be e('ected to be lar#er and &ore rob%st
t!an ani&als t!at eat onl, one or to kinds o" "ood.
.C/ 6!en individ%al !erd ani&als lose t!eir teet! t!ro%#! a#e or in+%r,9 t!ose
ani&als are likel, to travel at t!e rear o" t!eir !erd.
.3/ In"or&ation abo%t t!e si)e and s!a'e o" an ani&als "ace is all t!at is needed
to identi", t!e s'ecies to !ic! t!at ani&al belon#s.
.E/ In"or&ation abo%t t!e si)e and s!a'e o" an e(tinct ani&als teet! and "ace can
establis! !et!er t!at ani&al is likel, to !ave been a !erd ani&al.
A. It is not correct t!at t!e 'eo'le o" t!e =nited States9 relative to co&'arable
co%ntries9 are t!e &ost li#!tl, ta(ed. Tr%e9 t!e =nited States !as t!e loest ta(9 as
'ercent o" #ross do&estic 'rod%ct9 o" t!e 6estern ind%striali)ed co%ntries9 b%t ta(
rates alone do not tell t!e !ole stor,. Feo'le in t!e =nited States 'a, o%t o"
'ocket "or &an, #oods and services 'rovided "ro& ta( reven%es else!ere.
Consider %niversal !ealt! care9 !ic! is an entitle&ent s%''orted b, ta( reven%es
in ever, ot!er 6estern ind%striali)ed co%ntr,9 =nited States #overn&ent !ealt!8
care e('endit%res are e0%ivalent to abo%t @ 'ercent o" t!e #ross do&estic 'rod%ct9
b%t 'rivate !ealt!8care e('endit%res re'resent anot!er A 'ercent. T!is A 'ercent9
t!en9 a&o%nts to a ta(.
T!e ar#%&ent concernin# !et!er t!e 'eo'le o" t!e =nited States are t!e &ost
li#!tl, ta(ed is &ost v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# criticis&s-
.A/ It bases a co&'arison on 'ercenta#es rat!er t!an on absol%te n%&bers.
.1/ It %nreasonabl, e(tends t!e a''lication o" a ke, ter&.
.C/ It %ses ne#ativel, c!ar#ed lan#%a#e instead o" atte&'tin# to #ive a reason.
.3/ It #enerali)es "ro& onl, a "e instances.
.E/ It sets %' a dic!oto&, beteen alternatives t!at are not e(cl%sive.
B. 4ario%s &id8"o%rteent!8cent%r, E%ro'ean riters s!o an interest in #a&es9 b%t
no riter o" t!is 'eriod &entions t!e 'la,in# o" cards. 2or do an, o" t!e &id8
"o%rteent!8cent%r, stat%tes t!at 'roscribe or li&it t!e 'la, o" #a&es &ention
cards9 t!o%#! t!e, do &ention dice9 c!ess9 and ot!er #a&es. It is t!ere"ore likel,
t!at9 contrar, to !at is so&eti&es clai&ed9 at t!at ti&e 'la,in# cards as not ,et
co&&on in E%ro'e.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost si&ilar to t!at in
t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ 2eit!er toda,s nes'a'ers nor t!is evenin#s television nes &entioned a
!%#e "ire t!at as r%&ored to !ave !a''ened in t!e 'ort last ni#!t.
T!ere"ore9 t!ere 'robabl, as no s%c! "ire.
.1/ T!is evenin#s television nes re'orted t!at t!e cr%ise s!i' as onl,
da&a#ed in t!e "ire last ni#!t9 !ereas t!e nes'a'er re'orted t!at it as
destro,ed. T!e television nes is based on &ore recent in"or&ation9 so
'robabl, t!e s!i' as not destro,ed.
GMAT & LSAT CR CHB
.C/ A&on# t!e b%ildin#s t!at are near t!e 'ort is t!e nes'a'ers 'rintin# 'lant.
Earl, editions o" t!is &ornin#s 'a'er ere ver, late. T!ere"ore9 t!e "ire at
t!e 'ort 'robabl, a""ected areas be,ond t!e 'ort itsel".
.3/ T!e nes'a'er does not e('licitl, sa, t!at t!e 'ort reo'ened a"ter t!e "ire9
b%t in its listin# o" nel, arrived s!i's it &entions so&e arrival ti&es a"ter
t!e "ire. T!ere"ore9 t!e 'ort as 'robabl, not closed "or lon#.
.E/ T!e nes'a'er is #enerall, &ore reliable t!an t!e television nes and t!e
nes'a'er re'orted t!at t!e da&a#e "ro& last ni#!ts "ire in t!e 'ort as not
severe. T!ere"ore9 t!e da&a#e 'robabl, as not severe.
H. In a &at%re to%rist &arket s%c! as 1ellaria t!ere are onl, to a,s !otel oners
can increase 'ro"its: b, b%ildin# &ore roo&s or b, i&'rovin# !at is alread,
t!ere. Ri#id land8%se las in 1ellaria r%le o%t constr%ction o" ne !otels or9
indeed9 an, e('ansion o" !otel ca'acit,. It "ollos t!at !otel oners cannot
increase t!eir 'ro"its in 1ellaria since 1ellarian !otels;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# lo#icall, co&'letes t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ are alread, o'eratin# at an occ%'anc, rate a''roac!in# 1II 'ercent ,ear8
ro%nd
.1/ co%ld not !ave been sited an, &ore attractivel, t!an t!e, are even in t!e
absence o" land8%se las
.C/ !ave to contend it! %'ard 'ress%res on t!e cost o" labor !ic! ste& "ro&
an inci'ient s!orta#e o" trained 'ersonnel
.3/ alread, 'rovide a level o" l%(%r, t!at is at t!e li&its o" !at even ealt!,
'atrons are 're'ared to 'a, "or
.E/ !ave s!i"ted "ro& servin# &ainl, 1ellarian to%rists to servin# "orei#n to%rists
travelin# in or#ani)ed to%r #ro%'s
1I. Ever, 'olitical '!iloso'!er o" t!e earl, tentiet! cent%r, !o as eit!er a
socialist or a co&&%nist as in"l%enced b, Rosa L%(e&b%r#. 2o one !o as
in"l%enced b, Rosa L%(e&b%r# advocated a totalitarian state.
t!e& also be tr%e-
.A/ 2o earl,8tentiet!8cent%r, socialist 'olitical '!iloso'!er advocated a
totalitarian state.
.1/ Ever, earl,8tentiet!8cent%r, 'olitical '!iloso'!er !o did not advocate a
totalitarian state as in"l%enced b, Rosa L%(e&b%r#.
.C/ Rosa L%(e&b%r# as t!e onl, 'erson to in"l%ence ever, earl,8tentiet!8
cent%r, 'olitical '!iloso'!er !o as eit!er socialist or co&&%nist.
.3/ Ever, earl,8tentiet!8cent%r, 'olitical '!iloso'!er !o as in"l%enced b,
Rosa L%(e&b%r# and as not a socialist as a co&&%nist.
.E/ Ever, earl,8tentiet!8cent%r, 'olitical '!iloso'!er !o did not advocate a
totalitarian state as eit!er socialist or co&&%nist.
GMAT & LSAT CR CHH
Questions 11-1!
:arris: C%rrentl,9 !,brid ani&als are not 'rotected b, international endan#ered8
s'ecies re#%lations. 1%t ne tec!ni0%es in #enetic researc! s%##est t!at t!e red ol"9
lon# t!o%#!t to be an inde'endent s'ecies9 is a !,brid o" t!e co,ote and t!e #ra, ol".
:ence9 since t!e red ol" clearl, deserves 'rotection9 t!ese re#%lations s!o%ld be
c!an#ed to ad&it t!e 'rotection o" !,brids.
4o#el: *et !,brids do not need 'rotection. Since a breedin# 'o'%lation t!at arises
t!ro%#! !,bridi)ation descends "ro& inde'endent s'ecies9 i" an, s%c! 'o'%lation ere
to die o%t9 it co%ld easil, be revived b, interbreedin# &e&bers o" t!e s'ecies "ro&
!ic! t!e !,brid is descended.
11. 6!ic! one o" t!e "loin# is a 'oint at iss%e beteen :arris and 4o#el-
.A/ !et!er t!e red ol" descends "ro& t!e #ra, ol" and t!e co,ote
.1/ !et!er t!ere are so&e s'ecies t!at are c%rrentl, considered endan#ered t!at
are not in "act in an, dan#er
.C/ !et!er t!e 'acks o" red olves t!at c%rrentl, e(ist are in dan#er o" d,in#
o%t
.3/ !et!er t!ere are so&e !,brids t!at o%#!t to be 'rotected b, endan#ered8
s'ecies re#%lations
.E/ !et!er ne tec!ni0%es in #enetic researc! s!o%ld be %sed to deter&ine
!ic! #ro%'s o" ani&als constit%te s'ecies and !ic! constit%te !,brids
15. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! 4o#els ar#%&ent relies-
.A/ T!e tec!ni0%es c%rrentl, bein# %sed to deter&ine !et!er a 'o'%lation o"
ani&als is a !,brid o" ot!er s'ecies !ave 'roven to be reliable.
.1/ T!e international re#%lations t!at 'rotect endan#ered s'ecies and s%bs'ecies
are bein# en"orced s%ccess"%ll,.
.C/ T!e #ra, ol" !as been s%ccess"%ll, bred in ca'tivit,.
.3/ All !,brids are t!e descendants o" s'ecies t!at are c%rrentl, e(tant.
.E/ T!e co,ote and t!e red ol" are not related #eneticall,.
1<. $ro& an anal,sis o" broken 'otter, and stat%ar,9 arc!aeolo#ists !ave esti&ated
t!at an ancient settle&ent in so%t!estern Arabia as establis!ed aro%nd 1III
1.C. :oever9 ne evidence s%##ests t!at t!e settle&ent is considerabl, older:
tests s!o t!at a 'iece o" b%ildin# ti&ber recentl, %ncovered at t!e site is
s%bstantiall, older t!an t!e 'otter, and stat%ar,.
dran "ro& t!e ne evidence-
.A/ T!e b%ildin# ti&ber bore &arks s%##estin# t!at it !ad been salva#ed "ro& an
earlier settle&ent.
.1/ T!e 'ieces o" 'otter, and "ra#&ents o" stat%es t!at ere anal,)ed co&e "ro&
GMAT & LSAT CR @II
several 'arts o" t!e site.
.C/ T!e tests %sed to deter&ine t!e a#e o" t!e 'otter, and stat%ar, !ad been
devised &ore recentl, t!an t!ose %sed to deter&ine t!e a#e o" t!e b%ildin#
ti&ber.
.3/ T!e site !as ,ielded &an, &ore sa&'les o" 'otter, and stat%ar, t!an o"
b%ildin# ti&ber.
.E/ T!e t,'e o" 'otter, "o%nd at t!e site is si&ilar to a t,'e o" 'otter, associated
it! civili)ations t!at e(isted be"ore 1III 1.C.
1C. T!e book 1o /a4e the 6arth is so 'ers%asive t!at no one !o reads it can "ail to
!eed its environ&entalist &essa#e. Me&bers o" t!e Eart! Association !ave #iven
aa, 59III co'ies in t!e last &ont!. T!%s t!e Eart! Association can +%stl, clai&
credit "or at least 59III 'eo'le in one &ont! converted to t!e environ&entalist
ca%se.
.A/ 2o ot!er environ&ental or#ani)ation #ave aa, co'ies o" 1o /a4e the 6arth
d%rin# t!e &ont! in !ic! t!e Eart! Association #ave aa, its 59III
co'ies.
.1/ T!e 'eo'le to !o& t!e Eart! Association #ave co'ies o" 1o /a4e the 6arth
o%ld not !ave been illin# to 'a, to receive it "ro& t!e Eart! Association.
.C/ T!e co'ies o" 1o /a4e the 6arth #iven aa, b, &e&bers o" t!e Eart!
Association ere 'rinted on rec,cled 'a'er.
.3/ 2one o" t!ose !o received 1o /a4e the 6arth "ro& a &e&ber o" t!e Eart!
Association ere alread, co&&itted to t!e environ&entalist ca%se !en
t!e, received t!is book.
.E/ Ever, reci'ient o" 1o /a4e the 6arth ill e&brace t!e environ&ental
'ro#ra& advocated b, t!e Eart! Association.
1@. S&okers o" 'i'es or ci#ars r%n a distinctl, loer risk to t!eir !ealt! t!an do
ci#arette s&okers. :oever9 !ereas ci#arette s&okers !o 0%it s&okin#
alto#et!er s!ar'l, red%ce t!eir risk o" s&okin#8related !ealt! 'roble&s9 t!ose
!o #ive %' ci#arettes and take %' 'i'es or ci#ars re&ain in as &%c! dan#er as
be"ore.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o""ers t!e best 'ros'ects "or an e('lanation
o" !, t!e to c!an#es in s&okin# !abits do not bot! res%lt in red%ced !ealt!
risks-
.A/ S&okers o" 'i'es or ci#ars !o 0%it s&okin# t!ereb, red%ce t!eir risk o"
s&okin#8related !ealt! 'roble&s.
.1/ Ci#arette s&okers !o 0%it s&okin# "or a ti&e and !o t!en res%&e
ci#arette s&okin# do not necessaril, red%ce t!eir risk o" s&okin#8related
!ealt! 'roble&s.
.C/ T!e kinds o" illnesses t!at s&okers r%n an increased risk o" contractin#
GMAT & LSAT CR @I1
develo' no earlier in ci#arette s&okers t!an t!e, do in s&okers o" 'i'es or
ci#ar.
.3/ At an, #iven 'eriod in t!eir lives9 virt%all, all s&okers s&oke eit!er
ci#arettes e(cl%sivel, or ci#ars e(cl%sivel, or 'i'es e(cl%sivel,9 rat!er t!an
alternatin# "reel, a&on# vario%s a,s o" s&okin#.
.E/ Feo'le !o sitc! "ro& ci#arette s&okin# to s&okin# 'i'es or ci#ars in!ale
s&oke in a a, t!at t!ose !o !ave never s&oked ci#arettes do not.
Questions 1&-1'
Frod%ction &ana#er: T!e b%ildin# &aterials t!at e 'rod%ce &eet ind%str, sa"et,
codes b%t 'ose so&e sa"et, risk. Since e !ave recentl, develo'ed t!e tec!nolo#, to
&ake a sa"er version o" o%r 'rod%ct9 e s!o%ld sto' 'rod%cin# o%r c%rrent 'rod%ct
and sell onl, t!e sa"er version in order to 'rotect '%blic sa"et,.
Sales &ana#er: I" e sto' sellin# o%r c%rrent 'rod%ct9 e ill !ave no &one, to
develo' and 'ro&ote t!e sa"e 'rod%ct. 6e need to contin%e to sell t!e less8sa"e
'rod%ct in order to be in a 'osition to &arket t!e sa"er 'rod%ct s%ccess"%ll,.
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 &ost !el's to +%sti", t!e
'rod%ction &ana#ers concl%sion-
.A/ Co&'anies s!o%ld be re0%ired to develo' sa"er 'rod%cts i" s%c! develo'&ent
can be "%nded "ro& sales o" e(istin# 'rod%cts.
.1/ T!at a 'rod%ct does not &eet ind%str, sa"et, codes s!o%ld be taken as
s%""icient indication t!at t!e 'rod%ct 'oses so&e sa"et, risks.
.C/ Co&'anies s!o%ld not sell a 'rod%ct t!at 'oses sa"et, risks i" t!e, are
tec!nolo#icall, ca'able o" 'rod%cin# a sa"er version o" t!at 'rod%ct.
.3/ Frod%ct sa"et, codes s!o%ld be revieed !enever an ind%str, re'laces one
version o" a 'rod%ct it! a tec!nolo#icall, &ore advanced version o" t!at
'rod%ct.
.E/ In order to &ake b%ildin# &aterials sa"er9 co&'anies s!o%ld contin%all,
researc! ne tec!nolo#ies !et!er or not t!e, are re0%ired to do so in order
to co&'l, it! sa"et, codes.
1A. T!e sales &ana#er co%nters t!e 'rod%ction &ana#ers ar#%&ent b,
.A/ 'ointin# o%t t!at one 'art o" t!e 'rod%ction &ana#ers 'ro'osal o%ld !ave
conse0%ences t!at o%ld 'revent s%ccess"%l e(ec%tion o" anot!er 'art
.1/ c!allen#in# t!e 'rod%ction &ana#ers a%t!orit, to dictate co&'an, 'olic,
.C/ 0%estionin# t!e 'rod%ct &ana#ers ass%&'tion t!at a 'rod%ct is necessaril,
sa"e +%st beca%se it is sa"er t!an anot!er 'rod%ct
.3/ 'ro'osin# a c!an#e in t!e standards b, !ic! 'rod%ct sa"et, is +%d#ed
.E/ 'resentin# evidence to s!o t!at t!e 'rod%ction &ana#er !as overesti&ated
t!e 'otential i&'act o" t!e ne tec!nolo#,
GMAT & LSAT CR @I5
Questions 18-19
Eac! ,ear9 an o""icial esti&ate o" t!e stock o" cod in t!e Grand 1anks is anno%nced.
T!is esti&ate is obtained b, avera#in# to se'arate esti&ates o" !o &an, cod are
available9 one based on t!e n%&ber o" cod ca%#!t b, researc! vessels d%rin# a once8
,earl, sa&'lin# o" t!e area and t!e ot!er on t!e avera#e n%&ber o" tons o" cod ca%#!t
b, vario%s co&&ercial vessels 'er %nit o" "is!in# e""ort e('ended t!ere in t!e 'ast
,earKa %nit o" "is!in# e""ort bein# one kilo&eter o" net set o%t in t!e ater "or one
!o%r. In 'revio%s decades9 t!e to esti&ates %s%all, a#reed closel,. :oever9 "or t!e
last decade t!e esti&ate based on co&&ercial tonna#e !as been increasin# &arkedl,9
b, abo%t t!e sa&e a&o%nt as t!e sa&'lin#8based esti&ate !as been decreasin#.
1B. I" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost
.A/ Last ,ears o""icial esti&ate as 'robabl, not &%c! di""erent "ro& t!e
o""icial esti&ate ten ,ears a#o.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" co&&ercial vessels "is!in# "or cod in t!e Grand 1anks !as
increased s%bstantiall, over t!e 'ast decade.
.C/ T!e sa&'lin#8based esti&ate is &ore acc%rate t!an t!e esti&ate based on
co&&ercial tonna#e in t!at t!e data on !ic! it relies is less likel, to be
inacc%rate.
.3/ T!e once8,earl, sa&'lin# b, researc! vessels s!o%ld be %sed as t!e sole
basis "or arrivin# at t!e o""icial esti&ate o" t!e stock o" cod.
.E/ Tent, ,ears a#o9 t!e overall stock o" cod in t!e Grand 1anks as o""iciall,
esti&ated to be &%c! lar#er t!an it is esti&ated to be toda,.
1H. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to acco%nt "or t!e #roin#
discre'anc, beteen t!e esti&ate based on co&&ercial tonna#e and t!e researc!8
based esti&ate-
.A/ $is!in# vessels o"ten e(ceed t!eir "is!in# 0%otas "or cod and t!ere"ore o"ten
%nderre'ort t!e n%&ber o" tons o" cod t!at t!e, catc!.
.1/ More s%rve, vessels are no involved in t!e ,earl, sa&'lin# e""ort t!an
ere involved 1I ,ears a#o.
.C/ I&'rove&ents in tec!nolo#, over t!e last 1I ,ears !ave alloed co&&ercial
"is!in# vessels to locate and catc! lar#e sc!ools o" cod &ore easil,.
.3/ S%rve, vessels co%nt onl, t!ose cod ca%#!t d%rin# a <I8da, s%rve, 'eriod9
!ereas co&&ercial dis!in# vessels re'ort all cod ca%#!t d%rin# t!e co%rse
o" a ,ear.
.E/ 1eca%se o" 'ast over"is!in# o" cod9 "eer "is!in# vessels no catc! t!e
&a(i&%& tonna#e o" cod eac! vessel is alloed b, la to catc!.
5I. Fret)els can ca%se cavities. Interestin#l,9 t!e lon#er t!at a 'ret)el re&ains in
contact it! t!e teet! !en it is bein# eaten9 t!e #reater t!e likeli!ood t!at a
cavit, ill res%lt. 6!at is tr%e o" 'ret)els in t!is re#ard is also tr%e o" cara&els.
GMAT & LSAT CR @I<
T!ere"ore9 since cara&els dissolve &ore 0%ickl, in t!e &o%t! t!an 'ret)els do9
eatin# a cara&el is less likel, to res%lt in a cavit, t!an eatin# a 'ret)el is.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at t!e
ar#%&ent
.A/ treats a correlation t!at !olds it!in individ%al cate#ories as t!ereb, !oldin#
across cate#ories as ell
.1/ relies on t!e a&bi#%o%s %se o" a ke, ter&
.C/ &akes a #eneral clai& based on 'artic%lar e(a&'les t!at do not ade0%atel,
re'resent t!e res'ective classes t!at t!e, are eac! intended to re'resent
.3/ &istakes t!e ca%se o" a 'artic%lar '!eno&enon "or t!e e""ect o" t!at
'!eno&enon
.E/ is based on 're&ises t!at cannot all be tr%e
Questions !1-!!
Mark: Flastic8"oa& c%'s9 !ic! contain environ&entall, !ar&"%l
c!loro"l%orocarbons9 s!o%ld no lon#er be %sedD 'a'er c%'s are 're"erable. St,rene9 a
carcino#enic b,8'rod%ct9 is #enerated in "oa& 'rod%ction9 and "oa& c%'s9 once %sed9
'ersist inde"initel, in t!e environ&ent.
Tina: *o% overlook t!e environ&ental e""ects o" 'a'er c%'s. A st%d, done @ ,ears a#o
s!oed t!at &akin# 'a'er "or t!eir 'rod%ction b%rned &ore 'etrole%& t!an as %sed
"or "oa& c%'s and %sed 15 ti&es as &%c! stea&9 <G ti&es as &%c! electricit,9 and
tice as &%c! coolin# ater. 1eca%se 'a'er c%'s ei#! &ore9 t!eir trans'ortation
takes &ore ener#,. Fa'er &ills 'rod%ce ater 'oll%tion9 and !en t!e c%'s deca, t!e,
'rod%ce &et!ane9 a #as t!at contrib%tes to !ar&"%l #lobal ar&in#. So t!e, are a
orse c!oice.
51. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 co%ld Mark cite to co%nter evidence o""ered
b, Tina-
.A/ T!e %se o" ener#, "or c!ain sas t!at c%t don trees and "or tr%cks t!at !a%l
lo#s is 'art o" t!e environ&ental cost o" &an%"act%rin# 'a'er.
.1/ $oa& c%'s are so&e!at &ore acce'table to cons%&ers t!an 'a'er c%'s
beca%se o" t!eir better ins%latin# 0%alities.
.C/ T!e 'rod%ction and trans'ortation o" 'etrole%& occasions serio%s
environ&ental 'oll%tion9 b%t t!e ener#, t!at r%ns 'a'er &ills no co&es
"ro& b%rnin# aste ood rat!er t!an 'etrole%&.
.3/ T!e a&o%nt o" st,rene esca'in# into t!e environ&ent or re&ainin# in "oa&
c%'s a"ter t!eir &an%"act%re is ne#li#ible.
.E/ Acre "or acre9 tree "ar&s "or t!e 'rod%ction o" ood "or 'a'er !ave "eer
bene"icial e""ects on t!e environ&ent t!an do nat%ral "orests t!an re&ain
%nc%t.
55. To decide t!e iss%e beteen Mark and Tina9 it o%ld "irst be &ost i&'ortant to
GMAT & LSAT CR @IC
decide
.A/ !o soon eac! o" t!e kinds o" !ar& cited b, Mark and Tina o%ld be likel,
to be at its &a(i&%& level
.1/ !et!er &e&bers o" so&e societies %se9 on avera#e9 &ore dis'osable #oods
t!an do &e&bers o" ot!er societies
.C/ !et!er it is necessar, to seek a t!ird alternative t!at !as none o" t!e
ne#ative conse0%ences cited it! res'ect to t!e to 'rod%cts
.3/ !o &%c! o" t!e c!ains o" ca%sation involved in t!e 'rod%ction9 &arketin#9
and dis'osal o" t!e 'rod%cts s!o%ld be considered in anal,)in# t!eir
environ&ental i&'act
.E/ !et!er 'a'er and "oa& c%'s9 in t!eir &ost 'o'%lar si)es9 !old t!e sa&e
0%antities o" li0%id
5<. 6!en 'eo'le e('erience t!robbin# in t!eir teet! or #%&s9 t!e, !ave serio%s
dental 'roble&s9 and i" a dental 'roble& is serio%s9 it ill be a 'roble& eit!er o"
toot! deca, or o" #%& disease. T!ere"ore9 since t!robbin# in t!e teet! or #%&s is
a si#n o" serio%s dental 'roble&s9 and neit!er Sabinas teet! nor !er #%&s are
t!robbin#9 Sabina can be s%""erin# "ro& neit!er toot! deca, nor #%& disease.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# contains an error o" reasonin# &ost si&ilar to t!at
&ade in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Feo'le !o drink a lot o" co""ee are said to !ave +itter, nerves. T!ere"ore9
&edical st%dents !o drink a lot o" co""ee s!o%ld not beco&e
neonatolo#ists or s%r#eons since neit!er neonatolo#, nor s%r#er, s!o%ld be
'racticed b, 'eo'le it! +itter, nerves.
.1/ A le#all, 'racticin# 's,c!iatrist &%st !ave bot! a &edical de#ree and
's,c!iatric trainin#. T!%s9 since E&&ett !as not %nder#one 's,c!iatric
trainin#9 i" !e is 'racticin# as a 's,c!iatrist9 !e is not doin# so le#all,.
.C/ So&eone it! severe nasal con#estion !as a sin%s in"ection or else is
s%""erin# "ro& an aller#,. T!ere"ore9 i" 1arton does not !ave a sin%s
in"ection9 1arton 'robabl, does not !ave severe nasal con#estion.
.3/ I" a 'erson is interested in eit!er '!,sics or c!e&istr,9 t!en t!at 'erson o%ld
be ise to consider a career in &edicine. *olanda9 !oever9 is interested in
neit!er '!,sics nor c!e&istr,9 so it o%ld not be ise "or !er to consider a
career in &edicine.
.E/ So&eone !o is neit!er an o'!t!al&olo#ist nor an o'to&etrist lacks
s'eciali)ed trainin# "or dia#nosin# de"ects o" t!e e,e. T!ere"ore9 Mi& &%st
!ave been trained in o'!t!al&olo#, or o'to&etr,9 #iven t!at s!e acc%ratel,
dia#nosed Jo!ns e,e de"ect.
5C. A certain air'ort sec%rit, scanner desi#ned to detect e('losives in l%##a#e ill
alert t!e scanners o'erator !enever t!e 'iece o" l%##a#e 'assin# %nder t!e
scanner contains an e('losive. T!e scanner ill erroneo%sl, alert t!e o'erator "or
GMAT & LSAT CR @I@
onl, one 'ercent o" t!e 'ieces o" l%##a#e t!at contain no e('losives. T!%s in
ninet,8nine o%t o" a !%ndred alerts e('losives ill act%all, be 'resent.
.A/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, o" t!e scanners "ailin# to si#nal an alert !en t!e
l%##a#e does contain an e('losive
.1/ dras a #eneral concl%sion abo%t reliabilit, on t!e basis o" a sa&'le t!at is
likel, to be biased
.C/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, o" !%&an error on t!e 'art o" t!e scanners o'erator
once t!e scanner !as alerted !i& or !er
.3/ "ails to acknoled#e t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e scanner ill not be e0%all,
sensitive to all kinds o" e('losives
.E/ s%bstit%tes one #ro%' "or a di""erent #ro%' in t!e state&ent o" a 'ercenta#e
5@. =nless ne#otiations be#in soon9 t!e cease8"ire ill be violated b, one o" t!e to
sides to t!e dis'%te. 2e#otiations ill be !eld onl, i" ot!er co%ntries !ave
'ress%red t!e to sides to ne#otiateD an a#ree&ent ill e&er#e onl, i" ot!er
co%ntries contin%e s%c! 'ress%re t!ro%#!o%t t!e ne#otiations. 1%t no ne#otiations
ill be !eld %ntil international troo's en"orcin# t!e cease8"ire !ave de&onstrated
t!eir abilit, to co%nter an, a##ression "ro& eit!er side9 t!%s s%''ressin# a &a+or
incentive "or t!e to sides to res%&e "i#!tin#.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 and i" ne#otiations beteen t!e to sides do
be#in soon9 at t!e ti&e t!ose ne#otiations be#in eac! o" t!e "olloin# &%st also
be tr%e EECEFT:
.A/ T!e cease8"ire !as not been violated b, eit!er o" t!e to sides.
.1/ International troo's en"orcin# t!e cease8"ire !ave de&onstrated t!at t!e, can
co%nter a##ression "ro& eit!er o" t!e to sides.
.C/ A &a+or incentive "or t!e to sides to res%&e !ostilities !as been s%''ressed.
.3/ 7t!er co%ntries !ave e(erted 'ress%re on t!e to sides to t!e dis'%te.
.E/ T!e ne#otiations reac!in# an a#ree&ent de'ends in 'art on t!e actions o"
ot!er co%ntries.
5G. I" 1lankens!i' Enter'rises !as to sitc! s%''liers in t!e &iddle o" a lar#e
'rod%ction r%n9 t!e co&'an, ill not s!o a 'ro"it "or t!e ,ear. T!ere"ore9 i"
1lankens!i' Enter'rises in "act t%rns o%t to s!o no 'ro"it "or t!e ,ear9 it ill
also t%rn o%t to be tr%e t!at t!e co&'an, !ad to sitc! s%''liers d%rin# a lar#e
'rod%ction r%n.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# #ro%nds-
.A/ T!e ar#%&ent is a circ%lar ar#%&ent &ade %' o" an o'enin# clai& "olloed
b, a concl%sion t!at &erel, 'ara'!rases t!at clai&.
.1/ T!e ar#%&ent "ails to establis! t!at a condition %nder !ic! a '!eno&enon is
said to occ%r is t!e onl, condition %nder !ic! t!at '!eno&enon occ%rs.
GMAT & LSAT CR @IG
.C/ T!e ar#%&ent involves an e0%ivocation9 in t!at t!e ord >'ro"it? is alloed
to s!i"t its &eanin# d%rin# t!e co%rse o" t!e ar#%&ent.
.3/ T!e ar#%&ent erroneo%sl, %ses an e(ce'tional9 isolated case to s%''ort a
%niversal concl%sion.
.E/ T!e ar#%&ent e('lains one event as bein# ca%sed b, anot!er event9 even
t!o%#! bot! events &%st act%all, !ave been ca%sed b, so&e t!ird9
%nidenti"ied event.
SECTI72 I4
1. Ja&es: In &, on !o%se9 I do !at I ant. In bannin# s&okin# on 'assen#er
airlines d%rin# do&estic "li#!ts9 t!e #overn&ent !as i#nored t!e airlines ri#!t to
set s&okin# 'olicies on t!eir on 'ro'ert,.
Eileen: *o% !o%se is "or ,o%r on %se. 1eca%se a 'assen#er airline o""ers a
service to t!e '%blic9 t!e 'assen#ers !ealt! &%st co&e "irst.
T!e basic ste' in Eileens &et!od o" attackin# Ja&es ar#%&ent is to
.A/ dra a distinction
.1/ o""er a de"inition
.C/ establis! an analo#,
.3/ derive a contradiction "ro& it
.E/ 0%estion its &otivation
5. T!e co&'an, t!at 'rod%ces E*Q9 a co&'%ter s'reads!eet 'ro#ra&9 esti&ates t!at
&illions o" ille#all, re'rod%ced co'ies o" E*Q are bein# %sed. I" le#all,
'%rc!ased9 t!is n%&ber o" co'ies o%ld !ave #enerated &illions o" dollars in
sales "or t!e co&'an,9 ,et des'ite a co&'an,8ide e""ort to boost sales9 t!e
co&'an, !as not taken available le#al &eas%res to 'rosec%te t!ose !o !ave
co'ied t!e 'ro#ra& ille#all,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain !, t!e co&'an, !as
not taken available le#al &eas%res-
.A/ E*Q is ver, di""ic%lt to co', ille#all,9 beca%se a so'!isticated antico',in#
&ec!anis& in t!e 'ro#ra& &%st "irst be disabled.
.1/ T!e le#al &eas%res t!at t!e co&'an, t!at 'rod%ces E*Q co%ld take a#ainst
t!ose !o !ave co'ied its 'rod%ct beca&e available several ,ears be"ore
E*Q ca&e on t!e &arket.
.C/ Man, 'eo'le !o '%rc!ase a so"tare 'ro#ra& like E*Q are illin# to
'%rc!ase t!at 'ro#ra& onl, a"ter t!e, !ave alread, %sed it.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" ille#all, re'rod%ced co'ies o" E*Q c%rrentl, in %se e(ceeds
t!e n%&ber o" le#all, re'rod%ced co'ies c%rrentl, in %se.
GMAT & LSAT CR @IA
.E/ T!e co&'an, t!at 'rod%ces A1C9 t!e s'reads!eet 'ro#ra& t!at is E*Qs
&ain rival in t!e &arket'lace9 is ell knon "or takin# le#al action a#ainst
'eo'le !o !ave co'ied A1C ille#all,.
Questions 3-4
Mi&: So&e 'eo'le clai& t!at t!e batter,8'oered electric car re'resents a 'otential
sol%tion to t!e 'roble& o" air 'oll%tion. 1%t t!e, "or#et t!at it takes electricit, to
rec!ar#e batteries and t!at &ost o" o%r electricit, is #enerated b, b%rnin# 'oll%tin#
"ossil "%els. Increasin# t!e n%&ber o" electric cars on t!e road o%ld re0%ire b%ildin#
&ore #eneratin# "acilities since c%rrent "acilities are o'eratin# at &a(i&%& ca'acit,.
So even i" all o" t!e #asoline8'oered cars on t!e roads toda, ere re'laced b,
electric cars9 it o%ld at best be an e(c!an#e o" one so%rce o" "ossil8"%el 'oll%tion "or
anot!er.
<. T!e &ain 'oint &ade in Mi&s ar#%&ent is t!at
.A/ re'lacin# #asoline8'oered cars it! batter,8'oered electric cars ill
re0%ire b%ildin# &ore #eneratin# "acilities
.1/ a si#ni"icant red%ction in air 'oll%tion cannot be ac!ieved %nless 'eo'le drive
less
.C/ all "or&s o" a%to&obile trans'ortation are e0%all, !ar&"%l to t!e
environ&ent in ter&s o" t!e air 'oll%tion t!e, 'rod%ce
.3/ batter,8'oered electric cars are not a viable sol%tion to t!e air8'oll%tion
'roble&
.E/ #asoline8'oered cars ill 'robabl, re&ain a co&&on &eans o"
trans'ortation "or t!e "oreseeable "%t%re
C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! Mi&s ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ Re'lacin# #asoline8'oered cars it! batter,8'oered electric cars ill lead
to a net increase in t!e total n%&ber o" cars on t!e road.
.1/ Gasoline8'oered cars are c%rrentl, not t!e &ost si#ni"icant so%rce o" "ossil8
"%el 'oll%tion.
.C/ Re'lacin# #asoline8'oered cars it! batter,8'oered electric cars is
+%sti"ied onl, i" electric cars 'rod%ce less air 'oll%tion.
.3/ 6!ile it is bein# o'erated9 a batter,8'oered electric car does not ca%se an,
si#ni"icant air 'oll%tion.
.E/ At least so&e o" t!e #eneratin# "acilities b%ilt to &eet t!e de&and "or
electricit, "or batter,8'oered electric cars o%ld be o" a t,'e t!at b%rns
"ossil "%el.
@. Flanetar, bodies di""er "ro& one anot!er in t!eir co&'osition9 b%t &ost o" t!ose
in t!e Solar S,ste& !ave solid s%r"aces. =nless t!e core o" s%c! a 'lanetar, bod,
#enerates eno%#! !eat to ca%se volcanic action9 t!e s%r"ace o" t!e bod, ill not
be reneed "or &illions o" ,ears. An, 'lanetar, bod, it! a solid s%r"ace !ose
GMAT & LSAT CR @IB
s%r"ace is not reneed "or &illions o" ,ears beco&es !eavil, 'ock&arked b,
&eteorite craters9 +%st like t!e Eart!s Moon. So&e old 'lanetar, bodies in t!e
Solar S,ste&9 s%c! as E%ro'a9 a ver, cold &oon belon#in# to J%'iter9 !ave solid
ic, s%r"aces it! ver, "e &eteorite craters.
I" t!e clai&s above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st9 on t!e basis o"
t!e&9 be tr%e-
.A/ T!e Eart!s Moon does not !ave an ic, s%r"ace.
.1/ I" a 'lanetar, bod, does not !ave a !eavil, 'ock&arked s%r"ace9 its core does
not #enerate eno%#! !eat to ca%se volcanic action.
.C/ So&e 'lanetar, bodies !ose cores #enerate eno%#! !eat to ca%se volcanic
action do not !ave solid ic, s%r"aces.
.3/ So&e o" J%'iters &oons are !eavil, 'ock&arked b, &eteorite craters.
.E/ So&e ver, cold 'lanetar, bodies !ave cores t!at #enerate eno%#! !eat to
ca%se volcanic action.
G. Fatient: F!ar&acists &aintain t!at doctors s!o%ld not be 'er&itted to sell t!e
&edicine t!at t!e, 'rescribe beca%se doctors o%ld t!en be te&'ted to 'rescribe
%nnecessar, &edicines in order to earn e(tra inco&e. 1%t '!ar&acists !ave a
"inancial interest in !avin# a &ono'ol, on t!e sale o" 'rescri'tion &edicines9 so
t!eir ob+ection to t!e sale o" &edicines b, doctors cannot be taken serio%sl,.
T!e 'atients ar#%&ent 'roceeds b,
.A/ 'ointin# o%t an %nstated ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e '!ar&acists ar#%&ent
relies and t!en re"%tin# it
.1/ atte&'tin# to discredit a 'osition b, 0%estionin# t!e &otives o" t!e
'ro'onents o" t!at 'osition
.C/ %nder&inin# t!e '!ar&acists concl%sion b, de&onstratin# t!at one o" t!e
state&ents %sed to s%''ort t!e concl%sion is "alse
.3/ re+ectin# a 0%estionable 'osition on t!e #ro%nds t!at t!e #eneral '%blic does
not s%''ort t!at 'osition
.E/ assertin# t!at '!ar&acists lack t!e a''ro'riate knoled#e to !ave in"or&ed
o'inions on t!e s%b+ect %nder disc%ssion
A. M%rra,: *o% clai& Senator 1randon !as acce'ted #i"ts "ro& lobb,ists. *o% are
ron# to &ake t!is criticis&. T!at it is &otivated b, 'ersonal dislike is s!on b,
t!e "act t!at ,o% deliberatel, avoid critici)in# ot!er 'oliticians !o !ave done
!at ,o% acc%se Senator 1randon o" doin#.
Jane: *o% are ri#!t t!at I dislike Senator 1randon9 b%t +%st beca%se I !ave not
critici)ed t!e sa&e "ailin# in ot!ers doesnt &ean ,o% can e(c%se t!e senators
o""ense.
I" M%rra, and Jane are bot! sincere in !at t!e, sa,9 t!en it can 'ro'erl, be
concl%ded t!at t!e, a#ree t!at
.A/ Senator 1randon !as acce'ted #i"ts "ro& lobb,ists
GMAT & LSAT CR @IH
.1/ it is ron# "or 'oliticians to acce't #i"ts "ro& lobb,ists
.C/ Janes criticis& o" Senator 1randon is &otivated onl, b, 'ersonal dislike
.3/ Senator 1randon s!o%ld be critici)ed "or acce'tin# #i"ts "ro& lobb,ists
.E/ one or &ore 'oliticians !ave acce'ted #i"ts "ro& lobb,ists
Questions 8-9
7scar: E&er#in# in"or&ation tec!nolo#ies ill soon &ake s'eed o" in"or&ation
'rocessin# t!e sin#le &ost i&'ortant "actor in t!e creation o" individ%al9 cor'orate9
and national ealt!. Conse0%entl,9 t!e division o" t!e orld into nort!ern co%ntriesK
in #eneral ric!Kand so%t!ern co%ntriesKin #eneral 'oorKill soon be obsolete.
Instead9 t!ere si&'l, ill be "ast co%ntries and slo co%ntries9 and t!%s a co%ntr,s
econo&ic ell8bein# ill not be a "%nction o" its #eo#ra'!ical 'osition b%t +%st a
&atter o" its relative s%ccess in incor'oratin# t!ose ne tec!nolo#ies.
S,lvia: 1%t t!e 'oor co%ntries o" t!e so%t! lack t!e econo&ic reso%rces to ac0%ire
t!ose tec!nolo#ies and ill t!ere"ore re&ain 'oor. T!e tec!nolo#ies ill t!%s onl,
iden t!e e(istin# econo&ic #a' beteen nort! and so%t!.
B. S,lvias reasonin# de'ends on t!e ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ t!e 'ros'erit, o" t!e ric! co%ntries o" t!e nort! de'ends9 at least in 'art9 on
t!e nat%ral reso%rces o" t!e 'oor co%ntries o" t!e so%t!
.1/ t!e e&er#ence o" ne in"or&ation tec!nolo#ies ill not res%lt in a
si#ni"icant net increase in t!e total a&o%nt o" #lobal ealt!
.C/ t!ere are tec!nolo#ies ot!er t!an in"or&ation tec!nolo#ies !ose
develo'&ent co%ld !el' narro t!e e(istin# econo&ic #a' beteen nort!
and so%t!
.3/ at least so&e o" t!e ric! co%ntries o" t!e nort! ill be e""ective in
incor'oratin# ne in"or&ation tec!nolo#ies into t!eir econo&ies
.E/ t!e s'eed at !ic! in"or&ation 'rocessin# take 'lace ill contin%e to
increase inde"initel,
H. T!e reasonin# t!at 7scar %ses in s%''ortin# !is 'rediction is v%lnerable to
criticis& on t!e #ro%nd t!at it
.A/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e abilit, o" co%ntries to ac0%ire ne
tec!nolo#ies at so&e ti&e in t!e "%t%re ill de'end on "actors ot!er t!an
t!ose co%ntries 'resent econo&ic stat%s
.1/ "ails to establis! t!at t!e division o" t!e orld into ric! co%ntries and 'oor
co%ntries is t!e sin#le &ost i&'ortant 'roble& t!at ill con"ront t!e orld
econo&, in t!e "%t%re
.C/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at9 in deter&inin# a co%ntr,s "%t%re ealt!9 t!e
co%ntr,s incor'oration o" in"or&ation8'rocessin# tec!nolo#ies &i#!t be
o%tei#!ed b, a co&bination o" ot!er "actors
.3/ 'rovides no reason to believe t!at "aster in"or&ation 'rocessin# ill !ave
GMAT & LSAT CR @1I
onl, bene"icial e""ects on co%ntries t!at s%ccess"%ll, incor'orate ne
in"or&ation tec!nolo#ies into t!eir econo&ies
.E/ &akes no distinction beteen t!ose o" t!e orlds ric! co%ntries t!at are t!e
ealt!iest and t!ose t!at are less ealt!,
1I. At t!e be#innin# o" eac! &ont!9 co&'anies re'ort to t!e "ederal #overn&ent t!eir
net loss or #ain in +obs over t!e 'ast &ont!. T!ese re'orts are t!en consolidated
b, t!e #overn&ent and re'orted as t!e total #ain or loss "or t!e 'ast &ont!.
3es'ite acc%rate re'ortin# b, co&'anies and correct tall,in# b, t!e #overn&ent9
t!e n%&ber o" +obs lost as si#ni"icantl, %nderesti&ated in t!e recent recession.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 contrib%tes &ost to a resol%tion o" t!e
a''arent discre'anc, described-
.A/ More +obs are lost in a recession t!an in a 'eriod o" #rot!.
.1/ T!e e('enses o" collectin# and re'ortin# e&'lo,&ent data !ave steadil,
increased.
.C/ Man, 'eo'le !o lose t!eir +obs start %' t!eir on b%sinesses.
.3/ In t!e recent recession a lar#e n%&ber o" "ailin# co&'anies abr%'tl, ceased
all o'erations.
.E/ T!e recent recession contrib%ted to t!e #roin# 're'onderance o" service
+obs over &an%"act%rin# +obs.
Questions 11-1!
1evera#e co&'an, re'resentative: T!e 'lastic rin#s t!at !old si(8'acks o" bevera#e
cans to#et!er 'ose a t!reat to ild ani&als9 !ic! o"ten beco&e entan#led in t!e
discarded rin#s and s%""ocate as a res%lt. $olloin# o%r lead9 all bevera#e co&'anies
ill soon %se onl, t!ose rin#s consistin# o" a ne 'lastic t!at disinte#rates a"ter onl,
t!ree da,s e('os%re to s%nli#!t. 7nce e all co&'lete t!e sitc!over "ro& t!e old to
t!e ne 'lastic rin#s9 t!ere"ore9 t!e t!reat o" s%""ocation t!at 'lastic rin#s 'ose to ild
ani&als ill be eli&inated.
11. T!e ar#%&ent de'ends on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ 2one o" t!e ne 'lastic rin#s can disinte#rate a"ter onl, to da,s e('os%re
to s%nli#!t.
.1/ T!e sitc!over to t!e ne 'lastic rin#s can be co&'leted it!o%t ca%sin#
si#ni"icant "inancial !ards!i' to t!e bevera#e co&'anies.
.C/ 6ild ani&als ill not beco&e entan#led in t!e ne 'lastic rin#s be"ore t!e
rin#s !ave !ad s%""icient e('os%re to s%nli#!t to disinte#rate.
.3/ =se o" t!e old 'lastic rin#s 'oses no s%bstantial t!reat to ild ani&als ot!er
t!an t!at o" s%""ocation.
.E/ An, ild ani&al t!at beco&es entan#led in t!e old 'lastic rin#s ill
s%""ocate as a res%lt.
15. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e re'resentatives
GMAT & LSAT CR @11
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e sitc!over to t!e ne 'lastic rin#s ill take at least to &ore ,ears to
co&'lete.
.1/ A"ter t!e bevera#e co&'anies !ave sitc!ed over to t!e ne 'lastic rin#s9 a
s%bstantial n%&ber o" t!e old 'lastic rin#s ill 'ersist in &ost a0%atic and
oodland environ&ents.
.C/ T!e ne 'lastic rin#s are sli#!tl, less e('ensive t!an t!e old rin#s.
.3/ T!e ne 'lastic rin#s rarel, disinte#rate d%rin# s!i''in# o" bevera#e si(8
'acks beca%se &ost tr%cks t!at trans'ort canned bevera#es 'rotect t!eir
car#o "ro& s%nli#!t.
.E/ T!e ne 'lastic rin#s disinte#rate into s%bstances t!at are !ar&"%l to a0%atic
ani&als !en in#ested in s%bstantial 0%antities b, t!e&.
1<. Alco!ol cons%&'tion !as been clearl, linked to !i#! blood 'ress%re9 !ic!
increases t!e likeli!ood o" develo'in# !eart disease. *et in a st%d, o" t!e e""ects
o" alco!ol cons%&'tion9 t!e incidence o" !eart disease as loer a&on#
'artici'ants !o drank &oderate 0%antities o" alco!ol ever, da, t!an it as
a&on# 'artici'ants identi"ied as nondrinkers.
discre'anc, in t!e in"or&ation above-
.A/ 1eca%se &an, 'eo'le !o do not drink alco!ol are conscio%s o" t!eir !ealt!
!abits9 t!e, are likel, to en#a#e in re#%lar e(ercise and to eat n%tritionall,
ell8balanced &eals.
.1/ Man, o" t!e 'artici'ants identi"ies as nondrinkers ere 'eo'le !o !ad been
!eav, drinkers b%t !ad sto''ed drinkin# alco!ol 'rior to 'artici'atin# in t!e
st%d,.
.C/ So&e o" t!e 'artici'ants !o drank &oderate 0%antities o" alco!ol ever, da,
said t!at t!e, occasionall, drank lar#e 0%antities o" alco!ol.
.3/ So&e o" t!e 'artici'ants !o drank &oderate 0%antities o" alco!ol ever, da,
!ad !i#! blood 'ress%re.
.E/ T!e to #ro%'s o" 'artici'ants ere si&ilar to eac! ot!er it! res'ect to t!e
'artici'ants a#e9 se(9 #eo#ra'!ical ori#in9 and econo&ic back#ro%nd.
1C. So&e o" t!e orlds &ost bea%ti"%l cats are Fersian cats. :oever9 it &%st be
acknoled#ed t!at all Fersian cats are 'o&'o%s9 and 'o&'o%s cats are invariabl,
irritatin#.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 eac! o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e on t!e
basis o" t!e& EECEFT:
.A/ So&e o" t!e orlds &ost bea%ti"%l cats are irritatin#.
.1/ So&e irritatin# cats are a&on# t!e orlds &ost bea%ti"%l cats.
.C/ An, cat t!at is not irritatin# is not a Fersian cat.
GMAT & LSAT CR @15
.3/ So&e 'o&'o%s cats are a&on# t!e orlds &ost bea%ti"%l cats.
.E/ So&e irritatin# and bea%ti"%l cats are not Fersian cats.
1@. At $lord,ce =niversit, an, st%dent !o ants to 'artici'ate in a certain
arc!aeolo#ical di# is eli#ible to do so b%t onl, i" t!e st%dent !as taken at least one
arc!aeolo#, co%rse and !as s!on an interest in t!e "ield. Man, st%dents !o
!ave s!on an interest in arc!aeolo#, never take even one arc!aeolo#, co%rse.
T!ere"ore9 &an, st%dents !o ant to 'artici'ate in t!e di# ill be ineli#ible to
do so.
T!e "laed reasonin# o" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents is &ost si&ilar to
t!at o" t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!eoreticall,9 an, +ar is ort! savin# re#ardless o" its si)e9 b%t onl, i" it !as a
lid. T!ere"ore9 since so&e +ars are s%re not to !ave lids9 t!ere are certain
si)es o" +ar t!at are act%all, not ort! savin#.
.1/ $or a !orse t!at is ell sc!ooled to be ideal "or be#innin# riders t!at !orse
&%st also be s%re"ooted and #entle. Man, !orses t!at are s%re"ooted are not
#entle. T!ere"ore &an, ell8sc!ooled !orses are not ideal "or be#innin#
riders.
.C/ I" an a%t!ors "irst novel !as a ro&antic settin# and a s%s'ense"%l 'lot9 it ill
beco&e a best8seller. Since &an, a%t!ors "irst novels !ave neit!er9 not
&an, "irst novels beco&e best8sellers.
.3/ An, a%to&obile t!at is &ore t!an a "e ,ears old is event%all, s%re to need
re'airs i" it is not re#%larl, &aintained. Man, a%to&obiles are &ore t!an a
"e ,ears old9 b%t still do not need re'airs. T!ere"ore9 &an, a%to&obiles are
re#%larl, &aintained.
.E/ An e('ensive ne b%ildin# ill 'rove to be a #ood invest&ent onl, i" it is
aest!eticall, 'leasin# or 'rovides lots o" o""ice s'ace. :oever9 since &an,
e('ensive ne b%ildin#s are not aest!eticall, 'leasin#9 "e e('ensive ne
b%ildin#s ill 'rove to be #ood invest&ents.
1G. $ro& t!e observation t!at eac! &e&ber o" a #ro%' co%ld 'ossess a c!aracteristic9
it is "allacio%s to concl%de i&&ediatel, t!at it is 'ossible "or all t!e #ro%'s
&e&bers to 'ossess t!e c!aracteristic. An e(a&'le in !ic! t!e "allac, is
obvio%s: ar#%in# t!at beca%se eac! o" t!e 'la,ers enterin# a tennis to%rna&ent
!as a 'ossibilit, o" innin# it9 t!ere is t!ere"ore a 'ossibilit, t!at all ill in t!e
to%rna&ent.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# co&&its t!e "allac, described above-
.A/ *o% can "ool so&e o" t!e 'eo'le all o" t!e ti&e and all o" t!e 'eo'le so&e o"
t!e ti&e9 b%t ,o% cannot "ool all o" t!e 'eo'le all o" t!e ti&e.
.1/ Eac! o" t!e candidates "or &a,or a''ears at "irst #lance to 'ossess t!e
necessar, 0%ali"ications. It o%ld t!ere"ore be a &istake to r%le o%t an, o"
t!e& it!o%t &ore care"%l e(a&ination.
GMAT & LSAT CR @1<
.C/ Eac! o" t!e &an, no&inees co%ld be a''ointed to an, one o" t!e t!ree
o'enin#s on t!e co&&ittee. T!ere"ore it is 'ossible "or all o" t!e no&inees
to be a''ointed to t!e o'enin#s on t!e co&&ittee.
.3/ I" a "air coin is tossed "ive ti&es9 t!en on eac! toss t!e c!ance o" !eads bein#
t!e res%lt is !al". T!ere"ore t!e c!ance o" !eads bein# t!e res%lt on all "ive
tosses is also !al".
.E/ It is esti&ated t!at ten &illion 'lanets ca'able o" s%''ortin# li"e e(ist in o%r
#ala(,. T!%s to r%le o%t t!e 'ossibilit, o" li"e on orlds ot!er t!an Eart!9 ten
&illion 'lanetar, e('lorations o%ld be needed.
1A. Recent researc! s!os t!at !esitation9 s!i"tin# 'ost%re9 and "ail%re to &aintain
e,e contact are not reliable indicators in discri&inatin# beteen t!ose !o are
l,in# and t!ose !o are tellin# t!e tr%t!. T!e researc! indicates t!at be!avior t!at
cannot be controlled is a &%c! better cl%e9 at least !en t!e lie is i&'ortant to t!e
liar. S%c! be!avior incl%des t!e dilation o" e,e '%'ils9 !ic! indicates e&otional
aro%sal9 and s&all &ove&ents o" "acial &%scles9 !ic! indicate distress9 "ear or
an#er.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rovides t!e stron#est reason "or e(ercisin# ca%tion
!en rel,in# on t!e >better? cl%es &entioned above in order to discover !et!er
so&eone is l,in#-
.A/ A 'erson !o is l,in# &i#!t be aare t!at !e or s!e is bein# closel,
observed "or indications o" l,in#.
.1/ So&eone !o is tellin# t!e tr%t! &i#!t nevert!eless !ave a 'ast !istor, o"
l,in#.
.C/ A 'racticed liar &i#!t !ave ac!ieved #reat control over bod, 'ost%re and e,e
contact.
.3/ A 'erson tellin# t!e tr%t! &i#!t be a""ected e&otionall, b, bein# s%s'ected
o" l,in# or b, so&e ot!er as'ect o" t!e sit%ation.
.E/ So&eone !o is l,in# &i#!t e(!ibit !esitation and s!i"tin# 'ost%re as ell as
dilated '%'ils.
Questions 18-19
7rt!odo( &edicine is ine""ective at bot! ends o" t!e s'ectr%& o" ail&ents. At t!e
&ore trivial end9 ort!odo( &edicine is lar#el, ine""ective in treatin# ac!es9 'ains and
aller#ies9 and9 at t!e ot!er e(tre&e9 it !as ,et to 'rod%ce a c%re "or serio%s9 li"e8
t!reatenin# diseases s%c! as advanced cancer and l%'%s. Feo'le t%rn to alternative
&edicine !en ort!odo( &edicine "ails to !el' t!e& and !en it 'rod%ces side e""ects
t!at are %nacce'table to t!e&. 7ne o" t!e reasons alternative &edicines is "ree o" s%c!
side e""ects is t!at it does not !ave an, e""ects at all.
1B. I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl,
in"erred "ro& t!e&-
.A/ Fractitioners o" alternative &edicine are actin# in bad "ait!.
GMAT & LSAT CR @1C
.1/ T!ere are so&e &edical conditions "or !ic! no ort!odo( or alternative
treat&ent is e""ective.
.C/ T!ere are so&e trivial illnesses t!at can be treated e""ectivel, b, t!e &et!ods
o" alternative &edicine.
.3/ T!ere are no e""ective &edical treat&ents t!at are "ree "ro& %nacce'table
side e""ects.
.E/ 7rt!odo( &edicine ill event%all, 'rod%ce a sol%tion "or t!e diseases t!at
are c%rrentl, inc%rable.
1H. T!e c!ar#e &ade above a#ainst alternative &edicine is &ost serio%sl, eakened
i" it is tr%e t!at
.A/ 'redictions based on ort!odo( &edicine !ave so&eti&es "ailed9 as !en a
'atient !as recovered des'ite t!e +%d#&ent o" doctors t!at an illness is "atal
.1/ alternative &edicine relies on conce'ts o" t!e bod, and o" t!e nat%re o"
!ealin# t!at di""er "ro& t!ose on !ic! ort!odo( &edicine is based
.C/ alternative &edicine 'rovides !o'e to t!ose "or !o& ort!odo( &edicine
o""ers no c%re
.3/ a 'atients belie" in t!e &edical treat&ent t!e 'atient is receivin# can release
t!e bod,s on c!e&ical 'ainkillers9 di&inis! aller#ic reactions9 and
'ro&ote !ealin#
.E/ &an, treat&ents %sed "or a ti&e b, ort!odo( &edicine !ave later been "o%nd
to be totall, ine""ective
5I. :%&ans be#an to s'read across 2ort! A&erican aro%nd 159III ,ears a#o9 as t!e
cli&ate beca&e ar&er. 3%rin# t!e sa&e 'eriod t!e lar#e &a&&als t!at ere
once ab%ndant in 2ort! A&erica9 s%c! as t!e &astodon9 t!e ooll, &a&&ot!9
and t!e saber8toot!ed ti#er9 beca&e e(tinct. T!%s9 contrar, to t!e &,t! t!at
!%&ans "or&erl, lived in !ar&on, it! t!e rest o" nat%re9 it is clear t!at even
159III ,ears a#o !%&an activit, as ca%sin# t!e e(tinction o" ani&al s'ecies.
T!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable o t!e criticis& t!at
.A/ it ado'ts it!o%t 0%estion a vie o" t!e orld in !ic! !%&ans are seen as
not incl%ded in nat%re
.1/ in callin# t!e idea t!at !%&ans once lived in !ar&on, it! nat%re a &,t! t!e
ar#%&ent 'res%''oses !at it atte&'ts to 'rove
.C/ "or earl, in!abitants o" 2ort! A&erica t!e destr%ction o" &astodons9 ooll,
&a&&ot!s9 and saber8toot!ed ti#ers &i#!t !ave !ad ver, di""erent
si#ni"icance t!an t!e e(tinction o" &a&&al s'ecies does "or &odern
!%&ans
.3/ t!ere &i#!t !ave been &an, ot!er s'ecies o" ani&als9 besides &astodon9
ooll, &a&&ot!s9 and saber8toot!ed ti#ers9 t!at beca&e e(tinct as t!e
res%lt o" t!e s'read o" !%&ans across 2ort! A&erican
.E/ t!e evidence it cites is consistent it! t!e alternative !,'ot!esis t!at t!e lar#e
GMAT & LSAT CR @1@
&a&&als e(tinction as a direct res%lt o" t!e sa&e c!an#e in cli&ate t!at
alloed !%&ans to s'read across 2ort! A&erican
51. T!e ton o" Green"ield recentl, instit%ted a s%bstantial s%''le&entar, ta( on all
!o%se!olds9 !ereb, eac! !o%se!old is ta(ed in 'ro'ortion to t!e vol%&e o" t!e
tras! t!at it '%ts o%t "or tras! collectors to 'ick %'9 as &eas%red b, t!e n%&ber o"
standard8si)ed #arba#e ba#s '%t o%t. In order to red%ce t!e vol%&e o" t!e tras! on
!ic! t!eir ta( bill is based9 Green"ield !o%se!olds can deliver t!eir rec,clable
tras! to a convenientl, located local co&&ercial rec,clin# center9 !ere s%c!
tras! is acce'ted "ree o" c!ar#e.
T!e s%''le&entar, ta( 'rovides so&e "inancial incentive to Green"ield
!o%se!olds to do eac! o" t!e "olloin# EECEFT
.A/ sort o%t rec,clable tras! t!oro%#!l, "ro& t!eir ot!er tras!
.1/ d%&' nonrec,clable tras! ille#all, at 'arks and roadsides
.C/ co&'ress and nest ite&s o" nonrec,clable tras! be"ore '%ttin# t!e& o%t "or
'ick%'
.3/ deliver rec,clable &aterials to t!e rec,clin# center instead o" 'assin# t!e&
on to nei#!bors !o ant to re%se t!e&
.E/ b%, 'rod%cts it!o%t 'acka#in# or it! rec,clable rat!er t!an nonrec,clable
'acka#in#
55. In a s%rve, o" cons%&ers in an Eastern E%ro'ean nation9 res'ondents ere asked
to 0%estions abo%t eac! o" CII "a&o%s 6estern brands: !et!er or not t!e,
reco#ni)ed t!e brand na&e and !et!er or not t!e, t!o%#!t t!e 'rod%cts bearin#
t!at na&e ere o" !i#! 0%alit,. T!e res%lts o" t!e s%rve, ere a ratin# and
corres'ondin# rank order "or eac! brand based on reco#nition9 and a second
ratin#8'l%s8rankin# based on a''roval. T!e brands ranked in t!e to' 5A "or
reco#nition ere t!ose act%all, available in t!at nation. T!e a''roval rankin#s o"
t!ese 5A brands o"ten di""ered s!ar'l, "ro& t!eir reco#nition rankin#s. 1,
contrast9 &ost o" t!e ot!er brands !ad ratin#s9 and t!%s rankin#s9 t!at ere
essentiall, t!e sa&e "or reco#nition as "or a''roval.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" eac! is a 'rinci'le abo%t cons%&er s%rve,s9 is
violated b, t!e s%rve, described-
.A/ 2ever ask all res'ondents a 0%estion i" it cannot reasonabl, be ansered b,
res'ondents !o &ake a 'artic%lar res'onse to anot!er 0%estion in t!e sa&e
s%rve,.
.1/ 2ever ask a 0%estion t!at is likel, to #enerate a lar#e variet, o" res'onses
t!at are di""ic%lt to #ro%' into a &ana#eable n%&ber o" cate#ories.
.C/ 2ever ask all res'ondents a 0%estion t!at res'ondents cannot anser it!o%t
#ivin# %' t!eir anon,&it,.
.3/ It is better to ask t!e sa&e 0%estion abo%t ten di""erent 'rod%cts t!an to ask
ten di""erent 0%estions abo%t a sin#le 'rod%ct.
GMAT & LSAT CR @1G
.E/ It is best to ask 0%estions t!at a res'ondent can anser it!o%t "ear o" !avin#
#otten t!e anser ron#.
5<. A certain s'ecies o" bird !as to basic varieties9 crested and noncrested. T!e bird9
!ic! #enerall, live in "locks t!at contain onl, crested or onl, noncrested birds9
tend to select &ates o" t!e sa&e variet, as t!e&selves. :oever9 i" a bird t!at is
raised in a "lock in !ic! all ot!er &e&bers are crested is later &oved to a &i(ed
"lock9 t!en t!at birdK!et!er crested or noncrestedKis likel, to select a crested
&ate. T!is "act indicates t!at t!e birds 're"erence "or crested or noncrested &ates
is learned rat!er t!an #eneticall, deter&ined.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 1irds o" ot!er s'ecies also tend to s!o 're"erences "or &ates t!at !ave one
or anot!er s'eci"ic '!,sical "eat%re.
.1/ In #eneral t!ere are "e be!avioral di""erences beteen t!e crested and
noncrested birds o" t!e s'ecies.
.C/ 1ot! t!e crested and noncrested birds o" t!e s'ecies tend to select &ates t!at
are si&ilar to t!e&selves in si)e and a#e.
.3/ I" a crested bird o" t!e s'ecies is raised in ca'tivit, a'art "ro& ot!er birds
and is later &oved to a &i(ed "lock9 t!at bird is likel, to select a crested
&ate.
.E/ I" a bird o" t!e s'ecies is raised in a "lock t!at contains bot! crested and
noncrested birds9 t!at bird s!os no 're"erence "or one variet, or t!e ot!er
in its selection o" a &ate.
5C. Flant s'ecies di""er in t!at reneed #rot! in s'rin# can be tri##ered b, da,
len#t! or b, te&'erat%re or else b, a co&bination o" bot!. 3a, len#t! is t!e
sa&e9 ,ear a"ter ,ear9 "or an, #iven date. T!ere"ore9 an, 'lant s'ecies t!at starts
to #ro a#ain on idel, di""erent dates in di""erent ,ears res%&es #rot! at least
in 'art in res'onse to te&'erat%re.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents is &ost si&ilar in its 'attern o" reasonin#
to t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ In Eandia9 &edical assistant trainees &%st eit!er co&'lete a "or&al trainin#
co%rse or ork "or one ,ear %nder t!e close s%'ervision o" a '!,sician.
Since "e '!,sicians are illin# to act as s%'ervisors9 it &%st be tr%e t!at
&ost &edical assistant trainees in Eandia take t!e trainin# co%rse.
.1/ In t!e Cra"ord area9 easterl, inds &ean rain ill co&e and esterl, inds
&ean dr, eat!er ill co&eD inds "ro& ot!er directions do not occ%r.
T!ere"ore9 since it is c%rrentl, rainin# in Cra"ord9 t!ere &%st be an
easterl, ind bloin# t!ere no.
.C/ So&e land"ills c!ar#e #arba#e co&'anies b, vol%&e onl,9 so&e c!ar#e b,
ei#!t onl,9 and all ot!ers %se a "or&%la sensitive to bot! vol%&e and
ei#!t. So i" at a 'artic%lar land"ill t!e c!ar#es "or to 'artic%lar loads o"
e0%al vol%&e d%&'ed on t!e sa&e da, are di""erent9 ei#!t &%st
GMAT & LSAT CR @1A
deter&ine9 or !el' deter&ine9 c!ar#es at t!at land"ill.
.3/ 3e'endin# on vol%&e o" b%siness9 eit!er one or to or t!ree store detectives
are needed "or ade0%ate 'rotection a#ainst s!o'li"tin#. T!ere"ore9 i" on an,
'artic%lar da, store &ana#e&ent !as decided t!at t!ree detectives ill be
needed9 it &%st be beca%se b%siness t!at da, is e('ected to be !eav,.
.E/ A call is &ore likel, to be !eard i" it is lo%d rat!er t!an so"t9 i" it is !i#!8
'itc!ed rat!er t!an lo8'itc!ed9 and es'eciall, i" it is bot! lo%d and !i#!8
'itc!ed. T!ere"ore9 an,one !ose call #oes %n!eard in s'ite o" bein# at
&a(i&%& lo%dness s!o%ld tr, to raise t!e 'itc! o" t!e call.
TEST 15
SECTI72 II
1. Rain"all in t!e dro%#!t 'la#%ed &etro'olitan area as !eavier t!an %s%al "or t!e
&ont! o" J%ne. 2evert!eless9 b, t!e "irst o" J%l, t!e cit,s ater s!orta#e as
&ore severe t!an ever9 and o""icials 'ro'osed drastic restrictions on t!e %se o"
ater.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 !el's to e('lain !, t!e cit,s ater
s!orta#e as not alleviated b, t!e "irst o" J%l,-
.A/ Moderate restrictions on t!e ind%strial %se o" ater !ad #one into e""ect in
t!e &etro'olitan area several &ont!s earlier.
.1/ 1eca%se o" t!e !eavier rain"all9 'eo'le atered t!eir lans &%c! less in J%ne
t!at t!e, %s%all, do in t!e &etro'olitan area d%rin# t!at &ont!.
.C/ Feo'le in t!e &etro'olitan area !o !ad vol%ntaril, red%ced t!eir %se o"
ater in earlier &ont!s !en o""icials voice alar& %sed #reater t!an nor&al
a&o%nts o" ater !en rain"all see&ed 'lenti"%l in J%ne.
.3/ 3%rin# t!e dro%#!t &ost residents o" t!e &etro'olitan area !ad been
in"or&ed abo%t ater conservation &et!ods t!at o%ld !el' t!e& to red%ce
t!eir ater cons%&'tion si#ni"icantl, it! a &ini&al red%ction in t!eir
standard o" livin#.
.E/ T!e 'er ca'ita rate o" t!e %se o" ater in t!e &etro'olitan area as sli#!tl,
loer in J%ne t!at in eac! o" t!e t!ree 'revio%s &ont!s and si#ni"icantl,
loer t!at in J%ne o" t!e 'revio%s ,ear.
5. Mana#er: I !ave circ%lated 'ostin# "or t!e 'osition o" Social Scienti"ic
Researc!er. A''licants &%st !ave eit!er an earned doctorate and a track record o"
'%blis!ed researc!9 or else "ive ,ears ork e('erience. T!e relevant "ields "or
t!ese re0%ire&ents are sociolo#,9 's,c!olo#,9 and ed%cation.
GMAT & LSAT CR @1B
6!ic! one o" t!e a''licants9 as described belo9 does 27T &eet t!e &ana#ers
re0%ire&ents-
.A/ Joanne 1ernstein !as orked "or t!e de'art&ent o" ed%cation as coordinator
o" researc! "or t!e 'as eleven ,ears. S!e also served "or si( ,ears as director
o" t!e Save t!e C!ildren $%nd. $or !ic! s!e as aarded an !onorar,
doctorate "ro& t!e liberal arts colle#e !ere s!e earned !er bac!elors
de#ree.
.1/ Alvin Jo!nson is a doctoral candidate at a local %niversit, and is c%rrentl,
orkin# on dissertation. Frior to %ndertakin# doctoral st%dies9 !e orked as
a 's,c!olo#, researc! "or seven ,ears.
.C/ Edard St. Jo!n !as orked as b%siness cons%ltant "or t!e 'ast ten ,ears9
d%rin# !ic! ti&e !e !as '%blis!ed si( novels. :e !olds an earned
doctorate "ro& one o" t!e nations "ore&ost b%siness sc!ools.
.3/ Mic!ael Roberts !as '%blis!ed to !i#!l, re#arded books on t!e 'roble&s
o" %rban '%blic sc!ools and !as a &asters de#ree in s'ecial ed%cation. :e
ta%#!t s'ecial ed%cation classes "or to ,ears and t!en "or "o%r ,ears served
as a researc! associate it! t!e Ma,ors Task $orce on Ed%cation.
.E/ Alicia Arias !olds an earned doctorate in sociolo#, "ro& a 'resti#io%s
%niversit, and !as '%blis!ed one book and "i"teen researc! articles in
sociolo#,.
<. 3eer &ice nor&all, do not travel "ar "ro& t!eir nests9 and deer &ice t!at are
&oved &ore t!an !al" a kilo&eter "ro& t!eir nests #enerall, never "ind t!eir a,
back. *et in one case9 !en researc!ers ca&'ed near a deer &o%se nest and
observed a ,o%n# deer &o%se "or several eeks be"ore &ovin# it to an area over
to kilo&eters aa,9 t!e deer &o%se "o%nd its a, back to its nest near t!eir
ca&' in less t!an to da,s.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#s9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el' to e('lain !o t!e deer &o%se
&i#!t !ave "o%nd its a, back to its nest-
.A/ T!e area to !ic! t!e deer &o%se as &oved as dr,er and &ore rock, t!an
t!e area in !ic! its nest as located.
.1/ T!e researc!ers released t!e deer &o%se in a "lat area across !ic! t!eir
ca&'"ire s&oke dri"ted.
.C/ T!ere ere ver, "e deer &ice in t!e area to !ic! t!e deer &o%se as
&oved.
.3/ T!e researc!ers !ad &oved t!e deer &%se in a s&all dark bo(9 kee'in# t!e
&o%se cal& be"ore it as released.
.E/ Ani&als t!at 're, on deer &ice ere co&&on in t!e area to !ic! t!e deer
&o%se as &oved.
C. T!e #overn&ents 'ro'osed B 'ercent c%t in all s%bsidies to arts #ro%'s ill be
di""ic%lt "or t!ose #ro%'s to absorb. As can be seen9 !oever9 "ro& t!eir res'onse
GMAT & LSAT CR @1H
to last ,ears c%t9 it ill not '%t t!e& o%t o" e(istence. Last ,ear t!ere as also an
B 'ercent c%t and t!o%#! 'rivate "%nd8raisin# as ver, di""ic%lt "or t!e arts
#ro%'s in t!e c%rrent recessionar, econo&,9 t!e, did s%rvive.
.A/ relies it!o%t arrant on t!e 'robabilit, t!at t!e econo&, ill i&'rove
.1/ does not raise t!e iss%e o" !et!er t!ere s!o%ld be an, #overn&ent s%bsidies
to arts #ro%'s at all
.C/ e0%ates t!e &ere s%rvival o" t!e arts #ro%'s it! t!eir "lo%ris!in#
.3/ does not take into acco%nt t!at t!e dollar a&o%nt o" t!e 'ro'osed c%t is loer
t!an t!e dollar a&o%nt o" last ,ears c%t
.E/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e c%&%lative e""ect o" t!e c%ts ill be &ore
t!at t!e arts #ro%'s can it!stand
@. T!e avera#e literate 'erson toda, s'ends si#ni"icantl, less ti&e readin# t!an t!e
avera#e literate 'erson did @I ,ears a#o9 ,et &an, &ore books are sold 'er ,ear
no t!an ere sold @I ,ears a#o.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 !el' resolve t!e a''arent discre'anc, above
EECEFT:
.A/ T!e 'o'%lation o" t!e literate 'eo'le is si#ni"icantl, lar#er toda, t!at it as
@I ,ears a#o.
.1/ Feo'le !o read books @I ,ears a#o ere &ore likel, to read books
borroed "ro& libraries t!an are 'eo'le !o read books toda,.
.C/ T!e avera#e sc!olar or ot!er 'erson !o %ses books 'ro"essionall, toda,
ons and cons%lts &an, &ore di""erent books t!an did t!e avera#e sc!olar
or si&ilar 'ro"essional @I ,ears a#o.
.3/ Feo'le o" @I ,ears a#o ere &ore likel, t!an 'eo'le are toda, to dis'la,
lar#e collections o" books as a si#n o" ed%cation and #ood taste.
.E/ 1ooks sold no tend to be s!orter and easier to read t!at ere books sold @I
,ears a#o.
G. So&e scientists believe t!at t!e relations!i' beteen &ice and !%&ans !as9 over
ti&e9 di&inis!ed t!e abilit, o" &ice to s%rvive in nat%re9 so t!at no t!e, &%st
de'end %'on !%&an civili)ation "or t!eir contin%ed e(istence. T!is o'inion9
!oever9 i#nores si#ni"icant "acts. 3es'ite n%&ero%s 'redators and !%&anit,s
en&it,9 &ice !ave distrib%ted t!e&selves &ore idel, across t!e 'lanet t!an an,
ot!er &a&&al e(ce't !%&ans. Mice re'rod%ce ra'idl, and9 &ore i&'ortant to
t!eir s%rvival9 t!e, !ave t!e abilit, to ada't to an e(traordinar, ran#e o" !abitats.
S!o%ld t!e environ&ent ever beco&e too e(tre&e to s%''ort !%&an li"e9
nat%ralists 'redict t!at &ice o%ld be able to ada't and s%rvive.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost s%''ort t!e nat%ralists
'rediction-
.A/ T!e si)e o" t!e &o%se 'o'%lation is li&ited b, t!e availabilit, o" "ood.
GMAT & LSAT CR @5I
.1/ =nder o'ti&%& conditions9 &ice re'rod%ce ever, "o%r eeks9 it! "ive to
seven '%'s 'er litter.
.C/ $ossil re&ains 'rove t!at &ice in!abited 2ort! A&erica 'rior to t!e arrival
o" !%&ans.
.3/ Mice !ave coloni)ed an island near Antarctica !ic! is too bleak and !ars!
to s%''ort !%&an li"e.
.E/ A si#ni"icant 'ercenta#e o" t!e orlds &o%se 'o'%lation lives in %rban areas.
A. All )ebras !ave stri'es9 and t!e &ost ides'read s%bs'ecies !as t!e best8de"ined
stri'es. T!e stri'es &%st t!ere"ore be o" i&'ortance to t!e s'ecies. Since a&on#
t!ese #rassland #ra)ers t!e stri'es can !ardl, "%nction as ca&o%"la#e9 t!e, &%st
serve as so&e sort o" si#nal "or ot!er )ebras.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e concl%sion
re#ardin# a si#nalin# "%nction-
.A/ T!e s%bs'ecies o" )ebras it! t!e best8de"ined stri's is also c!aracteri)ed b,
e(ce'tional si)e and vi#or.
.1/ In certain tall #rasses )ebras can be !arder to s'ot t!an #ra)in# ani&als it!
a coat o" %ni"or& color.
.C/ A vis%al si#nal trans&itted a&on# t!e &e&bers o" a s'ecies can consist o" a
te&'orar, c!an#e o" color 'erce'tible to ot!er &e&bers o" t!e s'ecies.
.3/ Qebras react &%c! "aster to &ovin# s!a'es t!at !ave stri'es t!an t!e, do to
&ovin# s!a'es t!at are ot!erise identical b%t lack stri'es.
.E/ Qebras !ave a ric!er re'ertoire o" vocal si#nals t!an do si&ilar s'ecies s%c!
as !orses.
B. So&e ,ears a#o9 an editorial de"ended =nite States #overn&ent restrictions on
acade&ic "reedo&9 ar#%in# t!at scientists !o receive '%blic "%ndin# cannot
ri#!tl, >detac! t!e&selves "ro& t!e #overn&ents 'olicies on national sec%rit,.?
*et t!e sa&e editorial critici)ed t!e Soviet #overn&ent "or not alloin# scientists
to >detac! t!e&selves "ro& 'olitics.? I" t!ere is a si#ni"icant di""erence beteen
t!e 'rinci'les involved in eac! case9 t!e editorial s!o%ld !ave e('lained !at t!at
di""erence is.
T!e a%t!or o" t!e 'assa#e critici)es t!e editorial b,
.A/ dis'%tin# certain "act%al clai&s &ade in t!e editorial
.1/ 'ointin# o%t an a''arent inconsistenc, in t!e editorial
.C/ describin# an alle#ed e(ce'tion to a #eneral clai& &ade in t!e editorial
.3/ re"%tin# an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent o" t!e editorial a''ears to
!ave been based
.E/ drain# concl%sions "ro& t!e editorial di""erent "ro& t!e concl%sion dran
b, t!e riter o" t!e editorial
H. F!.3. 'ro#ra&s are val%able onl, i" t!e, inc%lcate #ood sc!olars!i' and e('edite
GMAT & LSAT CR @51
t!e st%dents "%ll 'artici'ation in t!e "ield. :ence9 doctoral dissertations s!o%ld
not be re0%ired in t!e !%&anities. =ndertakin# a 0%alit, book8len#t! dissertation
de&ands an acc%&%lation o" knoled#e virt%all, i&'ossible "or t!ose relativel,
ne to t!eir disci'lines. T!e st%dent conse0%entl, eit!er seeks to co&'ensate "or
'oor 0%alit, it! 0%antit, or ends %' s'endin# ,ears 'rod%cin# a ork o" 0%alit,.
Eit!er a,9 t!e dissertation is co%nter'rod%ctive and "r%strates t!e a''ro'riate
#oals o" t!e doctoral 'ro#ra&.
T!e clai& t!at doctoral dissertations s!o%ld not be re0%ired in t!e !%&anities
'la, !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# roles in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It 'rovides essential s%''ort "or t!e concl%sion.
.1/ It is an e(a&'le ill%strative o" a #eneral 'rinci'le concernin# t!e #oals o"
F!.3. 'ro#ra&s.
.C/ It is !at t!e ar#%&ent is atte&'tin# to establis!.
.3/ It 'rovides evidence "or t!e ass%&'tion t!at re0%ire&ents "or de#rees in t!e
!%&anities di""er "ro& re0%ire&ents "or de#rees in ot!er disci'lines.
.E/ It con"ir&s t!e observation t!at t!e re0%ire&ent "or a dissertation can
"r%strate t!e #oals o" a doctoral 'ro#ra&.
1I. T!e #overn&ent o" Fen#lai9 an isolated island9 'ro'osed eli&inatin# o%tdoor
advertin# e(ce't "or s&all si#ns o" standard s!a'e t!at identi", 'laces o" b%siness.
So&e island &erc!ants 'rotested t!at t!e la o%ld red%ce t!e overall vol%&e o"
b%siness in Fen#lai9 'ointin# to a re'ort done b, t!e #overn&ent indicatin# t!at in
ever, ind%str, t!e Fen#lai b%sinesses t!at %sed o%tdoor advertisin# !ad a lar#er
&arket s!are t!an t!ose t!at did not.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# describes an error o" reasonin# in t!e &erc!ants
ar#%&ent-
.A/ 'res%''osin# t!at t!ere are no #ood reasons "or restrictin# t!e %se o" o%tdoor
advertisin# in Fen#lai
.1/ ass%&in# it!o%t #ivin# +%sti"ication t!at t!e o%tdoor advertisin# increased
&arket s!are b, so&e &eans ot!er t!an b, divertin# trader "ro& co&'etin#
b%sinesses
.C/ i#norin# t!e 0%estion o" !et!er t!e #overn&ents s%rve, o" t!e island co%ld
be ob+ective
.3/ "ailin# to establis! !et!er t!e &arket8s!are advanta#e en+o,ed b,
b%sinesses e&'lo,in# o%tdoor advertisin# as 'recisel, 'ro'ortionate to t!e
a&o%nt o" advertisin#
.E/ disre#ardin# t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e #overn&ents 'ro'osed restrictions are
%nconstit%tional
11. =nless t!e, are %sed as strictl, te&'orar, &eas%res9 rent8control ordinances
.&%nici'al re#%lations 'lacin# li&its on rent increases/ !ave several ne#ative
e""ects "or renters. 7ne o" t!ese is t!at t!e controls ill brin# abo%t a s!orta#e o"
GMAT & LSAT CR @55
rental %nits. T!is disadvanta#e "or renters occ%rs over t!e lon# r%n9 b%t t!e
advanta#eKs&aller rent increasesKocc%rs i&&ediatel,. In &an, &%nici'alities9
s'eci"icall, in all t!ose !ere tenants o" rent8control %nits !ave a sec%re !old on
'olitical 'oer and can #et rent8control ordinances enacted or re'ealed9 it is
invariabl, t!e desire "or s!ort8ter& #ain t!at #%ides t!ose tenants in t!e e(ercise
o" t!at 'oer.
in"erred "ro& t!e&-
.A/ It is i&'ossible "or landlords to raise rents !en rent controls are in e""ect.
.1/ In &an, &%nici'alities rent8control ordinances are re'ealed as soon as
s!orta#es o" rental %nites arise.
.C/ T!e onl, ne#ative e""ect o" tent control "or renters is t!at it brin#s abo%t a
s!orta#e o" rental %nits.
.3/ In &an, &%nici'alities t!ere is no9 or event%all, ill be9 a s!orta#e o"
rental %nits.
.E/ In t!e lon# ter&9 a s!orta#e o" rental %nits ill raise rents s%bstantiall,.
Questions 1!-13
In &an, lan#%a#es ot!er t!an En#lis! t!ere is a ord "or >&ot!ers brot!er? !ic! is
di""erent "ro& t!e ord "or >"at!ers brot!er9? !ereas En#lis! %ses t!e ord >%ncle?
"or bot!. T!%s9 s'eakers o" t!ese lan#%a#es evidence a &ore "inel, discri&inated
kins!i' s,ste& t!an En#lis! s'eakers do. T!e n%&ber o" basic ords "or colors also
varies idel, "ro& lan#%a#e to lan#%a#e. T!ere"ore9 s'eakers o" lan#%a#es t!at !ave
"eer basic ords "or colors t!an En#lis! !as &%st be 'erce't%all, %nable to
distin#%is! as &an, colors as s'eakers o" En#lis! can distin#%is!.
15. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 %nder&ines t!e concl%sion concernin# ords
"or colors-
.A/ S'eakers o" En#lis! are able to distin#%is! beteen li#!ter and darker s!ades
o" t!e color t!e, call >bl%e? "or !ic! R%ssian !as to di""erent basic
ords.
.1/ Al&ost ever, lan#%a#e distin#%is!es red "ro& t!e ot!er colors.
.C/ M!&er %ses a basic ord corres'ondin# to En#lis! >bl%e? "or &ost leaves9
b%t %ses its basic ord corres'ondin# to En#lis! >#reen? "or %nri'e
bananas.
.3/ T!e ord >oran#e? in En#lis! !as t!e sa&e ori#in as t!e e0%ivalent ord in
S'anis!.
.E/ Most lan#%a#es do not !ave a basic ord t!at distin#%is!es #ra, "ro& ot!er
colors9 alt!o%#! #ra, is co&&onl, "o%nd in nat%re.
1<. T!e concl%sion concernin# ords "or colors o%ld be 'ro'erl, dra i" !ic! one
o" t!e "olloin# ere ass%&ed-
GMAT & LSAT CR @5<
.A/ Most lan#%a#es !ave distinct ords "or >sister? and >brot!er.?
.1/ Eac! lan#%a#e !as a di""erent basic ord "or eac! sensor, 0%alit, t!at its
s'eakers can 'erce't%all, distin#%is!.
.C/ Ever, lan#%a#e &akes so&e cate#or, distinctions t!at no ot!er lan#%a#e
&akes.
.3/ In an, lan#%a#e s!ort9 "re0%entl, %sed ords e('ress cate#ories t!at are
i&'ortant "or its s'eakers to distin#%is! 'erce't%all, "ro& eac! ot!er.
.E/ S'eaker o" lan#%a#es it! relativel, "e basic ords "or colors live in
#eo#ra'!ical re#ions !ere "lora and "a%na do not var, #reatl, in color.
Questions 14-15
Qac!ar,: 7ne o%ld !ave to be blind to t!e realit, o" &oral obli#ation to den, t!at
'eo'le !o believe a co%rse o" action to be &orall, obli#ator, "or t!e& !ave bot! t!e
ri#!t and t!e d%t, to '%rs%e t!at action9 and t!at no one else !as an, ri#!t to sto' t!e&
"ro& doin# so.
C,nt!ia: 1%t i&a#ine an artist !o "eels &orall, obli#ed to do !atever s!e can to
'revent orks o" art "ro& bein# destro,ed con"rontin# a &orall, co&&itted
anti'orno#ra'!, de&onstrator en#a#ed in destro,in# artorks !e dee&s
'orno#ra'!ic. Accordin# to ,o%r 'rinci'le t!at artist !as9 si&%ltaneo%sl,9 bot! t!e
ri#!t and t!e d%t, to sto' t!e destr%ction and no ri#!t !atsoever to sto' it.
1C. C,nt!ias res'onse to Qac!ar,s clai& is str%ct%red to de&onstrate t!at
.A/ t!e conce't o" &oral obli#ation is inco!erent
.1/ t!e ideas o" ri#!t and d%t, s!o%ld not be taken serio%sl, since doin# so leads
to &orall, %ndesirable conse0%ences
.C/ Qac!ar,s 'rinci'le is %ntenable on its on ter&s
.3/ beca%se t!e ter& >&oral? obli#ation is %nderstood di""erentl, b, di""erent
'eo'le9 it is i&'ossible to "ind a 'rinci'le concernin# &oral ri#!ts and
d%ties t!at a''lies to ever,one
.3/ Qac!ar,s 'rinci'le is based on an %nderstandin# o" &oral obli#ation t!at is
too narro to enco&'ass t!e kind o" &oral obli#ation artists "eel toard
orks o" art
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" s%bstit%ted "or t!e scenario invoked b, C,nt!ia9
o%ld 'reserve t!e "orce o" !er ar#%&ent-
.A/ a &edical researc!er !o "eels a &oral obli#ation not to clai& sole credit "or
ork t!at as 'er"or&ed in 'art b, so&eone else con"rontin# anot!er
researc!er !o "eels no s%c! &oral obli#ation
.1/ a &an%"act%rer !o "eels a &oral obli#ation to recall 'otentiall, dan#ero%s
'rod%cts con"rontin# a cons%&er advocate !o "eels &orall, obli#ed to
e('ose 'rod%ct de"ects
.C/ an invest&ent banker !o believes t!at #overn&ents are &orall, obli#ed to
GMAT & LSAT CR @5C
re#%late &a+or ind%stries con"rontin# an invest&ent banker !o !olds t!at
#overn&ents !ave a &oral obli#ation not to inter"ere it! &arket "orces
.3/ an arc!itect !o "eels a&oral obli#ation to desi#n onl, ener#,8e""icient
b%ildin#s con"rontin#9 as a 'otential client9 a cor'oration t!at believes its
'ri&ar, &oral obli#ation is to &a(i&i)e s!are!older 'ro"its
.E/ a !ealt! ins'ector !o "eels &orall, obli#ed to en"orce restrictions on t!e
n%&ber o" cats a !o%se!older &a, kee' con"rontin# a !o%se!older !o9
"eelin# &orall, obli#ed to kee' ever, stra, t!at co&es alon#9 !as over tice
t!at n%&ber o" cats
1G. A co%nt, air'ort9 desi#ned to serve t!e needs o" 'rivate aircra"t oners9 'lanned
to cover its o'eratin# e('enses in 'art b, c!ar#in# %ser "ees to 'rivate aircra"t
%sin# t!e air'ort. T!e air'ort as %nable to 'a, its o'eratin# e('enses beca%se
t!e reven%e "ro& %ser "ees as loer t!at e('ected.
.A/ Most o" t!e co%ntr,s citi)ens live a convenient distance "ro& one or anot!er
air'ort no o""erin# co&&ercial airline services.
.1/ Frivate aircra"t oners ere %nillin# to 'a, t!e %ser "ees c!ar#ed at t!e
air'ort.
.C/ T!e air'orts constr%ction as "inanced e(cl%sivel, b, 'rivate "%nds.
.3/ T!e air'orts o'eratin# e('enses ere #reater t!an t!e reven%es raised "ro&
so%rces ot!er t!an t!e air'ort %ser "ees "or 'rivate 'lanes.
.E/ T!e n%&ber o" oners o" 'rivate aircra"t !o %se t!e co%nt,s air'ort
"acilities ill not c!an#e a''reciabl, in t!e "%t%re.
Questions 1'-18
Cons%&er activist: 1, alloin# &a+or airlines to abandon9 as t!e, 'ro&'tl, did9 all
b%t t!eir &ost 'ro"itable ro%tes9 t!e #overn&ents decision to cease re#%lation o" t!e
airline ind%str, !as orked to t!e disadvanta#e o" ever,one !o lacks access to lar#e
&etro'olitan air'ort.
Ind%str, re'resentative: 7n t!e contrar,9 !ere &a+or airlines &oved o%t9 re#ional
airlines !ave &oved in and9 as a conse0%ence9 t!ere are &ore "li#!ts into and o%t o"
&ost s&all air'orts no t!an be"ore t!e c!an#e in re#%lator, 'olic,.
1A. T!e ind%str, re'resentatives ar#%&ent ill not 'rovide an e""ective anser to t!e
cons%&er activists clai& %nless !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is tr%e-
.A/ 2o s&all air'ort !as "eer "li#!ts no t!an it did be"ore t!e c!an#e in 'olic,
re#ardin# re#%lation o" t!e airline ind%str,.
.1/ 6!en 'er&itted to do so b, c!an#es in re#%lator, 'olic,9 eac! &a+or airline
abandoned all b%t lar#e &etro'olitan air'orts.
.C/ Folicies t!at res%lt in an increase in t!e n%&ber o" "li#!ts to !ic!
cons%&ers !ave eas, access do not #enerall, ork to t!e disadvanta#e o"
GMAT & LSAT CR @5@
cons%&ers.
.3/ Re#ional airlines c!ar#e less to "l, a #iven ro%te no t!an t!e &a+or airlines
c!ar#ed !en t!e, "le t!e sa&e ro%te.
.E/ An, 'olic, t!at leads to an increase in t!e n%&ber o" co&'etitors in a #iven
"ield orks to t!e lon#8ter& advanta#e o" cons%&ers.
1B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e cons%&er activists
ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ 1e"ore t!e recent c!an#e in re#%lator, 'olic,9 t!ere as no advanta#e in
!avin# eas, access to lar#e &etro'olitan air'ort.
.1/ 6!en an, si)able #ro%' o" cons%&ers is serio%sl, disadvanta#ed b, a
c!an#e in #overn&ent 'olic,9 t!at c!an#e s!o%ld be reversed.
.C/ Govern&ent re#%lation o" ind%str, al&ost ala,s orks to t!e advanta#e o"
cons%&ers.
.3/ At t!e ti&e o" t!e re#%lator, c!an#e9 t!e &a+or airlines ere &aintainin#
t!eir less 'ro"itable ro%tes at least in 'art beca%se o" #overn&ent
re0%ire&ents.
.E/ Re#ional airlines lack t!e reso%rces to 'rovide cons%&ers it! service o" t!e
sa&e 0%alit, as t!at 'rovided b, t!e &a+or airlines.
1H. A re'ort on t!e likel, e""ects o" c%rrent levels o" air 'oll%tions on "orest #rot! in
2ort! A&erica concl%ded t!at9 since nitro#en is necessar, n%trient "or o'ti&al
'lant #rot!9 t!e nitro#en de'osited on "orest soil as res%lt o" air 'oll%tion
'robabl, bene"its eastern "orests. :oever9 E%ro'ean soil scientists !ave "o%nd
t!at in "orests sat%rated it! s%l"ate and nitrate9 tress be#in to die !en t!e
nitro#en de'osited e(ceeds t!e a&o%nt o" nitro#en absorbed b, t!e "orest s,ste&.
Since t!is "indin# is likel, to a''l, to "orests ever,!ere9 lar#e areas o" eastern
"orests o" 2ort! A&erica are9 %ndo%btedl,9 alread, bein# a""ected adversel,.
'assa#e-
.A/ T!e i&'lication o" t!e re'ort cited is t!at t!e a&o%nt o" nitro#en reac!in#
eastern "orests b, a, o" 'oll%ted air is a''ro(i&atel, !at t!ose "orests
need "or o'ti&al #rot!.
.1/ I" lar#e areas o" eastern "orests ere increasin#l, sat%rated it! s%l"ate and
nitrate9 t!e ca'acit, o" t!ose "orest s,ste&s "or absorbin# nitro#en o%ld
also increase.
.C/ T!e t,'e o" anal,sis %sed b, E%ro'ean soil scientists does not necessaril,
a''l, to eastern "orests o" 2ort! A&erica.
.3/ T!e eastern "orests are t!e onl, "orests o" 2ort! A&erica c%rrentl, a""ected
b, 'oll%ted air.
.E/ Contrar, to t!e re'ort cited9 t!e nitro#en 'oll%tion no in t!e air is &ore
likel, to ca%se trees to die in eastern "orests t!an to bene"it t!e&.
GMAT & LSAT CR @5G
5I. Railroad s'okes'erson: 7" co%rse it is a di""ic%lt task to &aintain 0%alit, o"
service at t!e sa&e ti&e t!at t!e a&o%nt o" s%bsid, t!e ta('a,ers #ive t!e railroad
netork is red%ced. 7ver recent ,ears9 !oever9 t!e n%&ber o" 'assen#ers !as
increased in s'ite o" s%bsid, red%ctions. T!is "act leads to t!e concl%sion t!at o%r
0%alit, o" service !as been satis"actor,.
T!e s'okes'ersons ar#%&ent is based on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ass%&'tions-
.A/ Ta('a,ers do not is! to !ave t!eir ta(es raised to s%bsidi)e t!e railroads.
.1/ So&e 'eo'le re"%se to travel b, train i" t!e, are dissatis"ied it! t!e 0%alit,
o" service.
.C/ T!e 0%alit, o" service on t!e trains &%st !ave i&'roved in s'ite o" s%bsid,
red%ctions.
.3/ It is i&'ossible to red%ce s%bsidies to t!e railroad netork it!o%t so&e
e""ect on t!e 0%alit, o" service.
.E/ T!e increase in t!e n%&ber o" 'assen#ers ill increase reven%e s%""icientl, to
o""set t!e s%bsid, red%ctions.
51. In res'onse to !i#! &ortalit, in area !os'itals9 s%r#er, as restricted to
e&er#enc, 'roced%res d%rin# a "ive8eek 'eriod. Mortalit, in t!ese !os'itals as
"o%nd to !ave "allen b, nearl, one8t!ird d%rin# t!e 'eriod. T!e n%&ber o" deat!s
rose a#ain !en elective s%r#er, .s%r#er, t!at can be 'ost'oned/ as res%&ed. It
can be concl%ded t!at9 be"ore t!e "ive8eek 'eriod9 t!e risks o" elective s%r#er,
!ad been inc%rred %nnecessaril, o"ten in t!e area.
above-
.A/ T!e conditions "or !ic! elective s%r#er, as 'er"or&ed o%ld in t!e lon#
r%n !ave been li"e8t!reatenin#9 and s%r#er, "or t!e& o%ld !ave beco&e
riskier it! ti&e.
.1/ T!e '!,sicians 'lannin# elective s%r#er, 'er"or&ed be"ore t!e "ive8eek
'eriod !ad "%ll, in"or&ed t!e 'atients !o o%ld %nder#o it o" t!e 'ossible
risks o" t!e 'roced%res.
.C/ 1e"ore t!e s%s'ension o" elective s%r#er,9 s%r#ical o'erations ere
'er"or&ed in area !os'itals at a !i#!er rate9 'er t!o%sand residents o" t!e
area9 t!an as %s%al else!ere.
.3/ Elective s%r#er, is9 in #eneral9 less risk, t!an is e&er#enc, s%r#er, beca%se
t!e conditions re0%irin# or indicatin# s%r#er, are o"ten less severe.
.E/ Even i" a s%r#ical 'roced%re is s%ccess"%l9 t!e 'atient can die o" a !os'ital8
contracted in"ection it! a bacteri%& t!at is resistant to antibiotic treat&ent.
55. Galler, oner: 1eca%se t!is 'aintin# a''ears in no catalo# o" van Go#!s ork9
e cannot #%arantee t!at !e 'ainted it. 1%t consider t!e s%b+ect is one !e 'ainted
o"ten9 and e('erts a#ree t!at in !is later 'aintin#s van Go#! invariabl, %sed +%st
GMAT & LSAT CR @5A
s%c! broad br%s!strokes and distinctive co&binations o" colors as e "ind !ere.
Internal evidence9 t!ere"ore9 &akes it virt%all, certain t!at t!is is a 'revio%sl,
%ncatalo#ed9 late van Go#!9 and as s%c!9 a bar#ain at its 'rice.
T!e reasonin# %sed b, t!e #aller, oner is "laed beca%se it
.A/ i#nores t!e "act t!at t!ere can be #eneral a#ree&ent t!at so&et!in# is t!e
case it!o%t its bein# t!e case
.1/ ne#lects to cite e('ert a%t!orit, to s%bstantiate t!e clai& abo%t t!e s%b+ect
&atter o" t!e 'aintin#
.C/ ass%&es it!o%t s%""icient arrant t!at t!e onl, reason an,one o%ld ant
to ac0%ire a 'aintin# is to &ake a 'ro"it
.3/ 'rovides no evidence t!at t!e 'aintin# is &ore likel, to be an %ncatalo#ed
van Go#! t!an to be a 'aintin# b, so&eone else !o 'ainted t!at 'artic%lar
s%b+ect in van Go#!s st,le
.E/ atte&'ts to establis! a 'artic%lar concl%sion beca%se doin# so is in t!e
reasoners sel"8interest rat!er t!an beca%se o" an, #en%ine concern "or t!e
tr%t! o" t!e &atter
5<. Govern&ent8s%bsidi)ed ins%rance available to !o&e oners &akes it "easible "or
an,one to b%ild a !o%se on a section o" coastline re#%larl, str%ck b, !%rricanes.
Eac! &a+or stor& ca%ses billions o" dollars ort! o" da&a#e in s%c! coastal
areas9 a"ter !ic! oners !o !ave ins%rance are able to collect an a&o%nt o"
&one, s%""icient to reco%' a !i#! 'ercenta#e o" t!eir losses.
T!e 'assa#e 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or an ar#%&ent a#ainst a #overn&ent bill
'ro'osin#
.A/ t!at 'oer co&'anies be re0%ired to b%r, 'oer lines in areas o" t!e
coastline re#%larl, str%ck b, !%rricanes
.1/ an increase in "%ndin# o" eat!er service 'ro#ra&s t!at 'rovide a !%rricane
atc! and arnin# s,ste& "or coastal areas
.C/ reneal o" "ederal "%ndin# "or e&er#enc, li"e8s%''ort 'ro#ra&s in !%rricane8
stricken areas
.3/ establis!&ent o" an a#enc, co&&itted to &ana#in# coastal lands in
ecolo#icall, res'onsible a,s
.E/ establis!&ent o" a contin#enc, "%nd 'rotectin# oners o" %nins%red !o%ses
in t!e coastal areas "ro& catastro'!ic losses d%e to t!e !%rricane da&a#e
5C. 1eteen 1H@1 and 1HG<9 it as ille#al in t!e co%ntr, o" Geronia to &an%"act%re9
sell9 or trans'ort an, alco!olic bevera#es. 3es'ite t!is 'ro!ibition9 !oever9 t!e
deat! rate "ro& diseases related to e(cessive alco!ol cons%&'tion as !i#!er
d%rin# t!e "irst "ive ,ears o" t!e 'eriod t!an it as d%rin# t!e "ive ,ears 'rior to
1H@1. T!ere"ore9 t!e atte&'t to 'revent alco!ol %se &erel, &ake 'eo'le ant and
%se alco!ol &ore t!an t!e, o%ld !ave i" it !ad not been "orbidden.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e ar#%&ent EECEFT:
GMAT & LSAT CR @5B
.A/ 3eat! "ro& an alco!ol8related disease #enerall, does not occ%r %ntil "ive to
ten ,ears a"ter t!e onset o" e(cessive alco!ol cons%&'tion.
.1/ T!e diseases t!at can be ca%sed b, e(cessive alco!ol cons%&'tion can also
be ca%sed b, ot!er kinds o" be!avior t!at increased beteen 1H@1 and 1HG<.
.C/ T!e deat! rate res%ltin# "ro& alco!ol8related diseases increased +%st as
s!ar'l, d%rin# t!e ten ,ears be"ore and t!e ten ,ears a"ter t!e 'ro!ibition o"
alco!ol as it did d%rin# t!e ,ears o" 'ro!ibition.
.3/ Man, !o died o" alco!ol8related diseases beteen 1H@1 and 1HG<
cons%&ed ille#all, i&'orted alco!olic bevera#es 'rod%ced b, t!e sa&e
&et!ods as t!ose %sed it!in Geronia.
.E/ 1eteen 1H@1 and 1HG<9 a&on# t!e 'eo'le it! 'ree(istin# alco!ol8related
diseases9 t!e 'ercenta#e !o obtained li"esavin# &edical attention declined
beca%se o" a social sti#&a attac!ed to e(cessive alco!ol cons%&'tion.
5@. A letter s%b&itted to t!e editor o" a national nes&a#a)ine as ritten and
si#ned b, a 3r. S!irle, Martin !o9 in t!e te(t o" t!e letter9 &entions bein# a
'ro"essor at a &a+or 2ort! A&erican &edical sc!ool. Mnoin# t!at "eer t!an @
'ercent o" t!e 'ro"essors at s%c! sc!ools are o&en9 t!e editor reasons t!at t!e
c!ances are better t!an 1H to 1 t!at t!e letter as ritten b, a &an.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# involves "laed reasonin# &ost like t!at %sed b, t!e
editor-
.A/ Since 1H o%t o" 5I !o&e co&'%ters are '%rc!ased 'ri&aril, "or %se it!
co&'%ter #a&es9 and t!e "irst co&'%ter sold toda, as '%rc!ased solel, "or
ord 'rocessin#9 t!e ne(t 1H co&'%ters sold ill al&ost certainl, be %sed
'ri&aril, "or co&'%ter #a&es.
.1/ $eer t!an 1 in 5I o" t!e &an%scri'ts s%b&itted to Ar#on F%blis!in# Co. are
acce'ted "or '%blication. Since onl, 1@ &an%scri'ts ere s%b&itted last
eek9 t!ere is al&ost no c!ance t!at an, o" t!e& ill be acce'ted "or
'%blication.
.C/ $eer t!at @ 'ercent o" last ,ears #rad%atin# class took Latin in secondar,
sc!ool. :oard took Latin in secondar, sc!ool9 so i" !e !ad #rad%ated last
,ear9 it is likel, t!at one or t!e ot!er Latin sc!olars o%ld not !ave
#rad%ated.
.3/ More t!at H@ 'ercent o" t!e 'lanes b%ilt b, =1C last ,ear &et #overn&ent
standards "or lar#e airliners. Since s&all 'lanes acco%nt "or +%st %nder @
'ercent o" =1Cs o%t'%t last ,ear9 it is al&ost certain t!at all t!eir lar#e
'lanes &et #overn&ent standards.
.E/ Since &ore t!an 1H o%t o" ever, 5I ani&als in t!e ildli"e 'reserve are
&a&&als and "eer t!an 1 o%t o" 5I are birds9 t!ere is a #reater t!an H@
'ercent c!ance t!at t!e ani&al E&il, sa "l,in# beteen to trees in t!e
ildli"e re"%#e ,esterda, &ornin# as a &a&&al.
SECTI72 I4
GMAT & LSAT CR @5H
1. In a ,earlon# st%d,9 !al" o" t!e 'artici'ants ere #iven a si&'le kit to %se at !o&e
"or &eas%rin# t!e c!olesterol level o" t!eir blood. T!e, red%ced t!eir c!olesterol
levels on avera#e 1@ 'ercent &ore t!an did 'artici'ants it!o%t t!e kit.
Fartici'ants ere selected at rando& "ro& a&on# 'eo'le it! dan#ero%sl, !i#!
c!olesterol levels.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain t!e st%d,s "indin#-
.A/ T!e loer a blood8c!olesterol level is9 t!e less acc%rate are &eas%re&ents
&ade b, t!e kit.
.1/ Fartici'ants it! t!e kit ere &ore likel, to avoid "oods t!at loer
c!olesterol level.
.C/ Fartici'ants it! t!e kit %sed it &ore "re0%entl, d%rin# t!e "irst to &ont!s
o" t!e st%d,.
.3/ All t!e 'artici'ants in t!e st%d, s!oed so&e loerin# o" c!olesterol levels9
t!e &ost strikin# decreases !avin# been ac!ieved in t!e "irst t!ree &ont!s.
.E/ Fartici'ants %sin# t!e kit re'orted t!at eac! readin# rein"orced t!eir e""orts to
red%ce t!eir c!olesterol levels.
5. *o% s!o%ld not 'raise an act o" a''arent #enerosit, %nless ,o% believe it is
act%all, 'er"or&ed o%t o" sel"less &otives9 and ,o% s!o%ld not conde&n an act o"
a''arent sel"is!ness %nless ,o% believe it is act%all, 'er"or&ed o%t o" sel"8
centered &otives.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# +%d#&ents con"or&s to t!e 'rinci'le stated above-
.A/ Caroline ri#!tl, bla&ed !er coorker Monica "or "ailin# to assist !er in
doin# a ti&e8cons%&in# 'ro+ect9 even t!o%#! s!e kne t!at Monica !ad
o""ered to !el' in t!e 'ro+ect earlier b%t t!at !er o""er !ad been vetoed b,
t!eir s%'ervisor.
.1/ It as correct "or Sara! not to 'raise Mic!ael "or bein# c!aritable !en !e
told !er t!at !e donates a tent! o" !is inco&e to c!arit,9 since s!e #%essed
t!at !e onl, told t!at "act in order to i&'ress !er.
.C/ Enri0%e +%sti"iabl, e(c%sed !is "riend 6illia& "or "ailin# to rite or '!one
a"ter 6illia& &oved o%t o" ton beca%se !e reali)ed t!at 6illia& never
&akes an e""ort to kee' in contact it! an, o" !is "riends.
.3/ 3aniel as ri#!t not to 'raise Mar#aret "or o""erin# to s!are !er !o%se it! a
visitin# $renc! "a&il,9 since !e believe t!at s!e &ade t!e o""er onl, beca%se
s!e !o'ed it o%ld be reci'rocated b, an invitation to %se t!e "a&il,s
a'art&ent in Faris.
.E/ Albert correctl, critici)ed Lo%ise "or ado'tin# an abandoned do# beca%se !e
believe t!at9 alt!o%#! s!e "elt sorr, "or t!e do#9 s!e did not !ave s%""icient
GMAT & LSAT CR @<I
ti&e or s'ace to care "or it ade0%atel,.
<. T!e #overn&ent recentl, released a st%d, o" drinkin# ater9 in !ic! it as
re'orted t!at cons%&ers !o bo%#!t bottled ater ere in &an, cases #ettin#
ater t!at as less sa"e t!an !at t!e, co%ld obtain &%c! &ore c!ea'l, "ro& t!e
'%blic ater s%''l,. In s'ite o" t!e enor&o%s '%blicit, t!at t!e st%d, received9
sales o" bottled ater !ave contin%ed to rise.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is &ost !el' in resolvin# t!e a''arent
'arado(-
.A/ 1ottled ater &i#!t contain levels o" 'otentiall, !ar&"%l conta&inants t!at
are not alloed in drinkin# ater.
.1/ Most cons%&ers !o !abit%all, drink t!e bottled ater disc%ssed in t!e
st%d, cannot di""erentiate beteen t!e taste o" t!eir %s%al brand o" bottled
ater and t!at o" ater "ro& '%blic so%rces.
.C/ Increased cons%&'tion o" t!e "ive best8sellin# brands o" bottled ater9 !ic!
t!e re'ort said ere sa"er t!an bot! '%blic ater and &ost ot!er brands o"
bottled ater9 acco%nted "or t!e increase in sales.
.3/ T!e rate o" increase in t!e sales o" bottled ater !as sloed since t!e
'%blication o" t!e #overn&ent st%d,.
.E/ Govern&ent !ealt! arnin#s concernin# "ood !ave beco&e so "re0%ent t!at
cons%&ers !ave be#%n to do%bt t!e sa"et, o" &an, ever,da, "oods.
C. Man, econo&icall, %se"%l ra &aterials are nonreneable and in li&ited s%''l,
on Eart!. T!ere"ore9 %nless t!ose &aterials can be obtained so&e!ere ot!er t!an
Eart!9 'eo'le ill event%all, be %nable to acco&'lis! !at t!e, no acco&'lis!
%sin# t!ose &aterials.
.A/ So&e econo&icall, %se"%l reso%rces are reneable.
.1/ It is e(tre&el, di""ic%lt to #et ra &aterials "ro& o%ter s'ace.
.C/ $%nctionall, e0%ivalent reneable s%bstit%tes co%ld be "o%nd "or
nonreneable reso%rces t!at are in li&ited s%''l,.
.3/ 6!at is acco&'lis!ed no %sin# nonreneable reso%rces is so&eti&es not
ort! acco&'lis!in#.
.E/ It ill be a "e !%ndred ,ears be"ore t!e Eart! is de'leted o" certain
nonreneable reso%rces t!at are in li&ited s%''l,.
@. 7nl, so&e strains o" t!e tobacco 'lant are nat%rall, resistant to tobacco &osaic
vir%s9 never beco&in# diseased even !en in"ected. 6!en resistant strains ere
e('eri&entall, in"ected it! t!e vir%s9 levels o" nat%rall, occ%rrin# salic,lic acid
in t!ese 'lants increased "ive"old: no s%c! increase occ%rred in t!e nonresistant
'lants. In a second e('eri&ent9 @I nonresistant tobacco 'lants ere e('osed to
tobacco &osaic vir%s9 and 5@ o" t!e& ere in+ected it! salic,lic acid. 2one o"
t!ese 5@ 'lants s!oed si#ns o" in"ectionD !oever9 t!e ot!er 5@ 'lants
GMAT & LSAT CR @<1
s%cc%&bed to t!e disease.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e res%lts
o" t!e e('eri&ents-
.A/ Tobacco 'lants t!at !ave beco&e diseased b, in"ection it! tobacco &osaic
vir%s can be c%red b, in+ectin# t!e& it! salic,lic acid.
.1/ Frod%cin# salic,lic acid is at least 'art o" t!e &ec!anis& b, !ic! so&e
tobacco 'lants nat%rall, resist t!e disease ca%sed b, tobacco &osaic vir%s.
.C/ Salic,lic acid is not 'rod%ced in strains o" tobacco 'lants t!at are not
resistant to tobacco &osaic vir%s.
.3/ It is 'ossible to test an %nin"ected tobacco 'lant "or resistance to tobacco
&osaic vir%s b, &eas%rin# t!e level o" salic,lic acid it contains.
.E/ T!e 'rod%ction o" salic,lic acid in certain strains o" tobacco 'lants can be
increased and t!%s t!e strains &ade resistant to tobacco &osaic vir%s.
Questions &-'
T!e n%&ber o" !os'ital e&er#enc, roo& visits b, !eroin %sers #re &ore t!an 5@
'ercent d%rin# t!e 1HBIs. Clearl,9 t!en9 t!e %se o" !eroin rose in t!at decade.
G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld acco%nt "or t!e statistic above it!o%t
s%''ortin# t!e a%t!ors concl%sion-
.A/ 6ides'read %se o" a%to&atic ea'ons in t!e dr%# trade d%rin# t!e 1HBIs
raised t!e incidence o" '!,sical in+%r, to !eroin %sers.
.1/ T!e introd%ction o" a s&okable t,'e o" !eroin d%rin# t!e 1HBIs re&oved t!e
need "or !eroin to be in+ected intraveno%sl, and t!%s red%ced t!e %sers risk
o" in"ection.
.C/ Man, !os'ital e&er#enc, roo&s ere barel, able to acco&&odate t!e
dra&atic increase in t!e n%&ber o" &edical e&er#encies related to dr%#
ab%se d%rin# t!e 1HBIs.
.3/ :eroin %se increased &%c! &ore t!an is re"lected in t!e rate o" !eroin8linked
!os'ital e&er#enc, roo& visits.
.E/ 4iral and bacterial in"ections9 &alno%ris!&ent9 and overdose acco%nt "or
&ost !os'ital e&er#enc, roo& visits linked to !eroin.
A. T!e a%t!ors concl%sion is 'ro'erl, dran i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is
ass%&ed-
.A/ T!ose !o seek &edical care beca%se o" !eroin %se %s%all, do so in t!e later
sta#es o" addiction.
.1/ Man, !eroin %sers visit !os'ital e&er#enc, roo&s re'eatedl,.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" visits to !os'ital e&er#enc, roo&s b, !eroin %sers is
'ro'ortional to t!e incidence o" !eroin %sa#e.
.3/ T!e &et!ods o" %sin# !eroin !ave c!an#ed since 1HBI9 and t!e ne &et!ods
are less !a)ardo%s.
GMAT & LSAT CR @<5
.E/ =sers o" !eroin identi", t!e&selves as s%c! !en t!e, co&e to !os'ital
e&er#enc, roo&s.
B. T!e ,ear 1H1A9 1H<A9 1H@G9 1HGB9 1HAH9 and 1HHI are all notable "or t!e
occ%rrence o" bot! 'o'%lar %'risin#s and near8&a(i&%& s%ns'ot activit,. 3%rin#
!eav, s%ns'ot activit,9 t!ere is a s!ar' rise in 'ositivel, c!ar#ed ions in t!e air
'eo'le breat!e9 and 'ositivel, c!ar#ed ions are knon to &ake 'eo'le an(io%s
and irritable. T!ere"ore9 it is likel, t!at s%ns'ot activit, !as act%all, been a "actor
in tri##erin# 'o'%lar %'risin#s.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e(!ibits a 'attern o" reasonin# &ost si&ilar to t!at in
t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e ancient Greeks so&eti&es atte&'ted to 'redict t!e o%tco&e o" "%t%re
events b, atc!in# t!e "li#!t 'atterns o" birds. Since t!e events t!e&selves
o"ten &atc!ed t!e 'redictions9 t!e birds ere 'robabl, res'ondin# to so&e
"actor t!at also in"l%enced t!e events.
.1/ Mart!a9 Sidne,9 and :ilar, are t!e cit,s t!ree &ost 'oer"%l 'oliticians9 and
all t!ree #rad%ated "ro& Rid#evie !i#! Sc!ool. Alt!o%#! Rid#evie never
!ad a re'%tation "or e(cellence9 it &%st !ave been a #ood sc!ool to !ave
'rod%ced t!ree s%c! s%ccess"%l #rad%ates.
.C/ =n%s%all, cold eat!er last 3ece&ber coincided it! a rise in "%el 'rices.
6!en it is cold9 'eo'le %se &ore "%el to kee' ar&D and !en &ore "%el is
%sed9 'rices rise. T!ere"ore i" 'rices are !i#! ne(t inter9 it ill be t!e res%lt
o" cold eat!er.
.3/ T!e t!irt, !ealt!iest 'eo'le in a lon#8ter& &edical st%d, t%rned o%t to be t!e
sa&e t!irt, !ose re#%lar diets incl%ded t!e &ost ve#etables. Since s'eci"ic
s%bstances in ve#etables are knon to !el' t!e bod, "li#!t disease9
ve#etables s!o%ld be 'art o" ever,ones diet.
.E/ Ac&es &ost 'rod%ctive &ana#ers are consistentl, t!ose !o occ%', t!e
corner o""ices9 !ic! !ave &ore indos t!an ot!er o""ices at Ac&e. Since
'eo'le are &ore alert !en t!e, are e('osed to ab%ndant nat%ral li#!t9 t!e
#reater 'rod%ctivit, o" t!ese &ana#ers is 'robabl, at least in 'art a res%lt o"
t!eir orkin# in t!e corner o""ices.
H. Since an,one !o s%''orts t!e ne ta( 'lan !as no c!ance o" bein# elected9 and
an,one !o tr%l, %nderstands econo&ics o%ld not s%''ort t!e ta( 'lan9 onl,
so&eone !o tr%l, %nderstands econo&ics o%ld !ave an, c!ance o" bein#
elected.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent i#nores t!e
'ossibilit, t!at so&e 'eo'le !o
.A/ tr%l, %nderstand econo&ics do not s%''ort t!e ta( 'lan
.1/ tr%l, %nderstand econo&ics !ave no c!ance o" bein# elected
.C/ do not s%''ort t!e ta( 'lan !ave no c!ance o" bein# elected
GMAT & LSAT CR @<<
.3/ do not s%''ort t!e ta( 'lan do not tr%l, %nderstand econo&ics
.E/ !ave no c!ance o" bein# elected do not tr%l, %nderstand econo&ics
1I. Intervieer: *o% !ave s!on t!at bio"eedback9 dietar, c!an#es9 and ado'tion o"
'ro'er slee' !abits all s%cceed in c%rin# inso&nia. *o% #o so "ar as to clai& t!at9
it! ri#oro%s ad!erence to t!e 'ro'er treat&ent9 an, case o" inso&nia is c%rable.
*et in "act so&e 'atients s%""erin# "ro& inso&nia do not res'ond to treat&ent.
T!era'ist: I" 'atients do not res'ond to treat&ent9 t!is +%st s!os t!at t!e, are
not ri#oro%s in ad!erin# to t!eir treat&ent.
T!e t!era'ists re'l, to t!e intervieer is &ost v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# criticis&s-
.A/ It 'recl%des t!e 'ossibilit, o" discon"ir&in# evidence.
.1/ It de'ends on t!e a&bi#%o%s %se o" t!e ter& >treat&ent.?
.C/ It "ails to acknoled#e t!at t!ere &a, be di""erent ca%ses "or di""erent cases
o" inso&nia.
.3/ It does not 'rovide statistical evidence to back %' its clai&.
.E/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at so&e cases o" inso&nia &i#!t i&'rove
it!o%t an, treat&ent.
Questions 11-1!
Conservative: Socialists be#in t!eir ar#%&ents it! an anal,sis o" !istor,9 "ro& !ic!
t!e, clai& to derive certain trends leadin# inevitabl, to a socialist "%t%re. 1%t in t!e
da,8to8da, 'ro#ress o" !istor, t!ere are never s%c! discernible trends. 7nl, in
retros'ect does inevitabilit, a''ear9 "or !istor, occ%rs t!ro%#! accident9 contin#enc,9
and individ%al str%##le.
Socialist: I" e t!o%#!t t!e o%tco&e o" !istor, ere inevitable9 e o%ld not ork so
!ard to trans"or& t!e instit%tions o" ca'italist societ,. 1%t to trans"or& t!e& e &%st
"irst %nderstand t!e&9 and e can onl, %nderstand t!e& b, an anal,sis o" t!eir
!istor,. T!is is !, !istorical anal,sis is i&'ortant in socialist ar#%&ent.
11. In t!e dis'%te t!e iss%e beteen t!e socialist and t!e conservatives can &ost
acc%ratel, be described as !et!er
.A/ a socialist societ, is t!e inevitable conse0%ence o" !istorical trends t!at can
be identi"ied b, an anal,sis o" !istor,
.1/ t!e instit%tions o" ca'italist societ, stand in need o" trans"or&ation
.C/ socialists ar#%&ents "or t!e inevitabilit, o" socialis& are +%sti"ied
.3/ it is 'ossible "or 'eo'le b, t!eir on e""orts to a""ect t!e co%rse o" !istor,
.E/ socialists anal,)e !istor, in order to s%''ort t!e vie t!at socialis& is
inevitable
15. T!e socialists state&ents i&'l, a con"lict it! t!e conservatives vie o" !istor,
i" t!e conservative also !olds t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR @<C
.A/ it o%ld !ave been i&'ossible "or an,one to 'redict a si#ni"icant 'eriod
be"ore!and t!at t!e instit%tions o" ca'italist societ, o%ld take t!e "or& t!at
t!e, act%all, took
.1/ t!e a''arent inevitabilit, o" !istorical c!an#e is dece'tiveD all !istorical
events co%ld !ave occ%rred ot!erise t!an t!e, act%all, did
.C/ in t!e 'ast9 radical c!an#es in social str%ct%res !ave &ostl, res%lted in a
deterioration o" social conditions
.3/ since socialis& cannot arise b, accident or contin#enc,9 it can onl, arise as a
res%lt o" individ%al str%##le
.E/ beca%se !istorical c!an#es are &ostl, accidental9 it is i&'ossible "or 'eo'le
to direct t!eir e""orts sensibl, toard ac!ievin# lar#e8scale c!an#es in social
conditions
1<. >Addiction? !as been de"ined as >de'endence on and ab%se o" a 's,c!oactive
s%bstance.? 3e'endence and ab%se do not ala,s #o !and in !and9 !oever. $or
e(a&'le9 cancer 'atients can beco&e de'endent on &or'!ine to relieve t!eir 'ain9
b%t t!is is not ab%sin# t!e dr%#. Corres'ondin#l,9 a 'erson can ab%se a dr%#
it!o%t bein# de'endent on it. T!ere"ore9 t!e de"inition o" >addiction? is
incorrect.
T!e relevance o" t!e e(a&'le o" cancer 'atients to t!e ar#%&ent de'ends on t!e
ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ cancer 'atients never ab%se &or'!ine
.1/ cancer 'atients o"ten beco&e de'endent on &or'!ine
.C/ cancer 'atients !o are de'endent on &or'!ine are addicted to it
.3/ cancer 'atients !o ab%se a dr%# are de'endent on it
.E/ cancer 'atients cannot de'end on &or'!ine it!o%t ab%sin# it
1C. T!e co&&issioner !as anno%nced t!at J%d#e M!alid9 !o as on t!e seven8
&e&ber 'anel a''ointed to resolve t!e A&lec labor dis'%te9 ill !ave sole
res'onsibilit, "or resolvin# t!e Si&don labor dis'%te. Since in its decision t!e
A&lec 'anel s!oed itsel" bot! reasonable and "air9 t!e to sides in t!e Si&don
dis'%te are %ndo%btedl, +%sti"ied in t!e con"idence t!e, !ave e('ressed in t!e
reasonableness and "airness o" t!e arbitrator assi#ned to t!eir case.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# contains "laed reasonin# &ost 'arallel to t!at
contained in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Re'resentin# t!e sc!ool board9 Marcia 1art!es 'resented to t!e sc!ools
'rinci'al a list o" recentl, elected sc!ool board &e&bers. Since onl, an
elected &e&ber o" t!e sc!ool board can act as its re'resentative. Ms.
1art!ess na&e %ndo%btedl, a''ears on t!at list.
.1/ Alan Caldal"9 !o likes bein# aro%nd ,o%n# c!ildren9 !as decided to beco&e
a 'ediatrician. Since t!e one c!aracteristic co&&on to all #ood 'ediatricians
is t!at t!e, like ,o%n# c!ildren9 Mr. Caldal" ill %ndo%btedl, be a ver,
GMAT & LSAT CR @<@
#ood 'ediatrician.
.C/ Jor#e 3ia) is a teac!er at a &%sic sc!ool nationall, knon "or t!e e(cellence
o" its cond%ctin# "ac%lt,. Since Mr. 3ia) !as recentl, been co&&ended "or
t!e e(cellence o" !is teac!in#9 !e is %ndo%btedl, a &e&ber o" t!e sc!ools
cond%ctin# "ac%lt,.
.3/ =la 1or#9 !o !as sold real estate "or Arcande Realt, "or &an, ,ears9
%ndo%btedl, sold "eer !o%ses last ,ear t!at s!e !ad t!e ,ear be"ore since
t!e n%&ber o" !o%ses sold last ,ear b, Arcande Realt, is "ar loer t!an t!e
n%&ber sold t!e 'revio%s ,ear.
.E/ T!e &e&bers o" t!e local !istorical societ, %nani&o%sl, s%''ort desi#natin#
t!e $irst 2ational 1ank b%ildin# a !istorical land&ark. Since Evel,n Geor#e
is a &e&ber o" t!at societ,9 s!e %ndo%btedl, "avors accordin# land&ark
stat%s to t!e cit, !all as ell.
1@. Ma#a)ine article: T!e Environ&ental Co&&issioners ne 'ro'osals are called
>$res! T!inkin# on t!e Environ&ent? and a nationide debate on t!e& !as been
anno%nced. 6ell9 >"res! t!inkin#? "ro& s%c! an %nlikel, so%rce as t!e
co&&issioner does deserve closer ins'ection. =n"ort%natel, e discovered t!at
t!ese 'ro'osals are virt%all, identical to t!ose iss%ed t!ree &ont!s a#o b, Tsar0%e
Inc9 %nder t!e !eadin# >ne Environ&entalis&? .Tsar0%e Inc.s c!ie" is a close
"riend o" t!e co&&issioner/. Since Tsar0%e Inc.s 'oll%tin# !as &arked it as an
environ&ental ni#!t&are9 in o%r o'inion t!e >nationide debate? can end !ere.
A "la in t!e &a#a)ine articles reasonin# is t!at it
.A/ ass%&es it!o%t an, +%sti"ication t!at since to te(ts are si&ilar one o" t!e&
&%st be in"l%enced b, t!e ot!er
.1/ #ives a distorted version o" t!e co&&issioners 'ro'osals and t!en attacks
t!is distorted version
.C/ dis&isses t!e 'ro'osals beca%se o" t!eir so%rce rat!er t!an beca%se o" t!eir
s%bstance
.3/ %ses e&otive lan#%a#e in labelin# t!e 'ro'osals
.E/ a''eals to t!e a%t!orit, o" Tsar0%e Inc.s c!ie" it!o%t #ivin# evidence t!at
t!is 'ersons o'inion s!o%ld carr, s'ecial ei#!t
1G. It is not reasonable to searc! o%t >or#anic? "oodsKt!ose #ron it!o%t t!e
a''lication o" s,nt!etic c!e&icalsKas t!e onl, nat%ral "oods. A 'lant ill take %'
t!e &olec%les it needs "ro& t!e soil and t%rn t!e& into t!e sa&e nat%ral
co&'o%nds9 !et!er or not t!ose &olec%les co&e "ro& c!e&icals a''lied to t!e
soil. All co&'o%nds &ade b, 'lants are 'art o" nat%re9 so all are e0%all, nat%ral.
.A/ rede"inin# a ter& in a a, t!at is "avorable to t!e ar#%&ent
.1/ #ivin# a reason !, a reco&&ended co%rse o" action o%ld be bene"icial
.C/ a''ealin# to t!e a%t!orit, o" scienti"ic &et!ods
GMAT & LSAT CR @<G
.3/ s!oin# t!at a necessar, condition "or correctl, a''l,in# t!e ter& >or#anic?
is not satis"ied
.E/ reinter'retin# evidence 'resented as s%''ortin# t!e 'osition bein# re+ected
1A. 7n co&'letin# bot! t!e co%rse in e('eri&ental desi#n and t!e develo'&ental
's,c!olo#, co%rse9 An#ela ill !ave earned a de#ree in 's,c!olo#,. Since
e('eri&ental desi#n9 !ic! &%st be co&'leted be"ore takin# develo'&ental
's,c!olo#,9 ill not be o""ered %ntil ne(t ter&9 it ill be at least to ter&s be"ore
An#ela #ets !er 's,c!olo#, de#ree.
I" t!e state&ents above are all tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e-
.A/ T!e develo'&ental 's,c!olo#, co%rse An#ela needs to take re0%ires to
ter&s to co&'lete.
.1/ T!e co%rse in e('eri&ental desi#n is an easier co%rse t!an t!e co%rse in
develo'&ental 's,c!olo#,.
.C/ T!ere are no 'rere0%isites "or t!e co%rse in e('eri&ental desi#n.
.3/ An,one !o earns a de#ree in 's,c!olo#, "or& t!e %niversit, An#ela
attends ill !ave co&'leted t!e co%rse in e('eri&ental desi#n.
.E/ 7nce An#ela co&'letes t!e develo'&ental 's,c!olo#, co%rse9 s!e ill !ave
earned a de#ree in 's,c!olo#,.
1B. Accordin# to #overn&ent o""icial involved in overseein# air'lane sa"et, d%rin#
t!e last ,ear9 over A@ 'ercent o" t!e voice8recorder ta'es taken "ro& s&all
air'lanes involved in relativel, &inor accidents record t!e !istlin# o" t!e 'ilot
d%rin# t!e "i"teen &in%tes i&&ediatel, 'recedin# t!e accident. Even s%c! &inor
accidents 'ose so&e sa"et, risk. T!ere"ore9 i" 'assen#ers !ear t!e 'ilot start to
!istle t!e, s!o%ld take sa"et, 'reca%tions9 !et!er instr%cted b, t!e 'ilot to do
so or not.
.A/ acce'ts t!e reliabilit, o" t!e cited statistics on t!e a%t!orit, o" an %nidenti"ied
#overn&ent o""icial
.1/ i#nores t!e "act t!at in nearl, one 0%arter o" t!ese accidents "olloin# t!e
reco&&endation o%ld not !ave i&'roved 'assen#er sa"et,
.C/ does not indicate t!e criteria b, !ic! an accident is classi"ied as >relativel,
&inor?
.3/ 'rovides no in"or&ation abo%t t!e 'ercenta#e o" all s&all air'lane "li#!ts
d%rin# !ic! t!e 'ilot !istles at so&e ti&e d%rin# t!at "li#!t
.E/ "ails to s'eci", t!e 'ercenta#e o" all s&all air'lane "li#!ts t!at involve
relativel, &inor accidents
1H. 6!en 'er&its "or t!e disc!ar#e o" c!e&icals into a atera, are iss%ed9 t!e, are
iss%ed in ter&s o" t!e n%&ber o" 'o%nds o" eac! c!e&ical t!at can be disc!ar#ed
into t!e atera, 'er da,. T!ese "i#%res9 calc%lated se'aratel, "or eac! c!e&ical
GMAT & LSAT CR @<A
"or !ic! a 'er&it is iss%ed9 are based on an esti&ate o" t!e e""ect o" t!e dil%tion
o" t!e c!e&ical b, t!e a&o%nt o" ater "loin# t!ro%#! t!e atera,. T!e
atera, is t!ere"ore 'rotected a#ainst bein# adversel, a""ected b, c!e&icals
disc!ar#ed %nder t!e 'er&its.
.A/ relativel, !ar&less c!e&icals do not interact it! eac! ot!er in t!e ater to
"or& !ar&"%l co&'o%nds
.1/ t!ere is a si"t "lo o" ater in t!e atera, t!at ens%res ra'id dis'ersion o"
c!e&icals disc!ar#ed
.C/ t!ere are no c!e&icals "or !ic! disc!ar#e into atera,s is entirel,
'ro!ibited
.3/ t!ose !o receive t!e 'er&its do not ala,s disc!ar#e t!e entire 0%antit, o"
c!e&icals t!at t!e 'er&its allo
.E/ t!e dan#er o" c!e&ical 'oll%tion o" atera,s is to be eval%ated in ter&s o"
!%&an !ealt! onl, and not in ter&s o" t!e !ealt! o" bot! !%&an bein#s and
ildli"e
Questions !0-!1
Monroe9 des'ite !is #enerall, 'oor a''etite9 t!oro%#!l, en+o,ed t!e t!ree &eals !e ate
at t!e Ti'8To' Resta%rant9 b%t9 %n"ort%natel,9 a"ter eac! &eal !e beca&e ill. T!e "irst
ti&e !e ate an e(tra8lar#e sa%sa#e 'i))a it! a side order o" !ot 'e''erD t!e second
ti&e !e took "%ll advanta#e o" t!e all8,o%8can8eat "ried s!ri&' and !ot 'e''ers
s'ecialD and t!e t!ird ti&e !e !ad to o" Ti'8To's #iant &eatball sandic!es it! !ot
'e''ers. Since t!e onl, "ood all t!ree &eals !ad in co&&on as t!e !ot 'e''ers.
Monroe concl%des t!at it is solel, d%e to Ti'8To's !ot 'e''ers t!at !e beca&e ill.
5I. Monroes reasonin# is &ost v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# criticis&s-
.A/ :e dras !is concl%sion on t!e basis o" too "e &eals t!at ere cons%&ed at
Ti'8To' and t!at incl%ded !ot 'e''ers.
.1/ :e 'osits a ca%sal relations!i' it!o%t ascertainin# t!at t!e 'res%&ed ca%se
'receded t!e 'res%&ed e""ect.
.C/ :e allos !is desire to contin%e dinin# at Ti'8To' to bias !is concl%sion.
.3/ :e "ails to establis! t!at ever,one !o ate Ti'8To's !ot 'e''ers beca&e ill.
.E/ :e overlooks t!e "act t!at at all t!ree &eals !e cons%&ed !at as9 "or !i&9
an %n%s%all, lar#e 0%antit, o" "ood.
51. I" bot! Monroes concl%sion and t!e evidence on !ic! !e bases it are correct9
t!e, o%ld 'rovide t!e stron#est s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Monroe can eat an, o" Ti'8To's dail, all8,o%8can8eat s'ecials it!o%t
beco&in# ill as lon# as t!e s'ecial does not incl%de t!e !ot 'e''ers.
.1/ I"9 at !is t!ird &eal at Ti'8To'9 Monroe !ad c!osen to eat t!e baked c!icken
it! !ot 'e''ers9 !e o%ld !ave beco&e ill a"ter t!at &eal.
GMAT & LSAT CR @<B
.C/ I" t!e ne(t ti&e Monroe eats one o" Ti'8To's e(tra8lar#e sa%sa#e 'i))as !e
does not !ave a side order o" !ot 'e''ers9 !e ill not beco&e ill a"ter !is
&eal.
.3/ 1e"ore eatin# Ti'8To's "ried s!ri&' it! !ot 'e''ers s'ecial9 Monroe !ad
eaten "ried s!ri&' it!o%t s%""erin# an, ill e""ects.
.E/ T!e onl, 'lace Monroe !as eaten !ot 'e''ers !as been at Ti'8To'.
55. >T!is co&'an, ill not be trainin# an, &ore 'ilots in t!e "oreseeable "%t%re9
since e !ave CII trained 'ilots on o%r aitin# list !o are seekin# e&'lo,&ent.
T!e ot!er "ive &a+or co&'anies eac! !ave ro%#!l, t!e sa&e n%&ber o" trained
'ilots on t!eir aitin# lists9 and since t!e 'ro+ected re0%ire&ent o" eac! co&'an,
is "or not &an, &ore t!an 1II additional 'ilots9 t!ere ill be no s!orta#e o"
'ersonnel des'ite t!e c%rrent %'sin# in t!e aviation ind%str,.?
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost do%bt on t!e acc%rac, o" t!e
above concl%sion-
.A/ Most o" t!e trained 'ilots !o are on aaitin# list "or a +ob are on t!e
aitin# lists o" all t!e &a+or co&'anies.
.1/ In t!e lon# r%n9 'ilot trainin# ill beco&e necessar, to co&'ensate "or
ordinar, attrition.
.C/ I" no ne 'ilots are trained9 t!ere ill be an a#e i&balance in t!e 'ilot ork
"orce.
.3/ T!e 0%oted 'ersonnel 'ro+ections take acco%nt o" t!e c%rrent %'sin# in t!e
aviation ind%str,.
.E/ So&e o" t!e ot!er &a+or co&'anies are still trainin# 'ilots b%t it! no
'res%&'tion o" s%bse0%ent e&'lo,&ent.
5<. A cars antit!e"t alar& tat so%nds in t!e &iddle o" t!e ni#!t in a croded cit,
nei#!bor!ood &a, sto' an atte&'ted car t!e"t. 7n t!e ot!er !and9 t!e alar&
&i#!t si#nal onl, a "a%lt in t!e device9 or a res'onse to so&e !ar&less contact9
s%c! as a tree branc! br%s!in# t!e car. 1%t !atever t!e ca%se9 t!e slee' o" &an,
'eo'le in t!e nei#!bor!ood is dist%rbed. 7%t o" consideration "or ot!ers9 'eo'le
!o !ave t!ese antit!e"t alar&s on t!eir cars s!o%ld deactivate t!e& !en t!e,
'ark in croded cit, nei#!bor!oods at ni#!t.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" ass%&ed b, t!e a%t!or o" t!e 'assa#e9 o%ld
allo !er 'ro'erl, to dra !er concl%sion t!at t!e oners o" alar&8e0%i''ed cars
s!o%ld deactivate t!e alar&s !en 'arkin# in croded cit, nei#!bor!oods at
ni#!t-
.A/ T!e inconvenience o" "alse alar&s is s&all 'rice to 'a, "or t!e sec%rit, o" a
nei#!bor!ood.
.1/ In &ost cases !en a car alar& so%nds at ni#!t9 it is a "alse alar&.
.C/ Alloin# t!e residents o" a croded cit, nei#!bor!ood to slee' %ndist%rbed
is &ore i&'ortant t!an 'reventin# car t!e"t.
GMAT & LSAT CR @<H
.3/ Feo'le !o e0%i' t!eir cars it! antit!e"t alar&s are #enerall, inconsiderate
o" ot!ers.
.E/ T!e so%ndin# o" car antit!e"t alar&s d%rin# t!e da,ti&e does not dist%rb t!e
residents o" croded cit, nei#!bor!oods.
Questions !4-!5
In Fer%9 ancient dist%rbances in t!e dark s%r"ace &aterial o" a desert s!o %' as li#!t8
colored lines t!at are t!e idt! o" a "oot'at! and stretc! "or lon# distances. 7ne #ro%'
o" lines branc!in# o%t like ra,s "ro& a sin#le 'oint crosses over c%rved lines t!at "or&
a ver, lar#e bird "i#%re. Inter'retin# t!e lines in t!e desert as landin# stri's "or
s'aces!i'8travelin# aliens9 an investi#ator ar#%es t!at t!e, co%ld !ardl, !ave been
Inca roads9 askin#9 >6!at %se to t!e Inca o%ld !ave been closel, s'aced roads t!at
ran 'arallel- T!at intersected in a s%nb%rst 'attern- T!at ca&e abr%'tl, to an end in
t!e &iddle o" an %nin!abited 'lain.?
5C. T!e ar#%&entative strate#, o" t!e investi#ator 0%oted is to
.A/ re+ect o%t o" !and direct co%nterevidence to t!e investi#ators on
inter'retation
.1/ introd%ce evidence nel, discovered b, t!e investi#ator !ic! discredits t!e
alternative inter'retation
.C/ s%''ort one inter'retation b, callin# into 0%estion t!e 'la%sibilit, o" t!e
.3/ c!allen#e t!e investi#ative &et!ods %sed b, t!ose !o develo'ed t!e
.E/ s!o t!at t!e to co&'etin# inter'retations can be reconciled it! one
anot!er
5@. $or so&eone !o inter'rets t!e lines as re"errin# to astrono&ical '!eno&ena9
!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost e""ectivel, co%nters an ob+ection t!at t!e
crossin# o" t!e strai#!t8line 'attern over t!e bird "i#%re s!os t!at t!e to kinds
o" line 'attern served %nrelated '%r'oses-
.A/ In areas t!at ere in!abited b, ancient native 2ort! A&erican 'eo'les9
arran#e&ents o" stones !ave been "o%nd t!at &ake 'laces !ere s%nli#!t
"alls 'recisel, on t!e s'rin# solstice9 an astrono&icall, deter&ined date.
.1/ T!e strai#!t lines are consistent it! si#!t lines to 'oints on t!e !ori)on
!ere 'artic%lar astrono&ical events co%ld !ave been observed at certain
'la%sible dates9 and t!e "i#%re co%ld re'resent a constellation.
.C/ T!e strai#!t8line 'attern is 'art o" a lar#e connected co&'le( o" 'atterns o"
strai#!t8line ra,s connectin# certain 'oints it! one anot!er.
.3/ 2ative Central A&erican c%lt%res9 s%c! as t!at o" t!e Ma,a9 le"t be!ind
elaborate astrono&ical calendars t!at ere en#raved on rocks.
.E/ T!ere is evidence t!at t!e bird "i#%re as &ade ell be"ore t!e strai#!t8line
GMAT & LSAT CR @CI
'attern.
TEST 16
SECTI72 II
1. 6alter: Alt!o%#! ci#arette s&okin# is le#al9 it s!o%ld be banned on all airline
"li#!ts. Ci#arette s&okin# in t!e con"ines o" an aircra"t e('oses nons&okers to
!ar&"%l second!and s&oke t!at t!e, cannot avoid.
6!ic! one t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld +%sti", t!e 'ro'osal '%t
"ort! b, 6alter-
.A/ Feo'le s!o%ld be 'ro!ibited "ro& en#a#in# in an ot!erise le#al activit, in
t!ose sit%ations in !ic! t!at activit, o%ld %navoidabl, e('ose ot!ers to
!ar&.
.1/ An activit, s!o%ld be banned onl, i" &ost sit%ations in !ic! a 'erson
en#a#ed in t!at activit, o%ld inevitabl, e('ose ot!ers to !ar&.
.C/ A le#al activit, t!at !as t!e 'otential "or ca%sin# !ar& to ot!ers in certain
sit%ations s!o%ld be &odi"ied in t!ose sit%ations to render it !ar&less.
.3/ Feo'le !o re#%larl, en#a#e in an activit, t!at !as t!e 'otential "or !ar&in#
ot!ers !en t!at activit, takes 'lace in certain sit%ations s!o%ld be e(cl%ded
"ro& t!ose sit%ations.
.E/ I" an activit, is le#al in so&e sit%ations in !ic! a 'ersons en#a#in# in t!at
activit, co%ld !ar& ot!ers9 t!en t!at activit, s!o%ld be le#al in all sit%ations.
5. F!,sicist: T!e clai& t!at lo8te&'erat%re n%clear "%sion can be ac!ieved entirel,
b, c!e&ical &eans is based on c!e&ical e('eri&ents in !ic! t!e &eas%re&ents
and calc%lations are inacc%rate.
C!e&ist: 1%t ,o%r c!allen#e is ine""ect%al9 since ,o% are si&'l, +ealo%s at t!e
t!o%#!t t!at c!e&ists &i#!t !ave solved a 'roble& t!at '!,sicists !ave been
%nable to solve.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e stron#est criticis& o" t!e c!e&ists res'onse to
t!e '!,sicists c!allen#e-
.A/ It restates a clai& in di""erent ords instead o" o""erin# evidence "or t!is
clai&.
.1/ It "ails to establis! t!at 'er"ect acc%rac, o" &eas%re&ents and calc%lations is
'ossible.
.C/ It con"%ses to di""erent &eanin#s o" t!e ord >solve.?
.3/ It is directed a#ainst t!e 'ro'onent o" a clai& rat!er t!an a#ainst t!e clai&
itsel".
GMAT & LSAT CR @C1
.E/ It rests on a contradiction.
<. A certain strain o" bacteria as "o%nd in t!e sto&ac!s o" %lcer 'atients. A &edical
researc!er it! no !istor, o" %lcers inadvertentl, in#ested so&e o" t!e bacteria
and it!in eeks develo'ed an %lcer. T!ere"ore9 it is !i#!l, likel, t!at t!e
bacteria strain ind%ces %lcers.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost s%''orts t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Feo'le !o !ave t!e bacteria strain in t!eir sto&ac!s !ave been "o%nd to
!ave no #reater incidence o" kidne, disease t!at do 'eo'le !o lack t!e
bacteria strain.
.1/ T!e researc!er did not develo' an, ot!er serio%s !ealt! 'roble&s it!in a
,ear a"ter in#estin# t!e bacteria strain.
.C/ T!ere is no evidence t!at t!e bacteria strain ind%ces %lcers in laborator,
ani&als.
.3/ T!e researc!er is a reco#ni)ed e('ert in t!e treat&ent o" diseases o" t!e
sto&ac!.
.E/ A st%d, o" 59III 'eo'le !o do not !ave %lcers "o%nd t!at none o" t!ese
'eo'le !ad t!e bacteria strain in t!eir sto&ac!s.
C. A recent st%d, &onitored t!e blood 'ress%re o" 'eo'le 'ettin# do&estic ani&als
in t!e laborator,. T!e blood 'ress%re o" so&e o" t!ese 'eo'le loered !ile
'ettin# t!e ani&als. T!ere"ore9 "or an,one o" t!e 'eo'le so a""ected9 onin# a 'et
o%ld res%lt in t!at 'erson !avin# a loer avera#e blood 'ress%re.
T!e "laed 'attern o" reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar to t!at in
.A/ 1eca%se a sin#le dose o" a dr%# acts as a re&ed, "or a 'artic%lar ail&ent9 a
!ealt!, 'erson can ard o"" t!at ail&ent b, takin# sin#le doses re#%larl,.
.1/ 1eca%se b%,in# an a%to&obile is ver, e('ensive9 'eo'le s!o%ld !old on to
an a%to&obile9 once bo%#!t9 "or as lon# as it can be &aintained in r%nnin#
condition.
.C/ Since 'r%nin# !o%se'lants is en+o,able "or so&e 'eo'le9 t!ose 'eo'le s!o%ld
#et rid o" !o%se'lants t!at do not re0%ire "re0%ent 'r%nin#.
.3/ Since ridin# in a boat "or a "e &in%tes is rela(in# "or so&e 'eo'le9 t!ose
'eo'le o%ld be &ore rela(ed #enerall, i" t!ose 'eo'le oned boats.
.E/ Since #ivin# a "ence one coat o" !ile 'aint &akes t!e "ence !ite9 #ivin# it
to coats o" !ite 'aint o%ld &ake it even !iter.
@. 7" t!e "ive bill collectors at A'e( Collection A#enc,9 Mr. *o%n# !as t!e !i#!est
rate o" %ns%ccess"%l collections. *et Mr. *o%n# is t!e best bill collector on t!e
a#enc,s sta"".
discre'anc,-
GMAT & LSAT CR @C5
.A/ Mr. *o%n# is assi#ned t!e &a+orit, o" t!e &ost di""ic%lt cases at t!e a#enc,.
.1/ T!e ot!er "o%r bill collectors at t!e a#enc, all consider Mr. *o%n# to be a
ver, ca'able bill collector.
.C/ Mr. *o%n#s rate o" collections 'er ,ear !as re&ained "airl, stead, in t!e last
"e ,ears.
.3/ 1e"ore +oinin# t!e a#enc,9 Mr. *o%n# as a""iliated it! t!e credit
de'art&ent o" a lar#e de'art&ent store.
.E/ 2one o" t!e bill collectors at t!e a#enc, !as been on t!e a#enc,s sta"" lon#er
t!an Mr. *o%n# !as.
G. A 'ri&ate +abone "o%nd in 2a&ibia in so%t!ern A"rica !as been identi"ied b,
ant!ro'olo#ists as t!at o" an a'e t!at lived beteen 1I &illion and 1@ &illion
,ears a#o. Researc!ers #enerall, a#ree t!at s%c! ancient 'ri&ates lived onl, in
dense "orests. Conse0%entl,9 t!e dr,9 treeless e('anses no do&inatin# t!e
landsca'e in and aro%nd 2a&ibia &%st !ave re'laced an earlier !eavil, "orested
terrain.
.A/ Modern a'es also tend to live onl, in !eavil, "orested terrain.
.1/ T!e a'e !ose +abone as "o%nd lived in or near t!e area t!at is no
2a&ibia.
.C/ T!ere ere no a'es livin# in t!e area t!at is no 2a&ibia 'rior to 1@ &illion
,ears a#o.
.3/ T!e a'e !ose +abone as "o%nd as ada'ted to a diet t!at as
si#ni"icantl, di""erent "ro& t!at o" an, &ode& a'e.
.E/ T!e ancient 'ri&ates ere n%&ero%s eno%#! to !ave ca%sed severe da&a#e
to t!e ecolo#, o" t!e "orests in !ic! t!e, lived.
A. 6orkers &a, co&'lain abo%t &an, t!in#s at ork9 b%t stress is not !i#! on t!e
list. In "act9 in a recent s%rve, a &a+orit, 'laced boredo& at t!e to' o" t!eir list o"
co&'laints. T!e ass%&'tion t!at +ob8related stress is t!e &ost serio%s 'roble& "or
orkers in t!e cor'orate orld is t!%s si&'l, not arranted.
.A/ T!ose orkers !o are res'onsible "or t!e 'lannin# and s%'ervision o" lon#8
ter& 'ro+ects are less likel, to co&'lain o" eit!er boredo& or stress.
.1/ 6orkers !o co&'lain o" boredo& e(!ibit &ore stress8related s,&'to&s
t!an do t!ose !o clai& t!eir ork is interestin#.
.C/ 6orkers res'ondin# to o'inion s%rve,s tend to e&'!asi)e t!ose e('eriences
t!at !ave !a''ened &ost recentl,.
.3/ 6orkers !o "eel t!at t!eir salaries are co&&ens%rate it! t!e a&o%nt o"
ork t!e, do are less likel, to co&'lain o" boredo&.
.E/ 6orkers are less likel, to co&'lain abo%t ork i" t!e, "eel t!at t!eir +obs are
GMAT & LSAT CR @C<
sec%re.
B. 6o%ld it be ri#!t "or t!e #overn&ent to abandon e""orts to deter&ine at !at
levels to allo to(ic s%bstances in o%r "ood s%''l,- 7nl, i" it can reasonabl, be
ar#%ed t!at t!e onl, acce'table level o" to(ic s%bstances in "ood is )ero. :oever9
virt%all, all "oods contain 'er"ectl, nat%ral s%bstances t!at are to(ic b%t ca%se no
!ar& beca%se t!e, do not occ%r in "ood in to(ic concentrations. $%rt!er&ore9 e
can never be certain o" !avin# red%ced t!e concentration o" an, s%bstance to )eroD
all e can ever kno is t!at it !as been red%ced to belo t!e t!res!old o"
detection o" c%rrent anal,tical &et!ods.
T!e &ain concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent is t!at
.A/ t!e #overn&ent s!o%ld contin%e tr,in# to deter&ine acce'table levels "or
to(ic s%bstances in o%r "ood s%''l,
.1/ t!e onl, acce'table level o" to(ic s%bstances in "ood is )ero
.C/ nat%rall, occ%rrin# to(ic s%bstances in "ood 'resent little dan#er beca%se
t!e, rarel, occ%r in to(ic concentrations
.3/ t!e #overn&ent ill never be able to deter&ine it! certaint, t!at a "ood
contains no to(ic s%bstances
.E/ t!e #overn&ent needs to re"ine its &et!ods o" detectin# to(ic s%bstances in
o%r "ood s%''l,
H. 7ver t!e 'ast tent,8"ive ,ears t!e introd%ction o" labor8savin# tec!nolo#ies !as
#reatl, red%ced t!e avera#e a&o%nt o" ti&e a orker needs to 'rod%ce a #iven
o%t'%t9 'otentiall, bot! red%cin# t!e n%&ber o" !o%rs eac! orker orks eac!
eek and increasin# orkers leis%re ti&e corres'ondin#l,. T!e avera#e a&o%nt
o" leis%re ti&e 'er orker9 !oever9 !as increased at onl, !al" t!e rate at !ic!
t!e avera#e !o%rl, o%t'%t 'er orker !as #ron.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost stron#l,
s%''orted b, t!e&-
.A/ 6orkers on avera#e s'end &ore &one, on leis%re activities toda, t!an t!e,
did tent,8"ive ,ears a#o.
.1/ Labor8savin# tec!nolo#ies !ave created "eer +obs t!an t!e, !ave
eli&inated.
.C/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" t!e 'o'%lation t!at is in t!e ork "orce !as #ron over t!e
'ast tent,8"ive ,ears.
.3/ T!e avera#e !o%rl, o%t'%t 'er orker !as not risen as &%c! as !ad been
antici'ated !en &odern labor8savin# tec!nolo#ies ere "irst introd%ced.
.E/ Tent,8"ive ,ears a#o t!e avera#e eekl, o%t'%t 'er orker as less t!an it
is toda,.
1I. Ten t!o%sand ,ears a#o &an, co&&%nities in estern Asia sto''ed 'roc%rin#
"ood b, !%ntin# and #at!erin# and be#an instead to c%ltivate "ood. Arc!aeolo#ical
evidence reveals t!at co&'ared to t!eir !%nter8#at!erer "orebears9 t!e earl,
GMAT & LSAT CR @CC
a#ric%lt%ral 'eo'les ate a 'oorl, balanced diet and !ad diet8related !ealt!
'roble&s9 ,et t!ese 'eo'les never ret%rned to !%ntin# and #at!erin#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain !, t!e a#ric%lt%ral
'eo'les o" estern Asia never ret%rned to !%ntin# and #at!erin#-
.A/ T!e 'lants and ani&als t!at t!e a#ric%lt%ral 'eo'les be#an to c%ltivate
contin%ed to e(ist in t!e ild.
.1/ 1ot! !%nter8#at!erers and a#ric%lt%ralists so&eti&es de'ended on stored and
'reserved "oods instead o" "res! "oods.
.C/ An increase in 'o'%lation densit, at t!e ti&e re0%ired a !i#!er "ood
'rod%ction rate t!an !%ntin# and #at!erin# co%ld 'rovide.
.3/ T!o%sands o" ,ears a#o si&ilar s!i"ts "ro& !%ntin# and #at!erin# to
a#ric%lt%re occ%rred in &an, ot!er 'arts o" t!e orld.
.E/ T!e '!,sical labor involved in a#ric%lt%re b%rns &ore calories t!an does t!at
needed "or !%ntin# and #at!erin#.
11. S!o%ld a Jo%rnalists stor, be#in it! t!e set '!rase >in a s%r'rise develo'&ent9?
as ro%tinel, !a''ens- 6ell9 not i" t!e s%r'rise as &erel, t!e +o%rnalists9 since
+o%rnalists s!o%ld not intr%de t!e&selves into t!eir stories9 and not i" t!e s%r'rise
as so&eone elses9 beca%se i" so&e 'ersons s%r'rise as ort! &entionin# at
all9 it s!o%ld !ave been s'eci"icall, attrib%ted. T!e one 'ossibilit, re&ainin# is
t!at lots o" 'eo'le ere s%r'rised: in t!at case9 !oever9 t!ere is no 'oint in
belaborin# t!e obvio%s.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, states t!e concl%sion o" t!e
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Jo%rnalists s!o%ld reserve %se o" t!e '!rase >in a s%r'rise develo'&ent? "or
&a+or develo'&ents t!at are tr%l, %ne('ected.
.1/ T!e '!rase >in a s%r'rise develo'&ent? is a''ro'riatel, %sed onl, !ere
so&eones bein# s%r'rised is itsel" interestin#.
.C/ T!e '!ase >in a s%r'rise develo'&ent? is %sed in t!ree distinct sorts o"
circ%&stances.
.3/ Jo%rnalists s!o%ld &ake t!e 'oint t!at a develo'&ent co&es as a s%r'rise
!en s%&&in# %'9 not !en introd%cin# a stor,.
.E/ Introd%cin# stories it! t!e '!rase >in a s%r'rise develo'&ent? is not #ood
+o%rnalistic 'ractice.
15. Individ%al ',rrole &olec%les readil, +oin to#et!er into lar#er &olec%les called
'ol,',rroles. I" 'ol,',rroles "or& "ro& ',rrole in t!e 'resence o" )eolites9 t!e,
do so b, attac!in# to t!e )eolite eit!er in l%&'s on t!e o%ter s%r"ace o" t!e )eolite
or in delicate c!ains it!in t!e )eolites inner c!annels. 6!en )eolite c!an#es
color "ro& ,ello to black9 it &eans t!at on or in t!at )eolite 'ol,',rroles !ave
"or&ed "ro& ',rrole. *ello )eolite "ree o" an, ',rrole as s%b&er#ed in
dissolved ',rrole. T!e )eolite t%rned black even t!o%#! no 'ol,',rroles "or&ed
GMAT & LSAT CR @C@
on its o%ter s%r"ace.
t!e& be tr%e-
.A/ Fol,',rroles !ad alread, "or&ed on or in t!e )eolite be"ore it as
s%b&er#ed.
.1/ L%&'s o" 'ol,',rrole attac!ed to t!e )eolite ere res'onsible "or its color
c!an#e.
.C/ At least so&e o" t!e ',rrole in !ic! t!e )eolite as s%b&er#ed "or&ed
'ol,',rrole c!ains.
.3/ 2one o" t!e ',rrole in !ic! t!e )eolite as s%b&er#ed attac!ed itsel" to t!e
)eolite.
.E/ Little9 i" an,9 o" t!e ',rrole in !ic! t!e )eolite as s%b&er#ed reac!ed t!e
)eolites inner c!annels.
Questions 13-14
Fedi#reed do#s9 incl%din# t!ose o""iciall, classi"ied as orkin# do#s9 &%st con"or& to
standards set b, or#ani)ations t!at iss%e 'edi#rees. T!ose standards #enerall, s'eci",
t!e '!,sical a''earance necessar, "or a do# to be reco#ni)ed as belon#in# to a breed
b%t sti'%late not!in# abo%t ot!er #enetic traits9 s%c! as t!ose t!at enable breeds
ori#inall, develo'ed as orkin# do#s to 'er"or& t!e ork "or !ic! t!e, ere
develo'ed. Since do# breeders tr, to &aintain onl, t!ose traits s'eci"ied b, 'edi#ree
or#ani)ations9 and traits t!at breeders do not tr, to &aintain risk bein# lost9 certain
traits like !erdin# abilit, risk bein# lost a&on# 'edi#reed do#s. T!ere"ore9 'edi#ree
or#ani)ations s!o%ld set standards re0%irin# orkin# abilit, in 'edi#reed do#s
classi"ied as orkin# do#s.
1<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 +%sti"ies t!e ar#%&ents
concl%sion t!at 'edi#ree or#ani)ations s!o%ld set standards "or orkin# abilit, in
do#s-
.A/ 7r#ani)ations t!at set standards "or 'rod%cts or activities s!o%ld not set
standards callin# "or a 'artic%lar c!aracteristic i" s%c! standards increase t!e
risk o" so&e ot!er c!aracteristic bein# lost.
.1/ An, standard c%rrentl, in e""ect "or a 'rod%ct or an activit, s!o%ld be
ri#oro%sl, en"orced re#ardless o" !en t!e standard as "irst set.
.C/ 7r#ani)ations t!at set standards "or 'rod%cts or activities s!o%ld be
res'onsible "or seein# to it t!at t!ose 'rod%cts or activities con"or& to all
t!e s'eci"ications called "or b, t!ose standards.
.3/ An, standard t!at is set "or a 'rod%ct or an activit, s!o%ld re"lect t!e %ses to
!ic! t!at 'rod%ct or activit, ill event%all, be '%t.
.E/ 7r#ani)ations t!at set standards "or 'rod%cts or activities s!o%ld atte&'t to
ens%re t!at t!ose 'rod%cts or activities can serve t!e '%r'oses "or !ic!
t!e, ere ori#inall, develo'ed.
GMAT & LSAT CR @CG
1C. T!e '!rase >certain traits like !erdin# abilit, risk bein# lost a&on# 'edi#reed
do#s? serves !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# "%nctions in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It is a clai& on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends b%t "or !ic! no s%''ort is
#iven.
.1/ It is a s%bsidiar, concl%sion %sed in s%''ort o" t!e &ain concl%sion.
.C/ It acknoled#es a 'ossible ob+ection to t!e 'ro'osal '%t "ort! in t!e
ar#%&ent.
.3/ It s%&&ari)es t!e 'osition t!at t!e ar#%&ent as a !ole is directed toard
discreditin#.
.E/ It 'rovides evidence necessar, to s%''ort a clai& stated earlier in t!e
ar#%&ent.
1@. In r!e%&atoid art!ritis9 t!e bod,s i&&%ne s,ste& &is"%nctions b, attackin#
!ealt!, cells in t!e +oints9 ca%sin# t!e release o" a !or&one t!at in t%rn ca%ses
'ain and sellin#. T!is !or&one is nor&all, activated onl, in reaction to in+%r,
or in"ection. A ne art!ritis &edication ill contain a 'rotein t!at in!ibits t!e
"%nctionin# o" t!e !or&one t!at ca%ses 'ain and sellin# in t!e +oints.
concl%sions-
.A/ =nlike as'irin and ot!er &edications t!at red%ce 'ain and sellin# and t!at
are c%rrentl, available9 t!e ne &edication o%ld re'air e(istin# cell
da&a#e t!at !ad been ca%sed b, r!e%&atoid art!ritis.
.1/ T!e bene"its to r!e%&atoid art!ritis s%""erers o" t!e ne &edication o%ld
o%tei#! t!e &edications 'ossible !ar&"%l side e""ect.
.C/ A 'atient treated it! t!e ne &edication "or r!e%&atoid art!ritis co%ld
s%stain a +oint in+%r, it!o%t beco&in# aare o" it.
.3/ T!e ne &edication co%ld be ada'ted "or %se a#ainst a variet, o" i&&%ne
s,ste& disorders9 s%c! as diabetes and l%'%s.
.E/ Joint diseases ot!er t!an r!e%&atoid art!ritis o%ld not be a""ected b, t!e
ne &edication.
1G. In t!eir native !abit9 a&ar,llis 'lants #o dor&ant !en t!e soil in !ic! t!e, are
#roin# dries o%t d%rin# t!e dr, season. T!ere"ore9 i" a&ar,llis 'lants ke't as
!o%se'lants are to t!rive9 ater s!o%ld be it!!eld "ro& t!e& d%rin# 'art o" t!e
,ear so t!at t!e 'lants #o dor&ant.
.A/ Most kinds o" 'lants #o dor&ant at so&e ti&e or ot!er d%rin# t!e ,ear.
.1/ A&ar,llis are &ore di""ic%lt kee' as !o%se'lants t!an ot!er kinds o" 'lants
are.
.C/ 6ater s!o%ld be it!!eld "ro& a&ar,llis 'lants ke't as !o%se'lants d%rin#
t!e e(act ti&e o" ,ear t!at corres'onds to t!e dr, season in t!eir native
!abitat.
GMAT & LSAT CR @CA
.3/ An, a&ar,llis 'lant t!at "ails to t!rive is likel, to !ave been dor&ant "or too
s!ort a ti&e.
.E/ Goin# dor&ant bene"its a&ar,llis 'lants in t!eir native !abitat in so&e a,
ot!er t!an si&'l, 'reventin# deat! d%rin# overl, dr, 'eriods.
1A. Most 'eo'le believe t!at ,anin# is &ost 'oer"%ll, tri##ered b, seein#
so&eone else ,an. T!is belie" abo%t ,anin# is ides'read not onl, toda,9 b%t
also !as been co&&on'lace in &an, 'arts o" t!e orld in t!e 'ast9 i" e are to
believe !istorians o" 'o'%lar c%lt%re. T!%s9 seein# so&eone else ,an &%st be t!e
&ost irresistible ca%se o" ,anin#.
T!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# criticis&s-
.A/ It atte&'ts to s%''ort its concl%sion solel, b, restatin# t!at concl%sion in
ot!er ords.
.1/ It cites t!e evidence o" !istorians o" 'o'%lar c%lt%re in direct s%''ort o" a
clai& t!at lies o%tside t!eir area o" e('ertise.
.C/ It &akes a see'in# #enerali)ation abo%t ,anin# based on evidence dran
"ro& a li&ited n%&ber o" at,'ical cases.
.3/ It s%''orts its concl%sion b, a''ealin# solel, to o'inion in a &atter t!at is
lar#el, "act%al.
.E/ It takes "or #ranted t!at ,ans !ave no ca%se ot!er t!an t!e one it cites.
1B. Ever,one !o is a #o%r&et cook en+o,s a ide variet, "oods and s'ices. Since no
one !o en+o,s a ide variet, o" "oods and s'ices 're"ers bland "oods to all !er
"oods9 it "ollos t!at an,one !o 're"ers bland "oods to all ot!er "oods is not a
#o%r&et cook.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# dis'la,ed in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar to t!at
dis'la,ed in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ All o" t!e 'aintin#s in t!e :%an# Collection ill be '%t %' "or a%ction ne(t
eek. Since t!e 'aintin#s to be a%ctioned ne(t eek are b, a ide variet, o"
artists9 it "ollos t!at t!e 'aintin#s in t!e :%an# Collection are b, a ide
variet, o" artists.
.1/ All o" t!e 'aintin#s in t!e :%an# Collection are abstract. Since no abstract
'aintin# ill be incl%ded in ne(t eeks art a%ction9 not!in# to be incl%ded
in ne(t eeks art a%ction is a 'aintin# in t!e :%an# Collection.
.C/ All o" t!e 'aintin#s in t!e :%an# Collection are s%'erb orks o" art. Since
none o" t!e 'aintin#s in t!e :%an# Collection is b, Ro%T9 it stands to reason
t!at no 'aintin# b, Ro%T is a s%'erb ork o" art.
.3/ Ever, 'osti&'ressionist 'aintin# "ro& t!e :%an# Collection ill be
a%ctioned o"" ne(t eek. 2o 'o' art 'aintin#s "ro& t!e :%an# Collection
ill be a%ctioned o"" ne(t eek. :ence none o" t!e 'o' art 'aintin#s to be
a%ctioned o"" ne(t eek ill be "ro& t!e :%an# Collection.
.E/ Ever, 'aintin# "ro& t!e :%an# Collection t!at is to be a%ctioned o"" ne(t
GMAT & LSAT CR @CB
eek is a &a+or ork o" art. 2o 'rice can ade0%atel, re"lect t!e tr%e val%e
o" a &a+or ork o" art. :ence t!e 'rices t!at ill be 'aid at ne(t eeks
a%ction ill not ade0%atel, re"lect t!e tr%e val%e o" t!e 'aintin#s sold.
1H. 6it!o%t in"or&ation t!at co%ld onl, !ave co&e "ro& so&eone 'resent at t!e
secret &eetin# beteen t!e "inance &inister and t!e leader o" t!e o''osition
'art,9 t!e nes'a'er stor, t!at "orced t!e "inance &inister to resi#n co%ld not
!ave been ritten. 2o one itnessed t!e &eetin#9 !oever9 e(ce't t!e &inisters
aide. It is clear9 t!ere"ore9 t!at t!e "inance &inister as %lti&atel, bro%#!t don9
not b, an, o" !is 'oer"%l 'olitical ene&ies9 b%t b, !is on tr%sted aide.
T!e ar#%&ent co&&its !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# errors o" reasonin#-
.A/ drain# a concl%sion on t!e basis o" evidence t!at 'rovides e0%all, stron#
s%''ort "or a co&'etin# concl%sion
.1/ ass%&in# it!o%t arrant t!at i" one t!in# cannot occ%r it!o%t anot!er
t!in#s alread, !avin# occ%rred9 t!en t!e earlier t!in# cannot occ%r it!o%t
brin#in# abo%t t!e later t!in#
.C/ con"%sin# evidence t!at a #iven o%tco&e on one occasion as bro%#!t abo%t
in a certain a, it! evidence t!at t!e sa&e o%tco&e on a di""erent
occasion as bro%#!t abo%t in t!at a,
.3/ basin# its concl%sion on evidence t!at is al&ost entirel, irrelevant to t!e
'oint at iss%e
.E/ treatin# evidence t!at a #iven action contrib%ted to brin#in# abo%t a certain
e""ect as t!o%#! t!at evidence establis!ed t!at t!e #iven action b, itsel" as
s%""icient to brin# abo%t t!at e""ect
5I. S. R. Evans: A "e critics !ave dis&issed &, 'oe&s as not bein# 'oe&s and !ave
dis&issed &e as not bein# a 'oet. 1%t one 'rinci'le o" criticis& !as it t!at onl,
tr%e 'oets can reco#ni)e 'oetic creativit, or "%nction as critics o" 'oetr,Kand
t!at t!e onl, tr%e 'oets are t!ose !ose ork conve,s #en%ine 'oetic creativit,.
1%t I !ave read t!e ork o" t!ese criticsD none o" it de&onstrated 'oetic
creativit,. T!ese critics +%d#&ents s!o%ld be re+ected9 since t!ese critics are not
tr%e 'oets.
T!e ar#%&ent above is v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at it
.A/ 'res%''oses !at it sets o%t to concl%de9 since t!e 'rinci'le re0%ires t!at
onl, tr%e 'oets can deter&ine !et!er t!e critics ork de&onstrates 'oetic
creativit,
.1/ %ses t!e distinction beteen 'oets and critics as t!o%#! ever,one "ell into
one cate#or, or t!e ot!er
.C/ #ives no +%sti"ication "or t!e i&'licit clai& t!at t!e standin# o" a 'oet can be
+%d#ed inde'endentl, o" !is or !er 'oetr,
.3/ &akes an %n+%sti"iable distinction9 since it is 'ossible t!at so&e critics are
also 'oets
GMAT & LSAT CR @CH
.E/ inevitabl, leads to t!e concl%sion t!at 'oets can never learn to i&'rove t!eir
'oetr,9 since no 'oet is in a 'osition to critici)e !is or !er on ork
51. Clai&: Co%ntr, Es #overn&ent loered tari"" barriers beca%se doin# so served
t!e interests o" 'oer"%l "orei#n co&'anies.
Frinci'le: In order "or a c!an#e to be e('lained b, t!e advanta#e so&e 'erson or
#ro%' #ained "ro& it9 it &%st be s!on !o t!e interests o" t!e 'erson or #ro%'
'la,ed a role in brin#in# abo%t t!e c!an#e.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 can &ost lo#icall, serve as a 're&ise "or an
ar#%&ent t!at %ses t!e 'rinci'le to co%nter t!e clai&-
.A/ $orei#n co&'anies did bene"it !en Co%ntr, E loered tari"" barriers9 b%t
cons%&ers in Co%ntr, E bene"ited +%st as &%c!.
.1/ In t!e 'eriod since tari"" barriers ere loered9 'rice co&'etition a&on#
i&'orters !as severel, li&ited i&'orters 'ro"its "ro& sellin# "orei#n
co&'anies 'rod%cts in Co%ntr, E.
.C/ It as i&'ossible to 'redict !o Co%ntr, Es econo&ic re"or&s9 !ic!
incl%ded loerin# tari"" barriers9 o%ld a""ect t!e econo&, in t!e s!ort
ter&.
.3/ Man, o" t!e "orei#n co&'anies t!at bene"ited "ro& Co%ntr, Es loerin#
tari"" barriers co&'ete "iercel, a&on# t!e&selves bot! in Co%ntr, E and in
ot!er &arkets.
.E/ Alt!o%#! "orei#n co&'anies bene"ited !en Co%ntr, E loered tari""
barriers9 t!ere is no ot!er evidence t!at t!ese "orei#n co&'anies ind%ced t!e
c!an#e.
55. A scientist &ade t!ree observations: .1/ in t!e orlds te&'erate )ones9 "ood is
&ore 'lenti"%l in t!e ocean t!an it is in "res! aterD .5/ &i#rator, "is! in
te&'erate )ones #enerall, &at%re in t!e ocean and s'an in "res! aterD and .</
&i#rator, "is! need &%c! no%ris!&ent as t!e, &at%re b%t little or none d%rin# t!e
'art o" t!eir lives !en t!e, s'an. 7n t!e basis o" t!ose observations9 t!e
scientist "or&%lated t!e !,'ot!esis t!at "ood availabilit, is a deter&inin# "actor in
t!e &i#ration o" &i#rator, "is!. S%bse0%entl, t!e scientist learned t!at in t!e
tro'ics &i#rator, "is! #enerall, &at%re in "res! ater and s'an in t!e ocean.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# o%ld it be &ost !el'"%l to kno in order to +%d#e
!et!er !at t!e scientist s%bse0%entl, learned calls into 0%estion t!e
!,'ot!esis-
.A/ !et!er in t!e orlds te&'erate )ones9 t!e te&'erat%res o" bodies o" "res!
ater tend to be loer t!an t!ose o" t!e re#ions o" t!e oceans into !ic!
t!e, "lo
.1/ !et!er t!e t,'es o" "oods t!at &i#rator, "is! eat !ile t!e, in!abit t!e
ocean are si&ilar to t!ose t!at t!e, eat !ile t!e, in!abit bodies o" "res!
ater
GMAT & LSAT CR @@I
.C/ !et!er an, s'ecies o" "is! it! 'o'%lations in te&'erate )ones also !ave
'o'%lations t!at live in t!e tro'ics
.3/ !et!er t!ere are &ore s'ecies o" &i#rator, "is! in t!e tro'ics t!an t!ere are
in te&'erate )ones
.E/ !et!er in t!e tro'ics "ood is less 'lenti"%l in t!e ocean t!an in "res! ater
5<. 2o co&'%ter ill ever be able to do ever,t!in# t!at so&e !%&an &inds can do9
"or t!ere are so&e 'roble&s t!at cannot be solved b, "olloin# an, set o"
&ec!anicall, a''licable r%les. *et co&'%ters can onl, solve 'roble&s b,
"olloin# so&e set o" &ec!anicall, a''licable r%les.
.A/ At least one 'roble& solvable b, "olloin# so&e set o" &ec!anicall,
a''licable r%les is not solvable b, an, !%&an &ind.
.1/ At least one 'roble& not solvable b, "olloin# an, set o" &ec!anicall,
a''licable r%les is solvable b, at least one !%&an &ind.
.C/ At least one 'roble& solvable b, "olloin# so&e set o" &ec!anicall,
a''licable r%les is solvable b, ever, !%&an &ind.
.3/ Ever, 'roble& t!at is solvable b, "olloin# &ore t!an one set o"
&ec!anicall, a''licable r%les is solvable b, al&ost ever, !%&an &ind.
.E/ Ever, 'roble& t!at is solvable b, "olloin# at least one set o" &ec!anicall,
a''licable r%les is solvable b, at least one !%&an &ind.
5C. Feo'le ere asked in a s%rve, !o old t!e, "elt. T!e, re'lied9 al&ost
%nani&o%sl, des'ite a #reat diversit, o" a#es9 it! a n%&ber t!at as A@ 'ercent
o" t!eir real a#e. T!ere is9 !oever9 a 'roble& in %nderstandin# t!is sort o"
res'onse. $or e(a&'le9 s%''ose it &eant t!at a CB8,ear8old &an as clai&in# to
"eel as !e "elt at <G. 1%t at a#e <G !e o%ld !ave said !e "elt like a &an o" 5A9 and
at 5A !e o%ld !ave said !e "elt +%st over 5I9 and so on into c!ild!ood. And
s%rel,9 t!at CB8,ear8old &an did not &ean to s%##est t!at !e "elt like a c!ildJ
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# tec!ni0%es o" reasonin# is e&'lo,ed in t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ 'ro+ectin# "ro& res'onses collected at one ti&e "ro& &an, individ%als o"
idel, di""erent a#es to !,'ot!etical earlier res'onses o" a sin#le individ%al
at so&e o" t!ose a#es
.1/ reinter'retin# !at certain 'eo'le act%all, said in t!e li#!t o" !at o%ld9 in
t!e circ%&stances9 !ave been t!e &ost reasonable t!in# "or t!e& to sa,
.C/ 0%ali",in# an overl, see'in# #enerali)ation in li#!t o" a sin#le ell c!osen
co%ntere(a&'le
.3/ derivin# a contradiction "ro& a 'air o" state&ents in order to 'rove t!at at
least one o" t!ose state&ents is "alse
.E/ anal,)in# an %ne('ected %nani&it, a&on# res'ondents as evidence9 not o" a
#reat %ni"or&it, o" o'inion a&on# t!ose res'ondents9 b%t o" t!eir s%ccess"%l
GMAT & LSAT CR @@1
&ani'%lation b, t!eir 0%estioners
SECTI72 III
Questions 1-!
T!ose !o s%''ort t!e contin%ed readin# and 'er"or&ance o" S!akes'eares 'la,s
&aintain t!at in En#land a''reciation "or !is ork !as ala,s e(tended be,ond
ed%cated elites and t!at ever since S!akes'eares on ti&e !is 'la,s !ave ala,s been
knon and loved b, co&'arativel, %ned%cated 'eo'le. Ske'ticis& abo%t t!is clai& is
borne o%t b, e(a&inin# earl, ei#!teen8cent%r, editions o" t!e 'la,s. T!ese books9
it! t!eir "ine 'a'er and #ood bindin#s9 &%st !ave been "ar be,ond t!e reac! o"
'eo'le o" ordinar, &eans.
1. T!e &ain 'oint o" t!e ar#%&ent is to
.A/ s%##est t!at knoled#e o" S!akes'eares 'la, is a s%itable criterion "or
distin#%is!in# t!e ed%cated elite "ro& ot!er &e&bers o" En#lis! societ,
.1/ 'rovide evidence t!at at so&e ti&e in t!e 'ast a''reciation "or S!akes'eares
'la, as con"ined to ed%cated elites
.C/ 'rove t!at earl, ei#!teent!8cent%r, a''reciation "or S!akes'eares orks
rested on as'ects o" t!e orks t!at are less a''reciated toda,
.3/ de&onstrate t!at since S!akes'eares ti&e t!e 'eo'le !o !ave knon and
loved !is ork !ave all been &e&bers o" ed%cated elites
.E/ con"ir& t!e ske'ticis& o" t!e ed%cated elite concernin# t!e ort! o"
S!akes'eares 'la,s
5. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# describes a reasonin# error in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e ar#%&ent %ses t!e 'o'%larit, o" S!akes'eares 'la,s as a &eas%re o"
t!eir literar, 0%alit,.
.1/ T!e ar#%&ent bases an aest!etic concl%sion abo%t S!akes'eares 'la,s on
'%rel, econo&ic evidence.
.C/ T!e ar#%&ent anac!ronisticall, %ses t!e standards o" t!e tentiet! cent%r, to
+%d#e events t!at occ%rred in t!e earl, ei#!teent! cent%r,.
.3/ T!e ar#%&ent +%d#es t!e literar, 0%alit, o" a books te(t on t!e basis o" t!e
0%alit, o" t!e vol%&e in !ic! t!e te(t is 'rinted.
.E/ T!e ar#%&ent does not allo "or t!e 'ossibilit, t!at 'eo'le &i#!t kno
S!akes'eares 'la,s it!o%t !avin# read t!e&.
<. 7r#ani)ation 'resident: T!e stationer, and envelo'es %sed in all o" t!e &ailin#s
"ro& o%r national !ead0%arters are &ade "ro& rec,cled 'a'er9 and e never '%t
an,t!in# b%t letters in t!e envelo'es. 6!en t!e envelo'es !ave indos9 t!ese
indos are also &ade "ro& rec,cled &aterial. T!ere"ore t!e envelo'es9 and t!%s
GMAT & LSAT CR @@5
t!ese &ailin#s9 are co&'letel, rec,clable.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e or#ani)ation
'residents ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ All t!e 'a'er %sed b, t!e or#ani)ation "or '%r'oses ot!er t!an &ailin#s is
rec,cled.
.1/ T!e &ailin#s "ro& t!e or#ani)ations national !ead0%arters ala,s %se
envelo'es t!at !ave indos.
.C/ T!e envelo'e indos &ade "ro& rec,cled &aterial are rec,clable.
.3/ T!e envelo'es and stationer, %sed in t!e or#ani)ations &ailin#s are ala,s
rec,cled.
.E/ T!e or#ani)ation sends &ailin#s onl, "ro& its national !ead0%arters.
Questions 4-5
T!e "re0%entl, e('ressed vie t!at ritten constit%tions are in!erentl, &ore liberal
t!an %nritten ones is "alse. 2o ritten constit%tion is &ore t!an a 'a'er it! ords
on it %ntil t!ose ords are bot! inter'reted and a''lied. Fro'erl, %nderstood9 t!en9 a
constit%tion is t!e s%& o" t!ose 'roced%res t!ro%#! !ic! t!e 'oer o" t!e state is
le#iti&atel, e(ercised and li&ited. T!ere"ore9 even a ritten constit%tion beco&es a
liberal constit%tion onl, !en it is inter'reted and a''lied in a liberal a,.
C. T!e &ain 'oint o" t!e ar#%&ent above is t!at
.A/ ritten constit%tions are no &ore in!erentl, liberal t!an are %nritten
constit%tions
.1/ t!e idea o" a ritten constit%tion9 'ro'erl, %nderstood9 is in!erentl, sel"8
contradictor,
.C/ %nritten constit%tions are less s%b+ect to &isinter'retation t!an are
constit%tions t!at !ave been ritten don
.3/ liberal constit%tions are e(tre&el, di""ic%lt to 'reserve
.E/ t!ere are criteria "or eval%atin# t!e inter'retation and a''lication o" a
constit%tion
@. I" t!e state&ents in t!e ar#%&ent are all tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st
also be tr%e on t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ A care"%l anal,sis o" t!e ritten te(t o" a constit%tion can s!o t!at t!e
constit%tion is not a liberal one.
.1/ It is i&'ossible to deter&ine t!at a ritten constit%tion is liberal &erel,
t!ro%#! care"%l anal,sis o" t!e ritten te(t.
.C/ T!ere are no advanta#es to !avin# a ritten rat!er t!an an %nritten
constit%tion.
.3/ Constit%tions t!at are not ritten are &ore likel, to be liberal t!an are
constit%tions t!at are ritten.
GMAT & LSAT CR @@<
.E/ A constit%tion is a liberal constit%tion i" it is 'ossible to inter'ret it in a liberal
a,.
G. As "ar as e kno9 Eart! is t!e onl, 'lanet on !ic! li"e !as evolved9 and all
knon li"e "or&s are carbon8based. T!ere"ore9 alt!o%#! t!ere &i#!t e(ist
noncarbon8based li"e on 'lanets ver, %nlike Eart!9 o%r scienti"ic esti&ates o" t!e
'robabilit, o" e(traterrestrial li"e s!o%ld be #enerated "ro& esti&ates o" t!e
n%&ber o" 'lanets like Eart! and t!e likeli!ood o" carbon8based li"e on t!ose
'lanets.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# #eneral 'rinci'les &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e
reco&&endation-
.A/ T!ere is no #ood reason to t!ink t!at %nobserved '!eno&ena closel,
rese&ble t!ose t!at !ave been observed.
.1/ A scienti"ic t!eor, t!at e('lains a broad ran#e o" '!eno&ena is 're"erable to
a co&'etin# t!eor, t!at e('lains onl, so&e o" t!ose '!eno&ena.
.C/ It is 're"erable "or scientists to restrict t!eir st%dies to '!eno&ena t!at are
observable and "ore#o &akin# esti&ates abo%t %nobservable t!in#s.
.3/ A scienti"ic t!eor, t!at e('lains observed '!eno&ena on t!e basis o" a "e
'rinci'les t!at are inde'endent o" eac! ot!er is 're"erable to a t!eor, t!at
e('lains t!ose sa&e '!eno&ena on t!e basis o" &an, inde'endent
'rinci'les.
.E/ Esti&ations o" 'robabilit, t!at are &ore closel, tied to !at is knon are
're"erable to t!ose t!at are less closel, tied to !at is knon.
A. Folitician: =nless o%r nation redistrib%tes ealt!9 e ill be %nable to alleviate
econo&ic in+%stice and o%r c%rrent s,ste& ill lead inevitabl, to intolerable
econo&ic ine0%ities. I" t!e ine0%ities beco&e intolerable9 t!ose !o s%""er "ro&
t!e in+%stice ill resort to violence to coerce social re"or&. It is o%r nations
res'onsibilit, to do !atever is necessar, to alleviate conditions t!at o%ld
ot!erise #ive rise to violent atte&'ts at social re"or&.
T!e state&ents above lo#icall, co&&it t!e 'olitician to !ic! one o" t!e
.A/ T!e need "or 'olitical re"or& never +%sti"ies a resort to violent re&edies.
.1/ It is o%r nations res'onsibilit, to redistrib%te ealt!.
.C/ Foliticians &%st base decisions on 'olitical e('edienc, rat!er t!an on
abstract &oral 'rinci'les.
.3/ Econo&ic in+%stice need not be re&edied %nless it leads to intolerable social
conditions.
.E/ All t!at is re0%ired to create conditions o" econo&ic +%stice is t!e
redistrib%tion o" ealt!.
B. 3elta #reen #ro%nd beetles so&eti&es re&ain &otionless "or !o%rs at a stretc!9
alt!o%#! t!e, are &ore active in et ,ears t!an in dr, ,ears. In 1HBH an observer
GMAT & LSAT CR @@C
s'otted ten delta #reen #ro%nd beetles in nine !o%rsD in 1HB@ t!e sa&e observer at
t!e sa&e location !ad co%nted <B in abo%t to !o%rs. T!is di""erence 'robabl,
does not re"lect a dro' in t!e 'o'%lation o" t!ese rare beetles over t!is 'eriod9
!oever9 beca%se 1HB@ as a et ,ear and 1HBH as relativel, dr,.
above-
.A/ 1eca%se o" t!eir e(cellent ca&o%"la#e9 delta #reen #ro%nd beetles are al&ost
i&'ossible to see i" t!e, are not &ovin#.
.1/ T!e onl, !abitat o" delta #reen #ro%nd beetles is aro%nd 'ools "or&ed b, t!e
collection o" inter rains in lo8l,in# areas.
.C/ 3ella #reen #ro%nd beetles &ove abo%t ver, little to #et "oodD &ost o" t!eir
&ovin# "ro& one 'lace to anot!er is related to t!eir re'rod%ctive be!avior.
.3/ 3ella #reen #ro%nd beetles are so rare t!at9 alt!o%#! t!e "irst s'eci&en as
"o%nd in 1BAB9 a second as not "o%nd %ntil 1HAC.
.E/ 2o 'redator relies on t!e delta #reen #ro%nd beetle "or a &a+or 'ortion o" its
"ood s%''l,.
H. C!ronic "ati#%e s,ndro&e9 a condition t!at a""licts t!o%sands o" 'eo'le9 is
invariabl, associated it! loer8t!an8nor&al concentrations o" &a#nesi%& in t!e
blood. $%rt!er9 &alabsor'tion o" &a#nesi%& "ro& t!e di#estive tract to t!e blood
is also o"ten associated it! so&e t,'es o" "ati#%e. T!ese "acts in t!e&selves
de&onstrate t!at treat&ents t!at raise t!e concentration o" &a#nesi%& in t!e
blood o%ld 'rovide an e""ective c%re "or t!e "ati#%e involved in t!e s,ndro&e.
.A/ It "ails to establis! t!at loer8t!an8nor&al concentrations o" &a#nesi%& in
t!e blood are invariabl, d%e to &alabsor'tion o" &a#nesi%&.
.1/ It o""ers no evidence t!at "ati#%e itsel" does not ind%ce loered
concentrations o" &a#nesi%& in t!e blood.
.C/ It i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at even in 'eo'le !o are not a""licted it!
c!ronic "ati#%e s,ndro&e9 concentration o" &a#nesi%& in t!e blood
"l%ct%ates.
.3/ It ne#lects to state t!e e(act concentration o" &a#nesi%& in t!e blood !ic!
is considered t!e nor&al concentration.
.E/ It does not s'eci", !at &et!ods o%ld be &ost e""ective in raisin# t!e
concentration o" &a#nesi%& in t!e blood.
Questions 10-11
Cons%&er advocate: T!e to,8labelin# la s!o%ld re0%ire &an%"act%rers to 'rovide
e('licit sa"et, labels on to,s to indicate !at !a)ards t!e to,s 'ose. T!e onl, labels
c%rrentl, re0%ired b, la are labels indicatin# t!e a#e ran#e "or !ic! a to, is
intended. $or instance9 a >t!ree and %'? label is re0%ired on to,s t!at 'ose a c!okin#
!a)ard "or c!ildren %nder t!ree ,ears o" a#e. Alt!o%#! t!e c%rrent to,8labelin# la !as
GMAT & LSAT CR @@@
indeed red%ced t!e incidence o" in+%ries to c!ildren "ro& to,s9 'arents co%ld 'revent
s%c! in+%ries al&ost entirel, i" to, labels 'rovided e('licit sa"et, in"or&ation.
1I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e cons%&er advocates
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Certain t,'es o" to,s !ave never been associated it! in+%r, to c!ildren.
.1/ Most 'arents believe t!at t!e c%rrent labels are reco&&endations re#ardin#
level o" co#nitive skill.
.C/ T!e &a+orit, o" c!ildren in+%red b, to,s are %nder t!ree ,ears o" a#e.
.3/ Man, 'arents do not 'a, attention to &an%"act%rers labels !en t!e, select
to,s "or t!eir c!ildren.
.E/ C!okin# is t!e &ost serio%s !a)ard 'resented to c!ildren b, to,s.
11. T!e state&ent t!at t!e la s!o%ld re0%ire e('licit sa"et, labels on to,s serves
!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# "%nctions in t!e cons%&er advocates ar#%&ent-
.A/ It is a #eneral 'rinci'le s%''ortin# t!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent.
.1/ It is a 'ro'osed co&'ro&ise beteen to con"lictin# #oals.
.C/ It is t!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent.
.3/ It is evidence t!at &%st be re"%ted in order to establis! t!e concl%sion o" t!e
ar#%&ent.
.E/ It is a 'artic%lar instance o" t!e #eneral 'osition %nder disc%ssion.
15. Fro'onents o" or#anic "ar&in# clai& t!at %sin# c!e&ical "ertili)ers and 'esticide
in "ar&in# is !ar&"%l to local ildli"e. To 'rod%ce t!e sa&e a&o%nt o" "ood9
!oever9 &ore land &%st be %nder c%ltivation !en or#anic "ar&in# tec!ni0%es
are %sed t!an !en c!e&icals are %sed. T!ere"ore9 or#anic "ar&in# leaves less
land available as !abitat "or local ildli"e.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e a%t!ors ar#%&ent
de'ends-
.A/ C!e&ical "ertili)ers and 'esticides 'ose no !ealt! t!reat to ildli"e.
.1/ 6ildli"e livin# near "ar&s !ere c!e&icals are %sed ill not in#est an, "ood
or ater containin# t!ose c!e&icals.
.C/ T!e onl, disadvanta#e to %sin# c!e&icals in "ar&in# is t!eir 'otential e""ect
on ildli"e.
.3/ T!e sa&e cro's are #ron on or#anic "ar&s as on "ar&s !ere c!e&icals are
%sed.
.E/ Land c%ltivated b, or#anic "ar&in# &et!ods no lon#er constit%tes a !abitat
"or ildli"e.
1<. Re'tiles are air8breat!in# vertebrates it! co&'letel, ossi"ied skeletonsD so
alli#ators &%st be air8breat!in# vertebrates it! co&'letel, ossi"ied skeletons.
In ter&s o" its lo#ical "eat%res9 t!e ar#%&ent above &ost rese&bles !ic! one o"
GMAT & LSAT CR @@G
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Green 'lants take in carbon dio(ide and release o(,#en back into t!e airD so
it "ollos t!at #rass takes in carbon dio(ide and releases o(,#en into t!e air.
.1/ So&e red b%tter"lies are 'oisono%s to birds t!at 're, on t!e&D so t!is
'artic%lar red b%tter"l, is 'oisono%s to birds t!at 're, on it.
.C/ Mnoled#e abo%t t!e e&'irical orld can be #ained "ro& booksD so 4ir#inia
6ool"s book % -oo, of 7ne*s 7wn &%st 'rovide knoled#e abo%t t!e
e&'irical orld.
.3/ 3ierdre !as seen ever, "il& directed b, Rainer 6erner $assbinderD so
3ierdre &%st !ave seen %li (ear 6ats the /oul9 a "il& directed b,
$assbinder.
.E/ Skiers r%n a !i#! risk o" bone "ract%reD so it is likel, t!at Lindse,9 !o !as
been an avid skier "or &an, ,ears9 !as s%""ered a broken bone at so&e
'oint.
1C. Alt!o%#! in"lated #overn&ent s'endin# "or ea'ons researc! enco%ra#es aste
at ea'ons researc! laboratories9 ea'ons 'rod%ction 'lants &%st be vieed as
e0%all, aste"%l o" ta('a,er dollars. A"ter all9 b, t!e #overn&ents on
ad&ission9 t!e ea'ons 'lant it 'lans to reo'en ill violate at least GH
environ&ental9 !ealt!9 and sa"et, las. T!e #overn&ent !as decided to reo'en t!e
'lant and e(e&'t it "ro& co&'liance9 even t!o%#! t!e ea'ons to be 'rod%ced
t!ere co%ld be 'rod%ced at t!e sa&e cost at a sa"er "acilit,.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# #ro%nds-
.A/ It o""ers no evidence t!at t!e >sa"er? alternative 'rod%ction site act%all,
co&'lies it! an, o" t!e las &entioned.
.1/ It concedes a 'oint re#ardin# ea'ons researc! laboratories t!at %nder&ines
its concl%sion abo%t ea'ons 'rod%ction 'lants.
.C/ It relies on evidence t!at does not directl, address t!e iss%e o" aste"%l
s'endin#.
.3/ It con"%ses necessar, e('endit%res "or researc! it! aste"%l s'endin# on
ea'ons.
.E/ It "ails to establis! t!at researc! laboratories and ea'ons 'rod%ction 'lants
are si&ilar eno%#! to be &eanin#"%ll, co&'ared.
Questions 15-1&
3r. God"re,: 2o t!at !i#! sc!ool st%dents are alloed to ork &ore t!an 1@ !o%rs
'er eek at 'art8ti&e +obs9 t!ose !o act%all, do so s!o less interest in sc!ool and
#et loer #rades t!an t!ose !o do not ork as &an, !o%rs at 'art8ti&e +obs.
7bvio%sl,9 orkin# lon# !o%rs at 'art8ti&e +obs d%rin# t!e sc!ool ,ear contrib%tes to
t!e acade&ic 'roble&s t!at &an, o" o%r !i#! sc!ool st%dents e('erience.
GMAT & LSAT CR @@A
3r. 2as!: T!ats not so. Man, o" o%r !i#! sc!ool st%dents set o%t to earn as &%c!
&one, as t!e, can si&'l, to co&'ensate "or t!eir lack o" acade&ic s%ccess.
1@. 3r. 2as! res'onds to 3r. God"re,s ar#%&ent b, doin# !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ atte&'tin# to don'la, t!e serio%sness o" t!e 'roble&s "acin# acade&icall,
tro%bled !i#! sc!ool st%dents
.1/ o""erin# an alternative inter'retation o" t!e evidence cited b, 3r. God"re,
.C/ 0%estionin# t!e acc%rac, o" t!e evidence on !ic! 3r. God"re, bases !is
concl%sion
.3/ 'ro'osin# t!at t!e sc!ools are not at "a%lt "or t!e acade&ic 'roble&s "acin#
&an, !i#! sc!ool st%dents
.E/ raisin# t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!ere is no relations!i' beteen acade&ic
'roble&s a&on# !i#! sc!ool st%dents and 'art8ti&e e&'lo,&ent
1G. T!e anser to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# o%ld be t!e &ost !el'"%l in
deter&inin# !et!er t!e concl%sion t!at 3r. God"re, dras co%ld be lo#icall,
de"ended a#ainst 3r. 2as!s co%nterar#%&ent-
.A/ !et!er 'eo'le !o !ave !ad acade&ic 'roble&s in !i#! sc!ool are
%lti&atel, less s%ccess"%l in t!eir careers t!an 'eo'le !o !ave not !ad
s%c! 'roble&s
.1/ !et!er st%dents are alloed to s'end &ore t!an 1@ !o%rs 'er eek at
sc!ool8s'onsored nonacade&ic e(trac%rric%lar activities s%c! as tea& s'orts
or cl%bs
.C/ !et!er t!e st%dents !o ork &ore t!an 1@ !o%rs 'er eek and !ave
acade&ic 'roble&s !ad s%c! 'roble&s be"ore t!e, be#an to ork t!at &an,
!o%rs
.3/ !et!er e&'lo,ers and !i#! sc!ool st%dents t,'icall, obe, all t!e las t!at
re#%late t!e conditions %nder !ic! ,o%n# 'eo'le &a, le#all, be e&'lo,ed
.E/ !et!er !i#! sc!ool st%dents !o !ave a"ter8sc!ool +obs contin%e to ork at
t!ose +obs a"ter #rad%atin# "ro& !i#! sc!ool
1A. E: Medical researc! on ani&als s!o%ld not be red%ced in res'onse to a concern
"or ani&als9 beca%se res%lts o" s%c! researc! serve to avert !%&an s%""erin#. In
s%c! researc! a trade8o"" beteen !%&an and ani&al el"are is ala,s inevitable9
b%t e s!o%ld #ive #reater ei#!t to !%&an el"are.
*: 6it! tec!nolo#, t!at is c%rrentl, available9 &%c! o" t!e researc! 'resentl,
'er"or&ed on ani&als co%ld instead be done it! co&'%ter &odelin# or !%&an
s%b+ects it!o%t ca%sin# an, s%""erin#.
T!e relations!i' o" *s res'onse to Es ar#%&ent is t!at *s res'onse
.A/ contradicts a 're&ise on !ic! Es ar#%&ent relies
.1/ disa#rees it! E abo%t t!e ei#!t to be #iven to ani&al s%""erin# as o''osed
GMAT & LSAT CR @@B
to !%&an s%""erin#
.C/ 'resents a lo#ical conse0%ence o" t!e 're&ises o" Es ar#%&ent
.3/ stren#t!ens Es ar#%&ent b, 'resentin# evidence not &entioned b, Es
ar#%&ent
.E/ s%''lies a 're&ise to Es ar#%&ent t!at as not e('licitl, stated
1B. In e('eri&ents in !ic! certain kinds o" bacteria ere 'laced in a #enero%s
s%''l, o" n%trients9 t!e 'o'%lations o" bacteria #re ra'idl,9 and #enetic
&%tations occ%rred at rando& in t!e 'o'%lations. T!ese e('eri&ents s!o t!at all
#enetic &%tation is rando&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 enables t!e concl%sion to be 'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ Eit!er all #enetic &%tations are rando& or none are rando&.
.1/ T!e bacteria tested in t!e e('eri&ents ere o" e(tre&el, co&&on "or&s.
.C/ I" all #enetic &%tations in bacteria are rando&9 t!en all #enetic &%tations in
ever, ot!er li"e "or& are rando& also.
.3/ T!e kind o" environ&ent in !ic! #enetic &%tation takes 'lace !as no e""ect
on t!e a, #enetic &%tation occ%rs.
.E/ T!e n%trients %sed ere t!e sa&e as t!ose t!at no%ris! t!e bacteria in nat%re.
1H. T!o&as: T!e cl%b 'resident !ad no ri#!t to disallo Je""re,s vote. Cl%b r%les sa,
t!at onl, &e&bers in #ood standin# &a, vote. *o%ve ad&itted t!at cl%b r%les
also sa, t!at all &e&bers !ose d%es are "%ll, 'aid are &e&bers in #ood
standin#. And since9 as t!e records indicate9 Je""re, !as ala,s 'aid !is d%es on
ti&e9 clearl, t!e 'resident acted in violation o" cl%b r%les.
Alt!ea: 1, t!at reasonin# &, to8,ear8old niece can le#all, vote in ne(t &ont!s
national election since s!e is a citi)en o" t!is co%ntr,9 and onl, citi)ens can
le#all, vote in national elections.
T!e reasonin# in T!o&as ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se !is ar#%&ent
.A/ "ails to take into acco%nt t!e distinction beteen so&et!in# not bein#
'ro!ibited and its bein# a%t!ori)ed
.1/ o""ers evidence t!at casts do%bt on t!e c!aracter o" t!e cl%b 'resident and
t!ereb, i#nores t!e 0%estion o" votin# eli#ibilit,
.C/ ron#l, ass%&es t!at i" a state&ent is not act%all, denied b, so&eone9 t!at
state&ent &%st be re#arded as tr%e
.3/ does not s'eci", t!e iss%e it! res'ect to !ic! t!e dis'%ted vote as cast
.E/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at Alt!ea is not an a%t!orit, on t!e cl%bs r%les
5I. Calories cons%&ed in e(cess o" t!ose it! !ic! t!e bod, needs to be 'rovided
to &aintain its ei#!t are nor&all, stored as "at and t!e bod, #ains ei#!t.
Alco!olic bevera#es are laden it! calories. :oever9 t!ose 'eo'le !o
re#%larl, drink to or t!ree alco!olic bevera#es a da, and t!ereb, e(ceed t!e
caloric intake necessar, to &aintain t!eir ei#!t do not in #eneral #ain ei#!t.
GMAT & LSAT CR @@H
discre'anc,-
.A/ So&e 'eo'le !o re#%larl, drink to or t!ree alco!olic bevera#es a da,
avoid e(ceedin# t!e caloric intake necessar, to &aintain t!eir ei#!t b,
decreasin# caloric intake "ro& ot!er so%rces.
.1/ E(cess calories cons%&ed b, 'eo'le !o re#%larl, drink to or t!ree
alco!olic bevera#es a da, tend to be dissi'ated as !eat.
.C/ So&e 'eo'le !o do not drink alco!olic bevera#es b%t !o eat !i#!8calorie
"oods do not #ain ei#!t.
.3/ Man, 'eo'le !o re#%larl, drink &ore t!an t!ree alco!olic bevera#es a da,
do not #ain ei#!t.
.E/ So&e 'eo'le !o take in "eer calories t!an are nor&all, necessar, to
&aintain t!eir ei#!t do not lose ei#!t.
51. 6!en a 'erson it! te&'oral lobe e'ile's, is !avin# an e'ile'tic sei)%re9 'art o"
t!e brains te&'oral lobe 'rod%ces abnor&al electrical i&'%lses9 !ic! can o"ten9
b%t not ala,s9 be detected t!ro%#! a test called an electroence'!alo#ra& .EEG/.
T!ere"ore9 alt!o%#! a 'ositive EEG readin#Kt!at is9 evidence o" abnor&al
electrical i&'%lsesKd%rin# an a''arent sei)%re is a reasonabl, reliable indicator
o" te&'oral lobe e'ile's,9 ;;;;;;
7" t!e "olloin#9 !ic! one lo#icall, co&'letes t!e concl%sion above-
.A/ a 'ositive readin# is +%st as reliable an indicator o" t!e absence o" te&'oral
lobe e'ile's,
.1/ a 'ositive readin# can also indicate t!e 'resence o" ot!er "or&s o" e'ile's,
.C/ a 'ositive readin# is &ore "re0%entl, an erroneo%s readin# t!an is a ne#ative
one
.3/ a ne#ative readin# does not &ean t!at te&'oral lobe e'ile's, can be r%led
o%t
.E/ a ne#ative readin# is +%st as reliable an indicator o" t!e 'resence o" te&'oral
lobe e'ile's,
55. In S!eldon &ost bic,clists a#ed 1B and over !ave li#!ts on t!eir bic,cles9
!ereas &ost bic,clists %nder t!e a#e o" 1B do not. It "ollos t!at in S!eldon
&ost bic,clists !o !ave li#!ts on t!eir bic,cles are at least 1B ,ean old.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e(!ibits a 'attern o" "laed reasonin# &ost si&ilar to
.A/ Most o" t!e 'eo'le in S!eldon b%, #asoline on Monda,s onl,. 1%t al&ost
ever,one in S!eldon b%,s #roceries on T%esda,s onl,. It "ollos t!at "eer
t!an !al" o" t!e 'eo'le in S!eldon b%, #asoline on t!e sa&e da, on !ic!
t!e, b%, #roceries.
.1/ T!e S!eldon Librar, lent &ore books d%rin# t!e eek a"ter it be#an lendin#
videos t!an it !ad in t!e entire 'recedin# &ont!. It "ollos t!at t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR @GI
availabilit, o" videos as res'onsible "or t!e increase in t!e n%&ber o"
books lent.
.C/ Most o" t!e residents o" S!eldon !o voted in t!e last election are on t!e
Conservative 'art,s &ailin# list9 !ereas &ost o" S!eldons residents !o
did not vote are not on t!e list. It "ollos t!at &ost o" t!e residents o"
S!eldon on t!e Conservative 'art,s &ailin# list voted in t!e last election.
.3/ In t!e co%ntr, !ere S!eldon is located9 ever, ton t!at !as to or &ore "ire
tr%cks !as a ton 'ool9 !ereas &ost tons t!at !ave "eer t!an to "ire
tr%cks do not !ave a ton 'ool. It "ollos t!at S!eldon9 !ic! !as a ton
'ool9 &%st !ave at least to "ire tr%cks.
.E/ In S!eldon ever,one over t!e a#e o" GI !o knits also ses9 b%t not
ever,one over t!e a#e o" GI !o ses also knits. It "ollos t!at a&on#
'eo'le over t!e a#e o" GI in S!eldon t!ere are &ore !o se t!an t!ere are
!o knit.
5<. Asbestos9 an al&ost indestr%ctible &ineral once installed as b%ildin# ins%lation9
'oses no !ealt! risk %nless t!e asbestos is dist%rbed and asbestos "ibers are
released into t!e environ&ent. Since re&ovin# asbestos "ro& b%ildin#s dist%rbs it9
t!ereb, releasin# asbestos "ibers9 t!e #overn&ent s!o%ld not re0%ire re&oval o"
all asbestos ins%lation.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Asbestos 'oses "ar less risk to !ealt! t!an does s&okin#9 dr%# and alco!ol
ab%se9 i&'ro'er diet or lack o" e(ercise.
.1/ Asbestos can 'ost a !ealt! t!reat to orkers !o re&ove it it!o%t earin#
re0%ired 'rotective #ear.
.C/ So&e kinds o" asbestos9 !en dist%rbed9 'ose #reater !ealt! risks t!an do
ot!er kinds.
.3/ Asbestos is inevitabl, dist%rbed b, b%ildin# renovations or b%ildin#
de&olition.
.E/ M%c! o" t!e ti&e9 re&oved asbestos is b%ried in land"ills and "or#otten it!
no #%arantee t!at it ill not be dist%rbed a#ain.
Question !4-!5
6!en volcanic lava solidi"ies9 it beco&es %ni"or&l, &a#neti)ed in t!e direction in
!ic! t!e Eart!s &a#netic "ield 'oints. T!ere are si#ni"icant di""erences in t!e
direction o" &a#neti)ation a&on# solidi"ied lava "los "ro& di""erent volcanoes t!at
er%'ted at di""erent ti&es over t!e 'ast several &illion ,ears. T!ere"ore9 it &%st be t!at
t!e direction o" t!e Eart!s &a#netic "ield !as c!an#ed over ti&e. Since lava "los
di""erin# b, t!o%sands o" ,ears in a#e o"ten !ave ver, si&ilar directions o"
&a#neti)ation9 t!e c!an#e in t!e direction o" t!e Eart!s &a#netic "ield &%st take
'lace ver, #rad%all, over !%ndreds o" t!o%sands o" ,ears.
5C. T!e ar#%&ent t!at t!e direction o" t!e Eart!s &a#netic "ield !as c!an#ed over
GMAT & LSAT CR @G1
ti&e re0%ires t!e ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ onl, lava can be %sed to &eas%re t!e direction o" t!e Eart!s &a#netic "ield
as it e(isted in t!e distant 'ast
.1/ a sin#le volcano can 'rod%ce lava o" di""erin# consistencies d%rin# di""erent
er%'tions
.C/ not all solidi"ied lava !as c!an#ed t!e direction o" its &a#neti)ation
%n'redictabl,
.3/ t!ere are "eer volcanic er%'tions no t!an t!ere ere &illions o" ,ears a#o
.E/ as lava "los don t!e side o" a volcano9 it 'icks %' &a#neti)ed rocks
5@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e concl%sion
t!at t!e c!an#e in t!e direction o" t!e Eart!s &a#netic "ield !a''ened ver,
slol,-
.A/ T!e c!an#es in t!e direction o" t!e Eart!s &a#netic "ield are deter&ined b,
t!e c!aotic &ove&ent o" iron8containin# li0%ids in t!e Eart!s o%ter core.
.1/ T!ere !as not been a c!an#e in t!e direction o" t!e Eart!s &a#netic "ield
since scientists !ave be#%n &eas%rin# t!e direction o" &a#neti)ation o" lava
"los.
.C/ T!e direction o" t!e Eart!s &a#netic "ield !as %nder#one a co&'lete reversal
several ti&es over t!e 'ast "e &illion ,ears.
.3/ A lava "lo !as been "o%nd in !ic! t!e direction o" &a#neti)ation in t!e
center o" t!e "lo di""ers si#ni"icantl, "ro& t!at on t!e s%r"ace9 even t!o%#!
t!e "lo took onl, to eeks to solidit, co&'letel,.
.E/ Since t!e rate at !ic! &olten lava solidi"ies de'ends on t!e te&'erat%re and
altit%de o" t!e environ&ent9 so&e lava "los "ro& volcanoes in certain areas
ill take ,ears to solidit, co&'letel,.
5G. 6!en t!e &an%"act%rers in a #iven co%ntr, are sloer to ado't ne tec!nolo#ies
t!an t!eir "orei#n co&'etitors are9 t!eir 'rod%ction costs ill "all &ore slol,
t!an t!eir "orei#n co&'etitors costs ill. 1%t i" &an%"act%rers 'rod%ction costs
"all less ra'idl, t!an t!eir "orei#n co&'etitors costs do9 t!ose &an%"act%rers ill
be %nable to loer t!eir 'rices as ra'idl, as t!eir "orei#n co&'etitors canD and
!en a co%ntr,s &an%"act%rers cannot loer t!eir8'rices as ra'idl, as t!eir
"orei#n co&'etitors can9 t!at co%ntr, #ets s0%ee)ed o%t o" t!e #lobal &arket.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be tr%e on
t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ I" t!e &an%"act%rers in one co%ntr, raise t!eir 'rices9 it is beca%se t!e, !ave
s0%ee)ed t!eir "orei#n co&'etitors o%t o" t!e #lobal &arket.
.1/ I" &an%"act%rers in one co%ntr, !ave been s0%ee)ed o%t o" t!e #lobal &arket9
t!is s!os t!at t!eir "orei#n co&'etitors !ave ado'ted ne tec!nolo#ies
&ore ra'idl, t!an t!e, !ave.
.C/ I" a co%ntr,s "orei#n co&'etitors can loer t!eir 'rod%ction costs &ore
GMAT & LSAT CR @G5
ra'idl, t!an t!e co%ntr,s on &an%"act%rers can9 t!en t!eir "orei#n
co&'etitors &%st !ave ado'ted ne &an%"act%rin# tec!ni0%es.
.3/ I" a co%ntr,s &an%"act%rers ado't ne tec!nolo#ies at t!e sa&e rate as t!eir
"orei#n co&'etitors9 neit!er #ro%' ill be able to s0%ee)e t!e ot!er o%t o"
t!e #lobal &arket.
.E/ I" a co%ntr,s &an%"act%rers can loer t!eir 'rices as ra'idl, as t!eir "orei#n
co&'etitors can9 t!is s!os t!at t!e, ado't ne tec!nolo#, at least as "ast
as t!eir "orei#n co&'etitors do.
TEST 17
SECTI72 III
1. It is di""ic%lt to kee' dee' o%nds "ree o" bacteria. Even stron# antibiotics "ail to
kill t!e bacteria t!at live in s%c! o%nds. :oever9 &an, '!,sicians !ave
s%cceeded in eli&inatin# bacteria "ro& dee' o%nds b, 'ackin# t!e o%nd it! a
seet s%bstance like s%#ar.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain !, treatin# dee'
o%nds it! s%#ar as described above is s%ccess"%l-
.A/ 1acteria t!at live in dee' o%nds t!rive in a &oist environ&ent9 and s%#ar
!as a de!,dratin# e""ect.
.1/ S%#ar t!at is nearl, '%re is readil, available "or %se in &edical treat&ents.
.C/ Man, kinds o" bacteria can %se s%#ar as a n%trient and ill re'rod%ce ra'idl,
!en s%#ar is available to t!e&.
.3/ So&e "oods t!at contain s%#ar can eaken t!e e""ects o" certain antibiotics.
.E/ Stron# antibiotics ere develo'ed onl, recentl,9 b%t t!e %se o" s%#ar as a
treat&ent "or o%nds dates back to ancient ti&es.
5. Feo'le !o are redR#reen color8blind cannot distin#%is! beteen #reen and
bron9 Gerald cannot distin#%is! beteen #reen and bron. T!ere"ore Gerald is
redR#reen color8blind.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost closel, 'arallels t!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent
'resented in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Feo'le !o are "air8skinned s%""er "ro& s%nb%rn. 6illia& is "air8skinned.
T!ere"ore 6illia& s%""ers "ro& s%nb%rn.
.1/ Feo'le !o are s%""erin# "ro& sin%sitis lose t!eir sense o" s&ell. Mar, !as
lost !er sense o" s&ell. T!ere"ore Mar, is s%""erin# "ro& sin%sitis.
.C/ Feo'le !o !ave s%""ered "ro& +a%ndice cannot beco&e blood donors9 Jean
is a blood donor. T!ere"ore Jean !as not s%""ered "ro& +a%ndice.
GMAT & LSAT CR @G<
.3/ Feo'le !o are color8blind cannot beco&e airline 'ilots. Art!%r is color8
blind. T!ere"ore Art!%r cannot beco&e an airline 'ilot.
.E/ Feo'le !o are diabetic cannot eat lar#e a&o%nts o" s%#ar. $reda is diabetic.
T!ere"ore $reda is on a s'ecial diet.
<. Earl, in t!is cent%r,9 Al"red 6e#ener develo'ed t!e conce't o" continental dri"t.
:is ideas ere re+ected ve!e&entl, beca%se !e 'ost%lated no identi"iable "orce
stron# eno%#! to &ake t!e continents &ove. 6e !ave co&e to acce't 6e#eners
t!eor,9 not beca%se e !ave 'in'ointed s%c! a "orce9 b%t beca%se ne instr%&ents
!ave "inall, alloed continental &ove&ent to be con"ir&ed b, observation.
T!e 'assa#e best ill%strates !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents abo%t science-
.A/ T!e ai& o" science is to de"ine t!e &ani"old o" nat%re it!in t!e ter&s o" a
sin#le !ar&onio%s t!eor,.
.1/ In a acce'tin# a &at!e&atical descri'tion o" nat%re9 science !as beco&e "ar
&ore acc%rate at identi",in# %nderl,in# "orces.
.C/ T!e 'arado( o" science is t!at ever, i&'rove&ent in its &eas%rin#
instr%&ents see&s to &ake ade0%ate t!eories !arder to ork o%t.
.3/ Science9 e&'lo,in# statistics and t!e las o" 'robabilit,9 is concerned not
it! t!e sin#le event b%t it! &ass be!avior.
.E/ 6!en t!e events a t!eor, 'ost%lates are detected9 t!e t!eor, is acce'ted even
it!o%t an e('lanation o" !o t!ose events are bro%#!t abo%t.
C. T!e t!eor, o" &ilitar, deterrence as based on a si&'le 's,c!olo#ical tr%t!9 t!at
"ear o" retaliation &akes a o%ld8be a##ressor nation !esitate be"ore attackin#
and is o"ten s%""icient to deter it alto#et!er "ro& attackin#. Clearl,9 t!en to
&aintain &ilitar, deterrence9 a nation o%ld !ave to believed to !ave retaliator,
'oer so #reat t!at a 'otential a##ressor nation o%ld !ave reason to t!ink t!at it
co%ld not de"end itsel" a#ainst s%c! retaliation.
in"erred-
.A/ A o%ld8be a##ressor nation can be deterred "ro& attackin# onl, i" it !as
certain knoled#e t!at it o%ld be destro,ed in retaliation b, t!e co%ntr, it
attacks.
.1/ A nation ill not attack anot!er nation i" it believes t!at its on retaliator,
'oer s%r'asses t!at o" t!e ot!er nation.
.C/ 7ne nations "ailin# to attack anot!er establis!es t!at t!e nation t!at "ails to
attack believes t!at it co%ld not it!stand a retaliator, attack "ro& t!e ot!er
nation.
.3/ It is in t!e interests o" a nation t!at seeks deterrence and !as %ns%r'assed
&ilitar, 'oer to let 'otential a##ressors a#ainst it beco&e aare o" its
'oer o" retaliator, attack.
.E/ Maintainin# &a(i&%& deterrence "ro& a##ression b, ot!er nations re0%ires
GMAT & LSAT CR @GC
t!at a nation &aintain a retaliator, "orce #reater t!an t!at o" an, ot!er
nation.
@. To t!e editor:
In 1HGI9 an astrono&er 'ro'osed a &at!e&atical &odel "or deter&inin# !et!er
e(traterrestrial li"e e(ists. It as based on t!e ass%&'tions t!at li"e as e kno it
co%ld e(ist onl, on a 'lanet and t!at &an, stars are9 like o%r S%n9 orbited b,
'lanets9 7n t!e basis t!at t!ere are nine 'lanets in o%r solar s,ste& and one o"
t!e& !as li"e as e kno it9 t!e astrono&er 'redicted t!at t!ere are as &an, as
one &illion e(traterrestrial civili)ations across all solar s,ste&s. *et astrono&ers
to date !ave not detected even one 'lanet o%tside o%r solar s,ste&. T!is indicates
t!at t!e astrono&ers &odel is ron#9 and li"e as e kno it e(ists onl, on t!e
'lant Eart!.
Cla, Molt)
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" acce'ted b, Cla, Molt)9 o%ld re0%ire !i& to
reconsider !is concl%sion-
.A/ $or&s o" li"e ot!er t!an li"e as e kno it e(ist on ot!er 'lanets.
.1/ T!ere are &an, stars t!at are not orbited b, 'lanets.
.C/ 3etectin# 'lanets o%tside o%r solar s,ste& re0%ires &ore so'!isticated
instr%&ents t!an are c%rrentl, available.
.3/ T!e so%ndness o" t!e concl%sion reac!ed b, a''l,in# a &at!e&atical &odel
de'ends on t!e so%ndness o" t!e ass%&'tions on !ic! t!e &odel is based.
.E/ 3%e to s!eer distances and e('anses o" s'ace involved9 an, e(traterrestrial
civili)ation o%ld !ave #reat di""ic%lt, co&&%nicatin# it! o%rs.
G. I" Ma( ere #%ilt,9 !e o%ld not ask t!e 'olice to investi#ate. T!ere"ore9 !is
askin# t!e 'olice to investi#ate s!os t!at !e is not #%ilt,.
T!e lo#ical str%ct%re o" t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar to !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ I" L%cille ere in t!e ne(t roo&9 I o%ld not be able to see !er. T!ere"ore9
t!e "act t!at I can see !er s!os t!at s!e is not in t!e ne(t roo&.
.1/ I" Sa& ere ric!9 !e o%ld not s'end !is vacation in Alaska. T!ere"ore9 !is
s'endin# !is vacation in t!e 1a!a&as s!os t!at !e is ric!.
.C/ I" Joe ere over CI !e o%ld not ant to learn to ski. T!ere"ore9 t!e "act t!at
!e does not ant to learn to ski s!os t!at !e is over CI.
.3/ I" Mark ere a #ood cook9 !e o%ld not '%t cinna&on in t!e c!ili.
T!ere"ore9 t!e "act t!at !e is not a #ood cook s!os t!at !e '%t cinna&on in
t!e c!ili.
.E/ I" Sall, ere sociable9 s!e o%ld not avoid !er "riends. T!ere"ore9 t!e "act
t!at s!e is sociable s!os t!at s!e does not avoid !er "riends.
A. A 'o'%lation o" #a&e d%cks at a estern lake contains @@ &ales to ever, C@
GMAT & LSAT CR @G@
"e&ales9 !ile a 'o'%lation o" #a&e d%cks at an eastern lake contains G@ &ales
"or ever, <@ "e&ales. A&on# t!ose d%cks t!at !ave not ,et bred t!ere are onl,
sli#!tl, &ore &ales t!an "e&ales9 b%t a&on# older d%cks t!e n%&ber o" &ales
#reatl, e(ceeds t!e n%&ber o" "e&ales. 1eca%se t!ere are a''reciabl, &ore &ales
a&on# ad%lt d%cks t!an a&on# ,o%n# d%cks9 e can in"er t!at t!e #reater t!e
dis'arit, in overall se( ratios9 t!e #reater t!e 'ercenta#e o" older &ale d%cks in
t!e 'o'%lation.
.A/ T!e 'o'%lation o" #a&e d%ck at t!e estern lake contains a loer 'ercenta#e
o" ad%lt &ales t!an t!e 'o'%lation at t!e eastern lake contains.
.1/ T!e 'o'%lation o" #a&e d%ck at t!e eastern lake contains a !i#!er 'ercenta#e
o" nonad%lt #a&e d%cks t!an t!e 'o'%lation at t!e estern lake contains.
.C/ T!e total n%&ber o" &ale #a&e d%cks is !i#!er in t!e eastern lakes
'o'%lation t!an in t!e estern lake 'o'%lation.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" nonad%lt d%cks !atc!ed in a breedin# season is !i#!er in t!e
eastern lakes 'o'%lation t!an in t!e estern lakes 'o'%lation.
.E/ Ad%lt "e&ale #a&e d%cks o%tn%&ber nonad%lt "e&ale #a&e d%cks in t!e
eastern lakes 'o'%lation.
B. T!e co&&on 'roced%re "or deter&inin# !et!er a "ood additive s!o%ld be
banned "ro& %se is to co&'are its !ealt!8related bene"its it! its 'otential risks.
*ello 3,e 2o. @9 an additive %sed to color le&on soda9 &i#!t ca%se aller#ic
reactions in a "e cons%&ers. $or &ost cons%&ers o" le&on soda9 !oever9 t!e
colorin# en!ances t!eir en+o,&ent o" t!e bevera#e. T!is 'artic%lar additive
s!o%ld not be banned9 t!ere"ore9 beca%se its bene"its #reatl, o%tei#! its risks.
A "la in t!e ar#%&ent is t!at t!e a%t!or
.A/ i&'lies t!at t!e d,e entail no !ealt!8related risks
.1/ treats en+o,&ent o" a bevera#e as a !ealt!8related bene"it
.C/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at so&e "ood additives are !ar&"%l to &ost 'eo'le
.3/ bases t!e ar#%&ent on an %n'roven clai& re#ardin# a dan#er in %sin# *ello
3,e 2o. @
.E/ 'res%&es t!at &ost cons%&ers !eed t!e arnin# labels on bevera#e
containers
H. $ines levied a#ainst t!ose res'onsible "or certain environ&entall, da&a#in#
accidents are no so !i#! t!at it costs a co&'an, res'onsible "or s%c! an accident
&ore to 'a, t!e "ine t!an it o%ld !ave cost to ado't &eas%res t!at o%ld !ave
'revented t!e accident. T!ere"ore9 since b%sinesses val%e t!eir 'ro"its9 t!ose t!at
&i#!t !ave s%c! accidents ill no install ade0%ate environ&ental sa"e#%ards.
.A/ 1%sinesses #enerall, #reatl, %nderesti&ate t!e risk o" "%t%re accidents.
.1/ 1%sinesses are as concerned it! lon#8ter& as t!e, are it! s!ort8ter&
GMAT & LSAT CR @GG
strate#ies "or &a(i&i)in# 'ro"its.
.C/ 1%sinesses #enerall, do t!e environ&entall, >ri#!t? t!in# onl, i" doin# so
&akes #ood b%siness sense.
.3/ 1%sinesses treat "ines t!at are levied a#ainst t!e& as an ordinar, b%siness
e('ense.
.E/ 1%sinesses are learnin# to e('loit t!e '%blics environ&ental aareness in
'ro&otin# t!e&selves.
1I. Even in a de&ocrac,9 it is necessar, to restrict t!e disse&ination o" advanced
tec!nolo#ical knoled#e t!at is o" co&&ercial or national8sec%rit, val%e.
3isse&ination to certain co%ntries9 t!ose t!at are or ill be co&'etitors or
ene&ies9 s!o%ld be selectivel, 'ro!ibited. T!ere &%st9 !oever9 be "ree e(c!an#e
o" scienti"ic in"or&ation.
In order to act in accordance it! t!e 'osition above9 it o%ld be necessar, to be
able to rel, on eac! o" t!e "olloin# EECEFT:
.A/ It is 'ossible to distin#%is! it! con"idence9 des'ite an, c!an#es in t!e
international environ&ent9 "riendl, or nonco&'etitive "ro& !ostile or
co&'etitive nations.
.1/ In a de&ocrac,9 it is not necessar, t!at t!e '%blic !ave detailed knoled#e o"
t!e co%ntr,s advanced tec!nolo#, in order9 "or e(a&'le9 to &ake in"or&ed
decisions abo%t t!e direction '%blic 'olic, s!o%ld take.
.C/ In &ost "ields o" science9 basic scienti"ic researc! is "%rt!er advanced in
co%ntries t!at are de&ocracies t!an in co%ntries t!at are not de&ocracies.
.3/ In eac! "ield o" science9 it is 'ossible to distin#%is! scienti"ic in"or&ation
"ro& advanced tec!nolo#ical knoled#e t!at is o" co&&ercial or national8
sec%rit, val%e.
.E/ In cases !ere a co&'an, t!at %se advanced tec!nolo#, is a &%ltinational
or#ani)ation9 it is 'ossible to kee' in"or&ation abo%t t!e tec!nolo#, "ro&
bein# 'assed across desi#nated national bo%ndaries.
11. 6ater va'or eva'orated "ro& t!e ocean contains a #reater 'ro'ortion o" o(,#en8
1G and a s&aller 'ro'ortion o" t!e !eavier o(,#en81B t!an does seaater.
2or&all,9 t!is '!eno&enon !as no e""ect on t!e overall co&'osition o" t!e ocean9
beca%se eva'orated seaater ret%rns to t!e ocean t!ro%#! 'reci'itation. 3%rin# an
ice a#e9 !oever9 a lar#e a&o%nt o" 'reci'itation "alls on ice ca's9 !ere it is
tra''ed as ice.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions abo%t a t,'ical ice a#e is &ost stron#l,
s%''orted b, t!e state&ents above-
.A/ T!e 'ro'ortions o" o(,#en81G and o(,#en81B are t!e sa&e in va'or "ro&
seaater as in t!e seaater itsel".
.1/ T!e concentration o" o(,#en81B in seaater is increased.
.C/ Rain and sno contain relativel, &ore o(,#en81G t!an t!e, do in inter#lacial
GMAT & LSAT CR @GA
'eriods.
.3/ 3%rin# t!e ice a#e9 &ore o" t!e Eart!s 'reci'itation "alls over land t!an "alls
over t!e ocean.
.E/ T!e co&'osition o" seaater c!an#es &ore slol, t!an it does in inter#lacial
'eriods.
15. So&e o" t!e &ost 'ros'ero%s nations in t!e orld !ave e('erienced a 'rono%nced
dro' in national savin#s ratesKt!e 'ercenta#e o" a"ter8ta( inco&e an avera#e
!o%se!old saves. T!is trend ill %ndo%btedl, contin%e i" t!e avera#e a#e o" t!ese
nations 'o'%lations contin%es to rise9 since older 'eo'le !ave "eer reasons to
save t!an do ,o%n#er 'eo'le.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# indicates an error in t!e reasonin# leadin# to t!e
'rediction above-
.A/ It "ail to s'eci", t!e &an, reasons ,o%n#er 'eo'le !ave "or savin# &one,9
and it "ails to identi", !ic! o" t!ose reasons is t!e stron#est.
.1/ It ass%&es t!at a ne#ative savin#s rateKt!e res%lt o" t!e avera#e !o%se!olds
s'endin# all o" its a"ter8ta( inco&e as ell as so&e o" its e(istin# savin#sK
cannot ever co&e abo%t in an, nation.
.C/ It "ails to cite statistics s!oin# t!at t!e avera#e a#e o" t!e 'o'%lation o"
certain nations is risin#.
.3/ It onl, takes into acco%nt t!e co&'arative n%&ber o" reasons older and
,o%n#er 'eo'le9 res'ectivel,9 !ave "or savin#9 and not t!e co&'arative
stren#t! o" t!ose reasons.
.E/ It %ses a"ter8ta( inco&e as t!e base "or co&'%tin# t!e national savin#s rate
it!o%t establis!in# b, ar#%&ent t!at a"ter8ta( inco&e is a &ore a''ro'riate
base t!an be"ore8ta( inco&e.
1<. T!e ter& >'it b%ll? does not desi#nate a breed o" do#9 as do t!e ter&s >Ger&an
s!e'!erd? and >'oodle.? It is like t!e ter&s >Seein#8E,e do#? and >'olice do#9?
!ic! desi#nate do#s accordin# to !at t!e, do. I" ,o% take to Ger&an
s!e'!erds and 'lace t!e& side b, side9 ,o% cannot tell b, a''earance alone !ic!
is t!e 'olice do# and !ic! is t!e Seein#8E,e do#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Ger&an s!e'!erds can be 'it b%lls.
.1/ Fit b%lls can be distin#%is!ed "ro& ot!er kinds o" do#s b, a''earance alone.
.C/ A do# is a 'it b%ll beca%se o" !at it does9 not beca%se o" its breed.
.3/ Ger&an s!e'!erds can "%nction bot! as 'olice do#s and as Seein#8E,e do#s.
.E/ So&e breeds o" do#s cannot be distin#%is!ed "ro& ot!er breeds o" do#s b,
a''earance alone.
1C. :istoricall,9 &onetar, s,ste&s !ave develo'ed onl, in 'o'%lation centers it!
&arket'laces. T!ro%#! t!e "o%rt! cent%r, 1.C. Meso'ota&ian cities en#a#ed in
GMAT & LSAT CR @GB
trade9 b%t !ad never !ad &arket'laces. 1, t!at 'eriod9 !oever9 Greek cities all
!ad &arket'laces9 or a#orae. T!e Greek cities a#orae ere centrall, located and
#oods ere traded t!ere eit!er "or &one, or "or co&&odities.
I" all o" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 t!en !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
&%st also be tr%e-
.A/ In t!e "o%rt! cent%r, 1.C. Greek cities ere t!e onl, 'o'%lation centers it!
&onetar, s,ste&s.
.1/ T!e develo'&ent o" &onetar, s,ste&s !as !istoricall, led to t!e
develo'&ent o" &arket'laces.
.C/ In t!e "o%rt! cent%r, 1.C. t!e Greeks and t!e Meso'ota&ians traded it!
eac! ot!er.
.3/ A"ter t!e "o%rt! cent%r, 1.C. Meso'ota&ian cities !ad &arket'laces and
&onetar, s,ste&s.
.E/ T!e Meso'ota&ian cities o" t!e "o%rt! cent%r, 1.C. did not !ave &onetar,
s,ste&s.
Questions 15-1&
Co&'%ter o'eratin# s,ste& so"tare !as beco&e increasin#l, standardi)ed. 1%t !en
a lar#e b%siness it! &%lti'le9 linked co&'%ter s,ste&s %ses identical o'eratin#
s,ste& so"tare on all o" its co&'%ters9 a co&'%ter vandal !o #ains access to one
co&'%ter a%to&aticall, !as access to t!e data on all t!e co&'%ters. =sin# a 'ro#ra&
knon as a >vir%s9? t!e vandal can t!en destro, &%c! o" t!e data on all t!e
co&'%ters. I" s%c! a b%siness introd%ced &inor variations into its o'eratin# s,ste&
so"tare9 %na%t!ori)ed access to all t!e co&'%ters at t!e sa&e ti&e co%ld be virt%all,
eli&inated. $%rt!er&ore variations in o'eratin# s,ste& so"tare can be created
it!o%t an, lose o" co&'%ter co&'atibilit, to t!e b%siness. T!ere"ore9 it is advisable
"or b%sinesses to i&'le&ent s%c! variations.
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 s%''orts t!e concl%sion in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Standardi)ation o" co&'%ter o'eratin# s,ste& so"tare !as increased
co&'%ter co&'atibilit, a&on# di""erent b%sinesses.
.1/ Correctin# an, da&a#e res%ltin# "ro& an invasion b, a co&'%ter vir%s
'ro#ra& is &ore e('ensive t!an 'reventin# t!e da&a#e.
.C/ It is not costl, "or a b%siness to &aintain inco&'atible co&'%ter o'eratin#
s,ste&s.
.3/ T!ere are ot!er kinds o" destr%ctive co&'%ter 'ro#ra&s t!at do not de'end
on interco&'%ter links.
.E/ 2ot all b%sinesses need to s!are date a&on# t!eir internal co&'%ter s,ste&s.
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ I" a b%siness does not introd%ce variet, into its co&'%ter o'eratin# s,ste&s9
it ill lose data on its co&'%ters beca%se o" da&a#e "ro& vir%s 'ro#ra&s.
GMAT & LSAT CR @GH
.1/ I" a co&'%ter vir%s 'ro#ra& is introd%ced into a b%siness co&'%ter9 all o" t!e
data on t!at co&'%ter ill be destro,ed.
.C/ I" a b%siness introd%ces variet, into its linked co&'%ter o'eratin# s,ste&s9 it
ill !ave increased overall 'rotection "or its s,ste&s9 b%t ill not !ave
'rotected ever, co&'%ter "ro& viral invasion.
.3/ I" a b%siness does not !ave &%lti'le9 linked co&'%ter s,ste&s9 its co&'%ters
cannot be 'rotected "ro& co&'%ter vir%ses.
.E/ I" &inor variations are created in co&'%ter o'eratin# s,ste& so"tare9 it ill
be easier to access t!e data on t!e co&'%ters t!at %se t!at so"tare.
1A. It is t!e &ark o" a s%'erior cond%ctor t!at !e or s!e !as t!e a%t!orit, to insist9
even it! a to' orc!estra9 t!at re!earsal ork &%st be intensi"ied. T!is a%t!orit,
cannot si&'l, be clai&ed9 t!e cond%ctor &%st earn it b, innin# t!e orc!estras
res'ect "or t!e artistic inter'retations !e or s!e is c%rrentl, '%rs%in#.
In takin# t!e 'osition o%tlined9 t!e a%t!or 'res%''oses !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ S%'erior cond%ctors devise di""erent inter'retations o" co&'osition "or eac!
orc!estra it! !ic! t!e, 'er"or& it.
.1/ S%'erior cond%ctors are 'er"ectionists !o are never satis"ied it! an,
'er"or&ance even b, a to' orc!estra.
.C/ To' orc!estras are ala,s read, to '%t in additional ork on re!earsals i" t!e
cond%ctor considers additional re!earsin# necessar,.
.3/ To' orc!estras can a''reciate t!e &erits o" an inter'retation even be"ore t!e,
!ave bro%#!t it to "%ll reali)ation.
.E/ Even to' orc!estras are not ala,s led b, s%'erior cond%ctors.
1B. In t!e =nited States 'roven oil reservesKt!e a&o%nt o" oil considered e(tractable
"ro& knon "ieldsKare at t!e sa&e level as t!e, ere ten ,ears a#o. *et over t!is
sa&e 'eriod no ne oil "ields o" an, conse0%ence !ave been discovered9 and t!e
ann%al cons%&'tion o" do&esticall, 'rod%ced oil !as increased.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best reconciles t!e discre'anc, described
above-
.A/ 7ver t!e 'ast decade t!e ann%al cons%&'tion o" i&'orted oil !as increased
&ore ra'idl, t!an t!at o" do&estic oil in t!e =nited States.
.1/ Conservation &eas%res !ave loered t!e rate o" #rot! o" do&estic oil
cons%&'tion "ro& !at it as a decade a#o.
.C/ 7il e('loration in t!e =nited States !as sloed d%e to increased concern over
t!e environ&ental i&'act o" s%c! e('loration.
.3/ T!e 'rice o" do&esticall, 'rod%ced oil !as "allen s%bstantiall, over t!e 'ast
decade.
.E/ 3%e to tec!nolo#ical advances over t!e last decade9 &%c! oil 'revio%sl,
considered %ne(tractable is no considered e(tractable.
GMAT & LSAT CR @AI
1H. Train service s%""ers !en a railroad co&bines co&&%ter and "rei#!t service. 1,
dividin# its attention beteen its "rei#!t and co&&%ter c%sto&ers9 a railroad
serves neit!er 'artic%larl, ell. T!ere"ore9 i" a railroad is #oin# to be a s%ccess"%l
b%siness9 t!en it &%st concentrate e(cl%sivel, on one o" t!ese to &arkets.
$or t!e ar#%&ent to be lo#icall, correct9 it &%st &ake !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ass%&'tions-
.A/ Co&&%ter and "rei#!t service !ave little in co&&on it! eac! ot!er.
.1/ T!e "irst 'riorit, o" a railroad is to be a s%ccess"%l b%siness.
.C/ =nless a railroad serves its c%sto&ers ell9 it ill not be a s%ccess"%l
b%siness.
.3/ I" a railroad concentrates on co&&%ter service9 it ill be a s%ccess"%l
b%siness.
.E/ Railroad co&&%ters rarel, ant "rei#!t service as ell.
5I. Most 'eo'le in t!e =nited States vie neit!er bi# nor s&all b%siness as
'artic%larl, e""icient or d,na&ic and re#ard bot! as 'rovidin# cons%&ers it!
"airl, 'riced #oods and services. :oever9 &ost 'eo'le consistentl, 'erceive
s&all b%siness as a "orce "or #ood in societ,9 !ereas bi# b%siness is 'erceived as
sociall, res'onsible onl, in ti&es o" 'ros'erit,.
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 o%ld 'rovide t!e stron#est s%''ort "or !ic! one
o" t!e "olloin# !,'ot!eses-
.A/ Most 'eo'le in t!e =nited States #ive little t!o%#!t to t!e val%e o" b%siness
to societ,.
.1/ I" bi# b%siness ere &ore e""icient9 it o%ld be 'erceived &ore "avorabl, b,
t!e '%blic #enerall,.
.C/ I" s&all b%siness ere re#arded as bein# &ore d,na&ic9 it9 too9 o%ld
receive stron#l, "avorable ratin#s onl, in ti&es o" #eneral 'ros'erit,.
.3/ Even i" 'eo'le did not re#ard bi# b%siness as 'rovidin# cons%&ers it!
val%e "or t!eir &one,9 t!e, o%ld still re#ard it as sociall, res'onsible in
ti&es o" #eneral 'ros'erit,.
.E/ Man, 'eo'le in t!e =nited States re#ard t!e social res'onsibilit, o" bi#
b%siness as e(tendin# be,ond 'rovidin# cons%&ers it! "airl, 'riced #oods
and services.
51. T!e ener#, an ani&al &%st e('end to &ove %'!ill is 'ro'ortional to its bod,
ei#!t9 !ereas t!e ani&als ener#, o%t'%t available to 'er"or& t!is task is
'ro'ortional to its s%r"ace area. T!is is t!e reason t!at s&all ani&als9 like s0%irrel9
can r%n %' a tree tr%nk al&ost as "ast as t!e, can &ove on level #ro%nd9 !ereas
lar#e ani&als tend to slo don !en t!e, are &ovin# %'!ill.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e e('lanation above
de'ends-
.A/ T!e a&o%nt o" ener#, needed to &ove %'!ill is no #reater "or lar#e ani&als
GMAT & LSAT CR @A1
t!at it is "or s&all ani&als.
.1/ S&all ani&als can &ove &ore ra'idl, t!an lar#e ani&als can.
.C/ T!e ratio o" s%r"ace area to bod, ei#!t is s&aller in lar#e ani&als t!an it is
in s&all ani&als.
.3/ T!ere is little variation in t!e ratio o" ener#, o%t'%t to bod, ei#!t a&on#
ani&als.
.E/ T!e a&o%nt o" ener#, needed to r%n at a #iven s'eed is 'ro'ortional to t!e
s%r"ace area o" t!e r%nnin# ani&al.
55. T!e 1HBIs !ave been c!aracteri)ed as a 'eriod o" sel"is! individ%alis& t!at
t!reatens t!e co!esion o" societ,. 1%t t!is c!aracteri)ation is tr%e o" an, ti&e.
T!ro%#!o%t !istor, all !%&an actions !ave been &otivated b, sel"is!ness. 6!en
t!e dee'er i&'lications are considered9 even t!e si&'lest >%nsel"is!? acts 'rove
to be instances o" sel"is! concern "or t!e !%&an s'ecies.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a "la in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e clai& t!at sel"is!ness !as been 'resent t!ro%#!o%t !istor, is not act%all,
relevant to t!e ar#%&ent.
.1/ 2o statistical evidence is 'rovided to s!o t!at !%&ans act sel"is!l, &ore
o"ten t!an act %nsel"is!l,.
.C/ T!e ar#%&ent ass%&es t!at sel"is!ness is %ni0%e to t!e 'resent a#e.
.3/ T!e ar#%&ent &entions onl, !%&ans and does not consider t!e be!avior o"
ot!er s'ecies.
.E/ T!e ar#%&ent relies on to di""erent %ses o" t!e ter& sel"is!.
5<. A &edical +o%rnal %sed a 0%estionnaire s%rve, to deter&ine !et!er a 'artic%lar
c!an#e in its "or&at o%ld increase its readers!i'. Si(t,8to 'ercent o" t!ose
!o ret%rned t!e 0%estionnaire s%''orted t!at c!an#e. 7n t!e basis o" t!is
o%tco&e9 t!e decision as &ade to introd%ce t!e ne "or&at.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" it ere deter&ined to be tr%e9 o%ld 'rovide t!e
best evidence t!at t!e +o%rnals decision ill !ave t!e desired e""ect-
.A/ 7" t!e readers !o received 0%estionnaires9 HI 'ercent ret%rned t!e&.
.1/ 7t!er +o%rnals !ave based "or&at c!an#es on s%rve, res%lts.
.C/ T!e 'ercenta#e o" s%rve,ed readers !o like t!e "or&at c!an#e as al&ost
t!e sa&e as t!e 'ercenta#e o" t!e entire 'otential readers!i' !o o%ld like
"or&at c!an#e.
.3/ It as deter&ined t!at t!e ne "or&at o%ld be less costl, t!an t!e old
"or&at.
.E/ 2inet, 'ercent o" t!e readers !o ere dissatis"ied it! t!e old "or&at and
onl, @I 'ercent o" t!e readers !o like t!e old "or&at ret%rned t!eir
0%estionnaires.
Questions !4-!5
GMAT & LSAT CR @A5
S!anna: 7ners o" an, ork o" art9 si&'l, b, virt%e o" oners!i'9 et!icall, !ave t!e
ri#!t to destro, t!at artork i" t!e, "ind &orall, or aest!eticall, distaste"%l9 or i"
carin# "or it beco&es inconvenient.
Jor#e: 7ners!i' o" %ni0%e artorks9 %nlike oners!i' o" ot!er kinds o" ob+ects9
carries t!e &oral ri#!t to 'ossess b%t not to destro,. A %ni0%e ork o" art it!
aest!etic or !istorical val%e belon#s to 'osterit, and so &%st be 'reserved9 !atever
t!e 'ersonal is!es o" its le#al oner.
5C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" acce'ted9 o%ld contrib%te &ost to
S!annas de"ense o" !er 'osition a#ainst t!at o" Jor#e-
.A/ Tr%l, #reat orks o" art are never &orall, or aest!eticall, distaste"%l to an,
serio%s st%dent o" t!e !istor, o" art.
.1/ T!e ri#!t o" "%t%re #enerations to !ave t!eir artistic !erita#e 'reserved is o"
#reater i&'ortance t!an t!e ri#!ts o" an, 'resentl, livin# individ%al.
.C/ It o%ld be i&'r%dent to allo t!e 'resent stock o" artorks to be destro,ed
it!o%t so&e #%arantee t!at t!e artists o" t!e "%t%re ill 'rod%ce orks as
#reat as t!ose 'rod%ced in t!e 'ast.
.3/ T!ere are certain entities over !ic! no one o%ld be et!icall, +%sti"ied in
clai&in# absol%te ri#!ts to oners!i'.
.E/ T!e a%tono&, o" individ%als to do !at t!e, is! it! !at is t!eirs &%st
not be co&'ro&ised9 in t!e absence o" a t!reat to an,ones !ealt! or sa"et,.
5@. 7n t!e basis o" t!eir state&ents9 S!anna and Jor#e are co&&itted to disa#reein#
abo%t t!e tr%t! o" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents-
.A/ An,one !o ons a 'ortrait 'resentin# !is or !er "at!er in an %n"latterin#
li#!t o%ld "or t!at reason alone be et!icall, +%sti"ied in destro,in# it.
.1/ Feo'le !o on aest!eticall, val%able orks o" art !ave no &oral obli#ation
to &ake t!e& available "or '%blic viein#.
.C/ 4al%able 'aintin#s b, ell8knon artists are seldo& intentionall, da&a#ed
or destro,ed b, t!eir oners.
.3/ I" a 'iece o" sc%l't%re is not %ni0%e9 its oner !as no et!ical obli#ation to
'reserve it i" doin# so 'roves b%rdenso&e.
.E/ It is le#all, 'er&issible "or a %ni0%e and !istoricall, val%able &%ral to be
destro,ed b, its oner i" !e or s!e tires o" it.
SECTI72 I4
1. Radioactive aste "ro& n%clear 'oer 'lants !as been te&'oraril, stored on8site9
b%t t!is is not a satis"actor, kind o" 'lace "or lon#8ran#e stora#e. Since no
s%itable 'lan o" sa"e 'er&anent stora#e o" s%c! aste "ro& t!e nations e(istin#
GMAT & LSAT CR @A<
and 'lanned n%clear 'lants !as been devised9 so&e 'eo'le 'ro'ose t!at e s!o%ld
sto' tr,in# to develo' s%c! a 'lan and instead s!o%ld s!%t don all 'resent
n%clear 'lants and b%ild no ne n%clear 'lants.
T!e 'ro'osal &entioned above "alls s!ort o" o""erin# a co&'lete sol%tion to t!e
'roble& it addresses beca%se
.A/ it o%ld 'revent t!e develo'&ent o" sa"e tec!nolo#ies "or t!e 'rod%cin#
electric 'oer
.1/ it does not distin#%is! beteen n%clear 'lants t!at !ave9 and 'lants t!at do
not !ave9 a re'%tation "or o'eratin# sa"el,
.C/ it does not 'rovide "or t!e 'er&anent stora#e o" alread, e(istin# aste
.3/ t!e #eneration o" electric 'oer "ro& "ossil "%els is relativel, sa"e
.E/ t!e risks o" %nsa"e dis'osal o" aste "ro& n%clear 'oer 'lants lie in t!e
"%t%re9 b%t t!e bene"its "ro& s%c! 'lants are in t!e 'resent
5. 7nl, 19III to 59III s'ecies o" "r%it "lies e(ist orldide. 2o!ere in t!e orld
are "r%it "lies &ore ta(ono&icall, diverse t!an in t!e :aaiian islands9 !ic!
!ost so&e @II s'ecies9 A s%bset o" "r%it "lies called t!e 'ict%re8in#ed
droso'!ilids is re'resented in :aaii b, 1IG s'ecies. All o" t!e "r%it "l, s'ecies
no 'resent in t!e :aaiian arc!i'ela#o are t!o%#!t to be t!e descendants o" t!e
sa&e one or to ancestral "e&ales.
.A/ All o" t!e 'ict%re8in#ed droso'!ilids in :aaii are believed to be t!e
descendants o" t!e sa&e one or to ancestral "e&ale "r%it "lies.
.1/ Fict%re8in#ed droso'!ilids are "o%nd onl, in t!e :aaiian Islands.
.C/ All o" t!e 19III to 59III s'ecies o" "r%it "lies orldide are believed to be
t!e descendants o" one or to "e&ales.
.3/ I" @II ne s'ecies o" "r%it "lies ere discovered9 t!en :aaiian "r%it "lies
o%ld no lon#er be t!e &ost ta(ono&icall, diverse 'o'%lation.
.E/ So&e "r%it "lies ori#inated in :aaii and s'read "ro& t!ere to ot!er 'arts o"
t!e orld.
<. In 1BGI 1avarian 0%arr, orkers discovered t!e i&'ression o" a "eat!er in a
li&estone slab datin# to t!e Meso)oic era. It !ad 'revio%sl, been ass%&ed t!at
birds develo'ed onl, a"ter t!e close o" t!e Meso)oic era and a"ter t!e
disa''earance o" 'terosa%rs9 a s'ecies c!aracteristic o" t!at era. 1%t t!ere in
li&estone la, t!e i&'rint o" a "%ll, aerod,na&ic9 t!ree8inc!8lon# "eat!er. T!is9
t!ere"ore9 &%st !ave been t!e earliest birdKcertainl, t!e earliest "o%nd to t!e
date.
.A/ T!e creat%re to !ic! t!e "eat!er belon#ed as a descendant o" t!e
'terosa%rs.
.1/ 1irds it! s%c! "eat!ers ere 'receded b, s'ecies o" birds it! less8
GMAT & LSAT CR @AC
develo'ed "eat!ers.
.C/ In t!e Meso)oic era9 no creat%res ot!er t!an birds !ad s%c! "eat!ers.
.3/ T!e "eat!er belon#ed to a Meso)oic creat%re t!at as neit!er a 'terosa%r nor
a bird9 b%t inter&ediate beteen t!e&.
.E/ T!e earliest bird "le in an akard &anner.
C. State researc!ers !ave "o%nd t!at since t!e oil 'rice increases o" t!e 1HAIs9 t!ere
!as been a decline in !o&e ener#, cons%&'tion. T!e, concl%ded t!at al&ost all
o" t!e decline !as been ac!ieved t!ro%#! red%ced standards o" livin# and c!an#es
in t!e a, 'eo'le s'end t!eir ti&e.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld s%''ort t!e concl%sion above EECEFT:
.A/ Sales o" 'ortable !eaters rose as "a&ilies concentrated t!eir inter activities
in a li&ited n%&ber o" roo&s.
.1/ 3%rin# t!e inter &ont!s9 &ore 'eo'le "re0%ented '%blic 'laces s%c! as
libraries and co&&%nit, centers and9 on t!e avera#e9 s'ent considerabl,
lon#er 'eriods in t!e& t!an t!e, !ad 'revio%sl,.
.C/ More t!an <H 'ercent o" !o%se!olds ere able to decrease ener#, costs
s%bstantiall, b, !avin# relativel, ine('ensive ork done to i&'rove t!e
e""icienc, o" t!eir e(istin# !eatin# s,ste&s.
.3/ At least @H 'ercent o" !o%se!olds &aintained a loer indoor te&'erat%re
t!an t!e, !ad been acc%sto&ed to &aintain on ver, cold da,s.
.E/ Me&bers o" at least GI 'ercent o" !o%se!olds s!oered "or s!orter 'eriods o"
ti&e t!an t!e, !ad 'revio%sl,.
@. Senator Stron#ood re'orted t!at9 contrar, to a st%d, cited b, t!e ad&inistration9
a t!oro%#! st%d, b, !is on 'art, concl%ded t!at a red%ction in t!e ca'ital #ains
ta( o%ld lead to an increase in t!e "ederal de"icit. >:oora, "or co&&on sense9?
!e said. >Ever,one knos t!at !en ,o% c%t ta(es ,o% lose reven%e.? :e
concl%ded t!at t!e ad&inistrations 'lan "or red%cin# t!e ca'ital #ains ta( as
no dead9 beca%se !e co%ld not i&a#ine an, senator votin# to increase t!e
de"icit.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# acc%ratel, describes so&et!in# Senator Stron#ood
does in advancin# !is ar#%&ent-
.A/ :e i&'lies t!at increasin# t!e ca'ital #ains ta( o%ld decrease t!e "ederal
de"icit.
.1/ :e ass%&es senators ill believe !is 'art,s re'ort instead o" t!e
ad&inistrations.
.C/ :e resorts to na&e8callin# b, e('ressl, statin# t!at !is o''onents lack
co&&on sense.
.3/ :e ass%&es t!at senators ill rarel, vote "or %n'o'%lar le#islation.
.E/ :e ass%&es t!at a st%d, co&&issioned b, !is 'art, &%st be &ore ob+ective
t!an one co&&issioned b, t!e ad&inistration.
GMAT & LSAT CR @A@
G. T!e &ost s%ccess"%l econo&ies !ave been9 and ill contin%e to be9 t!ose t!at
train as &an, 'eo'le as 'ossible in t!e !%&an skills re0%ired to researc!9 to
develo'9 and to a''l, ne tec!nolo#,. Ja'an is a &odel "or t!is sort o" trainin#
e""ort. E%ro'e as a !ole is in a eaker 'osition: t!ere is a s!orta#e o" skilled
labor trained to %se t!e ne tec!nolo#ies and t!ere are not eno%#! scientists able
to develo' and a''l, t!e tec!nolo#,. :oever9 even in Ja'an t!ere is a s!orta#e
o" tec!nicall, 0%ali"ied 'eo'le9 and9 like &ost E%ro'ean co%ntries9 Ja'an !as "ar
too &an, orkers 0%ali"ied to 'er"or& onl, &enial tasks.
.A/ T!ere is a #reater orldide s!orta#e o" researc! scientists t!an t!ere is o"
en#ineers.
.1/ Ja'an is not t!e best co%ntr, a#ainst !ic! to &eas%re a co%ntr,s econo&ic
s%ccess.
.C/ Ja'ans s%ccess"%l econo&, de'ends %'on an %nco&&onl, narro base o"
!i#!l, skilled labor.
.3/ To be econo&icall, &ore s%ccess"%l9 E%ro'e needs to train &ore 'eo'le in
t!e ne tec!nolo#ies.
.E/ E%ro'ean co%ntries !ave econo&ies t!at are &ore s%ccess"%l t!an t!ose o"
&ost ot!er co%ntries.
A. 6!en Corte) arrived in Me(ico in A.3. 1@1H9 !e observed t!e in!abitants 'la,in#
a cere&onial #a&e it! a r%bber ball. T!e 're8Col%&bian in!abitants o" Me(ico
be#an to %se r%bber aro%nd A.3. 1III. T!%s e can be s%re t!at t!e #a&e &%st
!ave ori#inated so&eti&e beteen a''ro(i&atel, A.3. 1III and Corte) arrival.
T!e concl%sion reac!ed above de'ends on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ass%&'tions-
.A/ T!e 're8Col%&bian in!abitants o" Me(ico 'la,ed #a&es on all cere&onial
occasions.
.1/ T!e &akin# o" r%bber balls as one o" t!e earliest %ses o" r%bber b, t!e
in!abitants o" Me(ico.
.C/ T!e cere&onial #a&e re"erred to as 'o'%lar t!ro%#!o%t Me(ico.
.3/ T!e #a&e !ad been 'la,ed since its ince'tion it! a r%bber ball.
.E/ T!e datin# o" t!e "irst %se o" r%bber in Me(ico as d%e to Corte).
B. T!e 1a,sville C!a&ber o" Co&&erce recentl, &et to disc%ss a 'ro'osal to
bea%ti", t!e 1a,sville areas "reea,s b, relocatin# 'oer lines9 addin#
landsca'in# and re&ovin# billboards. At t!e &eetin# Mar, Si&&s9 !o as
re'resentin# an o%tdoor advertisin# co&'an,9 declared9 >1illboards are t!e basis
o" o%r b%siness. I" t!e, are torn don9 o%r abilit, to earn a livin# ill be severel,
da&a#ed.? >I dont a#ree9? said Jack Jordan9 a local &erc!ant9 >T!e basis o" o%r
b%siness is an attractive co&&%nit,. Feo'le !o &i#!t s!o' in 1a,sville dont
ant to see %#l, billboards on t!eir a, into ton. 1illboards are !%rtin# o%r
GMAT & LSAT CR @AG
abilit, to earn a livin#.?
Jack Jordan a re&arks s%##est t!at !e is &isinter'retin# !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# ords %sed b, Mar, Si&&s-
.A/ billboards
.1/ basis
.C/ o%r
.3/ abilit,
.E/ da&a#ed
H. So&e 'eo'le are Monta#%es and so&e 'eo'le are Ca'%lets.
2o Monta#%e can be crossed in love.
All Ca'%lets can be crossed in love.
T!ere"ore9 Ca'%lets are not Monta#%es.
An,one !o is not a Monta#%e is inte&'erate.
Ass%&e t!at all o" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e. I" it is also tr%e t!at no
Monta#%e is inte&'erate9 t!en !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e-
.A/ T!e onl, 'eo'le !o can be crossed in live are inte&'erate Ca'%lets.
.1/ An,one !o is not a Ca'%let is a Monta#%es.
.C/ All inte&'erate 'eo'le can be crossed in love.
.3/ All inte&'erate 'eo'le are Ca'%lets.
.E/ All Ca'%lets are inte&'erate.
1I. T!e "or&ation o" !%rricanes t!at t!reaten t!e =nite States &ainland is tri##ered
b, !i#! at&os'!eric inds o"" t!e estern coast A"rica. 6!en ab%ndant rain "alls
in s%b8Sa!aran A"rica9 !%rricanes a"terard !it t!e =nited States &ainland it!
'artic%lar "re0%enc,. T!ere"ore9 t!e ab%ndant rains &%st so&e!o 'ro&ote t!e
abilit, o" t!e inds to "or& !%rricanes.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents contains a "la t!at is &ost si&ilar to one
.A/ Feo'le !o e(ercise vi#oro%sl, tend to slee' ell. T!ere"ore9 'eo'le !o
e(ercise vi#oro%sl, tend to be !ealt!,.
.1/ Cars drive "aster on lon# cit, blocks t!an on s!ort cit, blocks. Lon# blocks
are t!%s &ore dan#ero%s "or 'edestrians t!an s!ort blocks.
.C/ Man, 'eo'le !o later beco&e s%ccess"%l entre'rene%rs 'la,ed co&'etitive
s'orts in colle#e. T!ere"ore9 'la,in# co&'etitive s'orts &%st en!ance a
'ersons entre'rene%r abilit,.
.3/ T!e blosso&s o" t!e c!icor, 'lant close %' in "%ll s%n. T!ere"ore t!e c!icor,
'lants blosso&s &%st o'en %' in t!e dark.
.E/ Events in Eastern E%ro'e can a""ect t!e 'olitical &ood in Central A&erica.
T!ere"ore liberali)ation in Eastern E%ro'e ill lead to liberali)ation in
GMAT & LSAT CR @AA
Central A&erica.
11. It is even &ore i&'ortant t!at e critici)e de&ocracies t!at !ave co&&itted
!%&an ri#!ts violations t!an t!at e critici)e dictators!i's t!at !ave co&&itted
&ore violent !%&an ri#!ts o""enses. :%&an ri#!ts violations are ala,s
ine(c%sable9 b%t t!ose co&&itted b, #overn&ents t!at re'resent t!e ill o" t!e
'eo'le are even &ore re're!ensible t!an t!ose co&&itted b, dictators. $%rt!er9
o%r criticis& is &ore likel, to !ave an e""ect on t!e "or&er t!an on t!e later.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a 'ro'er in"erence "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ All #overn&ents co&&it sa&e ine(c%sable and re're!ensible acts.
.1/ So&e !%&an ri#!ts violations are &ore re're!ensible t!an ot!er9 &ore
violent !%&an ri#!ts violations.
.C/ Criticis& o" !%&an ri#!ts violations is certain to !ave no e""ect on a
dictators!i'.
.3/ :%&an ri#!ts violations are &ore likel, to occ%r in de&ocracies t!an in
dictators!i'.
.E/ T!ose !o do re'resent t!e ill o" t!e 'eo'le are less likel, to be &oved b,
criticis& t!an are t!ose !o &erel, clai& to re'resent t!e ill o" t!e
'eo'le.
15. A recent st%d, "o%nd t!at snorin#9 t!o%#! not co&&on in eit!er #ro%'9 is &ore
co&&on a&on# s&okers t!an a&on# nons&okers. 7n t!e basis o" t!is evidence9
t!e a%t!or !,'ot!esi)ed t!at s&okin# b, itsel" can ind%ce snorin#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 casts t!e &ost do%bt on t!e a%t!ors
!,'ot!esis-
.A/ Stress ind%ces bot! snorin# and s&okin# in certain individ%als.
.1/ 7besit, ind%ces &an, individ%als to s&oke.
.C/ Most snorers do not s&oke.
.3/ Most s&okers do not snore.
.E/ 1ot! s&okin# and snorin# ca%se t!roat 'roble&s.
Questions 13-14
T!e 'ress re'orts on 'olitical ca&'ai#ns t!ese da,s as i" t!e, ere c!ess #a&es. 7ne
candidates ca&'ai#n advisor &akes a &oveD t!e ot!er candidates advisor &akes a
co%nter&ove. T!e 'ress t!en re'orts on t!e ca&'ai#n advisors and not on t!e
candidates. T!e losers in t!e c!ess #a&e are t!e voters. T!e, are de'rived o" t!e
in"or&ation t!e, need to &ake in"or&ed decisions beca%se t!e 'ress is i#norin#
s%bstantive 'olic, iss%es and re'ortin# onl, on t!e 'rocess o" t!e ca&'ai#n. It is clear
t!at t!e ca&'ai#n advisors s!o%ld sta, o%t o" t!e li&eli#!t and let t!e 'ress re'ort on
t!e &ost revealin# 'ositions on s%bstantive iss%es t!e candidates !ave taken.
1<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion %'on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent in t!e
'assa#e de'ends-
GMAT & LSAT CR @AB
.A/ C!ess is t!e &ost a''ro'riate analo#, to re'ortin# on 'olitical ca&'ai#n.
.1/ T!e candidates in t!e election are takin# 'ositions on s%bstantive 'olic,
iss%es.
.C/ :o t!e 'ress re'orts 'olitics deter&ines t!e s%bstantive iss%es in t!e
ca&'ai#n.
.3/ T!e voters are not 'a,in# eno%#! attention to t!e election to be able to &ake
in"or&ed decisions.
.E/ T!ere is no di""erence beteen re'ortin# on t!e 'olitical 'rocess and
re'ortin# on s%bstantive iss%es.
1C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e candidates 're"er t!at t!e 'ress re'ort on s%bstantive 'olic, iss%es.
.1/ T!e 'ress en+o,s bein# in t!e li&eli#!t d%rin# 'olitical ca&'ai#ns.
.C/ T!e candidates believe 'olitical ca&'ai#nin# is analo#o%s to a c!ess #a&e.
.3/ T!e re'orters "ind it easier to re'ort on t!e 'rocesses and 'ersonalities o" a
ca&'ai#n t!an on s%bstantive 'olic, iss%es.
.E/ Re'ortin# on t!e ca&'ai#n advisors is not 'rovidin# all o" t!e in"or&ation
t!e voters need in order to &ake in"or&ed decisions.
1@. St%dies o" brain laterali)ation in ani&als !ave '%r'orted to s!o t!at9 !ereas
&ost !%&an bein#s are ri#!t8!anded9 abo%t !al" o" an, #iven #ro%' o" ani&als
ill be >le"t8!anded? .i.e. s!oin# a 're"erence "or t!eir le"t li&bs/ and !al" ill
be >ri#!t8!anded.? T!is "indin# is s%s'ect9 !oeverD it !as lon# been noted t!at
do#s ill al&ost ala,s >s!ake !ands? it! t!e ri#!t 'a.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e stron#est de"ense a#ainst t!e
co%ntere(a&'le o" do#s t!at >s!ake !ands?-
.A/ 3o#s are observed to scratc! t!e&selves it! t!e le"t le# as ell as it! t!e
ri#!t le#.
.1/ Feo'le !o observe do# >s!akin# !ands? are observin# a be!avior t!at do#s
'er"or& onl, it! a "ront 'a.
.C/ Le"t8!anded 'eo'le so&eti&es "eel inconvenienced or even sti#&ati)ed in a
>ri#!t8!anded orld9? b%t do#s "ace no analo#o%s di""ic%lties.
.3/ 3o#s t!at !ave lost a li&b are able to co&'ensate "or t!e loss9 re#ardless o"
!et!er t!e li&b as lost "ro& t!e ri#!t or le"t side.
.E/ In learnin# to 'er"or& tricks9 do#s are in"l%enced b, t!e be!avior o" t!eir
trainers.
1G. Fro"essor: I" bot! 'arents !ave t,'e 7 blood t!en t!eir c!ildren can onl, !ave
t,'e 7 blood. T!is is a #enetic la.
St%dent: 1%t t!ats not tr%eD &, "at!er !as t,'e 1 blood and I !ave t,'e 7 blood.
T!e st%dent !as &ost likel, &isinter'reted t!e 'ro"essors re&ark to i&'l, t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR @AH
.A/ onl, 'eo'le it! t,'e 7 blood can !ave c!ildren it! t,'e 7 blood
.1/ 'eo'le it! t,'e 7 blood cannot !ave c!ildren it! t,'e 1 blood
.C/ 'eo'le it! t,'e 1 blood invariabl, !ave c!ildren it! t,'e 7 blood
.3/ !at is tr%e o" one c!ild in t!e "a&il, &%st also be tr%e o" all c!ildren t!at
"a&il,
.E/ i" bot! 'arents !ave t,'e 1 blood9 t!en t!eir c!ild ill !ave t,'e 1 blood
1A. A recent s%rve, o" brand 're"erences s!oed t!at R81ar 1eans are considered t!e
best o" all brands a&on# all a#e #ro%'s9 leadin# bot! Te(as T 1eans and A%nt
Sall,s 1eans b, a ide &ar#in. :oever9 t!e national sales "i#%res s!o t!at
Te(as T and A%nt Sall,s eac! sold &an, &ore cans o" beans last ,ear t!an did R8
1ar.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# o%ld9 b, itsel"9 !el' to resolve t!e a''arent 'arado(
described in t!e 'assa#e EECEFT:
.A/ Te(as T 1eans and A%nt Sall,s 1eans are eac! &%c! less e('ensive t!an R8
1ar 1eans.
.1/ So&e o" t!e s%rve,ed a#e #ro%'s s!oed &ore o" a 're"erence "or R81ar
1eans t!an did ot!ers.
.C/ T!e s%rve, as carried o%t onl, in t!e s&all #eo#ra'!ic area !ere R81ar
distrib%tes its beans9 not nationide.
.3/ Most "ood stores re"%se to carr, R81ar 1eans beca%se t!e &an%"act%rer
de&ands t!at R81ar 1eans be carried e(cl%sivel,.
.E/ R81ar 1eans ere onl, introd%ced to t!e &arket t!ree &ont!s 'rior to t!e
calc%lation o" sales "i#%res9 !ile Te(as T 1eans and A%nt Sall,s 1eans
!ad been available "or ,ears.
1B. Several cos&etics "ir&s are co&&itted to t!e active develo'&ent9 validation9 and
ado'tion o" ne 'rod%ct8sa"et, tests t!at %se c%lt%res o" !%&an cells. T!e, ar#%e
t!at t!e ne tests serve to red%ce t!e need "or tests on live ani&als.
T!e state&ents above &ost stron#l, s%''ort !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
concl%sions-
.A/ T!e 'ress%re on cos&etics "ir&s to cease cond%ctin# e('eri&ents t!at %se
live ani&als as initiated b, #ro%'s o" social activists.
.1/ Cons%&ers are no &ore likel, to b%, 'rod%cts !ose sa"et, as tested on
c%lt%res o" !%&an cells t!an t!e, to b%, 'rod%cts !ose sa"et, as tested
on ani&als.
.C/ $inancial cons%ltants "or t!e cos&etics "ir&s believe t!at %sin# !%&an cell
c%lt%res rat!er t!an live ani&als to test 'rod%ct sa"et, ill cost t!e "ir& less
in act%al 'rod%ct8develo'&ent costs.
.3/ Researc!ers in t!e cos&etics "ir&s believe t!at "eer tests o" 'rod%cts ill
be needed i" cell c%lt%res rat!er t!an live ani&als are %sed.
GMAT & LSAT CR @BI
.E/ Mana#ers o" t!e cos&etics "ir&s believe t!at it is better "or t!eir "ir&s not to
'er"or& tests on live ani&als i" t!ere is an acce'table alternative a, o"
deter&inin# 'rod%ct sa"et,.
Questions 19-!0
Can an, researc! be "o%nd to validate t!e contention t!at t!ose !o s'end ti&e
'l%ckin# o%t t!eir #ra, !airs !ave &ore ne#ative attit%des toard t!e elderl, t!an
t!ose !o s!r%# t!eir s!o%lders abo%t t!eir #ra, !airs- =nless a 'ersons
's,c!o'at!olo#, leads !i& or !er to over#enerali)e9 t!ere is no necessar, connection.
Certainl, it is reasonable to like t!e elderl, ,et dislike t!e idea o" i&'aired e,esi#!t
and !earin#. $%rt!er&ore9 !oldin# ne#ative attit%des toard older 'eo'le &erel,
beca%se t!e, are old is i&&oral9 accordin# to nearl, %niversall, acce'ted et!ical
standards. 1%t t!ere is not!in# i&&oral abo%t dislikin# so&e conco&itants o" t!e
a#in# 'rocess.
1H. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best e('resses t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ It cannot be ass%&ed t!at 'eo'le !o dislike so&e o" t!e '!,sical
conco&itants o" #roin# old necessaril, !ave ne#ative "eelin#s toard t!e
elderl,.
.1/ To dislike so&e o" t!e '!,sical conco&itants o" #roin# old is reasonable9
!ile to dislike t!e elderl, is i&&oral.
.C/ Since no one likes t!e '!,sical conco&itants o" #roin# old9 it is ron# to
dislike t!e elderl, &erel, beca%se o" t!eir '!,sical c!aracteristics.
.3/ 1ein# elderl, is "ine9 b%t t!e 'rocess o" beco&in# elderl, is not9 and 'eo'le
need to %nderstand t!is distinction beteen t!e to.
.E/ To dislike t!e elderl, is i&&oral9 and to do so +%st beca%se one dislikes so&e
o" t!e '!,sical conco&itants o" #roin# old is %nreasonable.
5I. In order to advance !er 'oint o" vie9 t!e a%t!or does all o" t!e "olloin#
EECEFT:
.A/ dis&iss an assertion as %n"o%nded
.1/ a''eal to reason
.C/ a''eal to a #eneral 'rinci'le
.3/ discredit a co&&on stereot,'e abo%t t!e elderl,
.E/ &ake a distinction abo%t attit%des
51. A societ, in !ic! t!ere are &an, cri&es9 s%c! as t!e"ts and &%rders9 s!o%ld not
be called >laless.? T!at is an ab%se o" t!e &eanin# o" ords. As a s%""i(9 >8less?
&eans >it!o%t9? so >laless? &eans >it!o%t las.? :oever9 a societ, t!at !as
no las !as no cri&es9 beca%se no las can be broken. A laless societ, o%ld9
t!ere"ore9 be a cri&eless societ,. So !at so&e !ave ter&ed a laless societ,
s!o%ld act%all, be called >cri&e"%l.?
I" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be
GMAT & LSAT CR @B1
tr%e-
.A/ A societ, t!at !as las !as cri&es.
.1/ A societ, t!at !as no cri&es !as no las.
.C/ A societ, t!at !as &an, las !as &an, cri&es.
.3/ A societ, t!at !as so&e cri&es !as so&e las.
.E/ A societ, t!at !as &an, cri&es !as &an, las.
55. A "o%rteen8,ear st%d, o" "inc!es on t!e Gala'a#os islands concl%ded t!at t!ere is
a de"inite relations!i' beteen cli&ate and t!e 'o'%lation si)e o" "inc! s'ecies
t!at t!rive at vario%s ti&es. 3%rin# dro%#!ts9 &ore &e&bers o" lar#e "inc!
s'ecies s%rvive beca%se t!eir bills are lar#e eno%#! to crack lar#e9 !ard seeds9
#ivin# t!e& a "ood s%''l, %navailable to s&aller birds. In rain, ,ears9 "eer
&e&bers o" t!e lar#e "inc! s'ecies s%rvive beca%se t!e additional &oist%re
"osters t!e #rot! o" 'lants t!at 'rod%ce s&all seeds. T!e lar#er "inc! varieties
!ave to cons%&e enor&o%s n%&bers o" s&all seeds to &eet t!eir ener#, de&ands9
and so&e +%st cannot eat t!e& "ast eno%#!.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st be ass%&ed in order to +%sti", t!e concl%sion
t!at cli&atic variations ca%se a &a+or di""erence in s%rvival rates o" s&all and
lar#e "inc!es-
.A/ 3%rin# dro%#!t conditions9 t!e eat!er 'ro&otes t!e #rot! o" 'lants t!at
'rod%ce s&all9 !ard seeds.
.1/ A len#t!, 'eriod o" rain, eat!er res%lts in "eer lar#e9 !ard seeds bein#
'rod%ced.
.C/ In rain, 'eriods9 t!e s&all "inc!es #at!er eno%#! "ood to #ro &%c! lar#er
and !eavier9 b%t t!eir %lti&ate si)e is li&ited b, t!eir inabilit, to eat s&all
seeds "ast.
.3/ T!e Gala'a#os cli&ate d%rin# t!is "o%rteen ,ear 'eriod !ad abo%t as &%c!
dr, eat!er as it !ad et eat!er.
.E/ S&all seeds do not !ave to be cracked o'en in order to be di#ested b, an, o"
t!e "inc! varieties.
5<. Mr. 1latt: E('ert cons%ltants are so%#!t a"ter b, &ana#e&ent beca%se t!e, !el'
e(ec%tives &ake better decisions. T!at is !, t!e, are ort! t!e s%bstantial "ees
t!e, c!ar#e.
Ms. $rin#: 2onsense. E('ert cons%ltants are !ired in order to enable e(ec%tives
to avoid res'onsibilit,. T!e &ore t!e e('erts cost9 t!e &ore t!e, can be bla&ed
!en t!in#s #o ron#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" it occ%rred9 o%ld be t!e stron#est evidence
"avorin# Ms. $rin#s 'osition over Mr. 1latts 'osition-
.A/ A co&'an, t!at is tr,in# to decide !et!er to &ove its &an%"act%rin# 'lant
!ires an e('ensive e('ert to cond%ct a costRbene"it anal,sis.
.1/ To co&'etin# co&'anies "aced it! ver, si&ilar 'roble&s ado't di""erent
GMAT & LSAT CR @B5
sol%tions.
.C/ A s%ccess"%l "ir& o" e('ert cons%ltants seeks to increase its vol%&e o"
b%siness b, red%cin# its "ees9 b%t its vol%&e o" b%siness dro's.
.3/ An e('ert cons%ltant b%ilds %' a s%ccess"%l b%siness b, c!ar#in# clients a
s%bstantial 'ercenta#e o" t!e a&o%nt an inde'endent assessor +%d#es t!at t!e
cons%ltant saved t!e co&'an,.
.E/ A co&'an, "ollos a cons%ltants advice to o'en to ne stores9 b%t bot!
stores are onl, &ar#inall, 'ro"itable at "irst.
5C. Alt!o%#! all conte&'orar, advertisin# tries to 'ers%ade9 onl, a s&all 'ortion o"
conte&'orar, advertisin# can be considered &orall, re're!ensible. It
nevert!eless "ollos t!at so&e atte&'ts at 'ers%asion can be re#arded as &orall,
re're!ensible.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 in its lo#ical "eat%res9 &ost closel, 'arallels t!e
reasonin# %sed in 'assa#e-
.A/ 2one o" t!e c!e&icals %sed "or cleanin# t!e Sistine C!a'el ill a""ect t!e
ori#inal d,es. :ence9 t!e colors %sed b, Mic!elan#elo ill be "%ll, restored.
.1/ 2ot all o'erational trackin# st%dies are cond%cted to ill%strate e(act cor'orate
ret%rns on invest&ent. :ence9 so&e o" t!ese st%dies are not reliable.
.C/ A #ood &ana#er ala,s &akes i&'ortant decisions on t!e basis o" ade0%ate
data9 alt!o%#! o" co%rse so&e &ana#ers "ail to do t!is. It "ollos t!at so&e
&ana#ers are not #ood &ana#ers.
.3/ T!ere is a direct correlation beteen t!e n%&ber o" ti&es ,o% re'eat
so&et!in# and t!e de#ree to !ic! ,o% retain it. T!ere"ore9 re'etition is
ala,s a critical "actor in re&e&berin#.
.E/ So&e s!ort 'oe&s are t!e&aticall, 'l%ralistic9 since so&e sonnets are
c!aracteri)ed b, s%c! 'l%ralis&9 and all sonnets are s!ort 'oe&s.
TEST 18
SECTI72 II
1. An o""ice b%ildin# at State =niversit, contains a concrete staira,9 t!e car'et on
!ic! !as beco&e orn and "ra,ed. 3es'ite n%&ero%s arnin#s b, t!e
7cc%'ational Sa"et, and :ealt! Ad&inistration9 t!e %niversit, !as not re'laced a
b%rned8o%t li#!t in t!e staira,. $red9 a st%dent9 recentl, ca%#!t !is !eel in t!e
torn car'et9 tri''ed9 and "ell don t!e staira,. :e as !os'itali)ed "or a severe
conc%ssion and ot!er in+%ries. A"ter !is release "ro& t!e !os'ital9 !e re0%ired
&%c! &ore &edical attention and &edication and !ad to it!dra "ro& t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR @B<
%niversit, "or a se&ester. :e brin#s s%it a#ainst t!e %niversit,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e best line o" ca%sal anal,sis "or $reds attorne,
to '%rs%e in t!e 'ersonal in+%r, case-
.A/ T!e concrete ste's9 beca%se t!e, ere !ard9 orsened $reds in+%ries.
.1/ T!e %niversit, is res'onsible "or t!e condition o" t!e car'et.
.C/ T!e b%rned8o%t li#!t constit%tes ne#li#ence.
.3/ T!e distance $red "ell orsened !is in+%ries.
.E/ T!e 7cc%'ational Sa"et, and :ealt! Ad&inistration !as no +%risdiction over
t!e %niversit,.
5. Researc! s!os t!at e(ercise !as a bene"icial e""ect on !ealt!. A"ter &%c! testin#
it! &an, di""erent t,'es o" 'ersons9 it !as been s!on t!at9 in &ost cases9
e(ercise de"initel, !el's to 'revent illnesses ca%sed b, vir%ses. T!e co&&on cold
is ca%sed b, a vir%s. T!ere"ore;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e best co&'letion o" t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ e(ercise alone ill not 'revent t!e co&&on cold
.1/ e(ercise is no &ore e""ective t!an antibiotics in 'reventin# t!e co&&on cold
.C/ e(ercise is 'robabl, not e""ective in 'reventin# colds ca%sed b, bacteria
.3/ e(ercise !el's t!e bod, to destro, invadin# vir%ses
.E/ e(ercise &a, !el' to 'revent t!e co&&on cold
<. J%st a "e ,ears a#o sal&on co%ld not s%rvive in t!e o(,#en8starved and 'oll%ted
T!a&es. 2or co%ld &an, ot!er s'ecies. 1%t no9 a"ter ,ears o" deter&ined e""ort9
t!e sal&on !ave ret%rned9 and t!at is a s%re si#n t!at t!e river is 'oll%tion8"ree.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# indicates a 'ossible "la in t!e reasonin# in t!e 'assa#e
above EECEFT:
.A/ T!e sal&on t!at !ave ret%rned &a, be o" a strain t!at is %na""ected b, t!e
'oll%tants.
.1/ T!e 'oll%tion &a, !ave been red%ced to a level at !ic! t!e sal&on can
s%rvive.
.C/ 7(,#en starvation is o"ten a conse0%ence o" 'oll%tion9 and t!is &a, !ave
killed t!e sal&on.
.3/ T!e sal&on &a, !ave been killed b, one 'artic%lar 'oll%tant9 !ic! !as no
been re&oved !ile ot!ers re&ain.
.E/ T!ere &a, still be 'oll%tion9 b%t its nat%re &a, !ave c!an#ed to a "or& t!at
sal&on can tolerate.
C. T!e states licensin# 'roced%res "or da,8care 'roviders are inade0%ate. I %sed to
leave &, son it! a onder"%l o&an !o ke't a #ro%' o" nei#!bor!ood
c!ildren9 b%t s!e 0%it rat!er t!an '%t %' it! t!e licensin# 'a'erork. And a
"riend o" &ine tells &e t!at !e cannot reco&&end t!e da,8care center t!at !e
GMAT & LSAT CR @BC
%ses9 even t!o%#! it is licensed9 beca%se t!e care 'roviders are not interested in
doin# an,t!in# be,ond &eetin# t!e &ini&%& re0%ire&ents o" !ealt! and sa"et,.
T!e a%t!or o" t!e 'assa#e ar#%es b,
.A/ 'rovidin# e(a&'les to s%''ort to o''osin# 'ositions
.1/ basin# a concl%sion on s'eci"ic cases
.C/ dis'%tin# evidence cited b, t!ose it! an o''osin# 'oint o" vie
.3/ 'redictin# 'ersonal e('erience "ro& a #eneral 'rinci'le
.E/ %sin# a #enerali)ation based on observation to %nder&ine a t!eoretical
'rinci'le
@. All 5@I o" t!e cit,s 3e&ocratic ard leaders ere 'olled abo%t t!e n%&ber o"
re#istered Re'%blicans !o beca&e re#istered 3e&ocrats d%rin# t!e ,ear. $ro&
t!e re'orts o" t!e 5I leaders !o re'lied to t!e 0%estionnaire9 e kno t!at
alto#et!er t!e, received a total o" @II "or&er Re'%blicans into t!e 3e&ocratic
'art, it!in t!e ,ear. Fro+ectin# "ro& t!is sa&'le9 e concl%de t!at at least G9III
Re'%blicans beca&e 3e&ocrats d%rin# t!e ,ear.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 &ost clearl, %nder&ines t!e
concl%sion-
.A/ Several ,ears a#o9 @9III &e&bers o" t!e Re'%blican 'art, re#istered as
3e&ocrats.
.1/ T!e &ore t!an HI 'ercent o" ard leaders not re'l,in# !ad no "or&er
Re'%blicans re#isterin# as 3e&ocrats.
.C/ 1eca%se t!e, ere too b%s,9 &ore t!an HI 'ercent o" t!e ard leaders did not
re'l,.
.3/ A n%&ber o" t!e nel, re#istered 3e&ocrats ret%rned to t!e Re'%blican
'art, at a later date.
.E/ Si&ilar "i#%res can be 'rod%ced "ro& 'ast ,ears "or re#istration c!an#es "ro&
t!e 3e&ocratic 'art, to t!e Re'%blican 'art,.
G. A lin#%ist recentl, ar#%ed t!at all !%&an lan#%a#es &%st !ave a co&&on ori#in
beca%se so&e conce'ts are %niversalD t!at is9 t!e, a''ear in all lan#%a#es. $or
e(a&'le9 all lan#%a#es are ca'able o" describin# li#!tness and darkness.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e 1%r&ese lan#%a#e does not contain basic no%ns like auto,obile and
air0lane.
.1/ 2o one lin#%ist co%ld 'ossibl, s'eak all knon lan#%a#es.
.C/ All s'eakers9 re#ardless o" t!eir lan#%a#es9 are con"ronted it! si&ilar
sti&%li like li#!tness and darkness.
.3/ T!e si&ilarit, beteen !%&an lan#%a#e and dol'!in lan#%a#e !as not been
attrib%ted to a co&&on ori#in.
.E/ So&e lan#%a#es incl%de conce'ts o" !ic! s'eakers o" ot!er lan#%a#es are
GMAT & LSAT CR @B@
not even aare.
A. All 's,c!iatrists are doctors. 7nl, 's,c!iatrists ere invited to t!e con"erence.
All !o ere invited to t!e con"erence sta,ed at t!e :e""ord :otel. T!ere"ore9
onl, 's,c!iatrists sta,ed at t!e :e""ord :otel.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" added as a 're&ise to t!e ar#%&ent9
o%ld &ake t!e concl%sion valid-
.A/ 7nl, t!ose !o ere invited to t!e con"erence sta,ed at t!e :e""ord :otel.
.1/ All !o ere invited to t!e con"erence ere 's,c!iatrists.
.C/ All 's,c!iatrists ere invited to t!e con"erence.
.3/ 2o one !o as invited to t!e con"erence "ailed to sta, at t!e :e""ord :otel.
.E/ 7nl, doctors sta,ed at t!e :e""ord :otel.
Questions 8-9
A t!in# is >na%seo%s? i" it &akes one sick to t!e sto&ac!D t!e %n"ort%nate victi& o"
t!is &alaise is >na%seated.? T!e co&&on &is%se o" >na%seo%s? can be ill%strated it!
t!e "olloin# sentence: >6!en !e sits too lon#9 t%rns !is !ead too abr%'tl,9 or alks
an, distance9 !e #ets di)),9 loses balance9 and beco&es na%seo%s.? :e doesnt
beco&e na%seo%s %nless !e t%rns ot!er 'eo'les sto&ac!sD !e beco&es na%seated. A
'erson !o is na%seated is no &ore na%seo%s t!an a 'erson !o !as been 'oisoned is
'oisono%s.
B. 1ased on t!e 'assa#e above9 !ic! '!rase does 27T 'rovide a lo#ical
co&'letion to t!e "olloin# sentence-
A 'erson !o is na%seated is no &ore na%seo%s t!an a 'erson !o !as
been;;;;;;
.A/ &%rdered is &%rdero%s
.1/ corr%'ted is corr%'tible
.C/ aed is aeso&e
.3/ irritated is irritatin#
.E/ scared is scar,
H. T!e a%t!ors a''roac! in t!e 'assa#e incl%des all o" t!e "olloin# EECEFT:
.A/ e('lainin# !o a ord is &is%sed
.1/ drain# an analo#,
.C/ 'rovidin# an e(a&'le
.3/ rel,in# on a ords a&bi#%o%s &eanin#
.E/ de"inin# ke, ter&s
1I. T!era',9 !et!er '!,sical or social9 is a co%nterirritant t!at aids in t!at
e0%ilibri%& o" t!e '!,sical or#ans t!at 'rotects t!e central nervo%s s,ste&.
6!ereas 'leas%re is a co%nterirritant ."or e(a&'le9 s'orts9 entertain&ent9 and
GMAT & LSAT CR @BG
alco!ol/9 co&"ort is t!e re&oval o" irritants. 1ot! 'leas%re and co&"ort are
strate#ies o" e0%ilibri%& "or t!e central nervo%s s,ste&.
It can be concl%ded "ro& t!e state&ents above t!at t!e e(ile o" a deviant &e&ber
o" a #ro%' can be
.A/ t!era'e%tic "or t!e rest o" t!e #ro%'
.1/ irritatin# "or t!e rest o" t!e #ro%'
.C/ 'leas%rable "or t!e rest o" t!e #ro%'
.3/ co&"ortin# "or t!e rest o" t!e #ro%'
.E/ co%nter irritatin# "or t!e rest o" t!e #ro%'
11. T!e sit%ation !as #otten orse. =nless Eli)abet! #oes I &%st #o. 1%t s!e ill not
#o i" I sta,. So e ill bot! !ave to #o.
6!at is t!e "la in t!e reasonin# above-
.A/ T!e "irst clai&9 t!at t!e sit%ation !as #otten orse9 is irrelevant.
.1/ A 'ossible co%rse o" action is overlooked.
.C/ It is ass%&ed t!at sta,in# is t!e sa&e as not #oin#.
.3/ T!e concl%sion re"ers to a 'ossibilit, t!at is not e('licitl, re"erred to in an,
o" t!e 're&ises.
.E/ Ins%""icient in"or&ation is #iven abo%t t!e circ%&stances.
15. St%dent E: I& orried abo%t "ailin# t!e co%rse.
St%dent *: 3ont orr,. As t!e 'ro"essor said9 an, st%dent !o "ails to s%b&it a
ter& 'a'er ill "ail t!e co%rse. So +%st &ake s%re t!at ,o% s%b&it a ter& 'a'er9
and ,o% ill not "ail t!e co%rse.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e(!ibits t!e sa&e lo#ical "la as t!at e(!ibited in
st%dent *s re&ark-
.A/ An, resta%rant t!at serves 'aella it!o%t sa""ron is not a%t!entic. So i" t!e
resta%rant serves 'aella it! t%r&eric instead o" sa""ron9 it is a%t!entic.
.1/ An, native "is!ers !o earn t!eir livin#s b, "is!in# t!e local rivers and lakes
are ort! !irin# as #%ides. So a 'erson !o is a native "is!er is ort! !irin#
as a #%ide.
.C/ An,one !o can consistentl, bol over 5II 'oints 'er #a&e s!o%ld beco&e
a 'ro"essional boler. I" ,o% can consistentl, bol over 5II 'oints 'er
#a&e9 ,o% s!o%ld beco&e a 'ro"essional boler.
.3/ An, en#ineer !o cannot solve t!e e0%ation in a reasonable a&o%nt o" ti&e
ill not #et a license. So i" ,o% are an en#ineer !o can solve t!e e0%ation
in a reasonable a&o%nt o" ti&e9 ,o% ill #et a license.
.E/ An, cook !o is in a !ot kitc!en ill leave t!e kitc!en. I" ,o% are a cook in a
kitc!en t!at is !ot9 ,o% ill be "orced to leave t!e kitc!en.
1<. Trade 'rotection is bad 'olic,. Take t!e case o" t!e &icroco&'%ter ind%str,. T!e
GMAT & LSAT CR @BA
=nited States #overn&ent atte&'ted to restore t!e co&'%ter c!i' &arket to
=nited States &an%"act%rers9 !o !ad ceased 'rod%ction in t!e "ace o" an
ab%ndant s%''l, o" c!ea' c!i's "ro& "orei#n &an%"act%rers. =nder trade
'rotection9 it as e('ected t!at9 as #overn&ent8i&'osed 0%otas and e(cise ta(es
"orced t!e 'rice o" "orei#n c!i's to rise9 =nited States &an%"act%res o%ld reenter
t!e &arket. T!e, did9 b%t at onl, sli#!tl, loer 'rices t!an t!e no8!i#! 'rices o"
"orei#n "ir&s. T!e lesson !as been si&'le: trade 'rotection &eans t!at =nited
States &an%"act%res #ain !ile =nited States cons%&ers lose.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e a%t!ors ar#%&ent
relies-
.A/ It is %nreasonable to e('ect t!at #overn&ent8i&'osed 0%otas and e(cise
ta(es ill red%ce 'rices "or =nited States cons%&ers.
.1/ =nited States &an%"act%rers o" co&'%ter c!i's are &ore concerned it! !i#!
'ro"its t!at are "orei#n &an%"act%rers.
.C/ T!e =nited States #overn&ents 'ri&ar, '%r'ose in trade 'rotection is to
restore &arkets and 'ro"its to =nited States &an%"act%rers.
.3/ 6it! res'ect to trade 'rotection9 t!e &icroco&'%ter ind%str, is re'resentative
o" =nited States ind%str, in #eneral.
.E/ T!e 0%alit, o" t!e c!i's 'rod%ced b, =nited States &an%"act%rers is better
t!an t!e 0%alit, o" t!e c!i's 'rod%ced b, "orei#n &an%"act%rers.
Questions 14-15
=ntil no9 t!is 'aintin# as believed to be a sel" 'ortrait o" t!e artist9 b%t it 'robabl,
is not. Tr%e9 t!e !eav, #old c!ain orn b, t!e #entle&an in t!e 'ict%re is si&ilar to
one 'resented to t!e artist b, t!e N%een o" En#land a"ter !e !ad 'ainted !er 'ortrait.
1%t t!e sord !an#in# at t!e #entle&ans !i' s%##ests t!at !e as a kni#!t9 a rank
!i#!er t!an an, t!e artist ever attained.
1C. T!e ar#%&ent above de'ends on ass%&in# t!at t!e sel"8'ortrait o%ld
.A/ incl%de ob+ects t!at are i&'ortant to t!e artist
.1/ not e(a##erate t!e rank ac!ieved b, t!e artist
.C/ be si&ilar to 'ortraits o" ot!ers !o& t!e artist !ad 'ainted
.3/ be veri"iable onl, t!ro%#! t!e e(a&ination o" ob+ects in t!e 'aintin#
.E/ not 'ortra, t!e artist en#a#ed in t!e activit, o" 'aintin#
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e a%t!ors
ar#%&ent-
.A/ :istorians cannot deter&ine !et!er t!e artist as ever kni#!ted.
.1/ T!e artist 'ainted onl, one sel"8'ortrait in !is entire li"e.
.C/ Several #entle&en o" t!e artists da, ore !eav, #old c!ains like t!e one in
t!e 'aintin#.
.3/ T!e #entle&an in t!e 'aintin# rese&bles 'ortraits o" t!e artist 'ainted b,
GMAT & LSAT CR @BB
ot!er artists.
.E/ T!e artist as t!e onl, #entle&an o" !is da, !o received a !eav, #old c!ain
"ro& t!e N%een o" En#land.
1G. Colle#es boast abo%t t!e #reat si)es o" t!eir libraries. T!e, 0%ote "i#%res in t!e
!%ndreds o" t!o%sands o" vol%&es9 b%t !o &an, books can a st%dent read in
"o%r ,earsKa t!o%sand- 6!at #ood9 t!en9 are all t!e rest-
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents &ost acc%ratel, e('resses t!e a%t!ors
&ain 'oint-
.A/ Colle#e librarians do not !ave an,t!in# abo%t !ic! t!e, can boast.
.1/ 2o st%dent can read &ore t!an a t!o%sand books in "o%r ,ears.
.C/ It is sill, to boast abo%t a librar,s si)e9 re#ardless o" !et!er t!e librar, is
lar#e or s&all.
.3/ =n%sed books are a aste o" ta('a,ers &one,.
.E/ Colle#e libraries are %nnecessaril, lar#e.
1A. Eli: Accordin# to &an, scientists t!e ides'read 'rod%ction and %se o"
c!loro"l%orocarbons .C$Cs/Ke.#.9 to 'rovide coolant "or air conditionersK
inevitabl, leads to t!eir esca'e into t!e at&os'!ere !ere t!e, destro, t!e vital
o)one la,er. In &, o'inion9 t!e contin%ed %se o" C$Cs b, !%&ans is like a
!ar&"%l !abit9 !ic!9 i" %nc!ecked9 co%ld !ave disastro%s e""ects on t!e %ser9
na&el, sel"8destr%ction. T!e obvio%s and necessar, c%re9 t!ere"ore9 is a co&'lete
ban on C$C 'rod%ction and %se.
Mark: T!e c%re ,o% 'ro'ose o%ld kill9 not save9 t!e %ser. A ban on C$C
'rod%ction and %se o%ld ca%se t!e destr%ction o" t!e air conditionin# ind%str,.
T!e so%rce o" Mark9 and Elis dis'%te is t!eir lack o" a#ree&ent on !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# ter&s-
.A/ c%re
.1/ %ser
.C/ ban
.3/ 'rod%ction
.E/ destr%ction
1B. I" t!ere is a decrease in t!e n%&ber o" !o&eless "a&ilies9 t!en eit!er t!e n%&ber
o" available +obs !as increased or else t!e cost o" rentin# or '%rc!asin# !o%sin#
!as decreased. I" t!e cost o" rentin# or '%rc!asin# !o%sin# !as decreased9 t!en t!e
s%''l, o" !o%sin# &%st be #reater t!an t!e de&and.
Ass%&e t!at t!ere is a decrease in t!e n%&ber o" !o&eless "a&ilies. Accordin# to
t!e 'assa#e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents CA227T be tr%e-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" +obs !as been decreasin#.
.1/ T!e cost o" rentin# or '%rc!asin# !o%sin# !as been decreasin#9 and !o%sin#
s%''l, e(ceeds de&and.
GMAT & LSAT CR @BH
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" +obs !as been increasin#9 and t!e cost o" rentin# or
'%rc!asin# !o%sin# !as been stable.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" +obs !as been decreasin#9 t!e cost o" rentin# or '%rc!asin#
!o%sin# !as been decreasin#9 and !o%sin# de&and e(ceeds s%''l,.
.E/ T!e n%&ber o" +obs !as been increasin#9 t!e cost o" rentin# or '%rc!asin#
!o%sin# !as been increasin#9 and !o%sin# s%''l, e(ceeds de&and.
1H. Ever,one kne t!at i" t!e tea&s star 'la,er ere too badl, in+%red to 'la, in
Sat%rda,s #a&e9 t!e tea& o%ld lose. Since t!e tea& on9 t!e star 'la,er &%st
!ave 'la,ed.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost si&ilar in lo#ic to t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Red s'ots on t!e "eet are a s,&'to& o" a disease called borosis. T!is 'atient
!as #reen s'ots on !is "eetD t!ere"ore9 !e does not !ave borosis.
.1/ I" t!e "rost co&es late9 t!e "ar&er !as a #ood cro'. 1eca%se t!e "rost as late9
t!e "ar&er &%st !ave a #ood cro'.
.C/ T!e instr%ctor in a co%rse r%led t!at i" a st%dent received an A on eit!er t!e
ter& 'a'er or t!e "inal e(a&9 t!en t!e st%dent o%ld receive an A "or t!e
co%rse. Anne received an A on t!e ter& 'a'er and a C on t!e "inal e(a&.
T!ere"ore9 Anne received an A "or t!e co%rse.
.3/ Feo'le in drivin# sc!ool reali)ed t!at i" Fete !ad anot!er a%to accident9 !e
o%ld be e('elled "ro& t!e drivin# sc!ool. Fete as not e('elled "ro& t!e
drivin# sc!ool. T!ere"ore9 !e &%st not !ave !ad anot!er a%to accident.
.E/ I" Senson 'a,s a L1II "ine9 !e ill not be e('elled "ro& t!e co%ntr, cl%b.
1eca%se Senson !as not been e('elled9 !e &%st !ave 'aid t!e "ine.
5I. An e(a&ination o" corr%'tion 'rovides t!e basis "or re+ectin# t!e vie t!at an
e(act science o" societ, can ever be constr%cted. As it! all ot!er social
'!eno&ena t!at involve deliberate secrec,9 it is intrinsicall, i&'ossible to
&eas%re corr%'tion9 and t!is is not &erel, d%e to t!e "act t!at social science !as
not ,et reac!ed its #oal9 ac!ievable to be s%re9 o" develo'in# ade0%ate 0%anti",in#
tec!ni0%es. I" 'eo'le ere read, to anser 0%estion abo%t t!eir e&be))le&ents
and bribes9 it o%ld &ean t!at t!ese 'ractices !ad ac0%ired t!e c!aracter o"
le#iti&ate9 ta(able activities and !ad ceased to be corr%'t. In ot!er ords9
corr%'tion &%st disa''ear i" it is to be &eas%rable.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, states a !idden ass%&'tion t!at t!e
a%t!or &%st &ake in order to advance t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ So&e 'eo'le believe t!at an e(act science o" societ, can be constr%cted.
.1/ T!e 'ri&ar, '%r'ose o" an e(act science to 0%anti", and &eas%re
'!eno&ena.
.C/ An intrinsic c!aracteristic o" social '!eno&ena t!at involve deliberate
secrec, is t!at t!e, cannot be &eas%red.
.3/ An e(act science o" social '!eno&ena t!at involve deliberate secrec, cannot
GMAT & LSAT CR @HI
be constr%cted.
.E/ An e(act science can be constr%cted onl, !en t!e '!eno&ena it st%dies can
be &eas%red.
Questions !1-!!
T!is co%ntr, does not need an, &ore restrictions on 'oll%tion. In "act9 e s!o%ld
abolis! t!ose t!at are c%rrentl, on t!e books. In s'ite o" vario%s restrictions9 'oll%tion
levels !ave act%all, increased over t!e 'ast CI ,ears. Most i&'ortantl,9 dra&atic
statistics s!o t!at9 as 'oll%tion levels !ave increased over t!is 'eriod9 t!e #eneral
!ealt! o" t!e 'o'%lation !as i&'roved rat!er t!an deteriorated.
51. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# assertions9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost e""ective
c!allen#e to t!e a%t!ors concl%sion-
.A/ T!e #eneral !ealt! o" t!is co%ntr,s 'o'%lation !as i&'roved over t!e 'ast CI
,ears 'ri&aril, beca%se o" ne advances in &edicine and n%trition9 not
beca%se o" 'oll%tion.
.1/ T!ere are several co%ntries in t!e orld in !ic! t!ere !ave been no
restrictions on 'oll%tion over t!e 'ast CI ,ears9 and 'oll%tion levels !ave
act%all, increased.
.C/ Si&ilar statistics s!o t!at9 in several co%ntries9 t!e #eneral !ealt! o" t!e
'o'%lation !as i&'roved over t!e 'ast CI ,ears9 !ile 'oll%tion levels !ave
act%all, decreased.
.3/ Foll%tion levels o%ld !ave increased even &ore t!an t!e, !ave and t!e
#eneral !ealt! o" t!e 'o'%lation o%ld not !ave i&'roved as &%c! as it !as
it!o%t t!e restrictions t!at !ave been on t!e books.
.E/ In t!e 'eriod 'rior to t!e 'ast CI ,ears9 'oll%tion restrictions ere
none(istent in t!is co%ntr, and t!e #eneral !ealt! o" t!e 'o'%lation
i&'roved at a "ar sloer rate t!an it did d%rin# t!e 'ast CI ,ears.
55. T!e a%t!or concl%des t!at t!ere s!o%ld be no restrictions on 'oll%tion 'artl,
beca%se
.A/ t!e, are no lon#er needed to i&'rove t!e #eneral !ealt! o" t!e 'o'%lation
.1/ t!e, red%ce t!e 'ositive e""ect t!at 'oll%tion !as on t!e #eneral !ealt! o" t!e
'o'%lation
.C/ statistics s!o t!at as 'oll%tion restrictions !ave increased so !ave 'oll%tion
levels
.3/ 'oll%tion !as not ,et reac!ed levels t!at are detri&ental to t!e !ealt! o" t!e
#eneral 'o'%lation
.E/ t!e, are ine""ective in loerin# 'oll%tion levels
5<. In &etro'olitan areas9 al&ost GI 'ercent o" all "ires are set b, c!ildren9 !ile in
r%ral areas abo%t CI 'ercent are. A 's,c!olo#ical s%rve, discovered t!at all
c!ildren !o 'la, it! "ire believe t!at t!ere ill be no conse0%ences i" t!eir
GMAT & LSAT CR @H1
'arents catc! t!e& doin# it.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# in"erences can be &ost reliabl, dran "ro& t!e
'assa#e above-
.A/ Most c!ildren !o believe t!ere ill no conse0%ences i" t!e, are discovered
'la,in# it! "ire do 'la, it! "ire.
.1/ Farents !o discover t!eir c!ildren 'la,in# it! "ire ill 'revent t!ose
c!ildren "ro& 'la,in# it! "ire in t!e "%t%re.
.C/ I" 'arents !ave s%ccess"%ll, instilled in t!eir c!ildren t!e belie" t!at t!ere ill
be conse0%ences i" t!e, are ca%#!t 'la,in# it! "ire9 t!ese c!ildren !ave not
been a&on# t!ose 'la,in# it! "ire.
.3/ C!ildren !o 'la, it! "ire attac! no sense o" ri#!t or ron# to t!is action.
.E/ Most c!ildren !o do not 'la, it! "ire believe t!ere ill be conse0%ences i"
t!eir 'arents discover t!e& 'la,in# it! "ire.
5C. So&e!ere9 so&e!o9 !at as once a 'er"ectl, #ood r%le b, !ic! to live as
tisted into t!e "alse and sinister idea t!at >Mone, is t!e root o" all evil.? To t!e
contrar,9 t!e 'ro'er %se o" &one, 'rovides %s it! t!e "ood9 clot!es9 !ealt! care9
and s!elter t!at e all need to s%stain o%r lives.
T!e a%t!ors ar#%&ent is lo#icall, "laed in t!at it
.A/ %ses e(a&'les t!at do not re"%te t!e #enerali)ation t!at all evil is rooted in
&one,
.1/ %ses ina''ro'riate e(a&'les to de&onstrate t!e 'ro'er %se o" &one,
.C/ i#nores so&e o" t!e evil t!in#s t!at &one, can b%,
.3/ "ails to acknoled#e t!at "ood9 clot!es9 !ealt! care9 and s!elter can
so&eti&es lead to evil
.E/ "ails to reco#ni)e t!at &one, can be %sed "or a lot o" ot!er #ood t!in#s
besides s%stenance
5@. In a recent e('eri&ent9 a !i#! sc!ool En#lis! teac!er inters'ersed real9 co&&onl,
%sed 'roverbs it! several nonsensical 'roverbial8so%ndin# state&ents t!at !e
!ad &ade %'. :e t!en asked !is st%dents to eval%ate all o" t!e state&ents on t!e
list. In #eneral9 t!e st%dents "o%nd t!e bo#%s 'roverbs and t!e real 'roverbs to be
e0%all, "%ll o" isdo& and &eanin#. T!e teac!er concl%ded t!at 'roverbs attain
t!eir stat%s as 'roverbs &ore t!ro%#! "re0%ent %sa#e t!an t!ro%#! t!eir in!erent
isdo&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost e""ectivel, c!allen#e t!e
teac!ers concl%sion-
.A/ So&e 'roverbs are %sed &ore "re0%entl, t!an ot!ers.
.1/ T!ere ere &ore real 'roverbs t!an bo#%s 'roverbs in t!e list o" state&ents.
.C/ T!ere are st,listic di""erences beteen 'roverbial and 'roverbial8so%ndin#
state&ents.
GMAT & LSAT CR @H5
.3/ So&e st%dents vie a state&ent in one a, and ot!er st%dents vie t!e sa&e
state&ent in a ver, di""erent a,.
.E/ T!e st%dents selected as eval%ators ere too ine('erienced to +%d#e t!e
isdo& o" t!e state&ents.
5G. It is co&&onl, acce'ted t!at e s!o%ld be concerned abo%t o%r on '!,sical
!ealt!. T!e desire to take res'onsibilit, "or all as'ects o" o%r '!,sical condition9
!oever9 'rod%ces a n%&ber o" ne#ative conse0%ences. 1, "oc%sin# e(cl%sivel,
on o%r '!,sical !ealt!9 e tend to i#nore o%t &ental !ealt!. T!ere"ore9 alt!o%#!
e can derive '!,sical bene"its "ro& o%r 'reocc%'ation it! '!,sical !ealt!9 e
o"ten do so at t!e e('ense o" o%r &ental !ealt!.
T!e a%t!or establis!es !er 'osition in t!e 'assa#e b, doin# !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ S!e de"ends !er 'osition and t!en e(tends it into a second area.
.1/ S!e reveals a contradiction in a 'osition co&&onl, !eld to be correct.
.C/ S!e s%''orts a co&&onl, !eld 'oint o" vie b, 'rovidin# additional
evidence.
.3/ S!e "irst states !er 'osition and t!en 0%ali"ies it it! a n%&ber o"
concessions.
.E/ S!e ar#%es t!at a 'o'%lar 'osition can lead to 'roble&s i" taken to an
e(tre&e.
SECTI72 I4
1. T!e recent increases in !ealt! ins%rance 're&i%&s are %nnecessar, and e(cessive.
6!ile t!e in"lation rate is and !as been stable at @ 'ercent "or t!e 'ast "ive ,ears9
d%rin# t!e sa&e 'eriod t!e avera#e cost o" !ealt! ins%rance !as increased
ann%all, b, 1I to 5I 'ercent. Recent st%dies s!o t!at t!e 'o'%lation is !ealt!ier
no t!an ever be"ore9 and t!%s indicate t!at t!e ins%rance co&'anies clai&s o"
!i#!er !ealt!8care costs are %n"o%nded and &erel, re"lect t!e 0%est "or !i#!er
'ro"its.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 %nder&ines t!e concl%sion in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ T!e incidence o" l%n# cancer a&on# &en !o s&oke !as decreased in recent
,ears.
.1/ I&'rove&ents in !ealt! !ave occ%rred beca%se o" a dra&atic increase in t!e
%se o" e('ensive &edical e0%i'&ent9 tests9 and dr%#s.
.C/ Increased !ealt! ins%rance 're&i%&s ill "orce so&e 'eo'le to dro' t!eir
&edical covera#e9 t!%s adversel, a""ectin# t!eir "%t%re !ealt!.
.3/ :ealt! ins%rance c%rrentl, covers "eer !ealt! 'roble&s t!an it did in t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR @H<
'ast.
.E/ T!o%#! t!ere are "eer !ealt! ins%rance co&'anies toda,9 t!eir earnin#s are
!i#!er t!an t!e, !ave ever been.
5. In t!e o'en ocean9 a s!ark ill catc! al&ost an, s&all "is! it decides to attack.
T!e best c!ance a s&all "is! !as9 once it is s'otted b, a !%n#r, s!ark9 it t!at t!e
s!ark ill 'ro&'tl, "ind so&et!in# else to attack. T!ere"ore9 one o" t!e bene"its
#ained b, s&all "is! t!at si& in lar#e #ro%'s knon as sc!ools is a red%ced
c!ance o" bein# attacked b, a s!ark.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e a%t!ors
ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ S!arks live 'ri&aril, on a diet o" s&all "is!.
.1/ S!arks do not eat an entire sc!ool o" "is! at one ti&e.
.C/ T!e s!eer n%&ber o" "is! in a sc!ool 'revents s!arks "ro& attackin#.
.3/ S!arks are t!e &ain dan#er to s&all "is! in t!e o'en ocean.
.E/ S&all "is! are able to sense !en t!e, are bein# s'otted b, s!arks.
Questions 3-4
F%blicl, oned reso%rces ill ala,s be ab%sed. Take t!e e(a&'le o" cattle #ra)in#.
6!ere t!e individ%al !as "ree access to '%blicl, oned ran#eland9 !e or s!e ala,s
!as an incentive to #ra)e &ore and &ore cattle re#ardless o" t!e conse0%ences9
beca%se t!e bene"its are ca't%red b, t!e individ%al #ra)er !ile t!e costs o" red%ced
ran#e 0%alit, are borne b, all ta('a,ers. Frivate landoners are less likel, to ab%se
t!eir on land9 !oever9 beca%se t!e, &%st 'a, t!e entire cost.
<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost tend to eaken t!e a%t!ors
ar#%&ent "or t!e concl%sion t!at '%blicl, oned reso%rces ill ala,s be
ab%sed-
.A/ Man, 'eo'le !o 'rivatel, on reso%rces ab%se t!e& in s'ite o" t!e
'ersonal conse0%ences.
.1/ So&e '%blicl, oned reso%rces are so e(tensive t!at it o%ld take
ides'read ab%se be"ore t!eir 0%alit, is a""ected.
.C/ So&e individ%als !ave no c!oice b%t to rel, on '%blic reso%rces in t!e
'%rs%it or t!eir liveli!ood.
.3/ Feo'le do not ant to lose access to '%blic reso%rces9 ,et t!e, reali)e t!at
t!e, ill i" t!ose reso%rces are r%ined t!ro%#! ab%se.
.E/ Reso%rces are ala,s deval%ed !en ever,one !as access to t!e& beca%se
t!e, are no lon#er a rare co&&odit, in !i#! de&and.
C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# co%ld be best s%''orted b, t!e sa&e t,'e o"
reasonin# as t!at e(!ibited in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e s%''l, o" bevera#es at t!e ann%al o""ice 'icnic ill last lon#er i" 'eo'le
GMAT & LSAT CR @HC
'a, "or t!e& on a 'er8bevera#e basis rat!er t!an ever,one in t!e o""ice
bein# c!ar#ed a "lat "ee.
.1/ A &at! teac!er 'rovides !is st%dents it! a"ter8sc!ool t%torin# on several
da,s beca%se no sin#le da, is #ood "or ever,one.
.C/ A tennis cl%b starts c!ar#in# "lat ann%al &e&bers!i' "ees instead o" 'a,8as8
,o%8'la, co%rt "ees in order to ens%re a re#%lar cl%b inco&e.
.3/ A social service a#enc, varies its c!ar#es "or services beca%se so&e 'eo'le
are able to 'a, &ore t!an ot!ers.
.E/ A tobacco ta( is instit%ted in order to "%nd i&'rove&ents in '%blic ed%cation.
@. T!e cit, is vi#oro%sl, en"orcin# t!e ordinance a#ainst alloin# individ%als to
slee' in t!e b%s de'ot. T!e &a,or ar#%es t!at s%c! vi#oro%s en"orce&ent is "air9
even!anded9 and ad&inistered in t!e best traditions o" e0%al treat&ent "or all. >2o
one can slee' in t!e b%s de'ot9? t!e &a,or !as said9 >!et!er ,o%re !o&eless or
t!e c!ie" e(ec%tive o" a &a+or cor'oration.? T!is brin#s to &ind a re&ark once
&ade b, a 'olitical co&&entator. >T!e la9 in its &a+estic e0%alit,9 "orbids t!e
ric! as ell as t!e 'oor to slee' %nder brid#es9 to be# in t!e streets9 and to steal
bread.? Its ti&e "or t!e &a,or to co&e to !is senses.
T!e 'assa#e as a !ole is str%ct%red to lead !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
concl%sions-
.A/ Feo'le s!o%ld not be treated e0%all, it! res'ect to en"orcin# t!e ordinance
vi#oro%sl,.
.1/ Ever,one s!o%ld be treated e0%all, it! res'ect to en"orcin# t!e ordinance
vi#oro%sl,.
.C/ T!e vi#oro%s en"orce&ent o" t!e ordinance does not 0%ali", as e0%al
treat&ent "or all.
.3/ T!e la !olds 'oor 'eo'le to stricter standards t!an it does ric! 'eo'le.
.E/ In a tr%l, e0%al le#al s,ste&9 no one o%ld slee' in b%s de'ots.
G. Alt!o%#! '!,sicians are alle#ed to !ide t!eir collea#%es &edical inco&'etence9
toda, t!at 'ractice co%ld be 'ro"essional s%icide. 1eca%se so &an, &edical
advances are ell8knon b, all doctors9 obsc%rin# so&eones inco&'etent
'roced%re is al&ost i&'ossible !en a clai&ant c!oose to '%rs%e a case. T!%s9 in
&al'ractice s%its9 '!,sicians risk t!eir on re'%tations i" t!e, testi", "alsel, to
'rotect t!eir "riends.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion s%''ortin# t!e concl%sion in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ F!,sicians 'ro"essional s%ccess de'ends %'on t!eir #ood re'%tations.
.1/ Inco&'etent '!,sicians s!o%ld be e('osed be"ore t!e, co&&it &al'ractice.
.C/ $alse testi&on, is &orall, ron# re#ardless o" ones 'ro"ession.
.3/ F!,sicians s!o%ld do ever,t!in# 'ossible to 'rotect t!e&selves "ro&
&al'ractice clai&s.
GMAT & LSAT CR @H@
.E/ Ti&es !ave c!an#ed and '!,sicians toda, &%st kee' %' on all &edical
advances.
Questions '-8
T!e econo&, is in a dis&al state9 %niversities are s%""erin# "ro& c%tbacks9 and &an,
st%dents &%st t%rn to an, so%rce o" "%nds available i" t!e, are to &ake ends &eet.
$aced it! t!is sit%ation9 t!e %niversit, !as ter&inated t!e e&'lo,&ent o" so&e o" its
&ore 'rod%ctive de'art&ental orkers. 6!,- =niversit, re#%lations 'ro!ibit a
st%dents receivin# "inancial aid and t!en orkin# "or an a%(iliar, inco&e t!at
e(ceeds a s'eci"ied li&it. E&'lo,ees !ose inco&es !ad reac!ed t!at li&it ere
ter&inated. 2o9 t!e %niversit, &%st "ind ot!er e&'lo,ees. =n"ort%natel,9 t!o%#!9 t!e
%niversit,s c!oice o" st%dents to "ill t!e 'ositions ill not be based %'on t!eir
abilities to 'er"or&9 or even %'on t!eir "inancial need9 b%t %'on !o &%c! &one,
t!e, !ave &ade.
A. It &a, be concl%ded "ro& in"or&ation in t!e 'assa#e t!at t!e %niversit,
.A/ !as "ired so&e st%dent8e&'lo,ees and is lookin# "or ot!er st%dent8e&'lo,ees
to re'lace t!e&
.1/ !as lost so&e "%ll8ti&e e&'lo,ees and ill re'lace t!e& it! 'art8ti&e
st%dent8e&'lo,ees
.C/ is lookin# "or ne e&'lo,ees to re'lace so&e !o !ave 0%it
.3/ antici'ates losin# so&e e&'lo,ees and !as alread, be#%n to seek
re'lace&ents
.E/ antici'ates 'a,in# ne e&'lo,ees loer a#es t!an t!e "or&er e&'lo,ees
received
B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e best state&ent or t!e 'ri&ar, 'oint o" t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ Good st%dent8e&'lo,ees s!o%ld be able to obtain "inancial aid and9 at t!e
sa&e ti&e9 earn a%(iliar, inco&es it!o%t li&its.
.1/ In t!e "ace o" a declinin# econo&,9 %niversities need to be &ore lenient in
t!eir "inancial aid 'olicies.
.C/ =niversit, de'art&ents &%st ad!ere to t!e %niversit,s re#%lations.
.3/ 3ecisions abo%t st%dent e&'lo,&ent s!o%ld be based entirel, %'on eac!
st%dents "inancial need.
.E/ 3%e to t!e 'roble&s created b, a dis&al econo&,9 so&e st%dent8orkers
!ave lost t!eir +obs.
Questions 9-10
An, 'erson !o dro's o%t o" !i#! sc!ool ill be %ne&'lo,ed %nless !e or s!e "inds a
lo8'a,in# +ob or !as relative it! #ood b%siness connections.
H. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions CA227T be validl, dran "ro& t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR @HG
state&ent above-
.A/ An, 'erson !o dro's o%t o" !i#! sc!ool ill be %ne&'lo,ed9 !ave a lo8
'a,in# +ob9 or !ave relatives it! #ood b%siness connections.
.1/ An, !i#! sc!ool dro'o%t !o !as neit!er a lo8'a,in# +ob nor relatives it!
#ood b%siness connections ill be %ne&'lo,ed.
.C/ An, e&'lo,ed 'erson !o !as neit!er a lo8'a,in# +ob nor relatives it!
#ood b%siness connections is not a !i#! sc!ool dro'o%t.
.3/ An, !i#! sc!ool dro'o%t !o !as a +ob t!at is not lo8'a,in# &%st !ave
relatives it! #ood b%siness connections.
.E/ An, 'erson !o !as relatives it! #ood b%siness connections and !o is not
a !i#! sc!ool dro'o%t &%st be e&'lo,ed at a +ob t!at is not lo8'a,in#.
1I. Ass%&e t!at To& is e&'lo,ed and does not !ave a lo8'a,in# +ob. 6!ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# state&ents9 !en added to t!is ass%&'tion9 contradicts t!e ori#inal
state&ent &ade in t!e state&ent above-
.A/ To& is a !i#! sc!ool dro'o%t.
.1/ To& does not !ave relatives it! #ood b%siness connections.
.C/ To& is a !i#! sc!ool dro'o%t and does not !ave an, relatives.
.3/ To& is co&'leted !i#! sc!ool and !as relatives it! #ood b%siness
connections.
.E/ To& !as relatives it! #ood b%siness connections.
11. A &an !o s%rvived a recent train reck in !ic! several lives ere lost as
asked !et!er !e as no a"raid o" takin# t!e train. :e reasoned9 >Ive read t!at
t!e likeli!ood o" a train reck is abo%t one in ever, 1II9III ti&es a train leaves a
station. So Ill start "earin# "or &, sa"et, a"ter t!e trains !ave lo##ed anot!er
H@9III or so tri's.?
T!e so%rce o" t!e &ans erroneo%s reasonin# is !is
.A/ &is%nderstandin# o" >likeli!ood? in relation to train recks
.1/ ass%&'tion t!at all train recks are alike
.C/ belie" t!at !is be!avior can 'revent train recks
.3/ "ail%re to reco#ni)e t!at t!ere &a, be "eer "%t%re train tri's as a res%lt o"
t!e recent reck
.E/ ass%&'tion t!at 'ersonal "ear and t!e occ%rrence o" train recks are
%nrelated
Questions 1!-13
C!ris: M%rderers s!o%ld be sentenced to li"e in 'rison9 not s%b+ected to t!e deat!
'enalt,. A li"e sentence is eno%#! to deter an, convicted &%rderer "ro& killin# a#ain.
Moreover9 even t!e orst o""enders &a, s%bse0%entl, %nder#o a &irac%lo%s
re!abilitationKa 'ossibilit, t!at is eli&inated b, t!e deat! 'enalt,. T!e 1ird Man o"
GMAT & LSAT CR @HA
Alcatra)9 a notorio%s convicted &%rderer9 is a case in 'oint. :e raised canaries !ile
in 'rison and %lti&atel, beca&e an acknoled#ed a%t!orit, on t!e s%b+ect.
3ana: 1%t t!e 1ird Man o" Alcatra) killed anot!er in&ate !ile in 'rison. 6!at
o%ld ,o% do to deter !i& "ro& co&&ittin# ,et anot!er &%rderKtake aa, !is birds-
15. Eac! o" t!e "olloin# can be in"erred "ro& C!riss ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ All convicted &%rderers ill be deterred "ro& killin# a#ain i" #iven li"e
sentences.
.1/ An, convicted &%rderer co%ld %nder#o a &irac%lo%s re!abilitation.
.C/ T!e 1ird Man o" Alcatra) is an e(a&'le o" &irac%lo%s re!abilitation.
.3/ T!e t!reat o" li"e i&'rison&ent is ade0%ate to deter 'otential &%rderers.
.E/ 1eco&in# an acknoled#ed a%t!orit, on canaries is evidence o" one 'ersons
re!abilitation.
1<. 3ana &ost serio%sl, eakens C!riss ar#%&ent b, doin# !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ &akin# a 'ersonal attack on t!e 1ird Man o" Alcatra)
.1/ #ivin# a co%ntere(a&'le to t!e 'rinci'le o""ered b, C!ris t!at li"e
i&'rison&ent is "ro& killin# a#ain
.C/ s!oin# t!at it is %nlikel, t!at an, convicted &%rderer co%ld %nder#o a
si#ni"icant re!abilitation
.3/ s%##estin# t!at C!riss ar#%&ent is based on an at,'ical case
.E/ de&onstratin# t!at it is i&'ossible to 'revent a convicted &%rderer "ro&
co&&ittin# anot!er &%rder !ile in 'rison
1C. Co&&on 'atterns o" "allacio%s reasonin# are ende&ic to ever,da, li"e and once
ado'ted cannot be corrected. Foor reasonin# skills aste '%blic and 'rivate
&one,9 &ake 'eo'le less e""icient and 'rod%ctive9 and di&inis! o%r national
ca'acit, to co&'ete abroad. 1%t it!in t!e 'ast "e ,ears9 a >t!inkin# skills?
&ove&ent !as arisen. T!e teac!in# o" reasonin# skills is 'art o" t!is lar#er
&ove&ent to &ake st%dents t!ink &ore criticall,. Increasin#l,9 as 'art o" t!e
teac!in# o" decision8&akin#9 colle#e st%dents are s%ccess"%ll, learnin# to avoid
co&&on 'atterns o" "allacio%s reasonin# t!at t!e, !abit%all, co&&it9 and9 in t!e
'rocess9 to ac0%ire so%nd reasonin# skills.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# identi"ies t!e &ost serio%s lo#ical "la t!at t!is
'assa#e contains-
.A/ T!e 'assa#e "ails to establis! a connection beteen t!e teac!in# o" decision8
&akin# and t!e teac!in# o" reasonin# skills.
.1/ T!e 'assa#e contradicts itsel" b, bot! a""ir&in# and den,in# t!at 'atterns o"
"allacio%s reasonin# can be corrected.
.C/ T!e 'assa#e %ses circ%lar reasonin# b, "irst statin# t!at 'atterns o" "allacio%s
reasonin# di&inis! o%r ca'acit, "or co&'etition and t!en assertin# t!at lack
GMAT & LSAT CR @HB
o" co&'etition leads to a lessenin# o" skills.
.3/ T!e 'assa#e &akes an %narranted in"erence "ro& i&'rovin# t!inkin# skills
to teac!in# reasonin# skills.
.E/ T!e 'assa#e "ails to link t!e teac!in# o" decision8&akin# to t!e lar#er
&ove&ent to &ake st%dents t!ink &ore criticall,.
Questions 15-1&
7%r societ, overesti&ates t!e contrib%tions o" science to t!e 0%est "or knoled#e.
Inde'endent o" !et!er #reat strides !ave been &ade in t!e abilit, to 'redict nat%ral
events9 knoled#e at an, dee'er level9 knoled#e o" t!in#s e cannot e('erience
directl,9 is as ill%sor, as ever. S%c! knoled#e is ill%sor, beca%se inco&'atible
t!eories &a, ala,s be 'ost%lated to e('lain observations. :o can e >kno?
!ic! one is correct- $%rt!er observations &a, narro t!e 'ossibilities9 b%t t!ere are
ala,s alternatives9 at least in 'rinci'le. 6!o is to sa, t!at toda,s t!eories ill "are
an, better t!an t!ose !ic!9 t!o%#! once acce'ted9 ere re'laced b, !oll, di""erent
conce'tions o" nat%re- It is t!e !ei#!t o" #%llibilit, or 'res%&'tion to invest s'ecial
credence in t!e c%rrent scienti"ic "as!ion.
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best e('resses t!e a%t!ors concl%sion in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Science is considerabl, less val%able t!an ot!er a''roac!es to 'rod%cin#
knoled#e.
.1/ C!an#es in and di""erences a&on# scienti"ic t!eories do not res%lt in #en%ine
'ro#ress.
.C/ Scientists s!o%ld develo' &ore acc%rate a''roac!es to recordin# and
e('lainin# observations abo%t nat%re.
.3/ T!e abilit, o" science to 'rod%ce knoled#e is overrated.
.E/ C%rrentl, acce'ted scienti"ic t!eories9 !oever ell acce'ted9 are 'robabl,
sel"8contradictor,.
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# clai&s is central to t!e a%t!ors ar#%&ent-
.A/ Alternative e('lanations are 'ossible "or an, set o" observations abo%t
nat%re.
.1/ Science !as &ade s%bstantial 'ro#ress in t!e abilit, to 'redict nat%ral events.
.C/ Science !as develo'ed so &an, t!eories t!at it is i&'ossible to kno !ic!
ones to believe.
.3/ It is i&'ortant t!at scientists distin#%is! beteen 'rediction and e('lanation.
.E/ T!e +%d#&ent o" scientists as to !ic! t!eories to acce't is s%s'ect9 as t!e,
tend to "ollo t!e latest scienti"ic "as!ion.
1A. T!e recent dra&atic increase in co&&%ter airline cras!es is ca%sed in lar#e 'art
b, 'ilot ine('erience. As a &a+or #rot! ind%str,9 t!e co&&%ter airlines !ave
recentl, !ad a #reat increase in t!e de&and "or e('erienced 'ilots. It is i&'ossible
to de"ine and assess 'ilot e('erience9 !oever. $or e(a&'le9 so&eone it! 1III
GMAT & LSAT CR @HH
!o%rs o" "li#!t e('erience as an instr%ctor in Ari)ona9 !ere t!e eat!er is #ood9
cannot be co&'ared to so&eone it! 1III !o%rs e('erience as a ni#!t car#o
'ilot in t!e stor&, nort!eastern =nited States.
T!e a%t!ors concl%sion t!at t!e dra&atic increase in co&&%ter airline cras!es is
ca%sed b, 'ilot ine('erience is &ost eakened b, t!e "act t!at t!e a%t!or !as
.A/ ar#%ed t!at it is i&'ossible to &eas%re >'ilot e('erience?
.1/ %sed an e(a&'le t!at does not relate lo#icall, to t!e 'oint bein# ill%strated
.C/ 'rovided onl, a 'artial e('lanation "or t!e increase in co&&%ter airline
cras!es
.3/ &ade an %n"air co&'arison beteen e('erience as a "li#!t instr%ctor and
e('erience as a ni#!t car#o 'ilot
.E/ not s'eci"ied !o &%c! o" t!e recent increase in co&&%ter airline cras!es is
d%e to 'ilot ine('erience
1B. 1rand E la%ndr, deter#ent sells "or L5.II a bo(. 1rand * sells "or LC.II a bo(.
T!ere"ore9 ,o% ill save &one, i" ,o% %se 1rand E la%ndr, deter#ent instead o"
1rand *.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ake t!e concl%sion in t!e 'assa#e a
lo#ical concl%sion-
.A/ It takes onl, one c%' o" 1rand E to do t!e ork o" one and one8!al" c%'s o"
1rand *.
.1/ A bo( o" 1rand E contains t!e sa&e a&o%nt o" la%ndr, deter#ent as a bo( o"
1rand *.
.C/ A bo( o" 1rand E ill clean +%st as &an, loads o" la%ndr, as a bo( o" 1rand
*.
.3/ More t!an tice as &an, 'eo'le %se 1rand E as %se 1rand *.
.E/ 1rand E and 1rand * nor&all, sell "or L<.II a bo(9 b%t 1rand E is on sale
and 1rand * !as been &arked %'.
1H. In a recent advertise&ent9 a &a+or cereal co&'an, contended t!at t!e better
ed%cated 'eo'le are9 t!e &ore likel, it is t!at as c!ildren t!e, re#%larl, ate
oat&eal. As evidence9 t!e co&'an, cited a national rando& s%rve, o" colle#e
#rad%ates in !ic! "o%r8"i"t!s o" all t!ose s%rve,ed re'orted !avin# eaten oat&eal
at least once a eek !en t!e, ere ,o%n#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an additional 'iece o" in"or&ation t!at o%ld
s%''ort t!e cereal co&'an,s concl%sion-
.A/ $o%r8"i"t!s o" all c%rrent colle#e #rad%ates eat oat&eal re#%larl,.
.1/ $eer t!an "o%r8"i"t!s o" t!ose it!o%t a colle#e de#ree ate oat&eal re#%larl,
!en t!e, ere c!ildren.
.C/ A&on# 'eo'le !o !ave additional ed%cation be,ond colle#e9 "o%r8"i"t!s ate
oat&eal re#%larl, !en t!e, ere c!ildren.
GMAT & LSAT CR GII
.3/ More t!an "o%r8"i"t!s o" t!e 'o'%lation at lar#eKcolle#e #rad%ates and
non#rad%ates co&binedKate oat&eal re#%larl, !en t!e, ere c!ildren.
.E/ T!ose colle#e #rad%ates !o did not eat oat&eal re#%larl, !en t!e, ere
c!ildren did eat oat&eal on an occasional basis.
5I. 7" t!e ten 'ro"essional tennis 'la,ers !o are #enerall, considered t!e #reatest o"
all ti&e9 si( !ad no brot!ers or sisters. :oever9 onl, a s&all 'ortion o" t!e
#eneral 'o'%lation is &ade %' o" s%c! >onl, c!ildren.? Clearl,9 i" ,o% are a
'ro"essional tennis 'la,er9 ,o% !ave a better c!ance o" bein# considered a&on#
t!e #reatest i" ,o% are an onl, c!ild.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld %nder&ine t!e ar#%&ent in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ So&e #reat tennis 'la,ers never 'la, 'ro"essionall,.
.1/ Ascribin# >#reatness? to tennis 'la,ers is necessaril, s%b+ective.
.C/ A&on# all 'ro"essional tennis 'la,ers9 seven o%t o" ten !ave no brot!ers or
sisters.
.3/ An onl, c!ild tends to be better at individ%al s'orts t!an at tea& s'orts.
.E/ Farents !o !ave onl, one c!ild !ave &ore ti&e to invest in t!e c!ilds
tennis career t!an do ot!er 'arents.
51. T!e 6est does not esca'e t!e e""ects o" its relations!i' it! t!e non86estern
orld. Even as an individ%al "ails to develo' "%ll, it!o%t constant interaction
it! an e0%al9 a tradition o" t!o%#!t loses vitalit, and lacks t!e ca'acit, "or
ri#oro%s sel"8criticis& it!o%t t!e 'robin# 'resence o" an a%t!entic >ot!er.? In t!e
absence o" constant and critical dialo#%e it! ot!er traditions9 6estern t!o%#!t
re&ains 'aroc!ial9 co&&on'lace9 and narro.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# tec!ni0%es o" ar#%&ent does t!e a%t!or %se in t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ identi",in# a 'oint o" si&ilarit, beteen to di""erent states o" a""airs
.1/ reconcilin# to o''osed sets o" circ%&stances it! eac! ot!er
.C/ identi",in# a concl%sion t!at !as no s%''ortin# ar#%&ent
.3/ derivin# a concl%sion "ro& a set o" con"lictin# ass%&'tions
.E/ takin# advanta#e o" inconsistencies in t!e de"inition o" a critical ter&
55. Geor#e: T!e econo&ics ta%#!t in colle#e is ver, con"%sin#Kand t!ats beca%se
its all ron#.
:arold: I" its all ron#9 !, is colle#e econo&ics still "orce8"ed to st%dents-
Geor#e: Its ver, di""ic%lt to learn so&et!in# t!ats all ron#9 and i"9 b, c!ance9
so&eone does aste all t!at ti&e and learn it9 !e or s!e ill be inclined to de"end
it "erocio%sl, and 'ass it on to ot!ers.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost directl, c!allen#e Geor#es
reasonin#-
GMAT & LSAT CR GI1
.A/ Man, colle#e #rad%ates !o !ave taken econo&ics #o on to s%ccess"%l
careers in a variet, o" ot!er "ields.
.1/ Colle#e st%dents !o &a+or in econo&ics tend to earn !i#!er #rades in
econo&ics t!an in t!eir ot!er s%b+ects.
.C/ >Ri#!t? and >ron#? are relative ter&s in t!e "ield o" econo&ics.
.3/ Man, econo&ics 'ro"essors a#ree it! +o%rnal articles t!at stron#l, critici)e
colle#e econo&ics.
.E/ Intervies "ive ,ears a"ter #rad%ation s!o t!at econo&ics &a+ors are +%st as
likel, to sa, t!at t!eir colle#e e('erience as en+o,able as are t!ose !o
did not &a+or in econo&ics.
5<. T!e e(istentialists are ri#!t abo%t one t!in#: e are alone9 radicall, alone. T!e
'roo" is obvio%s. S%''ose ,o% ere born it! a '!,siolo#, t!at 'er&itted ,o% to
'erceive onl, ne#ative i&a#es9 t!at is9 ,o% sa black !ere ever,one else sa
!ite and !ite !ere ever,one else sa black. 2evert!eless9 ,o% o%ld learn to
call !at ,o% sa as black b, t!e na&e >!ite? beca%se t!is is !at ,o% o%ld
be ta%#!t9 and t!ere o%ld be no a, t!at ,o% co%ld discover ,o%r error.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be validl, in"erred "ro& t!e state&ents in t!e
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ So&e 'eo'le are born it! reversed 'erce'tions o" black and !ite9 and t!e,
cannot discover t!is.
.1/ Feo'le it! reversed 'erce'tions o" black and !ite o%ld not c!oose t!eir
ords an, di""erentl, "ro& an,one else.
.C/ E(istentialis& is a so%nd '!iloso'!,9 as is a&'l, de&onstrated b, t!e
'!,siolo#, o" color 'erce'tion.
.3/ T!e e(istentialists clai& t!at so&e 'eo'le are born it! reversed 'erce'tions
o" black and !ite.
.E/ T!e e(istentialists clai& t!at 'eo'le &ean di""erent t!in#s !en t!e, %se t!e
ords >black? and >!ite.?
5C. 7d,sse%s ansered ell !en t!e 'riests s!oed !i& a 'ict%re o" t!ose !o !ad
!onored t!e #ods and t!en esca'ed s!i'reck9 and asked !i& !et!er !e did not
no acknoled#e t!e 'oer o" t!e #odsK>*es9? !e asked9 >b%t !ere are t!ose
'ict%red !o ere droned a"ter t!eir 'ra,ers-? And s%c! is t!e a, o" all
s%'erstitionsD !erein !%&ans9 !avin# a deli#!t in s%c! vanities9 &ark t!e events
!ere t!e, are "%l"illed9 b%t !ere t!e, "ail9 t!o%#! t!is !a''ens &%c! o"tener9
ne#lect and 'ass t!e& b,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# contains t!e error o" reasonin# described b, t!e
a%t!or in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ I !ave discovered t!at $rida, t!e 1<t! reall, is a da, o" &is"ort%ne. J%st t!is
'ast $rida,9 t!e 1<t!9 I locked &,sel" o%t o" t!e !o%se.
.1/ Alt!o%#! 2a'oleon and Ale(ander t!e Great ere s!ort9 Abra!a& Lincoln
GMAT & LSAT CR GI5
and C!arles de Ga%lle ere tall. So s!ort 'eo'le seek leaders!i' in order to
overco&e "eelin#s o" in"eriorit,.
.C/ Ever, se&ester "or t!e 'ast 1@ ,ears9 an avera#e o" 1I 'ercent o" Ms. Elliots
!istor, st%dents !ave dro''ed !er co%rse be"ore t!e e(a&. So9 it see&s
likel, t!at e can e('ect 1I 'ercent to dro' o%t t!is ,ear.
.3/ 2o reliable observer !as ever act%all, seen a ,eti. T!e stron#est evidence
see&s to be so&e s%s'icio%s tracks. So I t!ink t!is searc! "or a ,eti is
'robabl, a ild8#oose c!ase.
.E/ I cannot tr%st &, l%ck, s!irt an, lon#er. I ore it to t!e #a&e toda, and o%r
tea& lost.
5@. A ell8knon "or&er 0%arterback is 'robabl, ver, ade't at anal,)in# t!e relative
stren#t!s o" "ootball tea&s. :oever9 e""orts b, television advertisers to s%##est
t!at t!e 0%arterback is an e('ert on 'ant,!ose or 'o'corn 'o''ers s!o%ld aro%se
ske'ticis& a&on# vieers. T!e sa&e res'onse s!o%ld res%lt !en a 'o'%lar
television actor9 !o is "re0%entl, cast in t!e role o" a doctor9 a''ears in a
co&&ercial to endorse a brand o" deca""einated co""ee. :is vies on television
actin# o%ld deserve attention since !e !as !ad considerable e('erience in t!at
"ield9 b%t vieers !ave ever, ri#!t to do%bt !is a%t!orit, in co""ee advertise&ents.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a 'res%''osition essential to t!e reasonin# in t!e
'assa#e above-
.A/ T!e stren#t! o" a%t!oritative evidence as le#iti&ate 'roo" is closel, related to
t!e a%t!orit,s de#ree o" e('ertness in t!e area in 0%estion.
.1/ Fractical e('erience co%nts "or &ore t!an acade&ic trainin# in assessin# t!e
co&'etence o" a%t!orities.
.C/ T!e onl, kind o" evidence bein# %sed in &an, television co&&ercials is
a''eal to a%t!orit,.
.3/ T!e viein# a%dience is not s%""icientl, ca'able o" eval%atin# a%t!oritative
a''eals in advertise&ents.
.E/ Television vieers ill so&e!o &entall, trans"er t!e credibilit, o"
celebrities in one area o" e('ertise to anot!er re'resented b, t!e 'rod%ct
bein# advertised.
5G. J%d#in# b, t!e bo( o""ice recei'ts9 "il& a%diences !ave !ad a s%r"eit o"
s'ectac%lar s'ecial e""ects and are &ore interested in #ood dra&a co&ed,9 or
en#a#in# action t!an in seein# ,et anot!er s'aces!i' e('lode. $il& 'rod%cers are
#ettin# t!e &essa#e9 so in t!e co&in# ,ear e('ect;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# best concl%des t!e a%t!or s state&ent-
.A/ &ore science "iction in an e""ort to increase bo( o""ice recei'ts
.1/ "eer s'aces!i's e('lodin#9 b%t no c!an#e in t!e a&o%nt o" t!e ot!er
s'ectac%lar s'ecial e""ects %sed in science "iction
.C/ t!e 'end%l%& to sin# aa, "ro& science "iction9 'rovidin# science "iction
GMAT & LSAT CR GI<
"il&s contin%e to %se s'ectac%lar s'ecial e""ects
.3/ &ore s'ectac%lar e""ects alon# it! increasin# levels o" di""ic%lt st%nt ork
.E/ &ore "il&s co&binin# #ood dra&a it! s'ectac%lar s'ecial e""ects
TEST 19
SECTI72 II
1. T!e cit,s center "or disease control re'orts t!at t!e rabies e'ide&ic is &ore
serio%s no t!an it as to ,ears a#o: to ,ears a#o less t!an 5@ 'ercent o" t!e
local raccoon 'o'%lation as in"ected9 !ereas toda, t!e in"ection !as s'read to
&ore t!an @I 'ercent o" t!e raccoon 'o'%lation. :oever9 t!e nes'a'er re'orts
t!at !ereas to ,ears a#o <5 cases o" rabid raccoons ere con"ir&ed d%rin# a
158&ont! 'eriod9 in t!e 'ast 15 &ont!s onl, 1B cases o" rabid raccoons ere
con"ir&ed.
discre'anc, beteen t!e to re'orts-
.A/ T!e n%&ber o" cases o" rabies in ild ani&als ot!er t!an raccoons !as
increased in t!e 'ast 15 &ont!s.
.1/ A si#ni"icant 'ro'ortion o" t!e raccoon 'o'%lation s%cc%&bed to rabies in t!e
,ear be"ore last.
.C/ T!e s,&'to&s o" diste&'er9 anot!er disease to !ic! raccoons are
s%sce'tible9 are virt%all, identical to t!ose o" rabies.
.3/ Since t!e o%tbreak o" t!e e'ide&ic9 raccoons9 !ic! are nor&all, noct%rnal9
!ave increasin#l, been seen d%rin# da,li#!t !o%rs.
.E/ T!e n%&ber o" con"ir&ed cases o" rabid raccoons in nei#!borin# cities !as
also decreased over t!e 'ast ,ear.
5. Recentl,9 revieers o" 'atent a''lications decided a#ainst #rantin# a 'atent to a
%niversit, "or a #eneticall, en#ineered &o%se develo'ed "or laborator, %se in
st%d,in# cancer. T!e revieers ar#%ed t!at t!e &o%se as a ne variet, o"
ani&al and t!at r%les #overnin# t!e #rantin# o" 'atents s'eci"icall, disallo
'atents "or ne ani&al varieties.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost eakens t!e 'atent revieers
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e restrictions t!e 'atent revieers cited 'ertain onl, to do&esticated "ar&
ani&als.
.1/ T!e %niversit,s a''lication "or a 'atent "or t!e #eneticall, en#ineered &o%se
as t!e "irst s%c! 'atent a''lication &ade b, t!e %niversit,.
GMAT & LSAT CR GIC
.C/ T!e 'atent revieers !ad reac!ed t!e sa&e decision on all 'revio%s 'atent
re0%ests "or ne ani&al varieties.
.3/ T!e 'atent revieers !ad in t!e 'ast a''roved 'atents "or #eneticall,
en#ineered 'lant varieties.
.E/ T!e 'atent revieers !ad 'revio%sl, decided a#ainst #rantin# 'atents "or ne
ani&al varieties t!at ere develo'ed t!ro%#! conventional breedin#
'ro#ra&s rat!er t!an t!ro%#! #enetic en#ineerin#.
Questions 3-4
Alt!o%#! ater in dee' a0%i"ers does not contain disease8ca%sin# bacteria9 !en
'%blic ater s%''lies are dran "ro& dee' a0%i"ers9 c!lorine is o"ten added to t!e
ater as a disin"ectant beca%se conta&ination can occ%r as a res%lt o" "las in 'i'es or
stora#e tanks. 7" @I &%nici'alities t!at all '%&'ed ater "ro& t!e sa&e dee' a0%i"er
<I c!lorinated t!eir ater and 5I did not. T!e ater in all o" t!e &%nici'alities &et
t!e re#ional #overn&ents standards "or cleanliness9 ,et t!e ater s%''lied b, t!e 5I
&%nici'alities t!at did not c!lorinated !ad less bacterial conta&ination t!an t!e ater
s%''lied b, t!e &%nici'alities t!at added c!lorine.
<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can 'ro'erl, be concl%ded "ro& t!e in"or&ation
#iven above-
.A/ A &%nici'alit,s initial decision !et!er or not to %se c!lorine is based on
t!e a&o%nt o" bacterial conta&ination in t!e ater so%rce.
.1/ 6ater in dee' a0%i"ers does not contain an, bacteria o" an, kind.
.C/ 6!ere accessible9 dee' a0%i"ers are t!e best c!oice as a so%rce "or a
&%nici'al ater s%''l,.
.3/ T!e re#ional #overn&ents standards allo so&e bacteria in &%nici'al ater
s%''lies.
.E/ C!lorine is t!e least e""ective disin"ectin# a#ent.
C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's e('lain t!e di""erence in bacterial
conta&ination in t!e to #ro%'s o" &%nici'alities-
.A/ C!lorine is considered b, so&e e('erts to be dan#ero%s to !%&an !ealt!9
even in t!e s&all concentrations %sed in &%nici'al ater s%''lies.
.1/ 6!en &%nici'alities decide not to c!lorinate t!eir ater s%''lies9 it is
%s%all, beca%se t!eir citi)ens !ave voiced ob+ections to t!e taste and s&ell
o" c!lorine.
.C/ T!e &%nici'alities t!at did not add c!lorine to t!eir ater s%''lies also did
not add an, o" t!e ot!er available ater disin"ectants !ic! are &ore
e('ensive t!an c!lorine.
.3/ 7t!er a#ents co&&onl, added to '%blic ater s%''lies s%c! as "l%oride and
sodi%& !,dro(ide ere not %sed b, an, o" t!e @I &%nici'alities.
.E/ M%nici'alities t!at do not c!lorinate t!eir ater s%''lies are s%b+ect to
GMAT & LSAT CR GI@
stricter re#%lation b, t!e re#ional #overn&ent in re#ard to 'i'es and ater
tanks t!an are &%nici'alities t!at %se c!lorine.
@. T!e 'o'%lation o" son#birds t!ro%#!o%t En#land !as decreased in recent ,ears.
Man, 'eo'le e('lain t!is decrease as t!e res%lt o" an increase d%rin# t!e sa&e
'eriod in t!e 'o'%lation o" &a#'ies9 !ic! eat t!e e##s and c!icks o" son#birds.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 ar#%es &ost stron#l, a#ainst t!e e('lanation
re'orted in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ 7""icial records o" t!e 'o'%lation o" birds in En#land !ave been ke't "or
onl, t!e 'ast <I ,ears.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" e##s laid ,earl, b, a "e&ale son#bird varies idel, accordin#
to t!e son#birds s'ecies.
.C/ Alt!o%#! t!e overall 'o'%lation o" &a#'ies !as increased9 in &ost areas o"
En#land in !ic! t!e son#bird 'o'%lation !as decreased t!e n%&ber o"
&a#'ies !as re&ained stable.
.3/ T!e 'o'%lation o" &a#'ies !as increased beca%se "ar&ers no lon#er s!oot or
tra' &a#'ies to an, #reat e(tent9 t!o%#! "ar&ers still consider &a#'ies to be
'ests.
.E/ Alt!o%#! &a#'ies eat t!e e##s and c!icks o" son#birds9 &a#'ies diets
consist o" a ide variet, o" ot!er "oods as ell.
G. T!e introd%ction o" s,&bols "or n%&bers is an event lost in 're!istor,9 b%t t!e
earliest knon n%&ber s,&bols9 in t!e "or& o" si&'le #rooves and scratc!es on
bones and stones date back 5I9III ,ears or &ore. 2evert!eless9 since it as not
%ntil @9@II ,ears a#o t!at s,ste&atic &et!ods "or ritin# n%&erals ere invented9
it as onl, t!en t!at an, sort o" co&'%tation beca&e 'ossible.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent relies-
.A/ Grooves and scratc!es "o%nd on bones and stones ere all &ade b, 'eo'le9
and none res%lted "ro& nat%ral 'rocesses.
.1/ So&e kinds o" s%r"aces %'on !ic! n%&eric s,&bols co%ld !ave been &ade
in t!e 'eriod be"ore @9@II ,ears a#o ere not %sed "or t!at '%r'ose.
.C/ Grooves and scratc!es inscribed on bones and stones do not date back to t!e
ti&e o" t!e earliest 'eo'le.
.3/ Co&'%tation o" an, sort re0%ired a s,ste&atic &et!od "or ritin# n%&erals.
.E/ S,ste&atic &et!ods "or ritin# n%&erals ere invented onl, beca%se t!e
need "or co&'%tation arose.
A. Folitician: 2o t!at e are "inall, cleanin# %' t!e ind%strial 'oll%tion in t!e ba,9
e &%st start &akin# t!e ba, &ore accessible to t!e '%blic "or recreational
'%r'oses.
Re'orter: 1%t i" e increase '%blic access to t!e ba,9 it ill soon beco&e
'oll%ted a#ain.
GMAT & LSAT CR GIG
Folitician: 2ot tr%e. T!e '%blic did not !ave access to t!e ba,9 and it #ot 'oll%ted.
T!ere"ore9 i" and !en t!e '%blic is #iven access to t!e ba,9 it ill not #et
'oll%ted.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost closel, 'arallels t!e "laed 'attern o"
reasonin# in t!e 'oliticians re'l, to t!e re'orter-
.A/ I" t!ere !ad been a "%ll &oon last ni#!t9 t!e tide o%ld be !i#!er t!an %s%al
toda,. Since t!e tide is no !i#!er t!an %s%al9 t!ere &%st not !ave been a "%ll
&oon last ni#!t.
.1/ T!e detective said t!at !oever stole t!e &one, o%ld be s'endin# it
cons'ic%o%sl, b, no. Jones is s'endin# &one, cons'ic%o%sl,9 so !e &%st
be t!e t!ie".
.C/ 6!en 'risoners convicted o" es'eciall, violent cri&es ere ke't in solitar,
con"ine&ent9 violence in t!e 'risons increased. T!ere"ore9 violence in t!e
'risons ill not increase i" s%c! 'risoners are alloed to &i( it! "ello
'risoners.
.3/ To #et a drivers license9 one &%st 'ass a ritten test. S&it! 'assed t!e
ritten test9 so s!e &%st !ave #otten a drivers license.
.E/ In order to like abstract art9 ,o% !ave to %nderstand it. T!ere"ore9 in order to
%nderstand abstract art9 ,o% !ave to like it.
B. 1eca%se learned 'atterns o" be!avior9 s%c! as t!e association o" a #reen li#!t it!
>#o? or t!e e('ectation t!at sitc!es ill "li' %' "or >on9? beco&e dee'l,
in#rained9 desi#ners s!o%ld &ake alloances "or t!at "act9 in order not to 'rod%ce
&ac!ines t!at are ine""icient or dan#ero%s.
In !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# sit%ations is t!e 'rinci'le e('ressed &ost clearl,
violated-
.A/ Man%"act%rers !ave re"%sed to c!an#e t!e standard order o" letters on t!e
t,'eriter ke,board even t!o%#! so&e 'eo'le !o !ave never learned to
t,'e "ind t!is arran#e&ent o" letters beilderin#.
.1/ Govern&ent re#%lations re0%ire t!at cr%cial instr%&ents in air'lane cock'its
be 'laced in e(actl, t!e sa&e arra, in all co&&ercial aircra"t.
.C/ A%to&obile &an%"act%rers #enerall, desi#n "or all o" t!eir a%to&obiles a
s0%are or oblon# i#nition ke, and a ro%nd or oval l%##a#e co&'art&ent ke,.
.3/ T!e onl, tra""ic si#ns t!at are trian#%lar in s!a'e are >,ield? si#ns.
.E/ 7n so&e ta'e recorders t!e >start? b%tton is red and t!e >sto'? b%tton is
,ello.
H. $ro& 1HA< to 1HBH total ener#, %se in t!is co%ntr, increased less t!an 1I 'ercent.
:oever9 t!e %se o" electrical ener#, in t!is co%ntr, d%rin# t!is sa&e 'eriod #re
b, &ore t!an @I 'ercent as did t!e #ross national 'rod%ctKt!e total val%e o" all
#oods and services 'rod%ced in t!e nation.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 t!en !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be
GMAT & LSAT CR GIA
tr%e-
.A/ Most o" t!e ener#, %sed in t!is co%ntr, in 1HBH as electrical ener#,.
.1/ $ro& 1HA< to 1HBH t!ere as a decline in t!e %se o" ener#, ot!er t!an
electrical ener#, in t!is co%ntr,.
.C/ $ro& 1HA< to 1HBH t!ere as an increase in t!e 'ro'ortion o" ener#, %se in
t!is co%ntr, t!at consisted o" electrical ener#, %se.
.3/ In 1HBH electrical ener#, constit%ted a lar#er 'ro'ortion o" t!e ener#, %sed to
'rod%ce t!e #ross national 'rod%ct t!an did an, ot!er "or& o" ener#,.
.E/ In 1HA< t!e electrical ener#, t!at as 'rod%ced constit%ted a s&aller
'ro'ortion o" t!e #ross national 'rod%ct t!an did all ot!er "or&s o" ener#,
co&bined.
1I. A "%nda&ental ill%sion in robotics is t!e belie" t!at i&'rove&ents in robots ill
liberate !%&anit, "ro& >!a)ardo%s and de&eanin# ork.? En#ineers are
desi#nin# onl, t!ose t,'es o" robots t!at can be 'ro'erl, &aintained it! t!e
least e('ensive9 least skilled !%&an labor 'ossible. T!ere"ore9 robots ill not
eli&inate de&eanin# orkKonl, s%bstit%te one t,'e o" de&eanin# ork "or
anot!er.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to t!e criticis& t!at it
.A/ i#nores t!e consideration t!at in a co&'etitive b%siness environ&ent so&e
+obs &i#!t be eli&inated i" robots are not %sed in t!e &an%"act%rin# 'rocess
.1/ ass%&es !at it sets o%t to 'rove9 t!at robots create de&eanin# ork
.C/ does not s'eci", !et!er or not t!e en#ineers !o desi#n robots consider
t!eir ork de&eanin#
.3/ atte&'ts to s%''ort its concl%sion b, an a''eal to t!e e&otion o" "ear9 !ic!
is o"ten e('erienced b, 'eo'le "aced it! t!e 'ros'ect o" losin# t!eir +obs to
robots
.E/ "ails to address t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e a&o%nt o" de&eanin# ork eli&inated
b, robots &i#!t be si#ni"icantl, #reater t!an t!e a&o%nt t!e, create
11. I" t!e needle on an ind%strial sein# &ac!ine beco&es badl, orn9 t!e article
bein# sen can be r%ined. In traditional a''arel "actories9 t!e 'eo'le !o o'erate
t!e sein# &ac!ines &onitor t!e needles and re'lace t!ose t!at be#in to ear o%t.
Ind%strial sein# o'erations are beco&in# increasin#l, a%to&ated9 !oever9 and
it o%ld be ine""icient "or a "actor, to !ire 'eo'le "or t!e sole '%r'ose o"
&onitorin# needles. T!ere"ore a so'!isticated ne aco%stic device t!at detects
ear in sein# &ac!ine needles is e('ected to beco&e standard e0%i'&ent in t!e
a%to&ated a''arel "actories o" t!e "%t%re.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e in"or&ation
above-
.A/ In a%to&ated a''arel "actories9 ite&s ill be r%ined b, "a%lt, needles less
"re0%entl, t!an !a''ens in traditional a''arel "actories.
GMAT & LSAT CR GIB
.1/ In t!e a%to&ated a''arel "actories o" t!e "%t%re9 eac! e&'lo,ee ill 'er"or&
onl, one t,'e o" task.
.C/ Traditional a''arel "actories do not %se an, a%to&ated e0%i'&ent.
.3/ T!e needles o" ind%strial sein# &ac!ines ear o%t at %n'redictable rates.
.E/ As sein# &ac!ine needles beco&e orn9 t!e noise t!e, &ake beco&es
increasin#l, lo%d.
Questions 1!-13
Ale(ander: T!e c!e&ical aste d%&' o%tside o%r ton s!o%ld be cleaned %'
i&&ediatel,. Ad&ittedl,9 it ill be ver, costl, to convert t!at site into oodland9 b%t
e !ave a 'ressin# obli#ation to redress t!e !ar& e !ave done to local "orests and
ildli"e.
Teresa: 1%t o%r tons "irst 'riorit, is t!e !ealt! o" its 'eo'le. So even i" '%ttin# t!e
d%&' t!ere as environ&entall, disastro%s9 e s!o%ld not s'end o%r reso%rces on
correctin# it %nless it 'resents a si#ni"icant !ealt! to 'eo'le. I" it does9 t!en e onl,
need to re&ove t!at !a)ard.
15. Teresas state&ent &ost closel, con"or&s to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
'rinci'les-
.A/ Environ&ental destr%ction s!o%ld be redressed onl, i" it is in t!e econo&ic
interest o" t!e co&&%nit, to do so.
.1/ Reso%rces s!o%ld be allocated onl, to satis", #oals t!at !ave t!e !i#!est
'riorit,.
.C/ 2o e('ense s!o%ld be s'ared in 'rotectin# t!e co&&%nit,s !ealt!.
.3/ Environ&ental !a)ards t!at 'ose sli#!t !ealt! risks to 'eo'le s!o%ld be
recti"ied i" t!e tec!nolo#, is available to do so.
.E/ It is t!e co&&%nit, as a !ole t!at s!o%ld eval%ate t!e i&'ortance o"
eli&inatin# vario%s 'erceived t!reats to '%blic !ealt!.
1<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e 'oint at iss%e beteen Ale(ander and Teresa-
.A/ !et!er t!e &aintenance o" a c!e&ical aste d%&' in"licts si#ni"icant
da&a#e on "orests and ildli"e
.1/ !et!er it is e(tre&el, costl, to clean %' a c!e&ical aste d%&' in order to
re'lace it b, a oodland
.C/ !et!er t!e '%blic s!o%ld be cons%lted in deter&inin# t!e '%blic !ealt! risk
'osed b, a c!e&ical aste d%&'
.3/ !et!er t!e ton !as an obli#ation to redress da&a#e to local "orests and
ildli"e i" t!at da&a#e 'oses no si#ni"icant !ealt! !a)ard to 'eo'le
.E/ !et!er destro,in# "orests and ildli"e in order to establis! a c!e&ical aste
d%&' a&o%nts to an environ&ental disaster
1C. In 1HBI9 Co%ntr, A !ad a 'er ca'ita #ross do&estic 'rod%ct .G3F/ t!at as
GMAT & LSAT CR GIH
L@9III !i#!er t!an t!at o" t!e E%ro'ean Econo&ic Co&&%nit,. 1, 1HHI9 t!e
di""erence9 !en ad+%sted "or in"lation9 !ad increased to LG9III. Since a risin# 'er
ca'ita G3F indicates a risin# avera#e standard o" livin#9 t!e avera#e standard o"
livin# in Co%ntr, A &%st !ave risen beteen 1HBI and 1HHI.
.A/ 1eteen 1HBI and 1HHI9 Co%ntr, A and t!e E%ro'ean Econo&ic Co&&%nit,
e('erienced t!e sa&e 'ercenta#e increase in 'o'%lation.
.1/ 1eteen 1HBI and 1HHI t!e avera#e standard o" livin# in t!e E%ro'ean
Econo&ic Co&&%nit, "ell.
.C/ So&e &e&ber co%ntries o" t!e E%ro'ean Econo&ic Co&&%nit, !ad9 d%rin#
t!e 1HBIs9 a !i#!er avera#e standard o" livin# t!an Co%ntr, A.
.3/ T!e 'er ca'ita G3F o" t!e E%ro'ean Econo&ic Co&&%nit, as not loer b,
&ore t!at L19III in 1HHI t!an it !ad been in 1HBI.
.E/ In 1HHI9 no &e&ber co%ntr, o" t!e E%ro'ean Econo&ic Co&&%nit, !ad a
'er ca'ita G3F !i#!er t!an t!at o" Co%ntr, A.
1@. M%nici'al o""icials ori#inall, esti&ated t!at it o%ld be si( &ont!s be"ore
&%nici'al road cres co%ld co&'lete re'avin# a stretc! o" road. T!e o""icials
'res%&ed t!at 'rivate contractors co%ld not "inis! an, sooner. :oever9 !en t!e
+ob as assi#ned to a 'rivate contractor9 it as co&'leted in +%st 5B da,s.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does &ost to resolve t!e discre'anc,
beteen t!e ti&e esti&ated "or co&'letion o" t!e re'avin# +ob and t!e act%al
ti&e taken b, t!e 'rivate contractor-
.A/ Road re'avin# ork can onl, be done in t!e s%&&er &ont!s o" J%ne9 J%l,
and A%#%st.
.1/ T!e labor %nion contract "or road cres e&'lo,ed b, bot! &%nici'al
a#encies and 'rivate contractors sti'%lates t!at e&'lo,ees can ork onl,
ei#!t !o%rs a da,9 "ive da, a eek9 be"ore bein# 'aid overti&e.
.C/ Man, road8cre orkers "or 'rivate contractors !ave 'revio%sl, orked "or
&%nici'al road cres and vice versa.
.3/ Frivate contractors t,'icall, assi#n 5@ orkers to eac! road8re'avin# +ob site
!ereas t!e n%&ber assi#ned to &%nici'al road cres is %s%all, <I.
.E/ M%nici'al a#encies &%st cond%ct a len#t!, biddin# 'rocess to 'roc%re
s%''lies a"ter re'avin# ork is ordered and be"ore t!e, can act%all, start
ork9 !ereas 'rivate contractors can obtain s%''lies readil, as needed.
1G. Researc!ers in So%t! A%stralia esti&ate c!an#es in s!ark 'o'%lations in!abitin#
local aters b, &onitorin# !at is ter&ed t!e >catc! 'er %nit e""ort? .CF=E/.
T!e CF=E "or an, s'ecies o" s!ark is t!e n%&ber o" t!ose s!arks t!at co&&ercial
s!ark8"is!in# boats catc! 'er !o%r "or eac! kilo&eter o" #ill net set o%t in t!e
ater. Since 1HA< t!e CF=E "or a 'artic%lar s'ecies o" s!ark !as re&ained "airl,
constant. T!ere"ore9 t!e 'o'%lation o" t!at s'ecies in t!e aters aro%nd So%t!
GMAT & LSAT CR G1I
A%stralia &%st be at a''ro(i&atel, its 1HA< level.
.A/ T!e aters aro%nd So%t! A%stralia are t!e onl, area in t!e orld !ere t!at
'artic%lar s'ecies o" s!ark is "o%nd.
.1/ T!e s!arks t!at are t!e &ost 'ro"itable to catc! are t!ose t!at tend to re&ain
in t!e sa&e area o" ocean ,ear a"ter ,ear and not &i#rate "ar "ro& !ere
t!e, ere born.
.C/ A si#ni"icant t!reat to s!ark 'o'%lations9 in addition to co&&ercial s!ark
"is!in#9 is >incidental &ortalit,? t!at res%lts "ro& catc!in# s!arks in nets
intended "or ot!er "is!.
.3/ Most o" t!e 0%otas desi#ned to 'rotect s!ark 'o'%lations li&it t!e tonna#e o"
s!arks t!at can be taken and not t!e n%&ber o" individ%al s!arks.
.E/ Since 1HBI co&&ercial s!ark8"is!in# boats !ave %sed so'!isticated
electronic e0%i'&ent t!at enables t!e& to locate s!arks it! #reater
acc%rac,.
Questions 1'-18
6inston: T!e F%blic Trans'ortation A%t!orit, .FTA/ cannot "%l"ill its &andate to
o'erate it!o%t a b%d#et de"icit %nless it eli&inates service d%rin# late8ni#!t 'eriods
o" lo riders!i'. Since t!e "ares collected d%rin# t!ese 'eriods are less t!an t!e cost o"
'rovidin# t!e service9 t!ese c%ts o%ld red%ce t!e de"icit and s!o%ld be &ade. Transit
la 'ro!ibits %na%t!ori)ed "are increases9 and "are8increase a%t!ori)ation o%ld take
to ,ears.
Fin#: S%c! service c%ts &i#!t cost t!e FTA &ore in lost "ares t!an t!e, o%ld save in
costs9 "or t!e FTA o%ld lose t!ose riders !o leave !o&e d%rin# t!e da, b%t &%st
ret%rn late at ni#!t. T!%s t!e FTA o%ld lose to "ares !ile reali)in# cost savin#s "or
onl, one le# o" s%c! tri's.
1A. T!e relations!i' o" Fin#s res'onse to 6instons ar#%&ent is t!at Fin#s res'onse
.A/ care"%ll, rede"ines a ter& %sed in 6instons ar#%&ent
.1/ 0%estions 6instons 'ro'osal b, raisin# considerations not addressed b,
6inston
.C/ s%''lies a 're&ise t!at co%ld !ave been %sed as 'art o" t!e s%''ort "or
6instons ar#%&ent
.3/ introd%ces detailed statistical evidence t!at is &ore 'ers%asive t!an t!at
o""ered b, 6inston
.E/ 'ro'oses a sol%tion to t!e FTAs dile&&a b, contradictin# 6instons
concl%sion
1B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts Fin#s concl%sion-
.A/ 7ver 5< 'ercent o" t!e ro%nd tri's &ade b, FTA riders are eit!er initiated or
else co&'leted d%rin# late8ni#!t 'eriods.
GMAT & LSAT CR G11
.1/ Reliable s%rve, res%lts s!o t!at over C< 'ercent o" t!e FTAs riders o''ose
an, c%t in FTA services.
.C/ T!e last ti&e t!e FTA 'etitioned "or a 1@ 'ercent "are increase9 t!e 'etition
as denied.
.3/ T!e FTAs b%d#et de"icit is CI 'ercent lar#er t!is ,ear t!an it as last ,ear.
.E/ T!e FTAs b%s drivers recentl, on a ne contract t!at #%arantees t!e& a
si#ni"icant cas! bon%s eac! ti&e t!e, ork t!e late8ni#!t s!i"ts.
1H. T!e 4ol%nteer "or Literac, Fro#ra& o%ld bene"it i" 3olores takes 4ictors 'lace
as director9 since 3olores is "ar &ore skill"%l t!an 4ictor is at sec%rin# t!e kind o"
"inancial s%''ort t!e 'ro#ra& needs and 3olores does not !ave 4ictors
'ro'ensit, "or alienatin# 'ro#ra&s &ost dedicated vol%nteers.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost closel, 'aralleled in
.A/ It o%ld be &ore convenient "or 3o&ini0%e to take a b%s to sc!ool t!an to
take t!e s%ba,9 since t!e b%s sto's closer to !er !o%se t!an does t!e
s%ba, and9 %nlike t!e s%ba,9 t!e b%s #oes directl, to t!e sc!ool.
.1/ Jos!%as interest o%ld be better served b, takin# t!e b%s to #et to !is
'arents !o%se rat!er t!an b, takin# an air'lane9 since !is 'ri&ar, concern
is to travel as c!ea'l, as 'ossible and takin# t!e b%s is less e('ensive t!an
#oin# b, air'lane.
.C/ 1elinda ill #et to t!e concert &ore 0%ickl, b, s%ba, t!an b, ta(i since t!e
concert takes 'lace on a $rida, evenin# and on $rida, evenin#s tra""ic near
t!e concert !all is e(ce'tionall, !eav,.
.3/ Anita o%ld bene"it "inanciall, b, takin# t!e train to ork rat!er t!an
drivin# !er car9 since !en s!e drives s!e !as to 'a, 'arkin# "ees and t!e
dail, "ee "or 'arkin# a car is !i#!er t!an a ro%nd8tri' train ticket.
.E/ It o%ld be to $reds advanta#e to e(c!an#e !is b%s tickets "or train tickets
since !e needs to arrive at !is &eetin# be"ore an, o" t!e ot!er 'artici'ants
and i" !e #oes b, b%s at least one o" t!e ot!er 'artici'ants ill arrive "irst.
5I. St%dents "ro& o%tside t!e 'rovince o" Markland9 !o in an, #iven acade&ic ,ear
'a, tice as &%c! t%ition eac! as do st%dents "ro& Markland9 !ad traditionall,
acco%nted "or at least to8t!irds o" t!e enroll&ent at Central Markland Colle#e.
7ver t!e 'ast 1I ,ears acade&ic standards at t!e colle#e !ave risen and t!e
'ro'ortion o" st%dents !o are not Marklanders !as dro''ed to aro%nd CI
'ercent.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e state&ents above-
.A/ I" it !ad not been "or t!e !i#! t%ition 'aid b, st%dents "ro& o%tside
Markland9 t!e colle#e co%ld not !ave i&'roved its acade&ic standards over
t!e 'ast 1I ,ears.
.1/ I" acade&ic standards !ad not risen over t!e 'ast 1I ,ears9 st%dents !o are
GMAT & LSAT CR G15
not Marklanders o%ld still acco%nt "or at least to8t!irds o" t!e colle#es
enroll&ent.
.C/ 7ver t!e 'ast 1I ,ear t!e n%&ber o" st%dents "ro& Markland increased and
t!e n%&ber o" st%dents "ro& o%tside Markland decreased.
.3/ 7ver t!e 'ast 1I ,ears acade&ic standards at Central Markland Colle#e !ave
risen b, &ore t!an acade&ic standards at an, ot!er colle#e in Markland.
.E/ I" t!e colle#es 'er ca'ita reven%e "ro& t%ition !as re&ained t!e sa&e9 t%ition
"ees !ave increased over t!e 'ast 1I ,ears.
51. Several ,ears a#o9 as a &eas%re to red%ce t!e 'o'%lation o" #,'s, &ot!s9 !ic!
de'end on oak leaves "or "ood9 ento&olo#ists introd%ced into &an, oak "orests a
s'ecies o" "%n#%s t!at is 'oisono%s to #,'s, &ot! cater'illars. Since t!en t!e
'o'%lation o" bot! cater'illars and ad%lt &ot!s !as si#ni"icantl, declined in t!ose
areas. Ento&olo#ists !ave concl%ded t!at t!e decline is attrib%table to t!e
'resence o" t!e 'oisono%s "%n#%s.
b, t!e ento&olo#ists-
.A/ A strain o" #,'s, &ot! !ose cater'illars are %na""ected b, t!e "%n#%s !as
increased its s!are o" t!e total #,'s, &ot! 'o'%lation.
.1/ T!e "%n#%s t!at as introd%ced to control t!e #,'s, &ot! 'o'%lation is
'oisono%s to "e insect s'ecies ot!er t!an t!e #,'s, &ot!.
.C/ An increase in n%&ber o" bot! #,'s, &ot! cater'illars and #,'s, &ot! ad%lts
"olloed a dro' in t!e n%&ber o" so&e o" t!e s'ecies t!at 're, on t!e
&ot!s.
.3/ In t!e 'ast several ,ears9 air 'oll%tion and acid rain !ave been res'onsible "or
a s%bstantial decline in oak tree 'o'%lations.
.E/ T!e c%rrent decline in t!e #,'s, &ot! 'o'%lation in "orests !ere t!e "%n#%s
as introd%ced is no #reater t!an a decline t!at occ%rred conc%rrentl, in
ot!er "orests.
55. 3irector o" 'ersonnel: Ms. To%rs !as "or&all, re0%ested a salar, ad+%st&ent on
t!e #ro%nds t!at s!e as denied &erit raises to !ic! s!e as entitled. Since s%c!
#ro%nds 'rovide a 'ossible basis "or ad+%st&ents9 an o""icial res'onse is re0%ired.
Ms. To%rs 'resents co&'ellin# evidence t!at !er +ob 'er"or&ance !as been bot!
e(cellent in itsel" and &arkedl, s%'erior to t!at o" ot!ers in !er de'art&ent !o
ere aarded &erit raises. :er co&'laint t!at s!e as treated %n"airl, t!%s
a''ears +%sti"ied. 2evert!eless9 !er re0%est s!o%ld be denied. To raise Ms. To%rss
salar, beca%se o" !er co&'laint o%ld +eo'ardi)e t!e inte#rit, o" t!e "ir&s &erit8
based reard s,ste& b, sendin# t!e &essa#e t!at e&'lo,ees can #et t!eir salaries
raised i" t!e, +%st co&'lain eno%#!.
T!e 'ersonnel directors reasonin# is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds
t!at it
GMAT & LSAT CR G1<
.A/ "ails to consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at Ms. Ta%r%ss co&'laint co%ld be !andled
on an %no""icial basis
.1/ atte&'ts to %nder&ine t!e 'ers%asiveness o" Ms. Ta%r%ss evidence b,
c!aracteri)in# it as >&ere co&'lainin#?
.C/ sideste's t!e iss%e o" !et!er s%'erior +ob 'er"or&ance is a s%itable basis "or
aardin# salar, increases
.3/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at so&e o" t!e 'eo'le !o did receive &erit
increases ere not entitled to t!e&
.E/ overlooks t!e i&'lications "or t!e inte#rit, o" t!e "ir&s &erit8based reard
s,ste& o" den,in# Ms. To%rss re0%est
5<. S: Feo'le !o are old eno%#! to "i#!t "or t!eir co%ntr, are old eno%#! to vote "or
t!e 'eo'le !o &ake decisions abo%t ar and 'eace. T!is #overn&ent clearl,
re#ards 1A ,ear olds as old eno%#! to "i#!t9 so it s!o%ld acknoled#e t!eir ri#!t
to vote.
T: *o%r ar#%&ent is a #ood one onl, to t!e e(tent t!at "i#!tin# and votin# are t!e
sa&e kind o" activit,. $i#!tin# ell re0%ires stren#t!9 &%sc%lar coordination9 and
in a &odern ar&,9 instant and a%to&atic res'onse to orders. Fer"or&ed
res'onsibl,9 votin#9 %nlike "i#!tin#9 is essentiall, a deliberative activit, re0%irin#
reasonin# 'oer and knoled#e o" bot! !istor, and !%&an nat%re.
T res'onds to Ss ar#%&ent b,
.A/ citin# evidence overlooked b, S t!at o%ld !ave s%''orted Ss concl%sion
.1/ callin# into 0%estion Ss %nderstandin# o" t!e conce't o" ri#!ts
.C/ s!oin# t!at S !as i#nored t!e distinction beteen !avin# a ri#!t to do
so&et!in# and !avin# an obli#ation to do t!at t!in#
.3/ c!allen#in# t!e tr%t! o" a clai& on !ic! Ss concl%sion is based
.E/ ar#%in# "or a concl%sion o''osite to t!e one dran b, S
5C. T!e role o" t!e ='landian s%'re&e co%rt is to 'rotect all !%&an ri#!ts a#ainst
ab%ses o" #overn&ent 'oer. Since t!e constit%tion o" ='landia is not e('licit
abo%t all !%&an ri#!ts9 t!e s%'re&e co%rt &%st so&eti&es resort to 'rinci'les
o%tside t!e e('licit 'rovisions o" t!e constit%tion in +%sti",in# its decisions.
:oever9 !%&an ri#!ts ill be s%b+ect to t!e !i& o" !oever !olds +%dicial
'oer %nless t!e s%'re&e co%rt is bo%nd to ad!ere to a sin#le ob+ective standard9
na&el,9 t!e constit%tion. T!ere"ore9 not!in# b%t t!e e('licit 'rovisions o" t!e
constit%tion can be %sed to +%sti", t!e co%rts decisions. Since t!ese concl%sions
are inconsistent it! eac! ot!er9 it cannot be tr%e t!at t!e role o" t!e ='landian
s%'re&e co%rt is to 'rotect all !%&an ri#!ts a#ainst ab%ses o" #overn&ent 'oer.
T!e reasonin# t!at leads to t!e concl%sion t!at t!e "irst sentence in t!e 'assa#e is
"alse is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ i#nores data t!at o""er reasonable s%''ort "or a #eneral clai& and "oc%ses on
a sin#le e(a&'le t!at ar#%es a#ainst t!at clai&
GMAT & LSAT CR G1C
.1/ seeks to de"end a vie on t!e #ro%nds t!at t!e vie is idel, !eld and t!e
decisions based on t!at vie are o"ten acce'ted as correct
.C/ re+ects a clai& as "alse on t!e #ro%nds t!at t!ose !o &ake t!at clai& co%ld
'ro"it i" t!at clai& is acce'ted b, ot!ers
.3/ &akers an %narranted ass%&'tion t!at !at is tr%e o" eac! &e&ber o" a
#ro%' taken se'aratel, is also tr%e o" t!e #ro%' as a !ole
.E/ concl%des t!at a 'artic%lar 're&ise is "alse !en it is e0%all, 'ossible "or t!at
're&ise to be tr%e and so&e ot!er 're&ise "alse
SECTI72 III
1. T!e 'ainted s'ider s'ins ebs t!at are &%c! stickier t!an t!e ebs s'%n b, t!e
ot!er s'ecies o" s'iders t!at s!are t!e sa&e !abitat. Stickler ebs are &ore
e""icient at tra''in# insects t!at "l, into t!e&. S'iders 're, on insects b, tra''in#
t!e& in t!eir ebs t!ere"ore. It can be concl%ded t!at t!e 'ainted s'ider is a &ore
s%ccess"%l 'redator t!an its co&'etitors.
.A/ 2ot all o" t!e s'ecies o" insects livin# in t!e 'ainted s'iders !abitat are
"l,in# insects.
.1/ 1%tter"lies and &ot!s !ic! can s!ed scales are es'eciall, %nlikel, to be
tra''ed b, s'ider ebs t!at are not ver, stick,.
.C/ Alt!o%#! t!e 'ainted s'iders veno& does not kill insects 0%ickl,9 it
'aral,)es t!e& al&ost instantaneo%sl,.
.3/ Stickier ebs re"lect &ore li#!t and so are &ore visible to insects t!an are
less8stick, ebs.
.E/ T!e ebs s'%n b, t!e 'ainted s'ider are no lar#er t!an t!e ebs s'%n b, t!e
ot!er s'ecies o" s'iders in t!e sa&e !abitat.
5. 3es'ite t!e best e""orts o" astrono&ers9 no one !as ,et s%cceeded in e(c!an#in#
&essa#es it! intelli#ent li"e on ot!er 'lanets or in ot!er solar s,ste&s. In "act9
no one !as even &ana#ed to 'rove t!at an, kind o" e(traterrestrial li"e e(ists.
T!%s9 t!ere is clearl, no intelli#ent li"e an,!ere b%t on Eart!.
T!e ar#%&ents reasonin# is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ "ails to consider t!at t!ere &i#!t be e(traterrestrial "or&s o" intelli#ence t!at
are not livin# bein#s
.1/ con"%ses an absence o" evidence "or a !,'ot!esis it! t!e e(istence o"
evidence a#ainst t!e !,'ot!esis
.C/ inter'rets a disa#ree&ent over a scienti"ic t!eor, as a dis'roo" o" t!at t!eor,
.3/ &akes an in"erence t!at relies on t!e va#%eness o" t!e ter& >li"e?
GMAT & LSAT CR G1@
.E/ relies on a eak analo#, rat!er t!an on evidence to dra a concl%sion
Questions 3-4
1art: A &at!e&atical 'roble& t!at de"ied sol%tion "or !%ndreds o" ,ears !as "inall,
,ielded to a s%'erco&'%ter. T!e 'rocess b, !ic! t!e s%'erco&'%ter derived t!e
res%lt is so co&'le(9 !oever9 t!at no one can "%ll, co&'re!end it. Conse0%entl,9 t!e
res%lt is %nacce'table.
Anne: In scienti"ic researc! i" t!e res%lts o" a test can be re'licated in ot!er tests9 t!e
res%lts are acce'table even t!o%#! t!e a, t!e, ere derived &i#!t not be "%ll,
%nderstood. T!ere"ore9 i" a &at!e&atical res%lt derived b, a s%'erco&'%ter can be
re'rod%ced b, ot!er s%'erco&'%ters "olloin# t!e sa&e 'roced%re9 it is acce'table.
<. 1arts ar#%&ent re0%ires !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ T!e &at!e&atical res%lt in 0%estion is %nacce'table beca%se it as derived
it! t!e %se o" a s%'erco&'%ter.
.1/ $or t!e &at!e&atical res%lt in 0%estion to be acce'table9 t!ere &%st be
so&eone !o can "%ll, co&'re!end t!e 'rocess b, !ic! it as derived.
.C/ To be acce'table9 t!e &at!e&atical res%lt in 0%estion &%st be re'rod%ced on
anot!er s%'erco&'%ter.
.3/ Makin# t!e &at!e&atical res%lt in 0%estion less co&'le( o%ld #%arantee its
acce'tabilit,.
.E/ T!e s%'erco&'%ter cannot derive an acce'table sol%tion to t!e &at!e&atical
'roble& in 0%estion.
C. T!e e(c!an#e beteen 1art and Anne &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e vie t!at t!e,
disa#ree as to
.A/ !et!er a scienti"ic res%lt t!at !as not been re'licated can 'ro'erl, be
acce'ted
.1/ !et!er t!e res%lt t!at a s%'erco&'%ter derives "or a &at!e&atical 'roble&
&%st be re'licated on anot!er s%'erco&'%ter be"ore it can be acce'ted
.C/ t!e criterion to be %sed "or acce'tin# a &at!e&atical res%lt derived b, a
s%'erco&'%ter
.3/ t!e level o" co&'le(it, o" t!e 'rocess to !ic! 1art re"ers in !is state&ents
.E/ t!e relative co&'le(it, o" &at!e&atical 'roble&s as co&'ared to scienti"ic
'roble&s
@. It is co&&onl, !eld a&on# &arketin# e('erts t!at in a none('andin# &arket a
co&'an,s best strate#, is to #o a"ter a bi##er s!are o" t!e &arket and t!at t!e
best a, to do t!is is to r%n co&'arative advertise&ents t!at e&'!asi)e
eaknesses in t!e 'rod%cts o" rivals. In t!e sta#nant &arket "or "ood oil9 so,bean8
oil and 'al&8oil 'rod%cers did a#e a to8,ear battle it! co&'arative
advertise&ents abo%t t!e deleterio%s e""ect on !ealt! o" eac! ot!ers 'rod%cts.
T!ese ca&'ai#ns9 !oever9 !ad little e""ect on res'ective &arket s!aresD rat!er9
GMAT & LSAT CR G1G
t!e, sto''ed &an, 'eo'le "ro& b%,in# an, edible oils at all.
T!e state&ents above &ost stron#l, s%''ort t!e concl%sion t!at co&'arative
advertise&ents
.A/ increase a co&'an,s &arket s!are in all cases in !ic! t!at co&'an,s
'rod%cts are clearl, s%'erior to t!e 'rod%cts o" rivals
.1/ s!o%ld not be %sed in a &arket t!at is e('andin# or likel, to e('and
.C/ s!o%ld %nder no circ%&stances be %sed as a retaliator, &eas%re
.3/ carr, t!e risk o" ca%sin# a contraction o" t!e &arket at !ic! t!e, are ai&ed
.E/ ,ield no lon#8ter& #ains %nless cons%&ers can easil, veri", t!e clai&s &ade
G. Recent %ne('ectedl, !eav, rain"alls in t!e &etro'olitan area !ave "illed t!e
reservoirs and strea&sD ater rationin#9 t!ere"ore9 ill not be necessar, t!is
s%&&er.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost %nder&ines t!e a%t!ors 'rediction-
.A/ 6ater rationin# as i&'osed in t!e cit, in t!ree o" t!e last "ive ,ears.
.1/ A s&all 'art o" t!e cit,s ater s%''l, is obtained "ro& dee' %nder#ro%nd
ater s,ste&s t!at are not reac!ed b, rainater.
.C/ T!e ater co&'an,s ca'acit, to '%&' ater to c%sto&ers !as not ke't %'
it! t!e increased de&and created b, 'o'%lation #rot! in t!e &etro'olitan
area.
.3/ T!e lon#8ran#e eat!er "orecast 'redicts loer8t!an8avera#e te&'erat%res
"or t!is s%&&er.
.E/ In &ost ,ears t!e cit, receives less total 'reci'itation in t!e s%&&er t!an it
receives in an, ot!er season.
A. Jo!n: In BI 'ercent o" car accidents t!e driver at "a%lt as it!in "ive &iles o"
!o&e9 so 'eo'le evidentl, drive less sa"el, near !o&e t!an t!e, do on lon# tri's.
J%d,: 1%t 'eo'le do BI 'ercent o" t!eir drivin# it!in "ive &iles o" !o&e.
:o is J%d,s res'onse related to Jo!ns ar#%&ent-
.A/ It s!os t!at t!e evidence t!at Jo!n 'resents b, itsel" is not eno%#! to 'rove
!is clai&.
.1/ It restates t!e evidence t!at Jo!n 'resents in di""erent ter&s.
.C/ It #ives additional evidence t!at is needed b, Jo!n to s%''ort !is concl%sion.
.3/ It calls into 0%estion Jo!ns ass%&'tion t!at !enever 'eo'le drive &ore
t!an "ive &iles "ro& !o&e t!e, are #oin# on a lon# tri'.
.E/ It s%##ests t!at Jo!ns concl%sion is &erel, a restate&ent o" !is ar#%&ents
're&ise.
B. Reasonable 'eo'le ada't t!e&selves to t!e orld: %nreasonable 'eo'le 'ersist in
tr,in# to ada't t!e orld to t!e&selves. T!ere"ore9 all 'ro#ress de'ends on
%nreasonable 'eo'le.
GMAT & LSAT CR G1A
I" all o" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
state&ents &%st also be tr%e-
.A/ Reasonable 'eo'le and %nreasonable 'eo'le are inco&'atible.
.1/ I" t!ere are onl, reasonable 'eo'le t!ere cannot be 'ro#ress.
.C/ I" t!ere are %nreasonable 'eo'le t!ere ill be 'ro#ress.
.3/ So&e %nreasonable 'eo'le are %nable to brin# abo%t 'ro#ress.
.E/ =nreasonable 'eo'le are &ore 'ersistent t!an reasonable 'eo'le.
H. T!eater critic: T!e t!eater is in a dis&al state. A%diences are s'arse and reven%e
is don. 6it!o%t t!e a%dience and t!e reven%e9 t!e talented and creative 'eo'le
!o are t!e li"eblood o" t!e t!eater are abandonin# it. 2o onder standards are
deterioratin#.
Frod%cer: Its not tr%e t!at t!e t!eater is in decline. 3ont ,o% reali)e t!at ,o%r
co&&ents constit%te a sel"8"%l"illin# 'ro'!ec,- 1, '%blis!in# t!ese o'inions9
,o% ,o%rsel" are disco%ra#in# ne a%diences "ro& e&er#in# and ne talent "ro&
+oinin# t!e t!eater.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a 0%estionable tec!ni0%e e&'lo,ed b, t!e
'rod%cer in res'ondin# to t!e critic-
.A/ "oc%sin# on t!e e""ects o" t!e critics eval%ation rat!er t!an on its content
.1/ acc%sin# t!e critic o" rel,in# solel, on o'inion %ns%''orted b, "act%al
evidence
.C/ c!allen#in# t!e &otives be!ind t!e critics re&arks rat!er t!an t!e re&arks
t!e&selves
.3/ rel,in# on e&'!asis rat!er t!an on ar#%&ent
.E/ invokin# a%t!orit, in order to inti&idate t!e critic
1I. Mic!elan#elos si(teent!8cent%r, Sistine C!a'el 'aintin#s are c%rrentl, bein#
restored. A #oal o" t!e restorers is to %ncover Mic!elan#elos ori#inal ork9 and
so additions &ade to Mic!elan#elos 'aintin#s b, later artists are bein# re&oved.
:oever9 t!e restorers !ave decided to &ake one e(ce'tion: to leave intact
additions t!at ere 'ainted b, da 4olterra.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to reconcile t!e restorers
decision it! t!e #oal stated in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ T!e restorers believe t!at da 4olterra stri''ed aa, all 'revio%s la,ers o"
'aint be"ore !e 'ainted !is on additions to t!e Sistine C!a'el.
.1/ 1eca%se da 4olterra %sed a t,'e o" 'i#&ent t!at is es'eciall, sensitive to
li#!t9 t!e additions to t!e Sistine C!a'el t!at ad 4olterra 'ainted !ave
relativel, &%ted colors.
.C/ 3a 4olterras additions ere 'ainted in a st,le t!at as si&ilar to t!e st,le
%sed b, Mic!elan#elo.
.3/ Mic!elan#elo is "a&o%s 'ri&aril, "or !is sc%l't%res and onl, secondaril, "or
GMAT & LSAT CR G1B
!is 'aintin#s9 !ereas da 4olterra is knon e(cl%sivel, "or !is 'aintin#s.
.E/ 3a 4olterras ork is considered b, certain art !istorians to be +%st as
val%able as t!e ork o" additions to Mic!elan#elos ork.
11. A controversial 'ro#ra& reards 'rison in&ates !o be!ave 'artic%larl, ell in
'rison b, #ivin# t!e& t!e c!ance to receive "ree cos&etic 'lastic s%r#er,
'er"or&ed b, &edical st%dents. T!e 'ro#ra& is obvio%sl, &orall, 0%estionable9
bot! in its ass%&'tions abo%t !at in&ates &i#!t ant and in its %se o" t!e 'rison
'o'%lation to train "%t%re s%r#eons. F%ttin# t!ese &oral iss%es aside9 !oever9 t!e
s%r#er, clearl, !as a 'oer"%l re!abilitative e""ect as is s!on b, t!e "act t!at9
a&on# reci'ients o" t!e s%r#er,9 t!e 'ro'ortion !o are convicted o" ne cri&es
co&&itted a"ter release is onl, !al" t!at "or t!e 'rison 'o'%lation as a !ole.
A "la in t!e reasonin# o" t!e 'assa#e is t!at it
.A/ allos &oral iss%es to be a consideration in 'resentin# evidence abo%t
&atters o" "act
.1/ dis&isses &oral considerations on t!e #ro%nds t!at onl, &atters o" "act are
relevant
.C/ labels t!e 'ro#ra& as >controversial? instead o" disc%ssin# t!e iss%es t!at
#ive rise to controvers,
.3/ asserts t!at t!e re!abilitation o" cri&inals is not a &oral iss%e
.E/ relies on evidence dran "ro& a sa&'le t!at t!ere is reason to believe is
%nre'resentative
15. T!e retina scanner9 a &ac!ine t!at scans t!e eb o" tin, blood vessels in t!e
retina9 stores in"or&ation abo%t t!e 'attern "or&ed b, t!e blood vessels. T!is
in"or&ation allos it to reco#ni)e an, 'attern it !as 'revio%sl, scanned. 2o to
e,es !ave identical 'atterns o" blood vessels in t!e retina. A retina scanner can
t!ere"ore be %sed s%ccess"%ll, to deter&ine "or an, 'erson !et!er it !as ever
scanned a retina o" t!at 'erson be"ore.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent de'ends %'on ass%&in# t!at
.A/ diseases o" t!e !%&an e,e do not alter t!e 'attern o" blood vessels in t!e
retina in a,s t!at o%ld &ake t!e 'attern %nreco#ni)able to t!e retina
scanner
.1/ no 'erson !as a di""erent 'attern o" blood vessels in t!e retina o" t!e le"t e,e
t!an in t!e retina o" t!e ri#!t e,e
.C/ t!ere are eno%#! retina scanners to store in"or&ation abo%t ever, 'ersons
retinas
.3/ t!e n%&ber o" blood vessels in t!e !%&an retina is invariant alt!o%#! t!e
'atterns t!e, "or& di""er "ro& 'erson to 'erson
.E/ t!ere is no 'erson !ose retinas !ave been scanned b, to or &ore di""erent
retina scanners
GMAT & LSAT CR G1H
1<. T!ere are +%st to a,s a &oon co%ld !ave been "or&ed "ro& t!e 'lanet aro%nd
!ic! it travels: eit!er 'art o" t!e 'lanets o%ter s!ell s'%n o"" into orbit aro%nd
t!e 'lanet or else a lar#e ob+ect9 s%c! as a co&et or &eteoroid str%ck t!e 'lanet so
violentl, t!at it dislod#ed a &ass o" &aterial "ro& inside t!e 'lanet. Eart!s &oon
consists 'ri&aril, o" &aterials di""erent "ro& t!ose o" t!e Eart!s o%ter s!ell.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" also tr%e9 o%ld
&ost !el' to +%sti", drain# t!e concl%sion t!at Eart!s &oon as not "or&ed
"ro& a 'iece o" t!e Eart!-
.A/ T!e &oons o" so&e 'lanets in Eart!s solar s,ste& ere not "or&ed
'ri&aril, "ro& t!e 'lanets o%ter s!ells.
.1/ Eart!s &oon consists 'ri&aril, o" ele&ents t!at di""er "ro& t!ose inside t!e
Eart!.
.C/ Eart!s #ravit, cannot !ave tra''ed a &eteoroid and '%lled it into orbit as t!e
Moon.
.3/ T!e craters on t!e s%r"ace o" Eart!s &oon s!o t!at it !as been str%ck b,
&an, t!o%sands o" lar#e &eteoroids.
.E/ Co&ets and lar#e &eteoroids nor&all, &ove at ver, !i#! s'eeds.
1C. Ca""eine can kill or in!ibit t!e #rot! o" t!e larvae o" several s'ecies o" insects.
7ne recent e('eri&ent s!oed t!at tobacco !ornor& larvae die !en t!e,
in#est a 're'aration t!at consists in 'art o" "inel, 'odered tea leaves !ic!
contain ca""eine. T!is res%lt is evidence "or t!e !,'ot!esis t!at t!e 'resence o"
non8ne#li#ible 0%antities o" ca""eine in vario%s 'arts o" &an, diverse s'ecies o"
'lants is not accidental b%t evolved as a de"ense "or t!ose 'lants.
.A/ ca""eine8'rod%cin# 'lants are an i&'ortant ra &aterial in t!e &an%"act%re
o" co&&ercial insecticides
.1/ ca""eine is stored in leaves and ot!er 'arts o" ca""eine8'rod%cin# 'lants in
concentrations ro%#!l, e0%al to t!e ca""eine concentration o" t!e 're'aration
"ed to t!e tobacco !ornor& larvae
.C/ ca""eine8'rod%cin# 'lants #ro !erever insect larvae 'ose a &a+or t!reat to
indi#eno%s 'lants or once 'osed a &a+or t!reat to t!e ancestors o" t!ose
'lants
.3/ t!e tobacco 'lant is a&on# t!e 'lant s'ecies t!at 'rod%ce ca""eine "or t!eir
on de"ense
.E/ ca""eine8'rod%cin# 'lants or t!eir ancestors !ave at so&e ti&e been s%b+ect
to bein# "ed %'on b, creat%res sensitive to ca""eine
1@. T!e onl, 'lants in t!e #arden ere t%li's9 b%t t!e, ere tall t%li's. So t!e onl,
'lants in t!e #arden ere tall 'lants.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e(!ibits "a%lt, reasonin# &ost si&ilar to t!e "a%lt,
GMAT & LSAT CR G5I
.A/ T!e onl, do#s in t!e s!o ere 'oodles and t!e, ere all black 'oodles. So
all t!e do#s in t!e s!o ere black.
.1/ All t!e b%ildin#s on t!e block ere tall. T!e onl, b%ildin#s on t!e block ere
o""ice b%ildin#s and residential toers. So all t!e o""ice b%ildin#s on t!e
block ere tall b%ildin#s.
.C/ All t!e 'ri&ates in t!e )oo ere #orillas. T!e onl, #orillas in t!e )oo ere
s&all #orillas. T!%s t!e onl, 'ri&ates in t!e )oo ere s&all 'ri&ates.
.3/ T!e onl, "r%it in t!e kitc!en as 'ears b%t t!e 'ears ere not ri'e. T!%s none
o" t!e "r%it in t!e kitc!en as ri'e.
.E/ All t!e #rand 'ianos !ere are lar#e. All t!e #rand 'ianos !ere are !eav,. T!%s
ever,t!in# lar#e is !eav,.
1G. Scienti"ic researc! ill be 'ro'erl, c!anneled !enever t!ose !o decide !ic!
researc! to "%nd #ive d%e ei#!t to t!e scienti"ic &erits o" all 'ro'osed researc!.
1%t !en #overn&ent a#encies control t!ese "%ndin# decisions9 'olitical
considerations 'la, a &a+or role in deter&inin# !ic! researc! ill be "%nded9
and !enever 'olitical considerations 'la, s%c! a role9 t!e inevitable res%lt is t!at
scienti"ic researc! is not 'ro'erl, c!anneled.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e state&ents above-
.A/ T!ere is no 'ro'er role "or 'olitical considerations to 'la, in deter&inin#
!o ill decide !ic! scienti"ic researc! to "%nd.
.1/ It is inevitable t!at considerations o" scienti"ic &erit ill be ne#lected in
decisions re#ardin# t!e "%ndin# o" scienti"ic researc!.
.C/ Givin# 'olitical considerations a &a+or role in deter&inin# !ic! scienti"ic
researc! to "%nd is inco&'atible it! #ivin# 'ro'er ei#!t to t!e scienti"ic
&erits o" 'ro'osed researc!.
.3/ 6!en scienti"ic researc! is not 'ro'erl, c!anneled9 #overn&ents tend to ste'
in and take control o" t!e 'rocess o" c!oosin# !ic! researc! to "%nd.
.E/ I" a #overn&ent does not control invest&ent in basic scienti"ic researc!9
'olitical consideration ill inevitabl, be ne#lected in decidin# !ic!
researc! to "%nd.
1A. A ne silencin# device "or do&estic a''liances o'erates b, 'rod%cin# so%nd
aves t!at cancel o%t t!e so%nd aves 'rod%ced b, t!e a''liance. T!e device9
%nlike conventional silencers9 activel, eli&inates t!e noise t!e a''liance &akes9
and "or t!at reason vac%%& cleaners desi#ned to incor'orate t!e ne device ill
o'erate it! &%c! loer electricit, cons%&'tion t!an conventional vac%%&
cleaners.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain !, t!e ne silencin#
device ill &ake loer electricit, cons%&'tion 'ossible-
.A/ 3esi#ners o" vac%%& cleaner &otors t,'icall, !ave to co&'ro&ise t!e
&otors e""icienc, in order to red%ce noise 'rod%ction.
GMAT & LSAT CR G51
.1/ T!e device r%ns on electricit, dran "ro& t!e a''liances &ain 'oer
s%''l,.
.C/ Conventional vac%%& cleaners o"ten %se s'innin# br%s!es to loosen dirt in
addition to %sin# s%ction to re&ove dirt.
.3/ Govern&ental standards "or s%c! do&estic a''liances as vac%%& cleaners
allo !i#!er electricit, cons%&'tion !en vac%%& cleaners are 0%ieter.
.E/ T!e need to incor'orate silencers in conventional vac%%& cleaners &akes
t!e& !eavier and less &obile t!an t!e, &i#!t ot!erise be.
1B. 1eca%se dinosa%rs ere re'tiles9 scientists once ass%&ed t!at9 like all re'tiles
alive toda,9 dinosa%rs ere cold8blooded. T!e recent discover, o" dinosa%r "ossils
in t!e nort!ern arctic9 !oever9 !as led a n%&ber o" researc!ers to concl%de t!at
at least so&e dinosa%rs &i#!t !ave been ar&8blooded. T!ese researc!ers 'oint
o%t t!at onl, ar&8blooded ani&als co%ld !ave it!stood t!e "ri#id te&'erat%res
t!at are c!aracteristic o" arctic inters9 !ereas cold8blooded ani&als o%ld !ave
"ro)en to deat! in t!e e(tre&e cold.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e researc!ers ar#%&ent-
.A/ Toda,s re'tiles are #enerall, con"ined to re#ions o" te&'erate or even
tro'ical cli&ates.
.1/ T!e "ossils s!o t!e arctic dinosa%rs to !ave been s%bstantiall, s&aller t!an
ot!er knon s'ecies o" dinosa%rs.
.C/ T!e arctic dinosa%r "ossils ere "o%nd alon#side "ossils o" 'lants knon "or
t!eir abilit, to it!stand e(tre&el, cold te&'erat%res.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" "ossils "o%nd to#et!er indicates !erds o" dinosa%rs so lar#e
t!at t!e, o%ld need to &i#rate to "ind a contin%al "ood s%''l,.
.E/ E('erts on 're!istoric cli&atic conditions believe t!at inter te&'erat%res in
t!e 're!istoric nort!ern arctic ere not si#ni"icantl, di""erent "ro& !at
t!e, are toda,.
Questions 19-!0
Maria: Callin# an, state totalitarian is &isleadin#: it i&'lies total state control o" all
as'ects o" li"e. T!e real orld contains no 'olitical entit, e(ercisin# literall, total
control over even one s%c! as'ect. T!is is beca%se an, s,ste& o" control is ine""icient9
and9 t!ere"ore9 its de#ree o" control is 'artial.
Ja&es: A one8'art, state t!at !as tried to e(ercise control over &ost as'ects o" a
societ, and t!at !as9 broadl, s'eakin#9 &ana#ed to do so is totalitarian. S%c! a
s,ste&s 'ractical ine""iciencies do not li&it t!e a'tness o" t!e ter&9 !ic! does not
describe a states act%al de#ree o" control as &%c! as it describes t!e nat%re o" a
states a&bitions.
1H. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses Marias &ain concl%sion-
.A/ 2o state can be called totalitarian it!o%t invitin# a &istaken belie".
GMAT & LSAT CR G55
.1/ To be totalitarian a state &%st totall, control societ,.
.C/ T!e de#ree o" control e(ercised b, a state is necessaril, 'artial.
.3/ 2o e(istin# state c%rrentl, !as even one as'ect o" societ, %nder total control.
.E/ S,ste&s o" control are inevitabl, ine""icient.
5I. Ja&es res'onds to Marias ar#%&ent b,
.A/ 'ointin# o%t a lo#ical inconsistenc, beteen to state&ents s!e &akes in
s%''ort o" !er ar#%&ent
.1/ o""erin# an alternative e('lanation "or 'olitical conditions s!e &entions
.C/ re+ectin# so&e o" t!e evidence s!e 'resents it!o%t c!allen#in# !at s!e
in"ers "ro& it
.3/ dis'%tin# t!e conditions %nder !ic! a ke, ter& o" !er ar#%&ent can be
a''ro'riatel, a''lied
.E/ de&onstratin# t!at !er on 're&ises lead to a concl%sion di""erent "ro& !ers
51. T!e si&ilarit, beteen ic!t!,osa%rs and "is! is an e(a&'le o" conver#ence9 a
'rocess b, !ic! di""erent classes o" or#anis&s ada't to t!e sa&e environ&ent b,
inde'endentl, develo'in# one or &ore si&ilar e(ternal bod, "eat%res.
Ic!t!,osa%rs ere &arine re'tiles and t!%s do not belon# to t!e sa&e class o"
or#anis&s as "is!. :oever9 ic!t!,osa%rs ada'ted to t!eir &arine environ&ent b,
conver#in# on e(ternal bod, "eat%res si&ilar to t!ose o" "is!. Most strikin#l,9
ic!t!,osa%rs9 like "is!9 !ad "ins.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an in"erence t!at
can be 'ro'erl, dran on t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ T!e &e&bers o" a sin#le class o" or#anis&s t!at in!abit t!e sa&e
environ&ent &%st be identical in all t!eir e(ternal bod, "eat%res.
.1/ T!e &e&bers o" a sin#le class o" or#anis&s &%st e(!ibit one or &ore si&ilar
e(ternal bod, "eat%res t!at di""erentiate t!at class "ro& all ot!er classes o"
or#anis&s.
.C/ It is onl, as a res%lt o" ada'tation to si&ilar environ&ents t!at one class o"
or#anis&s develo's e(ternal bod, "eat%res si&ilar to t!ose o" anot!er class
o" or#anis&s.
.3/ An or#anis& does not necessaril, belon# to a class si&'l, beca%se t!e
or#anis& !as one or &ore e(ternal bod, "eat%res si&ilar to t!ose o"
&e&bers o" t!at class.
.E/ 6!enever to classes o" or#anis&s s!are t!e sa&e environ&ent9 &e&bers o"
one class ill di""er "ro& &e&bers o" t!e ot!er class in several e(ternal
bod, "eat%res.
55. $%rt!er evidence bearin# on Ja&isons activities &%st !ave co&e to li#!t. 7n t!e
basis o" 'revio%sl, available evidence alone9 it o%ld !ave been i&'ossible to
'rove t!at Ja&ison as a 'art, to t!e "ra%d9 and Ja&isons active involve&ent in
GMAT & LSAT CR G5<
t!e "ra%d !as no been de"initivel, establis!ed.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# e(!ibited in t!e ar#%&ent above &ost closel, 'arallels
t!at e(!ibited in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ S&it! &%st not !ave '%rc!ased !is !o%se it!in t!e last ,ear. :e is listed as
t!e oner o" t!at !o%se on t!e old list o" 'ro'ert, oners and an,one on t!e
old list co%ld not !ave '%rc!ased !is or !er 'ro'ert, it!in t!e last ,ear.
.1/ T%rner &%st not !ave taken !er %s%al train to 2antes toda,. :ad s!e done so9
s!e co%ld not !ave been in 2antes %ntil t!is a"ternoon9 b%t s!e as seen
!avin# co""ee in 2antes at 11 oclock t!is &ornin#.
.C/ 2o"ris &%st !ave lied !en s!e said t!at s!e !ad not a%t!ori)ed t!e
investi#ation. T!ere is no do%bt t!at s!e did a%t!ori)e it9 and a%t!ori)in#
and investi#ation is not so&et!in# an,one is likel, to !ave "or#otten.
.3/ 6a%#! &%st !ave knon t!at last ni#!ts class as canceled. 6a%#! as in
t!e librar, ,esterda, and it o%ld !ave been i&'ossible "or an,one in t!e
librar, not to !ave seen t!e cancellation notices.
.E/ La$orte &%st !ave dee'l, resented bein# 'assed over "or 'ro&otion. :e
&aintains ot!erise9 b%t onl, so&eone !o "elt badl, treated o%ld !ave
&ade t!e kind o" re&ark La$orte &ade at ,esterda,s &eetin#.
5<. Re'ortin# on a civil ar9 a +o%rnalist enco%ntered evidence t!at re"%#ees ere
starvin# beca%se t!e #overn&ent o%ld not 'er&it "ood s!i'&ents to a rebel8!eld
area. Govern&ent censors deleted all &ention o" t!e #overn&ents role in t!e
starvation "ro& t!e +o%rnalists re'ort !ic! !ad not i&'licated eit!er nat%re or
t!e rebels in t!e starvation. T!e +o%rnalist concl%ded t!at it as et!icall,
'er&issible to "ile t!e censored re'ort beca%se t!e +o%rnalists nes a#enc, o%ld
'recede it it! t!e notice >Cleared b, #overn&ent censors.?
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# et!ical criteria9 i" valid9 o%ld serve to s%''ort t!e
+o%rnalists concl%sion !ile 'lacin# t!e least constraint on t!e "lo o" re'orted
in"or&ation-
.A/ It is et!ical in #eneral to re'ort knon "acts b%t %net!ical to do so !ile
o&ittin# ot!er knon "acts i" t!e o&itted "acts o%ld s%bstantiall, alter an
i&'ression o" a 'erson or instit%tion t!at o%ld be con#r%ent it! t!e
re'orted "acts.
.1/ In a sit%ation o" con"lict9 it is et!ical to re'ort knon "acts and %net!ical to
"ail to re'ort knon "acts t!at o%ld tend to e(onerate one 'art, to t!e
con"lict.
.C/ In a sit%ation o" censors!i'9 it is %net!ical &ake an, re'ort i" t!e #overn&ent
re'resented b, t!e censor deletes "ro& t!e re'ort &aterial %n"avorable to
t!at #overn&ent.
.3/ It is et!ical in #eneral to re'ort knon "acts b%t %net!ical to &ake a re'ort in
a sit%ation o" censors!i' i" relevant "acts !ave been deleted b, t!e censor
%nless t!e reci'ient o" t!e re'ort is arned t!at censors!i' e(isted.
GMAT & LSAT CR G5C
.E/ Alt!o%#! it is et!ical in #eneral to re'ort knon "acts9 it is %net!ical to &ake
a re'ort "ro& !ic! a censor !as deleted relevant "acts9 %nless t!e reci'ient
o" t!e re'ort is arned t!at t!ere as censors!i' and t!e re'orted "acts do
not b, t!e&selves #ive a &isleadin# i&'ression.
5C. A birt! is &ore like to be di""ic%lt !en t!e &ot!er is over t!e a#e o" CI t!an
!en s!e is ,o%n#er. Re#ardless o" t!e &ot!ers a#e9 a 'erson !ose birt! as
di""ic%lt is &ore likel, to be a&bide(tro%s t!an is a 'erson !ose birt! as not
di""ic%lt. Since ot!er ca%ses o" a&bide(terit, are not related to t!e &ot!ers a#e9
t!ere &%st be &ore a&bide(tro%s 'eo'le !o ere born to o&en over CI t!an
t!ere are a&bide(tro%s 'eo'le !o ere born to ,o%n#er o&en.
.A/ It ass%&es !at it sets o%t to establis!.
.1/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at "eer c!ildren are born to o&en over CI
t!an to o&en %nder CI.
.C/ It "ails to s'eci", !at 'ercenta#e o" 'eo'le in t!e 'o'%lation as a !ole are
a&bide(tro%s.
.3/ It does not state !o old a c!ild &%st be be"ore its !andedness can be
deter&ined.
.E/ It ne#lects to e('lain !o di""ic%lties d%rin# birt! can res%lt in a c!ilds
a&bide(terit,.
Questions !5-!&
T!e #overn&ent !as no ri#!t to ta( earnin#s "ro& labor. Ta(ation o" t!is kind re0%ires
t!e laborer to devote a certain 'ercenta#e o" !o%rs orked to earnin# &one, "or t!e
#overn&ent. T!%s9 s%c! ta(ation "orces t!e laborer to ork9 in 'art9 "or anot!ers
'%r'ose. Since invol%ntar, servit%de can be de"ined as "orced ork "or anot!ers
'%r'ose9 +%st as invol%ntar, servit%de is 'ernicio%s9 so is ta(in# earnin#s "ro& labor.
5@. T!e ar#%&ent %ses !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative tec!ni0%es-
.A/ derivin# a #eneral 'rinci'le abo%t t!e ri#!ts o" individ%als "ro& a +%d#&ent
concernin# t!e obli#ations o" #overn&ents
.1/ in"errin# !at ill be ti&e case &erel, "ro& a descri'tion o" !at once as
t!e case
.C/ in"errin# t!at since to instit%tions are si&ilar in one res'ect t!e, are si&ilar
in anot!er res'ect
.3/ citin# t!e a%t!orit, o" an econo&ic t!eor, in order to +%sti", a &oral
'rinci'le
.E/ 'res%''osin# t!e inevitabilit, o" a !ierarc!ical class s,ste& in order to
o''ose a #iven econo&ic 'ractice
5G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an error o" reasonin# co&&itted b, t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It i#nores a di""erence in !o t!e idea o" "orced ork "or anot!ers '%r'ose
GMAT & LSAT CR G5@
a''lies to t!e to cases.
.1/ It does not take into acco%nt t!e "act t!at labor is ta(ed at di""erent rates
de'endin# on inco&e.
.C/ It &istakenl, ass%&es t!at all ork is ta(ed.
.3/ It i#nores t!e "act t!at t!e #overn&ent also ta(es inco&e "ro& invest&ent.
.E/ It treats de"initions as i" t!e, ere &atters o" s%b+ective o'inion rat!er t!an
ob+ective "acts abo%t lan#%a#e.
TEST 20
SECTI72 II
1. 6!en 'oliticians resort to 'ersonal attacks9 &an, editorialists critici)e t!ese
attacks b%t &ost voters 'a, t!e& scant attention. Ever,one knos s%c! attacks
ill end a"ter election da,9 and 'oliticians can be e(c%sed "or &%dslin#in#.
Folitical co&&entators9 !oever9 cannot be. Folitical co&&entators s!o%ld be
en#a#ed in s%stained and serio%s debate abo%t ideas and 'olicies. In s%c! a
conte(t 'ersonal attacks on o''onents serve not to beat t!ose o''onents b%t to c%t
o"" t!e debate.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, states t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Fersonal attacks on o''onents serve a %se"%l '%r'ose "or 'oliticians.
.1/ Folitical co&&entators s!o%ld not resort to 'ersonal attacks on t!eir
o''onents.
.C/ Editorialists are ri#!t to critici)e 'oliticians !o resort to 'ersonal attacks on
t!eir o''onents.
.3/ T!e '%r'ose o" serio%s debate abo%t ideas and 'olicies is to co%nteract t!e
e""ect o" 'ersonal attacks b, 'oliticians.
.E/ 4oters s!o%ld be concerned abo%t t!e 'ersonal attacks 'oliticians &ake on
eac! ot!er.
5. T!ro%#!o%t t!e Fo'o,a Islands co&&%nit, 'ress%re is e(erted on 'eo'le !o
in t!e national lotter, to s!are t!eir #ood "ort%ne it! t!eir nei#!bors. 6!en
'eo'le livin# in r%ral areas in t!e lotter, t!e, invariabl, t!ro elaborate
nei#!bor!ood "easts9 o"ten i'in# o%t all o" t!eir lotter, innin#s. :oever9 in
t!e cities9 lotter, inners "re0%entl, %se t!eir innin#s "or t!eir on 'ersonal
invest&ent rat!er t!an s!arin# t!eir #ood "ort%ne it! t!eir nei#!bors.
di""erence beteen t!e be!avior o" lotter, inners in r%ral areas and t!ose in
cities-
GMAT & LSAT CR G5G
.A/ Tice as &an, Fo'o,ans live in r%ral areas as live in t!e cit,.
.1/ Fo'o,an cit, dellers tend to b%, several lotter, tickets at a ti&e9 b%t t!e,
b%, tickets less "re0%entl, t!an do r%ral dellers.
.C/ Lotter, inners in r%ral areas are noti"ied o" innin# b, '%blic 'ostin# o"
lists o" inners9 b%t noti"ication in t!e cit, is b, 'rivate &ail.
.3/ $a&ilies in r%ral areas in t!e Fo'o,as &a, contain telve or "o%rteen 'eo'le9
b%t cit, "a&ilies avera#e si( or seven.
.E/ Tice as &an, lotter, tickets are sold in r%ral areas as are sold in t!e cit,.
<. A ne &edication "or &i#raine see&s e""ective9 b%t t!ere is concern t!at t!e
&edication &i#!t e(acerbate !eart disease. I" 'atients it! !eart disease take t!e
&edication %nder care"%l &edical s%'ervision9 !oever9 !ar&"%l side e""ects can
de"initel, be averted. T!e concern abo%t t!ose side e""ects is t!%s %n"o%nded.
T!e ar#%&ent de'ends on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ T!e ne &edication act%all, is e""ective !en taken b, 'atients it! !eart
disease.
.1/ 2o &i#raine s%""erers it! !eart disease ill take t!e ne &edication e(ce't
%nder care"%l &edical s%'ervision.
.C/ Most &i#raine s%""erers !o !ave taken t!e ne &edication in trials also !ad
!eart disease.
.3/ T!e ne &edication !as vario%s ot!er side e""ects9 b%t none as serio%s as t!at
o" e(acerbatin# !eart disease.
.E/ T!e ne &edication ill dis'lace all &i#raine &edications c%rrentl, bein#
%sed.
C. T!e !i#!est8rankin# detectives in t!e cit,s 'olice de'art&ent are also t!e &ost
ade't at solvin# cri&es. *et in eac! o" t!e 'ast ten ,ears9 t!e avera#e s%ccess rate
"or t!e cit,s !i#!est8rankin# detectives in solvin# cri&inal cases !as been no
!i#!er t!an t!e avera#e s%ccess rate "or its loest8rankin# detectives.
.A/ T!e detectives !o !ave t!e !i#!est s%ccess rate in solvin# cri&inal cases
are t!ose !o !ave orked as detectives t!e lon#est.
.1/ It #enerall, takes at least ten ,ears "or a detective to rise "ro& t!e loest to
t!e !i#!est ranks o" t!e cit,s detective "orce.
.C/ T!ose detectives in t!e 'olice de'art&ent !o are t!e &ost ade't at solvin#
cri&inal cases are also t!ose &ost likel, to re&ain in t!e 'olice de'art&ent.
.3/ T!e 'olice de'art&ent #enerall, #ives t!e cri&inal cases t!at it e('ects to be
t!e easiest to solve to its loest8rankin# detectives.
.E/ 2one o" t!e loest8rankin# detectives in t!e 'olice de'art&ent !ad
e('erience in solvin# cri&inal cases 'rior to +oinin# t!e 'olice de'art&ent.
@. Irri#ation r%no"" "ro& nei#!borin# "ar&s &a, ell !ave increased t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR G5A
concentration o" '!os'!or%s in t!e local sa&' above 'revio%s levels9 b%t t!e
clai& t!at t!e increase in '!os'!or%s is !ar&in# t!e sa&'s native a0%atic
ildli"e is "alse: t!e '!os'!or%s concentration in t!e sa&' is act%all, less t!an
t!at "o%nd in certain kinds o" bottled ater t!at so&e 'eo'le drink ever, da,.
T!e ar#%&ent is v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nd t!at it
.A/ &akes e(a##erations in "or&%latin# t!e clai& a#ainst !ic! it ar#%es
.1/ bases its concl%sion on to contradictor, clai&s
.C/ relies on evidence t!e relevance o" !ic! !as not been establis!ed
.3/ concedes t!e ver, 'oint t!at it ar#%es a#ainst
.E/ &akes a #enerali)ation t!at is %narranted beca%se t!e so%rces o" t!e data on
!ic! it is based !ave not been s'eci"ied
G. Co',ri#!t las 'rotect t!e ri#!ts o" riters to 'ro"its earned "ro& t!eir ritin#s9
!ereas 'atent las 'rotect inventors ri#!ts to 'ro"its earned "ro& t!eir
inventions. In Jaade9 !en co&'%ter8so"tare riters de&anded t!at t!eir
ri#!ts to 'ro"it be 'rotected9 t!e co%rts deter&ined t!at in"or&ation ritten "or a
&ac!ine does not "it into eit!er t!e co',ri#!t or t!e 'atent cate#or,. Clearl,9
t!ere"ore9 t!e 'ro"it ri#!ts o" co&'%ter8so"tare riters re&ain %n'rotected in
Jaade.
.A/ Co&'%ter8so"tare riters are not an in"l%ential eno%#! #ro%' in Jaade "or
t!e #overn&ent to consider &odi",in# e(istin# co',ri#!t las in order to
'rotect t!is #ro%'s 'ro"it ri#!ts.
.1/ 2o las e(ist9 ot!er t!an co',ri#!t las and 'atent las9 t!at o%ld 'rotect
t!e 'ro"it ri#!ts o" co&'%ter8so"tare riters in Jaade.
.C/ Most o" t!e co&'%ter so"tare %sed in Jaade is i&'orted "ro& ot!er
co%ntries.
.3/ Co&'%ter so"tare is &ore si&ilar to ritin#s covered b, co',ri#!t las
t!an it is to inventions covered b, 'atent las.
.E/ Co',ri#!t las and 'atent las in Jaade !ave not been &odi"ied since t!eir
ori#inal ado'tion.
A. 1ronleas 'ost o""ice &%st be re'laced it! a lar#er one. T!e 'resent one cannot
be e('anded. Land near t!e 'resent location in t!e center o" ton is &ore
e('ensive t!an land on t!e o%tskirts o" ton. Since t!e cost o" ac0%irin# a site is a
si#ni"icant 'art o" t!e total constr%ction cost9 t!e 'ost o""ice clearl, co%ld be b%ilt
&ore c!ea'l, on t!e o%tskirts o" ton.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e ar#%&ents
stated concl%sion-
.A/ T!e ne 'ost o""ice ill !ave to be b%ilt in accordance it! a de&andin#
ne cit,ide b%ildin# code.
.1/ I" t!e ne 'ost o""ice is b%ilt on t!e o%tskirts o" ton9 it ill re0%ire a
GMAT & LSAT CR G5B
'arkin# lot9 b%t i" sited near t!e 'resent 'ost o""ice it ill not.
.C/ I" t!e ne 'ost o""ice is b%ilt on t!e o%tskirts o" ton9 c%rrent cit, b%s ro%tes
ill !ave to be e('anded to 'rovide access.
.3/ I" t!e ne 'ost o""ice is b%ilt on t!e o%tskirts o" ton9 residents ill &ake
decreased %se o" 'ost o""ice bo(es9 it! t!e res%lt t!at &ail carriers ill
!ave to deliver &ore &ail to !o&es.
.E/ I" t!e ne 'ost o""ice is b%ilt near t!e center o" ton9 disr%'tions to cit,
tra""ic o%ld !ave to be &ini&i)ed b, takin# s%c! ste's as doin# so&e
constr%ction ork in sta#es at ni#!t and on eekends.
B. In t!e 'ast9 t!e railroads in 7stronia ere r%n as re#ional &ono'olies and
o'erated it! little re#ard "or !at c%sto&ers anted. In recent ,ears9 it!
i&'rove&ents to t!e 7stronian national !i#!a, netork9 t!e railroad co&'anies
!ave "aced !eav, co&'etition "ro& lon#8distance tr%ckin# co&'anies. 1%t
beca%se o" #overn&ent s%bsidies t!at !ave 'er&itted 7stronian railroad
co&'anies to o'erate even !ile inc%rrin# s%bstantial losses9 t!e co&'anies
contin%e to disre#ard c%sto&ers needs and desires.
t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ I" t!e #overn&ent o" 7stronia ceases to s%bsidi)e railroad co&'anies9 "e o"
t!ose co&'anies ill contin%e to o'erate.
.1/ $e co&'anies in 7stronia t!at !ave received s%bsidies "ro& t!e
#overn&ent !ave taken t!e needs and desires o" t!eir c%sto&ers into
acco%nt.
.C/ 6it!o%t #overn&ent s%bsidies9 railroad co&'anies in 7stronia o%ld !ave to
increase t!e 'rices t!e, c!ar#e t!eir c%sto&ers.
.3/ T!e trans'ortation s,ste& in 7stronia is no &ore e""icient toda, t!an it as
in t!e 'ast.
.E/ In recent ,ears9 so&e co&'anies in 7stronia t!at !ave !ad little re#ard "or t!e
desires o" t!eir c%sto&ers !ave nonet!eless s%rvived.
H. Alt!o%#! 3a&on !ad a&'le ti&e earlier in t!e &ont! to co&'lete t!e 'a'er !e is
sc!ed%led to 'resent at a 'ro"essional con"erence to&orro &ornin#9 !e
re'eatedl, '%t o"" doin# it. 3a&on co%ld still #et t!e 'a'er read, in ti&e9 b%t onl,
i" !e orks on it all evenin# it!o%t interr%'tion. :oever9 !is seven8,ear8old
da%#!ters ta'8dance recital takes 'lace t!is evenin# and 3a&on !ad 'ro&ised
bot! to attend and to take !is da%#!ter and !er "riends o%t "or ice crea&
a"terard. T!%s9 beca%se o" !is 'rocrastination9 3a&on ill be "orced to c!oose
beteen !is 'ro"essional and !is "a&il, res'onsibilities.
.A/ 'rovidin# evidence t!at one event ill occ%r in order to establis! t!at an
alterative event cannot occ%r
GMAT & LSAT CR G5H
.1/ s!oin# t!at to sit%ations are si&ilar in order to +%sti", t!e clai& t!at
so&eone it! certain res'onsibilities in t!e "irst sit%ation !as si&ilar
res'onsibilities in t!e second sit%ation
.C/ invokin# s,&'at!, "or so&eone !o "inds !i&sel" in a dile&&a in order to
e(c%se t!at 'ersons "ail%re to &eet all o" !is res'onsibilities
.3/ &akin# clear t!e e(tent to !ic! so&eones actions res%lted in !ar& to
ot!ers in order to s%''ort t!e clai& t!at t!ose actions ere irres'onsible
.E/ de&onstratin# t!at to sit%ations cannot bot! occ%r b, s!oin# t!at
so&et!in# necessar, "or one o" t!ose sit%ations is inco&'atible it!
so&et!in# necessar, "or t!e ot!er sit%ation
1I. T!e increase in t!e 'rice o" +et "%el is d%e to a s!ar' decrease over t!e 'ast ,ear in
t!e s%''l, o" +et "%el available relative to de&and. 2onet!eless9 t!e a&o%nt o" +et
"%el available "or sale is lar#er toda, t!an it as last ,ear.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions can be
'ro'erl, dran on t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ T!e de&and "or +et "%el !as increased over t!e 'ast ,ear.
.1/ T!e "%el e""icienc, o" +et en#ines !as increased over t!e 'ast ,ear.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" +et airline "li#!ts !as decreased over t!e 'ast ,ear.
.3/ T!e cost o" re"inin# 'etrole%& "or +et "%el !as increased over t!e 'ast ,ear.
.E/ T!e s%''l, o" 'etrole%& available "or +et "%el !as decreased over t!e 'ast
,ear.
Questions 11-1!
2an: Govern&ent s%bsidies !ave been 'ro'osed in Cariana to enco%ra#e "ar&ers in
Roc!elle9 t!e co%ntr,s 'rinci'al a#ric%lt%ral re#ion9 to i&'le&ent certain ne
"ar&in# tec!ni0%es. =nless t!ese tec!ni0%es are i&'le&ented9 erosion o" 'rod%ctive
to'soil cannot be controlled. =n"ort%natel, "ar&ers cannot a""ord to s!o%lder t!e
entire cost o" t!e ne tec!ni0%es9 !ic! are &ore e('ensive t!an t!ose c%rrentl, %sed.
T!ere"ore9 it!o%t s%bsidies9 a#ric%lt%ral o%t'%t in Roc!elle ill inevitabl, decline.
1ett,: 1%t erosion in Roc!elle is ca%sed b, rec%rrin# "loods9 !ic! ill end ne(t ,ear
once Cariana co&'letes t!e !,droelectric da& it is b%ildin# across t!e re#ions &a+or
river. T!ere"ore9 Roc!elles total a#ric%lt%ral o%t'%t ill stabili)e at its 'resent level
even it!o%t s%bsidies.
11. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! 1ett,s ar#%&ent
de'ends-
.A/ 1%ildin# a da& across Roc!elles &a+or river ill not red%ce an, rec%rrent
"loodin# t!at occ%rs in re#ions o" Cariana ot!er t!an Roc!elle.
.1/ T!e ne "ar&in# tec!ni0%es t!at &%st be i&'le&ented to control soil erosion
in Roc!elle are not ell s%ited to ot!er re#ions o" Cariana.
.C/ T!e c%rrent ,earl, o%t'%t9 i" an,9 "ro& Roc!elles land t!at ill be
GMAT & LSAT CR G<I
'er&anentl, %nder ater once t!e da& is co&'leted ill at least be &atc!ed
b, additional ,earl, o%t'%t "ro& Roc!elles re&ainin# land.
.3/ T!e cost to t!e #overn&ent o" Cariana to o'erate t!e !,droelectric da& ill
not be #reater t!an t!e 'ro+ected cost o" s%bsidi)in# t!e "ar&ers o" Roc!elle
in t!e i&'le&entation o" t!e ne "ar&in# tec!ni0%es.
.E/ T!e #overn&ent o" Cariana !as s%""icient "inancial reso%rces bot! to
s%bsidi)e its "ar&ers i&'le&entation o" ne "ar&in# tec!ni0%es and to
o'erate a !,droelectric da&.
15. 1ett, %ses !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative tec!ni0%es in co%nterin#
Alans ar#%&ent-
.A/ s!oin# t!at one 're&ise in Alans ar#%&ent is inconsistent it! anot!er
're&ise in !is ar#%&ent
.1/ &akin# additional clai&s t!at9 i" correct9 %nder&ine a 're&ise in Alans
ar#%&ent
.C/ de&onstratin# t!at Alans concl%sion is tr%e b%t not "or t!e reasons Alan
#ives to s%''ort it
.3/ 'resentin# evidence indicatin# t!at t!e 'olic, Alan ar#%es in "avor o" o%ld
!ave da&a#in# conse0%ences t!at o%tei#! its 'ositive conse0%ences
.E/ 'ointin# o%t t!at Alans ar#%&ent &istakenl, identi"ies so&et!in# as t!e
ca%se o" a trend !en it is reall, an e""ect o" t!at trend
1<. Astrono&ers !ave lon# t!o%#!t t!at t!e irre#%larit, in t!e orbit o" t!e 'lanet
2e't%ne as ade0%atel, e('lained b, t!e #ravitational '%ll e(erted on 2e't%ne
b, t!e 'lanet Fl%to. T!e &ost recent observations o" Fl%to9 !oever indicate t!at
t!is 'lanet is &%c! too s&all to e(ert t!e a&o%nt o" #ravitational '%ll on 2e't%ne
t!at astrono&ers once t!o%#!t it did.
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 2e't%ne is so&e!at lar#er t!an scientists once believed it to be.
.1/ T!e orbit o" 2e't%ne is considerabl, &ore irre#%lar t!an scientists once
t!o%#!t it as.
.C/ T!ere e(ists anot!er9 as ,et %ndiscovered9 'lanet it! an orbit be,ond t!at o"
Fl%to.
.3/ T!e #ravitational '%ll o" Fl%to is not t!e sole ca%se o" 2e't%nes irre#%lar
orbit.
.E/ $%rt!er observations o" Fl%to ill event%all, s!o it to be even s&aller t!an
it is no t!o%#!t to be.
Questions 14-15
In &ost cor'orations t!e salaries o" e(ec%tives are set b, a #ro%' "ro& t!e
cor'orations board o" directors. Since t!e boards 'ri&ar, &ission is to sa"e#%ard t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR G<1
econo&ic !ealt! o" t!e cor'oration rat!er t!an to &ake its e(ec%tives ric!9 t!is a, o"
settin# e(ec%tives salaries is e('ected to 'revent e(cessivel, lar#e salaries. 1%t9
clearl,9 t!is e('ectation is based on 'oor reasonin#. A"ter all9 &ost &e&bers o" a
cor'orations board are t!e&selves e(ec%tives o" so&e cor'oration and can e('ect to
bene"it "ro& settin# #enero%s benc!&arks "or e(ec%tives salaries.
1C. T!e 'oint &ade b, t!e a%t!or is t!at t!e &ost co&&on a, o" settin# e(ec%tives
salaries &i#!t not kee' t!ose salaries in bo%nds beca%se
.A/ &ost cor'orals e(ec%tives9 t!anks to t!eir #enero%s salaries9 are not
"inanciall, de'endent on &one, earned as board &e&bers
.1/ &ost cor'orals e(ec%tives &i#!t be less #enero%s in settin# t!eir on salaries
t!an t!e board &e&bers act%all, settin# t!e& are
.C/ &an, board &e&bers &i#!t let t!eir sel"8interest as e(ec%tives inter"ere it!
'ro'erl, disc!ar#in# t!eir role as board &e&bers in settin# e(ec%tives
salaries
.3/ &an, board &e&bers !o set e(ec%tives salaries %nreasonabl, !i#! do so
beca%se t!e, !a''en to be on t!e board o" a cor'oration o" !ic! t!e,
e('ect later to beco&e e(ec%tives
.E/ &an, board &e&bers are re&%nerated #enero%sl, and is! to 'rotect t!is
so%rce o" inco&e b, 'leasin# t!e e(ec%tives to !o& t!e, oe t!eir
a''oint&ents on t!e board
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'ractices is v%lnerable to a line o" criticis& &ost
'arallel to t!at %sed in t!e ar#%&ent in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ in &edical &al'ractice s%its9 #ivin# '!,sicians not directl, involved in a s%it
a &a+or role in deter&inin# t!e da&a#es d%e to s%ccess"%l 'lainti""s
.1/ in a le#islat%re9 alloin# t!e le#islators to increase t!eir on salaries onl, i"
at least to8t!irds o" t!e& vote in "avor o" an increase
.C/ to ork bot! "ast and acc%ratel, b, 'a,in# t!e& b, t!e 'iece b%t co%ntin#
onl, 'ieces o" acce'table 0%alit,
.3/ in a s'orts co&'etition decided b, +%d#es scores9 selectin# t!e +%d#es "ro&
a&on# 'eo'le retired "ro& t!at s'ort a"ter s%ccess"%l careers
.E/ in a b%siness or#ani)ation9 distrib%tin# a #ro%' bon%s a&on# t!e &e&bers o"
a task "orce on t!e basis o" a con"idential eval%ation b, eac! &e&ber o" t!e
contrib%tion &ade b, eac! o" t!e ot!ers
1G. Cons%&er advocate: 7ne advertise&ent t!at is dece'tive9 and t!%s &orall,
ron#9 states t!at >#ra& "or #ra&9 t!e re"ined s%#ar %sed in o%r c!ocolate 'ies is
no &ore "attenin# t!an t!e s%#ars "o%nd in "r%its and ve#etables.? T!is is like
tr,in# to 'ers%ade so&eone t!at c!ocolate 'ies are not "attenin# b, sa,in# t!at9
calorie "or calorie9 t!e, are no &ore "attenin# t!an celer,. Tr%e9 b%t it o%ld take
a !ole s!o''in# cart "%ll o" celer, to e0%al a c!ocolate 'ies ort! o" calories.
Advertiser: T!is advertise&ent cannot be called dece'tive. It is9 a"ter all9 tr%e.
GMAT & LSAT CR G<5
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed o%ld do &ost to s%''ort
t!e cons%&er advocates 'osition a#ainst t!e advertisers res'onse-
.A/ It is &orall, ron# to seek to 'ers%ade b, %se o" dece'tive state&ents.
.1/ A tr%e state&ent s!o%ld be re#arded as dece'tive onl, i" t!e 'erson &akin#
t!e state&ent believes it to be "alse9 and t!%s intends t!e 'eo'le readin# or
!earin# it to ac0%ire a "alse belie".
.C/ To &ake state&ents t!at i&'art onl, a s&all 'ro'ortion o" t!e in"or&ation in
ones 'ossession s!o%ld not necessaril, be re#arded as dece'tive.
.3/ It is &orall, ron# to &ake a tr%e state&ent in a &anner t!at ill deceive
!earers or readers o" t!e state&ent into believin# t!at it is "alse.
.E/ A tr%e state&ent s!o%ld be re#arded as dece'tive i" it is &ade it! t!e
e('ectation t!at 'eo'le !earin# or readin# t!e state&ent ill dra a "alse
concl%sion "ro& it.
1A. Me&bers o" t!e A&a)onian Akabe 'eo'le co&&onl, take an earl,8&ornin# drink
o" a tea &ade "ro& t!e leaves o" a "orest 'lant. Alt!o%#! t!e, #reatl, en+o, t!is
drink9 at dan t!e, drink it onl, in s&all a&o%nts. Ant!ro'olo#ists !,'ot!esi)e
t!at since t!is tea is e(traordinaril, !i#! in ca""eine9 t!e e('lanation "or t!e
Akabes not drinkin# &ore o" it at dan is t!at !i#! ca""eine intake o%ld destro,
t!e s%re"ootedness t!at t!eir dail, tasks re0%ire.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, calls t!e ant!ro'olo#ists
e('lanation into 0%estion-
.A/ T!e drink is "%ll o" n%trients ot!erise absent "ro& t!e Akabe diet.
.1/ T!e Akabe also drink t!e tea in t!e evenin#9 a"ter t!eir da,s ork is done.
.C/ T!e leaves %sed "or t!e tea contain a sol%ble narcotic.
.3/ Akabe c!ildren are introd%ced to t!e tea in onl, a ver, eak "or&.
.E/ 6!en celebratin#9 t!e Akabe drink t!e tea in lar#e 0%antities.
1B. All o" t!e car#o s!i's o" t!e 1l%e Star Liner are over 1II &eters lon#9 and all o"
its 'assen#er s!i's are %nder 1II &eters lon#. Most o" t!e s!i's o" t!e 1l%e Star
Line ere b%ilt be"ore 1HBI. All o" t!e 'assen#er and car#o s!i's o" t!e Gold Star
Line ere b%ilt a"ter 1HBI9 and all are %nder 1II &eters lon#. T!e dockside
"acilities o" Fort Tro'ica9 !ic! is o'en onl, to s!i's o" t!ese to lines9 can
acco&&odate onl, t!ose s!i's t!at are less t!an 1II &eters lon#. T!e S.S. Coral
is a car#o s!i' t!at is c%rrentl, docked at Fort Tro'ica.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e on t!e
basis o" t!e&-
.A/ T!e S.S. Coral as b%ilt a"ter 1HBI.
.1/ T!e S.S. Coral belon#s to t!e 1l%e Star Line.
.C/ Fort Tro'ica is served onl, b, car#o s!i's.
.3/ Fort Tro'ica is not served b, s!i's o" t!e 1l%e Start Line.
GMAT & LSAT CR G<<
.E/ All o" t!e s!i's o" t!e 1l%e Star Line are older t!an an, o" t!e s!i's o" t!e
Gold Star Line.
1H. S'ectrosco'ic anal,sis !as revealed t!e e(istence o" "ro)en nitro#en9 &et!ane9
and carbon &ono(ide on t!e s%r"ace o" Fl%to. S%c! ices !ave a tendenc, to
va'ori)e9 'rod%cin# an at&os'!ere. Since t!e 'ro'ortion o" an, #as in s%c! an
at&os'!ere de'ends directl, on !o readil, t!e corres'ondin# ice va'ori)es9
astrono&ers !ave concl%ded t!at t!e co&'onents o" Fl%tos at&os'!ere are
nitro#en9 carbon &ono(ide9 and &et!ane9 in order o" decreasin# ab%ndance.
T!e astrono&ers ar#%&ent relies on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ T!ere is no &ore "ro)en nitro#en on t!e s%r"ace o" Fl%to t!an t!ere is eit!er
"ro)en carbon &ono(ide or &et!ane.
.1/ =ntil s'ace 'robes reac! Fl%to9 direct anal,sis o" t!e at&os'!ere is
i&'ossible.
.C/ T!ere is no "ro)en s%bstance on t!e s%r"ace o" Fl%to t!at va'ori)es &ore
readil, t!an &et!ane b%t less readil, t!an carbon &ono(ide.
.3/ 2itro#en is "o%nd in t!e at&os'!ere o" a 'lanet onl, i" nitro#en ice is "o%nd
on t!e s%r"ace o" t!at 'lanet.
.E/ A &i(t%re o" nitro#en9 carbon &ono(ide9 and &et!ane is c!aracteristic o" t!e
s%bstances "ro& !ic! t!e Solar S,ste& "or&ed.
5I. Ann ill eit!er take a leave o" absence "ro& Tec!noco&' and ret%rn in a ,ear or
else s!e ill 0%it !er +ob t!ereD b%t s!e o%ld not do eit!er one %nless s!e ere
o""ered a one8,ear teac!in# "ellos!i' at a 'resti#io%s %niversit,. Tec!noco&'
ill allo !er to take a leave o" absence i" it does not "ind o%t t!at s!e !as been
o""ered t!e "ellos!i'9 b%t not ot!erise. T!ere"ore9 Ann ill 0%it !er +ob at
Tec!noco&' onl, i" Tec!noco&' "inds o%t s!e !as been o""ered t!e "ellos!i'.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" ass%&ed9 allos t!e concl%sion above to be
'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ Tec!noco&' ill "ind o%t abo%t Ann bein# o""ered t!e "ellos!i' onl, i"
so&eone in"or&s on !er.
.1/ T!e reason Ann ants t!e "ellos!i' is so s!e can 0%it !er +ob at
Tec!noco&'.
.C/ Tec!noco&' does not allo an, o" its e&'lo,ees to take a leave o" absence
in order to ork "or one o" its co&'etitors.
.3/ Ann ill take a leave o" absence i" Tec!noco&' allos !er to take a leave o"
absence.
.E/ Ann o%ld be o""ered t!e "ellos!i' onl, i" s!e 0%it !er +ob at Tec!noco&'.
51. I" a &ec!anical aerator is installed in a "is! 'ool9 t!e ater in t!e 'ool can be
'ro'erl, aerated. So9 since Jo!ns "is! 'ool does not !ave a &ec!anical aerator9 it
&%st be t!at !is 'ool is not 'ro'erl, aerated. 6it!o%t 'ro'erl, aerated ater9 "is!
cannot t!rive. T!ere"ore9 an, "is! in Jo!ns "is! 'ool ill not t!rive.
GMAT & LSAT CR G<C
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents contains an error o" reasonin# t!at is also
contained in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ I" al%& is added to 'ickle brine9 brine can re'lace t!e ater in t!e 'ickles.
T!ere"ore9 since Fa%la does not add al%& to !er 'ickle brine9 t!e ater in
t!e 'ickles cannot be re'laced b, brine. =nless t!eir ater is re'laced it!
brine9 'ickles ill not sta, cris'. T!%s9 Fa%las 'ickles ill not sta, cris'.
.1/ I" 'ectin is added to +a&9 t!e +a& ill #el. 6it!o%t a settin# a#ent s%c! as
'ectin9 +a& ill not #el. So in order to &ake !is +a& #el9 :arr, s!o%ld add a
settin# a#ent s%c! as 'ectin to t!e +a&.
.C/ I" stored 'otatoes are not e('osed to et!,lene9 t!e 'otatoes ill not s'ro%t.
1eets do not release et!,lene. T!ere"ore9 i" Sara stores !er 'otatoes to#et!er
it! beets9 t!e 'otatoes ill not s'ro%t.
.3/ I" a carrot 'atc! is covered it! &%lc! in t!e "all9 t!e carrots can be le"t in
t!e #ro%nd %ntil s'rin#. 6it!o%t a &%lc! cover9 carrots stored in t!e #ro%nd
can s%""er "rost da&a#e. T!%s9 since Mevin covers !is carrot 'atc! it!
&%lc! in t!e "all9 t!e carrots can sa"el, be le"t in t!e #ro%nd.
.E/ I" to&atoes are not stored in a dark 'lace9 t!eir seeds so&eti&es s'ro%t.
S'ro%ted seeds can &ake to&atoes inedible. T!ere"ore9 since Maria does
not store !er to&atoes in a dark 'lace9 so&e o" Marias to&atoes co%ld be
inedible.
Questions !!-!3
Antin%clear activist: T!e closin# o" t!e n%clear 'oer 'lant is a victor, "or t!e
antin%clear ca%se. It also re'resents a belated acknoled#&ent b, t!e 'oer ind%str,
t!at t!e, cannot o'erate s%c! 'lants sa"el,.
2%clear 'oer 'lant &ana#er: It re'resents no s%c! t!in#. T!e availabilit, o" c!ea'
'oer "ro& nonn%clear so%rces9 to#et!er it! t!e cost o" &andated sa"et, ins'ections
and sa"et, re'airs9 &ade contin%ed o'eration %necono&ic. T!%s it as not sa"et,
considerations b%t econo&ic considerations t!at dictated t!e 'lants closin#.
55. T!e reasonin# in t!e &ana#ers ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ "ails to acknoled#e t!at t!e 'oer ind%str, &i#!t no believe n%clear
'oer 'lants to be %nsa"e even t!o%#! t!is 'lant as not closed "or sa"et,
reasons
.1/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e so%rces "ro& !ic! c!ea' 'oer is
available &i#!t t!e&selves be s%b+ect to sa"et, concerns
.C/ &istakes t!e iss%e o" !at t!e clos%re o" t!e 'lant re'resents to t!e '%blic "or
t!e iss%e o" !at t!e &ana#ers reason "or t!e clos%re ere
.3/ takes as one o" its 're&ises a vie abo%t t!e 'oer ind%str,s attit%de toard
n%clear sa"et, t!at contradicts t!e activists vie
.E/ co%nts as '%rel, econo&ic considerations so&e e('enses t!at arise as a res%lt
o" t!e need to take sa"et, 'reca%tions
GMAT & LSAT CR G<@
5<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e activists clai& o"
victor,-
.A/ T!e 'lant !ad reac!ed t!e a#e at !ic! its o'eratin# license e('ired.
.1/ T!e &andate "or ins'ections and re'airs &entioned b, t!e &ana#er as
recentl, enacted as a res%lt o" 'ress%re "ro& antin%clear #ro%'s.
.C/ T!e 'lant o%ld not !ave closed i" c!ea' 'oer "ro& nonn%clear so%rces !ad
not been available.
.3/ Fer %nit o" electricit, 'rod%ced9 t!e 'lant !ad t!e !i#!est o'eratin# costs o"
an, n%clear 'oer 'lant.
.E/ T!e 'lant t!at closed !ad been able to 'rovide back%' 'oer to an electrical
netork !en 'arts o" t!e netork beca&e overloaded.
Questions !4-!5
Statistician: C!an#es in t!e S%ns l%&inosit, correlate e(ceedin#l, ell it! avera#e
land te&'erat%res on Eart!. Clearl,Kand contrar, to acce'ted o'inion a&on#
&eteorolo#istsKt!e S%ns l%&inosit, essentiall, controls land te&'erat%res on Eart!.
Meteorolo#ist: I disa#ree. An, 'ro"essional &eteorolo#ist ill tell ,o% t!at in a
s,ste& as co&'licated as t!at #ivin# rise to t!e cli&ate9 no si#ni"icant as'ect can be
controlled b, a sin#le variable.
5C. T!e re+ection b, t!e &eteorolo#ist o" t!e statisticians concl%sion e&'lo,s !ic!
one o" t!e "olloin# tec!ni0%es o" ar#%&entation-
.A/ s%''ortin# a concl%sion abo%t a s'eci"ic case b, invokin# a relevant
#enerali)ation
.1/ 'rod%cin# a sin#le co%ntere(a&'le t!at establis!es t!at a #enerali)ation is
"alse as state
.C/ reanal,)in# a correlation as re"lectin# t!e &%lti'le e""ects o" a sin#le ca%se
.3/ re+ectin# a concl%sion beca%se it is a 'ro'osition t!at cannot be
e('eri&entall, tested
.E/ 'ointin# o%t t!at 'otentiall, %n"avorable evident !as been s,ste&aticall,
ne#lected
5@. T!e reasonin# in t!e &eteorolo#ists co%nterar#%&ent 0%estionable beca%se t!at
ar#%&ent
.A/ re+ects a 'artial e('lanation9 not beca%se it is incorrect9 b%t onl, beca%se it is
not co&'lete
.1/ "ails to distin#%is! '!eno&ena t!at e(ist inde'endentl, o" a 'artic%lar s,ste&
"ro& '!eno&ena t!at e(ist onl, as 'art o" t!e s,ste&
.C/ calls into 0%estion t!e e(istence o" a correlation !en t!e onl, real iss%e is
t!at o" !o to inter'ret t!e correlation
.3/ dis&isses a !,'ot!esis on t!e #ro%nds t!at it "ails to deal it! an, &atters o"
GMAT & LSAT CR G<G
scienti"ic si#ni"icant
.E/ a''eals to t!e a%t!oritativeness o" an o'inion it!o%t eval%atin# t!e &erit o"
a '%tative co%ntere(a&'le
SECTI72 III
1. Ever,one sittin# in t!e aitin# roo& o" t!e sc!ools at!letic o""ice t!is &ornin# at
nine oclock !ad +%st re#istered "or a be#inners tennis clinic. Jo!n9 Mar,9 and
Teresa ere all sittin# in t!e aitin# roo& t!is &ornin# at nice oclock. 2o
acco&'lis!ed tennis 'la,er o%ld re#ister "or a be#inners tennis clinic.
t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ 2one o" t!e 'eo'le sittin# in t!e sc!ools at!letic o""ice t!is &ornin# at nine
oclock !ad ever 'la,ed tennis.
.1/ Ever,one sittin# in t!e sc!ools at!letic o""ice t!is &ornin# at nine oclock
re#istered onl, "or a be#inners tennis clinic.
.C/ Jo!n9 Mar,9 and Teresa ere t!e onl, 'eo'le !o re#istered "or a be#inners
tennis clinic t!is &ornin#.
.3/ Jo!n9 Mar,9 and Teresa ere t!e onl, 'eo'le sittin# in t!e aitin# roo& o"
t!e sc!ools at!letic o""ice t!is &ornin# at nine oclock.
.E/ 2eit!er Jo!n nor Teresa is an acco&'lis!ed tennis 'la,er.
5. Most 'eo'le !o ride bic,cles "or 'leas%re do not ride %ntil t!e ar& eat!er o"
s'rin# and s%&&er arrives. *et it is 'robabl, &ore e""ective to advertise bic,cles
earlier in t!e ,ear. Most bic,cles are '%rc!ased in t!e s'rin#9 b%t once s!o''ers
are read, to s!o' "or a bic,cle9 t!e, %s%all, !ave alread, decided !ic! brand
and &odel o" bic,cle t!e, ill '%rc!ase. 1, t!en it is #enerall, too late to ind%ce
t!e& to c!an#e t!eir &inds.
.A/ bic,cle advertise&ents are 'robabl, &ore e""ective i" t!e, a''ear be"ore t!e
arrival o" ar& s'rin# eat!er
.1/ &ost bic,cle '%rc!asers decide on t!e brand and &odel o" bic,cle t!at t!e,
ill b%, be"ore be#innin# to s!o' "or a bic,cle
.C/ &ore bic,cles are '%rc!ased in t!e s'rin# t!an at an, ot!er ti&e o" ,ear
.3/ in #eneral9 once a bic,cle '%rc!aser !as decided !ic! bic,cle !e or s!e
intends to '%rc!ase9 it is di""ic%lt to brin# abo%t a c!an#e in t!at decision
.E/ s'rin# and s%&&er are t!e ti&e o" ,ear in !ic! bic,cle ridin# as a leis%re
activit, is &ost 'o'%lar
<. 3%rin# 1HH1 t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le in t!e ton o" 1a,b%r# !o received
GMAT & LSAT CR G<A
&%nici'al "ood assistance do%bled9 even t!o%#! t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le in 1a,b%r#
!ose inco&es ere lo eno%#! to 0%ali", "or s%c! assistance re&ained
%nc!an#ed.
.A/ In 1HHI t!e 1a,b%r# Ton Co%ncil debated !et!er or not to alter t!e
eli#ibilit, re0%ire&ents "or t!e "ood assistance 'ro#ra& b%t %lti&atel,
decided not to c!an#e t!e&.
.1/ In 1HHI t!e 1a,b%r# social service de'art&ent esti&ated t!e n%&ber o"
'eo'le in 1a,b%r# !o &i#!t be eli#ible "or t!e "ood assistance 'ro#ra&
and t!en in"or&ed t!e 1a,b%r# Ton Co%ncil o" t!e total a&o%nt o"
assistance likel, to be needed.
.C/ 3%rin# 1HH1 &an, residents o" a nearb, cit, lost t!eir +obs and &oved to
1a,b%r# in searc! o" ork.
.3/ 3%rin# 1HH1 t!e n%&ber o" a''licants "or "ood assistance in 1a,b%r# !o
ere re+ected on t!e basis t!at t!eir inco&es ere above t!e &a(i&%&
alloable li&it as a''ro(i&atel, t!e sa&e as it !ad been in 1HHI.
.E/ 3%rin# 1HH1 1a,b%r#s 'ro#ra& o" rent assistance "or lo8inco&e tenants
advertised idel, and t!en in"or&ed all a''licants abo%t ot!er assistance
'ro#ra&s "or !ic! t!e, o%ld be 0%ali"ied.
C. Ca&'ai#nin# "or election to 'rovincial or state o""ice "re0%entl, re0%ires t!at a
candidate s'end &%c! ti&e and ener#, caterin# to t!e interests o" national 'art,
o""icials !o can !el' t!e candidate to in o""ice. T!e elected o""icials !o
ca&'ai#n "or reelection !ile t!e, are in o""ice t!%s o"ten "ail to serve t!e
interests o" t!eir local constit%encies.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion &ade b, t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Caterin# to t!e interests o" national 'art, o""icials so&eti&es con"licts it!
servin# t!e interests o" a 'rovincial or state o""icials local constit%encies.
.1/ 7nl, b, caterin# to t!e interests o" national 'art, o""icials can t!ose !o
!old 'rovincial or state o""ice in reelection.
.C/ T!e interests o" local constit%encies are ell served onl, b, elected o""icials
!o do not cater to t!e interests o" national 'art, o""icials.
.3/ 7""icials elected to 'rovincial or state o""ice are obli#ated to serve onl, t!e
interests o" constit%ents !o belon# to t!e sa&e 'art, as do t!e o""icials.
.E/ All elected o""icials are likel, to seek reelection to t!ose o""ices t!at are not
li&ited to one ter&.
@. Since Fro"essor S&,t!e !as been !ead o" t!e de'art&ent9 t!e &ost distin#%is!ed
&e&ber o" t!e "ac%lt, !as resi#ned9 "eer ne co%rses !ave been develo'ed9
st%dent !as dro''ed9 and t!e re'%tation o" t!e de'art&ent !as #one don. T!ese
"acts 'rovide concl%sive evidence t!at Fro"essor S&,t!e as a''ointed to
GMAT & LSAT CR G<B
%nder&ine t!e de'art&ent.
.A/ overlooks t!e "act t!at so&et!in# can !ave t!e re'%tation "or bein# o" 'oor
0%alit, it!o%t bein# o" 'oor 0%alit,
.1/ bases a #eneral clai& on a "e e(ce'tional instances
.C/ ass%&es t!at beca%se an action as "olloed b, a c!an#e9 t!e action as
%ndertaken to brin# abo%t t!at c!an#e
.3/ "ails to distin#%is! beteen a decline in 0%antit, and a decline in 0%alit,
.E/ 'res%''oses !at it '%r'orts to establis!
G. 1ooks abo%t arc!itect%ral orks9 %nless t!e, are not intended "or a #eneral
a%dience9 o%#!t to incl%de disc%ssions o" bot! t!e %tilit, and t!e aest!etic a''eal
o" eac! o" t!e b%ildin#s t!e, consider. I" t!e, do not9 t!e, are "laed. Mortons
book on Italian 1aro0%e 'alaces describes t!ese 'alaces "%nctional as'ects9 b%t
"ails to &ention t!at t!e &ain !all o" a 'alace !e disc%sses at len#t! !as a ceilin#
t!at is one o" t!e tr%l, breat!takin# &aster'ieces o" 6estern art.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 it o%ld be necessar, to establis! !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin# in order to concl%de t!at Mortons book is "laed-
.A/ Mortons descri'tion o" t!e 'alaces %tilit, is inacc%rate.
.1/ Mortons book does not disc%ss as'ects o" t!e 'alaces ot!er t!an %tilit, and
aest!etic a''eal.
.C/ Mortons book is intended "or a #eneral a%dience.
.3/ T!e 'assa#e disc%ssin# t!e 'alace 'la,s a ver, i&'ortant role in !el'in# to
establis! t!e overall ar#%&ent o" Mortons book.
.E/ T!e 'alace disc%ssed at len#t! is one o" t!e &ost aest!eticall, i&'ortant o"
t!ose treated in Mortons book.
A. 7" all t!e '!oto#ra'!s taken o" !i& at !is eddin# t!ere as one t!at Jo!n and
!is "riends s!ar'l, disa#reed abo%t. :is "riends all said t!at t!is 'artic%lar 'ict%re
did not &%c! rese&ble !i&9 b%t Jo!n said t!at on t!e contrar, it as t!e onl,
'!oto#ra'! t!at did.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 abo%t t!e '!oto#ra'! &ost !el's to e('lain
Jo!ns disa#ree&ent it! !is "riends-
.A/ It9 %nlike t!e ot!er '!oto#ra'!s o" Jo!n9 s!oed !i& in t!e st,le o" dress !e
and !is "riends %s%all, ear rat!er t!an t!e "or&al clot!es !e ore at t!e
cere&on,.
.1/ It as t!e onl, '!oto#ra'! taken o" Jo!n at !is eddin# "or !ic! t!e
'!oto#ra'!er !ad %sed a "las!.
.C/ It as a black8and8!ite '!oto#ra'!9 !ereas t!e ot!er '!oto#ra'!s t!at
s!oed Jo!n ere &ostl, color '!oto#ra'!s.
.3/ It as %ni0%e in s!oin# Jo!ns "ace re"lected in a &irror9 t!e '!oto#ra'!er
GMAT & LSAT CR G<H
!avin# taken t!e '!oto#ra'! over Jo!ns s!o%lder.
.E/ It as one o" onl, a "e taken at t!e eddin# t!at s!oed no one b%t Jo!n.
Questions 8-9
Eva: A >s&art !i#!a,? s,ste& s!o%ld be installed9 one t!at o%ld &onitor areaide
tra""ic 'atterns and co&&%nicate it! co&'%ters in ve!icles or it! 'ro#ra&&able
!i#!a, si#ns to #ive drivers in"or&ation abo%t tra""ic con#estion and alternate
ro%tes. S%c! a s,ste&9 e can in"er9 o%ld res%lt in i&'roved tra""ic "lo in and
aro%nd cities t!at o%ld do &ore t!an i&'rove drivers te&'ersD it o%ld decrease t!e
considerable loss o" &one, and 'rod%ctivit, t!at no res%lts "ro& tra""ic con#estion.
L%is: T!ere are alread, tra""ic re'orts on t!e radio. 6!, o%ld a >s&art !i#!a,?
s,ste& be an, better-
B. Evas ar#%&ent de'ends on t!e ass%&'tion t!at
.A/ on >s&art !i#!a,s? t!ere o%ld not be t!e breakdons o" ve!icles t!at
c%rrentl, ca%se tra""ic con#estion
.1/ tra""ic li#!ts9 i" coordinated b, t!e s,ste&9 o%ld ass%re a "ree "lo o" tra""ic
.C/ tra""ic "lo in and aro%nd cities is not no so con#ested t!at si#ni"icant
i&'rove&ent is i&'ossible
.3/ t!e t,'e o" e0%i'&ent %sed in >s&art !i#!a,? s,ste&s o%ld var, "ro& one
cit, to anot!er
.E/ older ve!icles co%ld not be "itted it! e0%i'&ent to receive si#nals sent b, a
>s&art !i#!a,? s,ste&
H. I" Eva res'onded to L%is b, sa,in# t!at t!e c%rrent one8&in%te radio re'orts are
too s!ort to #ive a s%""icient descri'tion o" overall 'atterns o" tra""ic con#estion9
!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en L%iss c!allen#e-
.A/ 1ad eat!er9 !ic! radio stations re'ort9 o%ld ca%se tra""ic to slo don
!et!er or not a >s&art !i#!a,? s,ste& as in o'eration.
.1/ It o%ld be less costl, to !ave radio stations t!at #ive contin%al9 len#t!ier
tra""ic re'orts t!an to install a >s&art !i#!a,? s,ste&.
.C/ Radio re'orts can take note o" con#estion once it occ%rs9 b%t a >s&art
!i#!a,? s,ste& co%ld antici'ate and "orestall it in &an, instances.
.3/ T!e 'ro'osed tra""ic &onitorin# o%ld not red%ce t!e 'rivac, o" drivers.
.E/ Toll collection boot!s9 !ic! constit%te tra""ic bottlenecks9 o%ld lar#el, be
re'laced in t!e >s&art !i#!a,? s,ste& b, electronic debitin# o"
co&&%ters acco%nts !ile tra""ic 'roceeded at "%ll s'eed.
1I. T!e ter&s >se(? and >#ender? are o"ten %sed interc!an#eabl,. 1%t >se(? &ore
'ro'erl, re"ers to biolo#ical di""erences o" &ale and "e&ale9 !ile >#ender?
re"ers to societ,s constr%ction o" a s,ste& t!at identi"ies !at is &asc%line and
"e&inine. =nlike t!e set o" c!aracteristics de"inin# biolo#ical se(9 t!e set o" traits
GMAT & LSAT CR GCI
t!at are associated it! #ender does not sort 'eo'le into to nonoverla''in#
#ro%'s. T!e traits c!aracteri)e 'eo'le in a co&'le( a,9 so t!at a 'erson &a,
!ave bot! >&asc%line? and >"e&inine? traits.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents best e('resses a &ain 'oint o" t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ 3istinctions based on #ender are "re0%entl, arbitrar,.
.1/ Gender traits are not deter&ined at birt!.
.C/ Masc%line #ender traits are !i#!l, correlated it! &aleness.
.3/ T!e ter&s >se(? and >#ender? are not 'ro'erl, interc!an#eable.
.E/ Societ, rat!er t!an t!e individ%al decides !at is considered 'ro'er be!avior.
11. Raisin# t!e ta( rate on essential #oodsKa traditional &eans o" increasin#
#overn&ent reven%esKinvariabl, t%rns lo8 and &iddle8inco&e ta('a,ers
a#ainst t!e #overn&ent. :ence #overn&ent o""icials !ave 'ro'osed addin# a ne
ta( on '%rc!ases o" l%(%r, ite&s s%c! as ,ac!ts9 'rivate 'lanes9 +eels9 and "%rs.
T!e o""icials clai& t!at t!is ta( ill res%lt in a s%bstantial increase in #overn&ent
reven%es !ile a""ectin# onl, t!e ealt!, individ%als and cor'orations !o can
a""ord to '%rc!ase s%c! ite&s.
T!e anser to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 0%estions o%ld be &ost relevant in
eval%atin# t!e acc%rac, o" t!e #overn&ent o""icials 'rediction-
.A/ 6ill l%(%r, #oods be ta(ed at a !i#!er rate t!an t!at at !ic! essential #oods
are c%rrentl, ta(ed-
.1/ 6ill t!e reven%es #enerated b, t!e 'ro'osed ta( be co&'arable to t!ose t!at
are c%rrentl, bein# #enerated b, ta(es on essential #oods-
.C/ 6ill sales o" t!e l%(%r, ite&s s%b+ect to t!e 'ro'osed ta( occ%r at c%rrent
rates once t!e 'ro'osed ta( on l%(%r, ite&s !as been 'assed-
.3/ 6ill t!e 'ro'osed ta( on l%(%r, ite&s in s%''ort "or t!e #overn&ent in t!e
e,es o" lo8 and &iddle8inco&e ta('a,ers-
.E/ 6ill '%rc!ases o" l%(%r, ite&s b, cor'orations acco%nt "or &ore o" t!e
reven%e #enerated b, t!e 'ro'osed ta( t!an ill '%rc!ases o" l%(%r, ite&s
b, ealt!, individ%als-
15. In a st%d, o" t!e relations!i' beteen a##ression and television viein# in
n%rser, sc!ool c!ildren9 &an, interestin# interactions a&on# "a&il, st,les9
a##ression9 and television viein# ere "o%nd. :i#! a##ression occ%rred in bot!
!i#!8viein# and lo8viein# c!ildren and t!is see&ed to be related to 'arental
li"est,le. :i#!8ac!ievin#9 co&'etitive9 &iddle8class 'arents9 !ose c!ildren did
not atc! &%c! television9 !ad &ore a##ressive c!ildren t!an 'arents !o
'lanned t!eir lives in an or#ani)ed9 c!ild8centered a,9 !ic! incl%ded lar#er
a&o%nts o" television viein#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is best s%''orted b, t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Lo levels o" television viein# o"ten lead to !i#! levels o" a##ression
GMAT & LSAT CR GC1
a&on# c!ildren.
.1/ T!e level o" a##ression o" a c!ild cannot be 'redicted "ro& levels o"
television viein# alone.
.C/ I" !i#!8ac!ievin#9 co&'etitive 'arents ere &ore c!ild8centered9 t!eir
c!ildren o%ld be less a##ressive.
.3/ :i#! levels o" television viein# can e('lain !i#! levels o" a##ression
a&on# c!ildren onl, !en t!e 'arents are not c!ild8centered.
.E/ Farental li"est,le is less i&'ortant t!an t!e a&o%nt o" television viein# in
deter&inin# t!e a##ressiveness o" c!ildren.
1<. 7ne o" t!e e""ects o" lead 'oisonin# is an in"la&&ation o" t!e o'tic nerve9 !ic!
ca%ses t!ose !o !ave it to see bri#!t !aloes aro%nd li#!t so%rces. In order to
'rod%ce t!e strikin# ,ello e""ects in !is >S%n"loers? 'aintin#s9 4an Go#! %sed
2a'les ,ello9 a 'i#&ent containin# lead. Since in !is later 'aintin#s9 4an Go#!
'ainted bri#!t !aloes aro%nd t!e stars and s%n9 it is likel, t!at !e as s%""erin#
"ro& lead 'oisonin# ca%sed b, in#estin# t!e 'i#&ents !e %sed.
.A/ In 4an Go#!s later 'aintin#s !e 'ainted so&e t!in#s as !e sa t!e&.
.1/ 4an Go#! contin%ed to %se 'aints containin# lead a"ter !avin# 'ainted t!e
>S%n"loers? 'aintin#s.
.C/ 4an Go#! did not !ave s,&'to&s o" lead 'oisonin# aside "ro& seein# bri#!t
!aloes aro%nd li#!t so%rces.
.3/ T!e 'aints 4an Go#! %sed in t!e >S%n"loers? 'aintin#s !ad no to(ic
in#redients ot!er t!an lead.
.E/ T!e e""ects o" 2a'les ,ello co%ld not !ave been ac!ieved %sin# ot!er
'i#&ents.
Questions 14-15
Folitician: T!e &andator, +ail sentences t!at beca&e la to ,ears a#o "or certain
cri&es !ave en!anced t!e inte#rit, o" o%r s,ste& o" +%stice9 "or no lon#er are t!ere
to kinds o" +%stice9 t!e kind dis'ensed b, lenient +%d#es and t!e kind dis'ensed b,
severe ones.
F%blic advocate: 1%t it! +%d#es stri''ed o" discretionar, 'oers9 t!ere can be no
lenienc, even !ere it o%ld be a''ro'riate. So +%ries no so&eti&es ac0%it a #iven
de"endant solel, beca%se t!e +%rors "eel t!at t!e &andator, sentence o%ld be too
!ars!. T!ose +%ries9 t!en9 do not ret%rn an acc%rate verdict on t!e de"endants #%ilt.
T!is is !, it is i&'erative t!at t!e le#islation instit%tin# &andator, +ail sentences be
re'ealed.
1C. T!e '%blic advocate res'onds to t!e 'oliticians ar#%&ent b, doin# !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ tr,in# to s!o t!at t!e 'oliticians concl%sion &erel, 'ara'!rases t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR GC5
'oliticians evidence
.1/ clai&in# t!at t!e 'oliticians evidence9 'ro'erl, anal,)ed9 !as no bearin# on
t!e concl%sion t!e 'olitician derives "ro& it
.C/ ar#%in# t!at lenienc, is not a trait o" individ%als b%t t!at9 rat!er9 it is a
'ro'ert, o" certain kinds o" decisions
.3/ ar#%in# t!at an anal,sis o" t!e conse0%ences o" certain le#islation
%nder&ines t!e 'oliticians concl%sion
.E/ c!ar#in# t!at t!e 'olitician e(a##erated t!e severit, o" a 'roble& in order to
+%sti", a see'in# sol%tion
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 'rovides t!e 'olitician it! t!e
stron#est basis "or co%nterin# t!e '%blic advocates ar#%&ent-
.A/ J%ries s!o%ld ala,s consider !et!er t!e s%& o" t!e evidence leaves an,
reasonable do%bt concernin# t!e de"endants #%ilt9 and in all cases in !ic!
it does9 t!e, s!o%ld ac0%it t!e de"endant.
.1/ A s,ste& o" +%stice s!o%ld clearl, de"ine !at t!e s'eci"ic actions are t!at
+%d#es are to 'er"or& it!in t!e s,ste&.
.C/ A s,ste& o" +%stice s!o%ld not re0%ire an, le#al e('ertise on t!e 'art o" t!e
'eo'le selected to serve on +%ries.
.3/ C!an#es in a s,ste& o" +%stice in res'onse to so&e %ndesirable "eat%re o" t!e
s,ste& s!o%ld be &ade as soon as 'ossible once t!at "eat%re !as been
reco#ni)ed as %ndesirable.
.E/ C!an#es in a s,ste& o" +%stice t!at 'rod%ce %ndesirable conse0%ences s!o%ld
be reversed onl, i" it is not "easible to a&eliorate t!ose %ndesirable
conse0%ences t!ro%#! "%rt!er &odi"ication.
1G. Researc!ers st%d,in# arti"icial seeteners !ave lon# clai&ed t!at t!e 'erce'tion
o" seetness is deter&ined b, t!e activation o" a sin#le t,'e o" rece'tor on t!e
ton#%e9 called a seetness rece'tor. T!e, !ave also clai&ed t!at an, #iven
individ%al &olec%le o" s%bstance can activate at &ost one seetness rece'tor and
t!at t!e "eer &olec%les t!at are re0%ired to activate a rece'tor9 t!e seeter t!at
s%bstance ill be 'erceived to be. 2o t!e researc!ers clai& to !ave discovered a
s%bstance o" !ic! onl, one &olec%le is needed to activate an, seetness
rece'tor.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e
researc!ers clai&s9 i" all o" t!ose clai&s are tr%e-
.A/ T!e &ore seetness rece'tors a 'erson !as on !is or !er ton#%e9 t!e &ore
likel, it is t!at t!at 'erson ill "ind seet sensations 'leas%rable.
.1/ In s%""icient 0%antit,9 t!e &olec%les o" an, s%bstance can activate a
seetness rece'tor.
.C/ 2o s%bstance ill be "o%nd t!at is 'erceived to be seeter t!an t!e s%bstance
t!e researc!ers !ave discovered.
GMAT & LSAT CR GC<
.3/ A s%bstance t!at does not activate a seetness rece'tor ill activate a taste
rece'tor o" anot!er t,'e.
.E/ T!e &ore &olec%les o" a s%bstance t!at are re0%ired to activate a sin#le
seetness rece'tor9 t!e &ore bitter t!at s%bstance ill be 'erceived to be.
1A. An editorial in t!e 3randburg Daily +erald clai&s t!at Grandb%r#s voters o%ld
#enerall, elco&e t!e de"eat o" t!e 'olitical 'art, no in control o" t!e
Grandb%r# Cit, Co%ncil. T!e editorial bases its clai& on a recent s%rve, t!at
"o%nd t!at @H 'ercent o" Grandb%r#s re#istered voters t!ink t!at t!e 'art, ill
de"initel, be o%t o" 'oer a"ter ne(t ,ears cit, co%ncil elections.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a 'rinci'le t!at9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld 'rovide t!e
stron#est +%sti"ication "or t!e editorials concl%sion-
.A/ T!e a, voters "eel abo%t a 'olitical 'art, at a #iven ti&e can reasonabl, be
considered a reliable indicator o" t!e a, t!e, ill contin%e to "eel abo%t
t!at 'art,9 barrin# %n"oreseeable 'olitical develo'&ents.
.1/ T!e res%lts o" s%rve,s t!at #a%#e c%rrent voter senti&ent toard a #iven
'olitical 'art, can le#iti&atel, be %sed as t!e basis "or &akin# clai&s abo%t
t!e likel, "%t%re 'ros'ects o" t!at 'olitical 'art,.
.C/ An increase in ill8"eelin# toard a 'olitical 'art, t!at is in 'oer can
reasonabl, be e('ected to res%lt in a corres'ondin# increase in s%''ort "or
rival 'olitical 'arties.
.3/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" voters !o e('ect a #iven 'olitical 'ossibilit, to be
reali)ed can le#iti&atel, be ass%&ed to a''ro(i&ate t!e 'ro'ortion o"
voters !o are in "avor o" t!at 'ossibilit, bein# reali)ed.
.E/ It can reasonabl, be ass%&ed t!at re#istered voters !o res'ond to a s%rve,
re#ardin# t!e o%tco&e o" a "%t%re election ill e(ercise t!eir ri#!t to vote in
t!at election.
1B. Frolon#ed e('os%re to nonioni)in# radiationKelectro&a#netic radiation at or
belo t!e "re0%enc, o" visible li#!tKincreases a 'ersons c!ances o" develo'in#
so"t8tiss%e cancer. Electric 'oer lines as ell as s%c! electrical a''liances as
electric blankets and video8dis'la, ter&inals are so%rces o" nonioni)in# radiation.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is best s%''orted b, t!e state&ents
above-
.A/ Feo'le it! s!ort8ter& e('os%re to nonioni)in# radiation are not at risk o"
develo'in# so"t8tiss%e cancers.
.1/ So"t8tiss%e cancers are &ore co&&on t!an ot!er cancers.
.C/ So"t8tiss%e cancers are "re0%entl, c%red s'ontaneo%sl, !en so%rces o"
nonioni)in# radiation are re&oved "ro& t!e 'atients !o&e.
.3/ Certain electrical devices can 'ose !ealt! risks "or t!eir %sers.
.E/ 3evices 'rod%cin# electro&a#netic radiation at "re0%encies !i#!er t!an t!at
o" visible li#!t do not increase a 'ersons risk o" develo'in# so"t8tiss%e
GMAT & LSAT CR GCC
cancers.
1H. In t!e "irst decade "olloin# t!e "o%ndin# o" t!e 1ritis! Labo%r 'art,9 t!e n%&ber
o" 'eo'le re#%larl, votin# "or Labo%r increased "ive"old. T!e n%&ber o"
co&&itted Labo%r voters increased a "%rt!er "ive"old d%rin# t!e 'art,s second
decade. Since t!e increase as t!%s t!e sa&e in t!e "irst as in t!e second decade9
t!e o"ten8&ade clai& t!at t!e Labo%r 'art, #ained &ove voters in t!e 'art,s
second decade t!an in its "irst is clearl, "alse.
.A/ "ails to s'eci", dates necessar, to eval%ate t!e tr%t! o" t!e concl%sion9 even
t!o%#! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends on distin#%is!in# beteen to ti&e 'eriods
.1/ dras a concl%sion t!at cannot be tr%e i" all t!e data advanced in its s%''ort
are tr%e
.C/ relies on statistical evidence t!at9 strictl, s'eakin#9 is irrelevant to
establis!in# t!e concl%sion dran
.3/ "ails to allo "or t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e 'olic, 'ositions advocated b, t!e
Labo%r 'art, c!an#ed d%rin# t!e 'eriod in 0%estion
.E/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at &ore elections ere !eld in one o" t!e to
decades t!an ere !eld in t!e ot!er
Questions !0-!1
A n%&ber o" serio%sl, interested a&ate%r astrono&ers !ave tested t!e ne E(od%s
re"ractor telesco'e. 6it! it9 t!e, ere able to observe in cris' detail 'lanetar, "eat%res
t!at ere seen onl, as "%)), i&a#es in t!eir B8inc! .a''ro(i&atel, 5I8centi&eter/
2etonian telesco'es9 even t!o%#! t!e B8inc! telesco'es9 it! t!eir ider a'ert%res9
#at!er &ore li#!t t!an t!e C8inc! .a''ro(i&atel, 1I8centi&eter/ E(od%s. Given t!ese
a&ate%r astrono&ers observational "indin#s9 an, serio%s a&ate%r astrono&ers o%#!t
to c!oose t!e E(od%s i" s!e or !e is b%,in# a telesco'e "or 'lanetar, observation.
5I. T!e ar#%&ent 'roceeds b,
.A/ eval%atin# t!e credibilit, o" clai&s &ade b, a 'artic%lar #ro%'
.1/ detailin# t!e a,s in !ic! a testin# sit%ation a''ro(i&ates t!e conditions o"
ordinar, %se
.C/ 'lacin# a '!eno&enon in a ider conte(t in order to e('lain it
.3/ s%''ortin# a reco&&endation to a #ro%' on t!e basis o" t!e e('erience o" a
s%bset o" t!at #ro%'
.E/ distin#%is!in# beteen t!e act%al reasons !, a certain #ro%' did a
'artic%lar t!in# and t!e best reasons "or doin# t!at t!in#
51. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Telesco'es o" certain t,'es ill not 'er"or& ell %nless t!e, !ave been
'recisel, colli&ated9 a delicate ad+%st&ent re0%irin# de"tness.
GMAT & LSAT CR GC@
.1/ I&a#e 0%alit, is onl, one o" several di""erent "actors t!at9 taken to#et!er9
s!o%ld deter&ine t!e c!oice o" a telesco'e "or 'lanetar, observation.
.C/ Man, serio%s a&ate%r astrono&ers !ave no intention o" b%,in# a telesco'e
"or 'lanetar, observation.
.3/ T!e co&'arisons &ade b, t!e a&ate%r astrono&ers ere based on
observations &ade d%rin# several di""erent observation sessions.
.E/ T!e s%bstance %sed to &ake t!e lenses o" E(od%s telesco'es di""ers "ro& t!at
%sed in t!e lenses o" ot!er telesco'es.
55. Anato&ical bilateral s,&&etr, is a co&&on trait. It "ollos9 t!ere"ore9 t!at it
con"ers s%rvival advanta#es on or#anis&s. A"ter all9 i" bilateral s,&&etr, did not
con"er s%c! advanta#es9 it o%ld not be co&&on.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents is &ost si&ilar
to t!at in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Since it is Sa,er !o is ne#otiatin# "or t!e cit, #overn&ent9 it &%st be tr%e
t!at t!e cit, takes t!e &atter serio%sl,. A"ter all9 i" Sa,er !ad not been
available9 t!e cit, o%ld !ave insisted t!at t!e ne#otiations be de"erred.
.1/ Clearl,9 no candidate is better 0%ali"ied "or t!e +ob t!an Tr%&b%ll. In "act9
even to s%##est t!at t!ere &i#!t be a &ore !i#!l, 0%ali"ied candidate see&s
abs%rd to t!ose !o !ave seen Tr%&b%ll at ork.
.C/ I" Foell lacked s%'erior ne#otiatin# skills9 s!e o%ld not !ave been
a''ointed arbitrator in t!is case. As ever,one knos9 s!e is t!e a''ointed
arbitrator9 so !er ne#otiatin# skills are9 detractors notit!standin#9 bo%nd to
be s%'erior.
.3/ Since 4ar#a as aa, on vacation at t!e ti&e9 it &%st !ave been Rivers !o
cond%cted t!e secret ne#otiations. An, ot!er scenario &akes little sense9 "or
Rivers never does t!e ne#otiatin# %nless 4ar#a is %navailable.
.E/ I" 6on# is a''ointed arbitrator9 a decision ill be reac!ed 'ro&'tl,. Since it
o%ld be abs%rd to a''oint an,one ot!er t!an 6on# as arbitrator9 a 'ro&'t
decision can reasonabl, be e('ected.
5<. Electrical en#ineers !ave re'eatedl, de&onstrated t!at t!e best solid8state
a&'li"iers are indistin#%is!able "ro& t!e best vac%%&8t%be a&'li"iers it!
res'ect to t!e c!aracteristics co&&onl, &eas%red in eval%atin# t!e 0%alit, o" an
a&'li"iers &%sical re'rod%ction. T!ere"ore9 t!ose &%sic lovers !o insist t!at
recorded &%sic so%nds better !en 'la,ed it! t!e best vac%%& t%be a&'li"ier
&%st be i&a#inin# t!e di""erence in 0%alit, t!at t!e, clai& to !ear.
.A/ Man, 'eo'le cannot tell "ro& listenin# to it !et!er a recordin# is bein#
'la,ed it! a ver, #ood solid8state a&'li"ier or a ver, #ood vac%%&8t%be
a&'li"ier.
.1/ T!e ran#e o" variation it! res'ect to t!e 0%alit, o" &%sical re'rod%ction is
GMAT & LSAT CR GCG
#reater "or vac%%& t%be a&'li"iers t!an "or solid8state a&'li"iers.
.C/ So&e o" t!e c!aracteristics t!at are i&'ortant in deter&inin# !o &%sic
so%nds to a listener cannot be &eas%red.
.3/ Solid8state a&'li"iers are &ore co&'act9 %se less 'oer9 and #enerate less
!eat t!an vac%%&8t%be a&'li"iers t!at 'rod%ce a co&'arable vol%&e o"
so%nd.
.E/ So&e vac%%&8t%be a&'li"iers are clearl, s%'erior to so&e solid8state
a&'li"iers it! res'ect to c!aracteristics co&&onl, &eas%red in t!e
laborator, to eval%ate t!e 0%alit, o" an a&'li"iers &%sical re'rod%ction.
5C. E('lanation &%st be distin#%is!ed "ro& +%sti"ication. Ever, !%&an action
'otentiall, !as an e('lanation9 t!at is9 it! s%""icient knoled#e it o%ld be
'ossible to #ive an acc%rate descri'tion o" t!e ca%ses o" t!at action. An action is
+%sti"ied onl, !en t!e 'erson 'er"or&in# t!e action !as s%""icient reasons "or t!e
action. Accordin# to &an, 's,c!olo#ists9 even !en t!ere is a +%sti"ication "or an
action9 t!at +%sti"ication o"ten "or&s no 'art o" t!e e('lanation. T!e #eneral
'rinci'le9 !oever9 is t!at onl, an action !ose +%sti"ication9 t!at is9 t!e reasons
"or t!e action9 "or&s an essential 'art o" its e('lanation is rational.
I" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are correct9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be
'ro'erl, concl%ded "ro& t!e&-
.A/ 6!en a !%&an action is +%sti"ied9 t!at action !as no e('lanation.
.1/ I" t!ere are an, reasons a&on# t!e ca%ses o" an action9 t!en t!at action
rational.
.C/ So&e 's,c!olo#ists believe t!at t!e +%sti"ication "or an action never "or&s an
essential 'art o" its e('lanation.
.3/ T!ere are actions !ose ca%ses cannot be discovered.
.E/ I" an, !%&an actions are rational9 t!en reasons &%st so&eti&es be ca%ses o"
actions.
5@. At t!e co&'an, 'icnic9 all o" t!e e&'lo,ees !o 'artici'ated in &ore t!an "o%r
o" t!e sc!ed%led events9 and onl, t!ose e&'lo,ees ere eli#ible "or t!e ra""le
!eld at t!e end o" t!e da,. Since onl, a s&all 'ro'ortion o" t!e e&'lo,ees ere
eli#ible "or t!e ra""le9 &ost o" t!e e&'lo,ees &%st !ave 'artici'ated in "eer t!an
"o%r o" t!e sc!ed%led events.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents e(!ibits a "laed 'attern o" reasonin#
&ost like t!at e(!ibited b, t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ 7nl, t!ird8and "o%rt!8,ear st%dents are alloed to kee' cars on ca&'%s.
Since one 0%arter o" t!e t!ird8,ear st%dents kee' cars on ca&'%s and one
!al" o" t!e "o%rt!8,ear st%dents kee' cars on ca&'%s9 it &%st be t!at "eer
t!ird8,ear st%dents t!an "o%rt!8,ear st%dents kee' cars on ca&'%s.
.1/ 7nl, t!ose violin st%dents !o attended e(tra re!earsal sessions ere
eli#ible "or selection as soloists. Since to o" t!e violin st%dents ere
GMAT & LSAT CR GCA
selected as soloists9 t!ose to &%st !ave been t!e onl, violin st%dents !o
attended t!e e(tra sessions.
.C/ T!e onl, st%dents !onored at a s'ecial ban0%et ere t!e band &e&bers !o
&ade t!e deans list last se&ester. Since &ost t!e band &e&bers ere
!onored9 &ost o" t!e band &e&bers &%st !ave &ade t!e deans list.
.3/ All o" t!e &e&bers o" t!e service cl%b !o vol%nteered at t!e !os'ital last
s%&&er ere biolo#, &a+ors. Since ten o" t!e cl%b &e&bers are biolo#,
&a+ors9 t!ose ten &e&bers &%st !ave vol%nteered at t!e !os'ital last
s%&&er.
.E/ All o" t!e si& tea& &e&bers !o !ad decreased t!eir racin# ti&es d%rin#
t!e season ere #iven aards t!at no ot!er &e&bers ere #iven. Since
"eer t!an !al" t!e tea& &e&bers ere #iven s%c! aards9 t!e racin# ti&es
o" &ore t!an !al" t!e tea& &e&bers &%st !ave increased d%rin# t!e season.
TEST 21
SECTI72 II
1. Fress release: A co&'re!ensive revie eval%atin# t!e &edical st%dies done %' to
t!e 'resent ti&e !as "o%nd no reason to t!ink t!at drinkin# co""ee in nor&al
a&o%nts !ar&s t!e co""ee8drinkers !eart. So co""ee drinkers can rela( and en+o,
t!eir bevera#eKit is sa"e to drink co""ee.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'oints to a eakness in t!e reasonin# in t!e 'ress
releases ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e revie as onl, an eval%ation o" st%dies and did not itsel" %ndertake to
st%d, 'atients.
.1/ T!e !ealt! o" t!e !eart is not identical it! t!e #eneral !ealt! o" t!e bod,.
.C/ Co""ee drinkers &i#!t c!oose to eat alon# it! t!eir co""ee "oods containin#
s%bstances t!at !ar& t!e !eart.
.3/ 7t!er bevera#es besides co""ee &i#!t contain sti&%lants t!at !ave so&e
e""ect on t!e !eart.
.E/ 3rinkin# %n%s%all, lar#e a&o%nts o" co""ee co%ld be ca%sed b, stress t!at
itsel" directl, !ar&s t!e !eart.
5. All 'eo'le 're"er colors t!at t!e, can distin#%is! easil, to colors t!at t!e, !ave
di""ic%lt, distin#%is!in#. In"ants can easil, distin#%is! bri#!t colors b%t9 %nlike
ad%lts9 !ave di""ic%lt, distin#%is!in# s%btle s!ades. A bri#!tl, colored to, "or
in"ants sells better t!an t!e sa&e to, in s%btle s!ades at t!e sa&e 'rice.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR GCB
in"or&ation in t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ In"ants 're"er bri#!t 'ri&ar, colors to bri#!t secondar, colors.
.1/ Color is t!e &ost i&'ortant "actor in deter&inin# !ic! to,s an in"ant ill
're"er to 'la, it!.
.C/ Individ%al in"ants do not !ave stron# 're"erences "or one 'artic%lar bri#!t
color over ot!er bri#!t colors.
.3/ T!e sales o" to,s o" in"ants re"lect t!e 're"erences o" in"ants in at least one
res'ect.
.E/ To, &akers st%d, in"ants to deter&ine !at colors t!e in"ants can distin#%is!
easil,.
<. A #ro%' o" %n%s%al &eteorites as "o%nd in S!er#ott,9 India. T!eir str%ct%re
indicates t!at t!e, ori#inated on one o" t!e #eolo#icall, active 'lanets: Merc%r,9
4en%s9 or Mars. 1eca%se o" Merc%r,s 'ro(i&it, to t!e S%n9 an, &aterial
dislod#ed "ro& t!at 'lanets s%r"ace o%ld !ave been ca't%red b, t!e S%n9 rat!er
t!an "allin# to Eart! as &eteorites. 2or co%ld 4en%s be t!e so%rce o" t!e
&eteorites9 beca%se its #ravit, o%ld !ave 'revented dislod#ed &aterial "ro&
esca'in# into s'ace. T!e &eteorites9 t!ere"ore9 'robabl, "ell to Eart! a"ter bein#
dislod#ed "ro& Mars9 'er!a's as t!e res%lt o" a collision it! a lar#e ob+ect.
T!e ar#%&ent derives its concl%sion b,
.A/ o""erin# a co%ntere(a&'le to a t!eor,
.1/ eli&inatin# co&'etin# alternative e('lanations
.C/ contrastin# 'resent circ%&stances it! 'ast circ%&stances
.3/ 0%estionin# an ass%&'tion
.E/ abstractin# a #eneral 'rinci'le "ro& s'eci"ic data
C. 1eca%se 0%ittin# s&okin# is ver, stress"%l and leads to ei#!t #ain9 it is di""ic%lt
to do. T!e ke, to 0%ittin#9 !oever9 &a, be as si&'le as re'lacin# an %n!ealt!,
activit, it! a !ealt!, one. In one st%d, !al" o" t!ose atte&'tin# to 0%it ere
assi#ned to a s&okin#8cessation 'ro#ra& alone9 and t!e ot!er !al" ere assi#ned
to t!e sa&e 'ro#ra& 'l%s "i"teen eeks o" aerobic e(ercise. At t!e one8&ont!
&ark none in t!e "irst #ro%' !ad 0%it9 b%t CI 'ercent o" t!ose in t!e second #ro%'
!ad not s&oked.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides so&e s%''ort "or t!e ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ Re#%lar e(ercise 'revents ei#!t #ain.
.1/ Eac! #ro%' in t!e st%d, incl%ded "o%r !%ndred rando&l, selected
'artici'ants.
.C/ 2ons&okers acc%sto&ed to re#%lar e(ercise do not #ain ei#!t !en t!e,
sto' e(ercisin#.
.3/ Aerobic e(ercise can sti&%late t!e brains 'rod%ction o" endor'!ins9 !ic!
red%ce tension.
GMAT & LSAT CR GCH
.E/ 7" t!ose in t!e second #ro%' in t!e st%d,9 <B 'ercent !ad not s&oked at t!e
one8,ear &ark.
@. Alto#et!er9 t!e st%dents in Ms. Tarnoskis Milton Ele&entar, Sc!ool class
collected &ore al%&in%& cans t!an did t!e st%dents in an, o" t!e sc!ools ot!er
classes. T!ere"ore9 t!e Milton st%dent !o collected t!e &ost al%&in%& cans as
in Ms. Tarnoskis class.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents contains "laed reasonin# t!at is &ost
'arallel to t!at in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Alto#et!er9 &ore trees ere 'lanted b, t!e st%dents in Mr. Mell,s class t!an
ere 'lanted b, t!ose in Mr. Lian#s class and Mr. Jacksons class
co&bined. T!ere"ore9 Mr. Mell,s st%dents 'lanted &ore trees t!an Mr.
Jacksons st%dents 'lanted.
.1/ More t!an !al" o" Milton Ele&entar, Sc!ools st%dents 'la, in t!e band and
&ore t!an !al" o" t!e sc!ools st%dents sin# in t!e c!oir. T!ere"ore9 ever,
st%dent at Milton Ele&entar, Sc!ool eit!er 'la,s in t!e band or sin#s in t!e
c!oir.
.C/ Mr. Roes Milton Ele&entar, Sc!ool class raised &ore &one, b, sellin#
cand, bars t!an Ms :%nts class raised b, !oldin# a ra""le. T!ere"ore9 t!e
n%&ber o" cand, bars sold b, Mr. Roes class as #reater t!an t!e n%&ber
o" ra""le tickets sold b, Ms. :%nts class.
.3/ T!e total n%&ber o" tickets to t!e sc!ool "air sold b, t!e st%dents in Ms.
Ra&ire)s Milton Ele&entar, Sc!ool class as #reater t!an t!e n%&ber sold
b, Milton st%dents "ro& an, ot!er class. T!ere"ore9 t!e Milton st%dent !o
sold t!e &ost tickets to t!e sc!ool "air as a st%dent in Ms. Ra&ire)s class.
.E/ Ms. 4ent%ras Milton Ele&entar, Sc!ool class asse&bled &ore bird!o%ses
t!an did an, o" t!e sc!ools ot!er classes. Since Ms 4ent%ras class !ad
"eer st%dents t!an an, ot!er Milton class9 !er st%dents asse&bled &ore
bird!o%se on avera#e t!an did t!e st%dents in an, ot!er Milton class.
G. Several e(cellent candidates !ave been 'ro'osed "or t!e 'residenc, o" =nited
6ire and eac! candidate o%ld brin# to t!e +ob di""erent . / and e('erience. I" t!e
ot!ers are co&'ared it! Jones9 !oever9 it ill be a''arent t!at none o" t!e&
!as !er %ni0%e set o" 0%ali"ications. Jones9 t!ere"ore9 is best 0%ali"ied to be t!e
ne 'resident o" =nited 6ire.
T!e ar#%&ent is v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nd t!at it
.A/ %ses "latter, to in over t!ose !o !old an o''osin# 'osition
.1/ re"%tes a distorted version o" an o''osin# 'osition
.C/ seeks to distin#%is! one &e&ber o" a #ro%' on t!e basis o" so&et!in# t!at
a''lies to all
.3/ s%''orts %niversal clai& on t!e basis o" a sin#le e(a&'le
.E/ describes an individ%al in ter&s t!at a''ro'riatel, re"er onl, to t!e #ro%' as a
GMAT & LSAT CR G@I
!ole
A. A nei#!bor!ood #ro%' 'lans to 'rotest t!e closin# o" t!e nei#!bor!oods onl,
recreation center on t!e #ro%nds t!at to do so o%ld leave t!e nei#!bor!ood
it!o%t local access to a recreation center. >7%r nei#!bor!ood alread, !as t!e
&ost residents 'er center o" an, nei#!bor!ood in t!e cit,9? co&'lained one
resident9 >and closin# t!is center o%ld &ake t!e sit%ation %nacce'table since
access to recreational "acilities is a necessit, "or t!is nei#!bor!ood.?
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e residents ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ A lar#e n%&ber o" t!e nei#!bor!oods residents are %nable to travel o%tside
t!eir localit, to #ain access to recreational "acilities.
.1/ C!ildren9 t!e &ain %sers o" recreational "acilities9 &ake %' a
dis'ro'ortionatel, s&all se#&ent o" t!e nei#!bor!oods 'o'%lation.
.C/ 7"ten t!e recreation center in t!e nei#!bor!ood is o'en b%t not bein# %sed.
.3/ Fro#ra&s t!at are ro%tinel, "illed at ot!er recreation centers &%st be
canceled at t!e nei#!bor!oods recreation center d%e to lack o" interest.
.E/ As 'eo'le beco&e &ore involved in co&'%ters and co&'%ter #a&es9
recreation centers are beco&in# increasin#l, less i&'ortant.
B. Sociolo#ist: T!e clai& t!at t!ere is a lar#e n%&ber o" violent cri&es in o%r
societ, is "alse9 "or t!is clai& is based %'on t!e lar#e n%&ber o" stories in
nes'a'ers abo%t violent cri&es. 1%t since violent cri&es are ver, rare
occ%rrences9 nes'a'ers are likel, to 'rint stories abo%t t!e&.
T!e sociolo#ists ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se it
.A/ 'res%''oses t!at &ost nes'a'er stories are abo%t violent cri&e
.1/ 'res%''oses t!e tr%t! o" t!e concl%sion it is atte&'tin# to establis!
.C/ ass%&es it!o%t arrant t!at t!e nes'a'er stories in 0%estion are not biased
.3/ &istakes 'ro'ert, o" eac! &e&ber o" a #ro%' taken as an individ%al "or a
'ro'ert, o" t!e #ro%' taken as a !ole
.E/ %ncriticall, dras an in"erence "ro& !at !as been tr%e in t!e 'ast to !at
ill be tr%e in t!e "%t%re
H. :istorian: An,one !o t!inks t!at t!e terrors o" t!e ancient re#i&e o" N ere
e(cl%sivel, t!e ork o" "anatics is overlookin# a basic tr%t!: t!e re#i&e as
&ade %' 'ri&aril, o" ordinar, 'eo'le ent!%siasticall, seekin# 'aradise. T!e
re#i&e e(ec%ted &an, 'eo'le in '%rs%it o" its #oal9 b%t it later beca&e clear t!at
'aradise as t!e, de"ined it9 is %nreali)able. So at least so&e o" t!e ordinar, 'eo'le
o" N ere in "act &%rderers.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e
!istorians ar#%&entation-
.A/ T!e '%rs%it o" 'aradise does not +%sti", &%rder.
.1/ T!e '%rs%it o" 'aradise +%sti"ies "anaticis&.
GMAT & LSAT CR G@1
.C/ E(ec%tion in '%rs%it o" !at is later "o%nd to be %nattainable constit%tes
&%rder.
.3/ $anaticis& in '%rs%it o" 'aradise constit%tes in!%&anit,.
.E/ Ent!%sias& in '%rs%it o" !at is event%all, "o%nd to be %nattainable
constit%tes "anaticis&.
1I. Econo&ist: T!e econo&, see&s to be !eadin# o%t o" recession. Recent "i#%res
s!o t!at cons%&ers are b%,in# &ore d%rable #oods t!an be"ore9 indicatin# t!at
t!e, e('ect econo&ic #rot! in t!e near "%t%re.
T!at cons%&ers are b%,in# &ore d%rable #oods t!an be"ore "i#%res in t!e
econo&ists ar#%&ent in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# a,s-
.A/ It is t!e '!eno&enon t!at t!e ar#%&ent seeks to e('lain.
.1/ Its tr%t! is re0%ired in order "or t!e ar#%&ents concl%sion to be tr%e.
.C/ It is an in"erence dran "ro& t!e 're&ise t!at t!e recession see&s to be
endin#.
.3/ It is an in"erence dran "ro& t!e 're&ise t!at cons%&ers e('ect econo&ic
#rot! in t!e near "%t%re.
.E/ It is t!e 'ri&ar, evidence "ro& !ic! t!e ar#%&ents concl%sion is dran.
11. 2ot s%r'risin#l,9 t!ere are no 'ro"essors %nder t!e a#e o" ei#!teen. And as is ell
knon9 no one %nder ei#!teen can vote le#all,. $inall, so&e brilliant 'eo'le are
'ro"essors9 so&e are le#al voters9 and so&e are %nder ei#!teen.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 t!en on t!e basis o" t!e& !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# &%st also be tr%e-
.A/ 2o 'ro"essors are ei#!teen8,ear8olds.
.1/ All brilliant 'eo'le are eit!er 'ro"essors9 le#al voters9 or %nder ei#!teen.
.C/ So&e le#al voters are not 'ro"essors.
.3/ So&e 'ro"essors are neit!er le#al voters nor brilliant 'eo'le.
.E/ So&e brilliant 'eo'le are neit!er 'ro"essors nor le#al voters.
15. $or ,ears scientists !ave been scannin# t!e skies in t!e !o'e o" "indin# li"e on
ot!er 'lanets. 1%t in s'ite o" t!e ever8increasin# so'!istication o" t!e e0%i'&ent
t!e, e&'lo,9 so&e o" it costin# !%ndreds o" &illions o" dollars9 not t!e "irst s!red
o" evidence o" s%c! li"e !as been "ort!co&in#. And t!ere is no reason to t!ink t!at
t!ese scientists ill be an, &ore s%ccess"%l in t!e "%t%re9 no &atter !o &%c!
&one, is invested in t!e searc!. T!e drea& o" "indin# e(traterrestrial li"e is
destined to re&ain a drea& as sciences e('erience %' to t!is 'oint s!o%ld
indicate.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, states t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!ere is no reason to believe t!at li"e e(ists on ot!er 'lanets.
.1/ T!e e0%i'&ent t!at scientists e&'lo, is not as so'!isticated as it s!o%ld be.
GMAT & LSAT CR G@5
.C/ Scientists searc!in# "or e(traterrestrial li"e ill not "ind it.
.3/ 7nl, i" scientists !ad alread, "o%nd evidence o" li"e on ot!er 'lanets o%ld
contin%ed searc! be +%sti"ied.
.E/ 6e s!o%ld not s'end &one, on so'!isticated e0%i'&ent to aid in t!e searc!
"or e(traterrestrial li"e.
1<. Carls Co""ee E&'ori%& stocks onl, to deca""einated co""ees: $renc! Roast and
Moc!a Java. *%se" onl, serves deca""einated co""ee and t!e co""ee !e served a"ter
dinner last ni#!t as .-/ s&oot! and &ello !ave been $renc! Roast. So9 i" *%se"
still #ets all !is co""ee "ro& Carls9 !at !e served last ni#!t as Moc!a Java.
T!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar in its lo#ical str%ct%re to !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ Sa&%el ants to take t!ree "riends to t!e beac!. :is &ot!er ons bot! a
sedan and a convertible. T!e convertible !olds "o%r 'eo'le so9 alt!o%#! t!e
sedan !as a &ore 'oer"%l en#ine9 i" Sa&%el borros a ve!icle "ro& !is
&ot!er9 !e ill borro t!e convertible.
.1/ I" Anna ants to alk "ro& !er !o%se to t!e o""ice !ere s!e orks9 s!e
&%st eit!er #o t!ro%#! t!e 'ark or take t!e over'ass across t!e railroad
tracks. T!e 'ark 'at!s are &%dd, and Anna does not like %sin# t!e over'ass
so s!e never alks to ork.
.C/ Rose can eit!er take a to8eek vacation in J%l, or ait %ntil 7ctober and
take a t!ree8eek vacation. T!e trail s!e !ad 'lanned to !ike re0%ires t!ree
eeks to co&'lete b%t is closed b, 7ctober9 so i" Rose takes a vacation it
ill not be t!e one s!e !ad 'lanned.
.3/ 6erdi(9 Inc. !as o""ered Arno a c!oice beteen a +ob in sales and a +ob in
researc!. Arno o%ld like to ork at 6erdi( b%t !e o%ld never take a +ob
in sales !en anot!er +ob is available9 so i" !e acce'ts one o" t!ese +obs it
ill be t!e one in researc!.
.E/ I" Teresa does not "ire !er assistant9 !er sta"" ill rebel and !er de'art&ents
e""icienc, ill decline. Losin# !er assistant o%ld also red%ce its e""icienc,9
so9 i" no alternative sol%tion can be "o%nd9 T!eresas de'art&ent ill
beco&e less e""icient.
1C. Steven: T!e alloable blood alco!ol level "or drivers s!o%ld be c%t in !al". 6it!
t!is red%ced li&it9 social drinkers ill be deterred "ro& drinkin# and drivin#9
res%ltin# in si#ni"icantl, increased !i#!a, sa"et,.
Mi#%el: 2o loerin# t!e c%rrent alloable blood alco!ol level o%ld !ave little
e""ect on !i#!a, sa"et, beca%se it o%ld not address t!e &ost i&'ortant as'ect
o" t!e dr%nken drivin# 'roble&9 !ic! is t!e dan#er to t!e '%blic 'osed b, !eav,
drinkers9 !o o"ten drive it! a blood alco!ol level o" tice t!e c%rrent le#al
li&it.
Steven and Mi#%els state&ents 'rovide t!e &ost s%''ort "or .-/ t!at t!e, o%ld
disa#ree abo%t t!e tr%t! o" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents-
GMAT & LSAT CR G@<
.A/ Social drinkers !o drink and drive 'ose a s%bstantial t!reat to t!e '%blic.
.1/ T!ere is a direct correlation beteen a drivers blood alco!ol level and t!e
drivers abilit, to drive sa"el,.
.C/ A driver it! a blood alco!ol level above t!e c%rrent le#al li&it 'oses a
s%bstantial dan#er to t!e '%blic.
.3/ So&e drivers !ose blood alco!ol level is loer t!an t!e c%rrent le#al li&it
'ose a dan#er to t!e '%blic.
.E/ A driver it! a blood alco!ol level sli#!tl, #reater t!an !al" t!e c%rrent le#al
li&it 'oses no dan#er to t!e '%blic.
Questions 15-1&
T!e a%t!ors o" a recent article e(a&ined arnin#s o" an i&'endin# ave o"
e(tinctions o" ani&al s'ecies it!in t!e ne(t 1II ,ears. T!ese a%t!ors sa, t!at no
evidence e(ists to s%''ort t!e idea t!at t!e rate o" e(tinction o" ani&al s'ecies is no
acceleratin#. T!e, are ron#9 !oever. Consider onl, t!e data on "is!es: CI s'ecies
and s%bs'ecies o" 2ort! A&erican "is!es !ave vanis!ed in t!e tentiet! cent%r,9 1<
beteen 1HII and 1H@I9 and 5A since 1H@I.
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!ere is evidence t!at t!e rate o" e(tinction o" ani&al s'ecies is acceleratin#.
.1/ T!e "%t%re rate o" e(tinction o" ani&al s'ecies cannot be deter&ined "ro&
available evidence.
.C/ T!e rate o" e(tinction o" 2ort! A&erican "is!es is 'arallel to t!e rate o"
e(tinction o" all ani&al s'ecies taken to#et!er.
.3/ $ort, s'ecies and s%bs'ecies o" 2ort! A&erican "is!es !ave vanis!ed in t!e
tentiet! cent%r,.
.E/ A s%bstantial n%&ber o" "is! s'ecies are in dan#er o" i&&inent e(tinction.
1G. T!e anser to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 0%estions o%ld contrib%te &ost to an
eval%ation o" t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 6ere t!e "is! s'ecies and s%bs'ecies t!at beca&e e(tinct %nre'resentative o"
ani&al s'ecies in #eneral it! re#ard to t!eir 'attern o" e(tinction-
.1/ :o n%&ero%s ere t!e 'o'%lations in 1H@I o" t!e s'ecies and s%bs'ecies o"
2ort! A&erican "is!es t!at !ave beco&e e(tinct since 1H@I-
.C/ 3id an, o" t!e s'ecies or s%bs'ecies o" 2ort! A&erican "is!es t!at beca&e
e(tinct in t!e tentiet! cent%r, ori#inate in re#ions o%tside o" 2ort!
A&erica-
.3/ 6!at 'ro'ortion o" 2ort! A&erican "is! s'ecies and s%bs'ecies !ose
'o'%lations ere endan#ered in 1H@I are no t!rivin#-
.E/ 6ere an, o" t!e s'ecies or s%bs'ecies o" 2ort! A&erican "is!es t!at beca&e
e(tinct in t!e tentiet! cent%r, co&&erciall, i&'ortant-
GMAT & LSAT CR G@C
1A. A"ter t!e Second 6orld 6ar9 t!e c!arter o" t!e nel, "or&ed =nited 2ations
establis!ed an eleven8&e&ber Sec%rit, Co%ncil and c!ar#ed it it! takin#
collective action in res'onse to t!reats to orld 'eace. T!e c!arter "%rt!er
'rovided t!at t!e "ive nations t!at ere t!en t!e &a+or 'oers o%ld 'er&anentl,
!ave sole a%t!orit, to cast vetoes. T!e reason #iven "or t!is arran#e&ent as t!at
t!e b%rden o" &aintainin# orld 'eace o%ld rest on t!e orlds &a+or 'oers
and .-/ s!o%ld be re0%ired to ass%&e t!e b%rden o" en"orcin# a decision it "o%nd
re'%#nant.
T!e reasonin# #iven "or t!e str%ct%re o" t!e Sec%rit, Co%ncil ass%&es t!at
.A/ it does not &ake sense to 'rovide "or de&ocrac, a&on# nations !en
nations t!e&selves are not all de&ocracies
.1/ no nation t!at as not a&on# t!e &a+or 'oers at t!e end o" t!e Second
6orld 6ar o%ld beco&e a &a+or 'oer
.C/ nations o%ld not event%all, #ravitate into lar#e #eo#ra'!ical blocs9 eac!
containin# &inor 'oers as ell as at least one &a+or 'oer
.3/ &inor 'oers o%ld not all, t!e&selves it! &a+or 'oers to #ain t!e
'rotection o" t!e veto e(ercised b, &a+or 'oers
.E/ decisions reac!ed b, a &a+orit, o" nations in res'onse to t!reats to orld
'eace o%ld be biased in "avor o" one or &ore &a+or 'oers
1B. Environ&ental scientist: It is tr%e t!at over t!e 'ast ten ,ears9 t!ere !as been a
si("old increase in #overn&ent "%ndin# "or t!e 'reservation o" etlands !ile t!e
total area o" etlands needin# s%c! 'reservation !as increased onl, to"old
.alt!o%#! t!is area as alread, lar#e ten ,ears a#o/. Even !en in"lation is taken
into acco%nt9 t!e a&o%nt o" "%ndin# no is at least t!ree ti&es !at it as ten
,ears a#o. 2evert!eless9 t!e c%rrent a&o%nt o" #overn&ent "%ndin# "or t!e
'reservation o" etlands is inade0%ate and s!o%ld be a%#&ented.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to reconcile t!e environ&ental
scientists concl%sion it! t!e evidence cited above-
.A/ T!e #overn&ental a#enc, res'onsible "or ad&inisterin# etland8
'reservation "%nds !as been consistentl, &is&ana#ed and r%n ine""icientl,
over t!e 'ast ten ,ears.
.1/ 7ver t!e 'ast ten ,ears9 t!e salaries o" scientists e&'lo,ed b, t!e
#overn&ent to ork on t!e 'reservation o" etlands !ave increased at a rate
!i#!er t!an t!e in"lation rate.
.C/ Researc! over t!e 'ast ten ,ears !as enabled scientists toda, to identi",
etlands in need o" 'reservation ell be"ore t!e areas are at serio%s risk o"
destr%ction.
.3/ More 'eo'le toda, scientists and nonscientists alike9 are orkin# to 'reserve
all nat%ral reso%rces incl%din# etlands.
.E/ =nlike toda,9 "%ndin# "or t!e 'reservation o" etlands as al&ost
none(istent ten ,ears a#o.
GMAT & LSAT CR G@@
1H. In A%stralia t!e 'o'%lation t!at is o" drivin# a#e !as #ron lar#e over t!e last "ive
,ears9 b%t t!e ann%al n%&ber o" tra""ic "atalities !as declined. T!is leads to t!e
concl%sion t!at9 overall9 t!e drivin#8a#e 'o'%lation o" A%stralia consists o" &ore
skill"%l drivers no t!an "ive ,ears a#o.
Eac! o" t!e state&ents belo9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ T!ree ,ears a#o9 a &andator, seat8belt la ent into e""ect t!ro%#!o%t
A%stralia.
.1/ $ive ,ears a#o9 A%stralia be#an a &a+or road re'air 'ro+ect.
.C/ 1eca%se o" increases in t!e 'rice o" "%el9 A%stralians on avera#e drive less
eac! ,ear t!an in t!e 'recedin# ,ear.
.3/ T!e n%&ber o" !os'ital e&er#enc, "acilities in A%stralia !as do%bled in t!e
last "ive ,ears.
.E/ In res'onse to an increase in tra""ic "atalities9 A%stralia instit%ted a 'ro#ra&
o" &andator, driver ed%cation "ive ,ears a#o.
5I. Ant!ro'olo#ical st%dies indicate t!at distinct c%lt%re di""ers in t!eir &oral codes.
T!%s9 as lon# as t!ere are distinct c%lt%res t!ere are no val%es s!ared across
c%lt%res.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld eaken t!e ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ Ant!ro'olo#ists rel, on inade0%ate translation tec!ni0%es to investi#ate t!e
val%es o" c%lt%res t!at %se lan#%a#es di""erent "ro& t!e ant!ro'olo#ists
lan#%a#es.
.1/ As a res%lt o" advancin# tec!nolo#, and #lobal co&&%nication e ill
so&eda, all s!are t!e sa&e c%lt%re and t!e sa&e val%es.
.C/ Alt!o%#! s'eci"ic &oral val%es di""er across c%lt%res9 &ore #eneral &oral
'rinci'les9 s%c! as >$riends!i' is #ood9? are co&&on to all c%lt%res.
.3/ T!e ant!ro'olo#ists !o !ave st%died vario%s c%lt%res !ave been biased in
"avor o" "indin# di""erences rat!er t!an si&ilarities beteen distinct
c%lt%res.
.E/ 6!at a''ear to be di""erences in val%es beteen distinct c%lt%res are not!in#
&ore t!an di""erences in belie"s abo%t !o to live in accordance it! s!ared
val%es.
51. 2es'a'er editor: La en"orce&ent e('erts9 as ell as &ost citi)ens9 !ave
"inall, co&e to reco#ni)e t!at le#al 'ro!ibitions a#ainst #a&blin# all s!are a
co&&on "la: no &atter !o dili#ent t!e e""ort9 t!e las are i&'ossible to
en"orce. Et!ical 0%al&s notit!standin#9 !en a la "ails to be e""ective9 it
s!o%ld not be a la. T!at is !, t!ere s!o%ld be no le#al 'ro!ibition a#ainst
#a&blin#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" ass%&ed9 allos t!e ar#%&ents concl%sion to be
'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ 2o e""ective la is %nen"orceable.
GMAT & LSAT CR G@G
.1/ All en"orceable las are e""ective.
.C/ 2o le#al 'ro!ibitions a#ainst #a&blin# are en"orceable.
.3/ Most citi)ens &%st a#ree it! a la "or t!e la to be e""ective.
.E/ Most citi)ens &%st a#ree it! a la "or t!e la to be en"orceable.
55. Co'ernic%ss astrono&ical s,ste& is s%'erior to Ftole&,s and as so at t!e ti&e
it as 'ro'osed9 even t!o%#! at t!at ti&e all observational evidence as e0%all,
consistent it! bot! t!eories. Ftole&, believed t!at t!e stars revolved aro%nd t!e
eart! at #reat s'eeds. T!is str%ck Co'ernic%s as %nlikel,D !e correctl, t!o%#!t t!at
a si&'ler t!eor, is t!at t!e eart! rotates on its a(is.
T!e ar#%&ent &ost closel, con"or&s to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les-
.A/ Si&'licit, s!o%ld be t!e sole decidin# "actor in c!oosin# a&on# co&'etin#
scienti"ic t!eories.
.1/ I" one t!eor, is likel, to be tr%e9 and anot!er co&'etin# t!eor, is likel, to be
"alse9 t!en t!e one likel, to be tr%e is t!e s%'erior o" t!e to.
.C/ I" all observational evidence is consistent it! to co&'etin# t!eories9 t!e
one t!at is &ore int%itivel, tr%e is t!e &ore 'ractical t!eor, to ado't.
.3/ 7t!er t!in#s bein# e0%al9 t!e &ore co&'le( o" to co&'etin# t!eories is t!e
in"erior t!eor,.
.E/ 7t!er t!in#s bein# e0%al9 t!e si&'ler o" to co&'etin# t!eories is t!e &ore
scienti"icall, i&'ortant t!eor,.
5<. Essa,ist: T!e e(istence o" a &oral order in t!e %niverseKi.e.9 an order in !ic!
bad is ala,s event%all, '%nis!ed and #ood reardedKde'ends %'on !%&an
so%ls bein# i&&ortal. In so&e c%lt%res t!is &oral order is re#arded as t!e res%lt
o" a kar&a t!at controls !o one is reincarnated9 in ot!ers it res%lts "ro& t!e
actions o" a s%'re&e bein# !o &etes o%t +%stice to 'eo'le a"ter t!eir deat!. 1%t
!oever a &oral order is re'resented9 i" !%&an so%ls are i&&ortal9 t!en it
"ollos t!at t!e bad ill be '%nis!ed.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes a "la in t!e essa,ists
reasonin#-
.A/ $ro& t!e assertion t!at so&et!in# is necessar, to a &oral order9 t!e
ar#%&ent concl%des t!at t!at t!in# is s%""icient "or an ele&ent o" t!e &oral
order to be reali)ed.
.1/ T!e ar#%&ent takes &ere belie"s to be establis!ed "acts.
.C/ $ro& t!e clai& t!at t!e i&&ortalit, o" !%&an so%ls i&'lies t!at t!ere is a
&oral order in t!e %niverse9 t!e ar#%&ent concl%des t!at t!ere bein# a &oral
order in t!e %niverse i&'lies t!at !%&an so%ls are i&&ortal.
.3/ T!e ar#%&ent treats to "%nda&entall, di""erent conce'tions o" a &oral
order as essentiall, t!e sa&e.
.E/ T!e ar#%&ents concl%sion is 'res%''osed in t!e de"inition it #ives o" a
&oral order.
GMAT & LSAT CR G@A
5C. 2o &at!e&atical 'ro'osition can be 'roven tr%e b, observation. It "ollos t!at it
is i&'ossible to kno an, &at!e&atical 'ro'osition to be tr%e.
T!e concl%sion "ollos lo#icall, i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is ass%&ed-
.A/ 7nl, 'ro'ositions t!at can be 'roven tr%e can be knon to be tr%e.
.1/ 7bservation alone cannot be %sed to 'rove t!e tr%t! o" an, 'ro'osition.
.C/ I" a 'ro'osition can be 'roven tr%e b, observation t!en it can be knon to be
tr%e.
.3/ Mnoin# a 'ro'osition to be tr%e is i&'ossible onl, i" it cannot be 'rove tr%e
b, observation.
.E/ Mnoin# a 'ro'osition to be tr%e re0%ires 'rovin# it tr%e b, observation.
5@. T!e '%blis!er o" a best8sellin# sel"8!el' book !ad9 in so&e 'ro&otional &aterial9
clai&ed t!at it s!oed readers !o to beco&e e(ce'tionall, s%ccess"%l. 7"
co%rse9 ever,one knos t!at no book can deliver to t!e &an, !at9 b, de"inition9
&%st re&ain li&ited to t!e "e e(ce'tional s%ccesses. T!%s9 alt!o%#! it is clear
t!at t!e '%blis!er knoin#l, &ade a "alse clai&9 doin# so s!o%ld not be
considered %net!ical in t!is case.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e
reasonin# above-
.A/ Mnoin#l, &akin# a "alse clai& is %net!ical onl, i" it is reasonable "or
'eo'le to acce't t!e clai& as tr%e.
.1/ Mnoin#l, &akin# a "alse clai& is %net!ical i" t!ose &akin# it derive a #ain
at t!e e('ense o" t!ose actin# as i" t!e clai& ere tr%e.
.C/ Mnoin#l, &akin# a "alse clai& is %net!ical in onl, t!ose cases in !ic!
t!ose !o acce't t!e clai& as tr%e s%""er a !ards!i' #reater t!an t!e #ain
t!e, ere antici'atin#.
.3/ Mnoin#l, &akin# a "alse clai& is %net!ical onl, i" t!ere is a 'ossibilit, t!at
so&eone ill act as i" t!e clai& &i#!t be tr%e.
.E/ Mnoin#l, &akin# a "alse clai& is %net!ical in at least t!ose cases in !ic!
"or so&eone else to discover t!at t!e clai& is "alse9 t!at 'erson &%st !ave
acted as i" t!e clai& ere tr%e.
SECTI72 III
1. $rancis: $ail%re to beco&e 'ro'erl, re#istered to vote 'revents one8t!ird o" t!e
votin#8a#e citi)ens o" La#onia "ro& votin#. I" local election boards &ade t!e
e(cessivel, c%&berso&e re#istration 'rocess easier. &ore 'eo'le o%ld re#ister
and vote.
S!aron: T!e !i#! n%&ber o" citi)ens not re#istered to vote !as 'ersisted des'ite
GMAT & LSAT CR G@B
&an, atte&'ts to &ake re#isterin# easier. S%rve,s s!o t!at &ost o" t!ese
citi)ens believe t!at t!eir votes o%ld not &ake a di""erence. =ntil t!at belie" is
c!an#ed9 si&'li",in# t!e re#istration 'rocess ill not increase t!e 'ercenta#e o"
citi)ens re#isterin# to vote.
T!e &ain iss%e in dis'%te beteen $rancis and S!aron is
.A/ !et!er c!an#in# t!e voter re#istration 'rocess o%ld be c%&berso&e
.1/ !, so &an, citi)ens do not re#ister to vote
.C/ !at 'ercenta#e o" t!ose re#istered to vote act%all, vote
.3/ !et!er local election boards !ave si&'li"ied t!e re#istration 'rocess
.E/ !, t!e '%blic lacks con"idence in t!e e""ects o" votin#
5. Advertise&ent: An,one !o t!inks &oist%ri)ers are not i&'ortant "or bea%ti"%l
skin s!o%ld consider !at !a''ens to t!e eart!9 t!e skin o" t!e ord9 in ti&es o"
dro%#!t. 6it!o%t re#%lar in"%sions o" &oist%re t!e #ro%nd beco&es lined and
cracked and its l%s! loveliness "ades aa,. T!%s ,o%r skin9 too9 s!o%ld be
'rotected "ro& t!e 'rotection 'rovided b, re#%lar in"%sions o" 3e,"res! t!e
dro%#!t8de",in# &oist%ri)er.
T!e 3e,"res! advertise&ent e(!ibits !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# errors o"
reasonin#-
.A/ It treats so&et!in# t!at is necessar, "or brin#in# abo%t a state o" a""airs as
so&et!in# t!at is s%""icient to brin# abo%t t!at state o" a""airs.
.1/ It treats t!e "act t!at to t!in#s re#%larl, occ%r to#et!er as 'roo" t!at t!ere is
a sin#le t!in# t!at is t!e ca%se o" t!e& bot!.
.C/ It overlooks t!e "act t!at c!an#in# !at 'eo'le t!ink is t!e case does not
necessaril, c!an#e !at is t!e case.
.3/ It relies on t!e a&bi#%it, o" t!e ter& >in"%sion.? !ic! can desi#nate eit!er a
'rocess or t!e 'rod%ct o" t!at 'rocess.
.E/ It relies on an analo#, beteen to t!in#s t!at are ins%""icientl, alike in t!e
res'ects in !ic! t!e, o%ld !ave to be alike "or t!e concl%sion to be
s%''orted.
Questions 3-4
M: T!e Greek al'!abet &%st !ave been invented b, so&e individ%al !o kne t!e
F!oenician ritin# s,ste& and !o anted to !ave so&e a, o" recordin# :o&eric
e'ics and t!ereb, 'reservin# e('ressions o" a !i#!l, develo'ed tradition o" oral
'oetr,.
F: *o%r !,'ot!esis is la%#!ableJ 6!at o%ld !ave been t!e 'oint o" s%c! a 'ersons
ritin# :o&eric e'ics don- S%rel, a 'erson !o kne t!e& ell eno%#! to rite
t!e& don o%ld not need to read t!e&9 and no one else co%ld read t!e&9 accordin#
to ,o%r !,'ot!esis.
<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ar#%&entative strate#, t!at F %ses in res'ondin#
GMAT & LSAT CR G@H
to M-
.A/ attackin# Ms %nderstandin# o" t!e literar, val%e o" oral 'oetr,
.1/ disa#reein# it! Ms t!esis it!o%t atte&'tin# to re"%te it
.C/ c!allen#in# Ms knoled#e o" t!e F!oenician ritin# s,ste&
.3/ atte&'tin# to %nder&ine Ms !,'ot!esis b, &akin# it a''ear abs%rd
.E/ 'rovidin# an alternative inter'retation o" evidence '%t "orard b, M
C. Fs ar#%&ent is v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# criticis&s-
.A/ It "ails to de&onstrate t!at t!e F!oenician al'!abet alone co%ld !ave
'rovided t!e basis "or t!e Greek al'!abet.
.1/ It incorrectl, ass%&es t!at t!e "irst te(t ever ritten in Greek as a :o&eric
'oe&.
.C/ It con"%ses t!e re0%ire&ents "or a co&'le( oral tradition it! t!e
re0%ire&ents o" a ritten lan#%a#e.
.3/ It atte&'ts to de&onstrate t!e tr%t! o" a !,'ot!esis &erel, b, s!oin# t!at it
is 'ossible.
.E/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at 'erson !o invented t!e Greek al'!abet did
so it! t!e intention o" teac!in# it to ot!ers.
@. 1acteria "ro& "ood can s%rvive "or several da,s on t!e s%r"ace o" 'lastic c%ttin#
boards9 b%t bacteria can 'enetrate ooden c%ttin# boards al&ost i&&ediatel,9
leavin# t!e s%r"ace "ree o" conta&ination. T!ere"ore9 ooden c%ttin# boards9
%nlike 'lastic c%ttin# boards9 need not be as!ed in order to 'revent t!eir
conta&inatin# "ood t!at is c%t on t!e&D i'in# t!e& o"" to re&ove "ood debris is
s%""icient.
.A/ 6as!in# 'lastic c%ttin# boards does not re&ove all bacteria "ro& t!e s%r"ace.
.1/ Frevention o" bacterial conta&ination is t!e onl, res'ect in !ic! ooden
c%ttin# boards are s%'erior to 'lastic c%ttin# boards.
.C/ $ood t!at is not alread, conta&inated it! bacteria can be conta&inated onl,
b, bein# c%t on conta&inated c%ttin# boards.
.3/ 1acteria t!at 'enetrate into ooden c%ttin# boards do not ree&er#e on t!e
s%r"ace a"ter t!e c%ttin# boards !ave been %sed.
.E/ 6as!in# ooden c%ttin# boards kills bacteria belo t!e s%r"ace o" t!e c%ttin#
boards.
G. Ast!&a#on as lon# considered t!e &ost e""ective o" t!e dr%#s knon as beta85
a#onists9 desi#ned to alleviate ast!&a attacks. :oever9 st%dies cond%cted in
R!ia#o beteen 1HB1 and 1HBA revealed t!at nearl, one o%t o" ever, "ive o" t!e
ast!&a 'atients %nder observation !o took ast!&a#on s%""ered serio%s side
e""ects a"ter takin# t!e dr%#. Citin# t!is statistic9 so&e doctors ar#%e t!at
ast!&a#on s!o%ld be banned as an anti8ast!&a dr%#.
GMAT & LSAT CR GGI
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost eakens t!e case "or t!e 'ro'osed ban
o" ast!&a#on-
.A/ In R!ia#o9 !ere ast!&a#on !ad been t!e &ost idel, 'rescribed o" t!e
beta85 a#onists9 t!e n%&ber o" ast!&a deat!s increased beteen 1HB1 and
1HBA.
.1/ Man, o" t!e 'atients %nder observation to !o& ast!&a#on as
ad&inistered !ad not 'revio%sl, taken a beta85 a#onist.
.C/ 3es'ite t!e #roin# concern abo%t t!e dr%# &an, '!,sicians in R!ia#o still
'rescribe ast!&a#on to ast!&a s%""erers.
.3/ A&on# t!e 'atients observed9 onl, t!ose !o !ad ver, !i#! c!olesterol
co%nts s%""ered side e""ects a"ter takin# ast!&a#on.
.E/ Ast!&a#on increases t!e severit, o" ast!&a attacks in so&e 'eo'le beca%se
t!e dr%# can ca%se da&a#e to !eart tiss%es.
A. In res'onse to re0%ests &ade b, t!e dair, ind%str, t!e #overn&ent is considerin#
!et!er to a''rove t!e s,nt!etic !or&one 1ST "or %se in dair, cos 1ST
increases &ilk 'rod%ction b%t also leads to rec%rrin# %dder in"la&&ation
decreased "ertilit,9 and s,&'to&s o" stress in cos !o receive t!e !or&one All
o" t!ese 'roble&s can be ke't %nder control it! constant veterinar, care b%t
s%c! levels o" veterinar, !el' o%ld cost bi# "ar&s "ar less 'er co t!an t!e,
o%ld s&all "ar&s.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# cla&s is &ost
.A/ T!e #overn&ent is %nlikel, to a''rove t!e s,nt!etic !or&one 1ST "or %se in
cos.
.1/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" cos t!at s%""er "ro& %dder in"la&&ation9 decreased
"ertilit,9 and s,&'to&s o" stress is c%rrentl, #reater on bi# dair, "ar&s t!an
on s&all ones.
.C/ At t!e 'resent ti&e &ilk "ro& cos raised on s&all "ar&s is sa"er to drink
t!an &ilk "ro& cos raised on bi# "ar&s.
.3/ T!e &ilk "ro& cos !o receive 1ST ill not be sa"e "or 'eo'le to drink.
.E/ 7ners o" bi# "ar&s stand to #ain &ore "ro& #overn&ent a''roval o" 1ST
t!an do oners o" s&all "ar&s.
B. Jones is sellin# a !o%se to S&it!. T!e contract beteen t!e to s'eci"ies t!at "or
%' to a ,ear a"ter oners!i' is trans"erred. Jones ill be res'onsible "or re'airin#
an, >&a+or str%ct%ral de"ects9? de"ined as de"ects in t!e roo" or roo"8s%''ortin#
co&'onents o" t!e !o%se t!at &i#!t be "o%nd. Jones is not res'onsible "or an,
ot!er re'airs. T!e !o%se !as a tr%ss roo" !ic! &eans t!at t!e onl, alls t!at
s%''ort t!e roo" are t!e e(terior alls.
It can be 'ro'erl, concl%ded "ro& t!e in"or&ation above t!at
.A/ Jones did not kno o" an, de"ects in t!e roo" or roo"8s%''ortin# co&'onents
GMAT & LSAT CR GG1
o" t!e !o%se at t!e ti&e t!e contract as ritten
.1/ alt!o%#! ot!er co&'onents o" t!e !o%se &a, contain de"ects t!e roo" and
roo"8s%''ortin# co&'onents o" t!e !o%se are c%rrentl, "ree "ro& s%c!
de"ects
.C/ t!e contract does not obli#e Jones to re'air an, de"ects in t!e !o%ses
none(terior alls a"ter oners!i' o" t!e !o%se !as been trans"erred
.3/ S&it! ill be obli#ed to re'air all str%ct%ral de"ects in t!e !o%se it!in a
,ear a"ter oners!i' is trans"erred e(ce't t!ose "or !ic! Jones is
res'onsible
.E/ in t!e 'ast Jones !as !ad to &ake re'airs to so&e o" t!e !o%ses e(terior
alls
H. T!e 'la, Mankind &%st !ave been ritten beteen 1C<1 and 1CA1. It cannot !ave
been ritten be"ore 1C<1 "or in t!at ,ear t!e rose noble9 a coin &entioned in t!e
'la,9 as "irst circ%lated. T!e 'la, cannot !ave been ritten a"ter 1CA1 since in
t!at ,ear Min# :enr, 4I died9 and !e is &entioned as a livin# &onarc! in t!e
'la,s dedication.
T!e ar#%&ent o%ld be &ost serio%sl, eakened i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ere discovered-
.A/ T!e Ro,al T!eatre Co&'an, incl%des t!e 'la, on a list o" t!ose 'er"or&ed in
1CBI.
.1/ Anot!er coin &entioned in t!e 'la, as "irst &inted in 1C55.
.C/ T!e rose noble as neit!er &inted nor circ%lated a"ter 1CBG.
.3/ Alt!o%#! :enr, 4I as de'osed in 1CG19 !e as brie"l, restored to t!e
t!rone in 1CAI.
.E/ In a letter ritten in earl, 1C5B a &erc!ant told o" !avin# seen t!e desi#n "or
a &%c!8disc%ssed ne coin called t!e >rose noble.?
1I. All &aterial bodies are divisible into 'arts and ever,t!in# divisible is i&'er"ect. It
"ollos t!at all &aterial bodies are i&'er"ect It likeise "ollos t!at t!e s'irit is
not a &aterial bod,.
T!e "inal concl%sion above "ollos lo#icall, i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is
ass%&ed-
.A/ Ever,t!in# divisible is a &aterial bod,.
.1/ 2ot!in# i&'er"ect is indivisible.
.C/ T!e s'irit is divisible.
.3/ T!e s'irit is 'er"ect.
.E/ T!e s'irit is eit!er indivisible or i&'er"ect.
11. S'ecial kinds o" cotton t!at #ro "ibers o" #reen or bron !ave been aro%nd since
t!e 1H<Is b%t onl, recentl, beca&e co&&erciall, "easible !en a lon#8"ibered
variet, t!at can be s'%n b, &ac!ine as "inall, bred Since t!e cotton need not be
GMAT & LSAT CR GG5
d,ed 'rocessin# 'lants avoid t!e e('ense o" d,ein# and t!e ecolo#ical !a)ards o"
#ettin# rid o" le"tover d,e and b,8'rod%cts.
.A/ It is ecolo#icall, sa"er to 'rocess lon#8"ibered cotton t!an s!ort8"ibered
cotton.
.1/ Green and bron cottons t!at can be s'%n onl, b, !and are not co&&erciall,
viable.
.C/ :and8s'%n cotton is &ore ecolo#icall, sa"e t!an &ac!ine8s'%n cotton.
.3/ S!ort8"ibered re#%lar cottons are econo&icall, co&'etitive it! s,nt!etic
"abrics.
.E/ Gar&ents &ade o" #reen and bron cottons are less e('ensive t!an #ar&ents
&ade o" re#%lar cotton.
15. Feo'le in t!e to%rist ind%str, kno t!at e(cessive develo'&ent o" seaside areas
b, t!e ind%str, da&a#es t!e environ&ent. S%c! develo'&ent also !%rts t!e to%rist
ind%str, b, &akin# t!ese areas %nattractive to to%rists a "act o" !ic! 'eo'le in
t!e to%rist ind%str, are ell aare Feo'le in t!e to%rist ind%str, o%ld never
knoin#l, do an,t!in# to da&a#e t!e ind%str,. T!ere"ore9 t!e, o%ld never
knoin#l, da&a#e t!e seaside environ&ent and 'eo'le !o are concerned abo%t
da&a#e to t!e seaside 'eo'le !o are concerned abo%t da&a#e to t!e seaside
environ&ent t!%s !ave not!in# to "ear "ro& t!e to%rist ind%str,.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ents is &ost v%lnerable to
.A/ 2o s%''ort is 'rovided "or t!e clai& t!at e(cessive develo'&ent !%rts t!e
to%rist ind%str,.
.1/ T!at so&et!in# is not t!e ca%se o" a 'roble& is %sed as evidence t!at it never
coe(ists it! t!at 'roble&.
.C/ T!e ar#%&ent s!i"ts "ro& a''l,in# a c!aracteristic to a "e &e&bers o" a
#ro%' to a''l,in# t!e c!aracteristic to all &e&bers o" t!at #ro%'.
.3/ T!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e to%rist ind%str, o%ld %nintentionall, !ar& t!e
environ&ent is i#nored.
.E/ T!e ar#%&ent establis!es t!at a certain state o" a""airs is likel, and t!en treats
t!at as evidence t!at t!e state o" a""airs is inevitable.
1<. :ealt! o""icials clai& t!at beca%se t!e "oods and bevera#es &entioned or
cons%&ed on &an, television 'ro#ra&s are e(tre&el, lo in n%tritional val%e
atc!in# television !as a bad in"l%ence on t!e dietar, !abits o" television
vieers.
T!e clai& b, !ealt! o""icials de'ends on t!e 'res%''osition t!at
.A/ t!e eatin# and drinkin# !abits o" 'eo'le on television 'ro#ra&s are desi#ned
to &irror t!e eatin# and drinkin# !abits o" television vieers
.1/ seein# so&e "oods and bevera#es bein# cons%&ed on or !earin# t!e&
&entioned on television 'ro#ra&s increases t!e likeli!ood t!at vieers ill
GMAT & LSAT CR GG<
cons%&e si&ilar kinds o" "oods and bevera#es
.C/ t!e "ood and bevera#e ind%str, "inances television 'ro#ra&s so t!at t!e "oods
and bevera#es t!at !ave recentl, a''eared on t!e &arket can be advertised
on t!ose 'ro#ra&s
.3/ television vieers are onl, interested in t!e 'eo'le on television 'ro#ra&s
!o !ave t!e sa&e eatin# and drinkin# !abits as t!e, do
.E/ t!e eatin# and drinkin# !abits o" 'eo'le on television 'ro#ra&s 'rovide
!ealt! o""icials it! acc%rate 'redictions abo%t t!e "oods and bevera#es t!at
ill beco&e 'o'%lar a&on# television vieers
1C. In an e""ort to boost sales d%rin# t!e s%&&er &ont!s9 !ic! are t,'icall, t!e best
"or so"t8drink sales $oa&, Soda loered its 'rices. In s'ite o" t!is9 !oever9 t!e
sales o" $oa&, Soda dro''ed d%rin# t!e s%&&er &ont!s.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 contrib%tes to reconcilin# t!e a''arent discre'anc,
indicated above EECEFT:
.A/ T!e so"t8drink ind%str, as a !ole e('erienced de'ressed sales d%rin# t!e
s%&&er &ont!s.
.1/ $oa&, Sodas co&'etitors loered t!eir 'rices even &ore drasticall, d%rin#
t!e s%&&er &ont!s.
.C/ 1eca%se o" an increase in t!e 'rice o" seeteners t!e 'rod%ction costs o"
$oa&, Soda rose d%rin# t!e s%&&er &ont!s.
.3/ A strike at $oa&, Sodas &ain 'lant "orced 'rod%ction c%tbacks t!at res%lted
in &an, stores not receivin# t!eir nor&al s!i'&ents d%rin# t!e s%&&er
&ont!s.
.E/ T!e eat!er d%rin# t!e s%&&er &ont!s as %nseasonabl, cool9 decreasin#
t!e de&and "or so"t drinks.
1@. 3r. Q: Man, o" t!e c!aracteri)ations o" &, ork o""ered b, 3r. N are i&'recise
and s%c! c!aracteri)ations do not 'rovide an ade0%ate basis "or so%nd criticis& o"
&, ork.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& 3r. Qs state&ent-
.A/ So&e or 3r Ns c!aracteri)ations o" 3r. Qs ork 'rovide an ade0%ate basis
"or so%nd criticis& o" 3r. Qs ork.
.1/ All o" 3r Ns c!aracteri)ations o" 3r. Qs ork t!at are not i&'recise 'rovide
an ade0%ate basis "or so%nd criticis& o" 3r. Qs ork.
.C/ All o" t!e c!aracteri)ations o" 3r. Qs ork b, 3r. N t!at do not 'rovide an
ade0%ate basis "or so%nd criticis& o" 3r Qs ork are i&'recise.
.3/ I" t!e c!aracteri)ation o" so&eones ork is 'recise9 t!en it 'rovides a so%nd
basis "or critici)in# t!at ork.
.E/ At least one o" 3r Ns c!aracteri)ations o" 3r. Qs ork "ails to 'rovide an
ade0%ate basis "or so%nd criticis& o" t!at ork.
GMAT & LSAT CR GGC
1G. M9 a researc! scientist9 as acc%sed o" !avin# "alsi"ied laborator, data. Alt!o%#!
t!e ori#inal data in 0%estion !ave disa''eared9 data "ro& Ms &ore recent
e('eri&ents !ave been e(a&ined and clearl, none o" t!e& ere "alsi"ied.
T!ere"ore9 t!e acc%sation s!o%ld be dis&issed.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# contains 0%estionable reasonin# t!at is &ost si&ilar
.A/ L9 an acco%ntant9 as c!ar#ed it! !avin# e&be))led "%nds "ro& a client.
T!e c!ar#e s!o%ld be i#nored9 !oever9 beca%se alt!o%#! t!e records t!at
&i#!t reveal t!is e&be))le&ent !ave been destro,ed9 records o" Ls c%rrent
clients s!o clearl, t!at t!ere !as never been an, e&be))le&ent "ro& t!e&.
.1/ M9 a "actor, s%'ervisor9 as acc%sed o" "ailin# to en"orce sa"et, standards.
T!is acc%sation s!o%ld be disc%ssed beca%se alt!o%#! t!e identit, o" t!e
acc%ser as not revealed9 a s%rve, o" "actor, 'ersonnel revealed t!at so&e
violations o" t!e standards !ave occ%rred.
.C/ 29 a social scientist9 as c!ar#ed it! 'la#iaris&. T!e c!ar#e is it!o%t
"o%ndation beca%se alt!o%#! stron# si&ilarities beteen 2s book and t!e
ork o" anot!er sc!olar !ave been discovered9 t!e ot!er sc!olars ork as
ritten a"ter 2s ork as '%blis!ed.
.3/ 79 an a%to &ec!anic !as been acc%sed o" sellin# stolen a%to 'arts. T!e
acc%sation see&s to be +%sti"ied since alt!o%#! no evidence links 7 directl,
to t!ese sales9 t!e 'attern o" distrib%tion o" t!e a%to 'arts 'oints to 7 as t!e
so%rce.
.E/ F9 a 'olitician9 !as been acc%sed o" "ailin# to 'rotect t!e '%blic interest. $ro&
at least so&e 'oints o" vie9 !oever9 t!e acc%sation ill %ndo%btedl, be
considered "alse9 beca%se t!ere is clearl, disa#ree&ent abo%t !ere t!e
'%blic interest lies.
Questions 1'-18
T!e ides'read sta"" red%ctions in a certain re#ions econo&, are said to be ca%sin#
'eo'le !o still !ave t!eir +obs to c%t back on ne '%rc!ases as t!o%#! t!e,9 too9 !ad
beco&e econo&icall, distressed. Clearl,9 !oever9 act%al s'endin# b, s%c! 'eo'le is
%ndi&inis!ed9 beca%se t!ere !as been no %n%s%al increase in t!e a&o%nt o" &one,
!eld b, t!ose 'eo'le in savin#s acco%nts.
1A. T!e ar#%&ent in t!e 'assa#e 'roceeds b, doin# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ concl%din# t!at since an e('ected conse0%ence o" a s%''osed develo'&ent
did not take 'lace
.1/ concl%din# t!at since onl, one o" t!e to 'redictable conse0%ences o" a
certain kind o" be!avior is observed to occ%r t!is observed occ%rrence
cannot9 in t!e c%rrent sit%ation9 be a conse0%ence o" s%c! be!avior
.C/ ar#%in# t!at since 'eo'les econo&ic be!avior is #%ided b, econo&ic sel"8
interest onl, &isin"or&ation or error ill ca%se 'eo'le to en#a#e in
GMAT & LSAT CR GG@
econo&ic be!avior t!at !ar&s t!e& econo&icall,
.3/ ar#%in# t!at since to alternative develo'&ents e(!a%st all t!e 'la%sible
'ossibilities one o" t!ose develo'&ents occ%rred and t!e ot!er did not
.E/ concl%din# t!at since t!e evidence concernin# a s%''osed c!an#e is
a&bi#%o%s9 it is &ost likel, t!at no c!an#e is act%all, takin# 'lace
1B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent relies-
.A/ I" 'eo'le in t!e re#ion !o contin%e to be e&'lo,ed !ave debts9 t!e, are not
no 'a,in# t!e& o"" at an accelerated rate.
.1/ Feo'le in t!e re#ion !o contin%e to be e&'lo,ed and !o !ave relatives
!o !ave lost t!eir +obs co&&onl, assist t!ose relatives "inanciall,.
.C/ I" 'eo'le in t!e re#ion !o !ave lost +obs #et ne +obs9 t!e ne +obs
#enerall, 'a, less ell t!an t!e ones t!e, lost.
.3/ Feo'le in t!e re#ion !o contin%e to be e&'lo,ed are 'essi&istic abo%t t!eir
'ros'ects "or increasin# t!eir inco&es.
.E/ T!ere e(ist no statistics abo%t sales o" #oods in t!e re#ion as a !ole.
1H. Ever, st%dent !o alks to sc!ool #oes !o&e "or l%nc!. It "ollos t!at so&e
st%dents !o !ave 'art8ti&e +obs do not alk to sc!ool.
T!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent "ollos lo#icall, i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is
ass%&ed-
.A/ So&e st%dents !o do not !ave 'art8ti&e +obs #o !o&e "or l%nc!.
.1/ Ever, st%dent !o #oes !o&e "or l%nc! !as a 'art8ti&e +ob.
.C/ So&e st%dents !o do not !ave 'art8ti&e +obs do not #o !o&e "or l%nc!.
.3/ So&e st%dents !o do not #o !o&e "or l%nc! !ave 'art8ti&e +obs.
.E/ Ever, st%dent !o #oes !o&e "or l%nc! alks to sc!ool.
5I. 6!en t!e Finecrest Ani&al S!elter9 a c!aritable or#ani)ation9 as in dan#er o"
closin# beca%se it co%ld not 'a, "or i&'ortant re'airs9 its directors a''ealed to t!e
tons'eo'le to donate &one, t!at o%ld be ear&arked to 'a, "or t!ose re'airs.
Since &ore "%nds ere %lti&atel, donated t!an ere %sed "or t!e re'airs t!e
directors 'lan to donate t!e s%r'l%s "%nds to ot!er ani&al s!elters. 1%t be"ore
doin# so9 t!e directors s!o%ld obtain 'er&ission "ro& t!ose !o &ade t!e
donations.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 &ost !el's to +%sti", t!e 'osition
advocated above and ,et 'laces t!e least restriction on t!e allocation o" "%nds b,
directors o" c!aritable or#ani)ations-
.A/ T!e directors o" c!aritable or#ani)ations cannot allocate '%blicl, solicited
"%nds to an, '%r'oses "or !ic! t!e directors !ad not s'eci"icall, ear&arked
t!e "%nds in advance.
.1/ Feo'le !o solicit c!aritable donations "ro& t!e '%blic "or a s'eci"ic ca%se
s!o%ld s'end t!e "%nds onl, on t!at ca%se or9 i" t!at beco&es i&'ossible9
GMAT & LSAT CR GGG
s!o%ld dis'ose o" t!e "%nds accordin# to t!e e('ress is!es o" t!e donors.
.C/ 3irectors o" c!aritable or#ani)ations !o solicit &one, "ro& t!e '%blic &%st
ret%rn all t!e &one, it received "ro& an a''eal i" &ore &one, is received
t!an can 'racticabl, be %sed "or t!e '%r'oses s'eci"ied in t!e a''eal.
.3/ 3onors o" &one, to c!aritable or#ani)ations cannot dele#ate to t!e directors
o" t!ose or#ani)ations t!e res'onsibilit, o" allocatin# t!e "%nds received to
vario%s '%r'oses consonant it! t!e '%r'oses o" t!e or#ani)ation as t!e
directors o" t!e or#ani)ation see "it.
.E/ Feo'le !o contrib%te &one, to c!aritable or#ani)ations s!o%ld be
considered to be 'lacin# t!eir tr%st in t!e directors o" t!ose or#ani)ations to
%se t!e &one, isel, accordin# to !atever circ%&stance &i#!t arise.
51. T!e a&o%nt o" electricit, cons%&ed in Millville on an, da, in A%#%st is directl,
'ro'ortional to 'eak !%&idit, on t!at da,. Since t!e avera#e 'eak !%&idit, t!is
A%#%st as t!ree 'oints !i#!er t!an t!e avera#e 'eak !%&idit, last A%#%st9 it
"ollos t!at &ore ener#, as cons%&ed in Millville t!is A%#%st t!an last A%#%st.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents !as a 'attern o" reasonin# &ost si&ilar to
t!e one in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e a&o%nt o" art s%''lies %sed in an, o" t!e Aest!etic Instit%tes 5@ classes
is directl, 'ro'ortional to t!e n%&ber o" st%dents in t!at class. Since in t!ese
classes t!e instit%te enrolled 5I 'ercent &ore st%dents overall last ,ear t!an
in t!e 'revio%s ,ear9 &ore art s%''lies ere %sed in t!e instit%tes classes
last ,ear t!an in t!e 'revio%s ,ear.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" co%rses in 'aintin# o""ered b, t!e Aest!etic Instit%te in an,
ter& is directl, 'ro'ortional to t!e n%&ber o" st%dents enrolled in t!e
instit%te in t!at ter&. 1%t t!e instit%te o""ers t!e sa&e n%&ber o" co%rses in
sc%l't%re eac! ter&. :ence9 t!e instit%te %s%all, o""ers &ore co%rses in
'aintin# t!an in sc%l't%re eac! ter&.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" ne st%dents enrolled at t!e Aest!etic Instit%te in an, #iven
,ear is directl, 'ro'ortional to t!e a&o%nt o" advertisin# t!e instit%te !as
done in t!e 'revio%s ,ear. :ence9 i" t!e instit%te seeks to increase its st%dent
bod, it &%st increase t!e a&o%nt it s'ends on advertisin#.
.3/ T!e "ees 'aid b, a st%dent at t!e Aest!etic Instit%te are directl, 'ro'ortional
to t!e n%&ber o" classes in !ic! t!at st%dent enrolls. Since t!e n%&ber o"
st%dents at t!e Aest!etic Instit%te is increasin#9 it "ollos t!at t!e instit%te is
collectin# a #reater a&o%nt in "ees 'aid b, st%dents t!an it %sed to.
.E/ T!e n%&ber o" instr%ctors e&'lo,ed b, t!e Aest!etic Instit%te in an, ter& is
directl, 'ro'ortional to t!e n%&ber o" classes o""ered in t!at ter& and also
directl, 'ro'ortional to t!e n%&ber o" st%dents enrolled at t!e instit%te.
T!%s9 t!e n%&ber o" classes o""ered b, t!e instit%te in an, ter& is directl,
'ro'ortional to t!e n%&ber o" st%dents enrolled in t!at ter&.
55. Letter to t!e editor: A"ter 1aertons "actor, closed9 t!ere as a s!ar' increase in
GMAT & LSAT CR GGA
t!e n%&ber o" clai&s "iled "or +ob8related in+%r, co&'ensation b, t!e "actor,s
"or&er e&'lo,ees9 :ence t!ere is reason to believe t!at &ost o" t!ose !o "iled
"or co&'ensation a"ter t!e "actor, closed ere +%st o%t to #ain bene"its t!e, did
not deserve9 and "iled onl, to !el' t!e& eat!er t!eir +ob loss.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e ar#%&ent above EECEFT:
.A/ 6orkers cannot "ile "or co&'ensation "or &an, +ob8related in+%ries9 s%c! as
!earin#s loss "ro& "actor, noise9 %ntil t!e, !ave le"t t!e +ob.
.1/ In t!e ,ears be"ore t!e "actor, closed9 t!e "actor,s &ana#ers dis&issed
several e&'lo,ees !o !ad "iled in+%r, clai&s.
.C/ Most orkers !o receive an in+%r, on t!e +ob "ile "or co&'ensation on t!e
da, t!e, s%""er t!e in+%r,.
.3/ 6orkers !o inc%r 'artial disabilities d%e to in+%ries on t!e +ob o"ten do not
"ile "or co&'ensation beca%se t!e, o%ld !ave to sto' orkin# to receive
co&'ensation b%t cannot a""ord to live on t!at co&'ensation alone.
.E/ 6orkers !o are aare t!at t!e, ill soon be laid o"" "ro& a +ob o"ten
beco&e de'ressed9 &akin# t!e& &ore 'rone to +ob8related in+%ries.
5<. :istorians o" 2ort! A&erican arc!itect%re !o !ave st%died earl, nineteent!8
cent%r, !o%ses it! ooden "loors !ave observed t!at t!e boards %sed on t!e
"loors o" bi##er !o%ses ere #enerall, &%c! narroer t!an t!ose %sed on t!e
"loors o" s&aller !o%ses. T!ese !istorians !ave ar#%ed t!at9 since t!e 'eo'le "or
!o& t!e bi##er !o%ses ere b%ilt ere #enerall, ric!er t!an t!e 'eo'le "or
!o& t!e s&aller !o%ses ere b%ilt9 "loors &ade o%t o" narro "loorboards ere
'robabl, once a stat%s s,&bol9 desi#ned to 'roclai& t!e oners ealt!.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to stren#t!en t!e !istorians
ar#%&ent-
.A/ More ori#inal "loorboards !ave s%rvived "ro& bi# earl, nineteent!8cent%r,
!o%ses t!an "ro& s&all earl, nineteent!8cent%r, !o%ses.
.1/ In t!e earl, nineteent! cent%r,9 a 'iece o" narro "loorboard as not
si#ni"icantl, less e('ensive t!an a 'iece o" ide "loorboard o" t!e sa&e
len#t!.
.C/ In t!e earl, nineteent! cent%r,9 s&aller !o%ses #enerall, !ad "eer roo&s
t!an did bi##er !o%ses.
.3/ So&e earl, nineteent!8cent%r, !o%ses !ad ide "loorboards near t!e alls o"
eac! roo& and narroer "loorboards in t!e center9 !ere t!e "loors ere
%s%all, car'eted.
.E/ Man, o" t!e bi##est earl, nineteent!8cent%r, !o%ses b%t ver, "e s&all
!o%ses "ro& t!at 'eriod !ad so&e "loors t!at ere &ade o" &aterials t!at
ere considerabl, &ore e('ensive t!an ood9 s%c! as &arble.
5C. Et!icist: A societ, is +%st !en9 and onl, !en9 "irst9 eac! 'erson !as an e0%al
ri#!t to basic liberties9 and second9 ine0%alities in t!e distrib%tion o" inco&e and
GMAT & LSAT CR GGB
ealt! are not tolerated %nless t!ese ine0%alities are to ever,ones advanta#e and
are attac!ed to +obs o'en to ever,one.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# +%d#&ents &ost closel, con"or&s to t!e 'rinci'le
described above-
.A/ Societ, S #%arantees ever,one e0%al ri#!t to basic liberties9 !ile alloin#
ine0%alities in t!e distrib%tion o" inco&e and ealt! t!at are to t!e
advanta#e o" ever,one. $%rt!er9 t!e +obs to !ic! t!ese ine0%alities are
attac!ed are o'en to &ost 'eo'le. T!%s9 societ, S is +%st.
.1/ Societ, S #ives ever,one an e0%al ri#!t to basic liberties9 b%t at t!e e('ense
o" creatin# ine0%alities in t!e distrib%tion o" inco&e and ealt!. T!%s9
societ, S is not +%st.
.C/ Societ, S allos ine0%alities in t!e distrib%tion o" inco&e and ealt!9
alt!o%#! ever,one bene"its9 and t!ese ine0%alities are attac!ed to +obs t!at
are o'en to ever,one. T!%s9 societ, S is +%st.
.3/ Societ, S distrib%tes inco&e and ealt! to ever,one e0%all,9 b%t at t!e
e('ense o" creatin# ine0%alities in t!e ri#!t to basic liberties. T!%s9 societ,
S is not +%st.
.E/ Societ, S #ives ever,one an e0%al ri#!t to basic liberties9 and alt!o%#! t!ere
is an ine0%alit, in t!e distrib%tion o" inco&e and ealt!9 t!e +obs9 to !ic!
t!ese ine0%alities are attac!ed9 are o'en to all. T!%s9 societ, S is +%st.
5@. Econo&ist: In order to decide !at to do abo%t 'rotectin# t!e o)one la,er9 e
&%st deter&ine t!e &onetar, a&o%nt o" t!e econo&ic reso%rces t!at e o%ld
illin#l, e('end to 'rotect it. S%c! a deter&ination a&o%nts to a calc%lation o"
t!e &onetar, val%e o" t!e o)one la,er. Environ&entalists ar#%e t!at t!e o)one
la,er does not !ave a calc%lable &onetar, val%e. :oever9 e o%ld not
illin#l, e('end an a&o%nt e0%al to all o" t!e orlds econo&ic reso%rces to
'rotect t!e o)one la,er so t!e o)one la,er is de&onstrabl, ort! less t!an t!at
a&o%nt. T!%s9 t!e o)one la,er !as a calc%lable &onetar, val%e.
T!e reasonin# in t!e econo&ists ar#%&ent is "laed in t!at t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ %ses evidence t!at t!e &onetar, val%e o" a 'artic%lar nat%ral reso%rce is less
t!an a certain a&o%nt in order to establis! t!at t!e &onetar, val%e o" an,
nat%ral reso%rce is less t!an t!at a&o%nt
.1/ 'res%''oses t!at t!e o)one la,er s!o%ld not be 'rotected and t!en ar#%es to
t!at clai& as a concl%sion
.C/ takes advanta#e o" an a&bi#%it, in t!e ter& >val%e? to de"lect t!e
environ&entalists c!ar#e
.3/ #ives no reason "or t!inkin# t!at &erel, establis!in# an %''er li&it on a
certain &onetar, val%e o%ld allo t!e calc%lation o" t!at &onetar, val%e
.E/ does not directl, address t!e ar#%&ent o" t!e environ&entalists
5G. Col%&nist on t!e arts: M, elected #overn&ent re'resentatives ere it!in t!eir
GMAT & LSAT CR GGH
ri#!ts to vote to s%''ort t!e arts it! ta( dollars. 6!ile "%nded b, t!e
#overn&ent9 !oever9 so&e artists !ave 'rod%ced orks o" art t!at are &orall, or
aest!eticall, o""ensive to &an, ta('a,ers. 2onet!eless9 &, concl%sion is t!at no
ta('a,ers !ave been treated %n+%stl, !ose ta( dollars are %sed to "%nd so&e
'artic%lar ork o" art t!at t!e, &a, "ind abo&inable.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 &ost s%''orts t!e col%&nists
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Ta('a,ers s!o%ld be alloed to decide !et!er a 'ortion o" t!eir ta( dollars
is to be %sed to "%nd t!e arts.
.1/ T!e "%ndin# o" a 'artic%lar activit, is arranted i" it is "%nded b, elected
re'resentatives !o le#iti&atel, "%nd t!at activit, in #eneral.
.C/ Elected re'resentatives are it!in t!eir ri#!ts to "%nd an, activit, t!at is
s%''orted b, a &a+orit, o" t!eir constit%ents.
.3/ T!ose !o resent ta(ation to s%bsidi)e o""ensive art s!o%ld vote a#ainst t!eir
inc%&bent #overn&ent re'resentatives.
.E/ Since ta('a,ers are "ree to leave t!eir co%ntr, i" t!e, disa''rove o" t!eir
re'resentatives decisions9 t!e, !ave no ri#!t to co&'lain abo%t arts "%ndin#.
TEST 22
SECTI72 II
1. T!e basic in#redients "ro& !ic! ce&ent is &ade are bot! c!ea' and 'lenti"%l.
Materials as co&&on as li&estone and cla, ill do. 2evert!eless9 t!e 'rice o"
ce&ent is in"l%enced b, t!e 'rice o" oil9 beca%se t%rnin# t!e basic in#redients into
ce&ent in !i#!8te&'erat%re kilns %ses lar#e a&o%nts o" ener#,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be lo#icall, in"erred "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ 7il is one o" t!e basic in#redients t!at &ake %' ce&ent.
.1/ 7il is a so%rce o" ener#, "or so&e o" t!e kilns %sed in t!e &akin# o" ce&ent.
.C/ T!e !i#!er t!e 'rice o" ce&ent rises9 t!e !i#!er t!e 'rice o" cla, rises.
.3/ 6!enever oil 'rices rise9 ce&ent 'rices dro'.
.E/ A #iven a&o%nt o" ce&ent costs no &ore t!an t!e total cost o" its basic
in#redients.
5. Man, 'eo'le do not %nderstand t!e&selves9 nor do t!e, tr, to #ain sel"8
%nderstandin#. T!ese 'eo'le &i#!t tr, to %nderstand ot!ers9 b%t t!ese atte&'ts
are s%re to "ail9 beca%se it!o%t sel"8%nderstandin# it is i&'ossible to %nderstand
ot!ers. It is clear "ro& t!is t!at an,one !o lacks sel"8%nderstandin# ill be
inca'able o" %nderstandin# ot!ers.
GMAT & LSAT CR GAI
.A/ &istakes so&et!in# t!at is necessar, to brin# abo%t a sit%ation "or so&et!in#
t!at in itsel" is eno%#! to brin# abo%t t!at sit%ation
.1/ "ails to take into acco%nt t!e 'ossibilit, t!at not ever,one ants to #ain a
t!oro%#! %nderstandin# o" !i&sel" or !ersel"
.C/ bla&es 'eo'le "or so&et!in# "or !ic! t!e, cannot le#iti&atel, be !eld
res'onsible
.3/ &akes %se o" t!e in!erentl, va#%e ter& >sel"8%nderstandin#? it!o%t
de"inin# t!at ter&
.E/ dras a concl%sion t!at si&'l, restates a clai& #iven in s%''ort o" t!at
concl%sion
Questions 3-4
6i"e: T!e ork o" t!e artist !o 'ainted t!e 'ortrait o" &, #rand'arents @I ,ears a#o
!as beco&e 0%ite 'o'%lar latel,9 so t!e 'ortrait !as recentl, beco&e val%able. 1%t
since t!ese sorts o" artistic "ads "ade ra'idl,9 t!e 'ractical t!in# to do o%ld be to sell
t!e 'ortrait !ile it is still ort! so&et!in#9 and t!ereb, enable o%r da%#!ter to attend
t!e colle#e s!e !as c!osen.
:%sband: :o co%ld ,o% &ake s%c! a s%##estion- T!at 'aintin# is t!e onl, t!in# ,o%
on t!at belon#ed to ,o%r #rand'arents. I dont t!ink its a ver, #ood 'aintin#9 b%t it
!as #reat senti&ental val%e. 1esides9 ,o% oe it to o%r da%#!ter to kee' it in t!e
"a&il, as a link to !er "a&il,s 'ast.
<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 does &ost to +%sti", t!e
!%sbands re'l,-
.A/ Gi"ts o""ered as senti&ental tokens o" a""ection s!o%ld not be acce'ted i" t!e
reci'ient intends to sell t!e& later "or 'ro"it.
.1/ A bea%ti"%l ork o" art is &ore val%able t!an t!e &one, it co%ld be sold "or9
!atever t!e a&o%nt.
.C/ It is &ore i&'ortant "or 'arents to 'rovide t!eir c!ildren it! tan#ible links
to t!e "a&il,s 'ast t!an it is to enable t!e& to attend t!e colle#e o" t!eir
c!oice.
.3/ C!ildren and #randc!ildren !ave a d%t, to 'reserve "a&il, !eirloo&s onl, i"
t!e, !ave 'ro&ised t!eir 'arents or #rand'arents t!at t!e, o%ld do so.
.E/ Frovidin# ones c!ildren it! an ed%cation is &ore i&'ortant t!an 'rovidin#
t!e& it! &aterial #oods9 even i" t!e #oods !ave senti&ental val%e.
C. T!e !%sband %ses !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative tec!ni0%es in
re'l,in# to t!e i"es s%##estion-
.A/ takin# iss%e it! t!e 'racticalit, o" !er s%##estion
.1/ 0%estionin# !er aest!etic +%d#&ent
GMAT & LSAT CR GA1
.C/ clai&in# t!at t!e reasons s!e #ives are based on e&otions rat!er t!an on
rational considerations
.3/ assertin# t!at t!e evidence s!e cites in s%''ort o" !er s%##estion is "alse
.E/ invokin# a co&'etin# obli#ation t!at !e +%d#es to override !er 'ractical
considerations
@. N%estions !ave arisen re#ardin# t!e acc%rac, o" t!e re'orts t!e %niversit,s
arc!aeolo#ical &%se%& iss%es on its sales and ac0%isitions "or t!e ,ear. To
"orestall controvers,9 t!is ,ears re'ort is bein# revieed b, t!ree arc!aeolo#ists
"ro& ot!er %niversities. Since t!ese arc!aeolo#ists ill be #iven "%ll access to all
doc%&ents on !ic! t!e re'ort is based9 t!e, ill be able to deter&ine !et!er it
is indeed acc%rate.
.A/ does not s'eci", !et!er t!e revieers ill !ave access to data abo%t ob+ects
t!at !ave been in t!e &%se%&s collection "or &an, ,ears
.1/ 'rovides no in"or&ation re#ardin# t!e si)e or 0%alit, o" t!e arc!aeolo#ical
&%se%&s collection
.C/ o&its an, &ention o" !et!er t!e &%se%&s collection is on dis'la, or is
available onl, to researc!ers
.3/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!ere &i#!t !ave been so&e sales or ac0%isitions
d%rin# t!e 'ast ,ear t!at ere not &entioned in t!e doc%&ents on !ic! t!e
re'ort as based
.E/ does not describe !at ill occ%r i" t!e revieers discover discre'ancies
beteen t!e re'ort and t!e doc%&ents on !ic! it as based
G. En#ineer: So&e 'eo'le ar#%e t!at t!e orlds ener#, 'roble&s co%ld be solved
b, &inin# t!e Moon "or !eli%&8<9 !ic! co%ld be %sed "or "%el in "%sion reactors.
1%t t!is is nonsense. Even i" it ere 'ossible to &ine t!e Moon "or !eli%&8<9 t!e
tec!nolo#, needed to b%ild viable "%sion reactors t!at co%ld %se s%c! "%el is at
least @I ,ears aa,. I" t!e orlds ener#, 'roble&s are not solved be"ore t!en9 it
ill be too late to solve t!ose 'roble&s.
.A/ &inin# t!e Moon "or !eli%&8< is c%rrentl, not "easible
.1/ "%sion reactors t!at are no bein# 'lanned are not desi#ned to %se !eli%&8<
as "%el
.C/ 'eo'le !o advocate &inin# t!e Moon "or !eli%&8< do not reali)e t!at
"%sion reactors co%ld be desi#ned to %se "%els ot!er t!an !eli%&8<
.3/ &inin# t!e Moon "or !eli%&8< is not a 'ossible sol%tion to t!e orlds
ener#, 'roble&s
.E/ i" t!e orlds ener#, 'roble&s are not solved it!in t!e ne(t @I ,ears9 it ill
be too late to solve t!ose 'roble&s
GMAT & LSAT CR GA5
Questions '-8
T!e "is!in# ind%str, cannot c%rrentl, be relied %'on to !el' t!e #overn&ent co%nt t!e
seabirds killed b, net "is!in#9 since an acc%rate co%nt &i#!t res%lt in restriction o" net
"is!in#. T!e #overn&ent s!o%ld t!ere"ore instit%te a 'ro#ra& %nder !ic! tiss%e
sa&'les "ro& t!e dead birds are e(a&ined to deter&ine t!e a&o%nt o" to(ins in t!e
"is! eaten b, t!e birds. T!e ind%str, o%ld t!en !ave a reason to t%rn in t!e bird
carcasses9 since t!e ind%str, needs to kno !et!er t!e "is! it catc!es are
conta&inated it! to(ins.
A. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e seabirds t!at are killed b, net "is!in# do not eat all o" t!e s'ecies o" "is!
ca%#!t b, t!e "is!in# ind%str,.
.1/ T!e #overn&ent !as not in t!e 'ast so%#!t to deter&ine !et!er "is! ere
conta&inated it! to(ins b, e(a&inin# tiss%e sa&'les o" seabirds.
.C/ T!e #overn&ent cannot #ain an acc%rate co%nt o" t!e n%&ber o" seabirds
killed b, net "is!in# %nless t!e "is!in# ind%str, coo'erates.
.3/ I" t!e #overn&ent kne t!at "is! ca%#!t b, t!e "is!in# ind%str, ere
conta&inated b, to(ins9 t!e #overn&ent o%ld restrict net "is!in#.
.E/ I" net "is!in# ere restricted b, t!e #overn&ent9 t!en t!e "is!in# ind%str,
o%ld beco&e &ore inclined to reveal t!e n%&ber o" seabirds killed b, net
"is!in#.
B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, indicates t!at t!e #overn&ent
'ro#ra& o%ld not b, itsel" 'rovide an acc%rate co%nt o" t!e seabirds killed b,
net "is!in#-
.A/ T!e seabirds killed b, net "is!in# &i#!t be conta&inated it! several
di""erent to(ins even i" t!e birds eat onl, one kind o" "is!.
.1/ T!e "is!in# ind%str, co%ld learn !et!er t!e "is! it catc!es are conta&inated
it! to(ins i" onl, a "e o" t!e seabirds killed b, t!e nets ere e(a&ined.
.C/ T!e #overn&ent co%ld #ain val%able in"or&ation abo%t t!e so%rce o" to(ins
b, e(a&inin# tiss%e sa&'les o" t!e seabirds ca%#!t in t!e nets.
.3/ T!e "is! ca%#!t in a 'artic%lar net &i#!t be conta&inated it! t!e sa&e
to(ins as t!ose in t!e seabirds ca%#!t in t!at net.
.E/ T!e #overn&ent o%ld be illin# to certi", t!at t!e "is! ca%#!t b, t!e
ind%str, are not conta&inated it! to(ins i" tests done on t!e seabirds
s!oed no conta&ination.
H. So&e 'eo'le clai& t!at elected o""icials &%st avoid even t!e a''earance o"
i&'ro'riet, in o""ice. *et since actions t!at #ive t!e a''earance o" i&'ro'riet,
are not necessaril, i&'ro'er9 t!e onl, reason "or an elected o""icial to avoid t!e
a''earance o" i&'ro'riet, is to &aintain '%blic a''roval and 'o'%larit,. 2o one
!oever9 not even a '%blic o""icial9 !as an obli#ation to be 'o'%lar or to &aintain
'%blic a''roval.
GMAT & LSAT CR GA<
T!e ar#%&ent is str%ct%red so as to lead to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
concl%sions-
.A/ 2o elected o""icial !as an obli#ation to avoid t!e a''earance o" i&'ro'riet,.
.1/ All elected o""icials !ave a vested interest in &aintainin# a !i#! '%blic
a''roval ratin#.
.C/ Elected o""icial !o !ave been scr%'%lo%s in satis",in# t!e obli#ations o"
t!eir o""ice s!o%ld ens%re t!at t!e '%blic is aare o" t!is "act.
.3/ T!e '%blic never a''roves o" an elected o""icial !o a''ears to !ave
be!aved i&'ro'erl, in o""ice.
.E/ Elected o""icials !o ab%se t!e 'oer o" t!eir o""ice !ave an obli#ation at
least to a''ear to be "%l"illin# t!e obli#ations o" t!eir o""ice.
1I. Ca"eteria 'atron: T!e a''les sold in t!is ca"eteria are #reas,. T!e cas!ier told &e
t!at t!e a''les are in t!at condition !en t!e, are delivered to t!e ca"eteria and
t!at t!e ca"eteria does not as! t!e a''les it sells. Most "r%it is s'ra,ed it!
dan#ero%s 'esticides be"ore it is !arvested9 and is dan#ero%s %ntil it is as!ed.
Clearl,9 t!e ca"eteria is sellin# 'esticide8covered "r%it9 t!ereb, endan#erin# its
'atrons.
.A/ T!e a''les t!at t!e ca"eteria sells are not t!oro%#!l, as!ed a"ter !arvest b%t
be"ore reac!in# t!e ca"eteria.
.1/ Most 'esticides t!at are s'ra,ed on "r%it be"ore !arvest leave a #reas, resid%e
on t!e "r%it.
.C/ Man, o" t!e ca"eterias 'atrons are %naare t!at t!e ca"eteria does not as!
t!e a''les it sells.
.3/ 7nl, 'esticides t!at leave a #reas, resid%e on "r%it can be as!ed o"".
.E/ $r%its ot!er t!an a''les also arrive at t!e ca"eteria in a #reas, condition.
11. F: 1eca%se an elected o""icial needs t!e s%''ort o" a 'olitical 'art, to be e""ective9
t!e inde'endent candidate "or t!e le#islat%re cannot 'ossibl, be an e""ective
le#islator i" s!e ins.
N: I disa#ree. 1, ,o%r reasonin#9 o%r c%rrent le#islator9 !o !as t!e s%''ort o" a
'olitical 'art,9 o%#!t to !ave been e""ective9 b%t !e !as !ot been.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e best criticis& o" Ns state&ent-
.A/ It si&'l, contradicts Fs clai& it!o%t o""erin# evidence a#ainst it.
.1/ It does not consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at a 'olitical 'art, &i#!t decide to
s%''ort an elected le#islator even t!o%#! !e or s!e ran as an inde'endent.
.C/ It "ails to 'rovide a 'recise de"inition "or a ke, ter&Kt!e ord >e""ective.?
.3/ It 'res%''oses !at is to be 'rovedKt!at a le#islator &%st !ave t!e s%''ort
o" a 'olitical 'art, in order to be >e""ective.?
.E/ It &istakenl, inter'rets F to be clai&in# t!at a "actor ass%res rat!er t!an is
GMAT & LSAT CR GAC
necessar, "or a le#islators e""ectiveness.
Questions 1!-13
F%blic !ealt! ill i&'rove &ore 0%ickl, in t!e ake o" ne &edical discoveries i"
&edical researc!ers abandon t!eir 'ractice o" aitin# %ntil t!eir "indin#s are
'%blis!ed in 'eer8revieed +o%rnals be"ore in"or&in# t!e 'ress o" i&'ortant researc!
res%lts. T!at is beca%se t!e '%blic release o" ne &edical in"or&ation allos 'eo'le
to %se t!at in"or&ation in order to i&'rove t!eir !ealt!9 b%t t!e 'eer8revie 'rocess is
%navoidabl, ver, slo.
15. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ Man, &edical researc!ers do not a#ree to serve as revieers !en t!eir on
researc! is in a critical '!ase.
.1/ Revieers "or &an, &edical +o%rnals are not t!e&selves &edical
researc!ers.
.C/ Feo'le o%ld %se ne &edical in"or&ation even i" it ere not "irst '%blis!ed
in 'eer8revieed +o%rnals.
.3/ T!e 'eer8revie 'rocess co%ld be s'eeded %' eno%#! to 'rod%ce a
si#ni"icant i&'rove&ent in '%blic !ealt!.
.E/ 2e &edical in"or&ation t!at is "irst '%blis!ed in 'eer8revieed +o%rnals
does not %s%all, receive '%blic attention.
1<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Feer revie o"ten 'revents t!e '%blication o" "alse concl%sions dran on t!e
basis o" 'oorl, cond%cted &edical researc!.
.1/ Feo'le o"ten alter t!eir li"e8st,les on t!e basis o" ne &edical in"or&ation
&ade available t!ro%#! t!e 'ress.
.C/ So&e i&'rove&ents in '%blic !ealt! are d%e to "actors ot!er t!an t!e
discover, o" ne &edical in"or&ation.
.3/ So&e nes'a'ers o%ld be illin# to '%blis! t!e res%lts o" &edical researc!
be"ore t!ose res%lts !ave a''eared in 'eer8revieed +o%rnals.
.E/ Most 'eer8revieed scienti"ic +o%rnals o%ld re"%se to #ive %' t!e 'ractice o"
'eer revie.
1C. 1eteen 1HAA and 1HBA9 t!e co%ntr, o" Ravonia lost abo%t 159III +obs in lo##in#
and ood 'rocessin# re'resentin# a 1@ 'ercent decrease in e&'lo,&ent in t!e
co%ntr,s ti&ber ind%str,. Farado(icall,9 t!is loss o" +obs occ%rred even as t!e
a&o%nt o" ood taken "ro& t!e "orests o" Ravonia increased b, 1I 'ercent.
.A/ 2ot since t!e 1H@Is !as t!e ti&ber ind%str, been Ravonias &ost i&'ortant
ind%str, econo&icall,.
.1/ 1eteen 1HAA and 1HBA9 t!e total n%&ber o" acres o" ti&berland in Ravonia
GMAT & LSAT CR GA@
"ell9 !ile t!e de&and "or ood 'rod%cts increased.
.C/ Since 1HAA9 a #roin# 'ro'ortion o" t!e ti&ber t!at !as been c%t in Ravonia
!as been e('orted as ra9 %n'rocessed ood.
.3/ Since 1HAA9 do&estic sales o" ood and ood 'rod%cts !ave increased b,
&ore t!an e('ort sales !ave increased.
.E/ In 1HAA9 overall %ne&'lo,&ent in Ravonia as a''ro(i&atel, 1I 'ercentD in
1HBA9 Ravonias %ne&'lo,&ent rate as 1@ 'ercent.
1@. To 'er"or& an act t!at is &orall, ron# is to o""end a#ainst !%&anit,9 and all
o""enses a#ainst !%&anit, are e0%all, bad. 1eca%se &%rder is &orall, ron#9 it is
+%st as bad to !ave &%rdered one 'erson b, settin# o"" a bo&b as it o%ld !ave
been to !ave &%rdered a !%ndred 'eo'le b, settin# o"" t!at bo&b.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# +%d#&ents con"or&s to t!e 'rinci'les invoked
above-
.A/ I" l,in# is &orall, ron#9 tellin# a lie is as bad as &%rderin# so&eone.
.1/ Riskin# ones li"e to save t!e lives o" a !%ndred 'eo'le is &orall, no better
t!an riskin# ones li"e to save one 'erson.
.C/ I" stealin# is &orall, ron#9 it is e0%all, i&'ortant to societ, to 'revent
'eo'le "ro& stealin# as it is to 'revent t!en "ro& co&&ittin# &%rder.
.3/ Accidentall, ca%sin# t!e deat! o" a 'erson is +%st as bad as &%rderin# t!at
'erson.
.E/ In a sit%ation in !ic! t!e li"e o" one 'erson can be saved onl, b, killin#
anot!er 'erson9 killin# and not killin# are e0%all, bad.
1G. In ,esterda,s co%ncil election a &a+orit, o" voters s%''orted conservative
candidates9 and a &a+orit, o" voters s%''orted candidates !o voted in "avor o"
t!e anti'oll%tion act. T!ere"ore9 it &%st be t!at a &a+orit, o" voters in ,esterda,s
co%ncil election s%''orted conservative candidates !o voted in "avor o" t!e
anti'oll%tion act.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ar#%&ent t!at contains "laed reasonin# &ost
si&ilar to t!e "laed reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ 1ill clai&s t!at soil can be da&a#ed i" it tilled !en it is too et9 and S%e
clai&s t!at seeds 'lanted in et soil can rot. T!ere"ore9 i" bot! clai&s are
tr%e9 #ardeners !o till and 'lant t!eir #ardens !en t!e soil is et da&a#e
bot! t!eir soil and t!eir seeds.
.1/ Accordin# to Sara9 &ost c!ildren like 'ies. Accordin# to Robert9 &ost
c!ildren like bl%eberries. So i" Sara and Robert are bot! ri#!t9 it &%st be
t!at &ost c!ildren like 'ies t!at contain bl%eberries.
.C/ Mark ill #o on a 'icnic toda, onl, i" it does not rain. S%san ill #o on a
'icnic toda, onl, i" Mark #oes too. Since it is not #oin# to rain toda,9 bot!
Mark and S%san ill #o on a 'icnic.
.3/ T!e &a+orit, o" c%sto&ers !o re#%larl, eat at t!is resta%rant ala,s order
GMAT & LSAT CR GAG
bot! "is! and st%""ed &%s!roo&s. T!%s9 "is! and st%""ed &%s!roo&s &%st
be t!e resta%rants &ost "re0%entl, ordered dis!es.
.E/ Most 'eo'le livin# at Ginas !o%se cook ell. Since &ost 'eo'le at Ginas
!o%se en+o, eatin# ell8cooked &eals9 &ost &eals served at Ginas !o%se
are cooked ell.
1A. Folitician: Critics o" etlands8'rotection bill are dela,in# 'assa#e o" t!is
i&'ortant le#islation &erel, on t!e #ro%nds t!at t!e, disa#ree it! its ne &ore
restrictive de"inition o" t!e ter& >etlands.? 1%t t!is bill ill 'lace stricter li&its
on t!e develo'&ent o" etlands t!an t!e e(istin# re#%lations do. T!ere"ore9 in
0%ibblin# over se&antics9 critics o" t!is bill s!o t!at t!e, care little abo%t !at
reall, !a''ens to o%r etlands.
T!e 'oliticians re'l, to t!e o''onents o" t!e etlands8'rotection bill is &ost
v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# criticis&s-
.A/ It "alsel, identi"ies t!e &otives o" t!ose !o !ave critici)ed t!e etlands8
'rotection bill it! t!e &otives o" all t!ose !o are o''osed to
conservation.
.1/ It does not ade0%atel, reco#ni)e t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e de"inition o" t!e ord
>etlands? deter&ines t!e i&'act o" t!e le#islation.
.C/ It ass%&es it!o%t +%sti"ication t!at t!ose !o critici)ed t!e etlands8
'rotection bill stand to 'ro"it i" t!e bill is de"eated.
.3/ It "ails to 'rovide a de"ense "or a less restrictive de"inition o" >etlands.?
.E/ It atte&'ts to de"end t!e credibilit, o" t!e a%t!or o" t!e bill rat!er t!an
de"endin# t!e bill itsel".
Questions 18-19
3illort!: More and &ore 'eo'le are decidin# not to !ave c!ildren beca%se o" t!e
'ersonal and econo&ic sacri"ices c!ildren re0%ire and beca%se so o"ten c!ildren are
%n#rate"%l "or t!e considerable sacri"ices t!eir 'arents do &ake "or t!e&. :oever9
s%c! considerations !ave no bearin# on t!e "act t!at t!eir c!ildren 'rovide t!e best
c!ance &ost 'eo'le !ave o" ens%rin# t!at t!eir val%es live on a"ter t!e&. T!ere"ore9
"or an,one it! dee'l, !eld val%es9 "ore#oin# 'arent!ood o%t o" rel%ctance to &ake
sacri"ices "or !ic! little #ratit%de can be e('ected o%ld 'robabl, be a &istake.
Travers: *o%r reasonin# i#nores anot!er "act t!at deserves consideration: c!ildrens
in#ratit%de "or 'arental sacri"ices %s%all, ste&s "ro& a !olesale re+ection o" 'arental
val%es.
1B. 3illort! e&'lo,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative strate#ies-
.A/ s!oin# t!at considerations cited as drabacks to #iven co%rse o" action are
not reall, drabacks at all
.1/ e('osin# as &orall, s%s'ect t!e &otives o" 'eo'le !o o%ld &ake t!e
c!oice t!at 3illort! re+ects
GMAT & LSAT CR GAA
.C/ indirectl, establis!in# t!at a #iven co%rse o" action is obli#ator, b, ar#%in#
t!at t!e alternative co%rse o" action is 'ro!ibited
.3/ distin#%is!in# a cate#or, o" 'erson "or !o& t!e reason 'resented in "avor
o" a #iven co%rse o" action is &ore tellin# t!an t!e reasons cited a#ainst t!at
co%rse o" action
.E/ %sin# evidence t!at a certain co%rse o" action o%ld be a''ro'riate %nder one
set o" conditions to arrive at a #eneral concl%sion abo%t !at o%ld be
a''ro'riate in all cases
1H. T!e 'oint o" Travers re+oinder to 3illort!s ar#%&ent is t!at
.A/ 3illort!s ass%&'tion t!at c!ildren ac0%ire val%es onl, "ro& t!eir 'arents is
&istaken
.1/ it is a &istake to dis&iss as irrelevant t!e 'ersonal and econo&ic sacri"ices
'eo'le are called on to &ake "or t!e sake o" t!eir c!ildren
.C/ 3illort! !as overlooked t!e ell8knon "act t!at 'eo'le it! dee'l, !eld
val%es not in"re0%entl, re+ect o''osin# val%es t!at are dee'l, !eld b, ot!ers
.3/ t!e desire to 'er'et%ate t!eir val%es s!o%ld not be a "actor in 'eo'les
decision to !ave c!ildren
.E/ t!e "act t!at c!ildren are o"ten %n#rate"%l "or 'arental sacri"ices is not
irrelevant to decidin# !et!er to !ave c!ildren in order to 'er'et%ate ones
val%es
5I. =ntil abo%t CII &illion ,ears a#o9 "is!esKt!e "irst tr%e si&&ersKere
+aless. T!eir "eedin# &et!ods ere li&ited to eit!er s%ckin# in s%r"ace 'lankton
or s%ckin# in "ood 'articles "ro& botto& &%d. 6it! t!e develo'&ent o" bitin#
+as9 !oever9 t!e li"e o" "is!es c!an#ed dra&aticall,9 since +as alloed t!e&
activel, to '%rs%e 're,9 to sei)e it in t!eir +as9 and to &ani'%late it beteen t!eir
teet!. T!e +aed "is!es t!en develo'ed alon# to &ain lines: one retained
cartila#e "or its skeletons9 "or e(a&'le9 s!arks and ra,sD t!e ot!er ado'ted bone as
its 'rinci'al skeletal &aterial. $ro& t!e latter #ro%' evolved t!e &ost ab%ndant
and diverse o" all o" toda,s vertebrate #ro%'s9 t!e >teleosts9? so&e 519III
s'ecies9 !ic! var, "ro& barrac%das to sea !orses.
also t!e tr%e-
.A/ $is! are t!e 'ri&ar, 're, o" all +aed "is!es.
.1/ T!e +aless "is!es did not 're, %'on ot!er "is!.
.C/ Teleosts do not "eed %'on 'articles "o%nd in botto& &%d.
.3/ Jaless "is!es did not !ave cartila#e as t!eir skeletal &aterial.
.E/ Jaless "is!es beca&e e(tinct a''ro(i&atel, CII &illion ,ears a#o.
51. 2%clear reactors are so&eti&es b%ilt in >#eolo#icall, 0%iet? re#ions9 so called b,
#eolo#ists beca%se s%c! re#ions are distant "ro& 'late bo%ndaries and contain
GMAT & LSAT CR GAB
onl, &inor "a%lts. Since no &inor "a%lt in a #eolo#icall, 0%iet re#ion 'rod%ces an
eart!0%ake &ore o"ten t!an once in an, #iven 1II9III8,ear 'eriod9 it "ollos t!at
o" all 'otential n%clear reactor sites in s%c! a re#ion9 t!ose t!at are least likel, to
be str%ck b, an eart!0%ake are ones located near a "a%lt t!at !as 'rod%ced an
eart!0%ake it!in livin# &e&or,.
.A/ Geolo#icall, 0%iet re#ions are t!e least dan#ero%s re#ions in !ic! to b%ild
n%clear reactors.
.1/ $or an, 'otential n%clear reactor site t!e likeli!ood o" bein# str%ck b, an
eart!0%ake is t!e 'ri&ar, deter&inant o" site sa"et,.
.C/ In a #eolo#icall, 0%iet re#ion ever, 'otential n%clear reactor site is near at
least one &inor "a%lt.
.3/ 2%clear reactors t!at are located in #eolo#icall, 0%iet re#ions are b%ilt to
it!stand at least one b%t not necessaril, &ore t!an one eart!0%ake o"
&inor to &oderate "orce.
.E/ Eart!0%ake "a%lts in #eolo#icall, 0%iet re#ions 'rod%ce eart!0%akes at least
once in 1II9III ,ears.
Questions !!-!3
Ma#a)ine editor: I kno t!at so&e o" o%r re#%lar advertisers !ave been 'ress%rin# %s
to #ive "avorable &ention to t!eir 'rod%cts in o%r articles9 b%t t!e, s!o%ld reali)e t!at
"or %s to ,ield to t!eir is!es o%ld act%all, be a#ainst t!eir interests. To re&ain an
e""ective advertisin# ve!icle9 e &%st !ave lo,al readers!i'9 and e o%ld soon lost
t!at readers!i' i" o%r readers s%s'ect t!at o%r editorial inte#rit, !as been
co&'ro&ised b, 'anderin# to advertisers.
Advertisin#8sales director: *o% %nderesti&ate t!e so'!istication o" o%r readers. T!e,
reco#ni)e t!at t!e advertise&ents e carr, are not articles9 so t!eir res'onse to t!e
advertise&ents !as never de'ended on t!eir o'inion o" t!e editorial inte#rit, o" t!e
&a#a)ine as a !ole.
55. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ost acc%rate assess&ent o" t!e advertisin#8
sales directors ar#%&ent as a res'onse to t!e &a#a)ine editors ar#%&ent-
.A/ It s%cceeds beca%se it s!os t!at t!e editors ar#%&ent de'ends on an
%narranted ass%&'tion abo%t "actors a""ectin# an advertise&ents
e""ectiveness.
.1/ It s%ccess beca%se it e('oses as &istaken t!e editors esti&ation o" t!e
so'!istication o" t!e &a#a)ines readers.
.C/ It s%cceeds beca%se it %nder&ines t!e editors clai& abo%t !o t!e
&a#a)ines editorial inte#rit, o%ld be a""ected b, alloin# advertisers to
in"l%ence articles.
.3/ It "ails beca%se t!e editors ar#%&ent does not de'end on an, ass%&'tion
abo%t readers res'onse to t!e advertise&ents t!e, see in t!e &a#a)ine.
GMAT & LSAT CR GAH
.E/ It "ails beca%se it is based on a &is%nderstandin# o" t!e editors vie abo%t
!o readers res'ond to advertise&ents t!e, see in t!e &a#a)ine.
5<. T!e &a#a)ine editors ar#%&ent ass%&es !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ A &a#a)ine editor s!o%ld never be in"l%enced in t!e 'er"or&ance o" !is or
!er 'ro"essional d%ties b, t!e is!es o" t!e co&'anies t!at re#%larl,
advertise in t!e &a#a)ine.
.1/ T!e &a#a)ine cannot #ive an, "avorable &ention in its articles to its re#%lar
advertisers it!o%t co&'ro&isin# its re'%tation "or editorial inte#rit,.
.C/ $avorable &ention o" t!eir 'rod%cts in t!e &a#a)ines articles is o" less val%e
to t!e advertisers t!an is t!e contin%ed e""ectiveness o" t!e &a#a)ine as an
advertisin# ve!icle.
.3/ Givin# "avorable &ention to a 'rod%ct in a &a#a)ine article is a &ore
e""ective "or& o" advertisin# t!an is an e('licit advertise&ent "or t!e
'rod%ct in t!e sa&e &a#a)ine.
.E/ Carr,in# 'aid advertise&ents can never 'ose an, t!reat to t!e &a#a)ines
re'%tation "or editorial inte#rit, nor to t!e lo,alt, o" its readers!i'.
5C. F%blic 'olic, dictates t!e !ealt! risks t!e '%blic ro%tinel, takes. Statistical
ar#%&ents abo%t !ealt! risks are %sed 'ri&aril, to de"lect '%blic "ears9 !ile
contrib%tin# little to 'olic, debate. $or e(a&'le9 statistics are cited to i&'l, t!at
earin# a seat belt red%ces ones risk o" deat! in an a%to&obile accident9
de"lectin# attention "ro& t!e "act t!at a trans'ortation 'olic, t!at 'ro&otes
increasin# %se o" a%to&obiles in!erentl, increases an, individ%als risk o" deat!
in an a%to&obile accident.
T!e a, t!e e(a&'le "%nctions above is &ost closel, 'aralleled in !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Statistics indicate t!at an individ%als risk o" contractin# cancer "ro&
radiation e&itted b, a n%clear 'oer 'lant is less t!an t!at o" contractin#
cancer "ro& s%ns!ine. T!ese statistics dra attention aa, "ro& t!e "act
t!at a 'olic, o" ener#, conservation is sa"er "or !%&an !ealt! t!an a 'olic,
based on n%clear ener#,.
.1/ Statistics indicate t!at an %rban residents risk o" accidental deat! "ro& an,
ca%se is no #reater t!an t!at o" an individ%al !o lives in a s%b%rban or
r%ral area. T!ese statistics co%nter t!e idel, !eld '%blic belie" t!at %rban
areas are &ore dan#ero%s t!an s%b%rban or r%ral areas.
.C/ Statistics indicate t!at t!e avera#e li"e e('ectanc, o" &ales is s!orter t!an
t!at o" "e&ales. T!is alone s!o%ld not in"l%ence 'olicies re#ardin# eli#ibilit,
"or li"e ins%rance beca%se it is also tr%e t!at an, individ%als e('ectanc, can
be calc%lated on t!e basis o" 'ersonal c!aracteristics and !ealt! 'ractices.
.3/ Statistics indicate t!at t!e avera#e li"e e('ectanc, o" &ales is s!orter t!an
t!at o" "e&ales. 6!en one acco%nts "or t!e "act t!at "e&ales s&oke less and
are less likel, to ork in +obs in t!e c!e&ical and &an%"act%rin# ind%stries9
GMAT & LSAT CR GBI
t!e di""erence in li"e e('ectanc, is narroed.
.E/ Statistics indicate t!at t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le de'endent on alco!ol "ar
e(ceeds t!e n%&ber de'endent on ille#al addictive dr%#sD t!%s9 an, 'olic,
"or t!e control and treat&ent o" s%bstance ab%se s!o%ld 'rovide "or
treat&ent o" alco!olis&.
5@. S: It o%ld be 're&at%re to act to !alt t!e t!reatened >#lobal ar&in# trend9?
since t!at alle#ed trend &i#!t not be real. A"ter all9 scientists disa#ree abo%t it9
so&e 'redictin# over tice as &%c! ar&in# as ot!ers9 so clearl, t!eir
'redictions cannot be based on "ir& evidence.
6: Most scientists consider disc%ssions o" acce'ted ideas borin#9 and 're"er to
ar#%e abo%t !at is not knon. Accordin# to t!e International Science Co%ncil
t!ere is a consens%s a&on# re'%table investi#ators t!at avera#e #lobal ar&in#
in t!e ne(t cent%r, ill be "ro& 1.@ to C.@.
6s re+oinder 'roceeds b,
.A/ den,in# t!e e(istence o" t!e disa#ree&ents cited b, S
.1/ acce'tin# Ss concl%sion !ile dis'%tin# t!e reasons o""ered "or it
.C/ rel,in# on a%t!orities !ose vies con"lict it! t!e vies o" t!e a%t!orities
cited b, S
.3/ '%ttin# disa#ree&ents cited b, S in 'ers'ective b, e&'!asi)in# si&ilarities
.E/ reasonin# in a circle b, acce'tin# evidence onl, i" it a#rees it! a desired
concl%sion
SECTI72 III
1. I" a co%ntr,s &an%"act%rin# ca'acit, is "%ll, %tili)ed9 t!ere can be no ind%strial
#rot! it!o%t ne ca'ital invest&ent. An, red%ction in interest rates 'rod%ces
ne ca'ital invest&ent.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, concl%ded "ro& t!e state&ents
above-
.A/ Interest rates &i#!t in e(ce'tional cases be red%ced it!o%t t!ere bein# an,
s%bse0%ent invest&ent o" ne ca'ital.
.1/ A red%ction in interest rates &i#!t ca%se a 'recondition "or ind%strial #rot!
to be &et.
.C/ I" a co%ntr,s &an%"act%rin# ca'acit, is %nder%tili)ed9 interest rates s!o%ld
be !eld constant.
.3/ 2e ca'ital invest&ent t!at takes 'lace !ile interest rates are risin# cannot
lead to ind%strial #rot!.
.E/ Man%"act%rin# ca'acit, nel, created b, ca'ital invest&ent needs to be "%ll,
GMAT & LSAT CR GB1
%tili)ed i" it is to lead to ind%strial #rot!.
5. A certain t,'e o" insect tra' %ses a scented l%re to attract rose beetles into a 'lastic
ba# "ro& !ic! it is di""ic%lt "or t!e& to esca'e. I" several o" t!ese tra's are
installed in a back,ard #arden9 t!e n%&ber o" rose beetles in t!e #arden ill be
#reatl, red%ced. I" onl, one tra' is installed9 !oever9 t!e n%&ber o" rose beetles
in t!e #arden ill act%all, increase.
discre'anc,-
.A/ T!e scent o" a sin#le tra's l%re %s%all, cannot be detected t!ro%#!o%t a
back,ard #arden b, rose beetles.
.1/ Several tra's are better able to catc! a lar#e n%&ber o" rose beetles t!an is
one tra' alone9 since an, rose beetles t!at evade one tra' are likel, to
enco%nter anot!er tra' i" t!ere are several tra's in t!e #arden.
.C/ 6!en t!ere are several tra's in a #arden9 t!e, eac! ca't%re "eer rose beetles
t!an an, sin#le tra' o%ld i" it ere t!e onl, tra' in t!e #arden.
.3/ T!e 'resence o" an, tra's in a back,ard #arden ill attract &ore rose beetles
t!an one tra' can catc!9 b%t several tra's ill not attract si#ni"icantl, &ore
rose beetles to a #arden t!an one tra' ill.
.E/ 6!en t!ere is onl, one tra' in t!e #arden9 t!e 'lastic ba# 0%ickl, beco&es
"illed to ca'acit,9 alloin# so&e rose beetles to esca'e.
<. T!e c%rrent &ove to 'atent co&'%ter 'ro#ra&s is a &ove in t!e ron# direction
and s!o%ld be sto''ed. T!e 'atent s,ste& as ori#inall, desi#ned solel, to
'rotect s&all8ti&e inventors "ro& e('loitation9 not to #ive lar#e cor'orations
control over a &et!odolo#,. An, co&'%ter 'ro#ra& is &erel, t!e i&'le&entation
o" a &et!odolo#,.
.A/ Co&'%ter 'ro#ra&s s!o%ld be develo'ed not onl, be lar#e cor'orations b%t
b, s&all8ti&e inventors as ell.
.1/ I&'le&entin# a &et!odolo#, ala,s re0%ires less creative e""ort t!an does
tr%e invention.
.C/ T!e iss%e o" !et!er or not to 'atent co&'%ter 'ro#ra&s 'resents t!e 'atent
s,ste& it! 'roble&s t!at !ave never be"ore arisen.
.3/ Lar#e cor'orations s!o%ld not !old 'atents "or i&'le&entations o"
&et!odolo#ies.
.E/ S&all8ti&e inventors !o s%''ort t!e &ove to 'atent co&'%ter 'ro#ra&s act
contrar, to t!eir on best interests.
Questions 4-5
6alter: $or t!e econo&icall, 'rivile#ed in a societ, to tolerate an in+%stice 'er'etrated
a#ainst one o" societ,s disadvanta#ed is not onl, +%st &orall, ron# b%t also
GMAT & LSAT CR GB5
s!ortsi#!ted: a s,ste& t!at in"licts an in+%stice on a disadvanta#ed 'erson toda, can
e0%all, ell in"lict t!at sa&e in+%stice on a ell8to8do 'erson to&orro.
Larissa: In o%r societ,9 t!e ealt!, as ell as t!e ell8ed%cated can 'rotect
t!e&selves a#ainst all sorts o" in+%stices s%""ered b, t!e less ell8o"". Alloin# s%c!
in+%stices to 'ersist is bad 'olic, not beca%se it 'laces ever,one at e0%al risk o"
in+%stice b%t beca%se it is a 'otent so%rce o" social %nrest.
C. Larissa res'onds to 6alter b, doin# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ #ivin# reason to do%bt t!e tr%t! o" 6alters concl%sion
.1/ drain# i&'la%sible conse0%ences "ro& 6alters ass%&'tions
.C/ 0%estionin# 6alters a%t!orit, to address &atters o" social 'olic,
.3/ 'rovidin# an alternative reason "or acce'tin# t!e tr%t! o" 6alters concl%sion
.E/ c!ar#in# 6alter it! sto''in# s!ort o" reco#ni)in# t!e "%ll i&'lications o"
!is 'osition
@. 6alter and Larissa are lo#icall, co&&itted b, !at t!e, sa, to disa#ree abo%t
.A/ !et!er t!e 'oor and t!e ric! are 'art o" t!e sa&e social "abric
.1/ !et!er t!e &ost s%ccess"%l &e&bers o" a societ, are t!at societ,s least
tolerant 'eo'le
.C/ !et!er t!e disadvanta#ed &e&bers o" societ, s%""er "ro& in+%stice
.3/ !et!er t!ose !o !ave t!e &ost advanta#es in a societ, are &orall,
obli#ated to correct t!at societ,s in+%stices
.E/ !et!er t!e econo&icall, 'rivile#ed &e&bers o" a societ, are less e('osed
to certain sorts o" in+%stices t!an are t!e econo&icall, disadvanta#ed
G. T!ree &a+or la%ndr, deter#ent &an%"act%rers !ave concentrated t!eir 'odered
deter#ents b, red%cin# t!e 'ro'ortion o" inactive in#redients in t!e deter#ent
"or&%las. T!e concentrated deter#ents ill be sold in s&aller 'acka#es. In
e('lainin# t!e c!an#e9 t!e &an%"act%rers cited t!e desire to red%ce cardboard
'acka#in# and ot!er 'rod%ction costs. Market anal,sts 'redict t!at t!e decision o"
t!ese t!ree &an%"act%rers9 !o control BI 'ercent o" t!e la%ndr, deter#ent
&arket9 ill event%all, brin# abo%t t!e virt%al disa''earance o" old8st,le b%lk,
deter#ents.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e 'rediction &ade
b, t!e &arket anal,sts-
.A/ Most s&aller &an%"act%rers o" la%ndr, deter#ents ill consider it too
e('ensive to retool "actories "or t!e 'rod%ction o" t!e s&aller deter#ent
'acka#es.
.1/ Man, cons%&ers ill be ske'tical initiall, t!at t!e reco&&ended s&all
a&o%nt o" concentrated deter#ent ill clean la%ndr, as e""ectivel, as t!e
lar#er a&o%nt o" t!e old8st,le deter#ent did.
GMAT & LSAT CR GB<
.C/ So&e anal,sts believe t!at cons%&ers ill !ave to 'a, a #reater cost 'er load
o" la%ndr, to %se t!e ne concentrated deter#ent t!an t!e, did to %se t!e
old8st,le deter#ent.
.3/ Ma+or s%'er&arkets !ave anno%nced t!at t!e, ill not c!ar#e t!e deter#ent
&an%"act%rers less to dis'la, t!eir deter#ents even t!o%#! t!e deter#ents
ill take %' less s!el" s'ace.
.E/ Cons%&ers are increasin#l, bein# 'ers%aded b, environ&ental concerns to
b%, concentrated deter#ents !en available in order to red%ce cardboard
aste.
Questions '-8
Folitical advocate: Ca&'ai#ns "or elective o""ice s!o%ld be s%bsidi)ed it! '%blic
"%nds. 7ne reason is t!at t!is o%ld allo 'oliticians to devote less ti&e to "%nd8
raisin#9 t!%s #ivin# ca&'ai#nin# inc%&bents &ore ti&e to serve t!e '%blic. A second
reason is t!at s%c! s%bsidies o%ld &ake it 'ossible to set ca's on individ%al
ca&'ai#n contrib%tions9 t!ereb, red%cin# t!e likeli!ood t!at elected o""icials ill be
orkin# "or t!e bene"it not o" t!e '%blic b%t o" individ%al lar#e contrib%tors.
Critic: T!is ar#%&ent is 'roble&atic: t!e &ore t!e ca's constrain contrib%tions9 t!e
&ore ti&e candidates !ave to s'end "indin# &ore s&all contrib%tors.
A. T!e critic ob+ects t!at t!e advocates ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se
.A/ an, reso%rce"%l lar#e contrib%tor can circ%&vent ca's on individ%al
contrib%tions b, sendin# in s&aller a&o%nts %nder vario%s na&es
.1/ one o" t!e 'ro+ected res%lts cited in s%''ort o" t!e 'ro'osal &ade is entailed
b, t!e ot!er and t!ere"ore does not constit%te inde'endent s%''ort o" t!e
'ro'osal
.C/ o" t!e to 'ro+ected res%lts cited in s%''ort o" t!e 'ro'osal &ade9 one orks
a#ainst t!e ot!er
.3/ it overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at lar#e contrib%tors ill sto' contrib%tin# i"
t!e, cannot contrib%te at ill
.E/ it overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at inc%&bents it! a "e e(tre&el, #enero%s
contrib%tors ill be !it !arder b, ca's t!an inc%&bents it! &an,
&oderatel, #enero%s contrib%tors
B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'le9 i" establis!ed9 'rovides a basis "or t!e
advocates ar#%&ent-
.A/ I" co&'lete reliance on 'rivate "%ndin# o" so&e activit, kee's t!e '%blic
"ro& en+o,in# a bene"it t!at co%ld be 'rovided i" '%blic "%nds ere %sed9
s%c! '%blic "%nds s!o%ld be 'rovided.
.1/ I" election ca&'ai#ns are to be "ended "ro& '%blic "%nds9 ter&s o" o""ice "or
elected o""icials s!o%ld be len#t!ened.
.C/ I" in an election ca&'ai#n lar#e contrib%tions "lo 'ri&aril, to one
GMAT & LSAT CR GBC
candidate9 '%blic "%nds s!o%ld be %sed to s%''ort t!e ca&'ai#ns o" t!at
candidates rivals.
.3/ I" '%blic "%ndin# o" so&e activit, 'rod%ces a bene"it to t!e '%blic b%t also
inevitabl, a s'ecial bene"it "or s'eci"ic individ%als9 t!e activit, s!o%ld not
be "%ll, "%nded '%blicl, b%t in 'art b, t!e individ%als derivin# t!e s'ecial
bene"it.
.E/ I" a 'erson o%ld not !ave r%n "or o""ice in t!e absence o" '%blic ca&'ai#n
s%bsidies9 t!is 'erson s!o%ld not be eli#ible "or an, s%c! s%bsidies.
H. 2ovice bird8atc!er: I dont kno &%c! abo%t ani&al tracks9 b%t I do kno t!at
birds t,'icall, !ave "o%r toes9 and &ost birds !ave t!ree toes 'ointin# "orard
and one toe 'ointin# backard. Since t!is track as &ade b, an ani&al it! "o%r
toes o" !ic! t!ree 'oint "orard and one 'oints backard9 e can concl%de it
as &ade b, so&e kind o" bird.
T!e ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se it
.A/ relies on t!e va#%eness o" t!e ter& >track?
.1/ does not de"ine birds as ani&als it! "o%r toes
.C/ "ails to identi", !at kind o" bird &i#!t !ave &ade t!e track
.3/ does not establis! t!at onl, a bird co%ld !ave &ade t!e track
.E/ de'ends on evidence abo%t an individ%al bird rat!er t!an abo%t birds in
#eneral
1I. Fs,c!olo#ists !ave clai&ed t!at &an, 'eo'le are &ore s%sce'tible to
's,c!olo#ical 'roble&s in t!e inter t!an in t!e s%&&erD t!e 's,c!olo#ists call
t!is condition seasonal a""ective disorder. T!eir clai& is based on t!e res%lts o"
s%rve,s in !ic! 'eo'le ere asked to recall !o t!e, "elt at vario%s ti&es in t!e
'ast. :oever9 it is not clear t!at 'eo'le are able to re'ort acc%ratel, on t!eir 'ast
's,c!olo#ical states. T!ere"ore9 t!ese s%rve, res%lts do not +%sti", t!e
's,c!olo#ists clai& t!at t!ere is an, s%c! condition as seasonal a""ective
disorder.
T!e a%t!or critici)es t!e 's,c!olo#ists clai& b,
.A/ o""erin# an alternative e('lanation o" t!e variation in t!e occ%rrence o"
's,c!olo#ical 'roble&s across seasons
.1/ 0%estionin# !et!er an, seasonal variation in t!e occ%rrence o"
's,c!olo#ical 'roble&s co%ld 'ro'erl, be labeled a disorder
.C/ 0%estionin# t!e re'resentativeness o" t!e 'o'%lation sa&'le s%rve,ed b, t!e
's,c!olo#ists
.3/ 0%estionin# an ass%&'tion t!at t!e a%t!or attrib%tes to t!e 's,c!olo#ists
.E/ de&onstratin# t!at "eer 'eo'le act%all, s%""er "ro& seasonal a""ective
disorder t!an 's,c!olo#ists !ad 'revio%sl, t!o%#!t
11. =nless t!e residents o" Glen :ills band to#et!er9 t!e 'ro'osal to re)one t!at cit,
GMAT & LSAT CR GB@
ill be a''roved. I" it is9 t!e cit, ill be able to b%ild t!e ater and seer
s,ste&s t!at develo'ers need in order to constr%ct a'art&ent !o%ses t!ere. T!ese
b%ildin#s o%ld attract ne residents9 and t!e increased 'o'%lation o%ld
'robabl, res%lt in overcroded sc!ools and o%ld certainl, res%lt in roads so
con#ested t!at ne roads o%ld be b%ilt. 2eit!er ne roads nor additional
sc!ools co%ld be b%ilt it!o%t s%bstantial ta( increases "or t!e residents o" Glen
:ills. =lti&atel, t!is #rot! &i#!t even destro, t!e r%ral at&os'!ere t!at &akes
Glen :ills so attractive.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, concl%ded "ro& t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ I" t!e citi)ens o" Glen :ills band to#et!er9 develo'ers ill not b%ild
a'art&ent !o%ses.
.1/ I" develo'ers b%ild a'art&ent !o%ses in Glen :ills9 t!ere ill be s%bstantial
ta( increases "or t!e residents o" Glen :ills.
.C/ I" t!e re)onin# 'ro'osal does not 'ass9 t!e r%ral at&os'!ere in Glen :ills
ill not be lost.
.3/ I" develo'ers do not b%ild a'art&ent !o%ses in Glen :ills9 t!e ta(es o" t!e
residents o" Glen :ills ill not increase s%bstantiall,.
.E/ I" develo'ers do not b%ild a'art&ent !o%ses in Glen :ills9 t!e sc!ools o"
Glen :ills ill not be overcroded and roads ill not be con#ested.
15. 7ne ,ear a#o a local #overn&ent initiated an antis&okin# advertisin# ca&'ai#n
in local nes'a'ers !ic! it "inanced b, i&'osin# a ta( on ci#arettes o" 5I cents
'er 'ack. 7ne ,ear later t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le in t!e localit, !o s&oke
ci#arettes !ad declined b, < 'ercent. Clearl,9 !at as said in t!e advertise&ents
!ad an e""ect9 alt!o%#! a s&all one9 on t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le in t!e localit, !o
s&oke ci#arettes.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to stren#t!en ar#%&ent-
.A/ Residents o" t!e localit, !ave not increased t!eir %se o" ot!er tobacco
'rod%cts s%c! as sn%"" and c!ein# tobacco since t!e ca&'ai#n ent into
e""ect.
.1/ A s%bstantial n%&ber o" ci#arette s&okers in t!e localit, !o did not 0%it
s&okin# d%rin# t!e ca&'ai#n no s&oke less t!an t!e, did be"ore it be#an.
.C/ Ad&issions to t!e local !os'ital "or c!ronic res'irator, ail&ents ere don
b, 1@ 'ercent one ,ear a"ter t!e ca&'ai#n be#an.
.3/ Merc!ants in t!e localit, res'onded to t!e local ta( b, red%cin# t!e 'rice at
!ic! t!e, sold ci#arettes b, 5I cents 'er 'ack.
.E/ S&okers in t!e localit, !ad inco&es t!at on avera#e ere 5@ 'ercent loer
t!an t!ose o" nons&okers.
1<. 2o 'ro+ects t!at involve !istorical restorations ere #ranted b%ildin# 'er&its t!is
&ont!. Since so&e o" t!e c%rrent 'ro+ects o" t!e "ir& o" Stein and Sa'in are
!istorical restorations9 at least so&e o" Stein and Sa'ins 'ro+ects ere not
GMAT & LSAT CR GBG
#ranted b%ildin# 'er&its t!is &ont!.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar to t!at in !ic!
.A/ 2one o" t!e doctors orkin# at Cit, :os'ital ere trained abroad. So9
alt!o%#! so&e !os'itals re0%ire doctors trained abroad to 'ass an e(tra
0%ali",in# e(a&9 %ntil no9 at least9 t!is !as not been an iss%e "or Cit,
:os'ital.
.1/ 2one o" t!e nes re'orts "ro& t!e econo&ic s%&&it &eetin# !ave been
enco%ra#in#. Since so&e ot!er recent econo&ic re'orts !ave s!oed
'ositive trends9 !oever9 at least so&e o" t!e econo&ic nes is enco%ra#in#
at t!is ti&e.
.C/ 2one o" t!e ne &e&bers o" t!e orc!estra !ave co&'leted t!eir 'a'erork.
Since onl, t!ose 'eo'le !o !ave co&'leted t!eir 'a'erork can be 'aid
t!is eek9 at least so&e o" t!e ne &e&bers o" t!e orc!estra are likel, to be
'aid late.
.3/ Several "il&s directed b, :anna! 1arker ere released t!is season9 b%t none
o" t!e "il&s released t!is season ere ent!%siasticall, revieed. T!ere"ore9
at least so&e o" :anna! 1arkers "il&s !ave not received ent!%siastic
revies.
.E/ So&e o" t!e cit,s &ost bea%ti"%l 'arks are not lar#er t!an "e acres9 and
so&e o" t!e 'arks onl, a "e acres in si)e are a&on# t!e cit,s oldest.
T!ere"ore9 so&e o" cit,s &ost bea%ti"%l 'arks are also its oldest 'arks.
1C. Man, artists clai& t!at art critics "ind it is easier to rite abo%t art t!at t!e,
dislike t!an to rite abo%t art t!at t!e, like. 6!et!er or not t!is !,'ot!esis is
correct9 &ost art criticis& is devoted to art orks t!at "ail to satis", t!e critic.
:ence it "ollos t!at &ost art criticis& is devoted to orks ot!er t!an t!e #reatest
orks o" art.
ass%&ed-
.A/ 2o art critic en+o,s ritin# abo%t art orks t!at !e or s!e dislikes intensel,.
.1/ All art critics "ind it di""ic%lt to discover art orks t!at tr%l, satis", t!e&.
.C/ A ork o" art t!at receives e(tensive critical attention can t!ereb, beco&e
&ore idel, knon t!an it ot!erise o%ld !ave been.
.3/ T!e #reatest orks o" art are never reco#ni)ed as s%c! %ntil lon# a"ter t!e
ti&e o" t!eir creation.
.E/ T!e #reatest orks o" art are orks t!at inevitabl, satis", all critics.
1@. 1abies !o can !ear and !ave !earin# 'arents !o e('ose t!e& to s'eec! be#in
to babble at a certain a#e as a 'rec%rsor to s'eakin#. In t!e sa&e a,9 dea" babies
it! dea" 'arents !o co&&%nicate it! t!e& and it! eac! ot!er b, si#nin#
be#in to babble in si#ns at t!e sa&e a#e. T!at is9 t!e, &ake re'etitive !and
GMAT & LSAT CR GBA
#est%res t!at constit%te9 it!in t!e lan#%a#e s,ste& o" si#ns9 t!e analo#%e o"
re'eated s,llables in s'eec!.
T!e in"or&ation above9 i" acc%rate9 can best be %sed as evidence a#ainst !ic!
one o" t!e "olloin# !,'ot!eses-
.A/ 2a&es o" 'ersons or t!in#s are t!e si&'lest ords in a lan#%a#e9 since
babies %se t!e& be"ore %sin# t!e na&es o" actions or 'rocesses.
.1/ T!e develo'&ent o" lan#%a#e co&'etenc, in babies de'ends 'ri&aril, on t!e
'!,sical &at%ration o" t!e vocal tract9 a 'rocess t!at re0%ires s'eec!8
oriented vocal activit,.
.C/ In t!e absence o" ad%lts !o co&&%nicate it! eac! ot!er in t!eir 'resence9
babies develo' idios,ncratic lan#%a#es.
.3/ In babblin#9 babies are %naare t!at t!e so%nd or #est%re co&binations t!e,
%se can be e&'lo,ed in a '%r'osive a,.
.E/ T!e &akin# o" !and #est%res b, !earin# babies !o !ave !earin# 'arents
s!o%ld be inter'reted as a 'art o" t!eir develo'in# lan#%a#e.
1G. Eac! o" t!e ele&ents o" Girellis recentl, co&'leted desi#n "or a %niversit,
librar, is co'ied "ro& a di""erent one o" several !istoric libraries. T!e desi#n
incl%des vario%s "eat%res "ro& Classical Greek9 Isla&ic9 Mo#%l9 and Ro&anes0%e
str%ct%res. Since no one ele&ent in t!e desi#n is ori#inal9 it "ollos t!at t!e
desi#n o" t!e librar, cannot be considered ori#inal.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a reasonin# error &ade in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ ass%&in# t!at beca%se so&et!in# is tr%e o" eac! o" t!e 'arts o" a !ole it is
tr%e o" t!e !ole itsel"
.1/ #enerali)in# ille#iti&atel, "ro& a "e instances o" a certain kind to all
instances o" t!at kind
.C/ concl%din# t!at an %nknon instance o" a '!eno&enon &%st !ave all t!e
'ro'erties o" t!e knon instance
.3/ 'res%''osin# t!at alternatives t!at can be tr%e se'aratel, cannot be tr%e
to#et!er
.E/ derivin# a "act%al concl%sion "ro& evidence derived "ro& re'orts o" aest!etic
're"erences
Questions 1'-18
Alt!o%#! tales o" onder and t!e "antastic are inte#ral to all orld literat%res9 onl,
recentl, !as t!e "antas, #enre !ad a co&&ercial res%r#ence in 2ort! A&erica. 3%rin#
t!e last 5I ,ears9 sales o" "antas,8"iction books ritten "or ad%lts !ave #one "ro& 1 to
1I 'ercent o" total ad%lt8"iction sales. At t!e sa&e ti&e9 t!e n%&ber o" "avorable
revies o" "antas, books !as increased &arkedl,. So&e booksellers sa, t!at t!e
increased sales o" "antas, books ritten "or ad%lts can be traced to t!e increased
"avorable attention #iven to t!e #enre b, book revieers.
GMAT & LSAT CR GBB
1A. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 %nder&ines t!e booksellers e('lanation o"
t!e #rot! in sales o" "antas,8"iction books "or ad%lts-
.A/ F%blis!ers o"ten select a &an%scri't on t!e basis o" !et!er t!e, t!ink t!at
t!e '%blis!ed book ill receive "avorable revies b, book revieers.
.1/ $e readers o" "antas, "iction read book revies and even "eer select books
to '%rc!ase on t!e basis o" t!ose revies.
.C/ Most booksellers are aare o" !at &a+or book revieers !ave ritten abo%t
recentl, '%blis!ed books.
.3/ Alt!o%#! t!e increase in t!e 'ercenta#e o" "antas, books sold !as been
s%bstantial9 '%blis!ers esti&ate t!at sales co%ld increase even "%rt!er.
.E/ Man, o" t!e book revies o" ne "antas,8"iction novels also &ention #reat
"antas, novels o" t!e 'ast.
1B. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e booksellers
e('lanation o" t!e #rot! in sales o" "antas,8"iction books "or ad%lts-
.A/ Man, e('erts re'ort t!at on avera#e t!e readin# level o" book b%,ers !as
declined over t!e 'ast 5I ,ears.
.1/ 1eca%se li"e d%rin# t!e 'ast 5I ,ears !as beco&e co&'le( and di""ic%lt9
&an, readers !ave co&e to 're"er t!e !a'', endin#s t!at "antas, "iction
o"ten 'rovides.
.C/ So&e "antas, '%blis!ers take advanta#e o" t!e 'o'%larit, o" certain books b,
co&&issionin# si&ilar books.
.3/ 1eca%se "e readers o" &,ster, novels ere b%,in# "antas, "iction9 1I ,ears
a#o t!e &a+or '%blis!ers o" "antas, "iction created an advertisin# ca&'ai#n
directed s'eci"icall, at t!ose readers.
.E/ A"ter "antas, "iction be#an to be "avorabl, revieed b, res'ected critics 5I
,ears a#o9 book b%,ers be#an to re#ard "antas, books as s%itable readin# "or
ad%lts.
1H. 7" all t!e !o%ses in t!e cit,s !istoric district9 t!e !o%se t!at once belon#ed to t!e
T,ler "a&il, is t!e &ost "a&o%s b, "ar. Since t!e !istoric district is t!e &ost
"a&o%s district in t!e cit,9 t!e T,ler !o%se &%st be t!e cit,s &ost "a&o%s !o%se.
T!e "laed reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above &ost closel, 'arallels t!e "laed
reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 7" all t!e 'eaks in t!e coastal &o%ntain ran#e9 Mo%nt 6illia&s is t!e tallest.
Since t!e tallest 'eaks in t!e entire re#ion are in t!e coastal &o%ntain ran#e9
Mo%nt 6illia&s &%st be t!e re#ions tallest 'eak.
.1/ Tobacco s&okin# is t!e be!avior &ost likel, to ca%se l%n# cancer in 'eo'le.
Since &ore tobacco is s&oked in Greene Co%nt, t!an an,!ere else in t!e
orld9 t!ere &%st be &ore l%n# cancer in Greene Co%nt, t!an an,!ere
else in t!e orld.
.C/ S%san Cole&an is t!e oldest o" t!e t!ree c!ildren in !er "a&il,. Since t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR GBH
t!ree Cole&an c!ildren are eac! older t!an an, o" t!e ot!er c!ildren !o
live in t!eir b%ildin#9 S%san Cole&an &%st be t!e oldest c!ild no livin# in
t!e b%ildin#.
.3/ 7" all t!e "is! stores in t!e !arbors area9 Millers $is! Market !as t!e &ost
e(otic selection o" "is!. Since t!ere are &an, &ore "is! stores in t!e !arbor
area t!an an,!ere else in t!e cit,9 Millers $is! Market &%st !ave t!e &ost
e(otic selection o" "is! in t!e cit,.
.E/ 7" all t!e "loers #ron in t!e %niversit,s botanical #arden9 t!e 7akland
roses are t!e &ost bea%ti"%l. Since t!e %niversit,s botanical #arden is t!e
&ost bea%ti"%l #arden in t!e re#ion9 t!e 7akland roses #ron in t!e #arden
&%st be t!e &ost bea%ti"%l "loers #ron in t!e entire re#ion.
5I. Morton: In order to s%cceed in toda,s societ, one &%st !ave a colle#e de#ree.
Ske'tics !ave ob+ected t!at t!ere are &an, 'eo'le !o never co&'leted an,
ed%cation be,ond !i#! sc!ool b%t !o are nevert!eless 0%ite s%ccess"%l. T!is
s%ccess is onl, a''arent9 !oever9 beca%se it!o%t a colle#e de#ree a 'erson
does not !ave eno%#! ed%cation to be tr%l, s%ccess"%l.
Mortons ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se it
.A/ ass%&es !at it sets o%t to concl%de
.1/ &istakes a correlation "or a ca%se
.C/ dras a !i#!l, #eneral concl%sion "ro& evidence abo%t individ%al cases
.3/ "ails to consider t!e stat%s o" alle#ed co%ntere(a&'les
.E/ bases its concl%sion on t!e s%''osition t!at &ost 'eo'le believe in t!at
concl%sion
51. Even t!e earliest knon s'ecies o" land ani&als9 knon "ro& "ossils datin# "ro&
t!e late Sil%rian 'eriod9 CII &illion ,ears a#o9 s!o !i#!l, evolved ada'tations
to li"e on land. Since neit!er a0%atic nor a&'!ibio%s ani&als e(!ibit t!ese
ada'tations9 earl, s'ecies o" land ani&als &%st !ave evolved ver, ra'idl, a"ter
leavin# an a0%atic environ&ent.
.A/ Mnon "ossils o" earl, land ani&als incl%de "ossils o" ani&als t!at lived
relativel, soon a"ter t!e "irst e&er#ence o" land ani&als.
.1/ $ossils "ro& t!e late Sil%rian 'eriod re'resent onl, a s&all n%&ber o" t!e
ani&al s'ecies t!at ere alive at t!at ti&e.
.C/ 2o 'lants ere establis!ed on land be"ore t!e late Sil%rian 'eriod.
.3/ 2o 'resent8da, s'ecies o" a0%atic ani&al is descended "ro& a s'ecies o"
ani&al t!at once lived on land.
.E/ All ani&als alive in t!e late Sil%rian 'eriod lived eit!er e(cl%sivel, on land or
e(cl%sivel, in t!e ater.
55. 7n Sat%rda, Melvin s%##ested t!at Jero&e take t!e "olloin# eek o"" "ro&
GMAT & LSAT CR GHI
ork and acco&'an, !i& on a tri' to t!e &o%ntains. Jero&e re"%sed9 clai&in#
t!at !e co%ld not a""ord t!e cost o" t!e tri' added to t!e a#es !e o%ld "or"eit b,
takin# o"" it!o%t notice. It is clear9 !oever9 t!at cost cannot be t!e real reason
"or Jero&es %nillin#ness to #o it! Melvin to t!e Mo%ntains since !e &akes
t!e sa&e e(c%se ever, ti&e Melvin asks !i& to take an %nsc!ed%led vacation
re#ardless o" !ere Melvin 'ro'oses to #o.
T!e reasonin# is &ost v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# criticis&s-
.A/ It atte&'ts to "orestall an attack on Melvins be!avior b, "oc%sin# attention
on t!e be!avior o" Jero&e.
.1/ It "ails to establis! t!at Melvin co%ld no &ore a""ord to take an %nsc!ed%led
vacation tri' to t!e &o%ntains t!an co%ld Jero&e.
.C/ It overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at Jero&e9 %nlike Melvin9 're"ers vacations t!at
!ave been 'lanned "ar in advance.
.3/ It ass%&es t!at i" Jero&es 'ro"essed reason is not !is onl, reason9 t!en it
cannot be a real reason "or Jero&e at all.
.E/ It does not e(a&ine t!e 'ossibilit, t!at Jero&es be!avior is ade0%atel,
e('lained b, t!e reason t!e #ives "or it.
5<. Arnold: I as recentl, denied a seat on an airline "li#!t "or !ic! I !ad a
con"ir&ed reservation9 beca%se t!e airline !ad overbooked t!e "li#!t. Since I as
"orced to "l, on t!e ne(t available "li#!t9 !ic! did not de'art %ntil to !o%rs
later9 I &issed an i&'ortant b%siness &eetin#. Even t!o%#! t!e "li#!t on !ic! I
!ad a reservation as canceled at t!e last &in%te d%e to bad eat!er9 t!e airline
s!o%ld still 'a, &e co&'ensation "or den,in# &e a seat on t!e "li#!t.
Ja&ie: T!e airline is not &orall, obli#ated to 'a, ,o% an, co&'ensation. Even i"
,o% !ad not been denied a seat on t!e earlier "li#!t9 ,o% o%ld !ave &issed ,o%r
b%siness &eetin# an,a,.
A 'rinci'le t!at9 i" establis!ed9 +%sti"ies Ja&ies res'onse to Arnold is t!at an
airline is &orall, obli#ated to co&'ensate a 'assen#er !o !as been denied a
seat on a "li#!t "or !ic! t!e 'assen#er !as con"ir&ed reservations
.A/ i" t!e onl, reason t!e 'assen#er is "orced to take a later "li#!t is t!at t!e
airline overbooked t!e ori#inal "li#!t
.1/ onl, i" t!ere is a reason t!e 'assen#er is "orced to take a later "li#!t ot!er
t!an t!e ori#inal "li#!ts bein# canceled d%e to bad eat!er
.C/ onl, i" t!e 'assen#er o%ld not !ave been "orced to take a later "li#!t !ad t!e
airline not overbooked t!e ori#inal "li#!t
.3/ even i" t!e onl, reason t!e 'assen#er is "orced to take a later "li#!t ere t!at
t!e ori#inal "li#!t is canceled d%e to bad eat!er
.E/ even i" t!e 'assen#er o%ld still !ave been "orced to take a later "li#!t !ad
t!e airline not overbooked t!e ori#inal "li#!t
5C. 3itra&a is a "ederation &ade %' o" t!ree a%tono&o%s re#ions: Morva9 Mitro9 and
GMAT & LSAT CR GH1
G%adar. =nder t!e "ederal reven%e8s!arin# 'lan9 eac! re#ion receives a s!are o"
"ederal reven%es e0%al to t!e s!are o" t!e total 'o'%lation o" 3itra&a residin# in
t!at re#ion as s!on b, a ,earl, 'o'%lation s%rve,. Last ,ear t!e 'ercenta#e o"
"ederal reven%es Morva received "or its s!are decreased so&e!at even t!o%#!
t!e 'o'%lation s%rve, on !ic! t!e reven%e8s!arin# as based s!oed t!at
Morvas 'o'%lation !ad increased.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also !ave been
s!on b, t!e 'o'%lation s%rve, on !ic! last ,ears reven%e8s!arin# in 3itra&a
as based-
.A/ 7" t!e t!ree re#ions9 Morva !ad t!e s&allest n%&ber o" residents.
.1/ T!e 'o'%lation o" Morva #re b, a s&aller 'ercenta#e t!an it did in 'revio%s
,ears.
.C/ T!e 'o'%lations o" Mitro and G%adar eac! increased b, a 'ercenta#e t!at
e(ceeded t!e 'ercenta#e b, !ic! t!e 'o'%lation o" Morva increased.
.3/ 7" t!e t!ree re#ions9 Morvas n%&erical increase in 'o'%lation as t!e
s&allest.
.E/ Morvas 'o'%lation #re b, a s&aller 'ercenta#e t!an did t!e 'o'%lation o"
at least one o" t!e ot!er to a%tono&o%s re#ions.
5@. 1, e(a&inin# "ossili)ed beetles a researc! tea& !as 'rod%ced t!e &ost detailed
descri'tion o" te&'erat%res in 1ritain over t!e 'ast 559III ,ears. $ossils o"
s'ecies t!at still e(ist ere selected and dated. 6!en individ%als o" several
s'ecies "o%nd in t!e sa&e 'lace ere "o%nd to date to t!e sa&e 'eriod9 t!e knon
te&'erat%re tolerances o" t!e e(istin# beetle s'ecies ere %sed to deter&ine t!e
&a(i&%& s%&&er te&'erat%re t!at co%ld !ave e(isted at t!at 'lace and 'eriod.
T!e 'roced%re o" t!e researc!ers ass%&es !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 1eetles can tolerate ar& eat!er better t!an cold eat!er.
.1/ $ossils o" di""erent s'ecies "o%nd in t!e sa&e 'lace belon#ed to di""erent
'eriods.
.C/ T!e 'rocess o" datin# is &ore acc%rate "or beetles t!an "or ot!er or#anis&s.
.3/ T!e !i#!est act%al s%&&er te&'erat%re at a 'lace and 'eriod e0%aled t!e
avera#e o" t!e !i#!est te&'erat%res t!at co%ld !ave been tolerated b, eac!
o" t!e beetle s'ecies "o%nd t!ere and dated to t!at 'eriod.
.E/ T!e te&'erat%re tolerances o" t!e beetle s'ecies did not c!an#e si#ni"icantl,
d%rin# t!e 559III8,ear 'eriod.
TEST 23
SECTI72 II
GMAT & LSAT CR GH5
1. 3irector o" Ace Man%"act%rin# Co&'an,: 7%r &an%"act%rin# cons%ltant 'ro'oses
t!at e reassi#n sta"" so t!at all e&'lo,ees are doin# bot! !at t!e, like to do
and !at t!e, do ell. T!is9 s!e sa,s9 ill >increase 'rod%ctivit, b, "%ll,
e('loitin# o%r available reso%rces.? 1%t Ace Man%"act%rin# !as a lon#8standin#
co&&it&ent not to e('loit its orkers. T!ere"ore9 i&'le&entin# !er
reco&&endations o%ld ca%se %s to violate o%r on 'olic,.
T!e directors ar#%&ent "or re+ectin# t!e &ana#e&ent cons%ltants 'ro'osal is
&ost v%lnerable to criticis& on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# #ro%nds-
.A/ "ailin# to distin#%is! to distinct senses o" a ke, ter&
.1/ atte&'tin# to de"end an action on t!e #ro%nd t!at it is "re0%entl, carried o%t
.C/ de"inin# a ter& b, 'ointin# to an at,'ical e(a&'le o" so&et!in# to !ic! t!e
ter& a''lies
.3/ drain# a concl%sion t!at si&'l, restates one o" t!e 're&ises o" t!e
ar#%&ent
.E/ callin# so&et!in# b, a less o""ensive ter& t!an t!e ter& t!at is %s%all, %sed
to na&e t!at t!in#
5. A lar#e n%&ber o" drivers ro%tinel, violate !i#!a, s'eed li&its. Since drivin# at
s'eeds t!at e(ceed 'osted li&its is a si#ni"icant "actor in &ost accidents9
installin# devices in all cars t!at 'revent t!ose cars "ro& travelin# "aster t!an t!e
s'eed li&it o%ld 'revent &ost accidents.
.A/ A 'erson need not be a trained &ec!anic to install t!e device 'ro'erl,.
.1/ Most accidents are ca%sed b, ine('erienced drivers.
.C/ A driver seldo& needs to e(ceed t!e s'eed li&it to avoid an accident !en
none o" t!e ot!er drivers involved are violatin# t!e s'eed li&it.
.3/ Most drivers !o e(ceed t!e s'eed li&it do so %nintentionall,.
.E/ Even i" t!e "ines "or s'eed8li&it violations ere increased9 t!e n%&ber o"
s%c! violations o%ld still not be red%ced.
<. In a recession9 a decrease in cons%&er s'endin# ca%ses &an, b%sinesses to la, o""
orkers or even to close. 6orkers !o lose t!eir +obs in a recession %s%all,
cannot "ind ne +obs. T!e res%lt is an increase in t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le !o are
+obless. Recover, "ro& a recession is de"ined b, an increase in cons%&er
s'endin# and an e('ansion o" b%siness activit, t!at creates a need "or additional
orkers9 b%t b%siness'eo'le #enerall, !ave little con"idence in t!e econo&, a"ter
a recession and t!ere"ore dela, !irin# additional orkers as lon# as 'ossible.
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 'rovide &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e
.A/ Recessions are %s%all, ca%sed b, a decrease in b%siness 'eo'les con"idence
GMAT & LSAT CR GH<
in t!e econo&,.
.1/ Govern&ental intervention is re0%ired in order "or an econo&, to recover
"ro& a recession.
.C/ E&'lo,ees o" b%sinesses t!at close d%rin# a recession &ake %' t!e &a+orit,
o" t!e orkers !o lose t!eir +obs d%rin# t!at recession.
.3/ So&eti&es recover, "ro& a recession does not 'ro&'tl, res%lt in a decrease
in t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le !o are +obless.
.E/ 6orkers !o lose t!eir +obs d%rin# a recession are likel, to #et e0%all, #ood
+obs !en t!e econo&, recovers.
C. Scientists anal,)in# air b%bbles t!at !ad been tra''ed in Antarctic ice d%rin# t!e
Eart!s last ice a#e "o%nd t!at t!e ice8a#e at&os'!ere !ad contained %n%s%all,
lar#e a&o%nts o" "erro%s &aterial and s%r'risin#l, s&all a&o%nts o" carbon
dio(ide. 7ne scientist noted t!at al#ae absorb carbon dio(ide "ro& t!e
at&os'!ere. T!e scientist !,'ot!esi)ed t!at t!e "erro%s &aterial9 !ic! as
contained in at&os'!eric d%st9 !ad 'ro&oted a #reat increase in t!e 'o'%lation o"
Antarctica al#ae s%c! as diato&s.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl, %nder&ine t!e
scientists !,'ot!esis-
.A/ 3iato&s are a &icrosco'ic "or& o" al#ae t!at !as re&ained lar#el,
%nc!an#ed since t!e last ice a#e.
.1/ Co&'%ter &odels s%##est t!at a lar#e increase in "erro%s &aterial toda,
co%ld #reatl, 'ro&ote t!e #rot! o" oceanic al#ae.
.C/ T!e d%st "o%nd in t!e air b%bbles tra''ed in Antarctica ice contained ot!er
&inerals in addition to t!e "erro%s &aterial.
.3/ Sedi&ent "ro& t!e ocean "loor near Antarctica re"lects no increase9 d%rin#
t!e last ice a#e9 in t!e rate at !ic! t!e s!ells t!at diato&s leave !en t!e,
die acc%&%lated.
.E/ Al#ae t!at c%rrentl, #ro in t!e oceans near Antarctica do not a''ear to be
!ar&ed b, even a lar#e increase in e('os%re to "erro%s &aterial.
@. Ad%lts !o ork o%tside t!e !o&e s'end9 on avera#e9 1II &in%tes less ti&e eac!
eek in 're'arin# dinner t!an ad%lts !o do not ork o%tside t!e !o&e. 1%t9
contrar, to e('ectation9 co&'arison s!o t!at t!e dinners eaten at !o&e b, t!e
to #ro%'s o" ad%lts do not di""er si#ni"icantl, it! res'ect to n%tritional val%e9
variet, o" &en%s9 or n%&ber o" co%rses.
.A/ T!e "at content o" t!e dinners eaten at !o&e b, ad%lts !o do not ork
o%tside t!e !o&e is 5@ 'ercent !i#!er t!an national #%idelines reco&&end.
.1/ Ad%lts !o do not ork t!e !o&e tend to 're'are break"ast &ore o"ten t!an
ad%lts !o ork o%tside t!e !o&e.
GMAT & LSAT CR GHC
.C/ Ad%lts !o ork o%tside t!e !o&e s'end 5 !o%rs less ti&e 'er da, on all
!o%se!old res'onsibilities9 incl%din# dinner 're'aration9 t!an do ad%lts !o
do not ork o%tside t!e !o&e.
.3/ Ad%lts !o ork o%tside t!e !o&e eat dinner at !o&e 5I 'ercent less o"ten
t!an do ad%lts !o do not ork o%tside t!e !o&e.
.E/ Ad%lts !o ork o%tside t!e !o&e are less likel, to 'lan dinner &en%s ell
in advance t!an are ad%lts !o do not ork o%tside t!e !o&e.
G. Le#islator: *o%r a#enc, is res'onsible "or re#%latin# an ind%str, s!aken b, severe
scandals. *o% ere #iven "%nds to !ire @II investi#ators to e(a&ine t!e scandals9
b%t ,o% !ired no &ore t!an CII. I a& "orced to concl%de t!at ,o% '%r'osel,
li&ited !irin# in an atte&'t to 'revent t!e "%ll e(tent o" t!e scandals "ro& bein#
revealed.
Re#%lator: 6e tried to !ire t!e @II investi#ators b%t t!e startin# salaries "or t!ese
'ositions !ad been "ro)en so lo b, t!e le#islat%re t!at it as i&'ossible to
attract eno%#! 0%ali"ied a''licants.
T!e re#%lator res'onds to t!e le#islators criticis& b,
.A/ s!i"tin# t!e bla&e "or t!e scandals to t!e le#islat%re
.1/ 'rovidin# in"or&ation t!at c!allen#es t!e concl%sion dran b, le#islator
.C/ clai&in# t!at co&'liance it! t!e le#islat%res &andate o%ld !ave been an
ins%""icient res'onse
.3/ re'!rasin# t!e le#islators concl%sion in ter&s &ore "avorable to t!e
re#%lator
.E/ s!oin# t!at t!e le#islators state&ents are sel" contradictor,
A. A co&&onl, acce'ted &,t! is t!at le"t8!anded 'eo'le are &ore 'rone to ca%se
accidents t!an are ri#!t8!anded 'eo'le. 1%t t!is is9 in "act9 +%st a &,t!9 as is
indicated b, t!e "act t!at &ore !o%se!old accidents are ca%sed b, ri#!t8!anded
'eo'le t!an ca%sed b, le"t8!anded 'eo'le.
T!e reasonin# is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ &akes a distinction !ere t!ere is no real di""erence beteen t!e t!in#s
distin#%is!ed
.1/ takes no acco%nt o" t!e relative "re0%enc, o" le"t8!anded 'eo'le in t!e
'o'%lation as a !ole
.C/ %ses t!e ord >accidents? in to di""erent senses
.3/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at so&e !o%se!old accidents are ca%sed b, &ore
t!an one 'erson
.E/ #ives !oll, irrelevant evidence and si&'l, dis'ara#e an o''osin# 'osition
b, callin# it a >&,t!?
Questions 8-9
7rnit!olo#ist: t!e c%rvat%re o" t!e clas o" t!e &odern tree8dellin# birds enables
GMAT & LSAT CR GH@
t!e& to 'erc! in trees. T!e clas o" Arc!eo'ter,(9 t!e earliest knon birdlike
creat%re9 s!o si&ilar c%rvat%re t!at &%st !ave enabled t!e creat%re to 'erc! on tree
li&bs. T!ere"ore9 Arc!eo'ter,( as 'robabl, a tree8dellin# creat%re.
Faleontolo#ist: 2o9 t!e abilit, to 'erc! in trees is not #ood evidence t!at Arc!eo'ter,(
as a tree8dellin# bird. C!ickens also s'end ti&e 'erc!ed in trees9 ,et c!ickens are
'ri&aril, #ro%nd8dellin#.
B. In res'ondin# to t!e ornit!olo#ists !,'ot!esis t!at Arc!eo'ter,( as tree8
dellin#9 t!e 'aleontolo#ist
.A/ 0%estions t!e 0%ali"ications o" t!e ornit!olo#ist to eval%ate t!e evidence
.1/ denies t!e tr%t! o" t!e clai&s t!e ornit!olo#ist &akes in s%''ort o" t!e
!,'ot!esis
.C/ %ses a 'arallel case to ill%strate a eakness in t!e ornit!olo#ists ar#%&ent
.3/ s!os t!at t!e !,'ot!esis contradicts one o" t!e 'ieces o" evidence %sed to
s%''ort it
.E/ 'rovides additional evidence to s%''ort t!e ornit!olo#ists ar#%&ent
H. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ornit!olo#ists
reasonin# de'ends-
.A/ Modern tree8dellin# birds are t!e direct descendants o" Arc!eo'ter,(.
.1/ Arc!eo'ter,( &ade %se o" t!e c%rvat%re o" its clas.
.C/ T!ere !ave never been tree8dellin# birds it!o%t c%rved clas.
.3/ Arc!eo'ter,( as in "act t!e earliest birdlike creat%re.
.E/ T!e c%rvat%re o" t!e clas is t!e onl, available evidence "or t!e clai& t!at
Arc!eo'ter,( as tree8dellin#.
1I. T!ere are r%&ors t!at t!e Fre&ier ill res!%""le t!e cabinet t!is eek. :oever9
ever, 'revio%s res!%""le t!at t!e Fre&ier !as &ade as 'receded b, &eetin#s
beteen t!e Fre&ier and senior cabinet &e&bers. 2o s%c! &eetin#s !ave
occ%rred or are 'lanned. T!ere"ore t!e r%&ors are &ost likel, "alse.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses a 'rinci'le o" reasonin#
e&'lo,ed b, t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 6!en a concl%sion "ollos lo#icall, "ro& a set to 're&ises9 t!e 'robabilit,
t!at t!e concl%sion is tr%e cannot be an, less t!e 'robabilit, t!at t!e
're&ises are all tr%e.
.1/ A !,'ot!esis is %nder&ined !en a state o" a""airs does not obtain t!at o%ld
be e('ected to obtain i" t!e !,'ot!esis ere tr%e.
.C/ It is 'ossible "or a !,'ot!esis to be "alse even t!o%#! it is s%''orted b, all
t!e available data.
.3/ Even i" in t!e 'ast a '!eno&enon as ca%sed b, 'artic%lar circ%&stance9 it is
erroneo%s to ass%&e t!at t!e '!eno&enon ill rec%r onl, %nder t!e
circ%&stances in !ic! it 'revio%sl, occ%rred.
GMAT & LSAT CR GHG
.E/ I" to state&ents are knon to be inconsistent it! eac! ot!er and i" one o"
t!e state&ent s is knon to be "alse9 it cannot be ded%ced "ro& t!ese knon
"acts t!at t!e ot!er state&ent is tr%e.
Questions 11-1!
Carl: Researc!ers !o 'er"or& o'erations on ani&als "or e('eri&ental '%r'oses are
le#all, re0%ired to co&'lete detailed 'ain 'rotocols indicatin# !et!er t!e ani&als
ill be at risk o" 'ain and9 i" so9 !at ste' ill be taken to &ini&i)e or alleviate it. *et
!en !%&an bein#s %nder#o o'erations9 s%c! 'rotocols are never re0%ired. I"
la&akers ere as concerned abo%t !%&an bein#s as t!e, see& to be abo%t ani&als9
t!ere o%ld be 'ain 'rotocols "or !%&an bein#s.
3ebbie: 1%t consider t!is: a 'erson "or !o& a doctor ants to sc!ed%le s%r#er, can
si&'l, be told !at 'ain to e('ect and can t!en decide !et!er or not to %nder#o t!e
o'eration. So ,o% see9 'ain 'rotocols are %nnecessar, "or !%&an bein#s.
11. 3ebbie atte&'ts to co%nter Carls ar#%&ent b,
.A/ s!oin# t!at one o" t!e clai&s on !ic! Carl bases !is concl%sion is
inacc%rate
.1/ 'ointin# o%t a relevant di""erence to %nder&ine an analo#, on !ic! Carl
bases !is concl%sion
.C/ clai&in# t!at Carls ar#%&ent s!o%ld be re+ected beca%se it is based on an
a''eal to senti&entalit, rat!er t!an on reasoned 'rinci'les
.3/ drain# an analo#, t!at ill%strates a &a+or "la in Carls ar#%&ent
.E/ o""erin# a s'eci"ic e(a&'le to de&onstrate t!at Carls ar#%&ent is based on a
clai& t!at can be neit!er con"ir&ed nor dis'roved
15. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e ar#%&ent &ade
b, 3ebbie in res'onse to Carls ar#%&ent-
.A/ 2ot all o'erations t!at are 'er"or&ed on !%&an bein#s are 'ain"%l.
.1/ So&e e('eri&entation t!at is no done in ani&als need not be done at all.
.C/ Fre'arin# 'ain 'rotocols is not a ti&e8cons%&in# or costl, 'roced%re.
.3/ So&e s%r#ical o'erations 'er"or&ed on in"ants are 'ain"%l.
.E/ =nalleviated 'ain a"ter an o'eration tends to dela, t!e !ealin# 'rocess.
1<. A co&'an, it! lon#8o%tstandin# bills oed b, its c%sto&ers can assi#n t!ose
bills to a collection a#enc, t!at 'a,s t!e co&'an, a "raction o" t!eir a&o%nt and
t!en tries to collect 'a,&ent "ro& t!e c%sto&ers. Since t!ese a#encies 'a,
co&'anies onl, 1@ 'ercent o" t!e total a&o%nt o" t!e o%tstandin# bills9 a co&'an,
interested in red%cin# losses "ro& lon#8o%tstandin# bills o%ld be ell advised to
'%rs%e its debtors on its on.
.A/ a co&'an, t!at '%rs%es its debtors on its on t,'icall, collects &ore t!an 1@
GMAT & LSAT CR GHA
'ercent o" total a&o%nt o" t!e lon#8o%tstandin# bills t!at it is oed
.1/ t!e cost to a co&'an, o" '%rs%in# its debtors on its on "or 'a,&ent o" lon#8
o%tstandin# bills does not e(ceed 1@ 'ercent o" t!e total a&o%nt o" t!ose
bills
.C/ collection a#encies t!at are assi#ned bills "or collection b, co&'anies are
%ns%ccess"%l in collectin#9 on avera#e9 onl, 1@ 'ercent o" t!e total a&o%nt
o" t!ose bills
.3/ at least 1@ 'ercent o" t!e c%sto&ers t!at oe &one, to co&'anies event%all,
'a, t!eir bills !et!er or not t!ose bills are assi#ned to a collection a#enc,
.E/ %nless &ost o" t!e c%sto&ers o" a co&'an, 'a, t!eir bills9 t!at co&'an, in
t!e lon# r%n ill not be 'ro"itable
1C. :erbalist: Man, o" c%sto&ers "ind t!at t!eir '!,sical coordination i&'roves a"ter
drinkin# +%ice containin# certain !erbs. A "e doctors assert t!at t!e !erbs are
'otentiall, !ar&"%l9 b%t doctors are ala,s tr,in# to &aintain a &ono'ol, over
&edical t!era'ies. So t!ere is no reason not to tr, &, !erb +%ice.
T!e reasonin# in t!e !erbalists ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ atte&'ts to "orce acce'tance o" a clai& b, ind%cin# "ear o" t!e conse0%ences
o" re+ectin# t!at clai&
.1/ bases a concl%sion on clai&s t!at are inconsistent it! eac! ot!er
.C/ re+ects a clai& b, attackin# t!e 'ro'onents o" t!e clai& rat!er t!an
addressin# t!e clai& itsel"
.3/ relies on evidence 'resented in ter&s t!at 'res%''ose t!e tr%t! i" t!e clai&
"or !ic! t!e evidence is o""ered
.E/ &istakes t!e observation t!at one t!in# !a''ens a"ter anot!er "or 'roo" t!at
t!e second t!in# is t!e res%lt o" t!e "irst
1@. 1eca%se o" t!e l%crative b%t ille#al trade in r!inoceros !orns9 a certain r!inoceros
s'ecies !as been !%nted nearl, to e(tinction. T!ere"ore an e""ective a, to ens%re
t!e s%rvival o" t!at s'ecies o%ld be to 'eriodicall, tri& o"" t!e !orns o" all
r!inoceroses9 t!ereb, eli&inatin# t!e &otivation "or 'oac!in#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion re0%ired b, t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Most 'oac!ers !o are disco%ra#ed "ro& !%ntin# r!inoceroses are not likel,
to !%nt ot!er ani&als "or t!eir !orns.
.1/ At lease so&e r!inoceroses !ose !orns are 'eriodicall, tri&&ed o"" ill be
able to attract &ates.
.C/ Foac!ers !%nt at lease so&e i&&at%re r!inoceroses !ose !orns !ave not ,et
started to develo'.
.3/ T!e de&and "or r!inoceros !orns ill re&ain constant even i" t!e s%''l,
decreases a"ter t!e 'eriodical tri&&in#8o"" o" t!e r!inoceros !orns !as
be#%n.
GMAT & LSAT CR GHB
.E/ R!inoceroses !ose !orns !ave been tri&&ed o"" are %nable to de"end
t!e&selves a#ainst 'redators.
1G. Motorcoac! driver: Fro"essional drivers s'end &%c! &ore ti&e drivin#9 on
avera#e9 t!an do ot!er 'eo'le and !ence are &ore co&'etent drivers t!an are
ot!er9 less e('erienced drivers. T!ere"ore9 t!e s'eed li&it on &a+or !i#!a,s
s!o%ld not be red%ced9 beca%se t!at action o%ld !ave t!e %ndesirable e""ect o"
"orcin# so&e 'eo'le !o are no bot! la8abidin# and co&'etent drivers to
break t!e la.
Folice o""icer: All drivers can drive it!in t!e le#al s'eed li&it i" t!e, is!9 so it
is not tr%e to sa, t!at red%cin# t!e s'eed li&it o%ld be t!e ca%se o" s%c! ille#al
be!avior.
T!e 'oint at iss%e beteen t!e &otorcoac! driver and 'olice o""icer is !et!er
.A/ it o%ld be desirable to red%ce t!e s'eed li&it on &a+or !i#!a,
.1/ 'ro"essional drivers ill drive it!in t!e le#al s'eed li&it i" t!at li&it is
red%ced
.C/ red%cin# t!e s'eed li&it on &a+or !i#!a,s o%ld ca%se so&e 'ro"essional
drivers to break t!e la
.3/ 'ro"essional drivers are &ore co&'etent drivers t!an are ot!er less
e('erienced drivers
.E/ all drivers is! to drive it!in t!e s'eed li&it
1A. Feo'le cannot devote t!e&selves to t!e st%d, o" nat%ral 'rocesses %nless t!e,
!ave leis%re9 and 'eo'le !ave leis%re !en reso%rces are 'lenti"%l9 not !en
reso%rces are scarce. Alt!o%#! so&e ant!ro'olo#ists clai& t!at a#ric%lt%re9 t!e
c%ltivation o" cro's9 act%all, be#an %nder conditions o" dro%#!t and !%n#er9 t!e
earl, societies t!at do&esticated 'lants &%st "irst !ave discovered !o t!e 'lants
t!e, c%ltivated re'rod%ced t!e&selves and #re to &at%rit,. T!ese co&'le(
discoveries ere t!e res%lt o" t!e active st%d, o" nat%ral 'rocesses.
T!e ar#%&ent is str%ct%red to lead to t!e concl%sion t!at
.A/ !enever a societ, !as 'lenti"%l reso%rces9 so&e &e&bers o" t!at societ,
devote t!e&selves to t!e st%d, o" nat%ral 'rocesses
.1/ 'lants cannot be c%ltivated b, so&eone lackin# t!eoretical knoled#e o" t!e
'rinci'les o" 'lant #eneration and #re
.C/ a#ric%lt%re "irst be#an in societies t!at at so&e ti&e in t!eir !istor, !ad
'lenti"%l reso%rces
.3/ earl, a#ric%lt%ral societies kne &ore abo%t t!e nat%ral sciences t!an did
earl, nona#ric%lt%ral societies
.E/ earl, societies co%ld !ave discovered b, accident !o t!e 'lants t!e,
c%ltivated re'rod%ced and #re
1B. In t!e 'ast decade9 a decreasin# 'ercenta#e o" &one, s'ent on treatin# disease E
GMAT & LSAT CR GHH
ent to 'a, "or standard &et!ods o" treat&ent9 !ic! are knon to be e""ective
t!o%#! t!e, are e('ensive and 'ain"%l. An increasin# 'ercenta#e is bein# s'ent on
nonstandard treat&ents9 !ic! ca%se little disco&"ort. =n"ort%natel,9 t!e
nonstandard treat&ents !ave 'roved to be ine""ective. 7bvio%sl,9 less &one, is
bein# s'ent on e""ective treat&ents o" disease E t!an as s'ent ten ,ears a#o.
'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ 4arieties o" disease E re0%irin# e('ensive s'ecial treat&ent !ave beco&e
less co&&on d%rin# t!e 'ast decade.
.1/ 2onstandard &et!ods o" treatin# disease E are &ore e('ensive no t!an
t!e, ere a decade a#o.
.C/ 7" total &edical e('endit%res9 t!e 'ercenta#e t!at is d%e to treat&ent o"
disease E increased d%rin# t!e 'ast decade.
.3/ Most o" t!e &one, s'ent on treatin# disease E d%rin# t!e last decade ent to
'a, "or nonstandard treat&ents.
.E/ T!e total a&o%nt o" &one, s'ent on treatin# disease E slol, declined
d%rin# t!e 'ast decade.
1H. 6!en an ordinar, 'iece o" steel is '%t %nder 'ress%re9 t!e steel co&'resses: t!at
is9 its vol%&e sli#!tl, decreases. Glass9 !oever9 is a "l%id9 so rat!er t!an
co&'ressin#9 it "los !en '%t %nder 'ress%reD its vol%&e re&ains %nc!an#ed.
An, 'ortion o" a s!eet o" #lass t!at is %nder s%stained 'ress%re ill ver, slol,
"lo to areas %nder less 'ress%re. T!ere"ore9 i" a sin#le9 e(tre&el, !eav, ob+ect is
'laced in t!e &iddle o" a !ori)ontal s!eet o" #lass o" %ni"or& t!ickness and i" t!e
#lass is able to s%''ort t!e ei#!t it!o%t crackin#9 t!e s!eet o" #lass ill
event%all,;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost lo#icall, co&'letes t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ beco&e lar#er in si)e ,et still be o" %ni"or& t!ickness
.1/ "lo toard t!e 'oint at !ic! t!e 'ress%re o" t!e ob+ect is #reatest
.C/ co&'ress9 alt!o%#! not as &%c! as a 'iece o" steel o%ld
.3/ divide into e(actl, to 'ieces t!at are e0%al in neit!er si)e nor s!a'e to t!e
ori#inal 'iece o" #lass
.E/ be t!inner in t!e 'ortion o" t!e #lass t!at is %nder t!e 'ress%re o" t!e ob+ect
t!an in t!ose 'ortions o" t!e #lass t!at are not %nder t!at 'ress%re
5I. An,one !o insists t!at &%sic videos are an art "or& s!o%ld also a#ree t!at
television #ave rise to an art "or&9 since television #ave rise to &%sic videos.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# dis'la,ed in t!e ar#%&ent above &ost closel, 'arallels
t!at dis'la,ed in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ An,one !o clai&s t!at all ve#etables are n%tritio%s s!o%ld also a#ree t!at
so&e ve#etables are !ar&"%l i" eaten in lar#e 0%antities.
.1/ An,one !o !olds t!at avocados are a "r%it s!o%ld also !old t!at 'o%nd cake
GMAT & LSAT CR AII
is loer in "at t!an so&e "r%it9 since 'o%nd cake is loer in "at t!an
avocados.
.C/ An,one !o dislikes to&atoes s!o%ld also a#ree t!at so&e 'eo'le do like
to&atoes9 i" t!at 'erson a#rees t!at no taste is %niversal.
.3/ A 'erson !o eats a variet, i" ve#etables is 'robabl, ell no%ris!ed9 since
&ost 'eo'le !o eat a variet, o" ve#etables #enerall, eat ell8balanced
&eals.
.E/ A 'erson !o clai&s to 're"er "r%it to ve#etables s!o%ld also 're"er cake to
bread9 since "r%it is seeter t!an bread.
51. Medieval Arabs !ad &an%scri'ts o" &an, ancient Greek te(ts9 !ic! ere
translated into Arabic !en t!ere as a de&and "or t!e&. Medieval Arab
'!iloso'!ers ere ver, interested in Aristotles 8oeti$s9 an interest t!at evidentl,
as not s!ared b, Medieval Arab 'oets9 beca%se a 'oet interested in t!e 8oeti$s
o%ld certainl, !ave anted to read :o&er9 to !ose e'ics Aristotle "re0%entl,
re"ers. 1%t :o&er as not translated into Arabic %ntil &odern ti&es.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ A n%&ber o" &edieval Arab translators 'ossessed &an%scri'ts o" t!e
:o&eric e'ics in t!eir ori#inal Greek.
.1/ Medieval Arabic stor, c,cles9 s%c! as t!e Arabian 2i#!ts9 are in so&e a,s
si&ilar to 'arts o" t!e :o&eric e'ics.
.C/ In addition to translatin# "ro& Greek9 &edieval Arab translators 'rod%ced
Arabic editions o" &an, orks ori#inall, ritten in Indian lan#%a#es and in
Fersian.
.3/ Aristotles 8oeti$s !as "re0%entl, been cited and co&&ented on b, &odern
Arab 'oets.
.E/ Aristotles 8oeti$s is lar#el, concerned it! dra&a9 and dra&atic orks ere
ritten and 'er"or&ed b, &edieval Arabs.
55. Con#enial #%ests and 'lenti"%l s%''l, o" #ood t!in#s to eat and drink ill ens%re
a s%ccess"%l dinner 'art,. Since S,lvia !as 're'ared &ore t!an eno%#! to eat and
drink and !er #%ests are all con#enial 'eo'le9 !er dinner 'art, is certain to be a
s%ccess.
T!e 'attern o" "laed reasonin# e(!ibited b, t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar
to t!at e(!ibited b, !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ T!e ri#!t in#redients9 'ro'erl, co&bined and baked in a reliable oven ill
ala,s 'rod%ce a ell8baked cake. Since E&il, !as 'ro'erl, co&bined t!e
ri#!t in#redients9 !er cake is certain to co&e o%t ell i" s!e bakes it in a
reliable oven.
.1/ I" corn is baked it! its !%sks on9 t!e res%ltin# dis! ill ala,s be &oist and
seet. Since Geor#e is!es to ens%re t!at t!e corn !e 'lans to serve is
&oist9 !e ill be certain bot! to bake it and to leave its !%sks on.
GMAT & LSAT CR AI1
.C/ Makin# 'ie do%#! %sin# ice ater and t!oro%#!l, c!illin# t!e do%#! be"ore
rollin# it o%t ill ens%re a "lak, cr%st. Andre t!oro%#!l, c!illed !is 'ie
do%#! be"ore rollin# it o%t9 so since !e %sed ice ater in &akin# it9 !is 'ie is
certain to !ave a "lak, cr%st.
.3/ I" so%' is &ade it! a ell8seasoned &eat stock and "res! in#redients9 it ill
ala,s be elco&e at dinner. Since to !is &eat stock Arnold added onl,
ver, "res! in#redients9 t!e res%ltin# so%' is certain to be elco&e at dinner.
.E/ $res! #reens9 care"%ll, as!ed and served it! a li#!t dressin#9 ala,s
'rod%ce a re"res!in# salad. Since Tis!a !as develo'ed an e(ce'tionall, li#!t
dressin# b%t never as!es !er "res! #reens9 no salad s!e serves ill be a
re"res!in# one.
5<. A &%se%& directors9 in order to "inance e('ensive ne ac0%isitions9 discreetl,
sold so&e 'aintin#s b, &a+or artists. All o" t!e& ere 'aintin#s t!at t!e director
'rivatel, considered in"erior. Critics ro%ndl, conde&ned t!e sale9 c!ar#in# t!at
t!e &%se%& !ad lost "irst8rate 'ieces9 t!ereb, violatin# its d%t, as a tr%stee o" art
"or "%t%re #enerations. A "e &ont!s a"ter bein# sold b, t!e &%se%&9 t!ose
'aintin#s ere resold9 in an ot!erise sta#nant art &arket9 at to to t!ree ti&es
t!e 'rices 'aid to t!e &%se%&. Clearl,9 t!ese 'rices settle t!e iss%e9 since t!e,
de&onstrate t!e correctness o" t!e critics eval%ation.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is v%lnerable to t!e criticis& t!at t!e ar#%&ent
does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ It concl%des t!at a certain o'inion is correct on t!e #ro%nds t!at it is !eld b,
&ore 'eo'le t!an !old t!e o''osin# vies.
.1/ It re+ects t!e +%d#&ent o" t!e e('erts in an area in !ic! t!ere is no better
#%ide to t!e tr%t! t!an e('ert +%d#&ent.
.C/ It re+ects a 'roven &eans o" acco&'lis!in# an ob+ective it!o%t o""erin# an,
alternative &eans o" acco&'lis!in# t!at ob+ective.
.3/ It bases a "ir& concl%sion abo%t a state o" a""airs in t!e 'resent on so&e!at
s'ec%lative clai&s abo%t a "%t%re state o" a""airs.
.E/ It bases its concl%sion on "acts t!at co%ld9 in t!e #iven sit%ation9 !ave
res%lted "ro& ca%ses ot!er t!an t!ose 'res%''osed b, t!e ar#%&ent.
5C. T!e =nited States ranks "ar be!ind co%ntries s%c! as Seden and Canada !en it
co&es to ork'lace sa"et,. In all t!ree co%ntries9 +oint labor8&ana#e&ent
co&&ittees t!at oversee ork'lace sa"et, conditions !ave been ver, s%ccess"%l in
red%cin# occ%'ational in+%ries. In t!e =nited States9 s%c! co&&ittees are "o%nd
onl, in t!e "e co&'anies t!at !ave vol%ntaril, establis!ed t!e&. :oever9 in
Seden and several Canadian 'rovinces9 +oint sa"et, co&&ittees are re0%ired b,
la and e(ist in all &edi%&8si)ed and lar#e ork'laces.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is s%''orted b, t!e in"or&ation above-
.A/ T!e establis!&ent o" +oint sa"et, co&&ittees in all &edi%&8si)ed and lar#e
ork'laces in t!e =nited States o%ld res%lt in red%ction o" occ%'ational
GMAT & LSAT CR AI5
in+%ries.
.1/ A +oint sa"et, co&&ittee t!at is re0%ired b, la is &ore e""ective at red%cin#
occ%'ational in+%ries t!an is a +oint sa"et, co&&ittee t!at is vol%ntaril,
establis!ed.
.C/ 6ork'lace in Seden and Canada as s%'erior to t!at in t!e =nited States
even 'rior to t!e 'assa#e o" las re0%irin# +oint sa"et, co&&ittees in all
&edi%&8si)ed and lar#e ork'laces.
.3/ Joint sa"et, co&&ittees !ad been vol%ntaril, establis!ed in &ost &edi%&8
si)ed and lar#e ork'laces in Seden and several Canadian 'rovinces 'rior
to t!e 'assa#e o" las re0%irin# s%c! co&&ittees.
.E/ T!e =nited States o%ld s%r'ass Seden and Canada in ork'lace sa"et, i"
+oint sa"et, co&&ittees ere re0%ired in all &edi%&8si)ed and lar#e
ork'laces in t!e =nited States.
SECTI72 I4
1. T!ree8,ear8old Sara and !er 'la,&ate Mic!ael are bot! ill and !ave t!e sa&e
s,&'to&s. Since t!e, 'la, to#et!er ever, a"ternoon9 Sara 'robabl, !as t!e sa&e
illness as Mic!ael does. Since Mic!ael de"initel, does not !ave a stre'tococcal
in"ection9 des'ite !is !avin# so&e s,&'to&s o" one9 t!e illness t!at Sara !as is
de"initel, not a stre'tococcal in"ection eit!er.
.A/ 'res%''ose !at it sets o%t to 'rove
.1/ &istakes t!e ca%se o" a 'artic%lar '!eno&enon "or t!e e""ect o" t!at
'!eno&enon
.C/ "ails to distin#%is! beteen ac%te stre'tococcal in"ections on t!e one !and9
and less severe stre'tococcal in"ections on t!e ot!er
.3/ treats evidence t!at t!e concl%sion is 'robabl, tr%e as i" t!at evidence
establis!es t!e certaint, o" t!e concl%sion
.E/ &akes a #eneral clai& based on 'artic%lar e(a&'les t!at do not ade0%atel,
re'resent t!e res'ective #ro%'s t!at t!e, are eac! intended to re'resent
5. La&bert: T!e 'ro'osal to raise #asoline ta(es to s%''ort &ass transit netorks is
%n"air. 6!, s!o%ld drivers !o ill never %se train or b%s lines be "orced to 'a,
"or t!e&-
Me)ia!: *o% !ave &is%nderstood. T!e #overn&ent !as ala,s s'ent "ar &ore9
'er %ser9 "ro& #eneral reven%e so%rces to "%nd !i#!a,s t!an to "%nd &ass
transit. T!e additional reven%e "ro& t!e #asoline ta( ill si&'l, allo t!e
#overn&ent to &ake its distrib%tion o" trans'ortation "%nds &ore e0%itable.
Me)ia! %ses !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative strate#ies in re'l,in# to
GMAT & LSAT CR AI<
La&bert-
.A/ elaboratin# t!e conte(t o" t!e iss%e in order to 'lace t!e 'ro'osal in a &ore
"avorable li#!t
.1/ a''ealin# t!e 'rinci'le t!at !at bene"its societ, as a !ole bene"its all
individ%al it!in t!at societ,
.C/ c!allen#in# t!e 'res%''osition t!at "airness is an a''ro'riate criterion on
!ic! to +%d#e t!e &atter
.3/ de&onstratin# t!at t!e 'ro'osed ta( increase ill not res%lt in increased
e('enses "or drivers
.E/ declinin# to ar#%e a 'oint it! so&eone !o is 'oorl, in"or&ed on t!e
&atter %nder disc%ssion
<. T!e n%&ber o" calories in a #ra& o" re"ined cane s%#ar is t!e sa&e as in an e0%al
a&o%nt o" "r%ctose9 t!e nat%ral s%#ar "o%nd in "r%its and ve#etables. T!ere"ore9 a
'iece o" cand, &ade it! a #ive a&o%nt o" re"ined cane s%#ar is no !i#!er in
calories t!an a 'ieced o" "r%it t!at contains an e0%al a&o%nt o" "r%ctose.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ents is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ "ails to consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at "r%it &i#!t contain noncaloric n%trients
t!at cand, does not contain
.1/ 'res%''oses t!at all cand, is &ade it! si&ilar a&o%nts o" s%#ar
.C/ con"%ses one kind o" s%#ar it! anot!er
.3/ 'res%''oses !at it sets o%t to establis!9 t!at "r%it does not di""er "ro& s%#ar8
based cand, in t!e n%&ber o" calories eac! contains
.E/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at s%#ar &i#!t not be t!e onl, calorie8containin#
in#redient in cand, or "r%it
C. In order to increase 'rod%ction9 A1C Co&'an, s!o%ld i&'le&ent a "le(ti&e
sc!ed%le9 !ic! o%ld allo individ%al e&'lo,ees so&e "le(ibilit, in decidin#
!en to be#in and end t!eir orkda,. St%dies !ave s!on t!at orkin# %nder
"le(ti&e sc!ed%les is associated it! increased e&'lo,ee &orale.
.A/ t!e e&'lo,ees !o 're"er a "le(ti&e sc!ed%le are t!e &ost 'rod%ctive
e&'lo,ees at A1C Co&'an,
.1/ an increase in t!e &orale o" A1C Co&'an,s e&'lo,ees co%ld lead to
increased 'rod%ction
.C/ "le(ti&e sc!ed%les tend to be associated it! red%ced lateness and
absenteeis&
.3/ e&'lo,ees are &ost 'rod%ctive d%rin# t!e 'art o" t!e da, !en all
e&'lo,ees are 'resent
.E/ co&'anies t!at are in co&'etition it! A1C Co&'an, also %se a "le(ti&e
sc!ed%le
GMAT & LSAT CR AIC
@. Attorne,s "or a cri&inal de"endant c!ar#ed t!at t!e #overn&ent9 in a cover8%'9
!ad destro,ed evidence t!at #overn&ent re'lied t!at t!ere is no evidence t!at
o%ld even tend to s%''ort t!e de"endant in t!e case.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ost acc%rate eval%ation o" t!e #overn&ents
re'l,-
.A/ It leaves o'en t!e 0%estion o" !et!er t!e #overn&ent !ad destro,ed s%c!
evidence.
.1/ It establis!es t!at t!e attorne,s c!ar#e is an e(a##eration.
.C/ It s!os t!at t!e attorne,s did not kno !et!er t!eir c!ar#e as tr%e.
.3/ It de&onstrates t!e #overn&ents "ail%re to searc! "or evidence in its "iles.
.E/ I" tr%e9 it e""ectivel, dis'roves t!e c!ar#e &ade on be!al" o" t!e de"endant.
G. 4ideocassette recorders .4CRs/ enable 'eo'le to atc! &ovies at !o&e on
videota'e. Feo'le !o on 4CRs #o to &ovie t!eaters &ore o"ten t!an do 'eo'le
!o do not on 4CRs. Contrar, to 'o'%lar belie"9 t!ere"ore9 onin# a 4CR
act%all, sti&%lates 'eo'le to #o to &ovie t!eaters &ore o"ten t!an t!e, ot!erise
o%ld.
.A/ concl%des t!at a clai& &%st be "alse beca%se o" t!e &ere absence o" evidence
in its "avor
.1/ cites in s%''ort o" t!e concl%sion evidence t!at is inconsistent it! ot!er
in"or&ation t!at is 'rovided
.C/ "ails to establis! t!at t!e '!eno&ena inter'reted as ca%se and e""ect are not
bot! direct e""ects o" so&e ot!er "actor
.3/ takes a condition t!at b, itsel" #%arantees t!e occ%rrence o" a certain
'!eno&enon to be a condition t!at t!ere"ore &%st be &et "or t!at
'!eno&enon to occ%r
.E/ bases a broad clai& abo%t t!e be!avior o" 'eo'le in #eneral on a co&'arison
beteen to #ro%'s o" 'eo'le t!at to#et!er incl%de onl, a s&all 'ro'ortion
o" 'eo'le overall
A. T!e c%&berso&e s'ears t!at ere t!e 'rinci'al ea'ons %sed b, certain tribes in
t!e earl, 1ron)e A#e 'recl%ded ides'read cas%alties d%rin# intertribal con"licts.
1%t t!e co&'arativel, !i#! n%&ber o" arrior to&bs "o%nd in recent e(cavations
o" t!e sa&e tribes late 1ron)e A#e settle&ents indicates t!at in t!e late 1ron)e
A#e9 ars beteen t!ese tribes ere "re0%ent9 and t!e cas%alt, rate as !i#!.
:ence so&e arc!aeolo#ists clai& t!at b, t!e late 1ron)e A#e9 t!ese tribes !ad
develo'ed ne &et!ods o" ar"are desi#ned to in"lict &an, cas%alties.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost s%''orts t!e arc!aeolo#ists clai&-
.A/ A ro,al to&b datin# to t!e earl, 1ron)e A#e contained 'otter, de'ictin#
battle scenes in !ic! arriors %se s'ears.
.1/ T!ere is evidence t!at &an, b%ildin#s datin# to t!e late 1ron)e A#e ere
GMAT & LSAT CR AI@
b%ilt b, 'risoners o" ar taken in battles beteen ene&, tribes.
.C/ Scenes o" violent ar"are9 'ainted in bri#!t !%es9 "re0%entl, a''ear on
'otter, t!at !as been "o%nd in so&e earl, 1ron)e A#e to&bs o" arriors.
.3/ So&e to&bs o" arriors datin# to t!e late 1ron)e A#e contain ar&or and
ea'ons t!at ant!ro'olo#ists believe ere tro'!ies taken "ro& ene&ies in
battle.
.E/ T!e &arks on t!e bones o" &an, o" t!e late 1ron)e A#e arriors !ose
to&bs ere e(cavated are consistent it! t!e kind o" o%nds in"licted b,
arro!eads also "o%nd in &an, late 1ron)e A#e settle&ents.
B. 1ased on data collected "ro& 'olic,!olders9 li"e ins%rance co&'anies !ave
develo'ed tables t!at list standard ei#!t ran#es "or vario%s !ei#!ts.
Folic,!olders !ose ei#!t "ell it!in t!e ran#e #iven "or t!eir !ei#!t lived
lon#er t!an t!ose !ose ei#!t "ell o%tside t!eir #iven ran#e. T!ere"ore9 i" 'eo'le
!ose ei#!t "alls o%tside t!eir #iven ran#e &odi"ied t!eir ei#!t to "all it!in
t!at ran#e9 t!eir overall li"e e('ectancies o%ld i&'rove.
.A/ So&e 'eo'le o%ld be %nillin# to &odi", t!eir ei#!ts solel, to increase
t!e #eneral 'o'%lations overall li"e e('ectancies.
.1/ Li"e ins%rance co&'anies intended t!eir tables to #%ide individ%als in
ad+%stin# t!eir ei#!ts in order to increase t!eir li"e s'ans.
.C/ T!e tables incl%de data #at!ered "ro& 'olic,!olders !ose deat!s res%lted
"ro& accidents in addition to t!ose !ose deat!s res%lted "ro& nat%ral
ca%ses.
.3/ :olders o" li"e ins%rance 'olicies do not !ave lon#er overall li"e e('ectancies
t!an t!e #eneral 'o'%lation.
.E/ Feo'les e""orts to &odi", t!eir ei#!t to con"or& to a #iven ran#e o%ld not
da&a#e t!eir !ealt! eno%#! to decrease t!eir overall li"e e('ectancies.
H. Meas%re&ents o" t!e &otion o" t!e 'lanet =ran%s see& to s!o =ran%s bein#
t%##ed b, a "orce '%llin# it aa, "ro& t!e S%n and t!e inner 'lanets. 2e't%ne and
Fl%to9 t!e to knon 'lanets !ose orbits are "art!er "ro& t!e S%n t!an is t!e
orbit o" =ran%s9 do not !ave eno%#! &ass to e(ert t!e "orce t!at t!e
&eas%re&ents indicate. T!ere"ore9 in addition to t!e knon 'lanets9 t!ere &%st be
at least one 'lanet in o%r solar s,ste& t!at e !ave ,et to discover.
.A/ Fl%to as not discovered %ntil 1H<I.
.1/ T!ere is a belt o" co&ets be,ond t!e orbit o" Fl%to it! 'oer"%l
#ravitational '%ll.
.C/ 2eit!er 2e't%ne nor Fl%to is as &assive as =ran%s.
.3/ T!e "orce t!e S%n e(erts on =ran%s is eaker t!an t!e "orce it e(erts on t!e
inner 'lanets.
GMAT & LSAT CR AIG
.E/ =ran%s orbit is closer to 2e't%nes orbit t!an it is to Fl%tos.
1I. A%diences "ind a s'eaker &ore convincin# i" t!e s'eaker be#ins a s'eec! b,
ar#%in# brie"l, a#ainst !is or !er 'osition be"ore 'rovidin# reasons "or acce'tin#
it. T!e reason t!is tec!ni0%e is so e""ective is t!at it &akes t!e s'eaker a''ear
"air8&inded and tr%stort!,. T!ere"ore9 candidates "or national 'olitical o""ice
!o is! to be s%ccess"%l in innin# votes s!o%ld %se t!is ar#%&entative
tec!ni0%e in t!e s'eec!es.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, li&its t!e e""ectiveness o"
ado'tin# t!e ar#%&ents reco&&endation-
.A/ Folitical candidates t,'icall, !ave no control over !ic! e(cer'ts "ro& t!eir
s'eec!es ill be re'orted b, t!e nes &edia.
.1/ Man, 'eo'le do not "ind ar#%&ents &ade b, 'oliticians convincin#9 since
t!e ar#%&ents are o"ten one8sided or oversi&'li", t!e iss%es.
.C/ Feo'le decide !ic! 'olitical candidate to vote "or &ore on t!e basis o" t!eir
o'inions o" t!e candidates c!aracter t!an on t!e e(act 'ositions o" t!e
candidate.
.3/ Feo'le re#ard a 'olitical candidate &ore "avorabl, i" t!e, t!ink t!at t!e
candidate res'ects an o''onents 'osition even !ile disa#reein# it! it.
.E/ Folitical candidates !ave to address a%diences o" &an, di""erent si)es and at
&an, di""erent locations in t!e co%rse o" a 'olitical ca&'ai#n.
11. $ive t!o%sand o" t!e @I9III books '%blis!ed in co%ntr, Q in 1HH1 ere novels.
E(actl, 5@ o" t!e "il&s released in co%ntr, Q in 1HH5 ere based on t!ose novels.
Since 1II "il&s ere released in co%ntr, Q in 1HH59 no &ore t!an one80%arter o"
t!e& ere based on books '%blis!ed in co%ntr, Q in 1HH1.
'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ 2one o" t!e scri'ts %sed in "il&s released in 1HH5 ere ritten b,
'ro"essional novelists.
.1/ 2one o" t!e "il&s released in co%ntr, Q in 1HH5 ere based on books ot!er
t!an novels.
.C/ 2one o" t!e books t!at ere '%blis!ed in co%ntr, Q in 1HH5 ere based on
'lots o" "il&s released in 1HH1.
.3/ So&e o" t!e "il&s released in co%ntr, Q in 1HH5 ere based on older "il&s
t!at !ad been released "or t!e "irst ti&e &an, ,ears earlier.
.E/ So&e o" t!e "il&s released in 1HH1 in co%ntr, Q ere based on novels t!at
ere '%blis!ed in 1HH1.
15. 7n t!eir a, "ro& t!eir nest to a "ood so%rce9 ants o" &ost s'ecies leave a trail o"
c!e&icals called '!ero&ones. T!e ants %se t!e scent o" t!e '!ero&ones to #%ide
t!e&selves beteen t!e "ood and t!eir nest. All '!ero&ones eva'orate it!o%t a
trace al&ost i&&ediatel, !en te&'erat%res rise above C@ de#rees Celsi%s .11<
GMAT & LSAT CR AIA
de#ree $a!ren!eit/9 as is t,'ical d%rin# a"ternoons in 'laces s%c! as t!e Sa!ara
3esert.
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''ort !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Most ants "ora#e "or "ood eit!er onl, in t!e &ornin# or onl, d%rin# t!e ni#!t.
.1/ Most ants t!at do not %se '!ero&ones to &ark t!e 'at!s t!e, take beteen
t!eir nest and "ood live in t!e Sa!ara 3esert.
.C/ I" an, ants live in t!e Sa!ara 3esert and "ora#e "or "ood at no ti&e b%t in t!e
a"ternoon9 t!ose ants #enerall, do not %se '!ero&ones to #%ide t!e&selves
beteen "ood and t!eir nest.
.3/ I" an, ants do not %se '!ero&ones to navi#ate beteen "ood and t!eir nest9
t!ose ants %se a di""erent s%bstance t!at does not eva'orate in te&'erat%res
above C@ de#rees Celsi%s.
.E/ I" an, Sa!aran ants "ora#e "or "ood in t!e a"ternoon9 t!ose ants "ora#e "or
"ood less e""icientl, !en te&'erat%res are above C@ de#rees Celsi%s t!an
t!e, do !en te&'erat%res are loer.
1<. So&e 'eo'le t!ink t!at in ever, barrel o" 'oliticians t!ere are onl, a "e rotten
ones. 1%t i" deceit is a 0%alit, o" rottenness9 I believe all e""ective 'oliticians are
rotten. T!e, &%st be deceit"%l in order to do t!e +ob 'ro'erl,. So&eone !o is
scr%'%lo%sl, !onest abo%t obe,in# t!e r%les o" societ, ill never be an e""ective
'olitician.
Ass%&in# t!at t!e a%t!ors state&ents are acc%rate9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
state&ents CA227T be tr%e-
.A/ So&e 'eo'le t!ink all 'oliticians are rotten.
.1/ So&e 'oliticians are scr%'%lo%sl, !onest.
.C/ So&e 'eo'le de"ine a 'oliticians +ob as obe,in# t!e r%les o" societ,.
.3/ So&e deceit"%l 'oliticians are ine""ective.
.E/ So&e scr%'%lo%sl, !onest 'oliticians are e""ective.
1C. T!e 1iocarb Co&'an, ants to b%ild a sterili)ation 'lant to treat conta&inated
&edical aste in a cit, nei#!bor!ood !ere residents and environ&ental activists
"ear t!at s%c! a "acilit, ill 'oll%te t!e area. 1iocarbs 'resident ar#%es t!at t!e
o'eration o" t!e 'lant cannot ca%se 'oll%tion beca%se t!e aste o%ld be sterile
a"ter 'rocessin# b, t!e 'lant. :e clai&s t!at a"ter e('os%re "or an !o%r to
s%'er!eated stea& in t!e a%toclave9 s%c! re"%se o%ld be "ar cleaner t!an "ood
're'ared in t!e cleanest kitc!en.
T!e 'residents ar#%&ent de'ends on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ Environ&ental activists believe t!at aste treated it! stea& ill not
'oll%te.
.1/ :andin# o" t!e aste be"ore treat&ent in t!e 'ro'osed "acilit, ill not 'ose a
t!reat o" 'oll%tion to t!e area.
GMAT & LSAT CR AIB
.C/ $ear o" 'oll%tion is t!e onl, ar#%&ent a#ainst constr%ction o" an a%toclave
"acilit, "or &edical aste.
.3/ 2o ot!ers besides environ&ental activists are concerned abo%t 'oll%tion
!a)ards t!at can res%lt "ro& 'rocessin# &edical aste.
.E/ Treat&ent b, s%'er!eated stea& re'resents t!e s%rest &et!od o" sterili)ation.
1@. Gro8A#ain oint&ent is a 'roven treat&ent "or reversin# &ale !ereditar,
baldness. $ive dro's dail, is t!e reco&&ended dose9 and e(ceedin# t!is 0%antit,
does not increase t!e 'rod%cts e""ectiveness. T!ere"ore9 o""erin# a &an%"act%rers
rebate on t!e '%rc!ase 'rice o" Gro8A#ain ill not increase sales and
conse0%entl, o%ld be %n'ro"itable "or t!e &an%"act%rer.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 6!en %sin# an oint&ent9 'eo'le tend to believe t!at a''l,in# it in #reater
0%antities can &ake it &ore e""ective.
.1/ Gro8A#ain is &ore e""ective on so&e o" t!e &en !o %se it t!an it is on
ot!ers.
.C/ T!e rebate9 i" o""ered9 o%ld not attract '%rc!asers !o ot!erise &i#!t not
%se Gro8A#ain.
.3/ 1aldness in &en can be ca%sed b, a variet, o" "actors9 onl, one o" !ic! is
!eredit,.
.E/ Gro8A#ain is a 'rod%ct !ose 'er8%nit &an%"act%rin# cost does not "all
si#ni"icantl, !en t!e 'rod%ct is 'rod%ced in lar#e 0%antities.
Questions 1&-1'
:enr,: So&e scientists e('lain t!e dance o" !one,bees as t!e &eans b, !ic!
!one,bees co&&%nicate t!e location o" !atever "ood so%rce t!e, !ave +%st visited to
ot!er &e&bers o" t!e !ive. 1%t !one,bees do not need so co&'licated a &ec!anis& to
co&&%nicate t!at in"or&ation. $ora#er !one,bees ret%rnin# to t!eir !ive si&'l, leave
a scent trail "ro& t!e "ood so%rce t!e, !ave +%st visited. T!ere &%st t!ere"ore be so&e
ot!er e('lanation "or t!e !one,bees dance.
6ini"red: 2ot necessaril,. Most ani&als !ave several a,s o" acco&'lis!in# critical
tasks. 1ees o" so&e s'ecies can navi#ate %sin# eit!er t!e 'osition o" t!e S%n or t!e
&e&or, o" land&arks. Si&ilarl,9 "or !one,bees9 scent trails are a s%''le&entar, not
an e(cl%sive &eans o" co&&%nicatin#.
1G. T!e 'oint at iss%e beteen :enr, and 6ini"red is !et!er
.A/ t!eories o" ani&al be!avior can be establis!ed on t!e basis o" evidence abo%t
onl, one s'ecies o" ani&al
.1/ t!ere is &ore t!an one valid e('lanation "or t!e dance o" !one,bees
.C/ !one,bees co&&%nicate t!e location o" "ood so%rces t!ro%#! t!eir dance
.3/ t!e !one,bee is t!e onl, s'ecies o" bee t!at is ca'able o" co&&%nicatin#
navi#ational in"or&ation to ot!er !ive &e&bers
GMAT & LSAT CR AIH
.E/ t!e !one,bees sense o" s&ell 'la,s a role in its "ora#in# strate#ies
1A. In 6ini"reds res'onse to :enr,9 t!e state&ent abo%t !o bees o" so&e s'ecies
navi#ate 'la,s !ic! one t!e "olloin# roles-
.A/ It addresses an a&bi#%it, in :enr,s %se o" t!e e('ression >co&&%nicate t!e
location.?
.1/ It 'rovides evidence in s%''ort o" a #eneral clai&.
.C/ It calls into 0%estion t!e acc%rac, o" ke, evidence cited b, :enr,.
.3/ It 'oints o%t t!at :enr,s concl%sion directl, contradicts one o" !is 're&ises.
.E/ It 'ro'oses an alternative e('lanation "or t!e !one,bees dance.
1B. Folitician: A #overn&ent t!at ta(es inco&es at a rate o" 1II 'ercent ill #enerate
no reven%e beca%se all econo&ic activit, ill cease. So it "ollos t!at t!e loer
t!e rate o" inco&e ta(9 t!e &ore reven%e t!e #overn&ent ill #enerate b, t!at ta(.
Econo&ist: *o%r concl%sion cannot be correct9 since it o%ld &ean t!at an
inco&e ta( o" I 'ercent o%ld #enerate t!e &a(i&%& reven%e.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&entative strate#ies is %sed b, t!e econo&ist in
res'ondin# to t!e 'olitician-
.A/ statin# a #eneral 'rinci'le t!at is inco&'atible it! t!e concl%sion t!e
'olitician derives
.1/ 'rovidin# evidence t!at !ere t!e 'oliticians advice !as been ado'ted9 t!e
res%lts !ave been disa''ointin#
.C/ ar#%in# t!at t!e 'rinci'le derived b, t!e 'olitician9 i" a''lied in t!e li&itin#
case9 leads to an abs%rdl, "alse concl%sion
.3/ %nder&inin# t!e credibilit, o" t!e 'olitician b, o'enl, 0%estionin# t!e
'oliticians %nderstandin# o" econo&ics
.E/ attackin# t!e 'oliticians ar#%&ent b, #ivin# reason to do%bt t!e tr%t! o" a
're&ise
1H. S'on#es attac! to t!e ocean "loor9 contin%all, "ilterin# seaater "or "ood and
e+ectin# ater t!e, !ave +%st "iltered to avoid rein#estin# it. T%b%lar and vase8
s!a'ed s'on#es can e+ect "iltered ater it!o%t assistance "ro& s%rro%ndin#
ocean c%rrents and t!%s are ada'ted to slo8&ovin#9 0%iet aters. 1eca%se o"
t!eir s!a'e9 !oever9 t!ese s'on#es cannot live in stron# c%rrents9 since stron#
c%rrents o%ld dislod#e t!e&. 1ot! o" t!ese varieties o" s'on#e ere ides'read
d%rin# t!e late J%rassic 'eriod.
clai&s-
.A/ $e t%b%lar or vase8s!a'ed s'on#es lived be"ore t!e late J%rassic 'eriod.
.1/ T%b%lar and vase8s!a'ed s'on#es ere &ore co&&on d%rin# t!e late
J%rassic 'eriod t!an in s%cceedin# #eolo#ical eras.
.C/ 3%rin# t!e late J%rassic 'eriod t!ere ere &an, areas o" t!e ocean "loor
GMAT & LSAT CR A1I
!ere c%rrents ere eak.
.3/ All s'on#es t!at are neit!er t%b%lar nor vase8s!a'ed in!abit areas o" t!e
ocean "loor !ere t!ere are e(tre&el, stron# c%rrents.
.E/ 2o t,'es o" s'on#e live in lar#e colonies9 since s'on#es do not "lo%ris! in
areas !ere &%c! o" t!e ater !as been "iltered b, ot!er s'on#es.
5I. T!ere is stron# evidence t!at t!e ca%se o" &i#raines .severe rec%rrent !eadac!es/
is not 's,c!olo#ical b%t instead is '%rel, '!,siolo#ical. *et several st%dies !ave
"o%nd t!at 'eo'le bein# 'ro"essionall, treated "or &i#raines rate !i#!er on a
standard 's,c!olo#ical scale o" an(iet, t!an do 'eo'le not bein# 'ro"essionall,
treated "or &i#raines.
.A/ Feo'le !o !ave &i#raine !eadac!es tend to !ave relatives !o also !ave
&i#raine !eadac!es.
.1/ Feo'le !o !ave &i#raine !eadac!es o"ten s%""er t!ese !eadac!es !en
%nder e&otional stress.
.C/ Feo'le !o rate !i#!er on t!e standard 's,c!olo#ical scale o" an(iet, are
&ore likel, to seek 'ro"essional treat&ent t!an are 'eo'le !o rate loer
on t!e scale.
.3/ 7" t!e &an, st%dies done on t!e ca%se o" &i#raine !eadac!es9 &ost o" t!ose
t!at s%##est t!at 's,c!olo#ical "actors s%c! as an(iet, ca%se &i#raines !ave
been idel, '%blici)ed.
.E/ Most 'eo'le !o !ave &i#raines and !o seek 'ro"essional treat&ent
re&ain in treat&ent %ntil t!e, sto' !avin# &i#raines9 !et!er t!eir doctors
consider t!e ca%se to be '!,siolo#ical or 's,c!olo#ical.
51. 2ot all ten%red "ac%lt, are "%ll 'ro"essors. T!ere"ore9 alt!o%#! ever, "ac%lt,
&e&ber in t!e lin#%istics de'art&ent !as ten%re9 it &%st be t!e case t!at not all o"
t!e "ac%lt, &e&bers in t!e lin#%istics de'art&ent are "%ll 'ro"essors.
T!e "laed 'attern o" reasonin# e(!ibited b, t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar
.A/ Alt!o%#! all &odern o""ice toers are cli&ate8controlled b%ildin#s9 not all
o""ice b%ildin#s are cli&ate8controlled. T!ere"ore9 it &%st be t!e case t!at
not all o""ice b%ildin#s are &odern o""ice toers.
.1/ All &%nici'al !os'ital b%ildin#s are &assive9 b%t not all &%nici'al !os'ital
b%ildin#s are "orbiddin# in a''earance. T!ere"ore9 &assive b%ildin#s need
not 'resent a "orbiddin# a''earance.
.C/ Alt!o%#! so&e b%ildin#s desi#ned b, "a&o%s arc!itects are not ell
'ro'ortioned9 all #overn&ent b%ildin#s are desi#ned b, "a&o%s arc!itects.
T!ere"ore9 so&e #overn&ent b%ildin#s are not ell 'ro'ortioned.
.3/ 2ot all '%blic b%ildin#s are ell desi#ned9 b%t so&e 'oorl, desi#ned '%blic
GMAT & LSAT CR A11
b%ildin#s ere ori#inall, intended "or 'rivate %se. T!ere"ore9 t!e 'oorl,
desi#ned '%blic b%ildin#s ere all ori#inall, desi#ned "or 'rivate %se.
.E/ Alt!o%#! so&e cat!edrals are not b%ilt o" stone9 ever, cat!edral is
i&'ressive. T!ere"ore9 b%ildin#s can be i&'ressive even t!o%#! t!e, are not
b%ilt o" stone.
55. 6!en a 'lanetar, s,ste& "or&s9 t!e c!ances t!at a 'lanet ca'able o" s%''ortin#
li"e ill be "or&ed are !i#!. T!e c!ances t!at a lar#e 'lanet t!e si)e o" J%'iter or
Sat%rn ill be "or&ed9 !oever9 are lo. 6it!o%t J%'iter and Sat%rn9 !ose
#ravitational "orces !ave 'revented Eart! "ro& bein# "re0%entl, str%ck b, lar#e
co&ets9 intelli#ent li"e o%ld never !ave arisen on Eart!. Since 'lanetar, s,ste&s
are %nlikel, to contain an, lar#e 'lanets9 t!e c!ances t!at intelli#ent li"e ill
e&er#e on a 'lanet are9 t!ere"ore9 lo.
Mnoin# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# o%ld be &ost %se"%l in eval%atin# t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ !et!er all 'lanetar, s,ste& are "or&ed "ro& si&ilar a&o%nts o" &atter
.1/ !et!er intelli#ent s'ecies o%ld be likel, to s%rvive i" a co&et str%ck t!eir
'lanet
.C/ !et!er lar#e co&ets co%ld be de"lected b, onl, one lar#e 'lanet rat!er t!an
be to
.3/ !o !i#! t!e c!ances are t!at 'lanetar, s,ste&s ill contain &an, lar#e
co&ets
.E/ !o likel, it is t!at 'lanetar, s,ste&s containin# lar#e 'lanets ill also
contain 'lanets t!e si)e o" Eart!
5<. Constr%ction contractors orkin# on t!e c%ttin# ed#e o" tec!nolo#, nearl, ala,s
ork on a >cost8'l%s? basis onl,. 7ne kind o" cost8'l%s contract sti'%lates t!e
contractors 'ro"it as a "i(ed 'ercenta#e o" t!e contractors costsD t!e ot!er kind
sti'%lates a "i(ed a&o%nt o" 'ro"it over and above costs. =nder t!e "irst kind o"
contract9 !i#!er costs ,ield !i#!er 'ro"its "or t!e contractor9 so t!is is !ere one
&i#!t e('ect "inal costs in e(cess o" ori#inal cost esti&ates to be &ore co&&on.
Farado(icall,9 s%c! cost overr%ns are act%all, &ore co&&on i" t!e contract is o"
t!e "i(ed8'ro"it kind.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to resolve t!e a''arent 'arado( in
t!e sit%ation described above-
.A/ Clients are &%c! less likel, to a#ree to a "i(ed8'ro"it t,'e o" cost8'l%s
contract !en it is %nderstood t!at %nder certain conditions t!e 'ro+ect ill
be sc%ttled t!an t!e, are !en t!ere is no s%c! %nderstandin#.
.1/ 7n lon#8ter& contracts9 cost 'ro+ections take "%t%re in"lation into acco%nt9
b%t since t!e "i#%res %sed are 'rovided b, t!e #overn&ent9 t!e, are %s%all,
%nderesti&ates.
.C/ 7n an, si)able constr%ction 'ro+ect9 t!e contractor bills t!e client &ont!l, or
GMAT & LSAT CR A15
0%arterl,9 so an, tendenc, "or ori#inal cost esti&ates to be e(ceeded can be
detected earl,.
.3/ Clients billed %nder a cost8'l%s contract are "ree to revie individ%al billin#s
in order to %ncover aste"%l e('endit%res9 b%t t!e, do so onl, !en t!e
contractors 'ro"it varies it! cost.
.E/ T!e 'ractice o" s%b&ittin# deliberatel, e(a##erated cost esti&ates is &ost
co&&on in t!e case o" "i(ed8'ro"it contracts9 beca%se it &akes t!e 'ro"it9 as
a 'ercenta#e o" esti&ated cost9 a''ear &odest.
5C. T!at all is s%''orted b, several +oists. T!e onl, t!in# t!at can !ave ca%sed t!e
b%l#e t!at t!e all no !as is a broken +oist. T!ere"ore9 at least one o" t!e +oists is
broken.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents is &ost si&ilar in its lo#ical "eat%res to
t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ A least one o" t!e 'la,ers in t!e orc!estra &%st !ave &ade a &istake9 since
not!in# else o%ld !ave &ade t!e cond%ctor #ri&ace in t!e a, s!e +%st
did.
.1/ T!e "irst 'iece &%st !ave been t!e easiest9 since it as t!e onl, 'iece in t!e
entire concert in !ic! t!e orc!estra did not &ake &an, &istakes.
.C/ T!e 'la,ers 'la, ell onl, !en t!e, like t!e &%sic9 since t!e, tend to &ake
&istakes !en t!e, 'la, so&et!in# t!e, do not like.
.3/ 7ne o" t!e orc!estras 'la,ers &%st be able to 'la, t!e !ar'9 since in one o"
t!e 'ieces t!e, are 'la,in# at ne(t eeks concert t!e co&'oser s'eci"ied
t!at a !ar' s!o%ld be 'la,ed.
.E/ T!e e&otion o" t!e &%sic is t!e onl, t!in# t!at can !ave ca%sed t!e
cond%ctor to look so an#r, +%st t!en9 since t!e orc!estra as 'la,in#
'er"ectl,.
Questions !5-!&
Sas!a: :andritin# anal,sis s!o%ld be banned in co%rt as evidence o" a 'ersons
c!aracter: !andritin# anal,sts called as itnesses !abit%all, e(a##erate t!e
reliabilit, o" t!eir anal,ses.
Gre#or,: *o% are ri#!t t!at t!e c%rrent %se o" !andritin# anal,sis as evidence is
'roble&atic. 1%t t!is 'roble& e(ists onl, beca%se t!ere is no licensin# board to set
'ro"essional standards and t!%s deter irres'onsible anal,st "ro& &akin# e(a##erated
clai&s. 6!en s%c! a board is establis!ed9 !oever9 !andritin# anal,sis b, licensed
'ractitioners ill be a le#iti&ate co%rtroo& tool "or c!aracter assess&ent.
5@. Gre#or, does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# in res'ondin# to Sas!as ar#%&ent-
.A/ :e i#nores evidence introd%ced as s%''ort "or Sas!as reco&&endation.
.1/ :e de"ends a 'rinci'le b, restrictin# t!e class to !ic! it is to be a''lied.
.C/ :e abstracts a #eneral 'rinci'le "ro& s'eci"ic evidence.
GMAT & LSAT CR A1<
.3/ :e identi"ies a sel"8contradictor, state&ent in Sas!as ar#%&ent.
.E/ :e s!os t!at Sas!as ar#%&ent itsel" &ani"ests t!e %ndesirable
c!aracteristic t!at it conde&ns.
5G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld 'rovide Sas!a it! t!e stron#est
co%nter to Gre#or,s res'onse-
.A/ Co%rts ro%tinel, %se &eans ot!er t!an !andritin# anal,sis to 'rovide
evidence o" a 'ersons c!aracter.
.1/ Man, 'eo'le can 'rovide to sa&'les o" t!eir !andritin# so di""erent t!at
onl, a !i#!l, trained 'ro"essional co%ld identi", t!e& as !avin# been
ritten b, t!e sa&e 'erson.
.C/ A licensin# board o%ld inevitabl, re"%se to #rant licenses to so&e
res'onsible !andritin# anal,sts "or reasons !avin# not!in# to do it! t!eir
reliabilit,.
.3/ T!e onl, !andritin# anal,sts !o clai& t!at !andritin# 'rovides reliable
evidence o" a 'ersons c!aracter are irres'onsible.
.E/ T!e n%&ber o" !andritin# anal,sts !o co%ld con"or& to 'ro"essional
standards set b, a licensin# board is ver, s&all.
TEST 24
SECTI72 I
1. $renc! divers recentl, "o%nd a lar#e cave alon# t!e coast o" t!e Mediterranean
Sea. T!e cave is accessible onl, t!ro%#! an %nderater t%nnel. T!e interior o" t!e
cave is co&'letel, "illed it! seaater and contains n%&ero%s lar#e stala#&ites9
!ic! are ston, 'illars t!at "or& !en dro's o" ater "all re'eatedl, on a sin#le
s'ot on a cave "loor9 leavin# be!ind &ineral de'osits t!at acc%&%late over ti&e.
T!e in"or&ation above &ost stron#l, s%''orts !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ T!e Mediterranean Sea as at a !i#!er level in t!e 'ast t!an it is no.
.1/ T!e ater level it!in t!e cave is !i#!er no t!an it once as.
.C/ T!e $renc! divers ere t!e "irst 'eo'le !o kne t!at t!e t%nnel leadin# to
t!e cave e(isted.
.3/ T!ere as once an entrance to t!e cave besides t!e %nderater t%nnel.
.E/ Seaater in t!e Mediterranean !as a loer &ineral content no t!an it !ad
!en t!e stala#&ites ere bein# "or&ed.
5. A director o" t!e Re(( F!ar&ace%tical Co&'an, ar#%ed t!at t!e develo'&ent
costs "or ne vaccines t!at t!e !ealt! de'art&ent !as re0%ested s!o%ld be
GMAT & LSAT CR A1C
s%bsidi)ed b, t!e #overn&ent9 since t!e &arketin# o" vaccines 'ro&ised to be
less 'ro"itable t!an t!e &arketin# o" an, ot!er '!ar&ace%tical 'rod%ct. In s%''ort
o" t!is clai& t!e director ar#%ed t!at sales o" vaccines are likel, to be loer since
eac! vaccine is ad&inistered to a 'atient onl, once9 !ereas &edicines t!at
co&bat diseases and c!ronic illnesses are ad&inistered &an, ti&es to eac!
'atient.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost eakens t!e s%''ort o""ered b, t!e
co&'an, director "or t!e clai& concernin# t!e &arketin# o" vaccines-
.A/ 4accines are ad&inistered to &an, &ore 'eo'le t!an are &ost ot!er
'!ar&ace%tical 'rod%cts.
.1/ Man, o" t!e diseases t!at vaccines are desi#ned to 'revent can be
s%ccess"%ll, treated b, &edicines.
.C/ F!ar&ace%tical co&'anies occasionall, &arket 'rod%cts t!at are neit!er
&edicines nor vaccines.
.3/ F!ar&ace%tical co&'anies ot!er t!an t!e Re(( F!ar&ace%tical Co&'an,
'rod%ce vaccines.
.E/ T!e cost o" ad&inisterin# a vaccine is rarel, borne b, t!e '!ar&ace%tical
co&'an, t!at &an%"act%res t!at vaccine.
<. Mana#er: 7%r ne co&'%ter netork9 t!e '%r'ose o" !ic! is to increase
'rod%ctivit,9 can be installed d%rin# t!e da,9 !ic! o%ld disr%'t o%r e&'lo,ees
ork9 or else at ni#!t9 !ic! o%ld entail &%c! !i#!er installation c!ar#es. Since
savin# &one, is i&'ortant9 e s!o%ld !ave t!e netork installed d%rin# t!e da,.
T!e &ana#ers ar#%&ent ass%&es !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ T!e &onetar, val%e o" t!e netork e0%i'&ent o%ld not e(ceed t!e cost o"
!avin# t!e e0%i'&ent installed at ni#!t.
.1/ T!e &onetar, val%e o" an, 'rod%ctivit, lost d%rin# a da,ti&e installation
o%ld be less t!an t!e di""erence beteen da,ti&e and ni#!tti&e
installation costs.
.C/ A da,ti&e installation o%ld be co&'leted b, no lar#er a cre and o%ld
take t!e cre no &ore ti&e t!an o%ld a ni#!tti&e installation.
.3/ 7nce t!e netork !as been installed9 &ost o" t!e co&'an,s e&'lo,ees ill
be able to %se it i&&ediatel, to increase t!eir 'rod%ctivit,.
.E/ Most o" t!e co&'an,s e&'lo,ees o%ld be able to ork 'rod%ctivel, !ile
a da,ti&e installation is in 'ro#ress.
C. An in#redient in &ari+%ana knon as T:C !as been "o%nd to inactivate
!er'esvir%ses in e('eri&ents. In 'revio%s e('eri&ents researc!ers "o%nd t!at
inactivated !er'esvir%ses can convert !ealt!, cells into cancer cells. It can be
concl%ded t!at t!e %se o" &ari+%ana can ca%se cancer.
.A/ Several tea&s o" scientists 'er"or&ed t!e vario%s e('eri&ents and all o" t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR A1@
tea&s !ad si&ilar res%lts.
.1/ T!e carcino#enic e""ect o" T:C co%ld be ne%trali)ed b, t!e ot!er in#redients
"o%nd in &ari+%ana.
.C/ 6!en T:C kills !er'esvir%ses it eakens t!e i&&%ne s,ste&9 and it &i#!t
t!%s di&inis! t!e bod,s abilit, to "i#!t ot!er vir%ses9 incl%din# vir%ses
linked to cancers.
.3/ I" c!e&ists &odi", t!e str%ct%re o" T:C9 T:C can be sa"el, incor'orated
into &edications to 'revent !er'es.
.E/ To lessen t!e %ndesirable side e""ects o" c!e&ot!era',9 t!e %se o" &ari+%ana
!as been reco&&ended "or cancer 'atients !o are "ree o" t!e !er'esvir%s.
@. Arc!aeolo#ist: A lar#e cor'oration !as recentl, o""ered to 'rovide "%ndin# to
restore an arc!aeolo#ical site and to constr%ct "acilities to &ake t!e site readil,
accessible to t!e #eneral '%blic. T!e restoration ill con"or& to t!e best c%rrent
t!eories abo%t !o t!e site a''eared at t!e !ei#!t o" t!e ancient civili)ation t!at
occ%'ied it. T!is o""er s!o%ld be re+ected9 !oever9 beca%se &an, 'arts o" t!e site
contain %ne(a&ined evidence.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 +%sti"ies t!e arc!aeolo#ists
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e oners!i' o" arc!aeolo#ical sites s!o%ld not be %nder t!e control o"
b%siness interests.
.1/ An, restoration o" an arc!aeolo#ical site s!o%ld re'resent onl, t!e &ost
ancient 'eriod o" t!at sites !istor,.
.C/ 2o one s!o%ld &ake +%d#&ents abo%t !at constit%tes t!e !ei#!t o" anot!er
civili)ation.
.3/ 7nl, t!ose it! a tr%e concern "or an arc!aeolo#ical sites !istor, s!o%ld be
involved in t!e restoration o" t!at site.
.E/ T!e risk o" losin# evidence relevant to 'ossible "%t%re t!eories s!o%ld
o%tei#! an, advanta#es o" dis'la,in# t!e res%lts o" t!eories alread,
develo'ed.
G. 1esides la,in# e##s in !er on nest9 an, "e&ale ood d%ck ill la, an e## in t!e
nest o" anot!er "e&ale ood d%ck i" s!e sees t!e ot!er d%ck leavin# !er nest.
=nder nat%ral nestin# conditions9 t!is 'arasitic be!avior is relativel, rare beca%se
t!e d%cks nests are ell !idden. :oever9 !en 'eo'le '%t %' nestin# bo(es to
!el' t!e d%cks breed9 t!e, act%all, %nderc%t t!e d%cks re'rod%ctive e""orts.
T!ese nestin# bo(es beco&e so croded it! e(tra e##s t!at "e9 i" an,9 o" t!e
e##s in t!ose bo(es !atc!.
.A/ $e&ale ood d%cks ill establis! nests in nest bo(es onl, !en nat%ral
nestin# sites are not available.
.1/ 2estin# "e&ale ood d%cks !o o"ten see ot!er "e&ale ood d%cks are t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR A1G
&ost s%ccess"%l in t!eir breedin# e""orts.
.C/ T!e nestin# bo(es "or ood d%cks !ave less s'ace "or e##s t!an do nat%ral
nestin# sites.
.3/ T!e nestin# bo(es o%ld be &ore e""ective in !el'in# ood d%cks breed i"
t!e, ere less visible to ot!er ood d%cks t!an t!e, c%rrentl, are.
.E/ 2estin# bo(es are needed to s%''le&ent t!e nat%ral nestin# sites o" ood
d%cks beca%se o" t!e destr%ction o" &%c! o" t!e d%cks !abitat.
A. T!e cr%( o" creativit, resides in t!e abilit, to &an%"act%re variations on a t!e&e.
I" e look at t!e !istor, o" science9 "or instance9 e see t!at ever, idea is b%ilt
%'on a t!o%sand related ideas. Care"%l anal,sis leads %s to %nderstand t!at !at
e c!oose to call a ne t!e&e or a ne discover, is itsel" ala,s and it!o%t
e(ce'tion so&e sort o" variation9 on a dee' level9 o" 'revio%s t!e&es.
I" all o" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 eac! o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be
tr%e EECEFT:
.A/ A lack o" abilit, to &an%"act%re a variation on a 'revio%s t!e&e connotes a
lack o" creativit,.
.1/ 2o scienti"ic idea is entirel, inde'endent o" all ot!er ideas.
.C/ Care"%l anal,sis o" a s'eci"ic variation can reveal 'revio%s t!e&es o" !ic!
it is a variation.
.3/ All #reat scienti"ic discoverers !ave been able to &an%"act%re a variation on
a t!e&e.
.E/ So&e ne scienti"ic discoveries do not re'resent9 on a dee' level9 a variation
on 'revio%s t!e&es.
B. Millions o" "e&ale bats rear t!eir '%'s in 1racken Cave. Alt!o%#! t!e &ot!ers all
leave t!e cave ni#!tl,9 on t!eir ret%rn eac! &ot!er is al&ost ala,s si"tl,
re%nited it! !er on '%'. Since t!e bats calls are t!eir onl, &eans o" "indin#
one anot!er9 and a bat '%' cannot distin#%is! t!e call o" its &ot!er "ro& t!at o"
an, ot!er ad%lt bat9 it is clear t!at eac! &ot!er bat can reco#ni)e t!e call o" !er
'%'.
T!e ar#%&ent seeks to do !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ derive a #eneral concl%sion abo%t all &e&bers o" a #ro%' "ro& "acts knon
abo%t re'resentative &e&bers o" t!at #ro%'
.1/ establis! t!e validit, o" one e('lanation "or a '!eno&enon b, e(cl%din#
alternative e('lanations
.C/ s%''ort9 b, describin# a s%itable &ec!anis&9 t!e !,'ot!esis t!at a certain
'!eno&enon can occ%r
.3/ concl%de t!at &e&bers o" to #ro%'s are likel, to s!are a certain abilit,
beca%se o" ot!er c!aracteristics t!e, s!are
.E/ de&onstrate t!at a #eneral r%le a''lies in a 'artic%lar case
GMAT & LSAT CR A1A
H. So&eone !o #ets sick "ro& eatin# a &eal ill o"ten develo' a stron# distaste "or
t!e one "ood in t!e &eal t!at !ad t!e &ost distinctive "lavor9 !et!er or not t!at
"ood ca%sed t!e sickness. T!is '!eno&enon e('lains !, c!ildren are es'eciall,
likel, to develo' stron# aversions to so&e "oods.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e stron#est s%''ort "or t!e
e('lanation-
.A/ C!ildren are &ore likel, t!an ad%lts to be #iven &eals co&'osed o" "oods
lackin# es'eciall, distinctive "lavors.
.1/ C!ildren are less likel, t!an ad%lts to see a connection beteen t!eir !ealt!
and t!e "oods t!e, eat.
.C/ C!ildren tend to !ave &ore ac%te taste and to beco&e sick &ore o"ten t!an
ad%lts do.
.3/ C!ildren t,'icall, recover &ore slol, t!an ad%lts do "ro& sickness ca%sed
b, "ood.
.E/ C!ildren are &ore likel, t!an are ad%lts to re"%se to eat %n"a&iliar "oods.
1I. Fre&i%&s "or a%to&obile accident ins%rance are o"ten !i#!er "or red cars t!an "or
cars o" ot!er colors. To +%sti", t!ese !i#!er c!ar#es9 ins%rance co&'anies clai&
t!at9 overall9 a #reater 'ercenta#e o" red cars are involved in accidents t!an are
cars o" an, ot!er color. I" t!is clai& is tr%e9 t!en lives co%ld %ndo%btedl, be saved
b, bannin# red cars "ro& t!e roads alto#et!er.
.A/ acce'ts it!o%t 0%estion t!at ins%rance co&'anies !ave t!e ri#!t to c!ar#e
!i#!er 're&i%&s "or !i#!er8risk clients
.1/ "ails to consider !et!er red cars cost t!e sa&e to re'air as cars o" ot!er
colors
.C/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at drivers !o drive recklessl, !ave a 're"erence "or
red cars
.3/ does not s'eci", 'recisel, !at 'ercenta#e o" red cars are involved in
accidents
.E/ &akes an %ns%''orted ass%&'tion t!at ever, a%to&obile accident res%lts in
so&e loss o" li"e
11. A certain credit8card co&'an, aards its c%sto&ers bon%s 'oints "or %sin# its
credit card. C%sto&ers can %se acc%&%lated 'oints in t!e '%rc!ase o" brand na&e
&erc!andise b, &ail at 'rices loer t!an t!e &an%"act%rers s%##ested retail
'rices. At an, #iven ti&e9 t!ere"ore9 c%sto&ers !o '%rc!ase &erc!andise %sin#
t!e bon%s 'oints s'end less t!an t!e, o%ld s'end i" t!e, '%rc!ased t!e sa&e
&erc!andise in retail stores.
.A/ T!e &erc!andise t!at can be ordered b, &ail %sin# t!e bon%s 'oints is not
o""ered at loer 'rices b, ot!er credit8card co&'anies t!at aard bon%s
GMAT & LSAT CR A1B
'oints.
.1/ T!e bon%s 'oints cannot be %sed b, t!e credit8card c%sto&ers in t!e '%rc!ase
o" brand na&e &erc!andise t!at is not available "or '%rc!ase in retail stores.
.C/ T!e credit8card co&'an, does not re0%ire its c%sto&ers to acc%&%late a lar#e
n%&ber o" bon%s 'oints be"ore beco&in# eli#ible to order &erc!andise at
'rices loer t!an t!e &an%"act%rers s%##ested retail 'rice.
.3/ T!e a&o%nt credit8card c%sto&ers 'a, "or s!i''in# t!e &erc!andise ordered
b, &ail does not increase t!e a&o%nt c%sto&ers s'end to an a&o%nt #reater
t!an t!e, o%ld s'end i" t!e, '%rc!ased t!e sa&e &erc!andise in retail
stores.
.E/ T!e &erc!andise available to t!e co&'an,s credit8card c%sto&ers %sin# t!e
bon%s 'oints is "re0%entl, sold in retail stores at 'rices t!at are !i#!er t!an
t!e &an%"act%rers s%##ested retail 'rices.
15. It is 'robabl, not tr%e t!at colic in in"ants is ca%sed b, t!e inabilit, o" t!ose
in"ants to tolerate certain antibodies "o%nd in cos &ilk9 since it is o"ten t!e case
t!at s,&'to&s o" colic are s!on b, in"ants t!at are "ed breast &ilk e(cl%sivel,.
.A/ A st%d, involvin# @II sets o" tins !as "o%nd t!at i" one in"ant !as colic9 its
tin ill 'robabl, also !ave colic.
.1/ S,&'to&s o" colic #enerall, disa''ear as in"ants #ro older9 !et!er t!e
in"ants !ave been "ed breast &ilk e(cl%sivel, or !ave been "ed in"ant
"or&%la containin# cos &ilk.
.C/ In a st%d, o" @9III in"ants !o ere "ed onl, in"ant "or&%la containin#
cos &ilk9 over C9III o" t!e in"ants never dis'la,ed an, s,&'to&s o"
colic.
.3/ 6!en &ot!ers o" in"ants t!at are "ed onl, breast &ilk eli&inate cos &ilk
and all 'rod%cts &ade "ro& cos &ilk "ro& t!eir on diets9 an, colic
s,&'to&s t!at t!eir in"ants !ave &ani"ested 0%ickl, disa''ear.
.E/ In"ants t!at are "ed breast &ilk develo' &at%re di#estive s,ste&s at an earlier
a#e t!an do t!ose t!at are "ed in"ant "or&%las9 and in"ants it! &at%re
di#estive s,ste&s are better able to tolerate certain 'roteins and antibodies
"o%nd in cos &ilk.
Questions 13-14
*olanda: Gainin# access to co&'%ters it!o%t a%t!ori)ation and &ani'%latin# t!e
data and 'ro#ra&s t!e, contain is co&'arable to +o,ridin# in stolen carsD bot! involve
breakin# into 'rivate 'ro'ert, and treatin# it recklessl,. Jo,ridin#9 !oever9 is t!e
&ore dan#ero%s cri&e beca%se it '!,sicall, endan#ers 'eo'le9 !ereas onl,
intellect%al 'ro'ert, is !ar&ed in t!e case o" co&'%ter cri&es.
Ar+%n: I disa#reeJ $or e(a&'le9 %na%t!ori)ed %se o" &edical records s,ste&s in
!os'itals co%ld da&a#e data s,ste&s on !ic! !%&an lives de'end9 and t!ere"ore
GMAT & LSAT CR A1H
co&'%ter cri&es also ca%se '!,sical !ar& to 'eo'le.
1<. An iss%e in dis'%te beteen *olanda and Ar+%n is
.A/ !et!er +o,ridin# '!,sicall, endan#ers !%&an lives
.1/ !et!er t!e %na%t!ori)ed &ani'%lation o" co&'%ter data involves da&a#e to
'rivate 'ro'ert,
.C/ !et!er da&a#e to '!,sical 'ro'ert, is &ore cri&inal t!an da&a#e to
intellect%al 'ro'ert,
.3/ !et!er t!e %na%t!ori)ed %se o" co&'%ters is as dan#ero%s to 'eo'le as is
+o,ridin#
.E/ !et!er treatin# 'rivate 'ro'ert, recklessl, is ever a dan#ero%s cri&e
1C. T!e reasonin# in Ar+%ns res'onse is "laed beca%se !e
.A/ "ails to &aintain a distinction &ade in *olandas ar#%&ent
.1/ denies *olandas concl%sion it!o%t 'rovidin# evidence a#ainst it
.C/ relies on t!e act%alit, o" a '!eno&enon t!at !e !as onl, s!on to be 'ossible
.3/ &istakes so&et!in# t!at leads to !is concl%sion "or so&et!in# t!at is
necessar, "or !is concl%sion
.E/ %ses as evidence a '!eno&enon t!at is inconsistent it! !is on concl%sion
1@. A re'ort o" a #overn&ent s%rve, concl%ded t!at Center Cit, as a&on# t!e ten
cities in t!e nation it! t!e !i#!est dro'o%t rate "ro& its sc!ools. T!e s%rve, data
ere obtained b, askin# all cit, residents over t!e a#e o" 1H !et!er t!e, ere
!i#! sc!ool #rad%ates and co&'%tin# t!e 'ro'ortion !o ere not. A cit, sc!ool
o""icial ob+ected t!at t!e res%lt did not see& acc%rate accordin# to t!e sc!ools
"i#%res.
T!e sc!ool o""icial can &ost 'ro'erl, critici)e t!e reasonin# b, !ic! t!e s%rve,
re'ort reac!ed its res%lt "or "ail%re to do !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ take into acco%nt instances o" res'ondents dro''in# o%t t!at occ%rred be"ore
t!e res'ondents reac!ed !i#! sc!ool
.1/ ask residents !et!er t!e, !ad co&'leted t!eir !i#! sc!ool ork in "eer
t!an t!e %s%al n%&ber o" ,ears
.C/ distin#%is! beteen residents !o !ad attended t!e cit,s sc!ools and t!ose
!o !ad received t!eir sc!oolin# else!ere
.3/ 'redict t!e e""ect o" t!e in"or&ation contained in t!e re'ort on "%t%re !i#!
sc!ool dro'o%t rates "or t!e cit,
.E/ consider !et!er a di'lo&a "ro& t!e cit,s !i#! sc!ools si#naled t!e sa&e
level o" ac!ieve&ent over ti&e
1G. 1ron dar"sKdi& red stars t!at are too cool to b%rn !,dro#enKare ver,
si&ilar in a''earance to red dar" stars9 !ic! are +%st !ot eno%#! to b%rn
!,dro#en. Stars9 !en "irst "or&ed9 contain s%bstantial a&o%nts o" t!e ele&ent
GMAT & LSAT CR A5I
lit!i%&. All stars b%t t!e coolest o" t!e bron dar"s are !ot eno%#! to destro,
lit!i%& co&'letel, b, convertin# it to !eli%&. Accordin#l,9 an, star "o%nd t!at
contains no lit!i%& is not one o" t!ese coolest bron dar"s.
T!e ar#%&ent de'ends on ass%&in# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 2one o" t!e coolest bron dar"s !as ever been !ot eno%#! to destro,
lit!i%&.
.1/ Most stars t!at are too cool to b%rn !,dro#en are too cool to destro, lit!i%&
co&'letel,.
.C/ 1ron dar"s t!at are not !ot eno%#! to destro, lit!i%& are !ot eno%#! to
destro, !eli%&.
.3/ Most stars9 !en "irst "or&ed9 contain ro%#!l, t!e sa&e 'ercenta#e o"
lit!i%&.
.E/ 2o stars are &ore si&ilar in a''earance to red dar"s t!an are bron dar"s.
1A. 6!enever a co&'an, loses a &a+or 'rod%ct8liabilit, las%it9 t!e val%e o" t!e
co&'an,s stocks "alls si#ni"icantl, it!in !o%rs a"ter t!e anno%nce&ent. Coto,
!as lon# been involved in a &a+or 'rod%ct8liabilit, las%it9 and its stocks "ell
si#ni"icantl, in val%e toda,. T!ere"ore9 e can be s%re t!at an %n"avorable
+%d#&ent a#ainst Coto, in t!at las%it as anno%nced earlier toda,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# contains "laed reasonin# t!at &ost closel, 'arallels
.A/ 6!enever a b%siness treats its c%sto&ers disco%rteo%sl,9 its c%sto&ers be#in
to s!o' else!ere. S!o'ell ants to kee' all o" its c%sto&ersD t!ere"ore9 its
e&'lo,ees ill never treat c%sto&ers disco%rteo%sl,.
.1/ 6!enever t!e lar#e airlines decrease "ares9 t!e "inancial stabilit, o" s&aller
co&'etin# airlines is adversel, a""ected. T!ere"ore9 t!e s&aller co&'etin#
airlines "inancial stabilit, &%st be serio%sl, t!reatened !en t!e lar#e
airlines anno%nce a lar#e 'rice decrease.
.C/ 6!enever a co%ntr, s!os a lack o" leaders!i' on international iss%es9
res'ect "or t!e co%ntr,s 'olicies be#ins to decline. T!ere"ore9 to #ain
res'ect "or its 'olicies9 a co%ntr, s!o%ld s!o leaders!i' on international
iss%es.
.3/ 6!enever an enterin# st%dent at Cas!&an Colle#e ins t!e Fer"or&ance
$ellos!i'9 !e or s!e receives L1I9III. T!ere"ore9 E%la9 a st%dent !o !as
enrolled at Cas!&an9 &%st !ave on t!e Fer"or&ance $ellos!i'9 beca%se
s!e +%st received L1I9III "ro& t!e colle#e.
.E/ 6!enever a co&'an, advertises its 'rod%cts e""ectivel,9 t!e co&'an,s sales
increase. 7rocos sales !ave not increasedD t!ere"ore9 it is likel, t!at t!e
co&'an, did not advertise its 'rod%cts e""ectivel,.
1B. In recent ,ears t!e cli&ate !as been #enerall, cool in nort!ern Asia. 1%t d%rin#
'eriods !en t!e avera#e dail, te&'erat%re and !%&idit, in nort!ern Asia ere
GMAT & LSAT CR A51
sli#!tl, !i#!er t!an t!eir nor&al levels t!e ,ields o" &ost cro's #ron t!ere
increased si#ni"icantl,. In t!e ne(t cent%r,9 t!e increased avera#e dail,
te&'erat%re and !%&idit, attained d%rin# t!ose 'eriods are e('ected to beco&e
t!e nor&. *et scientists 'redict t!at t!e ,earl, ,ields o" &ost o" t!e re#ions cro's
ill decrease d%rin# t!e ne(t cent%r,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to resolve t!e a''arent 'arado( in
t!e in"or&ation above-
.A/ Cro' ,ields in so%t!ern Asia are e('ected to re&ain constant even a"ter t!e
avera#e dail, te&'erat%re and !%&idit, t!ere increase "ro& recent levels.
.1/ An, increases in te&'erat%re and !%&idit, o%ld be acco&'anied b, !i#!er
levels o" at&os'!eric carbon dio(ide9 !ic! is vital to 'lant res'iration.
.C/ T!e cli&ate in nort!ern Asia !as #enerall, been too cool and dr, in recent
,ears "or 'o'%lations o" &an, cro' insect 'ests to beco&e establis!ed.
.3/ In &an, 'arts o" Asia9 t!e increased ann%al 'reci'itation t!at o%ld res%lt
"ro& ar&er and etter cli&ates o%ld ca%se &ost edible 'lant s'ecies to
"lo%ris!.
.E/ T!e recent cli&ate o" nort!ern Asia 'revents &an, cro's "ro& bein# "ar&ed
t!ere d%rin# t!e inter.
1H. 2o one in t!e $renc! de'art&ent to !ic! Fro"essor Alban belon#s is alloed to
teac! &ore t!an one introd%ctor, level class in an, one ter&. Moreover9 t!e onl,
lan#%a#e classes bein# ta%#!t ne(t ter& are advanced ones. So it is %ntr%e t!at
bot! o" t!e $renc! classes Fro"essor Alban ill be teac!in# ne(t ter& ill be
introd%ctor, level classes.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# dis'la,ed in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost closel,
'aralleled b, t!at in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents-
.A/ T!e Morrison 1%ildin# ill be "%ll, occ%'ied b, Ma, and since i" a b%ildin#
is occ%'ied b, Ma, t!e ne ta( rates a''l, to it9 t!e Morrison 1%ildin# ill
be ta(ed accordin# to t!e ne rates.
.1/ T!e revised ta( code does not a''l, at all to b%ildin#s b%ilt be"ore 1HII9 and
onl, t!e "irst section o" t!e revised code a''lies to b%ildin#s b%ilt beteen
1HII and 1H5I9 so t!e revised code does not a''l, to t!e 2orton 1%ildin#9
since it as b%ilt in 1BA<.
.C/ All 'ro'ert, on 7verton Road ill be reassessed "or ta( '%r'oses b, t!e end
o" t!e ,ear and t!e Elnor Co&'an, !ead0%arters is on 7verton Road9 so
Elnors 'ro'ert, ta(es ill be !i#!er ne(t ,ear.
.3/ 2e b%ildin#s t!at incl%de '%blic s'ace are e(e&'t "ro& cit, ta(es "or to
,ears and all ne b%ildin#s in t!e cit,s Alton district are e(e&'t "or "ive
,ears9 so t!e b%ildin# it! t!e lar#e '%blic s'ace t!at as recentl,
co&'leted in Alton ill not be s%b+ect to cit, ta(es ne(t ,ear.
.E/ Since accordin# to recent stat%te9 a b%ildin# t!at is e(e&'t "ro& 'ro'ert,
ta(es is c!ar#ed "or cit, ater at a s'ecial rate9 and !os'itals are e(e&'t
GMAT & LSAT CR A55
"ro& 'ro'ert, ta(es9 $o%nders :os'ital ill be c!ar#ed "or cit, ater at t!e
s'ecial rate.
Questions !0-!1
So&e 'eo'le !ave been 'ro&otin# a ne !erbal &i(t%re as a re&ed, "or t!e co&&on
cold. T!e &i(t%re contains9 a&on# ot!er t!in#s9 e(tracts o" t!e 'lants '%r'le cone8
"loer and #oldenseal. A cold s%""erer9 ske'tical o" t!e clai& t!at t!e &i(t%re is an
e""ective cold re&ed,9 ar#%ed9 >S%''ose t!at t!e &i(t%re ere an e""ective cold
re&ed,. Since &ost 'eo'le it! colds is! to recover 0%ickl,9 it "ollos t!at al&ost
ever,bod, it! a cold o%ld be %sin# it. T!ere"ore9 since t!ere are &an, 'eo'le !o
!ave colds b%t do not %se t!e &i(t%re9 it is obvio%sl, not e""ective.?
5I. Eac! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion re0%ired b, t!e ske'tical cold s%""erers
ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ Eno%#! o" t!e &i(t%re is 'rod%ced to 'rovide t!e re0%ired doses to al&ost
ever,bod, it! a cold.
.1/ T!e &i(t%re does not !ave side e""ects severe eno%#! to &ake &an, 'eo'le
!o !ave colds avoid %sin# it.
.C/ T!e &i(t%re is 'oer"%l eno%#! to 'revent al&ost ever,bod, !o %ses it
"ro& contractin# an, "%rt!er colds.
.3/ T!e &i(t%re is idel, eno%#! knon t!at al&ost ever,bod, it! a cold is
aare o" it.
.E/ T!ere are no e""ective cold re&edies available t!at &an, 'eo'le !o !ave
colds 're"er to t!e &i(t%re.
51. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes t!e &et!od o" reasonin#
t!e cold s%""erer %ses to reac! t!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ "indin# a clai& to be "alse on t!e #ro%nds t!at it o%ld9 i" tr%e9 !ave
conse0%ences t!at are "alse
.1/ acce'tin# a clai& on t!e basis o" '%blic o'inion o" t!e clai&
.C/ s!oin# t!at conditions necessar, to establis! t!e tr%t! o" a clai& are &et
.3/ basin# a #enerali)ation on a re'resentative #ro%' o" instances
.E/ s!oin# t!at a &eas%re clai&ed to be e""ective in ac!ievin# a certain e""ect
o%ld act%all, &ake ac!ievin# t!e e""ect &ore di""ic%lt
55. To !old cri&inals res'onsible "or t!eir cri&es involves a "ail%re to reco#ni)e t!at
cri&inal actions9 like all actions9 are %lti&atel, 'rod%cts o" t!e environ&ent t!at
"or#ed t!e a#ents c!aracter. It is not cri&inals b%t 'eo'le in t!e la8abidin#
&a+orit, !o b, t!eir actions do &ost to create and &aintain t!is environ&ent.
T!ere"ore9 it is la8abidin# 'eo'le !ose actions9 and not!in# else9 &ake t!e&
alone tr%l, res'onsible "or cri&e.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at
.A/ it e('loits an a&bi#%it, in t!e ter& >environ&ent? b, treatin# to di""erent
GMAT & LSAT CR A5<
&eanin#s o" t!e ord as t!o%#! t!e, ere e0%ivalent
.1/ it "ails to distin#%is! beteen actions t!at are sociall, acce'table and actions
t!at are sociall, %nacce'table
.C/ t!e a, it distin#%is!es cri&inals "ro& cri&es i&'licitl, denies t!at so&eone
beco&es a cri&inal solel, in virt%e o" !avin# co&&itted a cri&e
.3/ its concl%sion is a #enerali)ation o" statistical evidence dran "ro& onl, a
s&all &inorit, o" t!e 'o'%lation
.E/ its concl%sion contradicts an i&'licit 'rinci'le on !ic! an earlier 'art o" t!e
ar#%&ent is based
5<. C!ronic back 'ain is %s%all, ca%sed b, a !erniated or de#enerated s'inal disk. In
&ost cases t!e disk ill !ave been da&a#ed ,ears be"ore c!ronic 'ain develo's9
and in "act an esti&ated one in "ive 'eo'le over t!e a#e o" <I !as a !erniated or
de#enerated disk t!at s!os no c!ronic s,&'to&s. I" c!ronic 'ain later develo's
in s%c! a case9 it is #enerall, bro%#!t abo%t b, a deterioration o" t!e abdo&inal
and s'inal &%scles ca%sed b, ins%""icient e(ercise.
.A/ $o%r o%t o" "ive 'eo'le over t!e a#e o" <I can be s%re t!e, ill never
develo' c!ronic back 'ain.
.1/ Feo'le !o e(ercise t!eir abdo&inal and s'inal &%scles re#%larl, are s%re to
be "ree "ro& c!ronic back 'ain.
.C/ Fatients rarel, s%""er even &ild and "leetin# back 'ain at t!e ti&e t!at a
s'inal disk "irst beco&es !erniated or de#enerated.
.3/ 3octors can acc%ratel, 'redict !ic! 'eo'le !o do not !ave c!ronic back
'ain ill develo' it in t!e "%t%re.
.E/ T!ere is a strate#, t!at can be e""ective in dela,in# or 'reventin# t!e onset o"
'ain "ro& a c%rrentl, as,&'to&atic !erniated or de#enerated s'inal disk.
5C. Eac! 3ece&ber <1 in Co%ntr, N9 a tall, is &ade o" t!e co%ntr,s total available
coal s%''liesKt!at is9 t!e total a&o%nt o" coal t!at !as been &ined t!ro%#!o%t
t!e co%ntr, b%t not cons%&ed. In 1HH1 t!at a&o%nt as considerabl, loer t!an
it !ad been in 1HHI. $%rt!er&ore9 Co%ntr, N !as not i&'orted or e('orted coal
since 1HAI.
t!e basis o" t!e&-
.A/ In Co%ntr, N9 &ore coal as &ined in 1HHI t!an as &ined in 1HH1.
.1/ In Co%ntr, N9 t!e a&o%nt o" coal cons%&ed in 1HH1 as #reater t!an t!e
a&o%nt o" coal &ined in 1HH1.
.C/ In Co%ntr, N9 t!e a&o%nt o" coal cons%&ed in 1HHI as #reater t!an t!e
a&o%nt o" coal cons%&ed in 1HH1.
.3/ In Co%ntr, N9 t!e a&o%nt o" coal cons%&ed in 1HH1 as #reater t!an t!e
a&o%nt o" coal cons%&ed in 1HHI.
GMAT & LSAT CR A5C
.E/ In Co%ntr, N9 &ore coal as cons%&ed d%rin# t!e "irst !al" o" 1HH1 t!an as
cons%&ed d%rin# t!e "irst !al" o" 1HHI.
5@. To&: E&'lo,ers co&'lain t!at 'eo'le #rad%atin# "ro& !i#! sc!ool too o"ten lack
t!e vocational skills re0%ired "or "%ll8ti&e e&'lo,&ent. T!ere"ore9 since t!ese
skills are best ac0%ired on t!e +ob9 e s!o%ld re0%ire !i#! sc!ool st%dents to ork
at 'art8ti&e +obs so t!at t!e, ac0%ire t!e skills needed "or toda,s +ob &arket.
Mar,: T!ere are alread, too "e 'art8ti&e +obs "or st%dents !o ant to ork9
and si&'l, re0%irin# st%dents to ork ill not create +obs "or t!e&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes !o Mar,s res'onse is
related to To&s ar#%&ent-
.A/ It anal,)es an %ndesirable res%lt o" %ndertakin# t!e co%rse o" action t!at To&
reco&&ends.
.1/ It ar#%es t!at To& !as &istaken an %navoidable trend "or an avoidable one.
.C/ It 'rovides in"or&ation t!at is inconsistent it! an e('licitl, stated 're&ise
in To&s ar#%&ent.
.3/ It 'resents a consideration t!at %nderc%ts an ass%&'tion on !ic! To&s
ar#%&ent de'ends.
.E/ It de"ends an alternative sol%tion to t!e 'roble& t!at To& describes.
SECTI72 I4
1. Critic: Feo'le toda, 'lace an es'eciall, !i#! val%e on res'ect "or ot!ersD ,et9 in
t!eir co&ed, acts9 &an, o" toda,s &ost 'o'%lar co&edians dis'la, blatant
disres'ect "or ot!ers. 1%t !en 'eo'le "ail to live %' to t!e ver, ideals t!e, !old
in !i#!est estee&9 e(a##eration o" s%c! "ailin#s o"ten "or&s t!e basis o"
s%ccess"%l co&ed,. T!%s t!e c%rrent 'o'%larit, o" co&edians !o dis'la,
disres'ect in t!eir acts is !ardl, s%r'risin#.
T!e critics ar#%&ent de'ends on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ Feo'le !o en+o, co&edians !o dis'la, disres'ect in t!eir acts do not
'lace a !i#! val%e on res'ect "or ot!ers.
.1/ 7nl, co&edians !o dis'la, blatant disres'ect in t!eir acts are c%rrentl,
s%ccess"%l.
.C/ Man, 'eo'le disa''rove o" t!e 'ortra,al o" blatant disres'ect "or ot!ers in
co&ed, acts.
.3/ Feo'le !o val%e an ideal es'eciall, !i#!l, do not ala,s s%cceed in livin#
%' to t!is ideal.
.E/ Feo'le toda, "ail to live %' to t!eir on ideals &ore "re0%entl, t!an as t!e
case in t!e 'ast.
GMAT & LSAT CR A5@
5. T!e la "ir& o" S%t!erlin9 Fere)9 and Associates is one o" t!e &ost s%ccess"%l la
"ir&s !ose 'ri&ar, s'eciali)ation is in cri&inal de"ense cases. In "act9 t!e "ir&
!as a better t!an HI 'ercent ac0%ittal rate in s%c! cases. 3alton is an attorne,
!ose 'ri&ar, s'eciali)ation is in divorce cases9 so 3alton certainl, cannot be a
&e&ber o" S%t!erlin9 Fere)9 and Associates.
.A/ o""ers in s%''ort o" its concl%sion 'ieces o" evidence t!at are &%t%all,
contradictor,
.1/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at a 'erson can 'ractice la it!o%t bein# a
&e&ber o" a la "ir&
.C/ concl%des t!at so&eone is not a &e&ber o" a #ro%' on t!e #ro%nds t!at t!at
'erson does not !ave a c!aracteristic t!at t!e #ro%' as a !ole !as
.3/ takes a !i#! rate o" s%ccess a&on# t!e &e&bers o" a #ro%' to indicate t!at
t!e s%ccesses are evenl, s'read a&on# t!e &e&bers
.E/ states a #enerali)ation based on a selection t!at is not re'resentative o" t!e
#ro%' abo%t !ic! t!e #enerali)ation is s%''osed to !old tr%e
<. 7''onents o" alloin# tri'le8trailer tr%cks to %se t!e national !i#!a, s,ste& are
ron# in clai&in# t!at t!ese tr%cks are &ore dan#ero%s t!an ot!er co&&ercial
ve!icles. In t!e estern 'art o" t!e co%ntr,9 in areas !ere tri'le8trailers are no
'er&itted on so&e !i#!a,s9 "or t!ese ve!icles t!e rate o" road accident "atalities
'er &ile o" travel is loer t!an t!e national rate "or ot!er t,'es o" co&&ercial
ve!icles. Clearl,9 tri'le8trailers are sa"er t!an ot!er co&&ercial ve!icles.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost s%bstantiall, eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It takes to s&aller se&itrailers to !a%l as &%c! ei#!t as a sin#le tri'le8
trailer can.
.1/ :i#!a,s in t!e s'arsel, 'o'%lated 6est are &%c! less !eavil, traveled and
conse0%entl, are "ar sa"er t!an !i#!a,s in t!e national s,ste& as a !ole.
.C/ 7''onents o" t!e tri'le8trailers also once o''osed t!e s!orter tin8trailers9
!ic! are no co&&on on t!e nations !i#!a,s.
.3/ In areas !ere t!e tri'le8trailers are 'er&itted9 drivers need a s'ecial license
to o'erate t!e&.
.E/ $or tri'le8trailers t!e rate o" road accident "atalities 'er &ile o" travel as
!i#!er last ,ear t!an in t!e to 'revio%s ,ears.
C. 6!ittaker: T!ere can be no s%c! t!in# as t!e n%&ber o" &edical sc!ool st%dents
!o dro' o%t be"ore t!eir second ,ear9 beca%se i" t!e, dro' o%t9 t!e, never !ave a
second ,ear.
:%dson: 1, ,o%r reasonin# I cannot !el' b%t beco&e ric!9 beca%se t!ere is
si&ilarl, no s%c! t!in# as &, d,in# be"ore &, "irst &illion dollars is in t!e bank.
:%dson res'onds to 6!ittaker b,
.A/ s!oin# t!at a relevantl, analo#o%s ar#%&ent leads to an %ntenable
GMAT & LSAT CR A5G
concl%sion
.1/ citin# a s'eci"ic e(a&'le to co%nter 6!ittakers #eneral clai&
.C/ 'ointin# o%t t!at 6!ittaker &istakes a necessar, sit%ation "or a 'ossible
sit%ation
.3/ clai&in# t!at !at 6!ittaker sa,s cannot be tr%e beca%se 6!ittaker acts as i"
it ere "alse
.E/ s!oin# t!at 6!ittakers ar#%&ent relies on anal,)in# an e(tre&e and
%nre'resentative case
@. A nel, develo'ed li#!t b%lb is &%c! &ore cost8e""ective t!an conventional li#!t
b%lbs: it costs onl, abo%t < ti&es !at a conventional li#!t b%lb costs b%t it lasts
%' to 1I ti&es as lon# as a conventional li#!t b%lb. 3es'ite t!e &an%"act%rers
intense e""orts to '%blici)e t!e advanta#es o" t!e ne b%lb9 one anal,st 'redicts
t!at t!ese ne b%lbs ill 'rove to sell ver, 'oorl,.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides s%''ort "or t!e anal,sts 'rediction
EECEFT:
.A/ T!e li#!t #enerated b, t!e ne b%lb is in t!e ,ello ran#e o" t!e s'ectr%&9 a
t,'e o" arti"icial li#!t &ost 'eo'le "ind %na''ealin#.
.1/ Most 'eo'le !o '%rc!ase li#!t b%lbs 're"er to b%, ine('ensive li#!t b%lbs
rat!er t!an &ore d%rable b%t e('ensive li#!t b%lbs.
.C/ A &an%"act%rer o" one brand o" conventional li#!t b%lb !as advertised clai&s
t!at t!e ne li#!t b%lb %ses &ore electricit, t!an do conventional li#!t
b%lbs.
.3/ T!e ne b%lb is to be &arketed in several di""erent 0%antities9 ran#in# "ro&
'acka#es containin# one b%lb to 'acka#es containin# "o%r b%lbs.
.E/ A co&'etin# &an%"act%rer is abo%t to introd%ce a li#!t b%lb t!at lasts 1I
ti&es as lon# as a conventional b%lb b%t costs less t!an a conventional b%lb.
G. T!e -ien.i9 a 'assen#er s!i'9 sank as a res%lt o" a !ole in its !%ll9 'ossibl, ca%sed
b, sabota#e. 2or&all,9 !en a !oled s!i' sinks as ra'idl, as t!e -ien.i did9 ater
does not enter t!e s!i' 0%ickl, eno%#! "or t!e s!i' to be "%ll, "looded !en it
reac!es t!e ocean "loor. $%ll "loodin# can be ac!ieved9 !oever9 b, sabota#e.
An, s!i' t!at sinks dee' into t!e ocean !en not "%ll, "looded ill i&'lode.
3ee'8sea '!oto#ra'!s9 taken o" t!e s%nken -ien.i !ere it rests on t!e ocean
"loor9 reveal t!at t!e -ien.i did not i&'lode.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e on t!e basis o" t!e in"or&ation above-
.A/ T!e -ien.i as so constr%cted as to red%ce t!e risk o" sinkin# b, i&'act.
.1/ I" t!e -ien.i beca&e "%ll, "looded9 it did so onl, a"ter it reac!ed t!e ocean
"loor.
.C/ I" t!e -ien.i as not s%nk b, sabota#e9 ater "looded into it %n%s%all, "ast.
.3/ I" t!e -ien.i !ad s%nk &ore slol,9 it o%ld !ave i&'loded.
GMAT & LSAT CR A5A
.E/ T!e -ien.i as so stron#l, constr%cted as to resist i&'lodin# %nder dee'8sea
'ress%re.
A. $or ever, @I do#s t!at contract a certain disease9 one ill die "ro& it. A vaccine
e(ists t!at is virt%all, 1II 'ercent e""ective in 'reventin# t!is disease. Since t!e
risk o" deat! "ro& co&'lications o" vaccination is one deat! 'er @9III
vaccinations9 it is t!ere"ore sa"er "or a do# to receive t!e vaccine t!an not to
receive it.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# o%ld it be &ost !el'"%l to kno in order to eval%ate
t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ t!e total n%&ber o" do#s t!at die eac! ,ear "ro& all ca%ses taken to#et!er
.1/ !et!er t!e vaccine is e""ective a#ainst t!e disease in !o%se!old 'ets ot!er
t!an do#s
.C/ t!e n%&ber o" do#s t!at die eac! ,ear "ro& diseases ot!er t!an t!e disease in
0%estion
.3/ t!e likeli!ood t!at a do# ill contract anot!er disease s%c! as rabies
.E/ t!e likeli!ood t!at an %nvaccinated do# ill contract t!e disease in 0%estion
B. T!e s,&'to&s o" &ental disorders are be!avioral9 co#nitive9 or e&otional
'roble&s. So&e 'atients it! &ental disorders can be e""ectivel, treated it!
's,c!ot!era',. 1%t it is no knon t!at in so&e 'atients &ental disorders res%lt
"ro& c!e&ical i&balances a""ectin# t!e brain. T!%s t!ese 'atients can be
e""ectivel, treated onl, it! &edication t!at ill red%ce or correct t!e i&balance.
.A/ Treat&ent b, 's,c!ot!era', can 'rod%ce no e""ective red%ction in or
correction o" c!e&ical i&balances t!at ca%se &ental disorders.
.1/ Treat&ent it! &edication ala,s s!os "aster res%lts "or 'atients it!
&ental disorders t!an does treat&ent it! 's,c!ot!era',.
.C/ Most &ental disorders are not t!e res%lt o" c!e&ical i&balances a""ectin# t!e
brain.
.3/ Medication is ala,s &ore e""ective in treatin# 'atients it! &ental
disorders t!an is 's,c!ot!era',.
.E/ Treat&ent it! 's,c!ot!era', !as no e""ect on &ental disorders ot!er t!an a
red%ction o" t!e s,&'to&s.
Questions 9-10
C%rator: T!e decision to restore t!e cloak o" t!e central "i#%re in 4eroneses 'aintin#
"ro& its 'resent red to t!e #reen "o%nd %nderneat! is "%ll, +%sti"ied. Reliable (8ra, and
c!e&ical tests s!o t!at t!e red 'i#&ent as a''lied a"ter t!e 'aintin# !ad been
co&'leted9 and t!at t!e red 'aint as not &i(ed in 4eroneses orks!o'. :ence it
a''ears likel, t!at an artist ot!er t!an 4eronese ta&'ered it! 4eroneses 'aintin#
a"ter its co&'letion.
GMAT & LSAT CR A5B
Art critic: 1%t in a co', o" 4eroneses 'aintin# &ade s!ortl, a"ter 4eronese died9 t!e
cloak is red. It is !i#!l, %nlikel, t!at a co',ist o%ld !ave &ade so &a+or a c!an#e so
soon a"ter 4eroneses deat!.
H. T!e assertion t!at a later artist ta&'ered it! 4eroneses 'aintin# serves !ic!
one o" t!e "olloin# "%nctions in t!e c%rators ar#%&ent-
.A/ It is t!e &ain 'oint toard !ic! t!e ar#%&ent as a !ole is directed.
.1/ It is a s%bsidiar, concl%sion t!at s%''orts t!e ar#%&ents &ain concl%sion.
.C/ It is a clari"ication o" a ke, ter& o" t!e ar#%&ent.
.3/ It is a 'artic%lar instance o" t!e #eneral 'osition to be de"ended.
.E/ It is a reiteration o" t!e &ain 'oint t!at is &ade "or t!e sake o" e&'!asis.
1I. T!e art critics res'onse to t!e c%rator o%ld 'rovide t!e stron#est s%''ort "or
!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sions-
.A/ T!e co', o" 4eroneses 'aintin# t!at as &ade soon a"ter t!e 'ainters deat!
is indistin#%is!able "ro& t!e ori#inal.
.1/ 2o 'aintin# s!o%ld be restored be"ore t!e 'aintin# is tested it!
tec!nolo#icall, so'!isticated e0%i'&ent.
.C/ T!e 'ro'osed restoration ill "ail to restore 4eroneses 'aintin# to t!e
a''earance it !ad at t!e end o" t!e artists li"eti&e.
.3/ T!e val%e o" an artists ork is not necessaril, co&'ro&ised !en t!at ork
is ta&'ered it! b, later artists.
.E/ 4eronese did not ori#inall, intend t!e central "i#%res cloak to be #reen.
11. Jo!n orks "ive da,s eac! eek e(ce't !en on vacation or d%rin# eeks in
!ic! national !olida,s occ%r. $o%r da,s a eek !e orks in an ins%rance
co&'an,D on $rida,s !e orks as a blacks&it!. Last eek t!ere ere no
!olida,s9 and Jo!n as not on vacation. T!ere"ore9 !e &%st !ave orked in t!e
ins%rance co&'an, on Monda,9 T%esda,9 6ednesda,9 and T!%rsda, last eek.
.A/ Jo!n never takes a vacation o" &ore t!an one eek in len#t!.
.1/ Ever, da, last eek t!at Jo!n orked9 !e orked "or an entire orkda,.
.C/ Jo!n does not take vacations in eeks in !ic! national !olida,s occ%r.
.3/ Last eek Jo!n orked neit!er on Sat%rda, nor on S%nda,.
.E/ T!ere ere no da,s last eek on !ic! Jo!n bot! orked in t!e ins%rance
co&'an, and also orked as a blacks&it!.
15. A"ter several atte&'ts to distract !is ,o%n# 'arrot "ro& c!ein# on "%rnit%re9
Geor#e rel%ctantl, took an e('erts advice and #entl, !it t!e 'arrots beak
!enever t!e bird started to c!e "%rnit%re. T!e bird sto''ed c!ein# "%rnit%re9
b%t it is no a"raid o" !ands and ill so&eti&es bite. Since c!ein# on t!e
"%rnit%re o%ld not !ave !%rt t!e bird9 Geor#e s!o%ld not !ave !it it.
GMAT & LSAT CR A5H
6!en Carlas '%'', esca'ed "ro& !er ,ard9 it bo%nded into a b%s, street.
Alt!o%#! Carla does not #enerall, a''rove o" '!,sical disci'line9 s!e !it t!e
'%'', s!ar'l, it! !er !and. 2o t!e '%'', enters t!e street onl, !en
acco&'anied b, Carla9 so Carla as +%sti"ied in disci'linin# t!e '%'',.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld +%sti", t!e
+%d#&ents abo%t Geor#es and Carlas actions-
.A/ 6!en disci'linin# an ani&al '!,sicall,9 a trainer s!o%ld %se an ob+ect s%c!
as a rolled %' nes'a'er to avoid &akin# t!e ani&al "ri#!tened o" !ands.
.1/ 6!en trainin# an ani&al9 '!,sical disci'line s!o%ld be %sed onl, !en s%c!
disci'line is necessar, to correct be!avior t!at co%ld res%lt in serio%s !ar&
to t!e ani&al.
.C/ =sin# '!,sical disci'line to train an ani&al is +%sti"ied onl, !en all
alternative strate#ies "or correctin# %ndesirable be!avior !ave "ailed.
.3/ F!,sical disci'line s!o%ld not be %sed on i&&at%re ani&als.
.E/ F!,sical disci'line s!o%ld not be %sed b, an ani&al trainer e(ce't to correct
'ersistent be!avior 'roble&s.
1<. Mat%re !ite 'ines interce't al&ost all t!e s%nli#!t t!at s!ines on t!e&. T!e,
leave a dee' litter t!at dries readil,9 and t!e, #ro to 'rodi#io%s !ei#!t so t!at9
even !en t!ere are lar#e #a's in a stand o" s%c! trees9 little li#!t reac!es t!e
"orest "loor. $or t!is reason !ite 'ines cannot re#enerate in t!eir on s!ade.
T!%s9 !en in a dense "orest a stand o" trees consists o" not!in# b%t &at%re !ite
'ines9 it is a "air bet t!at;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost lo#icall, concl%des t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ t!e a#es o" t!e trees in t!e stand do not di""er "ro& eac! ot!er b, &%c! &ore
t!an t!e len#t! o" ti&e it takes a !ite 'ine to #ro to &at%rit,
.1/ t!e land on !ic! t!e stand is no #roin# !ad been cleared o" all trees at
t!e ti&e !en t!e "irst o" t!e !ite 'ines started #roin#
.C/ co&'etition a&on# t!e trees in t!e stand "or s%nli#!t ill soon res%lt in so&e
trees d,in# and t!e stand t!%s beco&in# t!inner
.3/ ot!er s'ecies o" trees ill soon be#in to coloni)e t!e stand9 event%all,
re'lacin# all o" t!e !ite 'ines
.E/ an, di""erences in t!e !ei#!ts o" t!e trees in t!e stand are attrib%table solel,
to di""erences in t!e a#es o" t!e trees
1C. Advertise&ent: A leadin# econo&ist !as deter&ined t!at a&on# 'eo'le !o %sed
co&'%ters at t!eir 'lace o" e&'lo,&ent last ,ear9 t!ose !o also oned 'ortable
.>la'to'?/ co&'%ters earned 5@ 'ercent &ore on avera#e t!an t!ose !o did not.
It is obvio%s "ro& t!is t!at onin# a la'to' co&'%ter led to a !i#!er8'a,in# +ob.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# identi"ies a reasonin# error in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It atte&'ts to s%''ort a see'in# #enerali)ation on t!e basis o" in"or&ation
abo%t onl, a s&all n%&ber o" individ%als.
GMAT & LSAT CR A<I
.1/ Its concl%sion &erel, restates a clai& &ade earlier in t!e ar#%&ent.
.C/ It concl%des t!at one t!in# as ca%sed b, anot!er alt!o%#! t!e evidence
#iven is consistent it! t!e "irst t!in#s !avin# ca%sed t!e second.
.3/ It o""ers in"or&ation as s%''ort "or a concl%sion !en t!at in"or&ation
act%all, s!os t!at t!e concl%sion is "alse.
.E/ It %ncriticall, 'ro+ects c%rrentl, e(istin# trends inde"initel, into t!e "%t%re.
1@. R!onda ill see t!e &ovie to&orro a"ternoon onl, i" Fa%l #oes to t!e concert in
t!e a"ternoon. Fa%l ill not #o to t!e concert %nless Ted a#rees to #o to t!e
concert. :oever9 Ted re"%ses to #o to t!e concert. So R!onda ill not see t!e
&ovie to&orro a"ternoon.
o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ I" Janice co&es to visit9 Mar, ill not 'a, t!e bills to&orro. Janice ill not
co&e to visit %nless s!e locates a bab,sitter. :oever9 Janice !as located a
bab,sitter9 so s!e ill visit Mar,.
.1/ Gar, ill do !is la%ndr, to&orro onl, i" Feter !as to #o to ork. =nless
Cat!, is ill9 Feter ill not !ave to #o to ork. Since Cat!, is not ill9 Gar,
ill not do !is la%ndr, to&orro.
.C/ Mell, ill barbec%e "is! toni#!t i" it does not rain and t!e &arket !as "res!
tro%t. Alt!o%#! t!e "orecast does not call "or rain9 t!e &arket does not !ave
"res! tro%t. So Mell, ill not barbec%e "is! toni#!t.
.3/ Lisa ill attend t!e "a&il, re%nion ne(t eek onl, i" one o" !er brot!ers9
Jared or Marl9 also attends. Marl ill not attend t!e re%nion9 b%t Jared ill.
So Lisa ill attend t!e re%nion.
.E/ Geor#e ill not #o to t!e &%se%& to&orro %nless Mark a#rees to #o. Mark
ill #o to t!e &%se%& onl, i" !e can 'ost'one &ost o" !is a''oint&ents.
Mark !as 'ost'oned so&e o" !is a''oint&ents9 so !e ill #o to t!e &%se%&.
1G. Frivate ind%str, is tr,in# to attract skilled researc! scientists b, o""erin# t!e&
!i#! salaries. As a res%lt9 &ost researc! scientists e&'lo,ed in 'rivate ind%str,
no earn @I 'ercent &ore t!an do co&'arabl, skilled researc! scientists
e&'lo,ed b, t!e #overn&ent. So9 %nless #overn&ent8e&'lo,ed researc!
scientists are &otivated &ore b, a sense o" '%blic d%t, t!an b, t!eir on
interests9 t!e #overn&ent is likel, to lose its &ost skilled researc! scientists to
'rivate ind%str,9 since none o" t!ese scientists o%ld !ave 'roble&s "indin#
'rivate8sector +obs.
.A/ Govern&ent researc! scientists are less likel, to receive acknoled#&ent "or
t!eir researc! contrib%tions t!an are researc! scientists in t!e 'rivate sector.
.1/ 2one o" t!e researc! scientists c%rrentl, e&'lo,ed b, t!e #overn&ent earns
&ore t!an t!e !i#!est8'aid researc!ers e&'lo,ed in t!e 'rivate sector.
GMAT & LSAT CR A<1
.C/ T!e #overn&ent does not e&'lo, as &an, researc! scientists !o are !i#!l,
skilled as does an, lar#e co&'an, in t!e 'rivate sector !ic! e&'lo,s
researc! scientists.
.3/ T!e #overn&ent does not 'rovide its researc! scientists it! %n%s%all, #ood
orkin# conditions or "rin#e bene"its t!at &ore t!an co&'ensate "or t!e
loer salaries t!e, receive.
.E/ Researc! scientists e&'lo,ed in t!e 'rivate sector #enerall, ork lon#er
!o%rs t!an do researc!ers e&'lo,ed b, t!e #overn&ent.
1A. =sin# "ossil ener#, &ore e""icientl, is in t!e interest o" t!e nation and t!e #lobal
environ&ent9 b%t &a+or i&'rove&ents are %nlikel, %nless 'ro'osed #overn&ent
standards are i&'le&ented to eli&inate 'rod%cts or 'ractices t!at are a&on# t!e
least e""icient in t!eir class.
7b+ection: 3ecisions on ener#, %se are best le"t to t!e o'eration o" t!e &arket.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost directl, %nder&ines t!e ob+ection
above-
.A/ It o%ld be %nrealistic to e('ect societ, to &ake t!e c!an#es necessar, to
ac!ieve &a(i&%& ener#, e""icienc, all at once.
.1/ T!ere are 'rod%cts9 s%c! as a%to&obiles9 t!at cons%&e ener#, at a s%""icient
rate t!at 'ersons !o '%rc!ase and %se t!e& ill beco&e conscio%s o" an,
%n%s%al ener#, ine""icienc, in co&'arison it! ot!er 'rod%cts in t!e sa&e
class.
.C/ 6!enever a ne &ode o" #eneratin# ener#,9 s%c! as a ne "%el9 is
introd%ced9 a n%&ber o" s%''ort s,ste&s9 s%c! as a "%el8distrib%tion s,ste&9
&%st be created or ada'ted.
.3/ 6!en ener#, 'rices rise9 cons%&ers o" ener#, tend to look "or ne a,s to
increase ener#, e""icienc,9 s%c! as b, addin# ins%lation to t!eir !o%ses.
.E/ 7"ten t!e '%rc!aser o" a 'rod%ct9 s%c! as a landlord b%,in# an a''liance9
c!ooses on t!e basis o" '%rc!ase 'rice beca%se t!e '%rc!aser is not t!e
'erson !o ill 'a, "or ener#, %sed b, t!e 'rod%ct.
1B. 3obson: So&e !istorians clai& t!at t!e 'eo'le !o b%ilt a rin# o" stones
t!o%sands o" ,ears a#o in 1ritain ere knoled#eable abo%t celestial events. T!e
#ro%nd "or t!is clai& is t!at to o" t!e stones deter&ine a line 'ointin# directl, to
t!e 'osition o" t!e s%n at s%nrise at t!e s'rin# e0%ino(. T!ere are &an, stones in
t!e rin#9 !oever9 so t!e c!ance t!at one 'air ill 'oint in a celestiall, si#ni"icant
direction is lar#e. T!ere"ore9 t!e 'eo'le !o b%ilt t!e rin# ere not
knoled#eable abo%t celestial events.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an error o" reasonin# in 3obsons ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e "ail%re o" cited evidence to establis! a state&ent is taken as evidence t!at
t!at state&ent is "alse.
.1/ 3obsons concl%sion lo#icall, contradicts so&e o" t!e evidence 'resented in
GMAT & LSAT CR A<5
s%''ort o" it.
.C/ State&ents t!at absol%tel, establis! 3obsons concl%sion are treated as i"
t!e, &erel, #ive so&e s%''ort to t!at concl%sion.
.3/ So&et!in# t!at is &erel, a &atter o" o'inion is treated as i" it ere s%b+ect to
veri"ication as a &atter o" "act.
.E/ 3obsons drain# t!e concl%sion relies on inter'retin# a ke, ter& in to
di""erent a,s.
1H. 2earl, all &ail t!at is correctl, addressed arrives at its destination it!in to
b%siness da,s o" bein# sent. In "act9 correctl, addressed &ail takes lon#er t!an
t!is onl, !en it is da&a#ed in transit. 7verall9 !oever9 &ost &ail arrives t!ree
b%siness da,s or &ore a"ter bein# sent.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e-
.A/ A lar#e 'ro'ortion o" t!e &ail t!at is correctl, addressed is da&a#ed in
transit.
.1/ 2o incorrectl, addressed &ail arrives it!in to b%siness da,s o" bein# sent.
.C/ Most &ail t!at arrives it!in to b%siness da,s o" bein# sent is correctl,
addressed.
.3/ A lar#e 'ro'ortion o" &ail is incorrectl, addressed.
.E/ More &ail arrives it!in to b%siness da,s o" bein# sent t!an arrives
beteen to and t!ree b%siness da,s a"ter bein# sent.
5I. T!e re'ort released b, t!e interior &inistr, states t!at it!in t!e 'ast @ ,ears t!e
national land8recla&ation 'ro#ra& !as res%lted in a 1H 'ercent increase in t!e
a&o%nt o" arable land it!in t!e co%ntr,. I" t!ese "i#%res are acc%rate9 t!e
'ro#ra& !as been a reso%ndin# s%ccess. Senator Ar&and9 a distin#%is!ed
&at!e&atician and a o&an o" indis'%table brilliance9 &aintains9 !oever9 t!at
t!e recla&ation 'ro#ra& co%ld not 'ossibl, !ave been s%ccess"%l. Clearl,9
t!ere"ore9 t!e "i#%res cited in t!e re'ort cannot be acc%rate.
T!e ar#%&ent above e(!ibits an erroneo%s 'attern o" reasonin# &ost si&ilar to
t!at e(!ibited b, !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Alberts "at!er clai&s t!at Albert does not kno !ere t!e s'are car ke,s are
!idden. *esterda,9 !oever9 Albert re'orted t!at !e !ad discovered t!e s'are
car ke,s in t!e #ara#e toolbo(9 so !is "at!ers clai& cannot be tr%e.
.1/ Glorias dra&a teac!er clai&s t!at !er 'olic, is to #ive eac! st%dent t!e
o''ort%nit, to act in at least one 'la, d%rin# t!e ,ear b%t9 since Gloria9 !o
attended ever, class9 re'orts t!at s!e as not #iven s%c! an o''ort%nit,9 t!e
teac!ers clai& cannot be tr%e.
.C/ A&os clai&s t!at !e can !old !is breat! %nder ater "or a "%ll !o%r. 3r.
Treviso9 a cardio'%l&onar, s'ecialist9 !as stated t!at !%&ans are
'!,siolo#icall, inca'able o" !oldin# t!eir breat! "or even !al" t!at lon#D so
A&os clai& cannot be tr%e.
GMAT & LSAT CR A<<
.3/ Evel,n re'orts t!at s!e #ot !o&e be"ore &idni#!t. Robert9 !o ala,s
knos t!e ti&e9 insists t!at s!e did not. I" Robert is ri#!t9 Evel,n co%ld not
'ossibl, !ave listened to t!e late nesD since s!e ad&its not !avin# listened
to t!e late nes9 !er re'ort cannot be tr%e.
.E/ Moira9 a"ter observin# t!e "inis! o" t!e GI8kilo&eter bic,cle race9 re'orts t!at
Lee on it! Ada&s a distant t!ird. Lo&as9 a bic,cle en#ineerin# e('ert9
insists9 !oever9 t!at Lee co%ld not !ave on a race in !ic! Ada&s
co&'etedD so Moiras re'ort cannot be tr%e.
Questions !1-!!
6irt!: All e""orts to identi", a #ene res'onsible "or 'redis'osin# 'eo'le to &anic8
de'ression !ave "ailed. In "act9 nearl, all researc!ers no a#ree t!at t!ere is no
>&anic8de'ression #ene.? T!ere"ore9 i" t!ese researc!ers are ri#!t9 an, clai& t!at
so&e 'eo'le are #eneticall, 'redis'osed to &anic8de'ression is si&'l, "alse.
C!an#: I do not dis'%te ,o%r evidence9 b%t I take iss%e it! ,o%r concl%sion. Man, o"
t!e researc!ers ,o% re"er to !ave "o%nd evidence t!at a set o" several #enes is involved
and t!at co&'le( interactions a&on# t!ese #enes 'rod%ce a 'redis'osition to &anic8
de'ression.
51. T!e 'oint at iss%e beteen 6irt! and C!an# is !et!er
.A/ e""orts to identi", a #ene or set o" several #enes res'onsible "or 'redis'osin#
'eo'le to &anic8de'ression !ave all "ailed
.1/ it is likel, t!at researc!ers ill ever be able to "ind a sin#le #ene t!at
'redis'oses 'eo'le to &anic8de'ression
.C/ nearl, all researc!ers no a#ree t!at t!ere is no &anic8de'ression #ene
.3/ c%rrent researc! s%''orts t!e clai& t!at no one is #eneticall, 'redis'osed to
&anic8de'ression
.E/ t!e e""orts &ade to "ind a #ene t!at can 'rod%ce a 'redis'osition to &anic8
de'ression ere t!oro%#!
55. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses C!an#s criticis& o"
6irt!s ar#%&ent-
.A/ It 'res%''oses onl, one 'ossibilit, !ere &ore t!an one e(ists.
.1/ It de'ends on se'arate 'ieces o" evidence t!at contradict eac! ot!er.
.C/ It relies on t!e o'inion o" e('erts in an area o%tside t!e e('erts "ield o"
e('ertise.
.3/ It disallos in 'rinci'le an, evidence t!at o%ld discon"ir& its concl%sion.
.E/ It treats so&et!in# t!at is &erel, %nlikel, as t!o%#! it ere i&'ossible.
5<. Garba#e d%&'s do not !ar& ildli"e. Evidence is "%rnis!ed b, t!e Masai8Mara
reserve in Men,a9 !ere baboons t!at %se t!e #arba#e d%&'s on t!e reserve as a
"ood so%rce &at%re "aster and !ave &ore o""s'rin# t!an do baboons on t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR A<C
reserve t!at do not scaven#e on #arba#e.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 casts do%bt on t!e ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ T!e baboons t!at "eed on t!e #arba#e d%&' are o" a di""erent s'ecies "ro&
t!ose t!at do not.
.1/ T!e li"e e('ectanc, o" baboons t!at eat #arba#e is si#ni"icantl, loer t!an
t!at o" baboons t!at do not eat #arba#e.
.C/ T!e c!olesterol level o" #arba#e8eatin# baboons is dan#ero%sl, !i#!er t!an
t!at o" baboons t!at do not eat #arba#e.
.3/ T!e 'o'%lation o" !,enas t!at live near %nre#%lated #arba#e land"ills nort!
o" t!e reserve !as do%bled in t!e last to ,ears.
.E/ T!e rate o" birt! de"ects "or t!e baboon 'o'%lation on t!e reserve !as
do%bled since t!e "irst land"ills ere o'ened.
Questions !4-!5
Marianne is a 'ro"essional c!ess 'la,er !o !%&s a%dibl, !ile 'la,in# !er &atc!es9
t!ereb, distractin# !er o''onents. 6!en ordered b, c!ess o""icials to cease !%&&in#
or else be dis0%ali"ied "ro& 'ro"essional c!ess9 Marianne 'rotested t!e order. S!e
ar#%ed t!at since s!e as %naare o" !er !%&&in#9 !er !%&&in# as invol%ntar,
and t!at t!ere"ore s!e s!o%ld not be !eld res'onsible "or it.
5C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 &ost !el's to s%''ort Mariannes
ar#%&ent a#ainst t!e order-
.A/ C!ess 'la,ers !o !%& a%dibl, !ile 'la,in# t!eir &atc!es s!o%ld not
'rotest i" t!eir o''onents also !%&.
.1/ 7" a 'la,ers actions9 onl, t!ose t!at are vol%ntar, s!o%ld be %sed as
+%sti"ication "or dis0%ali",in# t!at 'la,er "ro& 'ro"essional c!ess.
.C/ A 'erson s!o%ld be !eld res'onsible "or t!ose invol%ntar, actions t!at serve
t!at 'ersons interests.
.3/ T,'es o" be!avior t!at are not considered vol%ntar, in ever,da,
circ%&stances s!o%ld be considered vol%ntar, i" t!e, occ%r in t!e conte(t o"
a 'ro"essional c!ess &atc!.
.E/ C!ess 'la,ers s!o%ld be dis0%ali"ied "ro& 'ro"essional c!ess &atc!es i" t!e,
re#%larl, atte&'t to distract t!eir o''onents.
5@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost %nder&ines Mariannes ar#%&ent
a#ainst t!e order-
.A/ T!e o""icials o" c!ess !ave little or no a%t!orit, to control t!e be!avior o" its
'ro"essional 'la,ers o%tside o" &atc!es.
.1/ Man, o" t!e c%sto&s o" a&ate%r c!ess &atc!es are not observed b,
'ro"essional c!ess 'la,ers.
.C/ 2ot all o" a 'ersons invol%ntar, actions are actions o" !ic! t!at 'erson is
%naare.
GMAT & LSAT CR A<@
.3/ A 'erson !o !%&s invol%ntaril, can easil, learn to notice it and can t!ereb,
co&e to control it.
.E/ 2ot all o" Mariannes o''onents are distracted b, !er !%&&in# d%rin# c!ess
&atc!es.
5G. S&okin# in bed !as lon# been t!e &ain ca%se o" !o&e "ires. 3es'ite a si#ni"icant
decline in ci#arette s&okin# in t!e last to decades9 !oever9 t!ere !as been no
co&'arable decline in t!e n%&ber o" 'eo'le killed in !o&e "ires.
Eac! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 over t!e last to decades9 !el's to
resolve t!e a''arent discre'anc, above EECEFT:
.A/ Co&'ared to ot!er t,'es o" !o&e "ires9 !o&e "ires ca%sed b, s&okin# in bed
%s%all, ca%se relativel, little da&a#e be"ore t!e, are e(tin#%is!ed.
.1/ :o&e "ires ca%sed b, s&okin# in bed o"ten break o%t a"ter t!e !o&es
occ%'ants !ave "allen aslee'.
.C/ S&okers !o s&oke in bed tend to be !eav, s&okers !o are less likel, to
0%it s&okin# t!an are s&okers !o do not s&oke in bed.
.3/ An increasin# n%&ber o" 'eo'le !ave been killed in !o&e "ires t!at started in
t!e kitc!en.
.E/ Fo'%lation densities !ave increased9 it! t!e res%lt t!at one !o&e "ire can
ca%se &ore deat!s t!an in 'revio%s decades.
TEST 25
SECTI72 II
1. 1raille is a &et!od o" 'rod%cin# te(t b, &eans o" raised dots t!at can be read b,
to%c!. A recent develo'&ent in tec!nolo#, ill allo "lat co&'%ter screens to be
&ade o" a &aterial t!at can be !eated in 'atterns t!at re'licate t!e 'atterns %sed in
1raille. Since t!e t!er&al device ill %tili)e t!e sa&e s,&bol s,ste& as 1raille9 it
"ollos t!at an,one !o is acc%sto&ed to readin# 1raille can easil, ada't to t!e
%se o" t!is electronic s,ste&.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e concl%sion de'ends-
.A/ 1raille is t!e onl, s,&bol s,ste& t!at can be readil, ada'ted "or %se it!
t!e ne t!er&al screen.
.1/ 7nl, 'eo'le !o c%rrentl, %se 1raille as t!eir sole &edi%& "or readin# te(t
ill !ave t!e ca'acit, to ada't to t!e %se o" t!er&al screen.
.C/ Feo'le it! t!e tactile abilit, to discri&inate s,&bols in 1raille !ave an
abilit, to discri&inate si&ilar 'atterns on a "lat !eated s%r"ace.
.3/ So&e s,&bol s,ste&s encode a 'iece o" te(t b, %sin# dots t!at re'licate t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR A<G
s!a'e o" letters o" t!e al'!abet.
.E/ Event%all, it ill be 'ossible to train 'eo'le to read 1raille b, "irst trainin#
t!e& in t!e %se o" t!e t!er&al screen.
5. Ma,or o" 7%terville9 a s%b%rb o" Center Cit,: 7%terville &%st #ro i" it is to
s%rvive9 so9 as e !ave a#reed9 e""orts s!o%ld be &ade to attract &ore residents.
T!e best strate#, "or attractin# residents is to renovate t!e train station. T!e
n%&bers o" +obs in Center Cit, and o" 'eo'le !o 're"er to live in s%b%rban
tons are increasin#. 6it! t!e rise in tolls9 drivin# into t!e cit, is beco&in# &ore
e('ensive t!an train travel. T!ere"ore9 'eo'le ant to live in tons !ere train
travel is convenient and 'leasant.
T!e ar#%&ent leads to t!e concl%sion t!at
.A/ t!e ton o" 7%terville s!o%ld attract &ore residents
.1/ t!e train station in 7%terville s!o%ld be renovated
.C/ residents o" 7%terville !o are in need o" ork s!o%ld look "or +obs in
Center Cit,
.3/ 'eo'le !o ork in Center Cit, b%t live in 7%terville s!o%ld co&&%te b,
train rat!er t!an drivin#
.E/ 'eo'le !o ant to live !ere train travel is convenient and 'leasant s!o%ld
live in 7%terville
<. Land develo'er: 1, atte&'tin# to 'reserve endan#ered s'ecies t!at ot!erise
o%ld beco&e e(tinct d%rin# o%r li"eti&e9 e are astin# &one, on s'ecies t!at
ill disa''ear over ti&e re#ardless o" o%r e""orts. Faleontolo#ists !ave
establis!ed t!at e(tinction is t!e nor&al "ate o" s'ecies on t!e #eolo#ical ti&e
scale o" &illions o" ,ears.
Environ&entalist: To clai& t!at ee s!o%ld let s'ecies disa''ear beca%se all
s'ecies event%all, die o%t &akes abo%t as &%c! sense as ar#%in# t!at e s!o%ld
not s'end &one, to "ind a c%re "or cancer beca%se all !%&ans are inevitabl,
&ortal.
T!e &et!od t!e environ&entalist %ses to ob+ect to t!e land develo'ers ar#%&ent
is to
.A/ clari", a dile&&a t!at is e&bedded in t!e land develo'ers ar#%&ent
.1/ attack t!e c!aracter o" t!e land develo'er rat!er t!an t!e 'osition t!e land
develo'er is takin#
.C/ s!o t!at &ore evidence is needed to s%bstantiate t!e land develo'ers
concl%sion
.3/ s!o t!at t!e land develo'ers line o" reasonin# o%ld lead to an
%nacce'table concl%sion i" a''lied to a di""erent sit%ation
.E/ ar#%e t!at t!ere are 'roble&s t!at &one,9 !oever +%dicio%sl, s'ent9 cannot
solve
GMAT & LSAT CR A<A
C. Most s&all c!ildren are "lat8"ooted. T!is "ail%re o" t!e "oot to ass%&e its nat%ral
arc!9 i" it 'ersists 'ast earl, c!ild!ood9 can so&eti&es res%lt in disco&"ort and
even 'ain later in li"e. Traditionall,9 "lat8"ootedness in c!ildren !as been treated
b, !avin# t!e c!ildren ear s'ecial s!oes t!at #ive e(tra s%''ort to t!e "oot9 in
order to "oster t!e develo'&ent o" t!e arc!.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost calls into 0%estion t!e e""icac, o" t!e
traditional treat&ent described above-
.A/ Man, s&all c!ildren !o !ave nor&al "eet ear t!e sa&e s'ecial s!oes as
t!ose orn b, "lat8"ooted c!ildren.
.1/ St%dies o" "lat8"ooted ad%lts s!o t!at "lat "eet are s%b+ect to "eer stress
"ract%res t!an are "eet it! %n%s%all, !i#! arc!es.
.C/ Alt!o%#! &ost c!ildrens "lat8"ootedness is corrected b, t!e ti&e t!e c!ildren
reac! '%bert,9 so&e 'eo'le re&ain "lat8"ooted "or li"e.
.3/ $lat8"ooted c!ildren !o do not ear t!e s'ecial s!oes are as likel, to
develo' nat%ral arc!es as are "lat8"ooted c!ildren !o ear t!e s'ecial
s!oes.
.E/ So&e c!ildren !o are not "lat8"ooted !ave !i' and loer le# bones t!at are
rotated e(cessivel, eit!er inard or o%tard.
@. T!e c!ances t!at tro'ical stor&s ill develo' in a #iven area increase !enever
t!e te&'erat%re o" a lar#e bod, o" ater in t!at area e(ceeds 5G de#rees Celsi%s
to a de't! o" abo%t GI &eters. I" t!e a&o%nt o" carbon dio(ide in t!e eart!s
at&os'!ere contin%es to increase9 t!e te&'erat%res o" all o" t!e Eart!s aters
ill rise9 it! t!e res%lt t!at t!e n%&ber o" lar#e bodies o" ater !ose
te&'erat%res e(ceed 5G de#rees Celsi%s to a de't! o" abo%t GI &eters ill
event%all, be #reater t!an it is toda,.
concl%sions-
.A/ T!ere are likel, to be &ore tro'ical stor&s i" t!e a&o%nt o" carbon dio(ide in
t!e Eart!s at&os'!ere contin%es to increase.
.1/ Tro'ical stor&s can occ%r onl, !en t!e air te&'erat%re e(ceeds 5G de#rees
Celsi%s.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" lar#e bodies o" ater !ose te&'erat%res e(ceed 5G de#rees
Celsi%s to a de't! o" abo%t GI &eters is #reater toda, t!an it ever as.
.3/ T!e "erocit, o" tro'ical stor&s does not de'end on t!e a&o%nt o" carbon
dio(ide in t!e Eart!s at&os'!ere.
.E/ An, increase in t!e te&'erat%res o" t!e Eart!s oceans o%ld ca%se t!e
a&o%nt o" carbon dio(ide in t!e at&os'!ere to increase as ell.
G. Astor#as ca&'ai#n 'ro&ises are a''arentl, +%st an atte&'t to 'lease voters.
6!at s!e sa,s s!e ill do i" elected &a,or is si&'l, !at s!e !as learned "ro&
o'inion 'olls t!at voters ant t!e ne &a,or to do. T!ere"ore9 voters are not
GMAT & LSAT CR A<B
bein# told !at Astor#a act%all, intends to do i" s!e beco&es &a,or.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is a 0%estionable ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent
relies-
.A/ I" s!e is elected &a,or9 Astor#a ill not be ca'able o" carr,in# o%t t!e
ca&'ai#n 'ro&ises s!e !as &ade.
.1/ T!e o'inion 'olls on !ic! Astor#as 'ro&ises are based do not acc%ratel,
re"lect !at voters ant t!e ne &a,or to do.
.C/ Most voters are %nlikel, to be 'ers%aded b, Astor#as ca&'ai#n 'ro&ises to
vote "or !er in t!e &a,oral election.
.3/ Astor#a !as no stron# o'inions o" !er on abo%t !at t!e ne &a,or o%#!t
to do in o""ice.
.E/ Astor#a does not act%all, intend9 i" elected9 to do !at s!e !as learned "ro&
t!e '%blic o'inion 'olls t!at voters ant t!e ne &a,or to do.
A. 2esletter "or co&&%nit,8center vol%nteers: Retired 'ersons !o re#%larl,
vol%nteer t!eir ti&e to !el' ot!ers #enerall, dis'la, "eer and &ilder e""ects o"
a#in# t!an t!eir nonvol%nteerin# conte&'oraries: in social reso%rces9 &ental
o%tlook9 '!,sical !ealt!9 econo&ic reso%rces9 and overall "%nctionin#9 t!e, are
"o%nd to be s%bstantiall, stron#er t!an nonvol%nteers. 4ol%nteerin# is o"ten
described as doin# #ood orks to i&'rove t!e lives o" ot!ers. :o #ood to kno
t!at t!ere is evidence t!at it can e0%all, bene"it ,o%r on ell8bein#J
T!e in"erence dran above is %narranted beca%se
.A/ t!e center !as a sel"8interested &otive to attract ne vol%nteers
.1/ it inter'rets >ell8bein#? as incl%din# t!e "actors o" social and econo&ic
reso%rces9 &ental o%tlook9 '!,sical !ealt!9 and overall "%nctionin#
.C/ so&e o" t!ose !o do not vol%nteer &i#!t be older t!an so&e vol%nteers and
so co%ld not be considered t!eir 'eers
.3/ #roin# older &i#!t not necessaril, res%lt in a c!an#e in &ental o%tlook
.E/ t!ose it! better reso%rces9 !ealt!9 o%tlook9 and "%nctionin# are &ore able to
ork as vol%nteers
Questions 8-9
T!e local a#ric%lt%ral o""icial #ave t!e "r%it #roers o" t!e 3istrict 1I $ar&ers
Coo'erative a ne 'esticide t!at t!e, a''lied "or a 'eriod o" t!ree ,ears to t!eir 'ear
orc!ards in 'lace o" t!e 'esticide t!e, !ad "or&erl, a''lied. 3%rin# t!ose t!ree ,ears9
t!e 'ro'ortion o" 'ears lost to insects as si#ni"icantl, less t!an it !ad been d%rin# t!e
'revio%s t!ree8,ear 'eriod. 7n t!e basis o" t!ese res%lts9 t!e o""icial concl%ded t!at
t!e ne 'esticide as &ore e""ective t!an t!e old 'esticide9 at least in t!e s!ort ter&9
in li&itin# t!e loss o" certain "r%it to insects.
B. Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e o""icials ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ T!e a&o%nt o" "r%it t!at an orc!ard can 'otentiall, 'rod%ce de'ends in 'art
GMAT & LSAT CR A<H
on !o &an, &at%re trees it contains9 and t!e n%&ber o" &at%re 'ear trees
in 3istrict 1I !as declined steadil, over t!e 'ast ei#!t ,ears.
.1/ 3%rin# t!e 'ast "ive ,ears9 t!e "ar&ers o" t!e 3istrict 1I $ar&ers
Coo'erative !ave been #rad%all, i&'le&entin# a variet, o" insect8
abate&ent 'ro#ra&s9 and so&e o" t!ese 'ro#ra&s !ave 'roven s%ccess"%l.
.C/ 7ver t!e 'ast "ive ,ears9 one o" t!e several s'ecies o" birds t!at t,'icall,
're, on t!e insects t!at "eed on 'ears !as #rad%all, s!i"ted its &i#rator,
'atterns9 s'endin# &ore and &ore &ont!s eac! ,ear in t!e re#ion t!at
contains 3istrict 1I.
.3/ So&e o" t!e s'ecies o" insects in 3istrict 1I t!at in"est 'ear trees are ater
breeders9 and t!e reservoirs and &ars!lands in t!is district !ave been
s!rinkin# ra'idl, over t!e 'ast t!ree ,ears.
.E/ T!e e""ects o" certain 'esticides9 incl%din# t!e 'esticide t!at !ad "or&erl,
been %sed in 3istrict 1I9 are c%&%lative and 'ersist "or several ,ears a"ter
t!e 'esticide is no lon#er a''lied.
H. T!e o""icials concl%sion is &ost stron#l, s%''orted i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
#ro%'s o" trees did not s!o a red%ction in losses o" "r%it to insects-
.A/ 'eac! trees #ron in t!e district t!at ere treated it! t!e ne 'esticide
instead o" t!e old 'esticide
.1/ 'eac! trees #ron in t!e district t!at ere treated it! t!e ne 'esticide in
addition to t!e old 'esticide
.C/ 'ear trees #ron in t!e district t!at ere treated it! t!e old 'esticide instead
o" t!e ne 'esticide
.3/ 'ear trees #ron in nei#!borin# district t!at ere treated it! neit!er t!e old
nor t!e ne 'esticide
.E/ 'ear trees #ron in a nei#!borin# district t!at ere treated it! t!e ne
'esticide instead o" t!e old 'esticide
1I. T!e onl, &otives t!at in"l%ence all !%&an actions arise "ro& sel"8interest. It is
clear9 t!ere"ore9 t!at sel"8interest is t!e c!ie" in"l%ence on !%&an action.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is "allacio%s beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ denies t!at an observation t!at a trait is co&&on to all t!e events in a 'attern
can contrib%te to a ca%sal e('lanation o" t!e 'attern
.1/ takes t!e occ%rrence o" one 'artic%lar in"l%ence on a 'atterns or classes o"
events as s!oin# t!at its in"l%ence o%tei#!s an, ot!er in"l%ence on t!ose
events
.C/ concl%des t!at a c!aracteristic o" 'attern or class o" events at one ti&e is
c!aracteristic o" si&ilar 'atterns or classes o" events at all ti&es
.3/ concl%des t!at beca%se an in"l%ence is t!e 'ara&o%nt in"l%ence on a
'artic%lar 'attern or class o" events9 t!at in"l%ence is t!e onl, in"l%ence on
t!e 'attern or class o" events
GMAT & LSAT CR ACI
.E/ %nder&ines its on 're&ise t!at a 'artic%lar attrib%te is 'resent in all
instances o" a certain 'attern or class o" events
11. Astrono&er: Astrono&ical observatories in &an, areas !ave beco&e %seless
beca%se li#!t "ro& nearb, cities obsc%res t!e stars. Man, 'eo'le ar#%e t!at since
streetli#!ts are needed "or sa"et,9 s%c! inter"erence "ro& li#!ts is inevitable. :ere
in Sandsville9 !oever9 t!e local observator,s vie re&ains relativel, clear9
since t!e cit, !as restricted %nnecessar, li#!tin# and installed s'ecial street la&'s
t!an direct all t!eir li#!t donard. It is t!ere"ore 'ossible to !ave bot! ell8
li#!ted streets and relativel, dark skies.
T!e astrono&ers ar#%&ent 'roceeds b,
.A/ a''ealin# to scienti"ic a%t!orit, to c!allen#e a idel, !eld belie"
.1/ 0%estionin# t!e acc%rac, o" evidence #iven in s%''ort o" t!e o''osin#
'osition
.C/ 'ro'osin# an alternative scienti"ic e('lanation "or a nat%ral '!eno&enon
.3/ &akin# a distinction beteen ter&s
.E/ o""erin# a co%ntere(a&'le to a #eneral clai&
15. M%sic critic: So&e 'eo'le ar#%e t!at9 %nlike certain orks o" :andel9 !ic! set
to &%sic "a&iliar reli#io%s te(ts9 t!e or#an s,&'!onies o" Lo%is 4ierne are not
reli#io%s &%sic. N%ite t!e contrar,. Sittin# in 2otre 3a&e cat!edral in Faris and
!earin# !is or#an s,&'!onies de&onstrates t!at 4iernes orks are divinel,
ins'ired.
T!e &%sic critics reasonin# is v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nd t!at it
.A/ takes "or #ranted t!at all reli#io%s &%sic is ins'irin#
.1/ con"%ses to di""erent &eanin#s o" t!e ter& >reli#io%s?
.C/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at so&e or#an &%sic is not divinel, ins'ired
.3/ con"%ses to di""erent &eanin#s o" t!e ter& >s,&'!onies?
.E/ takes "or #ranted t!at all or#an s,&'!onies are reli#io%s &%sic
Questions 13-14
C!arles: 3%rin# recessions %ne&'lo,&ent t,'icall, rises. T!%s9 d%rin# a recession air
'oll%tion d%e to a%to&obile e(!a%st decreases9 since "eer 'eo'le co&&%te in cars to
+obs and so cars e&ittin# 'oll%tants into t!e air are %sed less.
3arla: 6!, t!ink t!at air 'oll%tion o%ld decrease- 3%rin# a recession "eer 'eo'le
can a""ord to b%, ne cars9 and cars tend to e&it &ore 'oll%tants as t!e, #et older.
1<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes !o 3arlas res'onse is
related to C!arless ar#%&ent-
.A/ It calls into 0%estion t!e tr%t! o" t!e 're&ises t!at C!arles %ses to s%''ort !is
concl%sion.
.1/ It &akes an additional clai& t!at can be tr%e onl, i" C!arless concl%sion is
GMAT & LSAT CR AC1
"alse.
.C/ It 'resents an additional consideration t!at eakens t!e s%''ort #iven to
C!arless concl%sion b, !is evidence.
.3/ It ar#%es t!at C!arless concl%sion is tr%e9 alt!o%#! not "or !e reasons
C!arles #ives to s%''ort t!at concl%sion.
.E/ It 'resents an ar#%&ent s!oin# t!at t!e 're&ises in C!arless ar#%&ent
s%''ort an abs%rd concl%sion t!at C!arles !as overlooked.
1C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! C!arless ar#%&ent
de'ends-
.A/ Feo'le !o !ave never been e&'lo,ed drive no less "re0%entl, d%rin# a
recession t!an t!e, o%ld ot!erise.
.1/ Most air 'oll%tion is ca%sed b, a%to&obile e(!a%st e&itted b, cars %sed b,
'eo'le co&&%tin# to +obs.
.C/ Most 'eo'le !o are e&'lo,ed do not %se an, "or& o" '%blic trans'ortation
to co&&%te to t!eir +obs.
.3/ 3%rin# a recession9 decreases in t!e %se o" cars res%ltin# "ro& red%ctions in
co&&%tin# to +obs are not o""set b, increased %se o" cars "or ot!er reasons.
.E/ 3%rin# a recession9 a !i#!er 'ro'ortion o" 'eo'le !o co&&%te in cars to
t!eir +obs lose t!ose +obs t!an do 'eo'le !o do not %se cars to co&&%te to
t!eir +obs.
1@. $or t!e condor to s%rvive in t!e ild9 its breedin# 'o'%lation &%st be #reatl,
increased. 1%t beca%se onl, a "e e##s can be 'rod%ced b, a breedin# 'air over
t!eir li"eti&e9 an, si#ni"icant increase in t!e n%&ber o" birds de'ends %'on &ost
o" t!ese e##s !atc!in#9 !ic! is e(tre&el, %nlikel, in t!e ild d%e to
environ&ental dan#ers. 7ne 'ossible a, to eli&inate t!e e""ects o" t!ese "actors
is to breed t!e birds in ca'tivit, and s%bse0%entl, ret%rn t!e& to t!e ild.
above-
.A/ T!e condor as a s'ecies ill event%all, beco&e e(tinct in t!e ild.
.1/ T!e best a, to save t!e condor "ro& e(tinction is to breed it in ca'tivit,.
.C/ It is al&ost i&'ossible to eli&inate all t!e environ&ental t!reats to t!e e##s
o" condors.
.3/ I" &ore condor e##s do not !atc!9 t!e condor as a s'ecies ill not s%rvive in
t!e ild.
.E/ T!e &ost "easible a, to save t!e condor "ro& e(tinction is to increase e##
'rod%ction.
1G. Alloin# &ore steel i&'orts o%ld de'ress do&estic steel 'rices and !ar&
do&estic steel &an%"act%rers. Since t!e 'resent #overn&ent ill not do an,t!in#
t!at o%ld !ar& t!e do&estic steel ind%str,9 it ill not li"t restrictions on steel
GMAT & LSAT CR AC5
i&'orts.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar to t!at in !ic!
.A/ 1%ildin# constr%ction increases onl, !en 'eo'le are con"ident t!at t!e
econo&, is doin# ell. T!ere"ore9 since 'eo'le are no con"ident in t!e
econo&, e can e('ect b%ildin# constr%ction to increase.
.1/ Since orkers are alread, #%aranteed t!e ri#!t to a sa"e and !ealt!"%l
ork'lace b, la9 t!ere is no need "or t!e #overn&ent to establis! "%rt!er
costl, !ealt! re#%lations "or 'eo'le !o ork all da, at co&'%ter ter&inals.
.C/ In co%ntries t!at !ave dere#%lated t!eir airline ind%str,9 &an, airlines !ave
#one bankr%'t. Since &an, co&'anies in ot!er trans'ortation ind%stries are
in eaker econo&ic condition t!an ere t!ose airlines9 dere#%latin# ot!er
trans'ortation ind%stries ill 'robabl, res%lt in bankr%'tcies as ell.
.3/ T!e c!ie" e(ec%tive o""icer o" Silicon9 Inc.9 ill 'robabl, not acce't stock in
t!e co&'an, as a bon%s ne(t ,ear9 since ne(t ,ears ta( las ill re0%ire
co&'anies to 'a, a ne ta( on stock #iven to e(ec%tives.
.E/ T!e installation o" bri#!t "loodli#!ts on ca&'%s o%ld render t!e astrono&,
de'art&ents telesco'e %seless. T!e astrono&, de'art&ent ill not s%''ort
an, 'ro'osal t!at o%ld render its telesco'e %selessD it ill t!ere"ore not
s%''ort 'ro'osals to install bri#!t "loodli#!ts on ca&'%s.
1A. 6ild c!eeta!s live in t!e A"rican #rasslands. Frevio%s esti&ates o" t!e si)e t!at
t!e ild c!eeta! 'o'%lation &%st be in order "or t!ese ani&als to s%rvive a nat%ral
disaster in t!e A"rican #rasslands re#ion ere too s&all9 and t!e c%rrent
'o'%lation barel, &eets t!e 'revio%s esti&ates. At 'resent9 !oever9 t!ere is not
eno%#! A"rican #rassland to s%''ort a ild c!eeta! 'o'%lation lar#er t!an t!e
c%rrent 'o'%lation.
concl%sions-
.A/ Frevio%s esti&ates o" t!e si)e o" t!e e(istin# ild c!eeta! 'o'%lation ere
inacc%rate.
.1/ T!e c!eeta!s nat%ral !abitat is decreasin# in si)e at a "aster rate t!an is t!e
si)e o" t!e ild c!eeta! 'o'%lation.
.C/ T!e 'rinci'al t!reat to t!e endan#ered ild c!eeta! 'o'%lation is neit!er
'oll%tion nor !%ntin#9 b%t a nat%ral disaster.
.3/ In t!e s!ort ter&9 t!e ild c!eeta! 'o'%lation ill be inca'able o" s%rvivin#
a nat%ral disaster in t!e A"rican #rasslands.
.E/ In re#ions !ere land is s%itable "or c!eeta! !abitation9 &ore nat%ral
disasters are e('ected to occ%r d%rin# t!e ne(t decade t!an occ%rred d%rin#
t!e 'ast decade.
1B. To classi", a ok o" art as tr%l, #reat9 it is necessar, t!at t!e ok !ave bot!
GMAT & LSAT CR AC<
ori#inalit, and "ar8reac!in# in"l%ence %'on t!e artistic co&&%nit,.
T!e 'rinci'le above9 i" valid9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ar#%&ents-
.A/ 1, breakin# don traditional sc!e&es o" re'resentation9 Ficasso rede"ined
'aintin#. It is t!is e(tre&e ori#inalit, t!at arrants !is ork bein#
considered tr%l, #reat.
.1/ So&e o" t!e &ost ori#inal art bein# 'rod%ced toda, is "o%nd in isolated
co&&%nities9 b%t beca%se o" t!is isolation t!ese orks !ave onl, &inor
in"l%ence9 and !ence cannot be considered tr%l, #reat.
.C/ Certain e(a&'les o" t!e dr%&&in# 'racticed in 'arts o" A"ricas est coast
e&'lo, a &%sical vocab%lar, t!at resists re'resentation in 6estern
notational sc!e&es. T!is tre&endo%s ori#inalit,9 co%'led it! t!e 'ro"o%nd
i&'act t!ese 'ieces are !avin# on &%sicians ever,!ere9 is eno%#! to
consider t!ese orks to be tr%l, #reat.
.3/ T!e 'iece o" art in t!e lobb, is clearl, not classi"ied as tr%l, #reat9 so it
"ollos t!at it "ails to be ori#inal.
.E/ Since 1ac!s &%sic is tr%l, #reat9 it not onl, !as bot! ori#inalit, and a &a+or
in"l%ence on &%sicians9 it !as broad 'o'%lar a''eal as ell.
1H. Fro"essor Robinson: A lar#e &eteorite i&'act crater in a certain re#ion as
t!o%#!t to be t!e cl%e to e('lainin# t!e &ass e(tinction o" 'lant and ani&al
s'ecies t!at occ%rred at t!e end o" t!e Meso)oic era. :oever9 t!e cr,stalline
str%ct%re o" rocks recovered at t!e site indicates t!at t!e i&'act t!at "or&ed t!is
crater as not t!e c%l'rit. 6!en &olten rocks cr,stalli)e9 t!e, dis'la, t!e 'olarit,
o" Eart!s &a#netic "ield at t!at ti&e. 1%t t!e recr,stalli)ed rocks recovered at t!e
site dis'la, nor&al &a#netic 'olarit,9 even t!o%#! Eart!s &a#netic "ield as
reversed at t!e ti&e o" t!e &ass e(tinction.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! Fro"essor Robinsons ar#%&ent
de'ends EECEFT:
.A/ T!e crater indicates an i&'act o" &ore t!an s%""icient si)e to !ave ca%sed t!e
&ass e(tinction.
.1/ T!e recovered rocks recr,stalli)ed s!ortl, a"ter t!e, &elted.
.C/ 2o ot!er event ca%sed t!e rocks to &elt a"ter t!e i&'act "or&ed t!e crater.
.3/ T!e recovered rocks &elted as a res%lt o" t!e i&'act t!at "or&ed t!e crater.
.E/ T!e &ass e(tinction o%ld !ave occ%rred soon a"ter t!e i&'act t!at
s%''osedl, ca%sed it.
5I. Fieces o" &%sic consist o" so%nds and silences 'resented to t!e listener in a
te&'oral order. A 'aintin#9 in contrast9 is not 'resented one 'art at a ti&e to t!e
vieerD t!ere is t!%s no 'artic%lar 'at! t!at t!e vieers e,e &%st "ollo in order
to >read? t!e 'aintin#. T!ere"ore9 an essential distinction beteen t!e e('eriences
o" !earin# &%sic and o" viein# 'aintin#s is t!at !earin# &%sic !as a te&'oral
GMAT & LSAT CR ACC
di&ension b%t viein# a 'aintin# !as none.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se
.A/ t!e ar#%&ent does not allo "or t!e 'ossibilit, o" bein# i&&ersed in
e('eriencin# a 'aintin# it!o%t bein# conscio%s o" t!e 'assa#e o" ti&e
.1/ t!e ar#%&ent is based on a ver, #eneral de"inition o" &%sic t!at does not
incor'orate an, distinctions a&on# 'artic%lar st,les
.C/ t!e ar#%&ent "ails to brin# o%t t!e as'ects o" &%sic and 'aintin# t!at are
co&&on to bot! as "or&s o" artistic e('ression
.3/ rel,in# on t!e &eta'!or o" >readin#? to c!aracteri)e !o a 'aintin# is
vieed 'res%''oses t!e correctness o" t!e concl%sion to be dran on t!e
basis o" t!at c!aracteri)ation
.E/ t!e absence o" a 'artic%lar 'at! t!at t!e e,e &%st "ollo does not entail t!at
t!e e,e "ollos no 'at!
51. A st%d, o" t!e di""erence in earnin#s beteen &en and o&en in t!e co%ntr, o"
2aota "o%nd t!at t!e avera#e ann%al earnin#s o" o&en !o are e&'lo,ed "%ll
ti&e is BI 'ercent o" t!e avera#e ann%al earnin#s o" &en !o are e&'lo,ed "%ll
ti&e. :oever9 ot!er researc! consistentl, s!os t!at9 in 2aota9 t!e avera#e
ann%al earnin#s o" all e&'lo,ed o&en is G@ 'ercent o" t!e avera#e ann%al
earnin#s o" all e&'lo,ed &en.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" also establis!ed b, researc!9 &ost !el's e('lain
t!e a''arent discre'anc, beteen t!e researc! res%lts described above-
.A/ In 2aota9 t!e di""erence beteen t!e avera#e ann%al earnin#s o" all "e&ale
orkers and t!e avera#e ann%al earnin#s o" all &ale orkers !as been
#rad%all, increasin# over t!e 'ast <I ,ears.
.1/ In 2aota9 t!e avera#e ann%al earnin#s o" o&en !o ork "%ll ti&e in
e(actl, t!e sa&e occ%'ations and %nder e(actl, t!e sa&e conditions as &en
is al&ost t!e sa&e as t!e &ens avera#e ann%al earnin#s.
.C/ In 2aota9 a #roin# 'ro'ortion o" "e&ale orkers !old "%ll8ti&e &ana#erial9
s%'ervisor,9 or 'ro"essional 'ositions9 and s%c! 'ositions t,'icall, 'a, &ore
t!an ot!er t,'es o" 'ositions 'a,.
.3/ In 2aota9 a lar#er 'ro'ortion o" "e&ale orkers t!an &ale orkers are 'art8
ti&e orkers9 and 'art8ti&e orkers t,'icall, earn less t!an "%ll8ti&e
orkers earn.
.E/ In ten ot!er co%ntries !ere t!e 'ro'ortion o" o&en in t!e ork "orce is
si&ilar to t!at o" 2aota9 t!e avera#e ann%al earnin#s o" o&en !o ork
"%ll ti&e ran#es "ro& a lo o" @I 'ercent to a !i#! o" HI 'ercent o" t!e
avera#e ann%al earnin#s o" &en !o ork "%ll ti&e.
55. 1iolo#ist: So&e s'ec%late t!at t!e %n%s%all, !i#! "re0%enc, o" s&all #oats "o%nd
in island 'o'%lations is a res'onse to evol%tionar, 'ress%re to increase t!e
n%&ber o" #oats so as to ens%re a diverse #ene 'ool. :oever9 onl, t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR AC@
re'rod%ctive s%ccess o" a trait in"l%ences its "re0%enc, in a 'o'%lation. So9 t!e
onl, kind o" evol%tionar, 'ress%re t!at can red%ce t!e avera#e si)e o" t!e
&e&bers o" a #oat 'o'%lation is t!at res%ltin# "ro& s&all #oats ac!ievin# #reater
re'rod%ctive s%ccess t!an t!eir lar#er co%sins.
T!e biolo#ists vie9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ T!e evol%tionar, 'ress%re to ens%re a diverse #ene 'ool co%ld !ave t!e e""ect
o" increasin# t!e "re0%enc, o" a #ene "or s&all si)e.
.1/ T!e %n%s%al "re0%enc, o" s&all #oats in island 'o'%lations is not a res%lt o"
t!e #reater re'rod%ctive s%ccess s&all #oats 'ossess !en s'ace is li&ited.
.C/ Contrar, to !at so&e believe9 lar#e #oats ac!ieve #reater re'rod%ctive
s%ccess t!an s&all #oats even !en s'ace is li&ited.
.3/ T!e evol%tionar, 'ress%re to ens%re diverse #ene 'ool does not !ave t!e
e""ect o" increasin# t!e "re0%enc, o" a #ene "or s&all si)e.
.E/ A diverse #ene 'ool cannot be ac!ieved in a #oat 'o'%lation %nless t!e
avera#e si)e o" its &e&bers is red%ced.
5<. Several care"%ll, cond%cted st%dies s!oed t!at H@ 'ercent o" strict ve#etarians
reac!ed a#e @I it!o%t develo'in# serio%s !eart disease. 6e can concl%de "ro&
t!is t!at avoidin# &eat increases ones c!ances o" avoidin# serio%s !eart disease.
T!ere"ore9 'eo'le !o ant to red%ce t!e risk o" serio%s !eart disease s!o%ld not
eat &eat.
T!e "laed 'attern o" reasonin# e(!ibited b, !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost
si&ilar to t!at e(!ibited b, t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e &a+orit, o" 'eo'le !o re#%larl, drive over t!e s'eed li&it ill beco&e
involved in tra""ic accidents. To avoid !ar& to 'eo'le !o do not drive over
t!e s'eed li&it9 e s!o%ld !ire &ore 'olice o""icers to en"orce t!e s'eed
las.
.1/ St%dies !ave s!on t!at ci#arette s&okers !ave a #reater c!ance o" inc%rrin#
!eart disease t!an 'eo'le !o do not s&oke. Since ci#arette s&okin#
increases ones c!ances o" inc%rrin# !eart disease9 'eo'le !o ant to tr, to
avoid !eart disease s!o%ld #ive %' ci#arette s&okin#.
.C/ T!e &a+orit, o" 'eo'le !o re#%larl, drink co""ee e('erience dental
'roble&s in t!e latter 'art o" t!eir lives. Since t!ere is t!is correlation
beteen drinkin# co""ee and inc%rrin# dental 'roble&s9 t!e #overn&ent
s!o%ld &ake co""ee less accessible to t!e #eneral '%blic.
.3/ St%dies s!o t!at 'eo'le !o do not e(ercise re#%larl, !ave a s!orter li"e
e('ectanc, t!an t!ose !o e(ercise re#%larl,. To !el' increase t!eir
'atients li"e e('ectanc,9 doctors s!o%ld reco&&end re#%lar e(ercise to
t!eir 'atients.
.E/ Most 'eo'le !o e(ercise re#%larl, are able to !andle stress. T!is s!os t!at
e(ercisin# re#%larl, decreases ones c!ances o" bein# over!el&ed b,
GMAT & LSAT CR ACG
stress. So 'eo'le !o ant to be able to !andle stress s!o%ld re#%larl,
en#a#e in e(ercise.
5C. Mr. 2ance: Ms. C!an said t!at s!e retired "ro& N%ad Cities Cor'oration9 and !ad
received a atc! and a onder"%l 'art, as t!anks "or !er CI ,ears o" lo,al
service. 1%t I over!eard a collea#%e o" !ers sa, t!at Ms. C!an ill be #one "or
&%c! o" t!e ne(t ,ear on b%siness tri's and is no orkin# !arder t!an s!e ever
did be"oreD t!at does not so%nd like retire&ent to &e. At least one o" t!e& is not
tellin# t!e tr%t!.
M. 2ances reasonin# is "laed beca%se it
.A/ is based in 'art on !earsa,
.1/ critici)es Ms. C!an rat!er t!an t!e clai&s s!e &ade
.C/ dras a concl%sion based on e0%ivocal lan#%a#e
.3/ "ails to consider t!at Ms. C!ans collea#%e &a, !ave been deceived b, !er
.E/ "ails to in"er t!at Ms. C!an &%st be a 'erson o" s%'erior c!aracter9 #iven !er
lon# lo,al service
5@. A recent s%rve, s!oed t!at @I 'ercent o" 'eo'le 'olled believe t!at elected
o""icials s!o%ld resi#n i" indicted "or a cri&e9 !ereas <@ 'ercent believe t!at
elected o""icials s!o%ld resi#n onl, i" t!e, are convicted o" a cri&e. T!ere"ore9
&ore 'eo'le believe t!at elected o""icials s!o%ld resi#n i" indicted t!an believe
t!at t!e, s!o%ld resi#n i" convicted.
T!e reasonin# above is "laed beca%se it
.A/ dras a concl%sion abo%t t!e 'o'%lation in #eneral based onl, on a sa&'le
o" t!at 'o'%lation
.1/ con"%ses a s%""icient condition it! a re0%ired condition
.C/ is based on an a&bi#%it, o" one o" its ter&s
.3/ dras a concl%sion abo%t a s'eci"ic belie" based on res'onses to 0%eries
abo%t to di""erent s'eci"ic belie"s
.E/ contains 're&ises t!at cannot all be tr%e
SECTI72 I4
1. Advertise&ent: A&on# 'o'%lar a%to&obiles9 St%rdi&ades stand a'art. Aro%nd t!e
orld9 !%ndreds o" lon#ti&e St%rdi&ade oners !ave si#ned %' "or St%rdi&ades
>lon# distance? cl%b9 &e&bers o" !ic! &%st !ave a St%rdi&ade t!e, !ave
driven "or a total o" at least 1II9III &iles or 1GI9III kilo&eters. So&e &e&bers
boast o" !avin# driven t!eir St%rdi&ades "or a total o" <II9III &iles .CBI9III
kilo&eters/. Clearl,9 i" ,o% b%, a St%rdi&ade ,o% can rel, on bein# able to drive
it "or a ver, lon# distance.
GMAT & LSAT CR ACA
Constr%ed as an ar#%&ent9 t!e advertise&ents reasonin# is &ost v%lnerable to
criticis& on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# #ro%nds-
.A/ It dras a #eneral concl%sion "ro& cases selected onl, on t!e basis o" !avin#
a c!aracteristic t!at "avors t!at concl%sion.
.1/ Its concl%sion &erel, restates t!e evidence #iven to s%''ort it.
.C/ It "ails to clari", in !ic! o" to 'ossible a,s an a&bi#%o%s ter& is bein#
%sed in t!e 're&ises.
.3/ T!e evidence #iven to s%''ort t!e concl%sion act%all, %nder&ines t!at
concl%sion.
.E/ It treats 'o'%lar o'inion as i" it constit%ted concl%sive evidence "or a clai&.
5. $aced it! a "inancial crisis9 ='land =niversit,s board o" tr%stees red%ced t!e
b%d#et "or t!e %niversit,s co&'%ter center "ro& last ,ears LC &illion to L1.@
&illion "or t!e co&in# ,ear. :oever9 t!e center cannot o'erate on less t!an L5.@
&illion. Since t!e board cannot divert "%nds "ro& ot!er 'ro#ra&s to t!e co&'%ter
center9 t!ere is no a, t!at t!e center can be ke't o'eratin# "or t!e co&in# ,ear.
T!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent is 'ro'erl, dran i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
is ass%&ed-
.A/ T!e co&'%ter center did not %se all o" t!e LC &illion t!at as b%d#eted to it
last ,ear.
.1/ T!e b%d#ets o" ot!er 'ro#ra&s at t!e %niversit, ere also red%ced.
.C/ T!e co&'%ter center !as no so%rce o" "%nds ot!er t!an t!ose b%d#eted to it
"or t!e co&in# ,ear b, t!e %niversit,s board o" tr%stees.
.3/ 2o "%nds "ro& an, 'ro#ra& at t!e %niversit, can be diverted to ot!er
'ro#ra&s.
.E/ T!e board o" tr%stees at t!e %niversit, val%e ot!er 'ro#ra&s at t!e %niversit,
&ore !i#!l, t!an t!e, do t!e co&'%ter center.
Questions 3-4
M%riel: I ad&ire $avillas novels9 b%t s!e does not deserve to be considered a #reat
riter. T!e 'oint is t!at9 no &atter !o distinctive !er st,le &a, be9 !er s%b+ect &atter
is si&'l, not varied eno%#!.
Jo!n: I t!ink ,o% are ron# to %se t!at criterion. A #reat riter does not need an,
diversit, in s%b+ect &atterD !oever9 a #reat riter &%st at least !ave t!e abilit, to
e('lore a 'artic%lar t!e&e dee'l,.
<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a 'oint at iss%e beteen M%riel and Jo!n-
.A/ !et!er $avilla !as treated a ide variet, o" s%b+ects in !er novels
.1/ !et!er $avilla s!o%ld be considered a #reat riter beca%se !er st,le is
distinctive
.C/ !et!er treatin# a variet, o" s%b+ects s!o%ld be 'rere0%isite "or so&eone to
GMAT & LSAT CR ACB
be considered a #reat riter
.3/ !et!er t!e n%&ber o" novels t!at a novelist !as ritten s!o%ld be a "actor in
+%d#in# !et!er t!at novelist is #reat
.E/ !et!er t!ere are &an, novelists !o are considered to be #reat b%t do not
deserve to be so considered
C. Jo!ns state&ents co&&it !i& to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'osition-
.A/ Even i" t!e s%b+ect &atter in $avillas ritin#s is not 'artic%larl, varied9 s!e
s!o%ld not t!ereb, be e(cl%ded "ro& bein# considered a #reat riter.
.1/ Even i" $avilla cannot e('lore an, 'artic%lar t!e&e dee'l, in !er ritin#s9
s!e s!o%ld not t!ereb, be e(cl%ded "ro& bein# considered a #reat riter.
.C/ I" $avilla !as e('lored so&e 'artic%lar t!e&e e(ce'tionall, dee'l, in !er
ritin#s9 s!e deserves to be considered a #reat riter.
.3/ I" t!e s%b+ect &atter in $avillas ritin#s ere e(ce'tionall, varied9 s!e
o%ld not deserve to be considered a #reat riter.
.E/ I" $avillas ritin#s s!o no evidence o" a distinctive st,le9 s!e does not
deserve to be considered a #reat riter.
@. Astrona%t: An, &oon9 b, de"inition9 orbits so&e 'lanet in a solar s,ste&. So9 t!e
&oons in solar s,ste& SC all orbit t!e 'lanet Al'!a.
T!e astrona%ts concl%sion "ollos lo#icall, i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is
ass%&ed-
.A/ T!ere is onl, one &oon in SC.
.1/ Ever, &oon in SC orbits t!e sa&e 'lanet.
.C/ Al'!a is t!e onl, 'lanet in SC.
.3/ Ever, 'lanet in SC is orbited b, &ore t!an one &oon.
.E/ T!ere is at least one &oon t!at orbits Al'!a.
G. A orker "or a 'oer co&'an, tri&s t!e branc!es o" trees t!at over!an# 'oer
lines as a 'revention a#ainst da&a#e to t!e lines antici'ated beca%se o" t!e
i&'endin# stor&, season. T!e orker reasons t!at t!ere ill be no need "or !er
to tri& t!e over!an#in# branc!es o" a certain tree beca%se t!e oners o" t!e tree
!ave indicated t!at t!e, &i#!t c%t it don an,a,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# decisions is based on "laed reasonin# t!at is &ost
si&ilar to t!e orkers "laed reasonin#-
.A/ A ell ins'ector !as a li&ited a&o%nt o" ti&e to ins'ect t!e ells o" a ton.
T!e ins'ector reasons t!at t!e ells s!o%ld be ins'ected in t!e order o" &ost
%sed to least %sed9 beca%se t!ere &i#!t not be eno%#! ti&e to ins'ect t!e&
all.
.1/ All sea#e and inco&in# ater 'i'es in a !o%se &%st be re'laced. T!e
'l%&ber reasons t!at t!e c!ea'er 'ol,vin,l c!loride 'i'es s!o%ld be %sed
"or sea#e rat!er t!an co''er 'i'es9 since t!e &one, saved &i#!t be %sed
GMAT & LSAT CR ACH
to re'lace orn "i(t%res.
.C/ A &ec!anic &%st re'lace t!e orn brakes on a co&'an,s vans t!at are %sed
eac! eekda,. T!e &ec!anic reasons t!at since one o" t!e vans is
tentativel, sc!ed%led to be +%nked9 !e ill not !ave to re'lace its brakes.
.3/ A candidate decides to ca&'ai#n in t!e areas o" t!e cit, !ere t!e &ost ne
votes are concentrated. T!e candidate reasons t!at ca&'ai#nin# on ot!er
areas is %nnecessar, beca%se in t!ose areas t!e candidates &essa#e is
act%all, liable to alienate voters.
.E/ 2one o" t!e c!ildren in a certain kinder#arten class ill take res'onsibilit,
"or t!e cra,on drain# on t!e classroo& all. T!e teac!er reasons t!at it is
best to kee' all t!e kinder#arten c!ildren in d%rin# recess in order to be
certain to '%nis! t!e one !o did t!e drain# on t!e all.
A. C%rrentl,9 t!e cit, o" Gri&c!ester is liable "or an, in+%r, inc%rred beca%se o" a
cit, sidealk in need o" re'air or &aintenance. :oever9 Gri&c!esters
sidealks are so e(tensive t!at it is i&'ossible to !ire eno%#! e&'lo,ees to locate
and eli&inate ever, 'otential dan#er in its sidealks. Govern&ents s!o%ld be
liable "or in+%ries inc%rred on '%blic 'ro'ert, onl, i" t!e, kne abo%t t!e dan#er
be"ore!and and ne#li#entl, "ailed to eli&inate it.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# describes an in+%r, "or !ic! t!e cit, o" Gri&c!ester
is no liable9 b%t s!o%ld not be accordin# to t!e 'rinci'le cited above-
.A/ A 'erson is in+%red a"ter tri''in# on a badl, %neven cit, sidealk9 and t!e
cit, ad&inistration !ad been re'eatedl, in"or&ed o" t!e need to re'air t!e
sidealk "or several ,ears.
.1/ A 'erson is in+%red a"ter tri''in# over a s!o''in# ba# t!at so&eone !ad le"t
l,in# in t!e &iddle o" t!e sidealk.
.C/ A 'erson is in+%red a"ter ste''in# in a lar#e !ole in a cit, sidealk9 and t!e
cit, ad&inistration !ad "irst learned o" t!e need to re'air t!at sidealk
&in%tes be"ore.
.3/ A 'erson !o is !eavil, into(icated is in+%red a"ter "allin# on a 'er"ectl,
even cit, sidealk it! no visible de"ects.
.E/ A 'erson ridin# a bic,cle on a cit, sidealk is in+%red a"ter servin# to avoid
a 'edestrian !o !ad alked in "ront o" t!e bic,cle it!o%t lookin#.
B. Earl, in t!e develo'&ent o" a ne 'rod%ct line9 t!e critical reso%rce is talent.
2e &arketin# vent%res re0%ire a de#ree o" &ana#erial skill dis'ro'ortionate to
t!eir s!ort8ter& reven%e 'ros'ects. =s%all,9 !oever9 talented &ana#ers are
assi#ned onl, to establis!ed !i#!8reven%e 'rod%ct lines and9 as a res%lt9 &ost ne
&arketin# vent%res "ail. Contrar, to c%rrent 'ractice9 t!e best &ana#ers in a
co&'an, s!o%ld be assi#ned to develo'&ent 'ro+ects.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e a%t!ors ar#%&ent-
.A/ 7n avera#e9 ne vent%res %nder t!e direction o" &ana#ers at e(ec%tive level
GMAT & LSAT CR A@I
s%rvive no lon#er t!an t!ose &ana#ed b, loer8rankin# &ana#ers.
.1/ $or &ost establis!ed co&'anies9 t!e develo'&ent o" ne 'rod%ct lines is a
relativel, s&all 'art o" t!e co&'an,s total e('endit%re.
.C/ T!e &ore talented a &ana#er is9 t!e less likel, !e or s!e is to be interested in
%ndertakin# t!e develo'&ent o" a ne 'rod%ct line.
.3/ T!e c%rrent reven%e and 'ro"itabilit, o" an establis!ed 'rod%ct line can be
&aintained even i" t!e co&'an,s best &ana#ers are assi#ned else!ere.
.E/ Earl, s!ort8ter& reven%e 'ros'ects o" a ne 'rod%ct line are %s%all, a #ood
'redictor o" !o s%ccess"%l a 'rod%ct line ill %lti&atel, be.
H. Television nes covera#e #ives vieers a sense o" direct involve&ent it!
c%rrent events b%t does not 'rovide t!e de't! o" covera#e needed "or t!e
si#ni"icance o" t!ose events to be a''reciated. 2es'a'ers9 on t!e ot!er !and9
'rovide de't! o" covera#e b%t no sense o" direct involve&ent. =n"ort%natel,9 a
"%ll %nderstandin# o" c%rrent events re0%ires bot! an a''reciation o" t!eir
si#ni"icance and a sense o" direct involve&ent it! t!e&. T!ere"ore9 since "e
'eo'le seek o%t nes so%rces ot!er t!an nes'a'ers and television9 "e 'eo'le
ever "%ll %nderstand c%rrent events.
.A/ treats to t!in#s9 neit!er one o" !ic! can 'la%sibl, be seen as e(cl%din# t!e
ot!ers9 as t!o%#! t!e, ere &%t%all, e(cl%sive
.1/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at 'eo'le read nes'a'ers or atc! television "or
reasons ot!er t!an #ainin# a "%ll %nderstandin# o" c%rrent events
.C/ &akes cr%cial %se o" t!e ter& >de't! o" covera#e? it!o%t de"inin# it
.3/ "ails to consider t!e 'ossible disadvanta#es o" !avin# a sense o" direct
involve&ent it! tra#ic or violent events
.E/ &istakenl, reasons t!at +%st beca%se so&et!in# !as t!e ca'acit, to 'er"or& a
#iven "%nction it act%all, does so
1I. Critic: So&e riters !ave 0%estioned Stalins sanit, d%rin# !is last ,ears. T!e,
t,'icall, c!aracteri)ed !is vindictiveness and secrec, as >'aranoia? and >&orbid
s%s'icio%sness9? t!e latter al&ost a standard ter& a''lied b, t!e Soviet riters
%nder glasnost to e('lain t!is e(traordinar, &ans &isdeeds. 1%t Stalins cr%elt,
and devio%sness are not &ore a''arent d%rin# t!ose ,ears t!an in earlier 'eriods
o" !is r%le. >Morbid s%s'icio%sness? !as to be a c!aracteristic o" t,rants. 6it!o%t
it t!e, o%ld not re&ain lon# in 'oer.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses a 'oint o" disa#ree&ent
beteen t!e critic and t!e riters-
.A/ !et!er Stalin s!o%ld be !eld #%ilt, o" t!e cr%el deeds attrib%ted to !i&
.1/ !et!er Stalins cr%el &isdeeds 'rovide evidence o" &orbid s%s'icio%sness
.C/ !et!er it is Stalins state o" 'aranoia or rat!er !is cr%elt, t!at #ives t!e
stron#er reason "or do%btin# !is sanit,
GMAT & LSAT CR A@1
.3/ !et!er t,rann, tends to lead to cr%elt,
.E/ !et!er it as Stalins 's,c!olo#ical state or rat!er !is 'olitical condition
t!at as t!e 'ri&ar, ca%se o" !is cr%el &isdeeds
11. Even t!o%#! a'es are t!e onl, non!%&an creat%res able to learn !%&an lan#%a#e9
no a'e !as ever %sed its !%&an lan#%a#e skills to ask s%c! '!iloso'!ical
0%estions as9 >:o a& I di""erent "ro& all creat%res-? T!ere"ore9 '!iloso'!ical
t!o%#!t is %ni0%e to !%&ans.
T!e concl%sion in t!e 'assa#e above relies on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ass%&'tions-
.A/ :%&an lan#%a#e is %ni0%e to !%&ans.
.1/ A'es are inca'able o" t!inkin# in !%&an lan#%a#e.
.C/ F!iloso'!ical t!o%#!t can be e('ressed onl, in !%&an lan#%a#e.
.3/ S'eakin# in !%&an lan#%a#e is easier t!an t!inkin# in !%&an lan#%a#e.
.E/ It is &ore di""ic%lt to learn !%&an lan#%a#e t!an to e('ress '!iloso'!ical
0%estions.
15. Most ad%lts in co%ntr, E cons%&e an increasin# a&o%nt o" "at as t!e, #ro older.
:oever9 "or nearl, all ad%lts in co%ntr, E9 t!e 'ercenta#e o" "at in a 'ersons
diet sta,s t!e sa&e t!ro%#!o%t ad%lt li"e.
concl%sions abo%t ad%lts in co%ntr, E-
.A/ T!e, #enerall, cons%&e &ore "at t!an do 'eo'le o" t!e sa&e a#e in ot!er
co%ntries.
.1/ T!e, #enerall, eat &ore !en t!e, are older t!an t!e, did earlier in t!eir
ad%lt!ood.
.C/ T!e, #enerall, !ave diets t!at contain a loer 'ercenta#e o" "at t!an do t!e
diets o" c!ildren in co%ntr, E.
.3/ T!e, tend to eat &ore varied kinds o" "ood as t!e, beco&e older.
.E/ T!e, tend to lose ei#!t as t!e, beco&e older.
1<. Folitician: T!e bill t!at &akes %sin# car '!ones !ile drivin# ille#al s!o%ld be
ado'ted. M, s%''ort o" t!is bill is &otivated b, a concern "or '%blic sa"et,. =sin#
a car '!one serio%sl, distracts t!e driver9 !ic! in t%rn 'oses a t!reat to sa"e
drivin#. Feo'le o%ld be deterred "ro& %sin# t!eir car '!ones !ile drivin# i" it
ere ille#al to do so.
T!e ar#%&ents &ain concl%sion "ollos lo#icall, i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
is ass%&ed-
.A/ T!e &ore attention one 'a,s to drivin#9 t!e sa"er a driver one is.
.1/ T!e onl, a, to red%ce t!e t!reat to '%blic sa"et, 'osed b, car '!ones is
t!ro%#! le#islation.
.C/ So&e distractions inter"ere it! ones abilit, to sa"el, o'erate an a%to&obile.
GMAT & LSAT CR A@5
.3/ An, 'ro'osed la t!at o%ld red%ce a t!reat to '%blic sa"et, s!o%ld be
ado'ted.
.E/ Car '!one %se b, 'assen#ers does not distract t!e driver o" t!e car.
1C. 6!en soil is 'loed in t!e s'rin#9 'i#eed seeds t!at !ave been b%ried in t!e soil
all inter are c!%rned %' to t!e s%r"ace and rede'osited +%st %nder t!e s%r"ace.
T!e brie" e('os%re o" t!e seeds to s%nli#!t sti&%lates rece'tors9 !ic! !ave
beco&e !i#!l, sensitive to s%nli#!t d%rin# t!e &ont!s t!e seeds ere b%ried in
t!e soil9 and t!e sti&%lated rece'tors tri##er #er&ination. 6it!o%t t!e 'rolon#ed
darkness9 "olloed b, e('os%re to s%nli#!t9 t!e seeds do not #er&inate.
state&ents abo%t a "ield t!at ill be 'loed in t!e s'rin# and in !ic! 'i#eed
seeds !ave been b%ried in t!e soil all inter-
.A/ $eer 'i#eed 'lants ill #ro in t!e "ield i" it is 'loed onl, at ni#!t t!an
i" it is 'loed d%rin# t!e da,.
.1/ $eer 'i#eed 'lants ill #ro in t!e "ield i" it is not 'loed at all t!an i" it
is 'loed onl, at ni#!t.
.C/ $eer 'i#eed 'lants ill #ro in t!e "ield i" it is 'loed +%st be"ore s%nrise
t!an i" it is 'loed +%st a"ter s%nset.
.3/ T!e 'i#eed seeds t!at are c!%rned %' to t!e s%r"ace o" t!e soil d%rin# t!e
'loin# ill not #er&inate %nless t!e, are rede'osited %nder t!e s%r"ace o"
t!e soil.
.E/ All o" t!e 'i#eed seeds t!at are alread, on t!e s%r"ace o" t!e soil be"ore t!e
"ield is 'loed ill #er&inate.
1@. In 1HH59 t!ere ere over 5@I resc%es o" &o%ntain cli&bers9 costin# t!e
#overn&ent al&ost < &illion dollars. More t!an 5@ 'eo'le died in cli&bin#
&is!a's t!at ,ear. Man, ne cli&bers enter t!e s'ort eac! ,ear. Me&bers o" a
task "orce !ave 'ro'osed a bondin# arran#e&ent re0%irin# all cli&bers to 'ost a
lar#e s%& o" &one, to be "or"eited to t!e #overn&ent in case o" cala&it,.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 s%''orts t!e task "orce &e&bers
'ro'osal EECEFT:
.A/ Ta('a,ers s!o%ld not s%bsidi)e a "reel, c!osen !obb, and at!letic endeavor
o" individ%als.
.1/ T!e #overn&ent is obli#ed to take &eas%res to deter 'eo'le "ro& riskin#
t!eir lives.
.C/ $or '!,sicall, risk, s'orts t!e #overn&ent s!o%ld iss%e 'er&its onl, to
'eo'le !o !ave !ad at least &ini&al trainin# in t!e s'ort.
.3/ Citi)ens !o %se '%blicl, s%bsidi)ed resc%e services s!o%ld be re0%ired to
'a, &ore toard t!e cost o" t!ese services t!an citi)ens !o do not.
.E/ Feo'le !o en#a#e in '!,sicall, risk, be!avior t!at is not essential to
an,ones el"are s!o%ld be !eld res'onsible "or t!e cost o" treatin# an,
GMAT & LSAT CR A@<
res%ltin# in+%ries.
1G. T!e "a&iliar slo#an >s%rvival o" t!e "ittest? is 'o'%larl, %sed to e('ress t!e clai&9
o"ten &istakenl, attrib%ted to evol%tionar, biolo#ists9 t!at t!e "ittest are &ost
likel, to s%rvive. :oever9 biolo#ists %se t!e ter& >"ittest? to &ean >&ost likel,
to s%rvive are t!e &ost likel, to s%rvive9? so t!e slo#an is &erel, clai&in# t!at
t!e &ost likel, to s%rvive are t!e &ost likel, to s%rvive. 6!ile t!is clai& is
clearl, tr%e9 it is a ta%tolo#, and so is neit!er in"or&ative nor o" scienti"ic
interest.
T!e ar#%&ent above de'ends on ass%&in# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ All clai&s t!at are o" scienti"ic interest are in"or&ative.
.1/ 7nl, clai&s t!at are tr%e are o" scienti"ic interest.
.C/ Fo'%lar slo#ans are seldo& in"or&ative or o" scienti"ic interest.
.3/ In"or&ative scienti"ic clai&s cannot %se ter&s in t!e a, t!e, are 'o'%larl,
%sed.
.E/ T!e tr%t! o" a '%r'orted scienti"ic clai& is not s%""icient "or it to be o"
scienti"ic interest.
1A. Co%ncil &e&ber: T!e 'reservation o" individ%al 'ro'ert, ri#!ts is o" t!e %t&ost
i&'ortance to t!e cit, co%ncil. *et9 in t!is cit,9 'ro'ert, oners are restricted to
little &ore t!an c%ttin# #rass and eedin#. An,t!in# &ore e(tensive9 s%c! as
re&odelin#9 is 'ro!ibited b, o%r )onin# las.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rovides a resol%tion to t!e a''arent inconsistenc,
described b, t!e co%ncil &e&ber-
.A/ Fro'ert, oners are so&eti&es alloed e(e&'tions "ro& restrictive )onin#
las.
.1/ It is in t!e best interest o" 'ro'ert, oners to &aintain c%rrent las in order
to 'revent an increase in t!eir 'ro'ert, ta(es.
.C/ T!e cit, co%ncil 'laces less i&'ortance on 'ro'ert, ri#!ts t!an do 'ro'ert,
oners.
.3/ An individ%als 'ro'ert, ri#!ts &a, be in"rin#ed %'on b, ot!er 'eo'le
alterin# t!eir on 'ro'ert,.
.E/ Qonin# las ens%re t!at 'ro'ert, ri#!ts are not overl, e(tensive.
1B. Coac!: 7%r tea& !as o"ten been critici)ed "or o%r ent!%sias& in res'onse to bot!
o%r s%ccesses and o%r o''onents "ail%res. 1%t t!is be!avior is !ardl,
%n'ro"essional9 as o%r critics !ave clai&ed. 7n t!e contrar,9 i" one looks at t!e
'ro"essionals in t!is s'ort9 one ill "ind t!at t!e, are even &ore e""%sive. 7%r
critics s!o%ld leave t!e tea& alone and let t!e 'la,ers en+o, t!e #a&e.
T!e coac!s ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to t!e c!ar#e t!at it
.A/ &isleadin#l, e0%ates ent!%sias& it! %net!ical 'la,
.1/ &isinter'rets t!e critics clai& t!at t!e tea& is %n'ro"essional
GMAT & LSAT CR A@C
.C/ too 0%ickl, #enerali)es "ro& t!e s'ort at one level to t!e s'ort at a di""erent
level
.3/ s!i"ts t!e bla&e "or t!e tea&s be!avior to 'ro"essional 'la,ers
.E/ takes ever,one on t!e tea& to !ave 'er"or&ed t!e actions o" a "e
1H. S'eaker: Conte&'orar, b%siness "ir&s need to reco#ni)e t!at avoidin# social
res'onsibilit, leads to t!e #rad%al erosion o" 'oer. T!is is 3avis and
1lo&stro&s Iron La o" Res'onsibilit,: >In t!e lon# r%n9 t!ose !o do not %se
'oer in a &anner !ic! societ, considers res'onsible ill tend to lose it.? T!e
las a''lication to !%&an instit%tions certainl, stands con"ir&ed b, !istor,.
T!o%#! t!e >lon# r%n? &a, re0%ire decades or even cent%ries in so&e instances9
societ, %lti&atel, acts to red%ce 'oer !en societ, t!inks it is not bein# %sed
res'onsibl,. T!ere"ore9 a b%siness t!at is!es to retain its 'oer as lon# as it can
&%st act res'onsibl,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 &ost eakens t!e s'eakers
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Govern&ent instit%tions are as s%b+ect to t!e Iron La o" Res'onsibilit, as
b%siness instit%tions.
.1/ F%blic relations 'ro#ra&s can ca%se societ, to consider an instit%tion sociall,
res'onsible even !en it is not.
.C/ T!e 'oer o" so&e instit%tions erodes &ore slol, t!an t!e 'oer o" ot!ers9
!et!er t!e, are sociall, res'onsible or not.
.3/ Since no instit%tion is eternal9 ever, b%siness ill event%all, "ail.
.E/ So&e b%sinesses t!at !ave %sed 'oer in sociall, res'onsible a,s !ave lost
it.
5I. It o%ld be ron# to concl%de t!at a 'erson !as a /tre0to$o$$us in"ection i" t!ere
is no ot!er evidence t!an t!e "act t!at /tre0to$o$$us bacilli are 'resent in t!e
'ersons t!roatD a"ter all9 in"ection does not occ%r %nless t!e !ost is '!,sicall, r%n
don.
T!e reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost si&ilar to t!e reasonin# in
t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ 6!en a 'erson e('eriences bl%rred vision9 it does not "ollo t!at a '!,sical
de"ect in t!e 'ersons e,es is t!e ca%se9 since bl%rrin# o" a 'ersons vision
also can be ind%ced b, certain dr%#s.
.1/ Even i" a !ealt!, lavender 'lant receives si( or &ore !o%rs o" direct s%nli#!t
eac! da,9 one cannot 'redict on t!at basis alone t!at t!e 'lant ill bloo&9
beca%se lavender re0%ires bot! si( or &ore !o%rs o" s%nli#!t 'er da, and
sli#!tl, alkaline soil to bloo&.
.C/ 6!en a bee colon, "ails to s%rvive t!e inter9 it o%ld be ron# to concl%de
t!at lo te&'erat%res ere t!e ca%ses. 1ees !ave ver, #ood de"ense
&ec!anis&s a#ainst e(tre&e cold9 !ic! are desi#ned to ens%re s%rvival o"
GMAT & LSAT CR A@@
t!e colon,9 t!o%#! not o" individ%al bees.
.3/ A "e&ale !oll, 'lant cannot 'rod%ce berries it!o%t a &ale 'lant nearb, to
'rovide 'ollen. 1%t it does not "ollo t!at to or &ore &ale !ollis in t!e
vicinit, ill ca%se a "e&ale 'lant to bear &ore berries t!an it o%ld it!
onl, a sin#le &ale !oll, nearb,.
.E/ A 'erson cannot be 'res%&ed to be !,'ertensive on t!e basis o" a !i#!
readin# "or blood 'ress%re t!at is e(ce'tional "or t!at 'erson9 since onl,
'eo'le it! c!ronicall, !i#! blood 'ress%re are 'ro'erl, called
!,'ertensive.
51. Terr,: So&e actions considered to be bad b, o%r societ, !ave "avorable
conse0%ences. 1%t an action is #ood onl, i" it !as "avorable conse0%ences. So9
so&e actions considered to be bad b, o%r societ, are act%all, #ood.
Fat: I a#ree it! ,o%r concl%sion9 b%t not it! t!e reasons ,o% #ive "or it. So&e
#ood actions act%all, do not !ave "avorable conse0%ences. 1%t no actions
considered to be bad b, o%r societ, !ave "avorable conse0%ences9 so ,o%r
concl%sion9 t!at so&e actions o%r societ, considers bad are act%all, #ood9 still
!olds.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# correctl, describes bot! an error in Terr,s reasonin#
and an error in Fats reasonin#-
.A/ 'res%''osin# t!at i" a certain 'ro'ert, distin#%is!es one t,'e o" action "ro&
anot!er t,'e o" action9 t!en t!at 'ro'ert, is one o" &an, 'ro'erties
distin#%is!in# t!e to t,'es o" action
.1/ 'res%''osin# t!at i" &ost actions o" a certain t,'e s!are a certain 'ro'ert,9
t!en all actions o" t!at t,'e s!are t!at 'ro'ert,
.C/ 'res%''osin# t!at i" a certain 'ro'ert, is s!ared b, actions o" a certain t,'e
in a #iven societ,9 t!en t!at 'ro'ert, is s!ared b, actions o" t!at t,'e in
ever, societ,
.3/ 'res%''osin# t!at i" an actions !avin# a certain 'ro'ert, is necessar, "or its
bein# a certain t,'e o" action9 t!en !avin# t!at 'ro'ert, is s%""icient "or
bein# t!at t,'e o" action
.E/ 'res%''osin# t!at i" a certain 'ro'ert, is s!ared b, to t,'es o" action9 t!en
t!at 'ro'ert, is t!e onl, 'ro'ert, distin#%is!in# t!e to t,'es o" action
"ro& actions o" ot!er t,'es
55. 3inosa%r e('ert: So&e 'aleontolo#ists !ave clai&ed t!at birds are descendants o"
a #ro%' o" dinosa%rs called dro&eosa%rs. T!e, a''eal to t!e "ossil record9 !ic!
indicates t!at dro&eosa%rs !ave c!aracteristics &ore si&ilar to birds t!an do &ost
dinosa%rs. 1%t t!ere is a "atal "la in t!eir ar#%&entD t!e earliest bird "ossils t!at
!ave been discovered date back tens o" &illions o" ,ears "art!er t!an t!e oldest
knon dro&eosa%r "ossils. T!%s t!e 'aleontolo#ists clai& is "alse.
T!e e('erts ar#%&ent de'ends on ass%&in# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
GMAT & LSAT CR A@G
.A/ :avin# si&ilar c!aracteristics is not a si#n t!at t,'es o" ani&als are
evol%tionaril, related.
.1/ 3ro&eosa%rs and birds co%ld !ave co&&on ancestors.
.C/ Mnoled#e o" dro&eosa%r "ossils and t!e earliest bird "ossils is co&'lete.
.3/ Mnon "ossils indicate t!e relative dates o" ori#in o" birds and dro&eosa%rs.
.E/ 3ro&eosa%rs are dissi&ilar to birds in &an, si#ni"icant a,s.
Questions !3-!4
Fart, s'okes'erson: T!e o''osition 'art,s 'ro'osal to sti&%late econo&ic activit, in
t!e 'rovince b, re"%ndin# LGII &illion in 'rovincial ta(es to ta('a,ers9 !o co%ld be
e('ected to s'end t!e &one,9 envisions an ill%sor, bene"it. Since t!e 'rovinces
b%d#et is re0%ired to be in balance9 eit!er ne ta(es o%ld be needed to &ake %' t!e
s!ort"all9 in !ic! case t!e '%r'ose o" t!e re"%nd o%ld be de"eated9 or else orkers
"or t!e 'rovince o%ld be dis&issed. So eit!er t!e 'rovinces ta('a,ers or its orkers9
!o are also residents o" t!e 'rovince9 ill !ave t!e LGII &illion to s'end9 b%t t!ere
can be no res%ltin# net increase in s'endin# to sti&%late t!e 'rovinces econo&,.
5<. T!e s'okes'erson 'roceeds b,
.A/ reinter'retin# a ter& t!at is central to an o''osin# ar#%&ent
.1/ ar#%in# t!at a 'redicted advanta#e o%ld be o""set b, an acco&'an,in#
disadvanta#e
.C/ castin# do%bt on t!e &otives o" o''onents
.3/ drain# a distinction beteen di""erent kinds o" econo&ic activit,
.E/ seekin# to s!o t!at t!e ass%&'tion t!at ta('a,ers o%ld s'end &one, t!at
&i#!t be re"%nded to t!e& is d%bio%s
5C. T!e concl%sion abo%t !et!er t!ere o%ld be a res%ltin# net increase in s'endin#
o%ld not "ollo i" t!e
.A/ ta('a,ers o" t!e 'rovince o%ld s'end o%tside t!e 'rovince at least L<II
&illion o" an, LGII &illion re"%nded to t!e&
.1/ ta('a,ers o" t!e 'rovince o%ld receive an, re"%nd in 'artial 'a,&ents
d%rin# t!e ,ear rat!er t!an in a l%&' s%&
.C/ 'rovince co%ld assess ne ta(es in a a, t!at o%ld avoid an#erin#
ta('a,ers
.3/ 'rovince co%ld instead o" re"%ndin# t!e &one,9 sti&%late its econo&, b,
redirectin# its s'endin# to %se t!e LGII &illion "or constr%ction 'ro+ects
creatin# +obs aro%nd t!e 'rovince
.E/ 'rovince co%ld kee' its orkers and %se t!e& &ore e""ectivel, it! a
res%ltin# savin#s o" LGII &illion in its o%t8o"8'rovince e('endit%res
5@. Essa,ist: Ever, contract ne#otiator !as been lied to b, so&eone or ot!er9 and
!oever lies to an,one is 'racticin# dece'tion. 1%t9 o" co%rse9 an,one !o !as
GMAT & LSAT CR A@A
been lied to !as also lied to so&eone or ot!er.
I" t!e essa,ists state&ents are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be
tr%e-
.A/ Ever, contract ne#otiator !as 'racticed dece'tion.
.1/ 2ot ever,one !o 'ractices dece'tion is l,in# to so&eone.
.C/ 2ot ever,one !o lies to so&eone is 'racticin# dece'tion.
.3/ 6!oever lies to a contract ne#otiator !as been lied to b, a contract
ne#otiator.
.E/ 6!oever lies to an,one is lied to b, so&eone.
5G. A &e&ber o" t!e 1ritis! Farlia&ent is re'%ted to !ave said9 >T!e "irst '%r'ose o"
#ood social re"or& is to increase t!e s%& total o" !%&an !a''iness. So9 an,
re"or& !ic! &akes so&ebod, !a'', is ac!ievin# its '%r'ose. Since t!e re"or& I
'ro'ose o%ld &ake &, constit%ents !a'',9 it is a #ood social re"or&.?
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e ar#%&ent
attrib%ted to t!e &e&ber o" Farlia&ent-
.A/ 3i""erent t!in#s &ake di""erent 'eo'le !a'',.
.1/ T!e 'ro'osed re"or& o%ld &ake a "e 'eo'le !a'',9 b%t o%ld not
increase t!e !a''iness o" &ost ot!er 'eo'le.
.C/ T!e 'ro'osed re"or& o%ld a""ect onl, t!e &e&ber o" Farlia&ents
constit%ents and o%ld &ake t!e& !a'',.
.3/ Increasin# so&e 'eo'les !a''iness &i#!t not increase t!e s%& total o"
!%&an !a''iness i" ot!ers are &ade %n!a'',.
.E/ Good social re"or&s %s%all, !ave ides'read s%''ort.
TEST 26
SECTI72 II
1. Anita: Since 1HGI t!e s'otted ol 'o'%lation !as declined alar&in#l,. Ti&ber
co&'anies t!at !ave been clearin# t!e old8#rot! "orests !ere t!e s'otted ol
lives are res'onsible "or t!is.
Jean: 2o9 t!e s'otted ols decline is d%e not to t!e ti&ber co&'anies b%t a rival
s'ecies. $or t!e 'ast t!ree decades9 t!e &ore 'roli"ic barred ol !as been &ovin#
steadil, into t!e s'otted ol !abitat and re'lacin# t!e s'otted ol.
Jean does !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# in !er res'onse to Anita-
.A/ denies t!e tr%t! o" Anitas 're&ise t!at ti&ber co&'anies !ave been clearin#
old8#rot! "orests
GMAT & LSAT CR A@B
.1/ c!allen#es Anitas ass%&'tion t!at t!e decline in t!e 'o'%lation o" t!e
s'otted ol 'oses a t!reat to t!e s'ecies contin%ed s%rvival
.C/ 'ro'oses an alternative e('lanation "or t!e decline in t!e s'otted ol
'o'%lation
.3/ ar#%es t!at Anitas concl%sion is not valid beca%se s!e !as "ailed to consider
t!e s'otted ol 'o'%lation over a lon# eno%#! ti&e 'eriod
.E/ s%##est t!at Anita overlooked t!e 'ossibilit, t!at s'otted ols are able to live
in "orests t!at are old8#rot! "orests
Questions !-3
4eterinarian: A disease o" '%rebred race!orses t!at is ca%sed b, a #enetic de"ect
'revents a""licted !orses "ro& racin# and can ca%se 'aral,sis and deat!. So&e !orse
breeders concl%de t!at beca%se t!e disease can !ave s%c! serio%s conse0%ences9
!orses it! t!e de"ect s!o%ld not be bred. 1%t t!e, are ron# beca%se9 in &ost cases9
t!e severit, o" t!e disease can be controlled b, diet and &edication and t!e de"ect also
'rod%ces !orses o" e(tre&e bea%t, t!at are in #reat de&and in t!e !orse s!o
ind%str,.
5. T!e 'oint o" t!e veterinarians res'onse to t!e !orse breeders is &ost acc%ratel,
e('ressed b, !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Race!orses t!at !ave t!e #enetic de"ect need not be 'revented "ro& racin#.
.1/ T!ere s!o%ld not be an absol%te ban on breedin# race!orses t!at !ave t!e
#enetic de"ect.
.C/ Race!orses t!at are severel, a""licted it! t!e disease !ave not been
'rovided it! t!e 'ro'er diet.
.3/ T!e best a, to 'rod%ce race!orses o" e(tre&e bea%t, is to breed !orses t!at
!ave t!e #enetic de"ect.
.E/ T!ere s!o%ld be no 'ro!ibition a#ainst breedin# race!orses t!at !ave an,
disease t!at can be controlled b, diet and e(ercise.
<. T!e veterinarians ar#%&ent e&'lo,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# tec!ni0%es-
.A/ callin# into 0%estion t!e &otives o" t!e !orse breeders cited
.1/ de&onstratin# t!at t!e !orse breeders concl%sion is inconsistent it! t!e
evidence advanced to s%''ort it
.C/ 'rovidin# evidence t!at contradicts t!e !orse breeders evidence
.3/ dis'%tin# t!e acc%rac, o" evidence on !ic! t!e !orse breeders ar#%&ent
de'ends
.E/ introd%cin# considerations t!at lead to a concl%sion di""erent "ro& t!at o" t!e
!orse breeders ar#%&ent
C. Folitical scientist: T!e conce't o" "reedo& is !o'elessl, va#%e. An, de"inition o"
"reedo& ill eit!er e(cl%de so&e acts t!at int%itivel, 0%ali", as "ree or ad&it
GMAT & LSAT CR A@H
so&e acts t!at int%itivel, "all o%tside t!e conce't. T!e notion o" +%stice9 "airness9
and e0%alit, are e0%all, indeter&inate. T!is is !, 'olitical or#ani)ation s!o%ld
be disavoed as "%tile.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is 0%estionable beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ #enerali)es "ro& an %nre'resentative sa&'le to ever, 'olitical idea
.1/ &akes t!e %ns%''orted clai& t!at t!e conce't o" "reedo& is !o'elessl, va#%e
.C/ i#nores t!e "act t!at so&e 'eo'le vie "reedo& as indis'ensable
.3/ "ails to s!o an, s'eci"ic link beteen t!e va#%eness o" conce'ts s%c! as
"reedo& and t!e re+ection o" 'olitical or#ani)ation
.E/ is &o%nted b, so&e !o !as vested interest in t!e re+ection o" 'olitical
or#ani)ation
@. A recent 'assed la re0%ires all 'laces o" '%blic acco&&odation to eli&inate
discri&ination a#ainst 'ersons it! disabilities b, re&ovin# all '!,sical barriers
to accessibilit,. Frivate sc!ools9 t!ere"ore9 are le#all, obli#ated to &ake t!eir
ca&'%ses '!,sicall, accessible to 'ersons it! disabilities.
T!e concl%sion above "ollos lo#icall, i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is
ass%&ed-
.A/ 2o 'rivate sc!ool can le#all, den, ad&ission to a 'erson it! a disabilit,.
.1/ Frivate sc!ools !ave !istoricall, been resistant to c!an#es in #overn&ent
'olic, on discri&ination.
.C/ Frivate sc!ools9 like '%blic sc!ools9 are 'laces o" '%blic acco&&odation.
.3/ Frivate sc!ools !ave eno%#! "%nds to &ake t!eir ca&'%ses barrier8"ree.
.E/ Frivate 'ro'ert, is o"ten considered to be '%blic s'ace b, #ro%'s t!at !ave
!istoricall, been s%b+ects o" discri&ination.
G. Fre!istoric c!i&'an)ee s'ecies %sed tools si&ilar to t!ose %sed b, 're!istoric
!%&ans: 're!istoric tools recentl, "o%nd in East A"rica are o" a t,'e %sed b, bot!
s'ecies. T!e area !ere t!e tools ere "o%nd9 !oever9 is a savanna9 and !ereas
t!ere ere 're!istoric !%&ans !o lived in savanna !abitats9 're!istoric
c!i&'an)ees lived onl, in "orests. T!ere"ore9 t!e tools &%st !ave been %sed b,
!%&ans rat!er t!an c!i&'an)ees.
.A/ Fre!istoric !%&ans did not carr, t!eir tools it! t!e& !en t!e, traveled
"ro& one 'lace to anot!er.
.1/ Since t!e evol%tion o" t!e "irst 'ri&ates9 East A"rica !as been 'redo&inantl,
savanna.
.C/ Fre!istoric !%&ans never vent%red into areas o" t!e "orest t!at ere in!abited
b, 're!istoric c!i&'an)ees.
.3/ T!e area !ere t!e tools ere "o%nd as not a "orest at t!e ti&e t!e tools
ere in %se.
GMAT & LSAT CR AGI
.E/ T!e 're!istoric ancestors o" &odern c!i&'an)ees ere not ca'able o" %sin#
tools &ore so'!isticated t!an t!ose "o%nd recentl, in East A"rica.
A. Co&'%ters 'er"or& actions t!at are closer to t!inkin# t!an an,t!in# non8!%&an
ani&als do. 2%t co&'%ters do not !ave volitional 'oers9 alt!o%#! so&e non8
!%&an ani&als do.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e in"or&ation above-
.A/ :avin# volitional 'oers need not involve t!inkin#.
.1/ T!in#s t!at are not ani&als do not !ave volitional 'oers.
.C/ Co&'%ters 'ossess none o" t!e attrib%tion o" livin# t!in#s.
.3/ It is necessar, to !ave volitional 'oers in order to t!ink.
.E/ Co&'%ter ill never be able to t!ink as !%&an bein#s do.
B. T!e cater'illar o" t!e &onarc! b%tter"l, "eeds on &ilkeed 'lants9 !ose to(ins
&ake t!e ad%lt &onarc! 'oisono%s to &an, 'redators. T!e vicero, b%tter"l,9
!ose cater'illars do not "eed on &ilkeed 'lants9 is ver, si&ilar in a''earance
to t!e &onarc!. T!ere"ore9 it can be considered t!at t!e vicero, is so seldo&
're,ed on beca%se o" its vis%al rese&blance to t!e &onarc!.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" it ere discovered to be tr%e9 o%ld &ost serio%sl,
%nder&ine t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ So&e 'redators do not !ave a to(ic reaction to insects t!at "eed on &ilkeed
'lants.
.1/ 1ein# to(ic to 'redators ill not 'rotect individ%al b%tter"lies %nless &ost
&e&bers o" t!e s'ecies to !ic! s%c! b%tter"lies belon# are si&ilarl, to(ic.
.C/ So&e o" t!e 'redators o" t!e &onarc! b%tter"l, also 're, on vicero,s.
.3/ T!e vicero, b%tter"l, is to(ic to &ost 'redators.
.E/ To(ic to 'redators is t!e 'rinci'al &eans o" 'rotection "or onl, a "e
b%tter"l, s'ecies.
H. Ever, action !as conse0%ences and a&on# t!e conse0%ences o" an, action are
ot!er actions. And knoin# !et!er an action is #ood re0%ires knoin# !et!er
its conse0%ences are #ood9 b%t e cannot kno t!e "%t%re9 so #ood actions are
i&'ossible.
.A/ So&e actions !ave onl, ot!er actions as conse0%ences.
.1/ 6e can kno t!at 'ast actions ere #ood.
.C/ To kno t!at an action is #ood re0%ires knoin# t!at re"rainin# "ro&
'er"or&in# it is bad.
.3/ 7nl, actions can be t!e conse0%ences o" ot!er actions.
.E/ $or an action to be #ood e &%st be able to kno t!at it is #ood.
1I. All brid#es b%ilt "ro& 1H@I to 1HGI are in serio%s need o" re!abilitation. So&e
GMAT & LSAT CR AG1
brid#es constr%cted in t!is 'eriod9 !oever9 ere b%ilt accordin# to "a%lt,
en#ineerin# desi#n. T!at is t!e bad nes. T!e #ood nes is t!at at least so&e
brid#es in serio%s need o" re!abilitation are not s%s'ension brid#es9 since no
s%s'ension brid#es are a&on# t!e brid#es t!at ere b%ilt accordin# to "a%lt,
en#ineerin# desi#n.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 t!en9 on t!e basis o" t!ose state&ents9 !ic! one
o" t!e "olloin# &%st be tr%e-
.A/ So&e s%s'ension brid#es are not in serio%s need o" re!abilitation.
.1/ So&e s%s'ension brid#es are in serio%s need o" re!abilitation.
.C/ So&e brid#es t!at ere b%ilt accordin# to "a%lt, en#ineerin# desi#n are in
serio%s need o" re!abilitation.
.3/ So&e brid#es b%ilt "ro& 1H@I to 1HGI are not in serio%s need o"
re!abilitation.
.E/ So&e brid#es t!at ere b%ilt accordin# to "a%lt, en#ineerin# desi#n are not
brid#es ot!er t!an s%s'ension brid#es.
11. A severe blo to t!e !ead can ca%se one to lose conscio%snessD "ro& t!is so&e
'eo'le in"er t!at conscio%sness is a 'rod%ct o" t!e brain and cannot s%rvive bodil,
deat!. 1%t a radio t!at beco&es da&a#ed &a, s%ddenl, cease to broadcast t!e
'ro#ra& it !ad been receivin#9 and e do not concl%de "ro& t!is t!at t!e 'ro#ra&
itsel" !as ceased to e(ist. Si&ilarl,9 &ore s%bstantial evidence o%ld be needed to
concl%de t!at conscio%sness does not s%rvive bodil, deat!.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes t!e role 'la,ed in t!e
ar#%&ent b, t!e e(a&'le o" t!e da&a#ed radio-
.A/ It is cited as evidence t!at conscio%sness does in "act s%rvive bodil, deat!.
.1/ It is cited as a co%ntere(a&'le to a idel, acce'ted belie" abo%t t!e nat%re o"
conscio%sness.
.C/ It is cited as a case analo#o%s to loss o" conscio%sness in !ic! 'eo'le do not
dra t!e sa&e sort o" concl%sion t!at so&e 'eo'le dra abo%t
conscio%sness.
.3/ It is cited as t!e 'ri&ar, 'iece o" evidence "or t!e concl%sion t!at t!e
relations!i' o" conscio%sness to t!e brain is analo#o%s to t!at o" a radio
'ro#ra& to t!e radio t!at receives it.
.E/ It is cited as an e(a&'le o" a case in !ic! so&et!in# consistin# '%rel, o"
ener#, de'ends on t!e e(istence o" so&et!in# &aterial to 'rovide evidence
o" its e(istence.
15. Folitical t!eorist: T!e vast &a+orit, o" co%ntries t!at !ave a sin#le 'olitical 'art,
!ave corr%'t national #overn&ents9 b%t so&e co%ntries it! a 'l%ralit, o" 'arties
also !ave corr%'t national #overn&ents. 6!at all co%ntries it! corr%'t national
#overn&ents !ave in co&&on9 !oever9 is t!e eakness o" local #overn&ents.
I" all o" t!e 'olitical t!eorists state&ents are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
GMAT & LSAT CR AG5
&%st also be tr%e-
.A/ Ever, co%ntr, it! eak local #overn&ent !as a sin#le 'olitical 'art,.
.1/ So&e co%ntries it! local #overn&ents !ave a 'l%ralit, o" 'olitical 'arties.
.C/ So&e co%ntries it! eak local #overn&ents do not !ave corr%'t national
#overn&ents.
.3/ T!e &a+orit, o" co%ntries it! eak local #overn&ents !ave a sin#le
'olitical 'art,.
.E/ $eer &%lti'art, co%ntries t!an sin#le 'art, co%ntries !ave eak local
#overn&ents.
1<. Co&&ittee &e&ber: 6e s!o%ld not vote to '%t at t!e to' o" t!e &ilitar,s c!ain o"
co&&and an individ%al !ose !istor, o" e(cessive drinkin# is s%c! t!at t!at
'erson o%ld be barred "ro& co&&andin# a &issile in#9 a bo&ber s0%adron9 or
a contin#ent o" "i#!ter +ets. Leaders!i' &%st be establis!ed "ro& t!e to' don.
T!e co&&ittee &e&bers ar#%&ent con"or&s &ost closel, to !ic! one o" t!e
.A/ 2o one !o o%ld be barred "ro& i&'ortant +obs in an or#ani)ation s!o%ld
lead t!at or#ani)ation.
.1/ 6!oever leads an or#ani)ation &%st !ave served at ever, level in t!e
or#ani)ation.
.C/ 6!oever leads an or#ani)ation &%st be 0%ali"ied to !old eac! i&'ortant +ob
in t!e or#ani)ation.
.3/ 2o one !o drinks e(cessivel, s!o%ld !old a leaders!i' 'osition an, !ere
alon# t!e &ilitar,s c!ain o" co&&and.
.E/ 2o one !o cannot co&&and a &issile in# s!o%ld be at t!e to' o" t!e
&ilitar,s c!ain o" co&&and.
Questions 14-15
Mi&: In nort!ern E%ro'e d%rin# t!e ei#!teent! cent%r, a c!an#e o" attit%de occ%rred
t!at "o%nd e('ression bot! in t!e ado'tion o" less sole&n and elaborate deat! rites b,
t!e 'o'%lation at lar#e and in a &ore o'ti&istic vie o" t!e !%&an condition as
artic%lated b, '!iloso'!ers. T!is c!an#e can be e('lained as t!e res%lt o" a dra&atic
increase in li"e e('ectanc, t!at occ%rred in nort!ern E%ro'e earl, in t!e ei#!teent!
cent%r,.
Lee: *o%r e('lanation see&s %nlikel,9 beca%se it co%ld not be correct %nless t!e
'eo'le o" t!e ti&e ere aare t!at t!eir li"e e('ectanc, !ad increased.
1C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e stron#est de"ense o" Mi&s
e('lanation a#ainst Lees criticis&-
.A/ An increase in li"e e('ectanc, in a 'o'%lation o"ten #ives rise to econo&ic
c!an#es t!at9 in t%rn9 directl, in"l%ence 'eo'les attit%des.
GMAT & LSAT CR AG<
.1/ Fresent da, 's,c!olo#ists !ave noted t!at 'eo'les attit%de toard li"e can
c!an#e in res'onse to in"or&ation abo%t t!eir li"e e('ectanc,.
.C/ F!iloso'!ers in nort!ern E%ro'e d%rin# t!e ei#!teent! cent%r, &ade &an,
con+ect%res t!at did not a""ect t!e ideas o" t!e 'o'%lation at lar#e.
.3/ T!e conce't o" li"e e('ectanc, is based on statistical t!eories t!at !ad not
been develo'ed in t!e ei#!teent! cent%r,.
.E/ 1e"ore t!e ei#!teen cent%r, t!e attit%des o" nort!ern E%ro'eans ere &ore
likel, to be deter&ined b, reli#io%s teac!in# t!an b, de&o#ra'!ic
'!eno&ena.
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes Lees criticis& o" Mi&s
e('lanation-
.A/ It re"ers to so%rces o" additional data t!at cannot easil, be reconciled it!
t!e "acts.
.1/ It o""ers an alternative e('lanation t!at is e0%all, s%''orted b, t!e evidence
Mi& cites.
.C/ It cites an analo#o%s case in !ic! Mi&s e('lanation clearl, cannot !old.
.3/ It s%##ests t!at Mi&s e('lanation de'ends on a 0%estionable ass%&'tion.
.E/ It 'oints o%t t!at Mi&s e('lanation is based on to !,'ot!eses t!at
contradict eac! ot!er.
1G. So&e !ealt! o""icials are concerned abo%t t!e c%rrent s%stained increase in
re'orted deat!s "ro& alco!ol8related conditions9 attrib%tin# t!is increase to a rise
in alco!olis&. 6!at t!ese !ealt! o""icials are overlookin#9 !oever9 is t!at
attit%des toard alco!olis& !ave c!an#ed radicall,. Alco!olis& is no idel,
vieed as a disease9 !ereas in t!e 'ast it as considered a &oral "ailin#. It is
t!ere"ore likel, t!at &ore deat!s are bein# re'orted as alco!ol8related beca%se
'!,sicians are &ore likel, to identi", t!ese deat!s as alco!ol8related.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e "re0%ent %se o" alco!ol b, ,o%n# 'eo'le is bein# re'orted as occ%rrin#
at increasin#l, earl, a#e.
.1/ In so&e 'laces and ti&es9 s%sce'tibilit, to an, kind o" disease !as been
vieed as a &oral "ailin#.
.C/ More '!,sicians no t!an in t!e 'ast are trained to reco#ni)e t!e '!,sical
e""ects o" alco!olis&.
.3/ Even t!o%#! alco!olis& is considered to be disease9 &ost doctors
reco&&end 's,c!olo#ical co%nselin# and s%''ort #ro%'s as t!e best
treat&ent.
.E/ Man, !ealt! o""icials are not '!,sicians.
1A. St%dies s!o t!at t!e &ost creative en#ineers #et t!eir best and &ost %se"%l ideas
onl, a"ter doodlin# and +ottin# don !at t%rn o%t to be o%tlandis! ideas. 2o
GMAT & LSAT CR AGC
t!at &an, en#ineers do t!eir ork it! co&'%ters instead o" on 'a'er9 !oever9
doodlin# is beco&in# &%c! less co&&on9 and so&e e('erts "ear t!at t!e res%lt
ill be "eer creative and %se"%l en#ineerin# ideas. T!ese e('erts ar#%e t!at t!is
%ndesirable conse0%ence o%ld be avoided i" co&'%ter 'ro#ra&s "or en#ineerin#
ork incl%ded si&%lated note'ads t!at o%ld allo en#ineers to s%s'end t!eir
>serio%s? ork on t!e co&'%ter9 t,'e %' o%tlandis! ideas9 and t!en 0%ickl, ret%rn
to t!eir ori#inal ork.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e e('erts reasonin#
de'ends-
.A/ Most creative en#ineers !o ork it! 'a'er and 'encil s'end abo%t as
&%c! ti&e doodlin# as t!e, s'end on !at t!e, consider serio%s ork.
.1/ Si&%lated note'ads o%ld not be %sed b, en#ineers "or an, '%r'ose ot!er
t!an t,'in# %' o%tlandis! ideas.
.C/ 2o en#ineers !o ork it! co&'%ters kee' 'a'er and 'encil near t!eir
co&'%ters in order to doodle and +ot don ideas.
.3/ T!e '!,sical act o" orkin# on 'a'er is not essential in 'rovidin# en#ineers
it! t!e bene"its t!at can be #ained b, doodlin#.
.E/ Most o" t!e o%tlandis! ideas en#ineers +ot don !ile doodlin# are later
incor'orated into 'ro+ects t!at !ave 'ractical a''lications.
1B. Col%&nist: T!e advent o" television !el's to e('lain !, t!e #rot! in !o&icide
rates in %rban areas be#an si#ni"icantl, earlier t!an t!e #rot! in !o&icide rates
in r%ral areas. Television sets beca&e 'o'%lar in %rban !o%se!olds abo%t "o%r
,ears earlier t!an in r%ral !o%se!olds. =rban !o&icide rates be#an increasin# in
1H@B9 abo%t "o%r ,ears earlier t!an a si&ilar increase in r%ral !o&icide rates
be#an.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost s%''ort t!e col%&nists ar#%&ent-
.A/ In 'laces !ere t!e n%&ber o" violent television 'ro#ra&s is lo9 t!e
!o&icide rates are also lo.
.1/ T!e 'ortra,al o" violence on television is a ca%se9 not an e""ect o" t!e
violence in societ,.
.C/ T!ere ere no violent television 'ro#ra&s d%rin# t!e earl, ,ears o"
television.
.3/ T!e earlier one is e('osed to violence on television9 t!e &ore 'ro"o%nd t!e
e""ect.
.E/ Increasin# ones a&o%nt o" leis%re ti&e increases ones inclination to act
violentl,.
1H. Even in ancient ti&es9 s'eciali)ed "ar&s ."ar&s t!at #ro a sin#le t,'e o" cro' or
livestock/ e(isted onl, !ere t!ere ere lar#e co&&ercial &arkets "or "ar&
'rod%cts9 and s%c! &arkets 'res%''ose %rban 'o'%lations. T!ere"ore t!e
e(tensive r%ins in t!e arc!aeolo#ical site at Madis!i& are 'robabl, t!e re&ains o"
GMAT & LSAT CR AG@
a lar#el, %nin!abited cere&onial str%ct%re rat!er t!an o" a densel, 'o'%lated cit,9
since t!e land in t!e re#ion o" Mads!i& co%ld never !ave s%''orted an, "ar&s
e(ce't &i(ed "ar&s9 !ic! #ro a variet, o" cro's and livestock.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an error o" reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ takin# t!e "act t!at so&et!in# is tr%e o" one sa&'le o" a class o" t!in#s as
evidence t!at t!e sa&e is tr%e o" t!e entire class o" t!in#s
.1/ takin# t!e none(istence o" so&et!in# as evidence t!at a necessar,
'recondition "or t!at t!in# also did not e(ist
.C/ inter'retin# an a&bi#%o%s clai& in one a, in one 'art o" t!e ar#%&ent and
in anot!er a, in anot!er 'art o" t!e ar#%&ent
.3/ s%''osin# t!at beca%se to t!in#s %s%all, occ%r in con+%nction it! one
anot!er9 one o" t!e& &%st be t!e ca%se o" t!e ot!er
.E/ drain# a concl%sion t!at is si&'l, a restate&ent o" one o" t!e 're&ises on
!ic! t!e ar#%&ent is based
5I. It !as been "o%nd t!at +ob 'ros'ects "or colle#e #rad%ates !ave never been better.
T!e trend is likel, to contin%e over t!e ne(t decade. A recent s%rve, "o%nd t!at
&ost e&'lo,ers si&'l, did not kno t!at t!e n%&ber o" st%dents #rad%atin#
o%ld dro' b, 5@ 'ercent over t!e 'ast ten ,ears9 and !ad not antici'ated or
'lanned "or t!is trend. Most e&'lo,ers ere not aare t!at9 alt!o%#! t!e s%''l,
o" #rad%ates c%rrentl, &eets de&and9 t!is sit%ation co%ld c!an#e. T!e sa&e
s%rve, revealed t!at t!e n%&ber o" %nder#rad%ates c!oosin# to st%d, s%b+ects in
!i#! de&and9 like &at!e&atics and en#ineerin#9 !as dro''ed s%bstantiall,. T!is
trend is likel, to contin%e over t!e ne(t decade.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can 'ro'erl, be concl%ded "ro& t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ Soon9 &ore #rad%ates are likel, to be co&'etin# "or "eer +obs.
.1/ Soon9 t!ere is likel, to be a s!orta#e o" #rad%ates to "ill certain vacancies.
.C/ E&'lo,ers are aare o" c!an#in# trends in s%b+ects st%died b,
%nder#rad%ates.
.3/ Soon9 "eer #rad%ates are likel, to be co&'etin# "or "eer available +obs.
.E/ E&'lo,ers !o are ell8in"or&ed abo%t "%t%re trends !ave antici'ated and
'lanned "or t!e&.
51. T!e cities o" 7ldton and S'oonville are t!e sa&e in area and si)e o" 'o'%lation.
Since certain !ealt! 'roble&s t!at are ca%sed b, croded livin# conditions are
ides'read in 7ldton9 s%c! 'roble&s &%st be as ides'read in S'oonville.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at
t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ 'res%''oses it!o%t arrant t!at t!e !ealt! 'roble&s t!at are ides'read in
an, 'artic%lar cit, cannot be ca%sed b, t!e livin# conditions in t!at cit,
.1/ "ails to distin#%is! beteen t!e si)e o" t!e total 'o'%lation o" a cit, and t!e
si)e o" t!e #eo#ra'!ic re#ion covered b, t!at cit,
GMAT & LSAT CR AGG
.C/ "ails to indicate !et!er avera#e li"e e('ectanc, is loered as a res%lt o"
livin# in croded conditions
.3/ "ails to distin#%is! beteen t!ose !ealt! 'roble&s t!at are easil, treatable
and t!ose are not
.E/ "ails to take into acco%nt t!at !avin# identical overall 'o'%lation densit, is
consistent it! #reat dis'arit, in livin# conditions
55. S!ortl, a"ter t!e Fersian G%l" 6ar9 investi#ators re'orted t!at t!e area9 !ic! !ad
been s%b+ected to !%ndreds o" s&ok, oil "ires and deliberate oil s'ills !en
re#%lar oil 'rod%ction sloed don d%rin# t!e ar9 dis'la,ed less oil
conta&ination t!an t!e, !ad itnessed in 'rear s%rve,s o" t!e sa&e area. T!e,
also re'orted t!at t!e levels o" 'ol,c,clic aro&atic !,drocarbons .FA:s/K%sed
as a &arker o" co&b%stion 'rod%cts s'eed "ro& oil ells i#nited d%rin# t!e ar
Kere also relativel, lo9 co&'arable to t!ose recorded in t!e te&'erate oil
'rod%cin# areas o" t!e 1altic Sea.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does &ost to resolve t!e a''arent
.A/ 7il conta&inants !ave #reater environ&ental e""ects in te&'erate re#ions
t!an in desert re#ions.
.1/ 7il conta&ination and FA: 'oll%tion dissi'ate &ore ra'idl, in te&'erate
re#ions t!an in desert re#ions.
.C/ 7il conta&ination and FA: 'oll%tion dissi'ate &ore ra'idl, in desert re#ions
t!an in te&'erate re#ions.
.3/ Feaceti&e oil 'rod%ction and trans'ort in t!e Fersian G%l" res%lt in !i#!
levels o" FA:s and &assive oil d%&'in#.
.E/ T!e Fersian G%l" 6ar ended be"ore t!e oil "ires and s'ills ca%sed as &%c!
da&a#e as ori#inall, e('ected.
5<. An inde'endent a%dit "o%nd no indication o" ta( avoidance on t!e 'art o" t!e "ir&
in t!e "ir&s acco%nts9 t!ere"ore no s%c! 'roble& e(ists.
T!e 0%estionable reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost closel, 'aralleled b,
.A/ T!e 'lan "or t!e introd%ction o" t!e ne 'rod%ct !as been %n&odi"ied so "arD
t!ere"ore9 it ill not be &odi"ied in t!e "%t%re.
.1/ T!e overall b%d#et "or t!e 'ro+ects !as been e(ceeded b, a lar#e a&o%ntD
t!ere"ore9 at least one o" t!e 'ro+ects !as e(ceeded its b%d#et b, lar#e
a&o%nt.
.C/ A co&'ilation o" t!e best st%dent essa,s o" t!e ,ear incl%des no essa,s on
c%rrent eventsD t!ere"ore9 st%dents !ave beco&e a'at!etic toard c%rrent
events.
.3/ A s%rve, o" sc!ools in t!e district "o%nd no sc!ool it!o%t a need "or
b%ildin# re'airD t!ere"ore9 t!e ed%cation 'rovided to st%dents in t!is district
GMAT & LSAT CR AGA
is s%bstandard.
.E/ An e(a&ination o" t!e inde( o" t!e book "o%nd no listin# "or t!e &ost
'ro&inent critic o" t!e t!eor, t!e book advocatesD t!ere"ore9 t!e book "ails
to re"er to t!at critic.
5C. 7ne o" t!e #reat di""ic%lties in establis!in# ani&al ri#!ts based &erel, on t!e "act
t!at ani&als are livin# t!in#s concern sco'e. I" one constr%es t!e ter& >livin#
t!in#s? broadl,9 one is bo%nd to besto ri#!ts on or#anis&s t!at are not ani&als
.e.#. 'lants/. 1%t i" t!is ter& is constr%ed narrol,9 one is a't to re"%se ri#!ts to
or#anis&s t!at9 at least biolo#icall,9 are considered &e&bers o" t!e ani&al
kin#do&.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be &ost
reasonabl, in"erred "ro& t!e&-
.A/ 2ot all ani&als s!o%ld be #iven ri#!ts.
.1/ 7ne cannot besto ri#!ts on ani&als it!o%t also bestoin# ri#!ts on at
least so&e 'lants.
.C/ T!e 'roble& o" delineatin# t!e bo%ndar, o" t!e set o" livin# t!in#s inter"eres
it! ever, atte&'t to establis! ani&al ri#!ts.
.3/ S%ccess"%l atte&'ts to establis! ri#!ts "or all ani&als are likel, eit!er to
establis! ri#!ts "or so&e 'lants or not to de'end solel, on t!e observation
t!at ani&als are livin# t!in#s.
.E/ T!e "act t!at ani&als are livin# t!in#s is irrelevant to t!e 0%estion o" !et!er
ani&als s!o%ld or s!o%ld not be accorded ri#!ts9 beca%se 'lants are livin#
t!in#s too.
5@. Econo&ist: 2o econo&ic s,ste& t!at is centrall, 'lanned can e""icientl, allocate
reso%rces9 and e""icient allocation o" reso%rces is a necessar, condition "or
ac!ievin# a national debt o" less t!an @ 'ercent o" Gross 3o&estic Frod%ct
.G3F/. It "ollos t!at an, nation it! a centrall, 'lanned econo&, !as a national
debt t!at is at least @ 'ercent o" G3F.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# e(!ibited b, t!e econo&ists ar#%&ent is &ost si&ilar
.A/ 2ot all &a&&als are it!o%t in#s9 beca%se bats are &a&&als and bats
!ave in#s.
.1/ All o" t!e r%ral districts are "ree o" &a+or air 'oll%tion 'roble&s beca%se s%c!
'roble&s occ%r onl, !ere t!ere is a lar#e concentration o" a%to&obiles9
and t!ere are no s%c! 'laces in t!e r%ral districts.
.C/ All o" t!e %n#%lates are !erbivores9 and &ost !erbivores o%ld not attack a
!%&an bein#. It "ollos t!at an, ani&al t!at o%ld attack a !%&an bein# is
%nlikel, to be %n#%late.
.3/ All rock stars !o are "a&o%s !ave t!eir on record co&'anies9 and all rock
stars it! t!eir on record co&'anies receive co&'an, 'ro"its over and
GMAT & LSAT CR AGB
above t!eir re#%lar ro,alties. T!is i&'lies t!at receivin# lar#e re#%lar
ro,alties is a necessar, condition o" bein# a "a&o%s rock star.
.E/ Ever, &%t%al "%nd &ana#er knos so&eone !o trades on inside
in"or&ation9 and no one !o trades on inside in"or&ation is %nknon to
ever, &%t%al "%nd &ana#er. 7ne &%st concl%de t!at no &%t%al "%nd
&ana#er is %nknon to ever, one !o trades on inside in"or&ation.
5G. Editorialist: Additional restrictions s!o%ld be 'laced on drivers licenses o"
teena#ers beca%se teena#ers lack basic skills. Even t!o%#! drivers o" a#e nineteen
and ,o%n#er &ake %' onl, A 'ercent o" re#istered driers9 t!ere are res'onsible "or
over 1C 'ercent o" tra""ic "atalities.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e ar#%&ent t!at teena#ers lack basic
drivin# skill EECEFT:
.A/ Teena#ers tend to drive older and less stable cars t!an ot!er drivers.
.1/ Teena#ers and t!eir 'assen#ers are less likel, to %se seat belts and s!o%lder
stra's t!an ot!ers.
.C/ Teena#ers drive9 on avera#e9 over tice as "ar eac! ,ear as ot!er drivers.
.3/ Teena#ers ca%se car accidents t!at are &ore serio%s t!an t!ose ca%sed b,
ot!ers.
.E/ Teena#ers are likel, to drive it! &ore 'assen#ers t!an t!e avera#e driver.
SECTI72 III
1. N%estion it!!eld "ro& scorin#.
5. 7ners o" dee'l, indebted and c!ronicall, %n'ro"itable s&all b%sinesses
so&eti&es tr, to convince ot!ers to invest &one, in t!eir co&'anies. Since t!e
&one, t!%s ac0%ired ill inevitabl, be %sed to 'a, o"" debts9 rat!er t!an to
e('and o'eration9 t!is &one, ill not sti&%late sales #rot! in s%c! co&'anies.
T!%s9 &ost 'eo'le are rel%ctant to &ake t!ese invest&ents. S%r'risin#l,9
!oever9 s%c! invest&ents o"ten earn !andso&e ret%rns in t!e ver, "irst ,ear t!e,
are &ade.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain t!e s%r'risin# res%lts
o" s%c! invest&ents-
.A/ Investors %s%all, c!oose to reinvest t!eir ret%rns on s%c! invest&ents.
.1/ E('andin# 'rod%ction in s%c! co&'anies o%ld %s%all, re0%ire &ore "%nds
t!an o%ld 'a,in# o"" debts.
.C/ Fa,in# o"" debts9 b, savin# a co&'an, t!e &one, it o%ld ot!erise oe in
interest9 decreases t!e co&'an,s overall e('enses and t!ereb, increases its
'ro"its.
GMAT & LSAT CR AGH
.3/ 1anks are rel%ctant to lend &one, to an, co&'an, t!at is alread, !eavil, in
debt and c!ronicall, %n'ro"itable.
.E/ I" t!e sales o" a co&'an, do not #ro9 t!ere is %s%all, little need to devote a
lar#e s!are o" co&'an, reso%rces to e('andin# 'rod%ction.
<. A"ter '%rc!asin# a 'ot8bellied 'i# at t!e 'et store in S'rin#"ield9 A&, as
in"or&ed b, a S'rin#"ield cit, o""icial t!at s!e o%ld not be alloed to kee' t!e
'i# as a 'et9 since cit, codes classi", 'i#s as livestock9 and individ%als &a, not
kee' livestock in S'rin#"ield.
T!e cit, o""icials ar#%&ent de'ends on ass%&in# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ A&, lives in S'rin#"ield.
.1/ Fi#s are not classi"ied as 'ets in S'rin#"ield.
.C/ An, ani&al not classi"ied as livestock &a, be ke't in S'rin#"ield.
.3/ 3o#s and cats are not classi"ied as livestock in S'rin#"ield.
.E/ It is le#al "or 'et stores to sell 'i#s in S'rin#"ield.
C. :istorian: T!e central clai& o" t!e >end8o"8!istor,? t!eor, is t!at !istor, !as
reac!ed its "inal sta#e o" develo'&ent. Accordin# to its ad!erents9 de&ocratic
ideals !ave tri%&'!ed over t!eir rivals9 and !istor, is e""ectivel, at an ideolo#ical
end. 1%t9 t!is vie "ails to consider t!at it is i&'ossible to stand o%tside all o"
!istor, to +%d#e !et!er !istor, is reall, at an end.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be &ost reasonabl, in"erred "ro& t!e !istorians
state&ents-
.A/ 6e can never kno !et!er t!e end8o"8!istor, t!eor, is tr%e.
.1/ Advocates o" t!e end8o"8!istor, t!eor, !ave too ideolo#ical an %nderstandin#
o" !istor,.
.C/ I" e ere at t!e end o" !istor,9 e o%ld a%to&aticall, kno !et!er t!e
end8o"8!istor, t!eor, is tr%e.
.3/ It is i&'ossible "or t!e end8o"8!istor, t!eor, to be tr%e.
.E/ Ideolo#ical develo'&ents are t!e essential ele&ents o" !istor,.
@. Jo!n: As I as drivin# to ork t!is &ornin#9 I as sto''ed b, a 'olice o""icer
and ticketed "or s'eedin#. Since t!ere ere &an, ot!er cars aro%nd &e t!at ere
#oin# as "ast as I as9 t!e 'olice o""icer clearl, treated &e %n"airl,.
Mar,: *o% ere not treated %n"airl,9 since t!e 'olice o""icer as obvio%sl,
%nable to sto' all t!e drivers !o ere s'eedin#. Ever,one !o as s'eedin# at
t!at ti&e and 'lace !ad an e0%al c!ance o" bein# sto''ed.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld &ost !el' to +%sti",
Mar,s 'osition-
.A/ I" all t!ose !o violate a tra""ic la on a 'artic%lar occasion are e0%all,
likel, to be 'enali)ed "or violatin# it9 t!en t!e la is "airl, a''lied to
!oever a&on# t!e& is t!en 'enali)ed.
GMAT & LSAT CR AAI
.1/ T!e 'enalties attac!ed to tra""ic las s!o%ld be a''lied not as '%nis!&ents
"or breakin# t!e la b%t rat!er as deterrents to %nsa"e drivin#.
.C/ T!e 'enalties attac!ed to tra""ic las s!o%ld be i&'osed on all 'eo'le !o
violate t!ose las9 and onl, t!ose 'eo'le.
.3/ It is "airer not to en"orce a tra""ic la at all t!at it is to en"orce it in so&e9 b%t
not all9 o" t!e cases to !ic! it a''lies.
.E/ $airness in t!e a''lication o" a tra""ic la is ens%red not b, all violators
!avin# an e0%al c!ance o" bein# 'enali)ed "or t!eir violation o" t!e la9 b%t
rat!er b, 'enali)in# all knon violators to t!e sa&e e(tent.
G. A '%rse containin# <5 ancient #old coins t!at !ad been &inted in Morocco as
discovered in t!e r%ins o" an ancient Jordanian cit, so&e C9III kilo&eters to t!e
east o" Morocco. In its ti&e t!e Jordanian cit, as an i&'ortant tradin# center
alon# t!e trade ro%te linkin# C!ina and E%ro'e9 and it as also a 'o'%lar
sto'over "or 'il#ri&s on t!e ro%te beteen Morocco and Mecca. T!e '%rse o" a
trader in t!e cit, o%ld 'robabl, !ave contained a &ore diverse set o" coins.
!,'ot!eses-
.A/ Moroccan coins ere &ore val%able in t!e ancient cit, t!an ere Jordanian
coins.
.1/ Most #old coins available d%rin# t!e ti&e !en t!e ancient cit, t!rived ere
&inted in Morocco.
.C/ T!e '%rse it! t!e #old coins !ad been bro%#!t to t!e ancient cit, b, a
'il#ri& on t!e ro%te beteen Morocco and Mecca.
.3/ Gold coins ere t!e onl, &edi%& o" e(c!an#e %sed in t!e ancient cit,.
.E/ Fil#ri&s and traders in t!e ancient cit, ere %nlikel, to !ave interacted it!
one anot!er.
A. St%dies indicate t!at t!e rate at !ic! ater 'oll%tion is increasin# is levelin# o"":
t!e a&o%nt o" ater 'oll%tion ca%ses t!is ,ear is al&ost identical to t!e a&o%nt
ca%sed last ,ear. I" t!is trend contin%es9 t!e ater 'oll%tion 'roble& ill no
lon#er be #ettin# &ore serio%s.
T!e reasonin# is 0%estionable beca%se it i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at
.A/ so&e t,'es o" ater 'oll%tion !ave no noticeable e""ect on or#anis&s t!at
%se t!e ater
.1/ t!e t,'es o" ater 'oll%tion ca%sed t!is ,ear are less dan#ero%s t!an t!ose
ca%sed last ,ear
.C/ t!e levelin#8o"" trend o" ater 'oll%tion ill not contin%e
.3/ air and soil 'oll%tion are beco&in# &ore serio%s
.E/ t!e e""ects o" ater 'oll%tion are c%&%lative
B. 7ne researc!er rites9 >:%&an bein#s are innatel, a##ressive.? As evidence9 t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR AA1
researc!er cites t!e 'revalence o" ar"are in !istor, and t!en disco%nts an,
c%rrent disinclination to "i#!t: >T!e &ost 'eaceable 'eo'les o" toda, ere o"ten
rava#ers o" ,ester,ear and ill 'robabl, "i#!t a#ain in t!e "%t%re.? 1%t i" so&e
'eo'les are 'eaceable no9 t!en a##ression itsel" cannot be coded in o%r #enes9
onl, t!e 'otential "or it. I" >innate? onl, &eans 0ossible9 or even li5ely in $ertain
en4iron,ents9 t!en ever,t!in# e do is innate and t!e ord !as no &eanin#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes t!e tec!ni0%e %sed in t!e
'assa#e to eaken t!e ar#%&ent "or t!e clai& t!at a##ressiveness is innate to
!%&an bein#s-
.A/ T!e acc%rac, o" t!e !istorical data cited in t!e ar#%&ent "or innate
a##ressiveness is called into 0%estion.
.1/ T!e "orce o" t!e conce't o" innateness %sed in t!e ar#%&ent "or innate
a##ressiveness is called into 0%estion.
.C/ An atte&'t is &ade to %nder&ine t!e ar#%&ent "or innate a##ressiveness b,
ar#%in# t!at t!ere are no #eneticall, based traits.
.3/ An atte&'t is &ade to %nder&ine t!e ar#%&ent "or innate a##ressiveness b,
s%##estin# t!at it a''eals to e&otional considerations rat!er t!an to reason.
.E/ An atte&'t is &ade to %nder&ine t!e ar#%&ent "or innate a##ressiveness b,
ar#%in# t!at all 'eo'les are 'eaceable.
Questions 9-10
I" a 'erson c!ooses to alk rat!er t!an drive9 t!ere is one less ve!icle e&ittin#
'oll%tion into t!e air t!an t!ere o%ld be ot!erise. T!ere"ore i" 'eo'le o%ld alk
!enever it is "easible "or t!e& to do so9 t!en 'oll%tion ill be #reatl, red%ced.
H. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ C%ttin# don on 'oll%tion can be ac!ieved in a variet, o" a,s.
.1/ Takin# '%blic trans'ortation rat!er t!an drivin# is not ala,s "easible.
.C/ 6alkin# is t!e onl, "easible alternative to drivin# t!at res%lts in a red%ction
in 'oll%tion.
.3/ T!ere are 'eo'le !o never drive b%t !o 're"er alk.
.E/ Feo'le so&eti&es drive !en it is "easible to alk instead.
1I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!en t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ I" a%to&obile 'assen#ers !o never drive alk instead o" ride9 t!ere ill be
"eer ve!icles on t!e road as a res%lt.
.1/ 2on&ovin# r%nnin# ve!icles9 on avera#e9 e&it !al" as &%c! 'oll%tion 'er
second as &ovin# ve!icles9 b%t t!e #reater con#estion is9 t!e &ore
non&ovin# r%nnin# ve!icles t!ere are.
.C/ Since di""erent ve!icles can 'oll%te at di""erent rates9 it is 'ossible "or one
driver !o alks to &ake a #reater contrib%tion to 'oll%tion 'revention t!an
anot!er driver !o alks.
GMAT & LSAT CR AA5
.3/ 7n avera#e9 b%ses 'oll%te &ore t!an cars do9 b%t b%ses %s%all, carr, &ore
'assen#ers t!an cars do.
.E/ T!ose !o 'revio%sl, rode as 'assen#ers in a ve!icle !ose driver decides
to alk instead o" drive &i#!t t!e&selves decide to drive.
11. Editorial: T!e &ost vocal 'ro'onents o" t!e 'ro'osed la are not 'er&anent
residents o" t!is island b%t rat!er a "e o" t!e ealt!iest s%&&er residents9 !o
leave !en t!e vacation &ont!s !ave 'assed. T!ese 'eo'le ill bene"it "ro&
'assa#e o" t!is la !ile not !avin# to deal it! t!e 'roble&s associated it! its
ado'tion. T!ere"ore9 an,one !o s%''orts t!e 'ro'osed la is servin# onl, t!e
interests o" a "e o%tsiders at t!e cost o" creatin# 'roble&s "or t!e islands
'er&anent residents.
.A/ T!e avera#e inco&e o" t!e islands s%&&er residents is #reater t!an t!e
avera#e inco&e o" its 'er&anent residents.
.1/ T!e 'roble&s associated it! t!is la o%tei#! an, bene"it it &i#!t 'rovide
t!e islands 'er&anent residents.
.C/ Most o" t!e islands s%&&er residents o%ld bene"it "ro& 'assa#e o" t!is
la.
.3/ Most o" t!e islands s%&&er residents s%''ort 'assa#e o" t!is la.
.E/ Most o" t!e islands 'er&anent residents o''ose 'assa#e o" t!is la.
15. 4ita&in E*Q !as lon# been a "avorite a&on# !ealt! "ood ent!%siasts. In a recent
lar#e st%d,9 t!ose !o took lar#e a&o%nts o" vita&in E*Q dail, "or to ,ears
s!oed on avera#e a CI 'ercent loer risk o" !eart disease t!an did &e&bers o" a
control #ro%'s. Researc!ers corrected "or di""erences in relevant !ealt! !abits9
s%c! as diet.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# in"erence is &ost s%''orted b, t!e 'assa#e-
.A/ Takin# lar#e a&o%nt o" vita&ins is 'robabl, ort! riskin# t!e side e""ects.
.1/ T!ose !o take lar#e doses o" vita&in E*Q dail, "or t!e ne(t to ,ears ill
e(!ibit on avera#e an increase in t!e likeli!ood o" avoidin# !eart disease.
.C/ Li9 !o !as taken lar#e a&o%nts o" vita&in E*Q dail, "or t!e 'ast to ,ears9
!as a CI 'ercent loer risk.
.3/ Takin# lar#e a&o%nts o" vita&in E*Q dail, over t!e co%rse o" ones ad%lt
li"e s!o%ld be reco&&ended to &ost ad%lts.
.E/ :ealt! "ood ent!%siasts are 'robabl, correct in believin# t!at lar#e dail,
doses o" &%lti'le vita&ins 'ro&ote #ood !ealt!.
1<. In 1HBB9 a si#ni"icant 'ercenta#e o" seals n t!e 1altic Sea died "ro& viral disease:
o"" t!e coast o" Scotland9 !oever9 t!e deat! rate d%e to viral diseases as
a''ro(i&atel, !al" !at it as "or t!e 1altic seals. T!e 1altic seals !ad
si#ni"icantl, !i#!er levels o" 'oll%tants in t!eir blood t!an did t!e Scottis! seals.
GMAT & LSAT CR AA<
Since 'oll%tants are knon to i&'air &arine &a&&als abilit, to "i#!t o"" viral
in"ection9 it is likel, t!at t!e !i#!er deat! rate a&on# t!e 1altic seals as d%e to
t!e !i#!er levels o" 'oll%tants in t!eir blood.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost additional s%''ort "or t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e lar#e &a+orit, o" Scottis! seals t!at died ere eit!er old or %n!ealt!,
ani&als.
.1/ T!e strain o" vir%s t!at killed Scottis! seals over!el&s i&'aired i&&%ne
s,ste&s &%c! &ore 0%ickl, t!an it does !ealt!, i&&%ne s,ste&s.
.C/ T!ere ere sli#!t "l%ct%ations in t!e levels o" 'oll%tants "o%nd in t!e blood o"
1altic seals.
.3/ T!e kinds o" 'oll%tants "o%nd in t!e 1altic Sea are si#ni"icantl, di""erent
"ro& t!ose t!at !ave been detected in t!e aters o"" t!e coast o" Scotland.
.E/ A&on# &arine &a&&als ot!er t!an seals9 t!e deat! rate d%e to viral diseases
in 1HBB as !i#!er in t!e 1altic Sea t!an it as o"" t!e Scottis! coast.
1C. I" t!e 'ro'osed ta( red%ction 'acka#e is ado'ted t!is ,ear9 t!e librar, ill be
"orced to discontin%e its dail, stor, !o%rs "or c!ildren. 1%t i" t!e dail, stor, !o%rs
are discontin%ed9 &an, 'arents ill be #reatl, inconvenienced. So t!e 'ro'osed
ta( red%ction 'acka#e ill not be ado'ted t!is ,ear.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" ass%&ed9 allos t!e ar#%&ents concl%sion to be
'ro'erl, dran-
.A/ An, ta( red%ction 'acka#e t!at ill not "orce t!e librar, to discontin%e dail,
stor, !o%rs ill be ado'ted t!is ,ear.
.1/ Ever, ta( red%ction 'acka#e t!at o%ld "orce t!e librar, to discontin%e dail,
stor, !o%rs o%ld #reatl, inconvenience 'arents.
.C/ 2o ta( red%ction 'acka#e t!at o%ld #reatl, inconvenience 'arents o%ld
"ail to "orce t!e librar, to discontin%e dail, stor, !o%rs.
.3/ 2o ta( red%ction 'acka#e t!at o%ld #reatl, inconvenience 'arents ill be
ado'ted t!is ,ear.
.E/ An, ta( red%ction 'acka#e t!at ill not #reatl, inconvenience 'arents ill be
ado'ted t!is ,ear.
1@. $%ndin# o''onent: So&e 'eo'le "avor cit, "%ndin# "or t!e s'a,in# and ne%terin#
o" 'ets at t!e oners re0%est. T!e, clai& t!at t!e decrease in t!e n%&ber o" stra,
ani&als to contend it! ill o""set t!e costs o" t!e "%ndin#. T!ese 'eo'le "ail to
reali)e t!at over BI 'ercent o" 'et oners alread, 'a, to s'a, or ne%ter t!eir
ani&als9 so t!ere ill not be a si#ni"icant decrease in t!e n%&ber o" stra, ani&als
in t!e cit, i" "%ndin# is 'rovided.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 stren#t!ens t!e ar#%&ent o" t!e "%ndin# o''onent
EECEFT:
.A/ 4er, "e o" t!e stra, ani&als in t!e cit, are o""s'rin# o" 'ets.
GMAT & LSAT CR AAC
.1/ Man, 'et oners o%ld !ave t!eir ani&als s'a,ed or ne%tered sooner i"
"%ndin# ere 'rovided b, t!e cit,.
.C/ T!e onl, a, t!e n%&ber o" tra, ani&als can decrease is i" e(istin# stra,s
are s'a,ed or ne%tered.
.3/ Most 'eo'le oners !o do not !ave t!eir 'ets s'a,ed or ne%tered believed
t!at s'a,in# and ne%terin# are &orall, ron#.
.E/ T!e &a+orit, o" 'ets t!at are not s'a,ed or ne%tered are %sed "or breedin#
'%r'oses9 and are not likel, to 'rod%ce stra, ani&als.
1G. Researc! indicates t!at colle#e 'ro"essors #enerall, ere raised in econo&icall,
advanta#ed !o%se!olds. $or it as discovered t!at9 overall9 colle#e 'ro"essors
#re %' in co&&%nities it! avera#e !o%se!old inco&es t!at ere !i#!er t!an
t!e avera#e !o%se!old inco&e "or t!e nation as a !ole.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent:
.A/ ina''ro'riatel, ass%&es a correlation beteen !o%se!old inco&e and
econo&ic advanta#e
.1/ "ails to note t!ere are so&e co&&%nities it! !i#! avera#e !o%se!old
inco&es in !ic! no colle#e 'ro"essors #re %'
.C/ 'res%&es it!o%t +%sti"ication t!at colle#e 'ro"essors #enerall, ere raised
in !o%se!olds it! inco&es t!at are avera#e or above avera#e "or t!eir
co&&%nities
.3/ does not take into acco%nt t!e "act t!at colle#e 'ro"essors #enerall, !ave
loer salaries t!an t!eir co%nter'arts in t!e 'rivate sector
.E/ "ails to take into acco%nt t!e "act t!at &an, colle#e 'ro"essors live in r%ral
co&&%nities !ic! #enerall, !ave lo avera#e !o%se!old inco&es
1A. Ma#a)ine article: F%nis!&ent "or cri&es is +%sti"ied i" it act%all, deters 'eo'le
"ro& co&&ittin# t!e&. 1%t a #reat deal o" care"%ll, asse&bled and anal,)ed
e&'irical data s!o clearl, t!at '%nis!&ent is not a deterrent. So '%nis!&ent is
never +%sti"ied.
T!e reasonin# in t!e &a#a)ine articles ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ de'ends on data t!at t!ere is reason to s%s'ect &a, be biased
.1/ &istakenl, allos t!e ke, ter& >'%nis!&ent? to s!i"t in &eanin#
.C/ &istakes bein# s%""icient to +%sti", '%nis!&ent "or bein# re0%ired to +%sti", it
.3/ i#nores t!e 'roble& o" &istakenl, '%nis!in# t!e innocent
.E/ atte&'ts to be &ore 'recise t!an its s%b+ect &atter 'ro'erl, allos
1B. I" t!e recordin# no 'la,in# on t!e +a)) 'ro#ra& is reall, >Lo%is Ar&stron#
recorded in concert in 1HBH9? as t!e anno%ncer said9 t!en Lo%is Ar&stron# as
'la,in# so&e o" t!e best +a)) o" !is career ,ears a"ter !is deat!. Since t!e
tr%&'eter as de"initel, Lo%is Ar&stron#9 so&e!o t!e anno%ncer &%st !ave
#otten t!e date o" t!e recordin# ron#.
GMAT & LSAT CR AA@
T!e 'atter o" reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar to t!at in !ic!
one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents-
.A/ T!e &%se%& is re'orted as !avin# ac0%ired a 'aintin# >b, Malvina
:o""&an9 an artist !o died in 1HGG.? 1%t :o""&an as sc%l'tor9 not a
'ainter9 so t!e re'ort &%st be ron# abo%t t!e ac0%isition bein# a 'aintin#.
.1/ T!is 'aintin# titled )a 1oilette is 1ert!e Morisots )a 1oilette onl, i" a
'aintin# can be in to &%se%&s at t!e sa&e ti&e. Since not!in# can be in
to 'laces at once9 t!is 'aintin# &%st so&e!o !ave been &istitled.
.C/ 7nl, i" a tentiet!8cent%r, Me(ican artist 'ainted in Ja'an d%rin# t!e
seventeent! cent%r, can t!is ork bot! be >b, $rida Ma!lo? as labeled and
t!e seventeent! cent%r, Ja'anese landsca'e it a''ears to be. Since it is !at
it a''ears to be9 t!e label is ron#.
.3/ =nless Mat!e Mollit) as bot! a sc%l'tor and a 'rint&aker9 t!e vol%nteer
&%se%& #%ide is ron# in !is attrib%tion o" t!is sc%l't%re. Since !at
Mollit) is knon "or is !er 'rints9 t!e #%ide &%st be ron#.
.E/ I" t!is 'aintin# is a 'ortrait done in acr,lic9 it cannot be b, Elisabet! 4i#ee8
Lebr%n9 since acr,lic 'aint as develo'ed onl, a"ter !er deat!. T!%s9 since
it is de"initel, a 'ortrait9 t!e 'aint &%st not be acr,lic.
1H. 6!en a stone is tri&&ed b, a &ason and e('osed to t!e ele&ents9 a coatin# o"
cla, and ot!er &inerals9 called rock varnis! #rad%all, acc%&%lates on t!e "res!l,
tri&&ed s%r"ace. 7r#anic &atter tra''ed beneat! t!e varnis! on stones o" an
Andean &on%&ent as "o%nd to be over 1III ,ears old. Since t!e or#anic &atter
&%st !ave #ron on t!e stone s!ortl, a"ter it as tri&&ed9 it "ollos t!at t!e
&on%&ent as b%ilt lon# be"ore t!e arrival o" E%ro'eans in t!e A&ericas in
1CH5.
.A/ Rock varnis! itsel" contains so&e or#anic &atter.
.1/ T!e re%se o" ancient tri&&ed stones as co&&on in t!e Andes bot! be"ore
and a"ter 1CH5.
.C/ T!e Andean &on%&ent bears strikin# rese&blance to &on%&ents "o%nd in
ancient sites in estern Asia.
.3/ T!e earliest ritten re"erence to t!e Andean &on%&ents dates "ro& 1AAB.
.E/ Rock varnis! "or&s ver, slol,9 i" at all9 on tri&&ed stones t!at stored in a
dr,9 s!eltered 'lace.
5I. Le#al r%les are e('ressed in #eneral ter&s. T!e, concern classi"ication o" 'ersons
and actions and t!e, 'rescribe le#al conse0%ences "or 'ersons and actions "allin#
into t!e relevant cate#ories. T!e a''lication o" a r%le to a 'artic%lar case9
t!ere"ore9 involves a decision on !et!er t!e "acts o" t!at case "all it!in t!e
cate#ories &entioned in t!e r%le. T!is decision establis!es t!e le#al e""ect o" !at
!a''ened rat!er t!an an, &atter o" "act.
GMAT & LSAT CR AAG
T!e 'assa#e 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Le#al r%les9 like &atters o" "act9 are concerned it! classi"ications o" t!in#s
s%c! as actions.
.1/ Matters o" "act9 like le#al r%les9 can so&eti&es be e('ressed in #eneral ter&s.
.C/ Makin# a le#al decision does not involve &atters o" "act.
.3/ T!e a''lication o" a r%le to a 'artic%lar case need not be le"t to a +%d#e.
.E/ 6!et!er t!e "acts o" a case "all into a relevant cate#or, is not itsel" a &atter
o" "act.
Questions !1-!!
:elen: It as ron# o" &, brot!er Mark to tell o%r &ot!er t!at t!e reason !e !ad
&issed !er birt!da, 'art, t!e evenin# be"ore as t!at !e !ad been in a tra""ic accident
and t!at b, t!e ti&e !e as released "ro& t!e !os'ital e&er#enc, roo& t!e 'art, as
lon# over. Sa,in# so&et!in# t!at is "alse can never be ot!er t!an &orall, ron#9 and
t!ere !ad been no s%c! accidentKMark !ad si&'l, "or#otten all abo%t t!e 'art,.
51. T!e &ain concl%sion dran in :elens ar#%&ent is t!at
.A/ Mark did not tell !is &ot!er t!e tr%t!
.1/ t!e real reason Mark &issed !is &ot!ers birt!da, 'art, as t!at !e !ad
"or#otten all abo%t it
.C/ it is ron# to atte&'t to avoid bla&e "or ones "ail%re to do so&et!in# b,
clai&in# t!at one as 'revented "ro& doin# t!at t!in# b, events o%tside
ones control
.3/ it as ron# o" Mark to tell !is &ot!er t!at !e !ad &issed !er birt!da, 'art,
as a res%lt o" !avin# been in a tra""ic accident
.E/ it is ala,s ron# not to tell t!e tr%t!
55. T!e +%sti"ication :elen o""ers "or !er +%d#&ent o" Marks be!avior is &ost
v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at t!e +%sti"ication
.A/ i#nores an i&'ortant &oral distinction beteen sa,in# so&et!in# t!at is "alse
and "ailin# to sa, so&et!in# t!at one knos to be tr%e
.1/ con"%ses !avin# identi"ied one ca%se o" a #iven e""ect it! !avin# eli&inated
t!e 'ossibilit, o" t!ere bein# an, ot!er ca%ses o" t!at e""ect
.C/ +%d#es be!avior t!at is o%tside an individ%als control accordin# to &oral
standards t!at can 'ro'erl, be a''lied onl, to be!avior t!at is it!in s%c!
control
.3/ relies on an ille#iti&ate a''eal to 'it, to obsc%re t!e "act t!at t!e concl%sion
does not lo#icall, "ollo "ro& t!e 're&ises advanced
.E/ atte&'ts to +%sti", a +%d#&ent abo%t a 'artic%lar case b, citin# a #eneral
'rinci'le t!at stands in "ar #reater need o" s%''ort t!an does t!e 'artic%lar
+%d#&ent
GMAT & LSAT CR AAA
5<. Candidate: T!e #overn&ent s'ends L@II &illion &ore eac! ,ear 'ro&otin#
!i#!a, sa"et, t!an it s'ends co&batin# ci#arette s&okin#. 1%t eac! ,ear &an,
&ore 'eo'le die "ro& s&okin#8related diseases t!an die in !i#!a, accidents. So
t!e #overn&ent o%ld save lives b, s!i"tin# "%nds "ro& !i#!a, sa"et, 'ro#ra&s
to antis&okin# 'ro#ra&s.
T!e "laed reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents &ost closel,
'arallels t!e "laed reasonin# in t!e candidates ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e #overn&ent en"orces t!e s'eed li&it on "reea,s &%c! &ore closel,
t!an on tolla,s. 1%t &an, &ore 'eo'le die eac! ,ear in a%to accidents on
"reea,s t!an die in a%to accidents on tolla,s. So t!e #overn&ent o%ld
save lives b, s!i"tin# "%nds "ro& en"orce&ent o" s'eed li&its on "reea,s
to en"orce&ent o" s'eed li&its on tolla,s.
.1/ A certain 'ro"essional &%sician s'ends several ti&es as &an, !o%rs
'racticin# #%itar as s!e s'ends 'racticin# sa(o'!one. 1%t s!e is !ired &%c!
&ore o"ten to 'la, sa(o'!one t!an to 'la, #%itar9 so s!e o%ld increase !er
n%&ber o" 'la,in# en#a#e&ents b, s'endin# less ti&e 'racticin# #%itar and
&ore ti&e 'racticin# sa(o'!one.
.C/ A%to&obiles b%rn &ore #as 'er &in%te on !i#!a,s t!an on residential
streets. 1%t t!e, #et "eer &iles 'er #allon on residential streets. T!ere"ore9
#as o%ld be saved b, drivin# less on residential streets and &ore on
!i#!a,s.
.3/ T!e local si& tea& s'ends &an, &ore !o%rs 'racticin# t!e backstroke t!an
it s'ends 'racticin# t!e breaststroke. 1%t t!e tea&s la' ti&es "or t!e
breaststroke are &%c! better t!an its ti&es "or t!e backstroke9 so t!e tea&
o%ld in &ore si& &eets i" it s'ent less ti&e 'racticin# t!e backstroke
and &ore ti&e 'racticin# t!e breaststroke.
.E/ 1anks !ave a !i#!er 'ro"it &ar#in on loans t!at !ave a !i#! interest rate t!an
on loans t!at !ave a lo interest rate. 1%t borroers are illin# to borro
lar#er s%&s at lo rates t!an at !i#! rates. T!ere"ore9 banks o%ld be &ore
'ro"itable i" t!e, #ave &ore loans on lo rates and "eer loans at !i#! rates.
5C. A 'ersons "ail%re to kee' a 'ro&ise is ron# onl, i"9 "irst9 doin# so !ar&s t!e
one to !o& t!e 'ro&ise is &ade and9 second9 all o" t!ose !o discover t!e
"ail%re to kee' t!e 'ro&ise lose con"idence in t!e 'ersons abilit, to kee'
'ro&ises.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# +%d#&ents &ost closel, con"or&s to t!e 'rinci'le
above-
.A/ Ann ke't !er 'ro&ise to re'a, $elicia t!e &one, s!e oned !er. $%rt!er9 t!is
convinced ever,one !o kne Ann t!at s!e is tr%stort!,. T!%s9 Anns
kee'in# !er 'ro&ise as not ron#.
.1/ Jonat!an took an oat! o" secrec, concernin# t!e cor'orations tec!nical
secrets9 b%t !e sold t!e& to a co&'etitor. :is action as ron# even t!o%#!
GMAT & LSAT CR AAB
t!e cor'oration intended t!at !e leak t!ese secretes to its co&'etitors.
.C/ Geor#e 'ro&ised to re'a, Reiko t!e &one, !e oed !er. :oever9 Geor#e
as %nable to kee' !is 'ro&ise to Reiko and as a res%lt9 Reiko s%""ered a
serio%s "inancial loss. T!%s9 Geor#es "ail%re to kee' !is 'ro&ise as
ron#.
.3/ 1eca%se !e lost !is +ob9 Carlo as %nable to re'a, t!e &one, !e 'ro&ised to
Miria&. :oever9 Miria& did not need t!is &one, nor did s!e lose
con"idence in Carlos abilit, to kee' 'ro&ises. So9 Carlos "ail%re to kee'
!is 'ro&ise to Miria& as not ron#.
.E/ Eli)abet! 'ro&ised to ret%rn t!e book s!e borroed "ro& Steven it!in a
eek. 1%t s!e as %nable to do so beca%se s!e beca&e ac%tel, ill. 2ot
knoin# t!is9 Steven lost con"idence in !er abilit, to kee' a 'ro&ise. So9
Eli)abet!s "ail%re to ret%rn t!e book to Steven as ron#.
5@. T!e end o" an action is t!e intended o%tco&e o" t!e action and not a &ere b,8
'rod%ct o" t!e action9 and t!e ends val%e is t!%s t!e onl, reason "or t!e action. So
!ile it is tr%e t!at not ever, ends val%e ill +%sti", an, &eans9 and even9
'er!a's9 t!at t!ere is no end !ose val%e ill +%sti", ever, &eans9 it is clear t!at
not!in# ill +%sti", a &eans e(ce't an ends val%e.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses t!e &ain concl%sion o" t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e val%e o" so&e ends &a, +%sti", an, &eans.
.1/ 7ne can ala,s +%sti", a #iven action b, a''eal to t!e val%e o" its intended
o%tco&e.
.C/ 7ne can +%sti", an action onl, b, a''eal to t!e val%e o" its intended o%tco&e.
.3/ 7nl, t!e val%e o" t!e b,8'rod%cts o" an action can +%sti", t!at action.
.E/ 2ot!in# can +%sti", t!e intended o%tco&e o" an action e(ce't t!e val%e o"
t!at actions act%al o%tco&es.
TEST 27
SECTI72 II
1. Fs,c!iatrist: 6e are learnin# t!at ne%roc!e&ical i&balances can ca%se be!avior
ran#in# "ro& e(tre&e &ental illness to less serio%s b%t irritatin# be!avior s%c! as
obsessive "antasi)in#9 'et%lance9 or e&barrass&ent. T!ese "indin#s ill 'ro&ote
co&'assion and tolerance !en lookin# at a &ental illness9 0%irk9 or &ere
di""erence beteen to 'ersons9 since bein# &entall, !ealt!, can no be#in to
be seen as si&'l, !avin# t!e sa&e ne%roc!e&ical balances as &ost 'eo'le.
GMAT & LSAT CR AAH
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses t!e concl%sion o" t!e
's,c!iatrists ar#%&ent-
.A/ =nderstandin# t!e role o" t!e ne%roc!e&ical in be!avior ill "oster e&'at!,
toard ot!ers.
.1/ 2e%roc!e&ical i&balances can ca%se &ental illness and ot!er be!aviors.
.C/ 2e%roc!e&ical balances and i&balances are t!e &ain deter&inants o" &ental
be!avior.
.3/ 1ein# &entall, !ealt!, is a &atter o" !avin# t!e sa&e ne%roc!e&ical
balances as &ost 'eo'le.
.E/ Advances in ne%roc!e&istr, en!ance o%r t!eories o" &ental illness.
5. 2o one ants t!is +ob as &%c! as Jos!%a does9 b%t !e is not a''l,in# "or it. It
"ollos t!at t!ere ill not be an, a''licants no &atter !o !i#! t!e salar, t!at is
bein# o""ered.
.A/ 1et! knos better t!an an,one else !o to s'ot errors in a co&'%ter
'ro#ra&9 ,et even s!e !as not "o%nd an, in t!is 'ro#ra& so "ar. So it is clear
t!at t!e errors &%st all be in t!e rest o" t!e 'ro#ra&.
.1/ I" an,one can deci'!er t!is inscri'tion9 it is Fro"essor Alvare)9 b%t s!e is so
involved it! !er ne researc! t!at it ill be i&'ossible to interest !er in
t!is sort o" task. T!ere"ore9 all e can do no is !o'e to "ind so&eone else.
.C/ Alt!o%#! !e !as t!e stron#est &otive o" an,one "or b%,in# Annas 'lot o"
land9 Man"red is not '%rs%in# t!e &atter. T!ere"ore9 re#ardless o" !o lo a
'rice Anna is 're'ared to acce't9 s!e ill be lookin# "or a b%,er in vain.
.3/ T!e 'erson initiall, &ost interested in obtainin# t!e contract as Mr. Moore9
b%t !e o" all 'eo'le s%ddenl, it!dre !is bid. T!is &eans t!at9 no &atter
!o disco%ra#ed t!e ot!er bidders !ad been9 t!e, ill no redo%ble t!eir
e""orts.
.E/ T!ree ti&es Fa%l o%ld !ave liked to take advanta#e o" a s'ecial vacation
'acka#e "or !i&sel" and !is "a&il,9 b%t eac! ti&e !e as indis'ensable at
t!e "actor, +%st t!en. So t!e &ore seniorit, Fa%l ac0%ires9 t!e #reater are t!e
constraints on !is 'ersonal li"e.
<. Man, 'eo'le li&it t!e intake o" calories and c!olesterol in t!eir diet in order to
lose ei#!t and red%ce t!e level o" c!olesterol in t!eir blood. 6!en a 'erson
loses ei#!t9 t!e "at cells in t!at 'ersons bod, decrease in si)e b%t not in n%&ber.
As t!e, decrease in si)e9 "at cells s'ill t!e c!olesterol t!e, contain into t!e
bloodstrea&. T!ere"ore9 a 'erson !o #oes on a lo8calorie9 lo8c!olesterol
diet;;;;;;
.A/ &i#!t at "irst !ave an increased level o" c!olesterol in !is or !er blood
GMAT & LSAT CR ABI
.1/ ill not lose ei#!t an, "aster t!an ill a 'erson !ose diet is !i#! in
calories
.C/ &i#!t lose &ore ei#!t b, #oin# on a lo8calorie9 !i#!8c!olesterol diet t!an
b, #oin# on t!e lo8calorie9 lo8c!olesterol diet
.3/ ill not decrease t!e si)e o" !is or !er "at cells
.E/ ill bot! decrease t!e level o" c!olesterol in !is or !er blood and #ain ei#!t
Questions 4-5
Advances in '!otoco',in# tec!nolo#, allo cri&inals it! no 'rintin# e('ertise to
co%nter"eit 'a'er c%rrenc,. 7ne standard antico%nter"eitin# tec!ni0%e9 &icro'rintin#9
'rints 'a'er c%rrenc, it! tin, desi#ns t!at cannot be '!otoco'ied distinctl,.
Alt!o%#! co%nter"eits o" &icro'rinted c%rrenc, can be detected easil, b, e('erts9
s%c! co%nter"eits o"ten circ%late idel, be"ore bein# detected. An alternative9 t!o%#!
&ore costl,9 'rintin# tec!ni0%e o%ld 'rint c%rrenc, it! a s'ecial ink. C%rrenc,
'rinted it! t!e ink o%ld c!an#e color de'endin# in !o ordinar, li#!t strikes it9
!ereas '!otoco'ied co%nter"eits o" s%c! c%rrenc, o%ld not. 1eca%se t!is tec!ni0%e
o%ld allo an,one to detect '!otoco'ied co%nter"eit c%rrenc, easil,9 it s!o%ld be
ado'ted instead o" &icro'rintin#9 des'ite t!e e('ense.
C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e
reco&&endation &ade b, t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 6!en an antico%nter"eitin# tec!ni0%e de'ends on t!e detection o"
co%nter"eits b, e('erts9 t!e cost o" ins'ection b, e('erts adds si#ni"icantl,
to t!e cost to societ, o" t!at tec!ni0%e.
.1/ $or an, antico%nter"eitin# tec!ni0%e to be e""ective9 t!e e(istence o"
antico%nter"eitin# tec!ni0%es s!o%ld be idel, broadcast9 b%t t!e &et!od b,
!ic! co%nter"eits are detected s!o%ld be ke't secret.
.C/ T!e 'rocess o" &icro'rintin# 'a'er c%rrenc, involves "eer ste's t!an does
t!e 'rintin# o" 'a'er c%rrenc, it! t!e s'ecial ink.
.3/ 1e"ore '!otoco',in# tec!nolo#, e(isted9 &ost co%nter"eits o" 'a'er c%rrenc,
ere acco&'lis!ed b, &aster en#ravers.
.E/ Man, cri&inals do not !ave access to t!e advanced '!otoco'iers t!at are
needed to 'rod%ce co%nter"eits o" &icro'rinted 'a'er c%rrenc, t!at cas!iers
ill acce't as real.
@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e lon#er t!e interval beteen t!e ti&e a co%nter"eit bill 'asses into
circ%lation and t!e ti&e t!e co%nter"eit is detected9 t!e &ore di""ic%lt it is
"or la en"orce&ent o" o""icials to a''re!end t!e co%nter"eiter.
.1/ So'!isticated co%nter"eiters co%ld 'rod%ce c%rrenc, 'rinted it! t!e s'ecial
ink b%t cannot d%'licate &icro'rinted c%rrenc, e(actl,.
.C/ $%rt!er advances in '!otoco',in# tec!nolo#, ill dra&aticall, increase t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR AB1
level o" detail t!at '!otoco'ies can re'rod%ce.
.3/ T!e lar#est 0%antities o" co%nter"eit c%rrenc, no enterin# circ%lation are
'rod%ced b, ordinar, cri&inals !o en#a#e in co%nter"eitin# onl, brie"l,.
.E/ It is ver, di""ic%lt to &ake acc%rate esti&ates o" !at t!e costs to societ,
o%ld be i" lar#e a&o%nts o" co%nter"eit c%rrenc, circ%lated idel,.
G. 7ne test to deter&ine !et!er a 'erson !as been in"ected it! t%berc%losis
consists o" in+ectin# t!e 'erson it! 'roteins e(tracted "ro& t!e t%berc%losis
bacteri%&. 7nce a 'erson !as been in"ected b, a bacteri%&9 t!e 'ersons i&&%ne
s,ste& s%bse0%entl, reco#ni)es certain 'roteins 'resent in t!at bacteri%& and
attacks t!e bacteri%&. T!is reco#nition also takes 'lace in t!e test and res%lts in a
skin irritation at t!e in+ection site. :ence t!e '!,sicians !o desi#ned t!e test
reasoned t!at an,one !o reacts in t!is &anner to an in+ection it! t!e
t%berc%losis 'roteins !as been in"ected it! t%berc%losis.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e '!,sicians reasonin#
de'ends-
.A/ All o" t!e 'roteins 'resent in disease8ca%sin# bacteria can be reco#ni)ed b,
t!e bod,s i&&%ne s,ste&.
.1/ Locali)ed skin irritations are a c!aracteristic s,&'to& o" t%berc%losis in
&ost 'eo'le.
.C/ T!e abilit, o" t!e 'roteins 'resent in t!e t%berc%losis bacteri%& to tri##er t!e
skin irritation is e(cl%sive to t!at bacteri%&.
.3/ So&e 'eo'le !o !ave been in+ected it! 'roteins e(tracted "ro& t!e
t%berc%losis bacteri%& ill contract t%berc%losis as a res%lt o" t!e in+ection.
.E/ T!e bod,s i&&%ne s,ste& cannot reco#ni)e in"ectio%s bacteria %nless t!ere
are s%""icient 0%antities o" t!e bacteria to ca%se overt s,&'to&s o" disease.
A. Generations o" E%ro'ean8!istor, st%dents !ave been ta%#!t t!at a 'olitical
assassination ca%sed t!e $irst 6orld 6ar. 6it!o%t so&e 0%ali"ication9 !oever9
t!is teac!in# is bo%nd to &islead9 since t!e ar o%ld not !ave !a''ened it!o%t
t!e treaties and alliances t!at ere alread, in e""ect and t!e &ilitar, "orce t!at
as alread, a&assed. T!ese ere t!e dee'er ca%ses o" t!e ar9 !ereas t!e
assassination as a ca%se onl, in a trivial sense. It as like t!e individ%al s'ark
t!at !a''ens to i#nite a con"la#ration t!at as9 in t!e 'revailin# conditions9
inevitable.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, restates t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e
'assa#e-
.A/ T!e assassination did not ca%se t!e ar9 since t!e assassination as onl, t!e
last in a c!ain o" events leadin# %' to t!e ar9 eac! o" !ic! !ad e0%al
clai& to bein# called its >ca%se.?
.1/ T!e ar as destined to !a''en9 since t!e co%rse o" !istor, %' to t!at 'oint
co%ld not !ave been altered.
GMAT & LSAT CR AB5
.C/ T!o%#! t!e state&ent t!at t!e assassination ca%sed t!e ar is tr%e9 t!e ter&
>ca%se? &ore "%nda&entall, a''lies to t!e conditions t!at &ade it 'ossible
"or t!at event to start t!e ar.
.3/ I" t!e assassination !ad occ%rred !en it did b%t less &ilitar, "orce !ad at
t!at ti&e been a&assed9 t!en t!e ars o%tbreak &i#!t !ave been
considerabl, dela,ed or t!e ar &i#!t not !ave occ%rred at all.
.E/ Alt!o%#! t!e conditions 'revailin# at t!e ti&e t!e ar started &ade ar
inevitable9 i" t!e ar !ad not been tri##ered b, t!e assassination it o%ld
not !ave taken t!e co%rse it! !ic! st%dents o" !istor, are "a&iliar.
B. Toddlers are not bein# &alicio%s !en t!e, bite 'eo'le. $or e(a&'le9 a c!ild &a,
ant a to,9 and "eel t!at t!e 'erson !e or s!e bites is 'reventin# !i& or !er "ro&
!avin# it.
T!e sit%ation as described above &ost closel, con"or&s to !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# #enerali)ations-
.A/ 1itin# 'eo'le is so&eti&es a a, "or toddlers to tr, to solve 'roble&s.
.1/ Toddlers so&eti&es en#a#e in bitin# 'eo'le in order to #et attention "ro&
ad%lts.
.C/ Toddlers &istakenl, believe t!at bitin# 'eo'le is vieed as acce'table
be!avior b, ad%lts.
.3/ Toddlers do not reco#ni)e t!at b, bitin# 'eo'le t!e, o"ten t!art t!eir on
ends.
.E/ Resortin# to bitin# 'eo'le is in so&e cases an e""ective a, "or toddlers to
#et !at t!e, ant.
H. Cons%&er advocate: Last ,ears orldide alar& abo%t a co&'%ter >vir%s?Ka
s%rre'titio%sl, introd%ced co&'%ter 'ro#ra& t!at can destro, ot!er 'ro#ra&s and
dataKas a "ra%d. Co&'anies sellin# 'ro#ra&s to 'rotect co&'%ters a#ainst s%c!
vir%ses raised orldide concern abo%t t!e 'ossibilit, t!at a destr%ctive vir%s
o%ld be activated on a certain date. T!ere as &ore s&oke t!an "ire9 !oever9
onl, abo%t a t!o%sand cases o" da&a#e ere re'orted aro%nd t!e orld.
M%ltit%des o" antivir%s 'ro#ra&s ere sold9 so t!e co&'anies arnin# as
clearl, onl, an e""ort to sti&%late sales.
T!e reasonin# in t!e cons%&er advocates ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!is
ar#%&ent
.A/ restates its concl%sion it!o%t atte&'tin# to o""er a reason to acce't it
.1/ "ails to acknoled#e t!at antivir%s 'ro#ra&s &i#!t 'rotect a#ainst vir%ses
ot!er t!an t!e 'artic%lar one described
.C/ asserts t!at t!e occ%rrence o" one event a"ter anot!er s!os t!at t!e earlier
event as t!e ca%se o" t!e later one
.3/ %sed in"la&&ator, lan#%a#e as a s%bstit%te "or 'rovidin# an, evidence
.E/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e 'rotective ste's taken did ork and9 "or
GMAT & LSAT CR AB<
&an, co&'%ter9 'revented t!e vir%s "ro& ca%sin# da&a#e
1I. Insects can see %ltraviolet li#!t and are knon to identi", i&'ortant "ood so%rces
and &atin# sites b, sensin# t!e c!aracteristic 'atterns o" %ltraviolet li#!t t!at
t!ese t!in#s re"lect. Insects are also attracted to 3lo,osus s'iderebs9 !ic!
re"lect %ltraviolet li#!t. T!%s9 insects are 'robabl, attracted to t!ese ebs beca%se
o" t!e s'eci"ic 'atterns o" %ltraviolet li#!t t!at t!ese ebs re"lect.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ 6!en ebs o" &an, di""erent s'ecies o" s'ider ere ill%&inated it! a
%ni"or& so%rce o" !ite li#!t containin# an %ltraviolet co&'onent9 &an, o"
t!ese ebs did not re"lect t!e %ltraviolet li#!t.
.1/ 6!en t!e silks o" s'iders t!at s'in silk onl, "or linin# b%rros and coverin#
e##s ere ill%&inated it! !ite li#!t containin# an %ltraviolet co&'onent9
t!e silks o" t!ese s'iders re"lected %ltraviolet li#!t.
.C/ 6!en ebs o" t!e co&'arativel, recentl, evolved co&&on #arden s'ider
ere ill%&inated it! !ite li#!t containin# an %ltraviolet co&'onent9 onl,
certain 'ortions o" t!ese ebs re"lected %ltraviolet li#!t.
.3/ 6!en Droso0hila "r%it "lies ere 'laced be"ore a 3lo,osus eb and a
s,nt!etic eb o" si&ilar 'attern t!at also re"lected %ltraviolet li#!t and bot!
ebs ere ill%&inated it! !ite li#!t containin# an %ltraviolet co&'onent9
&an, o" t!e "r%it "lies "le to t!e 3lo,osus eb.
.E/ 6!en Droso0hila "r%it "lies ere 'laced be"ore to 3lo,osus ebs9 one
ill%&inated it! !ite li#!t containin# an %ltraviolet co&'onent and one
ill%&inated it! !ite li#!t it!o%t an %ltraviolet co&'onent9 t!e &a+orit,
"le to t!e %ltraviolet re"lectin# eb.
11. T!e :abitat Conservation Flan .:CF/ is based on a la t!at allos develo'ers to
%se land in!abited b, endan#ered s'ecies in e(c!an#e "or a 'ro&ise to 'reserve
critical !abitat or 'rovide re'lace&ent land nearb,. So&e individ%als o"
endan#ered s'ecies are lost in ret%rn "or ass%rances b, t!e oner or develo'er
t!at !abitat "or t!ose re&ainin# ani&als ill be 'rotected. Environ&entalists are
'leased t!at :CFs alloed t!e& to in concessions "ro& develo'ers !o o%ld
ot!erise i#nore rarel, en"orced environ&ental las. Satis"ied 'ro'ert, oners
're"er :CFs to &ore restrictive 'ro!ibitions o" land %se.
T!e sit%ation described above &ost closel, con"or&s to !ic! one o" t!e
.A/ In order to avoid 'rotracted le#al battles environ&entalists s!o%ld
co&'ro&ise it! develo'ers.
.1/ 3evelo'ers s!o%ld ad!ere onl, to t!ose environ&ental las t!at are not
overb%rdenso&e.
.C/ Las s!o%ld not be desi#ned to serve t!e interests o" all t!e 'arties
concerned since t!e, are o"ten so eak t!at no ones interest is served ell.
GMAT & LSAT CR ABC
.3/ Las s!o%ld be "as!ioned in s%c! a a, as to reconcile t!e interests o"
develo'ers and environ&entalists.
.E/ T!e &ost e""ective &eans o" 'reservin# endan#ered s'ecies is to re"rain "ro&
alienatin# 'ro'ert, oners.
15. It !as lon# been t!o%#!t t!at li)ards evolves "ro& a #ro%' o" a&'!ibians called
ant!racosa%rs9 no "ossils o" !ic! !ave been "o%nd in an, rocks older t!an <II
&illion ,ears. :oever9 a "ossil o" a li)ard as recentl, "o%nd t!at is esti&ated to
be <CI &illion ,ears old. Li)ards co%ld not !ave evolved "ro& creat%res t!at did
not e(ist %ntil a"ter t!e "irst li)ards. T!ere"ore9 li)ards did not !ave evolved "ro&
ant!racosa%rs.
An ass%&'tion &ade in t!e ar#%&ent is t!at t!ere are no
.A/ %nknon ant!racosa%r "ossils older t!an <CI &illion ,ears
.1/ %nknon li)ard "ossils older t!an <CI &illion ,ears
.C/ knon li)ard "ossils t!at 'redate so&e ant!racosa%r "ossils
.3/ knon ant!racosa%r "ossils t!at 'redate so&e li)ard "ossils
.E/ knon li)ard "ossils !ose a#e is %ncertain
Questions 13-14
2%&is&atist: In &edieval S'ain9 &ost #old coins ere &inted "ro& #old &ined in
6est A"rica9 in t!e area t!at is no Sene#al. T!e #old &ined in t!is re#ion as t!e
'%rest knon. Its #old content o" H5 'ercent alloed coins to be &inted it!o%t
re"inin# t!e #old9 and indeed coins &inted "ro& t!is so%rce o" #old can be reco#ni)ed
beca%se t!e, !ave t!at #old content. T!e &ints co%ld re"ine #old and 'rod%ced ot!er
kinds o" coins t!at !ad &%c! '%rer #old content9 b%t t!e Sene#alese #old as never
re"ined.
1<. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# in"erences abo%t #old coins &inted in &edieval S'ain
is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e in"or&ation t!e n%&is&atist #ives-
.A/ Coins &inted "ro& Sene#alese #old all contained t!e sa&e ei#!t9 as ell as
t!e sa&e 'ro'ortion o" #old.
.1/ T!e so%rce o" so&e re"ined #old "ro& !ic! coins ere &inted as
%nre"ined #old it! a #old content o" less t!an H5 'ercent.
.C/ To coins co%ld !ave t!e sa&e &onetar, val%e even t!o%#! t!e, di""ered
"ro& eac! ot!er in t!e 'ercenta#e o" #old t!e, contained.
.3/ 2o #old coins ere &inted t!at !ad a #old content o" less t!an H5 'ercent.
.E/ T!e onl, %nre"ined #old "ro& !ic! coins co%ld be &inted as Sene#alese
#old.
1C. As a 'reli&inar, to ne#otiatin# 'rices9 &erc!ants sellin# #oods o"ten s'eci"ied
t!at 'a,&ent s!o%ld be in t!e coins &inted "ro& Sene#alese #old. 6!ic! one o"
t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain t!is 're"erence-
GMAT & LSAT CR AB@
.A/ 1eca%se re"ined #old varied considerabl, in '%rit,9 s'eci",in# a 'rice as a
n%&ber o" re"ined8#old coins did not "i( t!e 0%antit, o" #old received in
'a,&ent.
.1/ 3%rin# t!is 'eriod &ost da,8to8da, tradin# as cond%cted %sin# silver coins9
t!o%#! #old coins ere %sed "or costl, transactions and lon#8distance
co&&erce.
.C/ T!e &ints ere able to deter&ine t!e '%rit,9 and !ence t!e val%e9 o" #old
coins b, &eas%rin# t!eir densit,.
.3/ Since #old coins &onetar, val%e rested on t!e #old t!e, contained9
'a,&ents ere "re0%entl, &ade %sin# coins &inted in several di""erent
co%ntries.
.E/ Merc!ants obtainin# #old to resell "or %se in +eelr, co%ld not sell t!e &etal
%nless it as "irst re"ined.
1@. So&e 'lants !ave e(tre&el, sensitive biolo#ical t!er&o&eters. $or e(a&'le9 t!e
leaves o" r!ododendrons c%rl !en t!e te&'erat%re o" t!e air aro%nd t!e& is
belo I.Celsi%s/. Si&ilarl,9 &at%re croc%s blosso&s o'en in te&'erat%res
above 5. So so&eone !o si&%ltaneo%sl, observed r!ododendrons it!
%nc%rled leaves9 croc%ses it! &at%re b%t %no'ened blosso&s9 and a t!er&o&eter
s!oin# 1 co%ld deter&ine t!at t!e t!er&o&eters readin# as acc%rate to
it!in 'l%s or &in%s 1.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e reasonin#
above-
.A/ 2eit!er r!ododendrons nor croc%ses bloo& "or &ore t!an a "e eeks eac!
,ear9 and t!e blosso&s o" r!ododendrons #roin# in an, area do not a''ear
%ntil at least several eeks a"ter croc%ses #roin# in t!at area !ave ceased
to bloo&.
.1/ Man, 'eo'le "ind it %n'leasant to be o%tdoors "or lon# 'eriods !en t!e
te&'erat%re is at or abo%t 1.
.C/ T!e cli&ate and soil conditions t!at "avor t!e #rot! o" r!ododendrons are
also "avorable to t!e #rot! o" croc%ses.
.3/ Air te&'erat%re s%rro%ndin# r!ododendrons9 !ic! can #ro 15 "eet tall9 is
likel, to di""er "ro& air te&'erat%re s%rro%ndin# croc%ses9 !ic! are
nor&all, onl, a "e inc!es !i#!9 b, &ore t!an 19 even i" t!e to 'lants
are #roin# side b, side.
.E/ Certain t,'es o" t!er&o&eters t!at are co&&onl, %sed to &eas%re o%tdoor
te&'erat%res can be e(tre&el, acc%rate in &oderate te&'erat%re ran#es b%t
&%c! less acc%rate in ar&er or colder te&'erat%re ran#e.
1G. Folitical scientist: T!e disse&ination o" 'olitical t!eories is in 'rinci'le able to
ca%se c!an#e in e(itin# social str%ct%res. :oever9 all 'olitical t!eories are
"or&%lated in t!e ed%cationall, 'rivile#ed settin# o" t!e %niversit,9 leadin# to
convol%ted lan#%a#e t!at is alienatin# to &an, individ%als o%tside acade&ia !o
GMAT & LSAT CR ABG
o%ld be i&'ortant a#ents o" c!an#e. It "ollos t!at9 it! res'ect to 'olitical
t!eor,9 t!ere is a s'ecial role "or t!ose o%tside t!e %niversit, conte(t to render it
into accessible9 clear lan#%a#e.
.A/ Fersons o%tside acade&ic settin#s are t!e &ost i&'ortant a#ents o" c!an#e to
t!e social str%ct%re.
.1/ Fersons it!in acade&ic settin#s !o "or&%late 'olitical t!eories atte&'t to
c!an#e e(istin# social str%ct%re.
.C/ Fersons o%tside acade&ic settin#s are better le"t o%t o" t!e initial "or&%lation
o" 'olitical t!eories.
.3/ Fersons o%tside acade&ic settin#s stand to #ain &ore "ro& t!e disse&ination
o" 'olitical t!eories t!an 'ersons inside.
.E/ Fersons it!in acade&ic settin#s are less illin# or less able t!an 'ersons
o%tside to rite in a strai#!t"orard a,.
1A. 2icotine !as lon# been knon to ca%se !eart attacks and !i#! blood 'ress%re. *et
a recent st%d, !as s!on t!at t!e incidence o" !eart attacks and !i#! blood
'ress%re is si#ni"icantl, !i#!er a&on# ci#arette s&okers !o do not c!e
tobacco t!an a&on# nons&okers e('osed to an e0%al a&o%nt o" nicotine t!ro%#!
tobacco c!ein#.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 !el's LEAST to resolve t!e a''arent
.A/ Feo'le !o s&oke b%t do not c!e tobacco tend to e(ercise less t!an t!ose
!o c!e tobacco b%t do not s&oke.
.1/ C!e&icals ot!er t!an nicotine 'resent in c!ein# tobacco b%t not 'resent in
ci#arette s&oke &iti#ate t!e e""ects t!at nicotine !as on t!e cardiovasc%lar
s,ste&.
.C/ Feo'le !o c!e tobacco b%t do not s&oke tend to !ave !ealt!ier diets t!an
t!ose !o s&oke b%t do not c!e tobacco.
.3/ C!e&icals ot!er t!an nicotine 'resent in c!ein# tobacco b%t not 'resent in
ci#arette s&oke can ca%se cancer.
.E/ C!e&icals ot!er t!an nicotine 'resent in ci#arette s&oke b%t not 'resent in
c!ein# tobacco raise blood 'ress%re.
1B. Fresident o" Central S%''l, Co&'an,: Fro"its are at an all8ti&e lo t!is "iscal
,ear beca%se o" decreased de&and "or o%r 'rod%cts. I" t!is sit%ation contin%es9 t!e
co&'an, &a, !ave to declare bankr%'tc,. So it is i&'ortant to 'revent an,
"%rt!er decrease in 'ro"its. Conse0%entl,9 t!e onl, o'tions are to red%ce 'laned
e('ansion or to eli&inate so&e less 'ro"itable e(istin# o'erations.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes a "la in t!e co&'an,
'residents reasonin#-
.A/ It 'res%&es it!o%t #ivin# +%sti"ication t!at s%rvival o" t!e co&'an, !as
GMAT & LSAT CR ABA
been a #ood t!in#.
.1/ It does not take into acco%nt t!at t!ere are alternatives to declarin# t!e
bankr%'tc,.
.C/ It 'res%&es it!o%t #ivin# +%sti"ication t!at onl, decreased de&and can ever
be t!e ca%se o" decreased 'ro"its.
.3/ It does not allo "or t!e 'ossibilit, t!at 'ro"its ill decrease onl, sli#!tl,
d%rin# t!e ne(t "iscal ,ear.
.E/ It does not take into acco%nt t!at t!ere &a, be ot!er a,s to sto' t!e
decrease in 'ro"its.
1H. In all &a&&alian s'ecies9 t!e 'eriod o" a ,o%n# &a&&als li"e in !ic! it is &ost
"re0%entl, 'la,"%l coincides it! t!e 'eriods o" &ost ra'id #rot! o" t!e ne%ral
connections in t!e &a&&als brain t!at #ive rise to vario%s co&'le( 'atterns o"
&ove&ent9 'ost%re9 and social res'onse. Indeed9 t!e ne%tral connections created
b, "re0%ent 'la, d%rin# t!is 'eriod later beco&e indis'ensable "or t!e &a&&als
s%rvival and ell8bein# as an ad%lt.
T!e state&ents above9 i" tr%e9 serve LEAST ell as evidence "or !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ *o%n# &a&&als o" s'ecies t!at are 're,ed on b, ot!er ani&als are likel, to
en#a#e in "or&s o" s%dden &ock "li#!t9 boltin# aa, "ro& locations !ere
no 'redators are to be "o%nd.
.1/ T!e ,o%n# 'redators o" non&a&&alian s'ecies s%c! as "is!9 re'tiles9 and
birds do not nor&all, en#a#e in 'la,"%l be!avior t!at serves t!e "%nction
served b, 'la, in t!e develo'&ent o" ,o%n# &a&&als.
.C/ Ad%lt &a&&als are &ore likel, to en#a#e in interactive 'la, it! t!eir
,o%n# i" t!e, en#a#ed in si&ilar "or&s o" 'la, !en t!e, t!e&selves ere
,o%n#.
.3/ Ma&&als t!at cannot en#a#e in certain co&&on "or&s o" 'la, !en ,o%n#
are likel, to s!o certain de"icits t!at li&it t!eir s%bse0%ent s%ccess as
ad%lts.
.E/ *o%n# &a&&als o" 'redator, s'ecies tend to 'ractice in t!eir 'la,
ino""ensive versions o" &otions and actions t!at are %se"%l in "indin# and
catc!in# 're, !en t!ese &a&&als beco&e ad%lts.
5I. F!,sicist: 3eter&inis& is t!e vie t!at ever, event !as a 'recedin# ca%se
s%""icient "or its occ%rrence. T!at is9 i" deter&inis& is tr%e9 t!en t!e events t!at
are 'resentl, occ%rrin# co%ld not !ave "ailed to occ%r #iven t!e state o" t!e
%niverse a &o&ent a#o. 3eter&inis&9 !oever9 is "alse beca%se it is i&'ossible
to kno t!e co&'lete state o" t!e %niverse at an, #iven ti&e since it is i&'ossible
to &eas%re acc%ratel, bot! t!e 'osition and velocit, o" an, #iven s%bato&ic
'article at a 'artic%lar ti&e.
T!e '!,sicists reasonin# is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on !ic! one o" t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR ABB
"olloin# #ro%nds-
.A/ T!at it is i&'ossible to &eas%re acc%ratel, bot! t!e 'osition and velocit, o"
an, #iven s%bato&ic 'article does not i&'l, t!at it is i&'ossible to kno
eit!er t!e 'osition or velocit, o" all s%bato&ic 'articles.
.1/ T!at t!e co&'lete state o" t!e %niverse at an, #iven ti&e is %nknoable does
not i&'l, t!at t!e states at t!at ti&e o" t!e individ%al s%bato&ic 'articles
&akin# it %' are %nknoable.
.C/ T!at it is i&'ossible to &eas%re acc%ratel, bot! t!e 'osition and velocit, o"
an, #iven s%bato&ic 'article at a 'artic%lar ti&e does not i&'l, t!at its
'osition or velocit, cannot be acc%ratel, &eas%red se'aratel,.
.3/ T!at it is i&'ossible to kno t!e co&'lete state o" t!e %niverse at an, #iven
ti&e does not i&'l, t!at t!ere is no co&'lete state o" t!e %niverse at t!at
ti&e.
.E/ T!at t!e 'osition and velocit, o" an, #iven s%bato&ic 'article cannot be
+ointl, &eas%red it! acc%rac, does not i&'l, t!at t!is is t!e case "or t!e
'osition and velocit, o" all s%bato&ic 'articles.
51. I" t!is 'arkin# 'olic, is %n'o'%lar it! t!e "ac%lt,9 t!en e s!o%ld &odi", it. I" it
is %n'o'%lar a&on# st%dents9 e s!o%ld ado't a ne 'olic,. And9 it is bo%nd to
be %n'o'%lar eit!er it! t!e "ac%lt, or a&on# st%dents.
.A/ 6e s!o%ld atte&'t to 'o'%lari)e t!is 'arkin# 'olic, a&on# eit!er t!e "ac%lt,
or st%dents.
.1/ 6e s!o%ld &odi", t!is 'arkin# 'olic, onl, i" t!is ill not red%ce its
'o'%larit, a&on# st%dents.
.C/ 6e s!o%ld &odi", t!is 'arkin# 'olic, i" &odi"ication ill not red%ce its
'o'%larit, it! t!e "ac%lt,.
.3/ I" t!is 'arkin# 'olic, is 'o'%lar a&on# st%dents9 t!en e s!o%ld ado't a ne
'olic,.
.E/ I" t!is 'arkin# 'olic, is 'o'%lar it! t!e "ac%lt,9 t!en e s!o%ld ado't a ne
'olic,.
55. It is abs%rd idea t!at !atever artistic endeavor t!e #overn&ent re"%ses to s%''ort
it does not allo9 as one can see b, re'!rasin# t!e state&ent to read: 2o one is
alloed to create art it!o%t a #overn&ent s%bsid,.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost si&ilar to t!at in
t!e ar#%&ent above-
.A/ T!e clai& t!at an, driver !o is not arrested does not break t!e la is
abs%rd9 as one can see b, reordin# it: Ever, driver !o breaks t!e la
#ets arrested.
.1/ T!e clai& t!at an, driver !o is not arrested does &ot break t!e la is
abs%rd9 as one can see b, reordin# it: Ever, driver !o #ets arrested !as
GMAT & LSAT CR ABH
broken t!e la.
.C/ T!e notion t!at ever, scientist !o is s%''orted b, a #overn&ent #rant ill
be s%ccess"%l is abs%rd9 as one can see b, reordin# it: 2o scientist !o is
s%ccess"%l is so it!o%t a #overn&ent #rant.
.3/ T!e notion t!at ever, scientist !o is s%''orted b, a #overn&ent #rant ill
be s%ccess"%l is abs%rd9 as one can see b, reordin# it: 2o scientist lackin#
#overn&ental s%''ort ill be s%ccess"%l.
.E/ T!e notion t!at ever, scientist !o !as been s%''orted b, a #overn&ent
#rant ill be s%ccess"%l is abs%rd9 as one can see b, reordin# it: 2o
scientist is alloed to do researc! it!o%t a #overn&ent #rant.
5<. Folitician: 2obod, can den, t!at !o&elessness is a 'roble&9 ,et t!ere see&s to
be little a#ree&ent on !o to solve it. 7ne t!in#9 !oever9 is clear: i#norin# t!e
'roble& ill not &ake it #o aa,. 7nl, i" t!e #overn&ent ste's in and 'rovides
t!e !o&eless it! !o%sin# ill t!is 'roble& disa''ear9 and t!is necessitates
increased ta(ation. $or t!is reason9 e s!o%ld raise ta(es.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 &ost s%''orts t!e 'oliticians
ar#%&ent-
.A/ 7nl, i" a &eas%re is re0%ired to solve a 'roble&9 s!o%ld it be ado'ted.
.1/ 7nl, i" a &eas%re is s%""icient to solve a 'roble&9 s!o%ld it be ado'ted.
.C/ I" a &eas%re is re0%ired to solve a 'roble&9 it s!o%ld be ado'ted.
.3/ I" a &eas%re is s%""icient to solve a 'roble&9 t!en it s!o%ld be ado'ted.
.E/ I" a &eas%re is s%""icient to solve a 'roble&9 an, ste's necessitated b, t!at
&eas%re s!o%ld be ado'ted.
5C. Trade o""icial: Co%ntr, E deserves econo&ic retrib%tion "or its 'rotectionis&.
:oever9 it is cr%cial t!at e reco#ni)e t!at t!ere are overridin# considerations in
t!is case. 6e s!o%ld still sell to E t!e a#ric%lt%ral e0%i'&ent it ordered: t!ere is
!i#! de&and in o%r co%ntr, "or a#ric%lt%ral i&'orts "ro& E.
T!e ar#%&ent de'ends on ass%&in# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les-
.A/ A#ric%lt%ral co&'onents o" international trade are &ore i&'ortant t!an
nona#ric%lt%ral co&&odities.
.1/ T!e abilit, to kee' 'o'%lar 'rod%cts available do&esticall, is less i&'ortant
t!an o%r bein# able to enter international &arket.
.C/ 6e s!o%ld never +eo'ardi)e t!e interests o" o%r 'eo'le to '%nis! a
'rotectionist co%ntr,.
.3/ In &ost cases9 '%nis!in# a 'rotectionist co%ntr, s!o%ld !ave 'riorit, over t!e
interests o" o%r 'eo'le.
.E/ 6e s!o%ld balance t!e +%stice o" an action it! t!e conse0%ences "or o%r
interests o" %ndertakin# t!at action.
5@. Jacks a%nt #ave !i& !er ill9 askin# !i& to &ake it '%blic !en s!e diedD !e
GMAT & LSAT CR AHI
'ro&ised to do so. A"ter !er deat!9 Jack looked at t!e ill: it sti'%lated t!at all !er
&one, #o to !er "riend Geor#e. Jack kne t!at i" !e &ade t!e ill '%blic9 Geor#e
o%ld s0%ander t!e &one, bene"itin# neit!er Geor#e nor an,one else. Jack also
kne t!at i" !e did not &ake t!e ill '%blic9 t!e &one, o%ld #o to !is on
&ot!er9 !o o%ld %se it to bene"it !ersel" and ot!ers9 !ar&in# no one. A"ter
re"lection9 !e decided not to &ake t!e ill '%blic.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 o%ld re0%ire Jack to act as !e
did in t!e sit%ation described-
.A/ 3%ties to "a&il, &e&bers take 'riorit, over d%ties to 'eo'le !o are not
"a&il, &e&bers.
.1/ 4iolatin# a 'ro&ise is i&'er&issible !enever doin# so o%ld beco&e
knon b, ot!ers.
.C/ 7ne &%st c!oose an alternative t!at bene"its so&e and !ar&s no one over an
alternative t!at !ar&s so&e and bene"its no one.
.3/ 6!en "aced it! alternatives it is obli#ator, to c!oose !ic!ever one ill
bene"it t!e #reatest n%&ber o" 'eo'le.
.E/ A 'ro&ise beco&es nonbindin# !en t!e 'erson to !o& t!e 'ro&ise as
&ade is no lon#er livin#.
SECTI72 I4
1. Ta('a,er: $or t!e last ten ,ears9 Metro Cit,s brid#e8&aintenance b%d#et o" L1
&illion ann%all, !as been a 'ri&e e(a&'le o" "iscal irres'onsibilit,. In a ell8r%n
brid#e 'ro#ra&9 t!e cit, o%ld s'end L1@ &illion a ,ear on &aintenance9 !ic!
o%ld 'revent severe deterioration9 t!%s li&itin# ca'ital e('enses "or needed
brid#e reconstr%ction to L1I &illion. :oever9 as a res%lt o" its atte&'t to
econo&i)e9 t!e cit, is no "aced it! s'endin# LCII &illion over to ,ears on
e&er#enc, reconstr%ction o" its brid#es.
T!e &ain 'oint o" t!e ta('a,ers ar#%&ent is t!at Metro Cit,
.A/ s!o%ld !ave b%d#eted s%bstantiall, &ore &one, "or &aintenance o" its
brid#es
.1/ o%ld !ave !ad a ell8r%n brid#e 'ro#ra& o" it !ad s'ent &ore &one, "or
reconstr%ction o" its brid#es
.C/ is s'endin# &ore t!an it needs to on &aintenance o" its brid#es
.3/ is econo&i)in# on its brid#e 'ro#ra& to save &one, in case o" e&er#encies
.E/ !as brid#es t!at are &ore e('ensive to &aintain t!an t!e, ere to b%ild
5. Tent, 'ro"essional inco&e8ta( advisors ere #iven identical records "ro&
!ic! to 're'are an inco&e8ta( ret%rn. T!e advisors ere not aare t!at t!e,
ere dealin# it! "ictitio%s records co&'iles b, a "inancial &a#a)ine. 2o to o"
GMAT & LSAT CR AH1
t!e co&'leted ta( ret%rns a#reed it! eac! ot!er9 and onl, one as tec!nicall,
correct.
I" t!e in"or&ation above is correct9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sion can be
'ro'erl, dran on t!e basis o" it-
.A/ 7nl, one o%t o" ever, tent, inco&e8ta( ret%rns 're'ared b, an, #iven
'ro"essional inco&e8ta( advisor ill be correct.
.1/ T!e "act t!at a ta( ret%rn !as been 're'ared b, a 'ro"essional inco&e8ta(
advisor 'rovides no #%arantee t!at t!e ta( ret%rn !as been correctl,
're'ared.
.C/ In order to ens%re t!at ta( ret%rns are correct9 it is necessar, to !ire
'ro"essional inco&e8ta( advisor to 're'are t!e&.
.3/ All 'ro"essional inco&e8ta( advisors &ake &istakes on at least so&e o" t!e
ta( ret%rns t!e, 're'are.
.E/ Feo'le are &ore likel, to !ave an incorrectl, 're'ared ta( ret%rn i" t!e,
're'are t!eir on ta( ret%rns t!an i" t!e, !ire a 'ro"essional inco&e8ta(
advisor.
<. T!e &ana#er o" a n%clear 'oer 'lant de"ended t!e clai& t!at t!e 'lant as sa"e
b, revealin# its rate o" in+%r, "or c%rrent orkers: onl, <.5 in+%ries 'er 5II9III
!o%rs o" ork9 a rate less t!an !al" t!e national avera#e "or all ind%strial 'lants.
T!e &ana#er clai&ed t!at9 t!ere"ore9 b, t!e standard o" !o &an, in+%ries occ%r9
t!e 'lant as sa"er t!an &ost ot!er 'lants !ere t!e e&'lo,ees co%ld ork.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost calls into 0%estion t!e &ana#ers
clai&-
.A/ 6orkers at n%clear 'oer 'lants are re0%ired to receive e(tra trainin# in
sa"et, 'reca%tions on t!eir on ti&e and at t!eir on e('ense.
.1/ 6orkers at n%clear 'oer 'lants are re0%ired to re'ort to t!e &ana#er an,
cases o" accidental e('os%re to radiation.
.C/ T!e e('os%re o" t!e orkers to radiation at n%clear 'oer 'lants as it!in
levels t!e #overn&ent considers sa"e.
.3/ 6orkers at n%clear 'oer 'lants !ave "iled onl, a "e las%its a#ainst t!e
&ana#e&ent concernin# %nsa"e orkin# conditions.
.E/ Medical 'roble&s arisin# "ro& ork at a n%clear 'oer 'lant are %n%s%al in
t!at t!e, are not likel, to a''ear %ntil a"ter an e&'lo,ee !as le"t
e&'lo,&ent at t!e 'lant.
C. Col%&nist: T!e co%ntr, is 'resentl, debatin# le#islation t!at9 i" 'assed9 o%ld
"orce &an%"act%rers to increase t!e n%&ber o" 'aid vacation da,s "or e&'lo,ees9
to 'a, !i#!er overti&e a#es9 and to 'a, all da,8care e('enses "or c!ildren o"
eac! e&'lo,ee. T!is le#islation is bein# s%''orted b, &e&bers o" #ro%'s t!at
!ave resorted to violent tactics in t!e 'ast9 and b, individ%als !o are "acin#
indict&ent on ta(8evasion c!ar#es. 6e &%st de"eat t!is le#islation and !at it
GMAT & LSAT CR AH5
stands "or.
T!e col%&nists ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se it
.A/ attacks le#islation b, callin# into 0%estion t!e inte#rit, o" t!e ori#inators o"
t!e le#islation
.1/ assails le#islation on t!e basis o" t!e 0%estionable c!aracter o" s%''orters o"
t!e le#islation
.C/ atte&'ts to discredit le#islation b, a''ealin# to '%blic senti&ent "or t!ose
!o o%ld be adversel, a""ected
.3/ 'res%''oses t!at le#islation is bad le#islation !enever it !as onl, a s&all
n%&ber o" s%''orters o%tside t!e co%ntr,s national le#islative bod,
.E/ re+ects le#islation on t!e #ro%nd t!at its s%''orters are inconsistentl, in
seekin# to 'lace b%rdens on &an%"act%rers %'on !ose b%siness s%ccess t!e
s%''orters de'end
@. I" t!e ivor, trade contin%es9 e('erts believe9 t!e ele'!ant ill soon beco&e
e(tinct in A"rica9 beca%se 'oac!in# is ri"e in &an, areas. A total ban on ivor,
tradin# o%ld 'robabl, 'revent t!e e(tinction. :oever9 t!e co%ntr, o"
Qi&babeK!ic! !as virt%all, eli&inated 'oac!in# it!in its borders and
!ic! relies on inco&e "ro& care"%ll, c%llin# ele'!ant !erds t!at t!reaten to
beco&e too bi#Kob+ects to s%c! a ban. Qi&babe !olds t!at t!e 'roble& lies not
it! t!e ivor, trade b%t it! t!e conservation 'olicies o" ot!er co%ntries.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les "or&s a lo#ical basis "or Qi&babes
ob+ection to a ban-
.A/ International &eas%res to correct a 'roble& s!o%ld not adversel, a""ect
co%ntries t!at are not res'onsible "or t!e 'roble&.
.1/ $reedo& o" trade is not a ri#!t b%t a conse0%ence o" a#ree&ents a&on#
nations.
.C/ Res'ectin# a co%ntr,s soverei#nt, is &ore i&'ortant t!an 'reventin# t!e
e(tinction o" a s'ecies.
.3/ Fro!ibitions a""ectin# several co%ntries s!o%ld be en"orced b, a
s%'ranational a#enc,.
.E/ E""ective conservation cannot be ac!ieved it!o%t eli&inatin# 'oac!in#.
G. T!e &ale sa#e #ro%se !as air sacs t!at !en not in"lated9 lie !idden beneat! t!e
#ro%ses neck "eat!ers. 3%rin# its s'rin# co%rts!i' rit%al9 t!e &ale sa#e #ro%se
in"lates t!ese air sacs and dis'la,s t!e& to t!e "e&ale sa#e #ro%se. So&e
scientists !,'ot!esi)e t!at t!is co%rts!i' rit%al serves as a &eans "or "e&ale sa#e
#ro%se to select !ealt!, &ates.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" r%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e scientists
!,'ot!esis-
.A/ So&e "e&ale sa#e #ro%se &ate it! %n!ealt!, &ale sa#e #ro%se.
.1/ 6!en diseased &ale sa#e #ro%se ere treated it! antibiotics9 t!e, ere not
GMAT & LSAT CR AH<
selected b, "e&ale sa#e #ro%se d%rin# t!e co%rts!i' rit%al.
.C/ So&e !ealt!, &ale sa#es #ro%se do not in"late t!eir air sacs as 'art o" t!e
co%rts!i' rit%al.
.3/ Male sa#e #ro%se are 'rone to 'arasitic in"ections t!at e(!ibit s,&'to&s
visible on t!e birds air sacs.
.E/ T!e sa#e #ro%se is co&&onl, a""licted it! a strain o" &alaria t!at tends to
c!an#e as t!e or#anis& t!at ca%ses it %nder#oes &%tation.
A. Cons%&ers ill be !%rt b, t!e ne loer ceilin# on !alib%t catc!es. Given t!e
la o" s%''l, and de&and t!ese restrictions are likel, to res%lt in an increase in
t!e 'rice o" t!e "is!.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" ass%&ed9 o%ld do &ost to +%sti", t!e clai& t!at
t!e 'rice o" !alib%t ill increase-
.A/ T!e de&and "or !alib%t ill not decrease s%bstantiall, a"ter t!e ne
restrictions are i&'osed.
.1/ T!ere is a connection beteen t!e s%''l, o" !alib%t and t!e de&and "or it.
.C/ T!e lost 'rod%ction o" !alib%t ill not be re'laced b, increased 'rod%ction o"
ot!er "is!.
.3/ T!e de&and "or ot!er "is! ill be a""ected b, t!e ne restrictions.
.E/ T!e a&o%nt o" !alib%t cons%&ed re'resents a ver, s&all 'ro'ortion o" all
"is! cons%&ed.
B. Mnoled#e o" an ancient lan#%a#e is essential "or readin# ori#inal ancient
doc%&ents. Most ancient !istorical doc%&ents9 !oever9 !ave been translated
into &odern lan#%a#es9 so sc!olars o" ancient !istor, can read t!e& "or t!eir
researc! it!o%t learnin# ancient lan#%a#es. T!ere"ore9 as'irants to careers as
ancient !istor, sc!olars no lon#er need to take t!e ti&e to learn ancient
lan#%a#es.
T!e ar#%&ent is v%lnerable to criticis& on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# #ro%nds-
.A/ It concl%des t!at so&et!in# is never necessar, on t!e #ro%nds t!at it is not
ala,s necessar,.
.1/ A state&ent o" "act is treated as i" it ere &erel, a state&ent o" o'inion.
.C/ T!e concl%sion is no &ore t!an a restate&ent o" t!e evidence 'rovides as
s%''ort o" t!at concl%sion.
.3/ T!e +%d#&ent o" e('erts is a''lied to a &atter in !ic! t!eir e('ertise is
irrelevant.
.E/ So&e o" t!e evidence 'resented in s%''ort o" t!e concl%sion is inconsistent
it! ot!er evidences 'rovided.
Questions 9-10
T!e 1oard o" Tr%stees o" t!e $ederici Art M%se%& !as decided to sell so&e orks
"ro& its collection in order to raise t!e "%nds necessar, to re"%rbis! its #alleries.
GMAT & LSAT CR AHC
Alt!o%#! t!is &a, see& like a drastic re&ed,9 t!e c%rator !ad lon# &aintained t!at
a&on# t!e 'aintin#s t!at t!e late Ms. $ederici collected "or t!e &%se%& ere several
%ns%ccess"%l i&&at%re orks b, Renoir and Ce)anne t!at s!o%ld be sold beca%se
t!e, are o" in"erior 0%alit, and so add not!in# to t!e overall 0%alit, o" t!e &%se%&s
collection. :ence9 t!e boards action ill not detract "ro& t!e &%se%&s collection.
H. T!e concl%sion dran de'ends on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tion-
.A/ Art s'ec%lators are %nable to distin#%is! an in"erior 'aintin# b, Renoir "ro&
a &aster'iece b, !i&.
.1/ All o" t!e 'aintin#s t!at t!e board o" tr%stee sells ill be a&on# t!ose t!at t!e
c%rator reco&&ends sellin#.
.C/ All o" t!e 'aintin#s b, Renoir and Ce)anne t!at are oned b, t!e $ederici
Art M%se%& ere '%rc!ased b, Ms. $ederici !ersel".
.3/ 7nl, an avid collector o" 'aintin#s b, Ce)anne o%ld be illin# to 'a, a
!i#! 'rice "or earl, orks b, t!is artist.
.E/ A #reat ork o" art can be tr%l, a''reciated onl, i" it is dis'la,ed in a
care"%ll, desi#ned and ell8&aintained #aller,.
1I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e directors o" an art &%se%& can #enerall, raise "%nds "or re"%rbis!in# t!e
b%ildin# in !ic! t!e &%se%&s collection is !o%sed b, &eans ot!er t!an
sellin# 'arts o" its collection.
.1/ T!e 0%alit, o" an art collection is deter&ined not +%st b, t!e 0%alit, o" its
'aintin#s9 b%t b, !at develo'&ent o" t!e artistic talent and ideas o" t!e
artists re'resented.
.C/ T!e i&&at%re oks b, Renoir and Ce)anne t!at ere '%rc!ased b, Ms.
$ederici ere at t!at ti&e t!o%#!t b, so&e critics to be %ni&'ortant
+%venile orks.
.3/ T!ose 'eo'le !o s'ec%late in art b, '%rc!asin# artorks &erel, to sell
t!e& at &%c! !i#!er 'rices elco&e in"lation in t!e art &arket9 b%t c%rators
o" art &%se%& re#ret t!e in"lation in t!e art &arket.
.E/ T!e best ork o" a #reat artist de&ands &%c! !i#!er 'rices in t!e art &arket
t!an t!e orst ork o" t!at sa&e artist.
11. Taken to#et!er9 so&e 59III stocks reco&&ended on a 'o'%lar television s!o
over t!e co%rse o" t!e 'ast 15 ,ears b, t!e s!os #%ests9 &ost o" !o& are
s%ccess"%l cons%ltants "or &%ltibillion8dollar stock 'ort"olios9 'er"or&ed less
s%ccess"%ll, t!an t!e &arket as a !ole "or t!is 158,ear 'eriod. So clearl,9 no one
s!o%ld ever "ollo an, reco&&endation b, t!ese so8called e('erts.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ Taken to#et!er9 t!e stocks reco&&ended on t!e television s!o 'er"or&ed
better t!an t!e &arket as a !ole "or t!e 'ast ,ear.
GMAT & LSAT CR AH@
.1/ Taken to#et!er9 t!e stocks reco&&ended on t!e television s!o 'er"or&ed
better "or t!e 'ast 158,ear 'eriod t!an stock 'ort"olios t!at ere act%all,
selected b, an, ot!er &eans.
.C/ Fer"or&ance o" t!e stocks reco&&ended on t!e television s!o as
&eas%red b, stock dividends9 !ereas t!e 'er"or&ance o" t!e &arket as a
!ole as &eas%red b, c!an#e in s!are val%e.
.3/ Fer"or&ance o" t!e stocks reco&&ended on t!e television s!o as
&eas%red inde'endentl, b, a n%&ber o" anal,sts9 and t!e res%lts o" t!e all
t!e &eas%re&ents conc%rred.
.E/ T!e stock 'ort"olios "or !ic! t!e #%ests ere cons%ltants 'er"or&ed better
"or t!e 'ast 158,ear 'eriod t!an t!e &arket as a !ole.
15. T!e sc!ool 'rinci'al insisted t!at st%dent "ail%res are ca%sed b, bad teac!in#. In a
relativel, s!ort ti&e "ailin# #rades disa''eared "ro& t!e sc!ool. T!e 'rinci'al
!a''il, reco#ni)ed t!is as evidence t!at t!e teac!in# !ad i&'roved at t!e sc!ool.
T!e "laed 'attern o" reasonin# in t!e above is &ost si&ilar to t!at in !ic! one
o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ T!e n%tritionist insisted t!at t!e ei#!t #ain t!at tea& &e&bers co&'lained
o" as ca%sed b, overeatin#. In a brie" ti&e all t!e &e&bers sto''ed
overeatin#. T!e n%tritionist as 'leased to concl%de t!at t!e, !ad sto''ed
#ainin# ei#!t.
.1/ T!e &ana#er insisted t!at t!e orkers !o "iled co&'laints !ad too &an,
di""erence tasks. T!e &ana#er si&'li"ied t!e +obs9 and co&'lains sto''ed.
T!e &ana#er !a''il, concl%ded t!at t!e orkin# environ&ent !ad been
i&'roved.
.C/ T!e n%tritionist insisted t!at t!e ei#!t #ain t!at tea& &e&bers co&'lained
o" as &erel, in t!eir i&a#ination. Me&bers ere #iven ei#!t c!arts "or
t!e last t!ree &ont!s. T!e n%tritionist as 'leased to concl%de t!at t!e
co&'laints o" ei#!t #ain !ad sto''ed.
.3/ T!e &ana#er insisted t!at t!e orkers !o "iled co&'laints did not !ave
eno%#! to do. Soon t!ere ere no &ore co&'laints "iled. T!e &ana#er as
'leased to concl%de t!at t!e orkers ere no 'rod%ctivel, "illin# t!eir
ti&e.
.E/ T!e n%tritionist insisted t!at t!e ei#!t #ain t!at tea& &e&bers co&'lained
o" as ca%se b, t!eir t!inkin# o" "ood too o"ten. T!e n%tritionist as !a'',
to concl%de t!at t!e ei#!t #ain !ad sto''ed once t!e tea& &e&bers
re'orted t!at t!e, !ad sto''ed t!inkin# o" "ood so o"ten.
1<. =nlike ot!er 'ri&roses9 sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&roses do not need to rel, on insects
"or 'ollination. In &an, ,ears insect 'ollinators are scarce9 and in t!ose ,ears a
t,'ical non8sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&rose 'rod%ces "eer seeds t!an does a t,'ical
sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&rose. In ot!er ,ears9 seed 'rod%ction is a''ro(i&atel, e0%al.
T!%s9 sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&roses !ave t!e advanta#e o" !i#!er avera#e seed
GMAT & LSAT CR AHG
'rod%ction. Aside "ro& seed 'rod%ction9 t!ese sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&roses are
indistin#%is!able "ro& non8sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&roses. 2evert!eless9 sel"8
'ollinatin# 'ri&rose 'lants re&ain rare a&on# 'ri&roses.
.A/ Insects t!at collect 'ollen "ro& 'ri&roses do not discri&inate beteen sel"8
'ollinatin# 'ri&roses and non8sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&roses.
.1/ 6!en insect 'ollinators are scarce9 non8sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&roses 'rod%ce
lar#er seeds t!at are &ore likel, to #er&inate t!an are seeds "ro& sel"8
'ollinatin# 'ri&roses.
.C/ Sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&roses t!at are located in areas it! "e insects 'rod%ce
no "eer seeds t!an do sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&roses t!at are located in areas
it! &an, insects.
.3/ Man, 'ri&roses are located in areas in !ic! t!e soil conditions t!at are
o'ti&al "or seed #er&ination are not 'resent.
.E/ Sel"8'ollinatin# 'ri&roses can be assisted b, insects d%rin# 'ollination b%t do
not re0%ire t!e assistance o" insects to be 'ollinated.
1C. 6e !ave a &oral obli#ation not to destro, books9 even i" t!e, belon# to %s. T!e
reason is 0%ite si&'le: I" 'reserved9 books ill al&ost certainl, contrib%te to t!e
intellect%al and e&otional enric!&ent o" "%t%re #enerations.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses t!e 'rinci'le %nderl,in#
t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It is &orall, inc%&bent %'on %s to devote e""ort to 'er"or&in# actions t!at
!ave at least so&e c!ance o" i&'rovin# ot!er 'eo'les lives.
.1/ 6e are &orall, obli#ated to 'reserve an,t!in# t!at 'ast #enerations !ad
'reserved "or o%r intellect%al and e&otional enric!&ent.
.C/ T!e &oral co&&it&ents e !ave to "%t%re #enerations s%'ersede t!e &oral
co&&it&ents e !ave to t!e 'resent #eneration.
.3/ 6e are &orall, obli#ated not to destro, an,t!in# t!at ill &ost likel, enric!9
eit!er intellect%all, or e&otionall,9 o%r 'osterit,.
.E/ 1ein# &orall, obli#ated not to destro, so&et!in# re0%ires t!at e be
reasonabl, ass%red t!at t!at t!in# ill lead to t!e better&ent o" so&eone e
kno.
1@. T!e so%t!ern !al" o" a certain re#ion o" t!e eart! as covered entirel, b, ater
d%rin# t!e Cretaceo%s 'eriod9 t!e last A@ &illion ,ears o" t!e Meso)oic era9 t!e
era !en dinosa%rs roa&ed t!e eart!. 3inosa%rs lived onl, on land. T!%s9
Flesiosa%rsKsi&&in# re'tile t!at lived d%rin# t!e Cretaceo%s 'eriod
e(cl%sivel,Kere not dinosa%rs. 2o sin#le s'ecies o" dinosa%r lived t!ro%#!o%t
t!e entire Meso)oic era.
I" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 eac! o" t!e "olloin# co%ld be tr%e
GMAT & LSAT CR AHA
EECEFT:
.A/ 3inosa%rs in!abited t!e nort!ern !al" o" t!e re#ion t!ro%#!o%t t!e entire
Meso)oic era.
.1/ Flesiosa%rs did not in!abit t!e so%t!ern !al" o" t!e re#ion d%rin# t!e
Cretaceo%s 'eriods.
.C/ Flesiosa%rs did not in!abit t!e so%t!ern !al" o" t!e re#ion be"ore t!e
Cretaceo%s 'eriod.
.3/ 3inosa%rs did not in!abit t!e nort!ern !al" o" t!e re#ion d%rin# t!e
Cretaceo%s 'eriod.
.E/ 3inosa%rs in!abited t!e so%t!ern !al" o" t!e re#ion t!ro%#!o%t t!e entire
Meso)oic era.
1G. Essa,ist: 6isdo& and intelli#ence are desirable 0%alities. :oever9 bein#
intelli#ent does not i&'l, t!at one is ise9 nor does bein# ise i&'l, t!at one is
intelli#ent. In &, on e('erience9 t!e 'eo'le I &eet !ave one or t!e ot!er o"
t!ese 0%alities b%t not bot!.
I" t!e essa,ists state&ents are tr%e9 t!e& eac! o" t!e "olloin# co%ld be tr%e
EECEFT:
.A/ Most 'eo'le are neit!er intelli#ent9 nor ise.
.1/ Most 'eo'le are bot! intelli#ent and ise.
.C/ 2o one is bot! ise and intelli#ent.
.3/ 2o one is eit!er ise or intelli#ent.
.E/ Man, 'eo'le are intelli#ent and ,et lack isdo&.
1A. Concerned citi)en: T!e &a,or9 an o%ts'oken critic o" t!e 'ro'osed restoration o"
cit, !all9 is ri#!t !en !e notes t!at t!e b%ildin# is o%tdated9 b%t t!at t!e
restoration o%ld be e('ensive at a ti&e !en t!e b%d#et is alread, ti#!t. 6e
cannot a""ord s%c! a l%(%r, ite& in t!is ti&e o" "inancial restraint9 !e sa,s.
:oever9 I res'ect"%ll, disa#ree. T!e b%ildin# 'rovides t!e last re&ainin# link to
t!e da,s o" t!e cit,s "o%ndin#9 and 'reservin# a sense o" &%nici'al !istor, is
cr%cial to &aintainin# res'ect "or o%r cit, #overn&ent and its a%t!orit,. So to t!e
0%estion9 >Can e reall, a""ord to-? I can onl, res'ond9 >Can e a""ord not to-?
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, c!aracteri)es a "la in t!e
concerned citi)ens ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e ar#%&ent is solel, an e&otional a''eal to !istor,.
.1/ T!e ar#%&ent a&bi#%o%sl, %ses t!e ord >a""ord.?
.C/ T!e ar#%&ent ina''ro'riatel, a''eals to t!e a%t!orit, o" t!e &a,or.
.3/ T!e ar#%&ent incorrectl, 'res%&es t!at t!e restoration o%ld be e('ensive.
.E/ T!e ar#%&ent ina''ro'riatel, relies on t!e e&otional connotations o" ords
s%c! as >o%tdated? and >l%(%r,.?
1B. 7bvio%sl,9 e cannot in an, real sense &istreat 'lants. Flants do not !ave
GMAT & LSAT CR AHB
nervo%s s,ste&s9 and !avin# a nervo%s s,ste& is necessar, to e('erience 'ain.
ass%&ed-
.A/ An, or#anis& t!at can e('erience 'ain can be &istreated.
.1/ 7nl, or#anis&s t!at !ave nervo%s s,ste&s can e('erience 'ain.
.C/ An, or#anis& t!at !as a nervo%s s,ste& can e('erience 'ain.
.3/ 7nl, or#anis&s t!at can e('erience 'ain can be &istreated.
.E/ An, or#anis& t!at !as a nervo%s s,ste& can be &istreated.
1H. Ine): In t!ese 'oor econo&ic ti&es9 'eo'le ant to be s%re t!e, are #ettin# #ood
val%e "or t!eir &one,. I 'redict 'eo'le o%ld be &ore illin# to b%, anti0%es at
o%r "air i" e "irst !ave t!e ob+ects ins'ected b, 'ro"essional a''raisers !o
o%ld re&ove an, ob+ects o" 0%estionable a%t!enticit,.
Anika: I disa#ree it! ,o%r 'rediction. 7%r c%sto&ers alread, are anti0%es
e('erts. $%rt!er&ore9 !irin# 'ro"essional a''raisers o%ld '%s! %' o%r costs
considerabl,9 t!%s "orcin# %s to raise t!e 'rices on all anti0%es.
Anikas res'onse 'roceeds b,
.A/ indicatin# t!at a 'artic%lar 'lan o%ld !ave an e""ect contrar, to t!e
antici'ated e""ect
.1/ clai&in# t!at a 'artic%lar 'lan s!o%ld not be ado'ted beca%se9 !ile
e""ective9 it o%ld !ave at least one %ndesirable conse0%ence
.C/ ar#%in# t!at an alternative 'lan co%ld ac!ieve a desired res%lt &ore easil,
t!an t!e 'lan ori#inall, 'ro'osed
.3/ 0%estionin# t!e ass%&'tion t!at a%t!orities are available !o !ave s'ecial
knoled#e o" t!e 'roble& %nder disc%ssion
.E/ o""erin# a co%ntere(a&'le in order to s!o t!at a 'artic%lar #eneral clai& is
too broadl, stated
5I. In so&e ill8considered 'o'%lari)ations o" interestin# c%rrent researc!9 it is ar#%ed
t!at !i#!er a'es !ave t!e ca'acit, "or lan#%a#e b%t !ave never '%t it to %seKa
re&arkable biolo#ical &iracle9 #iven t!e enor&o%s selectional advanta#e o" even
&ini&al lin#%istic skills. It is rat!er like clai&in# t!at so&e ani&al !as in#s
ade0%ate "or "li#!t b%t !as never t!o%#!t to "l,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost si&ilar in its reasonin# to t!e ar#%&ent
above-
.A/ Ar#%in# t!at t!ere are so&e !%&ans !o never slee' is rat!er like
discoverin# a s'ecies o" lion t!at does not eat &eat.
.1/ Ar#%in# t!at Eart! !as been visited b, aliens "ro& o%ter s'ace is rat!er like
clai&in# t!at earl, e('lorers !ad visited 2ort! A&erican b%t never "o%nded
cities.
.C/ Ar#%in# t!at t!e !%&an brain !as telekinetic 'oers t!at no !%&ans !ave
GMAT & LSAT CR AHH
ever e(ercised is rat!er like ar#%in# t!at so&e insect !as le#s b%t never %ses
t!e& to alk.
.3/ Clai&in# t!at so&e 'eo'le raised tobacco b%t did not s&oke it is rat!er like
clai&in# t!at a societ, t!at kne !o to bre alco!ol never drink it.
.E/ Ar#%in# t!at not all 'eo'le it! cars ill drive t!e& is rat!er like clai&in#
t!at !%&ans invented #asoline lon# be"ore t!e, %sed it as "%el "or
trans'ortation.
Questions !1-!!
Sara!: so&e sc!ools seek to "oster a !abit o" vol%nteerin# in t!eir st%dents b,
re0%irin# t!e& to 'er"or& co&&%nit, service. 1%t since a 'erson !o !as been
"orced to do so&et!in# !as not reall, vol%nteered and since t!e !abit o" vol%nteerin#
cannot be said to !ave been "ostered in a 'erson !o !as not ,et vol%nteered "or
an,t!in#9 t!ere is no a, t!is 'olic, can s%cceed b, itsel".
Fa%l: I disa#ree. So&e st%dents "orced to 'er"or& co&&%nit, service !ave en+o,ed it
so &%c! t!at t!e, s%bse0%entl, act%all, vol%nteer to do so&et!in# si&ilar. In s%c!
cases9 t!e 'olic, can clearl, be said to !ave "ostered a !abit o" vol%nteerin#.
51. Fa%l res'onds to Sara!s ar#%&ent %sin# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
ar#%&entative tec!ni0%es-
.A/ :e ar#%es t!at Sara! is ass%&in# +%st !at s!e sets o%t to 'rove.
.1/ :e ar#%es t!at Sara!s conce'tion o" !at it &eans to vol%nteer e(cl%des
certain activities t!at o%#!t to be considered instances o" vol%nteerin#.
.C/ :e introd%ces considerations t!at call into 0%estion one o" Sara!s
ass%&'tions.
.3/ :e 0%estions Sara!s &otives "or advancin# an ar#%&ent a#ainst t!e sc!ool
'olic,.
.E/ :e ar#%es t!at a 'olic, Sara! "ails to consider co%ld acco&'lis! t!e sa&e
ai& as t!e 'olic, t!at Sara! considers.
55. T!e &ain 'oint at iss%e beteen Sara! and Fa%l is !et!er
.A/ t!ere are an, circ%&stances %nder !ic! an individ%al "orced to 'er"or& a
task can correctl, be said to !ave #en%inel, vol%nteered to 'er"or& t!at task
.1/ bein# "orced to 'er"or& co&&%nit, service can 'rovide en+o,&ent to t!e
individ%al !o is "orced to 'er"or& s%c! service
.C/ bein# "orced to 'er"or& co&&%nit, device can b, itsel" enco%ra#e a #en%ine
!abit o" vol%nteerin# in t!ose st%dents !o are "orced to 'er"or& s%c!
service
.3/ it is 'ossible "or sc!ool to develo' 'olicies t!at "oster t!e !abit o"
vol%nteerin# in t!eir st%dents
.E/ st%dents !o develo' a !abit o" vol%nteerin# !ile in sc!ool are inclined to
'er"or& co&&%nit, service later in t!eir lives
GMAT & LSAT CR BII
5<. 7nl, co&'%ter scientists %nderstand t!e arc!itect%re o" 'ersonal co&'%ters9 and
onl, t!ose !o %nderstand t!e arc!itect%re o" 'ersonal co&'%ters a''reciate t!e
advances in tec!nolo#, &ade in t!e last decade. It "ollos t!at onl, t!ose !o
a''reciate t!ese advances are co&'%ter scientists.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes a "la in t!e reasonin# in
t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e ar#%&ent contains no stated or i&'lied relations!i' beteen co&'%ter
scientists and t!ose !o a''reciate t!e advances in tec!nolo#, in t!e last
decade.
.1/ T!e ar#%&ent i#nores t!e "act t!at so&e co&'%ter scientists &a, not
a''reciate t!e advances in tec!nolo#, &ade in t!e last decade.
.C/ T!e ar#%&ent i#nores t!e "act t!at co&'%ter scientists &a, a''reciate ot!er
t!in#s besides t!e advances in tec!nolo#, &ade in t!e last decade.
.3/ T!e 're&ises o" t!e ar#%&ent are stated in s%c! a a, t!at t!e, e(cl%de t!e
'ossibilit, o" drain# an, lo#ical concl%sion.
.E/ T!e 're&ises o" t!e ar#%&ent 'res%''ose t!at ever,one %nderstands t!e
arc!itect%re o" 'ersonal co&'%ters.
5C. Sociolo#ist: Researc! s!os9 contrar, to 'o'%lar o'inion9 t!at9 all ot!er t!in#s
bein# e0%al9 &ost 'eo'le !o !ave 'ets are less !a'', t!an &ost 'eo'le !o do
not. T!ere"ore9 an, 'erson !o ants to be as !a'', as 'ossible o%ld do ell to
consider not !avin# a 'et.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e sociolo#ists
ar#%&ent-
.A/ So&e 'eo'le !o !ave 'ets are !a''ier t!an &ost 'eo'le !o do not.
.1/ Most 'eo'le !o !ave no 'ets occasionall, is! t!at t!e, !ad 'ets.
.C/ Most 'eo'le !o !ave 'ets are reasonabl, !a'',.
.3/ Most 'eo'le !o !ave 'ets "eel !a''ier beca%se t!e, !ave 'ets.
.E/ All 'eo'le !o !ave no 'ets ad&it to "eelin# %n!a'', so&eti&es.
5@. T!e dar" &asked ol9 a rare &i#rator, bird o" 're,9 nor&all, &akes its inter
!o&e on t!e 1a+a 'enins%la9 !ere it nests in t!e s'in, cact%s. In "act9 t!ere are
no ot!er s%itable nestin# sites "or t!e dar" &asked ol on t!e 1a+a 'enins%la.
1%t a bli#!t last s'rin# destro,ed all o" t!e s'in, cacti on t!e 1a+a 'enins%la. So
%nless ste's are taken to reestablis! t!e s'in, cact%s 'o'%lation9 t!e dar"
&asked ol ill not &ake its !o&e on t!e 1a+a 'enins%la t!is inter.
.A/ 2o birds o" 're, ot!er t!an t!e dar" &asked ol nest in t!e s'in, cact%s.
.1/ I" t!e 1a+a 'enins%la contains s'in, cacti9 t!en t!e dar" &asked ol &akes
its inter !o&e t!ere.
.C/ 7n occasion t!e dar" &asked ol !as been knon to &ake its inter !o&e
GMAT & LSAT CR BI1
"ar "ro& its nor&al &i#rator, ro%te.
.3/ T!e dar" &asked ol ill not &ake its inter !o&e on t!e 1a+a 'enins%la
onl, i" t!at re#ion contains no s'in, cacti.
.E/ S%itable nestin# sites &%st be 'resent !ere t!e dar" &asked ol &asked
its inter !o&e.
5G. At ni#!t9 a "lock o" cros ill #enerall, 'erc! close to#et!er in a s&all 'laceK
o"ten a 'iece o" ooded landKcalled a roost. Eac! &ornin#9 t!e cros leave t!e
roost and "an o%t in s&all #ro%'s to !%nt and scaven#e t!e s%rro%ndin# area. $or
&ost "locks9 t!e cros !%ntin# e(tends as "ar as 1II to 1<I kilo&eters .GI to BI
&iles/ "ro& t!e roost. 2or&all,9 a "lock ill contin%e to occ%', t!e sa&e roost
"or several consec%tive ,ears9 and !en it abandons a roost site "or a ne one t!e
ne roost is %s%all, less t!an ei#!t kilo&eters ."ive &iles/ aa,.
7" t!e "olloin# clai&s9 !ic! one can &ost +%sti"iabl, be re+ected on t!e basis
o" t!e state&ent above-
.A/ Cros ill abandon t!eir roost site onl, in res'onse to increase in t!e
'o'%lation o" t!e "lock.
.1/ 6!en t!ere is a s!orta#e o" "ood in t!e area in !ic! a "lock o" cros
nor&all, !%nts and scaven#es9 so&e &e&bers o" t!e "lock ill be#in to
!%nt and scaven#e o%tside t!at area.
.C/ Most o" t!e !%ntin# and scaven#in# t!at cros do occ%rs &ore t!an ei#!t
kilo&eters ."ive &iles/ "ro& t!eir roost.
.3/ 7nce a "lock o" cros !as settled on a ne roost site9 it is e(tre&el, di""ic%lt
to "orce it to abandon t!at site "or anot!er.
.E/ 6!en a "lock o" cros &oves to a ne roost site9 it #enerall, does so
beca%se t!e area in !ic! it !as !%nted and scaven#ed !as been de'leted o"
"ood so%rces.
TEST 28
SECTI72 II
1. Ins%rance t!at as to beco&e e""ective at H A.M. on a certain date as taken o%t
on t!e li"e o" a "li#!t attendant. :e died on t!at date at 1I A.M. local ti&e9 !ic!
as to !o%rs be"ore H A.M. in t!e ti&e )one !ere t!e 'olic, !ad been
'%rc!ased. T!e ins%rance co&'an, contended t!at t!e 'olic, !ad not beco&e
e""ectiveD a re'resentative o" t!e "li#!t attendants bene"iciar,9 !is &ot!er9
co%ntered b, ar#%in# t!at t!e 'olic, a&o%nt s!o%ld be 'aid beca%se t!e attendant
!ad been !is &ot!ers sole s%''ort9 and s!e as ill.
GMAT & LSAT CR BI5
T!e re'resentatives ar#%&ent is "laed as a co%nter to t!e ins%rance co&'an,s
contention beca%se
.A/ t!e concl%sion is no &ore t!an a 'ara'!rase o" evidence o""ered in s%''ort o"
it
.1/ it a''eals to t!e e&otion o" 'it, rat!er t!an addressin# t!e iss%e raised
.C/ it &akes an %narranted distinction beteen "a&il, obli#ations and b%siness
obli#ations
.3/ it s%bstit%tes an attack on a 'erson "or t!e #ivin# o" reasons
.E/ a ca%se and its e""ect are &istaken "or eac! ot!er
5. 7nce a c!ilds i&a#ination beco&es develo'ed9 a !ost o" i&a#inar, creat%res
&a, tor&ent t!e c!ild. 1%t t!is nel, develo'ed co#nitive ca'acit, &a, also be
%sed to render t!ese creat%res !ar&less. $or instance9 a c!ilds ne to, &a, be
i&a#ined as an all,9 'oer"%l eno%#! to ard o"" an, i&a#inar, t!reats.
T!e t,'e o" sit%ation described above &ost closel, con"or&s to !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# 'ro'ositions-
.A/ So&e nel, develo'ed ca'acities onl, #ive rise to 'roble&s.
.1/ So&eti&es t!e ca%se o" a 'roble& &a, also 'rovide its sol%tion.
.C/ C!ildren are not able to distin#%is! beteen real and i&a#inar, t!reats.
.3/ T!e &ost e""ective a, "or c!ildren to address t!eir "ears is to acknoled#e
t!e&.
.E/ Most 'roble&s associated it! c!ild8rearin# can be solved it! a little
i&a#ination.
<. Tris!a: Toda,s "a&il, is declinin# in its abilit, to carr, o%t its "%nctions o" c!ild8
rearin# and 'rovidin# stabilit, "or ad%lt li"e. T!ere &%st be a ret%rn to t!e
traditional val%es o" co&&it&ent and res'onsibilit,.
Jerod: 6e o%#!t to leave !at is #ood eno%#! alone. Conte&'orar, "a&ilies &a,
be less stable t!an traditionall,9 b%t &ost 'eo'le do not "ind t!at to be bad.
Conte&'orar, criticis&s o" t!e "a&il, are overblon and destr%ctive.
Tris!a and Jerod disa#ree over !et!er t!e instit%tion o" t!e "a&il, is
.A/ ade0%ate as it is
.1/ c!an#in# over ti&e
.C/ val%ed b, &ost 'eo'le
.3/ not #oin# to s%rvive
.E/ no lon#er traditional
C. Folitician F: M, o''onent clai&s t!at t!e #overn&ent is obli#ated to raise ta(es
to increase "%ndin# "or sc!ools and !ealt! care. 1eca%se raisin# ta(es to increase
"%ndin# "or sc!ools and !ealt! care o%ld &ake ta('a,ers %'set over t!eir loss o"
b%,in# 'oer9 &, o''onent is si&'l, &istaken.
GMAT & LSAT CR BI<
Folitician Fs reasonin# is 0%estionable beca%se it involves
.A/ 'res%''osin# t!at a clai& is &istaken on t!e #ro%nds t!at t!e 'erson
de"endin# it advocates ot!er %n'o'%lar vies
.1/ ass%&in# t!at a clai& is "alse on t!e #ro%nds t!at t!e 'erson de"endin# it is
o" 0%estionable c!aracter
.C/ concl%din# t!at a vie is "alse on t!e #ro%nds t!at its i&'le&entation o%ld
lead to %n!a''iness
.3/ a''ealin# to !oll, irrelevant iss%es to de"lect attention aa, "ro& t!e real
iss%e
.E/ insistin# t!at an obli#ation e(ists it!o%t o""erin# an, evidence t!at e(ists
@. In de"endin# t!e :,'erion Sc!ool o" Jo%rnalis& "ro& c!ar#es t!at its 'ro#ra& is
o" little or no val%e to its st%dents9 t!e dean o" t!e sc!ool 'ointed to t!is recent
s%ccess in 'lacin# st%dents: G@ 'ercent o" its #rad%ates ent on to interns!i's or
+obs in 'rint or broadcast +o%rnalis&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e de"ense
o""ered b, t!e dean-
.A/ More t!an !al" o" t!e sc!ools st%dents ca&e "ro& +obs in +o%rnalis& to
i&'rove t!eir skills.
.1/ So&e nes'a'er editors do not re#ard +o%rnalis& sc!ool as a necessar, 'art
o" t!e trainin# o" a +o%rnalist.
.C/ T!e n%&ber o" cities it! &ore t!an one &a+or nes'a'er !as declined
s!ar'l, over t!e last 5@ ,ears.
.3/ T!e 'ro#ra& o""ered b, t!e :,'erion Sc!ool o" Jo%rnalis& is si&ilar in
0%alit, and content to t!ose o""ered b, its 'eer instit%tions.
.E/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" a''licants to t!e :,'erion Sc!ool o" Jo%rnalis& t!at are
ad&itted is loer t!an it as t!e ,ears a#o.
G. T!e lar#est volcano on Mars rises 5G Milo&eters above t!e s%rro%ndin# 'lain and
covers an area ro%#!l, t!e si)e o" Ro&ania. Even i" t!e Eart!s #ravit, ere as
lo as t!e #ravit, o" Mars9 no volcano o" s%c! si)e co%ld e(ist on Eart!9 "or t!e
Eart!s cr%st9 alt!o%#! o" essentiall, t!e sa&e co&'osition as t!at o" t!e Mars9 is
too t!in to s%''ort even a s&all "raction o" t!at &ass and o%ld b%ckle %nder it9
ca%sin# t!e &o%ntain to sink.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 !ic! o" "olloin# &%st also be tr%e on t!e
basis o" t!e&-
.A/ T!e s%r"ace o" Mars is less s%b+ect to "orces o" erosion t!an is t!e s%r"ace o"
t!e Eart!.
.1/ T!e !i#!est volcanoes on Mars occ%r !ere its cr%st is t!ickest.
.C/ 7n avera#e9 volcanoes on Mars are !i#!er t!an t!ose on Eart!.
.3/ T!e cr%st o" Mars9 at least at certain 'oints on t!e 'lanet9 is t!icker t!an t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR BIC
cr%st o" t!e Eart!.
.E/ At least so&e o" Eart!s volcanoes o%ld be lar#er t!an t!e, act%all, are i"
t!e Eart!s cr%st ere t!icker t!an it is.
A. S'eakers o" t!e Caronian lan#%a#e constit%te a &inorit, o" t!e 'o'%lation in
several lar#e co%ntries. An international bod, !as reco&&ended t!at t!e re#ions
!ere Caronian8s'eakers live be #ranted a%tono&, as an inde'endent nation in
!ic! Caronian8s'eakers o%ld "or& a &a+orit,. 1%t Caronian8s'eakers live in
several9 ildl, scattered areas t!at cannot be %nited it!in a sin#le contin%o%s
bo%ndar, !ile at t!e sa&e ti&e alloin# Caronian8s'eakers to be t!e &a+orit,
'o'%lation. :ence9 t!e reco&&endation cannot be satis"ied.
T!e ar#%&ent relies on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ A nation once e(isted in !ic! Caronian8s'eakers "or&ed t!e &a+orit, o" t!e
'o'%lation.
.1/ Caronian8s'eakers tend to 'erceive t!e&selves as constit%tin# a sin#le
co&&%nit,.
.C/ T!e reco&&endation o%ld not be satis"ied b, t!e creation o" a nation
"or&ed o" disconnected re#ions.
.3/ T!e ne Caronian nation ill not incl%de as citi)ens an,one !o does not
s'eak Caronian.
.E/ In &ost nations several di""erent lan#%a#es are s'oken.
B. Sociolo#ist: T!e el"are state cannot be s%ccess"%ll, i&'le&ented beca%se it
rests on t!e ass%&'tion t!at !%&an bein#s are %nsel"is!Ka see&in#l, "alse
ass%&'tion. T!e el"are state is "easible onl, i" a#e earners are 're'ared to
!ave t!eir !ard8earned "%nds %sed to !el' ot!ers in #reater need9 and t!at re0%ires
an %nsel"is! attit%de. 1%t 'eo'le innatel, seek t!eir on ell8bein#9 es'eciall,
!en t!e interests o" ot!ers t!reaten it.
sociolo#ists ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e el"are state ill not ork.
.1/ T!e el"are state %n"airl, asks t!ose !o ork !ard to !el' t!ose in #reater
need.
.C/ T!e ass%&'tion t!at !%&an bein#s are %nsel"is! is "alse.
.3/ T!e interests o" t!e less "ort%nate i&'in#e on t!e interests o" ot!ers.
.E/ T!e el"are state relies on t!e #enerosit, o" a#e earners.
H. Earl, 'encil leads ere &ade o" solid #ra'!ite &ined in C%&berland9 in 1ritain.
Modern &et!ods o" &an%"act%rin# 'encil leads "ro& 'odered #ra'!ite are t!e
res%lt o" researc! s'onsored b, t!e #overn&ent o" $rance in t!e 1AHIs9 !en
$rance as at ar it! 1ritain and t!%s !ad no access to C%&berland #ra'!ite.
T!e in"or&ation above &ost stron#l, s%''orts !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
GMAT & LSAT CR BI@
.A/ T!e orlds onl, de'osit o" #ra'!ite s%itable "or &an%"act%re o" 'encils is in
C%&berland9 in 1ritain.
.1/ In t!e 1AHIs9 $rances #overn&ent did not kno o" an, accessible so%rce o"
solid #ra'!ite a''ro'riate to &eet $rances need "or 'encils.
.C/ 7ne o" t!e ca%ses o" ar beteen $rance and 1ritain in t!e 1AHIs as t!e
1ritis! #overn&ents atte&'t to li&it t!e a&o%nt o" C%&berland #ra'!ite
bein# e('orted to $rance.
.3/ Govern&ent8s'onsored researc! "re0%entl, #ives rise to inventions t!at are
o" #reat bene"it to societ,.
.E/ Even toda,9 all 'encil leads contain C%&berland #ra'!ite.
Questions 10-11
Co&&ercial 'assen#er air'lanes can be e0%i''ed it! a collision8avoidance radar
s,ste& t!at 'rovide it! in"or&ation abo%t t!e 'ro(i&it, o" ot!er air'lanes. 1eca%se
t!e s,ste& arns 'ilots to take evasive action !en it indicates a 'ossible collision9
'assen#ers are sa"er on air'lanes e0%i''ed it! t!e s,ste& t!an on co&'arable
air'lanes not so e0%i''ed9 even t!o%#! t!e s,ste& "re0%entl, ar&s 'ilots to evade
'!anto& air'lanes.
1I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ Fassen#ers "eel no sa"er on air'lanes e0%i''ed it! t!e radar s,ste& t!an on
co&'arable air'lanes not so e0%i''ed.
.1/ 6arnin#s #iven b, a collision8avoidance s,ste& abo%t '!anto& air'lanes are
not ca%sed b, distorted radar si#nals.
.C/ T!e "re0%enc, o" invalid arnin#s ill not ca%se 'ilots ro%tinel, to disre#ard
t!e s,ste&s arnin#s.
.3/ Co&&ercial 'assen#er air'lanes are not t!e onl, 'lanes t!at can be e0%i''ed
it! collision8avoidance s,ste&.
.E/ T!e #reatest sa"et, risk "or 'assen#ers travelin# on co&&ercial 'assen#er
air'lanes is t!at o" a &idair collision.
11. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Evasive action taken in res'onse to t!e s,ste&s arnin# 'oses no risk to t!e
'assen#ers.
.1/ Co&&ercial 'assen#er air'lanes are in #reater dan#er o" collidin# it! ot!er
air'lanes !ile on t!e #ro%nd t!an t!e, are !ile on "li#!t.
.C/ Co&&ercial 'assen#er air'lanes are rarel, involved in collisions !ile in
"li#!t.
.3/ A st%d, b, #ro%nd8based air tra""ic controllers "o%nd t!an G< 'ercent o" t!e
arnin#s b, t!e s,ste& ere invalid.
.E/ T!e collision8avoidance radar s,ste& is r%n b, a co&'%teri)ed device on t!e
'lane t!at scans t!e sk, and calc%lates t!e distances beteen 'lanes.
GMAT & LSAT CR BIG
15. T!e !i#!er t!e avera#e "at intake a&on# t!e residents o" a co%ntr,9 t!e !i#!er t!e
incidence o" cancer in t!at co%ntr,D t!e loer t!e avera#e "at intake9 t!e loer t!e
incidence o" cancer. So individ%als !o ant to red%ce t!eir risk o" cancer s!o%ld
red%ce t!eir "at intake.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost eaken t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e di""erences in avera#e "at intake beteen co%ntries are o"ten d%e to t!e
var,in# &ake%' o" traditional diets.
.1/ T!e co%ntries it! a !i#! avera#e "at intake tend to be a&on# t!e ealt!iest
in t!e orld.
.C/ Cancer is a 'ro&inent ca%se o" deat! in co%ntries it! a lo avera#e "at
intake.
.3/ T!e co%ntries it! !i#! avera#e "at intake are also t!e co%ntries it! !i#!est
levels o" environ&ental 'oll%tion.
.E/ An individ%al resident o" a co%ntr, !ose 'o'%lation !as a !i#! avera#e "at
intake &a, !ave a diet it! a lo "at intake.
1<. A local television station is considerin# a 'lan to create a 'anel o" c!ild
's,c!olo#ists to revie 'ro#ra&s in advance o" t!eir airin# and rate t!e level o"
violence. A 'ro#ra& t!at 'ortra,s a !i#! level o" violence o%ld be listed in
nes'a'ers it! "o%r #%ns a"ter t!e title. 7n t!e ot!er !and9 i" a s!o !as little
violence9 one #%n o%ld a''ear a"ter its listin#. T!e station believes t!at t!is
re&ed, o%ld "orearn 'arents abo%t t!e level o" violence in an, #iven 'ro#ra&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st t!e television station ass%&e in order to
concl%de t!at t!e 'lan ill &eet its stated '%r'ose-
.A/ Farents o%ld read and 'a, attention to t!e ratin#s listed in t!e nes'a'ers.
.1/ T!ere o%ld be "eer s!os rated it! one #%n t!an it! "o%r #%ns.
.C/ T!e ratin# s,ste& described in t!e 'assa#e is t!e &ost e""ective s,ste&
available.
.3/ T!e local television station !as an obli#ation to "orearn 'arents o" t!e level
o" violence in television s!os.
.E/ Television 'rod%cers o" 'ro#ra&s rated as !avin# !i#! levels o" violence
o%ld &ake an e""ort to red%ce t!ose levels.
1C. T!e co&&on ancestors o" A%stralian land8 and tree8dellin# kan#aroos !ad
're!ensile .#ras'in#/ tails and lon# o''osable t!%&bs9 attrib%tes t!at are ell8
ada'ted to tree8dellin# b%t o""er kan#aroos "e advanta#es on land. It is !ardl,
s%r'risin#9 t!ere"ore9 t!at land8dellin# kan#aroos event%all, lost t!ese
attrib%tesD !at is '%))lin# is t!e "act t!at all &odern tree8dellin# kan#aroos
no lack t!e& as ell.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's e('lain t!e '%))lin# "act cited
above-
.A/ Modern tree8dellin# kan#aroos &%st back don tree tr%nks slol, and
GMAT & LSAT CR BIA
care"%ll,9 b%t t!e co&&on ancestors o" &odern tree8 and land8dellin#
kan#aroos %sed t!eir o''osable t!%&bs to descend trees 0%ickl, !ead"irst.
.1/ Modern tree8dellin# kan#aroos are s&aller t!an &ost &odern land8dellin#
kan#aroos b%t lar#er t!an t!eir co&&on ancestors.
.C/ Modern tree8dellin# kan#aroos tails cannot #ras' branc!es9 b%t t!e, are
so&e!at lon#er and &ore "le(ible t!an t!ose o" &odern land8dellin#
kan#aroos.
.3/ Modern tree8dellin# kan#aroos are descended "ro& s'ecies o" land8
dellin# kan#aroos t!at !ad been land8dellers "or &an, #enerations
be"ore &odern tree8dellin# kan#aroos started to develo'.
.E/ Modern tree8dellin# kan#aroos !ave s&aller and eaker !ind le#s t!an
&odern land8dellin# kan#aroos9 and t!e, &ove &ore slol, on land t!an
do &odern land8dellin# kan#aroos.
1@. Editorialist: Societ, is obli#ed to besto t!e 'rivile#es o" ad%lt!ood %'on its
&e&bers once t!e, are &at%re eno%#! to acce't t!e corres'ondin#
res'onsibilities. 1%t science !as establis!ed t!at '!,siolo#ical develo'&ent is
co&'leted in &ost 'ersons b, a#e seventeen. Since t!is &at%rin# 'rocess !as
been co&'leted b, &ost seventeen8,ear8olds9 t!ere is no reason not to #rant t!ese
citi)ens all o" 'rivile#es o" ad%lt!ood.
T!e editorialists ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nd t!at it
.A/ ass%&es t!at it is tr,in# to 'rove
.1/ too !astil, reac!es a #eneral concl%sion on t!e basis o" a "e e(a&'les
.C/ e0%ivocates it! res'ect to a central conce't
.3/ too readil, acce'ts acclai& b, a''eal to ina''ro'riate a%t!orit,
.E/ i#nores t!e "act t!at so&e 'eo'le are &at%re at a#e si(teen
1G. Ever, ne 'la, t!at r%ns "or &ore t!an t!ree &ont!s is eit!er a co&&ercial or a
critical s%ccess. Last ,ear9 all ne 'la,s t!at ere critical s%ccesses ere also
co&&ercial s%ccesses. T!ere"ore9 ever, ne 'la, t!at ran "or &ore t!an t!ree
&ont!s last ,ear as co&&ercial s%ccess.
T!e 'attern o" reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents is &ost si&ilar
.A/ Most ne resta%rants are eit!er #ood '%blicit, or a #ood location in order to
s%cceed. 1%t &ost resta%rants it! a #ood location also receive #ood
'%blicit,. :ence9 a resta%rant t!at !as a #ood location is #%aranteed to
s%cceed.
.1/ Ever, best8sellin# cookbook '%blis!ed last ,ear is bot! ell ritten and
contains bea%ti"%l '!oto#ra'!s. T!e cookbook C,nt!ia Cleveland '%blis!ed
last ,ear is ell ritten and contains bea%ti"%l '!oto#ra'!s. T!ere"ore9
Cleveland cookbook is a best seller.
.C/ All st%dents at t!e $ree&an Sc!ool o" Cookin# st%d, eit!er desserts or so%'s
GMAT & LSAT CR BIB
in t!eir second ,ear. T!is ,ear9 all $ree&an st%dents st%d,in# so%'s are also
st%d,in# desserts. T!ere"ore9 ever, second8,ear st%dents at $ree&an is
st%d,in# desserts t!is ,ear.
.3/ C!e"s !o beco&e celebrities eit!er o'en t!eir on resta%rants or rite
books abo%t t!eir cra"t9 b%t not bot!. Jo!n Endicott is a celebrated c!e" !o
o'ened !is on resta%rant. T!ere"ore9 Endicott does not rite books abo%t
!is cra"t.
.E/ Ever, caterin# service in 6oodside Tons!i' ill acce't bot! residential and
b%siness caterin# assi#n&ents. Fe##,s $ine $oods is a caterin# service t!at
ill not acce't b%siness caterin# assi#n&ents. :ence9 Fe##,s $ine $oods is
not in 6oodside Tons!i's.
1A. Co&&issioner: I !ave been incorrectl, critici)ed "or !avin# &ade &, decision on
t!e 'oer 'lant iss%e 're&at%rel,. I based &, decision on t!e re'ort 're'ared b,
t!e nei#!bor!ood association and alt!o%#! I !ave not st%died it t!oro%#!l,9 I a&
s%re t!at t!e in"or&ation it contains is acc%rate. Moreover9 ,o% &a, recall t!at
!en I received in'%t "ro& t!e nei#!bor!ood association on +ail relocation9 I
a#reed it! its reco&&endation.
T!e co&&issioners ar#%&ent is LEAST v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin# criticis&-
.A/ It takes "or #ranted t!at t!e associations in"or&ation is not distorted b, bias.
.1/ It dras a concl%sion abo%t t!e reco&&endations o" t!e association "ro&
inco&'lete recollections.
.C/ It takes "or #ranted t!at t!e associations re'ort is t!e onl, direct evidence
t!at needed to be considered.
.3/ It !astil, concl%des t!at t!e associations re'ort is acc%rate it!o%t !avin#
st%died it in detail.
.E/ It takes "or #ranted t!at a#reein# it! t!e associations 'ast reco&&endation
!el's +%sti", a#reein# it! its c%rrent reco&&endation.
1B. Eac! c!ild in a #ro%' o" ,o%n# c!ildren read alo%d bot! a s!ort 'ara#ra'! and a
list o" rando&l, ordered ords "ro& t!e 'ara#ra'!. T!e &ore e('erienced readers
a&on# t!e& &ade "eer 'ron%nciation errors in !ic!ever task t!e, 'er"or&ed
second9 !et!er it as t!e list or t!e 'ara#ra'!. T!e order in !ic! t!e to tasks
ere 'er"or&ed9 !oever9 !ad no e""ect on t!e 'er"or&ance o" be#innin# readers9
!o ala,s &ade "eer 'ron%nciation errors !en readin# t!e 'ara#ra'! t!an
!en readin# t!e list.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain !, t!e order in !ic!
t!e tasks ere 'er"or&ed as not si#ni"icant "or t!e be#innin# readers-
.A/ 1eca%se several ords ere %sed &ore t!an once in t!e 'ara#ra'! b%t onl,
once in t!e list9 t!e list as s!orter t!an t!e 'ara#ra'!.
.1/ In readin# t!e 'ara#ra'!9 t!e &ore e('erienced readers ere better at %sin#
GMAT & LSAT CR BIH
conte(t to #%ess at di""ic%lt ords t!an ere t!e be#innin# readers.
.C/ T!e &ore e('erienced readers so%nded o%t di""ic%lt ords9 !ile t!e
be#innin# readers relied solel, on conte(t to #%ess at di""ic%lt ords.
.3/ 1ot! tasks %sed t!e sa&e ords9 so t!at t!e ords t!e c!ildren read in
!ic!ever task as 'er"or&ed "irst o%ld be reco#ni)ed in t!e second task.
.E/ T!e be#innin# readers &ade &ore 'ron%nciation errors t!an t!e &ore
e('erienced readers did in readin# bot! t!e 'ara#ra'! and t!e list.
1H. Ant!ro'olo#ist: 4iolence is an e(tre&e "or& o" a##ression9 and is distinct "ro&
t!e sel"8e('ression s%""icient "or s%rvival %nder nor&al conditions. :%&an bein#s
in certain sit%ations react to %n'leasant sti&%li it! violenceKb%t onl, beca%se
t!e, are conditioned b, t!eir c%lt%re to react in t!is &anner.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# can be lo#icall, in"erred "ro& t!e ant!ro'olo#ists
state&ents EECEFT:
.A/ 2ot all a##ression is violent.
.1/ T!e sel"8e('ression re0%ired "or s%rvival is #enerall, nona##ressive.
.C/ So&e be!aviors are in"l%enced b, t!e c%lt%res in !ic! !%&an bein#s live.
.3/ In nor&al circ%&stance9 !%&an bein#s can s%rvive b, res'ondin#
nonviolentl,.
.E/ 4iolent be!avior is a 'rod%ct o" ones c%lt%ral environ&ent.
5I. Mart!as "riend9 !o is ver, knoled#eable abo%t edible "loers9 told Mart!a
t!at t!ere are no edible daisies9 at least not an, t!at are 'alatable. Mart!a9
!oever9 reasons t!at since t!ere are daisies t!at are a kind o" c!r,sant!e&%&
and since t!ere are edible c!r,sant!e&%&s t!at are 0%ite 'alatable9 !at !er
"riend told !er &%st be incorrect.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# !as a "laed 'attern o" reasonin# &ost like t!at in
Mart!as reasonin#-
.A/ Jeanne is a &e&ber o" t!e cit, c!or%s9 and t!e cit, c!or%s is renoned. So
Jeanne is an e(cellent sin#er.
.1/ Rol"e belon#s to t!e librar, readin# #ro%'9 and all &e&bers o" t!at #ro%' are
avid readers. So Rol"e is an avid reader.
.C/ So&e o" 2orikos sisters are on t!e debate tea&9 and so&e &e&bers o" t!e
debate tea& are 'oor st%dents. So at least one o" 2orikos sisters &%st be a
'oor st%dent.
.3/ Most o" Leos "riends are #ood si&&ers9 and 0%ite stron#. So it is likel,
t!at at least so&e o" Leons "riends are 0%ite stron#.
.E/ Man, o" Teresas collea#%es !ave ritten books. Most o" t!e books t!e, !ave
ritten are on #ood ritin#. So so&e o" Teresas collea#%es are #ood
riters.
51. Attorne, "or Qie#ler: M, client contin%ed to do cons%ltin# ork beteen t!e ti&e
GMAT & LSAT CR B1I
o" !is arrest "or atte&'ted &%rder and t!e start o" t!is trial. 1%t I contend t!at
Qie#ler as insane at t!e ti&e t!at !e "ired t!e s!ot. T!is is t!e onl, reasonable
concl%sion to dra "ro& t!e "act t!at t!e acc%sers !ave s%b&itted no evidence
t!at !e as sane at t!e ti&e !e '%lled t!e tri##er9 onl, t!at !e as sane so&e ti&e
a"ter !e did so.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes a "la in t!e reasonin# o"
Qie#lers attorne,-
.A/ It 'res%&es t!at bein# a ell8ed%cated 'ro"essional is relevant to bein#
#%ilt, or innocent.
.1/ It concl%des on t!e basis o" evidence a#ainst Qie#lers bein# sane t!at t!ere
is a lack o" evidence "or Qie#lers bein# sane.
.C/ It "ails to consider t!at Qie#ler &i#!t !ave been insane !en !e orked as a
cons%ltant.
.3/ It 'res%&es t!at !et!er one is sane is relevant to !et!er one is &orall,
res'onsible "or ones actions.
.E/ It "ails to consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at Qie#lers bein# sane a"ter t!e s!ootin#
is an indication t!at !e as sane at t!e ti&e o" t!e s!ootin#.
55. Most st%dents are bored b, !istor, co%rses as t!e, are %s%all, ta%#!t9 'ri&aril,
beca%se a lar#e a&o%nt o" ti&e is s'ent teac!in# dates and statistic. T!e best a,
to teac! !istor,9 t!ere"ore9 is to s'end &ost class ti&e reco%ntin# t!e lives o"
!istorical "i#%res and ver, little on dates and statistics.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent de'ends
EECEFT:
.A/ 7ne s!o%ld avoid borin# ones st%dents !en teac!in# a !istor, co%rse.
.1/ It is not inco&'atible it! t!e attainable #oals o" teac!in# !istor, to s'end
ver, little class ti&e on dates and statistics.
.C/ It is 'ossible to reco%nt t!e lives o" !istorical "i#%res it!o%t re"errin# to
dates and statistics.
.3/ It is co&'atible it! t!e attainable #oals o" teac!in# !istor, to s'end &ost
class ti&e reco%ntin# t!e lives o" !istorical "i#%res.
.E/ St%dents are &ore bored b, !istor, co%rses as t!e, are %s%all, ta%#!t t!an
t!e, o%ld be b, co%rses t!at s'end &ost class ti&e reco%ntin# t!e lives o"
!istorical "i#%res.
5<. In a certain &%nici'alit,9 a +%d#e overt%rned a s%s'ects conviction "or 'ossession
o" an ille#al ea'on. T!e s%s'ect !ad "led %'on seein# 'olice and s%bse0%entl,
discarded t!e ille#al ea'on a"ter t!e 'olice #ave c!ase. T!e +%d#e reasoned as
"ollos: t!e onl, ca%se "or t!e 'olice #ivin# c!ase as t!e s%s'ects "li#!tD b,
itsel"9 "li#!t "ro& t!e 'olice does not create a reasonable s%s'icion o" a cri&inal
actD evidence collected d%rin# an ille#al c!ase is inad&issibleD t!ere"ore9 t!e
evidence in t!is case as inad&issible.
GMAT & LSAT CR B11
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 &ost !el's to +%sti", t!e +%d#es
decision t!at t!e evidence as inad&issible-
.A/ $li#!t "ro& t!e 'olice co%ld create a reasonable s%s'icion o" a cri&inal act as
lon# as ot!er si#ni"icant "actors are involved.
.1/ Feo'le can le#all, "lee "ro& t!e 'olice onl, !en t!ose 'eo'le are not
involved in a cri&inal act at t!e ti&e.
.C/ Folice can le#all, #ive c!ase to a 'erson onl, !en t!e 'ersons actions !ave
created a reasonable s%s'icion o" a cri&inal act.
.3/ $li#!t "ro& t!e 'olice s!o%ld not itsel" be considered a cri&inal act.
.E/ In all cases in !ic! a 'ersons actions !ave created a reasonable s%s'icion
o" a cri&inal act9 'olice can le#all, #ive c!ase to t!at 'erson.
Questions !4-!5
Monica: T!e sc%l't%re co&&issioned "or o%r ton 'la)a !as been scorned b, t!e
'%blic ever since it ent %'. 1%t since t!e 'eo'le in o%r ton do not kno ver, &%c!
abo%t conte&'orar, art9 t!e %n'o'%larit, o" t!e ork sa,s not!in# abo%t its artistic
&erit and t!%s #ives no reason "or re&ovin# it.
:ector: *o% &a, be ri#!t abo%t !at t!e sc%l't%res 'o'%larit, &eans abo%t its
artistic &erit. :oever9 a ork o" art t!at as co&&issioned "or a '%blic s'ace o%#!t
to bene"it t!e '%blic9 and 'o'%lar o'inion is %lti&atel, t!e onl, a, o" deter&inin#
!at t!e '%blic "eels is to its bene"it. T!%s9 i" '%blic o'inion o" t!is sc%l't%re is !at
,o% sa,9 t!en it certainl, o%#!t to be re&oved.
5C. Monicas and :ectors state&ents co&&it t!e& to disa#reein# abo%t !ic! one
o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les-
.A/ F%blic o'inion o" a ork o" art is an i&'ortant consideration in deter&inin#
t!e orks artistic &erit.
.1/ 6orks o" art co&&issioned "or '%blic s'aces o%#!t at least to !ave s%""icient
artistic &erit to bene"it t!e '%blic.
.C/ T!e onl, reason "or re&ovin# a ork o" art co&&issioned "or a '%blic s'ace
o%ld be t!at t!e balance o" '%blic o'inion is a#ainst t!e ork.
.3/ T!e sc%l't%re cannot bene"it t!e '%blic b, re&ainin# in t!e ton 'la)a
%nless t!e sc%l't%re !as artistic &erit.
.E/ In deter&inin# !et!er t!e sc%l't%re s!o%ld re&ain in t!e ton 'la)a9 t!e
artistic &erit o" t!e sc%l't%re s!o%ld be central consideration.
5@. T!e ar#%&ent :ector &akes in res'ondin# to Monica de'ends on t!e ass%&'tion
t!at
.A/ no &atter !at t!e '%blics o'inion is on an iss%e a""ectin# t!e '%blic #ood9
t!at '%blic o'inion o%#!t to be acted on9 even t!o%#! t!e o'inion &a, not
be a knoled#eable one
.1/ Monicas assess&ent o" t!e '%blics o'inion o" t!e sc%l't%re is acc%rate
GMAT & LSAT CR B15
.C/ i" t!e sc%l't%re !ad artistic &erit9 t!en even a '%blic t!at as not
knoled#eable abo%t &odern art o%ld not scorn t!e sc%l't%re
.3/ orks o" art co&&issioned "or '%blic s'aces o%#!t not to be e('ected to
!ave artistic &erit
.E/ i" t!e '%blic "eels t!at it does not bene"it "ro& t!e sc%l't%re9 t!is s!os t!at
t!e '%blic does not in "act bene"it "ro& t!e sc%l't%re
SECTI72 III
Questions 1-!
$ro& t!e tent! cent%r, %ntil aro%nd t!e ,ear 1@II9 t!ere ere 2orse settlers livin# in
Greenland. 3%rin# t!at ti&e9 avera#e ,earl, te&'erat%res "ell sli#!tl, orldide9 and
so&e 'eo'le clai& t!at t!is te&'erat%re dro' i'ed o%t t!e 2orse settle&ents b,
renderin# Greenland too cold "or !%&an !abitation. 1%t t!is e('lanation cannot be
correct9 beca%se In%it settlers "ro& 2ort! A&erica9 !o ere livin# in Greenland
d%rin# t!e ti&e t!e 2orse settlers ere t!ere9 contin%ed to t!rive lon# a"ter 1@II.
1. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's e('lain !, t!e 2orse settle&ents
in Greenland disa''eared !ile t!e In%it settle&ents s%rvived-
.A/ T!e dro' in avera#e ,earl, te&'erat%re as s&aller in Greenland t!an it as
in t!e orld as a !ole.
.1/ T!e 2orse settlers diet9 %nlike t!at o" t!e In%it9 as based 'ri&aril, on
livestock and cro's t!at ere %nable to s%rvive t!e te&'erat%re dro'.
.C/ T!ere ere settle&ents in 2ort! A&erica d%rin# t!e "i"teent! cent%r, t!at
ere &ost likel, "o%nded b, 2orse settlers !o !ad co&e "ro& Greenland.
.3/ T!e In%it and t!e 2orse settle&ents ere t,'icall, establis!ed in coastal
areas.
.E/ T!e 2orse co&&%nit, in 2ora, contin%ed to t!rive lon# a"ter 1@II.
5. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a tec!ni0%e o" reasonin# %sed in t!e state&ent-
.A/ den,in# t!e relevance o" an analo#,
.1/ 'rod%cin# evidence t!at is inconsistent it! t!e clai& bein# o''osed
.C/ 'resentin# an alternative e('lanation t!at '%r'orts to acco%nt "or &ore o" t!e
knon "acts
.3/ citin# a #eneral r%le t!at %nder&ines t!e clai& bein# o''osed
.E/ rede"inin# a ter& in a a, t!at is "avorable to t!e ar#%&ents concl%sion
<. Even t!o%#! tradin# in ivor, !as been o%tlaed b, international a#ree&ent9 so&e
'iano &akers still %se ivor,9 o"ten obtained ille#all,9 to cover 'iano ke,s.
Recentl,9 e('erts !ave devised a s,nt!etic ivor, t!at9 %nlike earlier ivor,
GMAT & LSAT CR B1<
s%bstit%tes9 !as "o%nd "avor it! concert 'ianists t!ro%#!o%t t!e orld. 1%t
beca%se 'iano &akers !ave never been &a+or cons%&ers o" ivor,9 t!e
develo'&ent o" t!e s,nt!etic ivor, ill t!ere"ore 'robabl, do little to !el' c%rb
t!e killin# o" ele'!ants9 "ro& !ose t%sks &ost nat%ral ivor, is obtained.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to stren#t!en t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Most 'eo'le !o 'la, t!e 'iano b%t are not concert 'ianists can nonet!eless
easil, distin#%is! beteen t!e ne s,nt!etic ivor, and in"erior ivor,
s%bstit%tes.
.1/ T!e ne s,nt!etic ivor, can be &an%"act%red to rese&ble in color and
s%r"ace te(t%re an, o" t!e vario%s t,'es o" nat%ral ivor, t!at !ave
co&&ercial %ses.
.C/ 7t!er nat%ral 'rod%cts s%c! as bone or tortoise s!ell !ave not 'roven to be
acce'table s%bstit%tes "or nat%ral ivor, in 'iano ke,s.
.3/ T!e &ost co&&on %se "or nat%ral ivor, is in orna&ental carvin#s9 !ic! are
'ri)ed not onl, "or t!e 0%alit, o" t!eir ork&ans!i' b%t also "or t!e
a%t!enticit, o" t!eir &aterials.
.E/ It costs si#ni"icantl, less to 'rod%ce t!e ne s,nt!etic ivor, t!an it does to
'rod%ce an, o" t!e ivor, s%bstit%tes t!at scientists !ad develo'ed
'revio%sl,.
C. T!e #overn&ent !as s'ent !eavil, to clean #ro%nd ater conta&inated b, to(ic
c!e&ical s'ills. *et not even one s'ill site !as been co&'letel, cleaned9 and
ind%strial accidents are s'illin# &ore to(ic c!e&icals ann%all, t!an are bein#
cleaned %'. More o" t!e #overn&ents b%d#et s!o%ld be redirected to 'reventin#
s'ills. Since 'revention is "ar &ore e""ective t!an clean%'9 it &akes little sense
t!at t!e entire ann%al b%d#et "or 'revention is less t!an t!e a&o%nt s'ent ann%all,
on one t,'ical clean%' site.
T!e 'ro'osal abo%t !o t!e #overn&ents b%d#et s!o%ld be redirected 'la,s
.A/ It re'resents an %ns%''orted s'ec%lation.
.1/ It bot! s%''orts anot!er clai& in t!e ar#%&ent and is s%''orted b, ot!ers.
.C/ It is t!e clai& t!at t!e ar#%&ent as a !ole is str%ct%red to s%''ort.
.3/ It is a 'res%''osition on !ic! t!e ar#%&ent is e('licitl, based.
.E/ It 'resents an ob+ection to anot!er 'ro'osal &entioned in t!e ar#%&ent.
@. Cons%&er: I o%ld like to !ave t!e "eat%res contained in t!e latest %'#rade to
,o%r co&'%ter so"tare 'acka#e9 b%t I a& leer, o" installin# t!e %'#rade beca%se
a "riend !as told &e !e !ad a 'roble& it! it.
Co&'an, re'resentative: 6e !ave distrib%ted nearl, <9III co'ies o" t!e %'#rade
and e !ave received "eer t!an 1II calls sa,in# t!at it !as ca%sed 'roble&s. So
it is ver, %nlikel, t!at ,o% ill e('erience an, 'roble&s it! t!e %'#rade.
T!e reasonin# in t!e co&'an, re'resentatives ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to
GMAT & LSAT CR B1C
criticis& beca%se it "ails to consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at
.A/ t!e co&'an, ill iss%e anot!er %'#rade t!at correct t!e 'roble&s it! t!e
c%rrent %'#rade
.1/ so&e o" t!e 'roble&s 'eo'le !ave e('erienced it! t!e %'#rade !ave been
0%ite serio%s
.C/ a si#ni"icant n%&ber o" 'eo'le !ave e('erienced 'roble&s it! t!e %'#rade
b%t !ave not re'orted t!e&
.3/ t!e cons%&er ill e('erience so"tare 'roble&s i" t!e %'#rade is not
installed
.E/ so&e o" t!e re'orted 'roble&s ere a res%lt o" %sers "ailin# to "ollo
instr%ctions
G. $irst le#islator: Medical researc! is 'redo&inantl, done on #ro%'s o" 'atients t!at
incl%de onl, &en. $or e(a&'le9 t!e e""ects o" co""ee drinkin# on !ealt! are
eval%ated onl, "or &en9 and st%dies are lackin# on !or&one treat&ents "or older
o&en. Govern&ent8s'onsored &edical researc! s!o%ld be re0%ired to incl%de
st%dies o" o&en.
Second le#islator: Considerations o" &aleR"e&ale balance s%c! as t!is are
ina''ro'riate it! res'ect to researc!D t!e, !ave no 'lace in science.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# re+oinders9 i" tr%e9 &ost directl, co%nters t!e second
le#islators ob+ection-
.A/ Govern&ent8s'onsored researc! is s%''orted b, all ta('a,ers9 bot! &ale and
"e&ale.
.1/ Servin# as a s%b+ect "or &edical researc! can 'rovide a 'atient access to ne
treat&ents b%t also can s%b+ect t!e 'atient to risks.
.C/ Govern&ent8s'onsored &edical researc! is o"ten done in &ilitar, !os'itals
or 'risons t!at !old onl, &ale residents.
.3/ T!e trainin# o" &ale and "e&ale scientists does not di""er accordin# to t!eir
se(.
.E/ Restriction to &ales o" t!e 'atient base on !ic! data are collected res%lts in
inade0%ate science.
A. Lack o" e(ercise 'rod%ces t!e sa&e or si&ilar bodil, e""ects as a#in#. In "act9 t!e
'!,sical c!an#es t!at acco&'an, a#in# can o"ten be sloed don b, a''ro'riate
e(ercise. 2o dr%#9 !oever9 !olds an, 'ro&ise "or sloin# don t!e c!an#es
associated it! a#in#. T!ere"ore9 ;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rovides a lo#ical co&'letion to t!e 'assa#e above-
.A/ takin# dr%#s !as t!e sa&e e""ect on a#in# as does a lack o" e(ercise
.1/ 'eo'le !o do not e(ercise are likel, to need dr%#s to s%stain t!eir !ealt!
.C/ a''ro'riate e(ercise can 'revent t!e '!,sical c!an#es associated it! a#in#
.3/ 'eo'le !o do not e(ercise !en t!e, are ,o%n# ill #ain "e bene"its "ro&
GMAT & LSAT CR B1@
be#innin# to e(ercise at a late a#e
.E/ i" t!e '!,sical c!an#es o" a#in# are to be sloed9 it is &ore 'ractical to rel,
on e(ercise t!an on dr%#s
B. Grasses and ood, 'lants are 'lanted on dirt e&bank&ents to kee' t!e
e&bank&ents "ro& erodin#. T!e e&bank&ents are &oed to kee' t!e #rasses
"ro& #roin# too tallD as a res%lt9 cli''in#s 'ile %'. T!ese 'iles o" cli''in#s
s&ot!er t!e ood, 'lants9 ca%sin# t!eir roots9 !ic! serve to kee' t!e
e&bank&ents "ro& erodin#9 to rotD t!e, also attract rodents t!at b%rro into t!e
dirt and da&a#e t!e ood, 'lants roots. T!ere"ore9 brin#in# in 'redators to
eradicate t!e rodents ill 'revent erosion o" t!e e&bank&ents.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an error o" reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ To events t!at &erel, co8occ%r are treated as i" one ca%sed t!e ot!er.
.1/ A !i#!l, #eneral 'ro'osal is based onl, on an %nre'resentative set o" "acts.
.C/ T!e concl%sion is no &ore t!an a restate&ent o" one o" t!e 'ieces o"
evidence 'rovided to s%''ort it.
.3/ 7ne 'ossible sol%tion to a 'roble& is clai&ed to be t!e onl, 'ossible
sol%tion to t!at 'roble&.
.E/ An action t!at o%ld eli&inate one ca%se o" a 'roble& is treated as i" it
o%ld solve t!e entire 'roble&.
H. Scienti"ic and tec!nolo#ical discoveries !ave considerable e""ects on t!e
develo'&ent o" an, societ,. It "ollos t!at 'redictions o" t!e "%t%re condition o"
societies in !ic! scienti"ic and tec!nolo#ical discover, is 'artic%larl, "re0%ent
are 'artic%larl, %ntr%stort!,.
.A/ Fredictions o" scienti"ic and tec!nolo#ical discoveries9 or 'redictions o" t!eir
e""ects9 !ave !ar&"%l conse0%ences in so&e societies.
.1/ T!e develo'&ent o" a societ, re0%ires scienti"ic and tec!nolo#ical
discoveries.
.C/ $orecasts o" scienti"ic and tec!nolo#ical discoveries9 or "orecasts o" t!eir
e""ects9 are not entirel, reliable.
.3/ An advanced scienti"ic and tec!nolo#ical societ, "re0%entl, bene"its "ro&
ne discoveries.
.E/ It is not as di""ic%lt to 'redict scienti"ic and tec!nolo#ical discoveries in a
tec!nolo#icall, &ore advanced societ, as it is in a tec!nolo#icall, less
advanced societ,.
1I. Tires &a,be eit!er %nderin"lated9 overin"lated9 or neit!er. 6e are 'rett, sa"e in
ass%&in# t!at %nderin"lation or overin"lation o" tires !ar&s t!eir tread. A"ter all9
no one !as been able to s!o t!at t!ese do not !ar& tire tread.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes a "la in t!e ar#%&ents
GMAT & LSAT CR B1G
reasonin#-
.A/ T!e ar#%&ent ass%&es !at it atte&'tin# to de&onstrate.
.1/ T!e ar#%&ent overlooks t!at !at is not in 'rinci'le s%sce'tible to 'roo"
&i#!t be "alse.
.C/ T!e ar#%&ent "ails to s'eci", !o it is t!at %nderin"lation or overin"lation
!ar&s tire tread.
.3/ T!e ar#%&ent re+ects t!e 'ossibilit, t!at !at !as not been 'roven is
nevert!eless tr%e.
.E/ T!e ar#%&ent "ails to 'recisel, de"ine t!e ter&s >%nderin"lation? and
>overin"lation.?
11. Linse, !as been +%d#ed to be a bad son#riter si&'l, beca%se !er l,rics t,'icall,
are dis+ointed and s%b+ective. T!is +%d#&ent is ill "o%nded9 !oever9 since t!e
ritin#s o" &an, &odern novelists t,'icall, are dis+ointed and s%b+ective and ,et
t!ese novelists are idel, !eld to be #ood riters.
.A/ 3is+ointed and s%b+ective ritin# !as a co&'arable e""ect in &odern novels
and in son#s.
.1/ So&e readers do not a''reciate t!e s%btleties o" t!e dis+ointed and s%b+ective
st,le ado'ted b, &odern novelists.
.C/ Son# l,rics t!at are dis+ointed and s%b+ective !ave at least as &%c! narrative
str%ct%re as an, ot!er son# l,rics do.
.3/ A dis+ointed and s%b+ective st,le o" ritin# is %s%all, &ore s%itable "or
novels and son# l,rics t!an it is "or an, ot!er ritten orks.
.E/ T!e 0%alit, o" Linse,s son#s is better +%d#ed b, 0%alit, o" t!eir l,rics t!an
b, t!e 0%alit, o" t!eir &%sical "or&.
15. T!e LevantKt!e area t!at borders t!e eastern MediterraneanKas !eavil,
'o'%lated in 're!istoric ti&es. T!e so%t!ern Levant as abandoned abo%t G9III
,ears a#o9 alt!o%#! t!e nort!ern Levant9 !ic! s!ared t!e sa&e cli&ate9
re&ained !eavil, 'o'%lated. Recentl, arc!aeolo#ists !ave !,'ot!esi)ed t!at t!e
s%dden de'o'%lation in t!e so%t!ern Levant as d%e to an econo&ic colla'se
res%ltin# "ro& de"orestation.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e and t!e arc!aeolo#ists !,'ot!esis is correct9
!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# CA227T be tr%e-
.A/ T!e s!ee' and #oats !erded b, t!e 'eo'les o" t!e so%t!ern Levant %ntil G9III
,ears a#o #ra)ed e(tensivel, on t!e seedlin#s and sa'lin#s o" indi#eno%s
tress s'ecies.
.1/ Trees ere %sed in t!e 'rod%ction o" li&e 'lasters9 a b%ildin# &aterial %sed
e(tensivel, t!ro%#!o%t t!e so%t!ern Levant %ntil G9III ,ears a#o.
.C/ 7r#anic re&ains "ro& t!e nort!ern Levant reliabl, indicate t!at tree s'ecies
"lo%ris!ed t!ere it!o%t interr%'tion d%rin# t!e 'eriod !en t!e so%t!ern
GMAT & LSAT CR B1A
Levant as bein# abandoned.
.3/ Carbon datin# o" or#anic re&ains "ro& t!e so%t!ern Levant reliabl,
de&onstrates t!at t!ere ere no "orests 'resent in t!at area 'rior to G9III
,ears a#o.
.E/ Since t!ere are "e traces o" eit!er 0%arried stone or o" &%d brick in
b%ildin#s e(cavated in t!e so%t!ern Levant9 it is likel, t!at t!e b%ildin#s
b%ilt t!ere 'rior to G9III ,ears a#o ere &ade al&ost entirel, o" ti&ber.
1<. =sin# rational ar#%&ent in advertise&ents does not 'ers%ade 'eo'le to b%, t!e
'rod%cts bein# advertised. T!ere"ore9 advertisers !o re'lace rational ar#%&ent
it! nonrational a''eals to e&otion in advertise&ents ill 'ers%ade 'eo'le to
b%, t!e 'rod%cts bein# advertised.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# contains "laed reasonin# &ost si&ilar to t!e "laed
.A/ Feo'le !o ask ot!ers "or "avors are re"%sed. T!ere"ore9 an,one !o !as not
!ad t!e e('erience o" bein# re"%sed !as never asked "or a "avor.
.1/ In t!e 'ast9 'eo'le !o !ave tried to solve t!eir 'roble&s b, disc%ssin# t!e&
!ave o"ten "ailed. T!ere"ore9 in t!e "%t%re9 'eo'le !o tr, to solve t!eir
'roble&s b, disc%ssin# t!e& ill o"ten "ail.
.C/ =sin# a co&'%ter !as not i&'roved st%dents ritin# skills. T!%s9 st%dents
s!o%ld not tr, to i&'rove t!eir ritin# skills b, %sin# a co&'%ter.
.3/ A 'erson !o does not !ave 'ositive letters o" re"erence cannot #et a #ood
+ob. T!ere"ore9 t!e better t!e letters o" re"erence a 'erson !as9 t!e better t!e
+ob t!at 'erson ill #et.
.E/ Feo'le never learn to 'ro#ra& a co&'%ter b, readin# 'oorl, ritten
directions. T!ere"ore9 i" 'eo'le read ell8ritten directions9 t!e, ill learn
to 'ro#ra& a co&'%ter.
1C. A co&&ercial insect tra' consists o" a s&all bo( containin# 'esticide &i(ed it!
#l%cose9 a seet s%bstance knon to attract insect 'ests. *et in !o%se!olds !ere
t!is t,'e o" tra' !as been %sed re#%larl, "or t!e 'ast several ,ears9 recentl,
installed tra's are "ar less e""ective in eli&inatin# insect 'ests t!an ere tra's o"
t!at t,'e installed several ,ears a#o. Researc! scientists !ave !,'ot!esi)ed t!at
tra's in t!ose !o%se!olds decreased in e""ectiveness beca%se s%ccessive
#enerations o" t!e 'ests develo'ed a resistance to t!e 'esticide in t!e tra's.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, %nder&ines t!e !,'ot!esis-
.A/ In !o%se!olds !ere t!e tra's !ave been %sed re#%larl,9 t!e 'ro'ortion o"
insect 'ests t!at !ave a nat%ral aversion to eatin# #l%cose !as increased it!
eac! s%ccessive #eneration.
.1/ Even !en onl, a "e individ%als o%t an entire #eneration o" insects s%rvive
t!e e""ects o" a 'esticide9 t!e o""s'rin# o" t!ose individ%als are %s%all,
resistant to t!at 'esticide.
GMAT & LSAT CR B1B
.C/ A"ter eatin# #l%cose &i(ed it! t!e 'esticide9 insects t!at live in !o%se!olds
t!at do not %se t!e tra' tend to die in #reater n%&bers t!an do insects "ro&
!o%se!olds !ere t!e tra's !ave been %sed re#%larl,.
.3/ A"ter t!e &an%"act%rer o" t!e tra's increased t!e concentration o" t!e
'esticide %sed in t!e tra's9 t!e tra's ere no &ore e""ective in eli&inatin#
!o%se!old insect 'ests t!an ere t!e ori#inal tra's.
.E/ T!e kind o" #l%cose %sed to bait t!e tra's is one o" several di""erent kinds o"
#l%cose t!at occ%r nat%rall,.
1@. A 'ersons dietar, cons%&'tion o" c!olesterol and "at is one o" t!e &ost
i&'ortant "actors deter&inin# t!e level o" c!olesterol in t!e 'ersons blood
.ser%& c!olesterol/. Ser%& c!olesterol levels rise 'ro'ortionall, to increased
c!olesterol and "at cons%&'tion %ntil t!at cons%&'tion reac!es a t!res!old9 b%t
once cons%&'tion o" t!ese s%bstances e(ceeds t!at t!res!old9 ser%& c!olesterol
levels rise onl, #rad%all,9 even it! dra&atic increases in cons%&'tion. T!e
t!res!old is one "o%rt! t!e cons%&'tion level o" c!olesterol and "at in toda,s
avera#e 2ort! A&erican diet.
.A/ T!e t!res!old can be loered b, loerin# t!e dietar, cons%&'tion o"
c!olesterol and "at.
.1/ Feo'le !o cons%&e an avera#e 2ort! A&erican diet cannot increase t!eir
cons%&'tion o" c!olesterol and "at it!o%t dra&aticall, increasin# t!eir
ser%& c!olesterol levels.
.C/ Feo'le !o cons%&e !al" as &%c! c!olesterol and "at as in t!e avera#e 2ort!
A&erican diet ill not necessaril, !ave !al" t!e avera#e ser%& c!olesterol
level.
.3/ Ser%& c!olesterol levels cannot be a""ected b, nondietar, &odi"ications in
be!avior b, nondietar, &odi"ications in be!avior9 s%c! as e(ercisin# &ore
or s&okin# less.
.E/ Feo'le !o cons%&e less c!olesterol and "at t!an t!e t!res!old cannot
red%ce t!eir ser%& c!olesterol levels.
1G. T!e recentl, ne#otiated 2ort! A&erican $ree Trade A#ree&ent a&on# Canada9
Me(ico9 and t!e =nited States is &isna&ed9 beca%se it o%ld not res%lt in tr%l,
"ree trade. Ada& S&it!9 t!e econo&ist !o "irst artic%lated t!e 'rinci'les o" "ree
trade9 !eld t!at an, obstacle 'laced in t!e a, o" t!e "ree &ove&ent o" #oods9
invest&ent9 or labor o%ld de"eat "ree trade. So since %nder t!e a#ree&ent
orkers o%ld be restricted b, national bo%ndaries "ro& seekin# t!e best
conditions t!e, co%ld "ind9 t!e res%ltin# obstr%ction o" t!e "lo o" trade o%ld9
"ro& a "ree8trade 'ers'ective9 be !ar&"%l.
.A/ r%lin# o%t alternatives
GMAT & LSAT CR B1H
.1/ %sin# a ter& in to di""erent senses
.C/ citin# a nonre'resentative instance
.3/ a''ealin# to a relevant a%t!orit,
.E/ res'ondin# to a di""erent iss%e "ro& t!e one 'osed
1A. Farents !o is! to 'rovide a stron# "o%ndation "or t!e &%sical abilit, o" t!eir
c!ildren s!o%ld 'rovide t!e& it! a #ood &%sical ed%cation. Since "or&al
instr%ction is o"ten a 'art a #ood &%sical ed%cation9 'arents !o is! to 'rovide
t!is stron# "o%ndation need to ens%re t!at t!eir c!ildren receive "or&al
instr%ction.
T!e reasonin# is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at it "ails to
consider t!at
.A/ 'arents &i#!t not be t!e onl, so%rce o" a c!ilds &%sical ed%cation
.1/ so&e c!ildren &i#!t not be interested in receivin# a stron# "o%ndation "or
t!eir &%sical abilit,
.C/ t!ere are &an, e(a&'les o" 'eo'le it! "or&al instr%ction !ose &%sical
abilit, is 'oor
.3/ "or&al instr%ction &i#!t not ala,s be a 'art o" a #ood &%sical ed%cation
.E/ so&e c!ildren &i#!t beco&e #ood &%sicians even i" t!e, !ave not !ad #ood
&%sical ed%cations
1B. A stin#ra, it!o%t 'arasites is !ealt!ier t!an it o%ld be i" it !ad 'arasites.
2evert!eless9 t!e lack o" 'arasites in stin#ra,s is an indicator t!at t!e ecos,ste&
in !ic! t!e stin#ra,s live is %nder environ&ental stress s%c! as 'oll%tion.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to reconcile t!e discre'anc,
indicated above-
.A/ 3%rin# 'art o" t!eir li"e c,cles9 t!e 'arasites o" stin#ra,s re0%ire as !osts
s!ri&' or o,sters9 !ic! are environ&entall, v%lnerable or#anis&s.
.1/ A stin#ra, is a "ree8ran#in# 'redator t!at "eeds on s&aller or#anis&s b%t !as
"e 'redators itsel".
.C/ A 'arasite drains 'art o" t!e vitalit, o" its !ost b, drain# no%ris!&ent "ro&
t!e !ost.
.3/ An ecos,ste& can be considered stressed i" onl, a "e s'ecies o" ver, si&'le
or#anis&s can live t!ere.
.E/ Since t!e li"e o" 'arasites de'ends on t!at o" t!eir !ost9 t!e, need to live
it!o%t killin# t!eir !ost or else to re'rod%ce and in"ect ot!er individ%als
be"ore t!eir on !ost dies.
1H. 7ver t!e 'ast 5I ,ears9 skiin# !as beco&e a relativel, sa"e s'ort d%e to
i&'rove&ent in ski e0%i'&ent. T!ere !as been a @I 'ercent dro' in t!e n%&ber
o" ski in+%ries over t!e last 5I ,ears. Clearl,9 !oever9 t!ere !ave not been
decreases in t!e n%&ber o" in+%ries in all cate#ories9 as statistical data readil,
GMAT & LSAT CR B5I
s!o9 "or alt!o%#! broken le#s and ankle in+%ries !ave decreased b, an
asto%ndin# HI 'ercent9 knee in+%ries no re'resent 1G 'ercent o" all ski in+%ries9
%' si#ni"icantl, "ro& t!e 11 'ercent o" 5I ,ears a#o.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent does !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ It "ails to allo "or t!ere bein# ski in+%ries ot!er t!an broken le#s9 ankle
in+%ries9 and knee in+%ries.
.1/ It in"ers dis'arate e""ects "ro& t!e sa&e sin#le ca%se.
.C/ It i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e n%&ber o" skiers !as increased over t!e 'ast
5I ,ears.
.3/ It ass%&es t!at an increase in t!e 'ro'ortion o" knee in+%ries r%les o%t a
decrease in t!e n%&ber o" knee in+%ries.
.E/ It 'roceeds as t!o%#! t!ere co%ld be a #reater decease in in+%ries in eac!
cate#or, o" in+%r, t!an t!ere is in in+%ries overall.
5I. 7nl, 'oetr, cannot be translated ell9 and t!ere"ore it is 'oets !o 'reserve
lan#%a#es9 "or e o%ld not bot!er to learn a lan#%a#e i" e co%ld #et ever,t!in#
ritten in it "ro& translation. So9 since e cannot itness t!e bea%t, o" 'oetr,
e(ce't in t!e lan#%a#e in !ic! it is co&'osed9 e !ave &otivation to learn t!e
lan#%a#e.
T!e in"or&ation above 'rovides t!e LEAST s%''ort "or !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ All non'oetic literat%re can be translated ell.
.1/ 7ne '%r'ose o" ritin# 'oetr, is to 'reserve t!e lan#%a#e in !ic! it is
ritten.
.C/ So&e translations do not ca't%re all t!at as e('ressed in t!e ori#inal
lan#%a#e.
.3/ T!e bea%t, o" 'oetr, is not i&&ediatel, accessible to 'eo'le !o do not
%nderstand t!e lan#%a#e in !ic! t!e 'oetr, as ritten.
.E/ Fer"ect translation "ro& one lan#%a#e to anot!er is so&eti&es i&'ossible.
51. T!e co&'anies t!at are t!e 'ri&e '%rc!asers o" co&'%ter so"tare ill not b%, a
so"tare 'acka#e i" t!e costs o" trainin# sta"" to %se it are !i#!9 and e kno t!at
it is e('ensive to teac! 'eo'le a so"tare 'acka#e t!at de&ands t!e &e&ori)ation
o" %n"a&iliar co&&ands. As a res%lt9 to be s%ccess"%l9 co&&ercial co&'%ter
so"tare cannot re0%ire %sers to &e&ori)e %n"a&iliar co&&ands.
ass%&ed-
.A/ I" &ore 'ri&e '%rc!asers o" co&'%ter so"tare b%, a so"tare 'rod%ct9 t!at
'rod%ct ill s%ccess"%l.
.1/ Co&&ercial co&'%ters so"tare t!at does not re0%ire %sers to &e&ori)e
%n"a&iliar co&&ands is no &ore e('ensive t!an so"tare t!at does.
GMAT & LSAT CR B51
.C/ Co&&ercial co&'%ter so"tare ill not be s%ccess"%l %nless 'ri&e
'%rc!asers b%, it.
.3/ I" t!e initial cost o" co&'%ter so"tare is !i#!9 b%t t!e cost o" trainin# %sers
is lo9 'ri&e '%rc!ases ill still b%, t!at so"tare.
.E/ T!e &ore di""ic%lt it is to learn !o to %se a 'iece o" so"tare9 t!e &ore
e('ensive it is to teac! a 'erson to %se t!at so"tare.
Questions !!-!3
6!enever s!e considers votin# in an election to select one candidate "or a 'osition
and t!ere is at least one iss%e i&'ortant to !er9 Ma, %ses t!e "olloin# 'rinci'le in
c!oosin# !ic! co%rse o" action to take: it is acce'table "or &e to vote "or a candidate
!ose o'inions di""er "ro& &ine on at least one iss%e i&'ortant to &e !enever I
disa#ree it! eac! o" t!e ot!er candidates on even &ore s%c! iss%esD it is ot!erise
%nacce'table to vote "or t!at candidate. In t!e %'co&in# &a,oral election9 t!e t!ree
candidates are Le#rand9 Medina9 and 2orton. T!ere is onl, one iss%e i&'ortant to
Ma,9 and onl, Medina s!ares !er o'inion on t!at iss%e.
55. I" t!e state&ents in t!e 'assa#e are tr%e9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &%st also be
tr%e abo%t Ma,s co%rse o" action in an, election to select one candidate "or a
'osition-
.A/ I" t!ere are no iss%es i&'ortant to !er9 it is %nacce'table "or to vote "or an,
candidate in t!e election.
.1/ I" s!e a#rees it! eac! o" t!e candidates on &ost o" t!e iss%es i&'ortant to
!er9 it is %nacce'table "or !er to vote "or an, candidate in t!e election.
.C/ I" s!e a#rees it! a 'artic%lar candidate on onl, one iss%e i&'ortant to !er9 it
is %nacce'table "or !er to vote "or t!at candidate.
.3/ I" s!e disa#rees it! eac! o" t!e candidates on e(actl, t!ree iss%es i&'ortant
to !er9 it is %nacce'table "or !er to vote "or an, candidate in t!e election.
.E/ I" t!ere are &ore iss%es i&'ortant to !er on !ic! s!e disa#rees it! a
'artic%lar candidate t!an t!ere are s%c! iss%es on !ic! s!e a#rees it! t!at
candidate9 it is %nacce'table "or to vote "or t!at candidate.
5<. Accordin# to t!e 'rinci'le stated in t!e 'assa#e9 in t!e %'co&in# &a,oral
election
.A/ it is acce'table "or Ma, to vote "or eit!er Medina or Le#rand9 b%t it is
%nacce'table "or !er to vote "or 2orton
.1/ t!e onl, %nacce'table co%rses o" action are "or Ma, to vote "or 2orton and
"or !er to vote "or Le#rand
.C/ it is %nacce'table "or Ma, to vote "or an, o" t!e candidates
.3/ t!e onl, %nacce'table co%rse o" action is "or Ma, to vote "or Medina
.E/ it is acce'table "or Ma, to vote "or an, o" t!e candidates
5C. 7ver t!e last 5@ ,ears9 t!e avera#e 'rice 'aid "or a ne car !as steadil, increased
GMAT & LSAT CR B55
in relation to avera#e individ%al inco&e. T!is increase indicates t!at individ%als
!o b%, ne cars toda, s'end9 on avera#e9 a lar#er a&o%nt relative to t!eir
inco&es b%,in# a car t!an t!eir co%nter'arts did 5@ ,ears a#o.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!ere !as been a si#ni"icant increase over t!e last 5@ ,ears in t!e 'ro'ortion
o" individ%als in !o%se!olds it! &ore t!an one a#e earner.
.1/ T!e n%&ber o" %sed cars sold ann%all, is t!e sa&e as it as 5@ ,ears a#o.
.C/ Alloin# "or in"lation9 avera#e individ%al inco&e !as si#ni"icantl, declined
over t!e last 5@ ,ears.
.3/ 3%rin# t!e last 5@ ,ears9 ann%al ne8car sales and 'o'%lation !ave bot!
increased9 b%t ne8car sales !ave increased b, a #reater 'ercenta#e.
.E/ Sales to individ%als &ake %' a s&aller 'ro'ortion o" all ne8car sales t!e,
did 5@ ,ears a#o.
5@. Credit card co&'anies +%sti", c!ar#in# card!olders additional "ees "or late
'a,&ents b, assertin# t!e 'rinci'le t!at t!ose !o e('ose ot!er individ%als9
co&'anies9 or instit%tions to "inancial risk s!o%ld 'a, "or t!at risk9 and b,
'ointin# o%t t!at late8'a,in# card!olders 'resent a #reater risk o" de"a%lt t!an
ot!er card!olders. 6it!o%t late "ees9 t!e co&'anies ar#%e9 t!e, o%ld !ave
s'read t!e cost o" t!e risk over all card!olders.
T!e 'rinci'le invoked b, t!e credit card co&'anies o%ld9 i" establis!ed9 be
&ost %se"%ll, invoked in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents-
.A/ Sc!ool a%t!orities s!o%ld %se st%dent activit, "%nds to 'a, "or st%dent8ca%sed
da&a#es to sc!ool 'ro'ert, since9 even t!o%#! onl, a "e st%dents ca%se
an, si#ni"icant da&a#e9 a%t!orities cannot in &ost instances deter&ine
!ic! st%dents ca%sed t!e da&a#e.
.1/ Ins%rance co&'anies s!o%ld de&and !i#!er ins%rance rates o" drivers o"
s'orts cars t!an o" ot!er drivers9 since s'orts car drivers are &ore likel, to
ca%se accidents and t!%s are &ore likel, to re0%ite t!e co&'anies 'a,
&one, in clai&s.
.C/ Libraries s!o%ld c!ar#e !i#! "ines "or overd%e books9 since i" t!e, did not do
so so&e 'eo'le o%ld kee' books o%t inde"initel,9 riskin# inconvenience to
ot!er librar, %sers !o ant to %se t!e books.
.3/ Cities s!o%ld i&'ose !i#! "ines "or litterin#. T!e risk o" bein# ca%#!t
litterin# is 0%ite lo9 so t!e "ine "or t!ose !o are ca%#!t &%st be
corres'ondin#l, !i#! in order to deter 'eo'le "or& litterin#.
.E/ M%nici'alities s!o%ld %se ta( &one, to 'a, "or t!e &aintenance o" &%nici'al
roads9 since i" individ%als 'aid "or onl, t!ose roads t!e, %sed9 so&e
i&'ortant roads in re&ote areas o%ld be inade0%atel, &aintained.
GMAT & LSAT CR B5<
TEST 2001.6
SECTI72 II
1. In !is ne book on !is co&'le( scienti"ic researc!9 R "re0%entl, i&'%tes bad
"ait! to researc!ers disa#reein# it! !i&. A tro%blin# as'ect o" Rs book is !is
stated conviction t!at ot!er investi#ators "%ndin# so%rces o"ten deter&ine !at
>"indin#s? t!ose investi#ators re'ort. Add to t!is t!at R !as o"ten s!on !i&sel"
to be arro#ant9 overl, a&bitio%s9 and so&eti&es 'lain nast,9 and it beco&es clear
t!at Rs book does not &erit attention "ro& serio%s 'ro"essionals.
T!e a%t!or o" t!e book revie co&&its !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# reasonin#
errors-
.A/ %sin# an attack on t!e c!aracter o" t!e riter o" t!e book as evidence t!at t!is
'erson is not co&'etent on &atters o" scienti"ic s%bstance
.1/ takin# it "or #ranted t!at an investi#ator is %nlikel, to re'ort "indin#s t!at are
contrar, to t!e interests o" t!ose "%ndin# t!e investi#ation
.C/ dis&issin# a scienti"ic t!eor, b, #ivin# a biased acco%nt o" it
.3/ 'resentin# as "acts several assertions abo%t t!e book %nder revie t!at are
based onl, on stron# conviction and o%ld be i&'ossible "or ot!ers to
veri",
.E/ "ailin# to distin#%is! beteen t!e criteria o" bein# tr%e and o" bein#
s%""icientl, interestin# to &erit attention
5. :avin# an e""icient9 attractive s%ba, s,ste& &akes #ood econo&ic sense. So9
t!e cit, needs to '%rc!ase ne s%ba, cars9 since t!e cit, s!o%ld ala,s do !at
&akes #ood econo&ic sense.
T!e concl%sion dran above "ollos lo#icall, i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is
ass%&ed-
.A/ T!e cit, s!o%ld invest in an e""icient9 attractive s%ba, s,ste&.
.1/ Cost8e""ective s%ba, cars are an inte#ral 'art o" an e""icient s%ba, s,ste&.
.C/ Invest&ent in ne s%ba, cars &akes better econo&ic sense t!an &an, o"
t!e ot!er invest&ent o'tions o'en to t!e cit,.
.3/ 2e s%ba, cars are "inanciall, a""ordable.
.E/ 2e s%ba, cars are re0%ired in order "or t!e cit, to !ave a s%ba, s,ste&
t!at is e""icient and attractive.
<. Resta%rant &ana#er: In res'onse to re0%ests "ro& o%r 'atrons "or ve#etarian &ain
dis!es9 e recentl, introd%ced t!ree: an e##'lant and )%cc!ini casserole it!
to&atoes9 bron rice it! &%s!roo&s9 and 'otatoes baked it! c!eese. T!e "irst
GMAT & LSAT CR B5C
to are "re0%entl, ordered9 b%t no one orders t!e 'otato dis!9 alt!o%#! it costs
less t!an t!e ot!er to. Clearl,9 t!en9 o%r 'atrons 're"er not to eat 'otatoes.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an error o" reasonin# in t!e resta%rant &ana#ers
ar#%&ent-
.A/ concl%din# t!at to t!in#s t!at occ%r at t!e sa&e ti&e !ave a co&&on ca%se
.1/ drain# a concl%sion t!at is inconsistent it! one 're&ise o" t!e ar#%&ent
.C/ i#norin# 'ossible di""erences beteen !at 'eo'le sa, t!e, ant and !at
t!e, act%all, c!oose
.3/ atte&'tin# to 'rove a clai& on t!e basis o" evidence t!at a n%&ber o" 'eo'le
!old t!at clai& to be tr%e
.E/ treatin# one o" several 'la%sible e('lanations o" a '!eno&enon as t!e onl,
'ossible e('lanation
C. $or neborns o" a#e "o%r to si( eeks !ose &ot!ers !ave been t!e 'ri&ar,
care#ivers9 t!e "olloin# is tr%e: 6!en t!e neborns are cr,in# d%e to !%n#er or
ot!er si&ilar disco&"ort9 &erel, !earin# t!e &ot!ers voice ill lead to a
te&'orar, !alt in cr,in#9 !ile t!e voices o" ot!ers do not !ave t!is e""ect.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost reasonabl, s%''orted b, t!e in"or&ation
above-
.A/ 1abies &ore easil, learn to reco#ni)e t!e voices o" t!eir &ot!ers t!an t!e
voices o" ot!er 'eo'le.
.1/ A &ot!ers voice is t!e "irst t!in# a bab, learns to reco#ni)e.
.C/ 1abies associate t!e voice o" t!e 'ri&ar, care#iver it! release "ro&
disco&"ort.
.3/ 7"ten onl, a 'ri&ar, care#iver can 'rovide co&"ort to a neborn.
.E/ 3isco&"ort in neborns is best relieved b, !earin# t!e &ot!ers voice.
@. Man, ele&entar, sc!ools !ave recentl, o""ered co&'%ter8assisted ed%cational
'ro#ra&s. St%dents reactions a"ter several ,ears !ave been decidedl, &i(ed.
6!ereas st%dents !ave "o%nd co&'%ters ver, %se"%l in st%d,in# arit!&etic9 t!e,
!ave "o%nd t!e& o" little !el' in st%d,in# science9 and o" no !el' at all it! t!eir
readin# and ritin# skills.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost !el's to e('lain t!e st%dents &i(ed
reactions-
.A/ St%dents in t!ese sc!ools be#an readin# and doin# arit!&etic be"ore learnin#
to %se co&'%ters.
.1/ 7" t!e disci'lines and skills &entioned9 t!e e(actness o" arit!&etic &akes it
&ost s%itable to co&'%ter8assisted ed%cation.
.C/ Man, ele&entar, sc!ool teac!ers are rel%ctant to %se co&'%ter tec!nolo#, in
t!eir classroo&s.
.3/ *o%n# st%dents are &ore likel, to &aintain interest in trainin# 'ro#ra&s t!at
GMAT & LSAT CR B5@
%se t!e neest co&'%ters and video #ra'!ics t!an in t!ose t!at do not.
.E/ T!e ele&entar, sc!ools !ave o""ered &ore co&'%ter8assisted 'ro#ra&s in
readin# and ritin# t!an in arit!&etic and science.
G. T!e notion t!at one &i#!t be +%sti"ied in be!avin# irrationall, in t!e service o" a
s%""icientl, ort!, end is inco!erent. $or i" s%c! action is +%sti"ied9 t!en one
o%ld be be!avin# rationall,9 not irrationall,.
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ A re'resentative o" t!e la9 s%c! as a +%d#e or a 'olice o""icer9 o%#!t not to
co&&it cri&es. $or i" re'resentatives o" t!e la co&&it cri&es9 t!e, ill
be ine""ective in 'reventin# cri&e.
.1/ 7ne cannot intend to s'ill a #lass o" ater accidentall,. S'illin# it
accidentall, &eans t!at t!e act ill not !ave been done intentionall,.
.C/ 7ne cannot live t!e #ood li"e and be %n!a'',. I" ones on nei#!bors see
t!at one is %n!a'',9 t!en t!e, ill see t!at one is not livin# t!e #ood li"e.
.3/ 3octors cannot 'er"or& sel"8dia#nosis9 "or t!e, cannot ob+ectivel, eval%ate
t!eir on s,&'to&s9 and t!%s ill be 'racticin# 'oor &edicine.
.E/ 7ne o%#!t not to !ave bot! a cat and a #old"is!. T!e #old"is! is t!e nat%ral
're, o" t!e cat9 so it is %net!ical to 'lace it at t!e cats dis'osal.
A. A certain &oral s,ste& !olds t!at 'er"or&in# #ood actions is 'raiseort!, onl,
!en one overco&es a 'oer"%l te&'tation in order to 'er"or& t!e&. *et t!is
sa&e &oral s,ste& also !olds t!at 'er"or&in# #ood actions o%t o" !abit is
so&eti&es 'raiseort!,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does t!e &ost to reconcile t!e a''arent
con"lict in t!e &oral s,ste& described above-
.A/ Feo'le !o 'er"or& #ood actions o%t o" !abit !ave o"ten ac0%ired t!is !abit
a"ter ,ears o" !avin# resisted te&'tation.
.1/ Most 'eo'le "ace stron# &oral te&'tation "ro& ti&e to ti&e b%t "e 'eo'le
!ave to end%re it re#%larl,.
.C/ Feo'le virt%all, ala,s 'er"or& actions t!e, t!ink are #ood9 re#ardless o"
!at ot!er 'eo'le &a, t!ink.
.3/ Since it is di""ic%lt to tell !at is #oin# on in anot!er 'ersons &ind9 it is
o"ten !ard to kno e(actl, !o stron#l, a 'erson is te&'ted.
.E/ It is "ar &ore co&&on "or 'eo'le to 'er"or& #ood actions o%t o" !abit t!an
"or t!e& to do so a#ainst stron# te&'tation.
B. Conservationist: T!e risk to air'lane 'assen#ers "ro& collisions beteen
air'lanes %sin# t!e air'ort and birds "ro& t!e ildli"e re"%#e is ne#li#ible. In t!e
1I ,ears since t!e re"%#e as establis!ed9 onl, 5I 'lanes !ave been da&a#ed in
collisions it! birds9 and no 'assen#er !as been in+%red as a res%lt o" s%c! a
GMAT & LSAT CR B5G
collision. T!e ildli"e re"%#e t!ere"ore 'oses no sa"et, risk.
Filot: *o% ne#lect to &ention t!at 1A o" t!ose 5I collisions occ%rred it!in t!e
'ast 5 ,ears9 and t!at t!e n%&ber o" birds in t!e re"%#e is ra'idl, increasin#. As
t!e n%&ber o" collisions beteen birds and air'lanes increases9 so does t!e
likeli!ood t!at at least one s%c! collision ill res%lt in 'assen#er in+%ries.
T!e 'ilot co%nters t!e conservationist b,
.A/ atte&'tin# to s!o t!at t!e conservationists descri'tion o" t!e "act is
&isleadin#
.1/ 0%estionin# t!e conservationists &otives "or reac!in# a certain concl%sion
.C/ assertin# t!at dan#ero%s sit%ations inevitabl, beco&e &ore dan#ero%s it!
t!e 'assa#e o" ti&e
.3/ discreditin# t!e &oral 'rinci'le on !ic! t!e conservationists ar#%&ent is
based
.E/ dis'%tin# t!e acc%rac, o" t!e "i#%res cited b, t!e conservationist
H. A %niversit, st%d, re'orted t!at beteen 1HA@ and 1HB< t!e len#t! o" t!e avera#e
orkeek in a certain co%ntr, increased si#ni"icantl,. A #overn&ental st%d,9 on
t!e ot!er !and9 s!os a si#ni"icant decline in t!e len#t! o" t!e avera#e orkeek
"or t!e sa&e 'eriod. E(a&ination o" t!e st%dies s!os9 !oever9 t!at t!e, %sed
di""erent &et!ods o" investi#ationD t!%s t!ere is no need to look "%rt!er "or an
e('lanation o" t!e di""erence in t!e st%dies res%lts.
T!e ar#%&ents reasonin# is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent "ails to
.A/ distin#%is! beteen a st%d, 'rod%ced "or t!e '%r'oses o" t!e o'eration o"
#overn&ent and a st%d, 'rod%ced as 'art o" %niversit, researc!
.1/ distin#%is! beteen a &et!od o" investi#ation and t!e '%r'ose o" an
investi#ation
.C/ reco#ni)e t!at onl, one o" t!e st%dies !as been 'ro'erl, cond%cted
.3/ reco#ni)e t!at to di""erent &et!ods o" investi#ation can ,ield identical
res%lts
.E/ reco#ni)e t!at var,in# econo&ic conditions res%lt in t!e avera#e orkeek
c!an#in# in len#t!
1I. Alt!o%#! t!e c!arter o" 6estside Sc!ool states t!at t!e st%dent bod, &%st incl%de
so&e st%dents it! s'ecial ed%cational needs9 no st%dents it! learnin#
disabilities !ave ,et enrolled in t!e sc!ool. T!ere"ore9 t!e sc!ool is c%rrentl, in
violation o" its c!arter.
ass%&ed-
.A/ All st%dents it! learnin# disabilities !ave s'ecial ed%cational needs.
.1/ T!e sc!ool c%rrentl, !as no st%dents it! learnin# disabilities.
.C/ T!e sc!ool s!o%ld enroll st%dents it! s'ecial ed%cational needs.
GMAT & LSAT CR B5A
.3/ T!e onl, st%dents it! s'ecial ed%cational needs are st%dents it! learnin#
disabilities.
.E/ T!e sc!ools c!arter cannot be &odi"ied in order to avoid its bein# violated.
11. So&e 's,c!olo#ists clai& t!at9 in t!eor,9 t!e best a, to %nderstand anot!er
'erson o%ld be t!ro%#! dee' e&'at!,9 !ereb, one o%ld #ain a direct and
co&'lete #ras' o" t!at 'ersons &otivations. 1%t s%''ose t!e, are ri#!tD t!en
t!ere o%ld be no a, at all to ac!ieve %nderstandin#9 since it is 's,c!olo#icall,
i&'ossible to #ain a direct and co&'lete #ras' o" anot!er 'ersons &otivations.
1%t obvio%sl, one can %nderstand ot!er 'eo'leD t!%s t!ese 's,c!olo#ists are
ron#.
T!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to t!e criticis& t!at it
.A/ "ails to ade0%atel, de"ine t!e ke, '!rase >dee' e&'at!,?
.1/ ass%&es so&et!in# t!at it later denies9 res%ltin# in a contradiction
.C/ con"%ses a t!eoreticall, best a, o" acco&'lis!in# so&et!in# it! t!e onl,
a, o" acco&'lis!in# it
.3/ acce'ts a clai& on &ere a%t!orit,9 it!o%t re0%irin# s%""icient +%sti"ication
.E/ "ails to consider t!at ot!er 's,c!olo#ists &a, disa#ree it! t!e 's,c!olo#ists
cited
15. T!e "ive senses !ave traditionall, been vieed as distinct ,et co&'le&entar,.
Eac! sense is t!o%#!t to !ave its on ran#e o" sti&%li t!at are inca'able o"
sti&%latin# t!e ot!er sense. :oever9 recent researc! !as discovered t!at so&e
'eo'le taste a banana and clai& t!at t!e, are tastin# bl%e9 or see a color and sa,
t!at it !as a s'eci"ic s&ell. T!is s!os t!at s%c! 'eo'le9 called s,nest!esiacs9
!ave sense t!at do not res'ect t!e %s%al bo%ndaries beteen t!e "ive reco#ni)ed
senses.
.A/ S,nest!esiacs de&onstrate a #eneral9 s,ste&atic i&'air&ent in t!eir abilit,
to %se and %nderstand ords.
.1/ Recent evidence stron#l, s%##ests t!at t!ere are ot!er senses besides si#!t9
to%c!9 s&ell9 !earin#9 and taste.
.C/ T!e 'artic%lar a,s in !ic! sensor, e('eriences overla' in s,nest!esiacs
"ollo a de"inite 'attern.
.3/ T!e s,nest!etic '!eno&enon !as been described in t!e le#ends o" vario%s
c%lt%res.
.E/ S,nest!esiacs can be te&'oraril, rid o" t!eir s,nest!etic e('eriences b, t!e
%se o" dr%#s.
1<. Essa,ist: 7ne o" t!e clai&s o" laisse)8"aire econo&ics is t!at increasin# t!e
&ini&%& a#e red%ces t!e total n%&ber o" &ini&%&8a#e +obs available. In a
recent st%d,9 !oever9 it as "o%nd t!at a"ter an increase in t!e &ini&%& a#e9
GMAT & LSAT CR B5B
"ast8"ood resta%rants ke't on ro%#!l, t!e sa&e n%&ber o" &ini&%&8a#e
e&'lo,ees as be"ore t!e increase. T!ere"ore9 laisse)8"aire econo&ics is not
entirel, acc%rate.
T!e essa,ists ar#%&ent de'ends on ass%&in# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ I" Laisse)8"aire econo&ics &akes an incorrect 'rediction abo%t t!e &ini&%&
a#es9 t!en all t!e doctrines o" laisse)8"aire econo&ics are inacc%rate.
.1/ Mini&%&8a#e +ob availabilit, at "ast8"ood resta%rants incl%ded in t!e st%d,
as re'resentative o" &ini&%&8a#e +ob availabilit, in #eneral.
.C/ 2o st%d, !as ever "o%nd t!at a b%siness !as decreased t!e n%&ber o" its
&ini&%&8a#e e&'lo,ees a"ter an increase in t!e &ini&%& a#e.
.3/ T!e "ast8"ood resta%rants incl%ded in t!e st%d, did not increase t!e avera#e
a#e 'aid to e&'lo,ees.
.E/ T!e national %ne&'lo,&ent rate did not increase "olloin# t!e increase in
t!e &ini&%& a#e.
1C. So&e 'eo'le clai& t!at ever, !%&an discover, or invention is an instance o" sel"8
e('ression. 1%t !at t!e, see& to i#nore is t!at9 triviall,9 an,t!in# e do is sel"8
e('ressive. So9 %ntil t!e, can #ive %s a &ore interestin# inter'retation o" t!eir
clai&9 e are not obli#ed to take t!eir clai& serio%sl,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 'rovides t!e &ost s%''ort "or t!e reasonin#
above-
.A/ All clai&s t!at are trivial are %ninterestin#.
.1/ Most 'eo'le do not take trivial clai&s serio%sl,.
.C/ 2o clai&s t!at are trivial are ort!, o" serio%s consideration.
.3/ Ever, clai& is o'en to bot! interestin# and %ninterestin# inter'retations.
.E/ Ever, inter'retation is eit!er trivial or %ninterestin#.
Questions 15-1&
Ca&era &an%"act%rers t,'icall, advertise t!eir 'rod%cts b, citin# t!e resol%tion o"
t!eir ca&era lenses9 t!e resol%tion o" a lens bein# t!e de#ree o" detail t!e lens is
ca'able o" re'rod%cin# in t!e i&a#e it 'ro+ects onto t!e "il&. 3i""erences beteen
ca&eras in t!is res'ect are irrelevant "or 'ractical '!oto#ra'!,9 !oever9 since all
&odern lenses are so e(cellent t!at t!e, 'ro+ect "ar &ore detail onto t!e "il& t!an an,
'!oto#ra'!ic "il& is ca'able o" re'rod%cin# in a develo'ed i&a#e.
1@. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, states t!e &ain 'oint o" t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ Ca&era &an%"act%rers o%#!t to concentrate on b%ildin# ot!er desirable
0%alities into t!eir ca&eras lenses9 rat!er t!an concentratin# onl, on t!e
lenses resol%tion.
.1/ A'art "ro& di""erences in resol%tion9 t!ere is no 'ractical di""erence a&on#
&odern ca&eras in t!e 0%alit, o" t!e i&a#es t!at t!e, 'rod%ce.
GMAT & LSAT CR B5H
.C/ Advertised di""erences a&on# ca&eras in t!e resol%tion o" t!eir lenses !ave
no 'ractical bearin# on t!e ca&eras relative 0%alit, as '!oto#ra'!ic tools.
.3/ In concentratin# t!eir advertisin# on t!e iss%e o" i&a#e 0%alit,9
&an%"act%rers are &akin# a &istake abo%t t!e interests o" 'otential
'%rc!asers o" ca&eras.
.E/ 3i""erences a&on# '!oto#ra'!ic "il&s in t!e a&o%nt o" detail t!e, re'rod%ce
!ave a &ore si#ni"icant e""ect on t!e 0%alit, o" t!e develo'ed i&a#e t!an do
di""erences in t!e resol%tion o" ca&era lenses.
1G. T!e ar#%&ent de'ends on ass%&in# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ T!e de"inition o" t!e ter& >resol%tion? does not ca't%re an i&'ortant
deter&inant o" t!e 0%alit, o" '!oto#ra'!ic instr%&ents and &aterials.
.1/ In deter&inin# t!e a&o%nt o" detail re'rod%ced in t!e develo'ed
'!oto#ra'!ic i&a#e9 di""erences in t!e resol%tions o" available lenses do not
co&'o%nd t!e de"iciencies o" available "il&.
.C/ 4ariations in t!e &et!od %sed to 'rocess t!e "il& do not !ave an, si#ni"icant
e""ect on t!e "il&s resol%tion.
.3/ $laless '!oto#ra'!ic tec!ni0%e is needed to ac!ieve t!e &a(i&%& i&a#e
resol%tion 'ossible it! t!e &aterials and e0%i'&ent bein# %sed.
.E/ T!e onl, "actors i&'ortant in deter&inin# t!e de#ree o" detail re'rod%ced in
t!e "inal '!oto#ra'!ic 'rint are t!e resol%tion o" t!e ca&eras lens and t!e
resol%tion o" t!e "il&.
1A. 3ietar, researc!er: A recent st%d, re'orts t!at laborator, ani&als t!at ere "ed
red%ced8calorie diets lived lon#er t!an laborator, ani&als !ose caloric intake
as not red%ced. In res'onse9 so&e doctors are advocatin# red%ced8calorie diets9
in t!e belie" t!at 2ort! A&ericans li"e s'ans can t!ereb, be e(tended. :oever9
t!is concl%sion is not s%''orted. Laborator, ani&als tend to eat &%c! &ore t!an
ani&als in t!eir nat%ral !abitats9 !ic! leads to t!eir !avin# a s!orter li"e
e('ectanc,. Restrictin# t!eir diets &erel, brin#s t!eir caloric intake back to
nat%ral o'ti&al levels and reinstates t!eir nor&al li"e s'ans.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost eaken t!e dietar, researc!ers
ar#%&ent-
.A/ 2ort! A&ericans9 on avera#e9 cons%&e a !i#!er n%&ber o" calories t!an t!e
o'ti&al n%&ber o" calories "or a !%&an diet.
.1/ 2ort! A&ericans it! !i#!8"at9 lo8calorie diets #enerall, !ave a s!orter li"e
e('ectanc, t!an 2ort! A&ericans it! lo8"at9 lo8calorie diets.
.C/ 2ot all scienti"ic res%lts t!at !ave i&'ortant i&'lications "or !%&an !ealt!
are based on st%dies o" laborator, ani&als.
.3/ So&e 2ort! A&ericans !o "ollo red%ced8calorie diets are lon#8lived.
.E/ T!ere is a stron# correlation beteen diet and lon#evit, in so&e s'ecies o"
ani&als.
GMAT & LSAT CR B<I
1B. Editorialist: T!e 'ositions advanced b, radical environ&entalists o"ten contain
!,'ot!eses t!at are "alse and 'ro'osals t!at are econo&icall, in"easible. 1%t t!ere
is a 'ositive role to be 'la,ed even b, t!ese e(tre&ists9 "or t!e social and 'olitical
inertia t!at attends environ&ental iss%es is so st%bborn t!at even s&all areas o"
'ro#ress can be &ade onl, i" t!e 'o'%lace "ears environ&ental disaster9 !oever
%ntenable t!e reasons "or t!ose "ears &a, be.
editorialists ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e little 'ro#ress t!at !as been &ade in i&'rovin# t!e environ&ent is
&ainl, d%e to t!e "ear created b, radical environ&entalists.
.1/ Radical environ&entalists9 b, 'ro&otin# t!eir vies9 sti&%late 'ro#ress on
environ&ental iss%es.
.C/ Social and 'olitical inertia is &ost e""ectivel, overco&e b, an e(tre&el,
"ear"%l 'o'%lace9 re#ardless o" !et!er its "ears are ell8"o%nded.
.3/ Radical environ&entalists o"ten '%t "ort! %ntenable 'ositions in order to
'rod%ce t!e "ear t!at is re0%ired to brin# abo%t &oderate re"or&s.
.E/ Radical environ&entalists advocate 'ositions it!o%t re#ard "or "act%al
s%''ort or econo&ic "easibilit,.
1H. Feo'le s!o%ld avoid takin# t!e antacid calci%& carbonate in doses lar#er t!an !al"
a #ra&9 "or des'ite its ca'acit, to ne%trali)e sto&ac! acids9 calci%& carbonate can
increase t!e calci%& level in t!e blood and t!%s i&'air kidne, "%nction.
Moreover9 +%st !al" a #ra& o" it can sti&%late t!e 'rod%ction o" #astrin9 sto&ac!
!or&one t!at tri##ers acid secretion.
above-
.A/ Cessation o" #astrin 'rod%ction is a &ore e""ective &et!od o" controllin#
e(cess sto&ac! acid t!an is direct ne%trali)ation o" sto&ac! acid.
.1/ Feo'le !o avoid takin# &ore t!an !al" a #ra& o" calci%& carbonate are less
likel, t!an avera#e to s%""er "ro& i&'aired kidne, "%nction.
.C/ 3oses o" calci%& carbonate s&aller t!an !al" a #ra& can red%ce sto&ac!
acid &ore e""ectivel, t!an &%c! lar#er doses do.
.3/ :al" a #ra& o" calci%& carbonate can ca%sall, contrib%te to bot! t!e
secretion and t!e ne%trali)ation o" sto&ac! acids.
.E/ I&'aired kidne, "%nction &a, increase t!e level o" calci%& in t!e blood.
Questions !0-!1
Fro"essor C!an: T!e literat%re de'art&ents %nder#rad%ate co%rses s!o%ld cover onl,
tr%e literar, orks9 and not s%c! "rivolo%s &aterial as advertise&ents.
Fro"essor 6i#&ore: Advertise&ents &i#!t or &i#!t not be tr%e literar, orks b%t t!e,
do !ave a 'oer"%ll, detri&ental e""ect on societ,Klar#el, beca%se 'eo'le cannot
GMAT & LSAT CR B<1
discern t!eir real &essa#es. T!e literat%re de'art&ents co%rses #ive st%dents t!e
critical skills to anal,)e and %nderstand te(ts. T!ere"ore9 it is t!e literat%re
de'art&ents res'onsibilit, to incl%de t!e st%d, o" advertise&ents in its %nder#rad%ate
co%rses.
5I. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les &ost stron#l, s%''orts Fro"essor
6i#&ores ar#%&ent-
.A/ Advertise&ents o%#!t to be "ra&ed in s%c! a a, t!at t!eir real &essa#es are
i&&ediatel, clear.
.1/ An, te(t t!at is s%btl, constr%cted and ca'able o" a""ectin# 'eo'les t!o%#!t
and action o%#!t to be considered a "or& o" literat%re.
.C/ All %nder#rad%ate st%dents o%#!t to take at least one co%rse t!at "oc%ses on
t!e develo'&ent o" critical skills.
.3/ T!e literat%re de'art&ents co%rses o%#!t to enable st%dents to anal,)e and
%nderstand an, te(t t!at co%ld !ave a !ar&"%l e""ect on societ,.
.E/ An, 'ro"essor teac!in# an %nder#rad%ate co%rse in t!e literat%re de'art&ent
o%#!t to be "ree to c!oose t!e &aterial to be covered in t!at co%rse.
51. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! Fro"essor 6i#&ores
ar#%&ent de'ends-
.A/ Te(ts t!at are tr%e literar, orks never !ave a detri&ental e""ect on societ,.
.1/ Co%rses o""ered b, t!e literat%re de'art&ent cannot incl%de bot! tr%e literar,
orks and &aterial s%c! as advertise&ent.
.C/ St%dents !o take co%rses in t!e literat%re de'art&ent do not #et "ro& t!ose
co%rses ot!er skills besides t!ose needed to anal,)e and %nderstand te(ts.
.3/ $or&s o" advertisin# t!at conve, t!eir &essa#e entirel, t!ro%#! vis%al
i&a#es do not !ave a detri&ental e""ect on societ,.
.E/ T!e literat%re de'art&ents res'onsibilit, is not li&ited to teac!in# st%dents
!o to anal,)e tr%e literar, orks.
55. Sociolo#ist: So&e 'eo'le ar#%e t!at ca'ital '%nis!&ent "or t!e"t as an essential
'art o" t!e labor disci'line o" 1ritis! ca'italis&. Critics o" s%c! a vie ar#%e t!at
&ore 'eo'le ere e(ec%ted "or t!e"t in 'reind%strial En#land t!an ere e(ec%ted
in En#land a"ter ind%striali)ation. 1%t s%c! a criticis& overlooks t!e "act t!at
ind%striali)ation and ca'italis& are to ver, di""erent social '!eno&ena9 and t!at
t!e latter 'redated t!e "or&er b, several cent%ries.
'assa#e b, t!e 'oint t!at ca'italis& and ind%striali)ation are distinct-
.A/ It is cited as so&e evidence a#ainst t!e clai& t!at ca'ital '%nis!&ent "or
t!e"t as an essential 'art o" t!e labor disci'line o" 1ritis! ca'italis&.
.1/ It is cited as a direct contradiction o" t!e clai& t!at ca'ital '%nis!&ent "or
GMAT & LSAT CR B<5
.C/ It is an atte&'t to concl%sivel, 'rove t!e clai& t!at ca'ital '%nis!&ent "or
.3/ It is cited as a "act s%''ortin# t!e critics o" t!e vie t!at ca'ital '%nis!&ent
"or t!e"t as an essential 'art o" t!e labor disci'line o" 1ritis! ca'italis&.
.E/ It is an atte&'t to %nder&ine t!e criticis& cited a#ainst t!e clai& t!at ca'ital
'%nis!&ent "or t!e"t as an essential 'art o" t!e labor disci'line o" 1ritis!
ca'italis&.
5<. To be !orri"ic9 a &onster &%st be t!reatenin#. 6!et!er or not it 'resents
's,c!olo#ical9 &oral9 or social dan#ers9 or tri##ers end%rin# in"antile "ears9 i" a
&onster is '!,sicall, dan#ero%s t!en it is t!reatenin#. In "act9 even a '!,sicall,
beni#n &onster is !orri"ic i" it ins'ires rev%lsion.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# lo#icall, "ollos "ro& t!e state&ents above-
.A/ An, !orror8stor, &onster t!at is t!reatenin# is also !orri"ic.
.1/ A &onster t!at is 's,c!olo#icall, dan#ero%s9 b%t t!at does not ins'ire
rev%lsion9 is not !orri"ic.
.C/ I" a &onster tri##ers in"antile "ears b%t is not '!,sicall, dan#ero%s9 t!en it is
not !orri"ic.
.3/ I" a &onster is bot! !orri"ic and 's,c!olo#icall, t!reatenin#9 t!en it does not
ins'ire rev%lsion.
.E/ All &onsters t!at are not '!,sicall, dan#ero%s9 b%t t!at are 's,c!olo#icall,
dan#ero%s and ins'ire rev%lsion9 are t!reatenin#.
5C. La,er: T!e de"endant anted to clear t!e sno o"" !is car and in doin# so
knocked sno on t!e sidealk. T!is sa&e sno &elted and re"ro)e9 "or&in# ice
on !ic! t!e 'lainti"" "ell9 breakin# !er !i'. 6e ar#%e t!at t!e de"endant
&alicio%sl, !ar&ed t!e 'lainti""9 beca%se &alice is intention to ca%se !ar& and
t!e de"endant intentionall, re&oved t!e sno "ro& !is car and '%t it on t!e
sidealk9 !ic!9 %nbeknonst to t!e de"endant at t!e ti&e9 o%ld s%bse0%entl,
ca%se t!e in+%r, s%""ered b, t!e 'lainti"".
T!e "laed reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost si&ilar to t!at in t!e
la,ers ar#%&ent-
.A/ Alice asked !er sister to lie in co%rt. =nbeknonst to Alices sister9 l,in# in
co%rt is a#ainst t!e la. So !at Alice asked !er sister to do as ille#al.
.1/ 1r%ce anted to eat t!e &ince&eat 'ie. =nbeknonst to 1r%ce9 t!e
&ince&eat 'ie as 'oisono%s. So 1r%ce anted to eat 'oison.
.C/ C!er,l deni#rated t!e ine. C!er,ls sister !ad 'icked o%t t!e ine. So
t!o%#! s!e &a, not !ave reali)ed it9 C!er,l indirectl, deni#rated !er sister.
.3/ 3eon !ad l%nc! it! Ms. 7s#ood. =nbeknonst to 3eon9 Ms. 7s#ood is
#enerall, t!o%#!t to be an ind%strial s',. So 3eon !ad l%nc! it! an
ind%strial s',.
.E/ Edina bo%#!t a car "ro& Mr. *anc,9 t!en resold it. =nbeknonst to
GMAT & LSAT CR B<<
Edina9 Mr. *anc, !ad stolen t!e car. So Edina sold a stolen car.
5@. Alt!o%#! ood8b%rnin# stoves are &ore e""icient t!an o'en "ire'laces9 t!e, are
also &ore dan#ero%s. T!e s&oke t!at ood8b%rnin# stoves release %' t!e
c!i&ne, is cooler t!an t!e s&oke "ro& an o'en "la&e. T!%s it travels &ore
slol, and de'osits &ore creosote9 a "la&&able s%bstance t!at can clo# a
c!i&ne,Kor orse9 i#nite inside it.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e a%#&ent-
.A/ T!e &ost e""icient ood8b%rnin# stoves 'rod%ce less creosote t!an do &an,
o'en "ire'laces.
.1/ T!e a&o%nt o" creosote 'rod%ced de'ends not onl, on t!e t,'e o" "la&e b%t
on !o o"ten t!e stove or "ire'lace is %sed.
.C/ 7'en "ire'laces 'ose &ore risk o" severe accidents inside t!e !o&e t!an do
ood8b%rnin# stoves.
.3/ 7'en "ire'laces also 'rod%ce a lar#e a&o%nt o" creosote resid%e.
.E/ :o&eoners in ar& cli&ates rarel, %se "ire'laces or ood8b%rnin# stoves.
SECTI72 III
1. I" a doctor #ives a 'atient onl, a "e o'tions "or li"est,le &odi"ication9 t!e 'atient
is &ore likel, to ad!ere to t!e doctors advice t!an i" t!e doctor #ives t!e 'atient
&an, o'tions.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses t!e 'rinci'le ill%strated
above-
.A/ Feo'le are es'eciall, likel, to i#nore t!e advice t!e, #et "ro& doctors i" t!e,
are con"%sed abo%t t!at advice.
.1/ Feo'le dislike calc%latin# t!e best o" a variet, o" c!oices %nless t!e, can see
a clear di""erence a&on# t!e bene"its t!at o%ld res%lt "ro& eac! c!oice.
.C/ T!e tendenc, 'eo'le !ave to alter t!eir be!avior varies inversel, it! t!e
n%&ber o" alternatives available to t!e& "or be!avior &odi"ication.
.3/ Most 'eo'le are %nlikel, to "ollo t!eir doctors advice %nless t!e, can
vividl, i&a#ine t!e conse0%ences o" not "olloin# t!e advice.
.E/ In #ettin# #ood res%lts9 t!e clarit, it! !ic! a doctor instr%cts a 'atient is o"
e0%al i&'ortance to t!e acc%rac, o" t!e doctors dia#nosis on !ic! t!e
instr%ction is based.
5. To ac0%ire a better %nderstandin# o" t!e str%ct%re and develo'&ent o" t!e !%&an
'ersonalit,9 so&e 's,c!olo#ists st%d, t!e 'ersonalities o" ani&als.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 contrib%tes to an e('lanation o" t!e 'ractice
&entioned above EECEFT:
GMAT & LSAT CR B<C
.A/ T!e actions o" !%&ans and ani&als are believed to be &otivated b, si&ilar
instincts9 b%t t!ese instincts are easier to discern in ani&als.
.1/ T!e la "orbids certain e('eri&ents on !%&ans b%t 'er&its t!e& on ani&als.
.C/ It is #enerall, less e('ensive to 'er"or& e('eri&ents on ani&als t!an it is to
'er"or& t!e& on !%&ans.
.3/ Fro'er %nderstandin# o" !%&an 'ersonalit, is t!o%#!t to 'rovide a &odel "or
better %nderstandin# t!e 'ersonalit, o" ani&als.
.E/ $ield observations o" t!e be!avior o" ,o%n# ani&als o"ten ins'ire insi#!t"%l
!,'ot!eses abo%t !%&an 'ersonalit, develo'&ent.
<. Si#atoka disease drasticall, red%ces t!e ,ield o" banana trees and is e'ide&ic
t!ro%#!o%t t!e areas o" t!e orld !ere bananas are #ron. T!e "%n#%s t!at
ca%ses t!e disease can be controlled it! "%n#icides9 b%t t!e "%n#icides can 'ose a
!ealt! !a)ard to 'eo'le livin# nearb,. T!e "%n#icides are t!%s %ns%itable "or s&all
banana #roves in 'o'%lated areas. $ort%natel,9 &ost lar#e banana 'lantations are
in locations so isolated t!at "%n#icides can be %sed sa"el, t!ere. T!ere"ore9 &ost
o" t!e orlds banana cro' is not serio%sl, t!reatened b, Si#atoka disease.
.A/ It ill event%all, be 'ossible to breed strains o" bananas t!at are resistant to
Si#atoka disease.
.1/ Lar#e 'lantations 'rod%ce &ost or all o" t!e orlds bananas.
.C/ Si#atoka disease s'reads &ore slol, on lar#e 'lantations t!an in s&all
banana #roves.
.3/ Si#atoka disease is t!e onl, disease t!at t!reatens bananas on a orldide
scale.
.E/ Most o" t!e banana trees t!at !ave not been e('osed to t!e Si#atoka "%n#%s
#ro in s&all banana #roves.
C. A #ro%' o" 19III st%dents as rando&l, selected "ro& t!ree !i#! sc!ools in a
&edi%&8si)ed cit, and asked t!e 0%estion9 >3o ,o% 'lan to "inis! ,o%r !i#!
sc!ool ed%cation-? More t!an BH 'ercent ansered >*es.? T!is s!os t!at t!e
over!el&in# &a+orit, o" st%dents ant to "inis! !i#! sc!ool9 and t!at i" t!e
national dro'o%t rate a&on# !i#! sc!ool st%dents is !i#!9 it cannot be d%e to a
lack o" desire on t!e 'art o" t!e st%dents.
T!e reasonin# o" t!e ar#%&ent above is 0%estionable beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ "ails to +%sti", its 'res%&'tion t!at BH 'ercent is an over!el&in# &a+orit,
.1/ atte&'ts to dra to con"lictin# concl%sions "ro& t!e res%lts o" one s%rve,
.C/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!ere &a, in "act not be a !i#! dro'o%t rate
a&on# !i#! sc!ool st%dents
.3/ contradicts itsel" b, ad&ittin# t!at t!ere &a, be a !i#! dro'o%t rate a&on#
st%dents !ile clai&in# t!at &ost st%dents ant to "inis! !i#! sc!ool
GMAT & LSAT CR B<@
.E/ treats !i#! sc!ool st%dents "ro& a 'artic%lar &edi%&8si)ed cit, as i" t!e, are
re'resentative o" !i#! sc!ool st%dents nationide
@. Col%&nist: A de&ocratic societ, cannot e(ist %nless its citi)ens !ave establis!ed
stron# bonds o" &%t%al tr%st. S%c! bonds are "or&ed and stren#t!ened onl, b,
'artici'ation in civic or#ani)ations9 'olitical 'arties9 and ot!er #ro%'s o%tside t!e
"a&il,. It is obvio%s t!en t!at ides'read reliance on &ovies and electronic
&edia "or entertain&ent !as an in!erentl, corrosive e""ect on de&ocrac,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e col%&nists ar#%&ent
de'ends-
.A/ An,one !o relies on &ovies and electronic &edia "or entertain&ent is
%nable to "or& a stron# bond o" &%t%al tr%st it! a citi)en.
.1/ Civic or#ani)ations cannot %se"%ll, advance t!eir #oals b, %sin# electronic
&edia.
.C/ 2es'a'ers and ot!er "or&s o" 'rint &edia stren#t!en9 rat!er t!an eaken9
de&ocratic instit%tions.
.3/ Rel,in# on &ovies and electronic &edia "or entertain&ent #enerall, &akes
'eo'le less likel, to 'artici'ate in #ro%'s o%tside t!eir "a&ilies.
.E/ Feo'le !o rel, on &ovies and electronic &edia "or entertain&ent are
#enerall, closer to t!eir "a&ilies t!an are t!ose !o do not.
G. Standard arc!aeolo#ical tec!ni0%es &ake it 'ossible to deter&ine t!e a#e o"
an,t!in# containin# ve#etable &atter9 b%t onl, i" t!e ob+ect is "ree o" &inerals
containin# carbon. Fre!istoric artists 'ainted on li&estone it! 'i#&ents
co&'osed o" ve#etable &atter9 b%t it is i&'ossible to collect sa&'les o" t!is
're!istoric 'aint it!o%t re&ovin# li&estone9 a &ineral containin# carbon9 it!
t!e 'aint. T!ere"ore9 it is not 'ossible to deter&ine t!e a#e o" 're!istoric 'aintin#s
on li&estone %sin# standard arc!aeolo#ical tec!ni0%es.
.A/ T!ere e(ist several di""erent tec!ni0%es "or collectin# sa&'les o" 're!istoric
'i#&ents on li&estone.
.1/ Laborator, 'roced%res e(ist t!at can re&ove all t!e li&estone "ro& a sa&'le
o" 're!istoric 'aint on li&estone.
.C/ T!e a#e o" t!e li&estone itsel" can be deter&ined "ro& sa&'les t!at contain
no ve#etable8based 'aint.
.3/ Fre!istoric artists did not %se an,t!in# ot!er t!an ve#etable &atter to &ake
t!eir 'aints.
.E/ T!e 'ro'ortion o" carbon to ot!er ele&ents in li&estone is t!e sa&e in all
sa&'les o" li&estone.
Questions '-8
3r. Jones: T!e ne tec!nolo#, d%bbed >tele&edicine? ill 'rovide s%stained
GMAT & LSAT CR B<G
i&'rove&ent in at least r%ral 'atient care since it allos r%ral '!,sicians to televise
&edical e(a&inations to s'ecialists !o live at #reat distancesKs'ecialists !o ill
t!%s be able to 'rovide advice t!e r%ral 'atient o%ld ot!erise not receive.
3r. Carabella: 2ot so. Tele&edicine &i#!t !el' r%ral 'atient care initiall,. :oever9
s&all !os'itals ill soon reali)e t!at t!e, can &ini&i)e e('enses b, re'lacin#
'!,sicians it! tec!nicians !o can %se tele&edicine to trans&it e(a&inations to
lar#e &edical centers9 res%ltin# in "eer 'atients bein# able to receive traditional9
direct &edical e(a&inations. Event%all,9 it ill be t!e rare individ%al !o ever #ets
tr%l, 'ersonal attention. :ence9 r%ral as ell as %rban 'atient care ill s%""er.
A. !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is a 'oint at iss%e beteen 3r. Jones and 3r.
Carabella-
.A/ !et!er &edical s'ecialists in #eneral o""er better advice t!an r%ral
'!,sicians
.1/ !et!er tele&edicine tec!nolo#, ill be installed onl, in r%ral !os'itals and
r%ral &edical centers
.C/ !et!er tele&edicine is likel, to be idel, ado'ted in r%ral areas in "%t%re
,ears
.3/ !et!er t!e 'atients !o &ost need t!e advice o" &edical s'ecialists are
likel, to receive it t!ro%#! tele&edicine
.E/ !et!er t!e tec!nolo#, o" tele&edicine ill bene"it r%ral 'atients in t!e lon#
r%n
B. 3r. Carabella %ses !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# strate#ies in res'ondin# to 3r.
Jones-
.A/ listin# a set o" considerations to s!o t!at a 'rescribed treat&ent t!at see&s
to be bene"itin# a 'atient in "act !ar&s t!at 'atient
.1/ describin# t!e a''lication o" t!e tec!nolo#, disc%ssed b, 3r. Jones as one
ste' t!at initiates a 'rocess t!at leads to an %ndesirable end
.C/ citin# evidence t!at 3r. Jones lacks t!e 'ro"essional trainin# to +%d#e t!e case
at iss%e
.3/ invokin# &edical statistics t!at cast do%bt on t!e 're&ises %sed in 3r.
Joness ar#%&ent
.E/ 'rovidin# #ro%nds "or dis&issin# 3r. Joness inter'retation o" a ke, ter& in
&edical tec!nolo#,
H. Lines can be 'arallel in a E%clidean s,ste& o" #eo&etr,. 1%t t!e non8E%clidean
s,ste& o" #eo&etr, t!at !as t!e &ost e&'irical veri"ication is re#arded b, several
'ro&inent '!,sicists as correctl, describin# t!e %niverse e in!abit. I" t!ese
'!,sicists are ri#!t9 in o%r %niverse t!ere are no 'arallel lines.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion t!at is re0%ired b, t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!ere are no 'arallel lines in t!e non8E%clidean s,ste& o" #eo&etr, t!at !as
GMAT & LSAT CR B<A
t!e &ost e&'irical veri"ication.
.1/ Most '!,sicists !ave not do%bted t!e vie t!at t!e %niverse is correctl,
described b, t!e non8E%clidean s,ste& o" #eo&etr, t!at !as t!e &ost
e&'irical veri"ication.
.C/ T!ere are no 'arallel lines in ever, non8E%clidean s,ste& o" #eo&etr, t!at
!as an, e&'irical veri"ication.
.3/ T!e %niverse is correctl, described b, t!e non8E%clidean s,ste& o" #eo&etr,
t!at !as t!e &ost e&'irical veri"ication i" 'ro&inent '!,sicists &aintain t!at
it is.
.E/ 7nl, '!,sicists !o are not 'ro&inent do%bt t!e vie t!at t!e %niverse is
correctl, described t!e non8E%clidean s,ste& o" #eo&etr, t!at !as t!e &ost
e&'irical veri"ication.
1I. F!iloso'!er: Feo'le are not intellect%all, ell s%ited to live in lar#e9 b%rea%cratic
societies. T!ere"ore9 'eo'le can "ind !a''iness9 i" at all9 onl, in s&aller 'olitical
%nits s%c! as villa#es.
T!e reasonin# in t!e '!iloso'!ers ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
takes "or #ranted t!at
.A/ no one can ever be !a'', livin# in a societ, in !ic! s!e or !e is not
intellect%all, ell s%ited to live
.1/ t!e 'ri&ar, '%r'ose o" s&all 'olitical %nits s%c! as villa#es is to &ake
'eo'le !a'',
.C/ all societies t!at are 'la#%ed b, e(cessive b%rea%crac, are lar#e
.3/ an,one !o lives in a villa#e or ot!er s&all 'olitical %nit t!at is not
e(cessivel, b%rea%cratic can "ind !a''iness
.E/ ever,one is illin# to live in villa#es or ot!er s&all 'olitical %nits
11. T!e 'resent #oal o" t!e "ield o" &edicine see&s to be to e(tend li"e inde"initel,.
Increasin#l,9 t!e abilit, to trans'lant s%c! or#ans as !earts9 l%n#s9 livers9 and
kidne,s ill allo %s to live lon#er. 1%t e can never ac!ieve brain trans'lants.
T!ere are9 "or a start9 ten &illion nerves r%nnin# "ro& t!e brain don t!e neck9
not to &ention t!e &illions +oinin# t!e brain to t!e sensin# or#ans. Clearl,9 t!en9
as t!e trans'lantation o" or#ans allos &ore and &ore 'eo'le to live lon#er9 t!ose
it! de#enerative brain disorders ill "or& an ever8increasin# 'ro'ortion o" t!e
'o'%lation.
T!e ar#%&ent above is based on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions-
.A/ 3e#enerative brain disorders ill increasin#l, strike ,o%n#er and ,o%n#er
'atients.
.1/ It is still 0%ite rare "or 'eo'le to live lon# eno%#! to need &ore t!an one
trans'lant o" an, #ive or#an.
.C/ T!ere are de#enerative brain disorders t!at ill not be c%rable it!o%t brain
trans'lants.
GMAT & LSAT CR B<B
.3/ 3e#enerative brain disorders acco%nt "or a ver, s&all 'ro'ortion o" deat!s in
t!e 'o'%lation at lar#e.
.E/ More is bein# s'ent on researc! into de#enerative brain disorders t!an on
researc! into trans'lantation.
15. Folitician: M, o''onents ar#%e t!at t!e "%t%re o" o%r cit, de'ends on co&'ro&ise
Kt!at %nless t!e cit,s leaders '%t aside t!eir di""erences and ork to#et!er
toard co&&on #oals9 t!e cit, ill s%""er. :oever9 t!e "o%nders o" t!is cit,
based t!e cit,s c!arter on de"inite 'rinci'les9 and an,one !o co&'ro&ises
t!ose 'rinci'les betra,s t!e cit, "o%nders #oals. 6!at an, o''onents are
advocatin#9 t!ere"ore9 is not!in# less t!an betra,in# t!e #oals o" t!e cit,s
"o%nders.
Critic: I& a"raid ,o%r ar#%&ent is "laed. =nless ,o%re ass%&in# t!at t!e
di""erences a&on# t!e cit,s leaders are di""erences o" 'rinci'le9 ,o%r ar#%&ent
de'ends on a &isleadin# %se o" t!e ter&;;;;;;.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rovides t!e &ost lo#ical co&'letion o" t!e critics
state&ent-
.A/ betra,
.1/ co&&on
.C/ co&'ro&ise
.3/ 'rinci'les
.E/ o''onents
1<. T!o%#! &an, insects die soon a"ter re'rod%cin# "or t!e "irst ti&e9 so&e &a, live
"or ,ears a"ter t!e s%rvival o" t!e ne(t #eneration !as been sec%red. A&on# t!e
latter are so&e insects t!at ork "or t!e bene"it o" t!e ecos,ste&K"or e(a&'le9
bees.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can be 'ro'erl, in"erred "ro& t!e in"or&ation
above-
.A/ S%rvival o" t!e s'ecies9 rat!er t!an o" t!e individ%al9 is t!e #oal o" &ost
insect 'o'%lations.
.1/ Insects t!at do not 'la, a vital role in t!e ecos,ste& are &ore likel, to dies
a"ter re'rod%cin# "or t!e "irst ti&e.
.C/ Most bees live ell be,ond t!e onset o" t!e #eneration t!at "ollos t!e&.
.3/ T!ose bees t!at re'rod%ce do not ala,s die soon a"ter re'rod%cin# "or t!e
"irst ti&e.
.E/ Most insects are !atc!ed sel"8s%""icient and do not need to be cared "or b,
ad%lt insects.
1C. Feo'les 'olitical be!avior "re0%entl, does not &atc! t!eir r!etoric. Alt!o%#!
&an, co&'lain abo%t #overn&ent intervention in t!eir lives9 t!e, tend not to
reelect inactive 'oliticians. 1%t a 'oliticians activit, consists lar#el, in t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR B<H
'assa#e o" las !ose en"orce&ent a""ects voters lives. T!%s9 voters o"ten
reelect 'oliticians !ose be!avior t!e, resent.
ar#%&ent b, t!e clai& t!at 'eo'le tend not to reelect inactive 'oliticians-
.A/ It describes a '!eno&enon "or !ic! t!e ar#%&ents concl%sion is o""ered as
an e('lanation.
.1/ It is a 're&ise o""ered in s%''ort o" t!e concl%sion t!at voters o"ten reelect
'oliticians !ose be!avior t!e, resent.
.C/ It is o""ered as an e(a&'le o" !o a 'oliticians activit, consists lar#el, in
t!e 'assa#e o" las !ose en"orce&ent inter"eres it! voters lives.
.3/ It is a #enerali)ation based on t!e clai& t!at 'eo'le co&'lain abo%t
#overn&ent intervention in t!eir lives.
.E/ It is cited as evidence t!at 'eo'les be!avior never &atc!es t!eir 'olitical
belie"s.
1@. Lea: Conte&'orar, art !as beco&e bi# b%siness. 2oada,s art !as less to do it!
sel"8e('ression t!an it! &akin# &one,. T!e ork o" conte&'orar, artists is
%tterl, bere"t o" s'ontaneit, and creativit,9 as a visit to an, art #aller,
de&onstrates.
S%san: I disa#ree. 7ne can still "ind s'ontaneo%s9 innovative ne artork in
&ost o" t!e s&aller9 inde'endent #alleries.
Leas and S%sans re&arks 'rovide t!e &ost s%''ort "or !oldin# t!at t!e,
disa#ree abo%t !et!er
.A/ lar#e #alleries contain creative artork
.1/ &ost #alleries contain so&e artork t!at lacks s'ontaneit, and creativit,
.C/ conte&'orar, art !as beco&e bi# b%siness
.3/ so&e s&aller art #alleries still e(!ibit creative ne artork
.E/ conte&'orar, art9 in #eneral9 is &%c! less concerned it! sel"8e('ression
t!an older art is
1G. Et!icist: In a recent +%dicial decision9 a contractor as ordered to &ake restit%tion
to a co&'an, beca%se o" a b%n#led constr%ction +ob9 even t!o%#! t!e co&'an,
!ad si#ned a ritten a#ree&ent 'rior to enterin# into t!e contract t!at t!e
contractor o%ld not be "inanciall, liable s!o%ld t!e task not be ade0%atel,
'er"or&ed. T!%s9 it as &orall, ron# "or t!e co&'an, to c!an#e its &ind and
seek restit%tion.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 &ost !el's to +%sti", t!e et!icists
reasonin#-
.A/ It is &orall, ron# "or one 'art, not to abide b, its 'art o" an a#ree&ent
onl, i" t!e ot!er 'art, abides b, its 'art o" t!e a#ree&ent.
.1/ It is &orall, ron# to seek a 'enalt, "or an action "or !ic! t!e a#ent is
GMAT & LSAT CR BCI
%nable to &ake restit%tion.
.C/ It is &orall, ron# "or one 'erson to seek to 'enali)e anot!er 'erson "or an
action t!at t!e "irst 'erson ind%ced t!e ot!er 'erson to 'er"or&.
.3/ It is &orall, ron# to i#nore t!e ter&s o" an a#ree&ent t!at as "reel,
%ndertaken onl, i" t!ere is clear evidence t!at t!e a#ree&ent as le#all,
'er&issible.
.E/ It is &orall, ron# to seek co&'ensation "or an action 'er"or&ed in t!e
conte(t o" a 'ro&ise to "or#o s%c! co&'ensation.
1A. Qoolo#ist: Ani&als can certainl, si#nal eac! ot!er it! so%nds and #est%res.
:oever9 t!is does not con"ir& t!e t!esis t!at ani&als 'ossess lan#%a#e9 "or it
does not 'rove t!at ani&als 'ossess t!e abilit, to %se so%nds or #est%res to re"er
to concrete ob+ects or abstract ideas.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion on !ic! t!e )oolo#ists ar#%&ent
de'ends-
.A/ Ani&als do not !ave t!e co#nitive ca'abilities to entertain abstract ideas.
.1/ I" an ani&als s,ste& o" so%nds or #est%res is not a lan#%a#e9 t!en t!at
ani&al is %nable to entertain abstract ideas.
.C/ 6!en si#nalin# eac! ot!er it! so%nds o" #est%res9 ani&als re"er neit!er to
concrete ob+ects nor abstract ideas.
.3/ I" a s,ste& o" so%nds or #est%res contains no e('ressions re"errin# to
concrete ob+ects or abstract ideas9 t!en t!at s,ste& is not a lan#%a#e.
.E/ So&e ani&als t!at 'ossess a lan#%a#e can re"er to bot! concrete ob+ects and
abstract ideas.
1B. A 'erson is &ore likel, to beco&e disabled as t!at 'erson a#es. A&on# ad%lts in
t!e co%ntr, o" East 6endell9 !oever9 t!e 'ro'ortion receivin# disabilit, bene"it
'a,&ents s!rinks "ro& C 'ercent a&on# @@ to GC ,ear olds to 5 'ercent "or t!ose
a#ed G@ to AC and 1 'ercent "or t!ose a#ed A@ and older. T!e e('lanation o" t!is
discre'anc, is t!at t!e 'ro'ortion o" +obs o""erin# s%c! a disabilit, bene"it !as
#reatl, increased in recent ,ears.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e abo%t East 6endell9 s!os t!at t!e
e('lanation above is at best inco&'lete-
.A/ T!e treat&ent o" nel, inc%rred disabilities is &ore s%ccess"%l no t!an in
t!e 'ast in restorin# 'artial "%nction in t!e a""ected area it!in si( &ont!s.
.1/ So&e 'eo'le receive disabilit, bene"it 'a,&ents %nder e&'lo,ers ins%rance
'lans9 and so&e receive t!e& "ro& t!e #overn&ent.
.C/ Medical advances !ave 'rolon#ed t!e avera#e li"es'an be,ond !at it as
5I ,ears a#o.
.3/ $or 'erson receivin# disabilit, bene"it 'a,&ents9 t!ose 'a,&ents on avera#e
re'resent a s&aller s!are o" t!eir 'redisabilit, inco&e no t!an as t!e
case 5I ,ears a#o.
GMAT & LSAT CR BC1
.E/ =nder &ost e&'lo,ers 'lans9 disabilit, bene"it 'a,&ents sto' !en an
e&'lo,ee it! a disabilit, reac!es t!e %s%al retire&ent a#e o" G@.
1H. Li#!t is re#istered in t!e retina !en '!otons !it &olec%les o" t!e 'i#&ent
r!odo'sin and c!an#e t!e &olec%les s!a'e. Even !en t!e, !ave not been str%ck
b, '!otons o" li#!t9 r!odo'sin &olec%les so&eti&es c!an#e s!a'e beca%se o"
nor&al &olec%lar &otion9 t!ereb, introd%cin# error into t!e vis%al s,ste&. T!e
a&o%nt o" t!is &olec%lar &otion is directl, 'ro'ortional to t!e te&'erat%re o" t!e
retina.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# concl%sion is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e
in"or&ation above-
.A/ T!e te&'erat%re o" an ani&als retina de'ends on t!e a&o%nt o" li#!t t!e
retina is absorbin#.
.1/ T!e vis%al s,ste&s o" ani&als !ose bo, te&'erat%re &atc!es t!at o" t!eir
s%rro%ndin#s are &ore error8'rone in !ot s%rro%ndin#s t!an in cold ones.
.C/ As t!e te&'erat%re o" t!e retina rises9 r!odo'sin &olec%les react &ore slol,
to bein# str%ck b, '!otons.
.3/ R!odo'sin &olec%les are &ore sensitive to '!otons in ani&als !ose retinas
!ave lar#e s%r"ace areas t!an in ani&als !ose retinas !ave s&all s%r"ace
areas.
.E/ Molec%les o" r!odo'sin are t!e onl, 'i#&ent &olec%les t!at occ%r nat%rall,
in t!e retina.
5I. Critic: Folitical %tilit, deter&ines t!e 'o'%larit, o" a &eta'!or. In a%t!oritarian
societies9 t!e &eta'!or o" societ, as a !%&an bod, #overned b, a !ead is
'ervasive. T!ere"ore9 t!e societ,8as8bod, &eta'!or9 it! its connection beteen
societ,s 'ro'er "%nctionin# and #overnance b, a !ead9 'ro&otes #reater
acce'tance o" a%t!oritarian re'ression t!an do ot!er &eta'!ors9 s%c! as likenin#
societ, to a "a&il,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 &ost eakens t!e critics
ar#%&ent-
.A/ In a%t!oritarian societies9 t!e &eta'!or o" societ, as a "a&il, is +%st as
'ervasive as t!e societ,8as8bod, &eta'!or.
.1/ Ever, societ, tries to +%sti", t!e le#iti&ac, o" its #overn&ent t!ro%#! t!e %se
o" &eta'!or.
.C/ T!e &eta'!or o" societ, as a !%&an bod, is so&eti&es %sed in
nona%t!oritarian societies.
.3/ A%t!oritarian leaders are ala,s searc!in# "or ne &eta'!ors "or societ, in
t!eir e""ort to &aintain t!eir 'oer.
.E/ T!e &eta'!or o" societ, as a !%&an bod, #overned b, !ead is rarel, %sed in
liberal de&ocracies.
51. T!irt, ,ears a#o9 t!e 'ercenta#e o" t!eir inco&e t!at sin#le 'ersons s'ent on "ood
GMAT & LSAT CR BC5
as tice !at it is toda,. Given t!at inco&es !ave risen over t!e 'ast t!irt,
,ears9 e can concl%de t!at inco&es !ave risen at a #reater rate t!an t!e 'rice o"
"ood in t!at 'eriod.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" ass%&ed9 !el's &ost to +%sti", t!e concl%sion
dran above-
.A/ T!e a&o%nt o" "ood eaten 'er ca'ita toda, is identical to t!e a&o%nt o" "ood
eaten 'er ca'ita t!irt, ,ears a#o.
.1/ In #eneral9 sin#le 'ersons toda, eat !ealt!ier "oods and eat less t!an t!eir
co%nter'arts o" t!irt, ,ears a#o.
.C/ Sin#le 'ersons toda,9 on avera#e9 '%rc!ase t!e sa&e kinds o" "ood ite&s in
t!e sa&e 0%antities as t!e, did t!irt, ,ears a#o.
.3/ T!e 'rices o" non"ood ite&s sin#le 'erson '%rc!ase !ave risen "aster t!an t!e
'rice o" "ood over t!e 'ast t!irt, ,ears.
.E/ =nlike sin#le 'ersons9 "a&ilies toda, s'end abo%t t!e sa&e 'ercenta#e o"
t!eir inco&e on "ood as t!e, did t!irt, ,ears a#o.
55. 4ir%ses can !ave bene"icial e""ects. $or e(a&'le9 so&e kill &ore co&'le(
&icroor#anis&s9 so&e o" !ic! are deadl, to !%&ans. 1%t vir%ses !ave s%c!
si&'le str%ct%res t!at re'lacin# +%st a "e o" a bene"icial vir%ss several &illion
ato&s can &ake it deadl, to !%&ans. Clearl,9 since alterations o" #reater
co&'le(it, t!an t!is are co&&onl, 'rod%ce b, rando& &%tations9 an, vir%s
co%ld easil, beco&e dan#ero%s to !%&ans.
I" t!e state&ents above are tr%e9 t!en eac! o" t!e "olloin# state&ents co%ld also
be tr%e EECEFT:
.A/ Rando& &%tation &akes so&e deadl, vir%ses bene"icial to !%&ans.
.1/ So&e or#anis&s o" #reater co&'le(it, t!an vir%ses are no &ore likel, t!an
vir%ses to %nder#o si#ni"icant alterations t!ro%#! rando& &%tation.
.C/ So&e &icroor#anis&s t!at are &ore co&'le( t!an vir%ses are bene"icial to
!%&ans.
.3/ So&e vir%ses t!at "ail to kill ot!er vir%ses t!at are deadl, to !%&ans are
nevert!eless bene"icial to !%&ans.
.E/ 2o vir%s t!at is deadl, to or#anis&s o" #reater co&'le(it, t!an itsel" is
bene"icial to !%&ans.
5<. Societies in !ic! val%e is &eas%red 'ri&aril, in "inancial ter&s invariabl,
"ra#&ent into isolated social %nits. 1%t since &one, is not t!e &ain &eas%re o"
val%e in nonind%strial societies9 t!e, &%st tend in contrast to be sociall, %ni"ied.
T!e "laed reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is &ost si&ilar to t!at in t!e
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ Ani&als o" di""erent #enera cannot interbreed. 1%t t!at does not 'rove t!at
+ackals and olves cannot interbreed9 "or t!e, belon# to t!e sa&e #en%s.
.1/ Ecos,ste&s close to t!e e0%ator %s%all, !ave &ore s'ecies t!an t!ose closer
GMAT & LSAT CR BC<
to t!e 'oles. T!%s9 t!e Sa!ara 3esert &%st contain &ore s'ecies t!an Siberia
does9 since t!e latter is "art!er "ro& t!e e0%ator.
.C/ Insects 'ass t!ro%#! several sta#es o" &at%ration: e##9 larva9 '%'a9 and ad%lt.
Since insect are art!ro'ods9 all art!ro'ods 'robabl, %nder#o si&ilar
&at%ration 'rocesses.
.3/ Foets "re0%entl, conve, t!eir t!o%#!ts via nonliteral %ses o" lan#%a#e s%c!
as &eta'!ors and analo#ies. 1%t +o%rnalists are not 'oets9 so s%rel,
+o%rnalists ala,s %se lan#%a#e literall,.
.E/ Tec!nolo#icall, so'!isticated &ac!ines o"ten ca%se %s &ore tro%ble t!an
si&'ler devices servin# t!e sa&e "%nction. Since co&'%ters are &ore
tec!nolo#icall, so'!isticated t!an 'encils9 t!e, &%st tend to be &ore
tro%bleso&e.
5C. Rin#tail o'oss%&s are an A%stralian ildli"e s'ecies t!at is 'otentiall,
endan#ered. A n%&ber o" rin#tail o'oss%&s t!at !ad been or'!aned and
s%bse0%entl, raised in ca'tivit, ere &onitored a"ter bein# ret%rned to t!e ild.
Sevent,8"ive 'ercent o" t!ese o'oss%&s ere killed b, "o(es9 a s'ecies not native
to A%stralia. Conservationists concl%ded t!at t!e native rin#tail o'oss%&
'o'%lation as endan#ered not b, a scarcit, o" "ood9 as !ad been 'revio%sl,
t!o%#!t9 b%t b, non8native 'redator s'ecies a#ainst !ic! t!e o'oss%& !ad not
develo'ed nat%ral de"enses.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts t!e conservationists
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!ere are "eer non8native 'redator s'ecies t!at 're, on t!e rin#tail
o'oss%& t!an t!ere are native s'ecies t!at 're, on t!e rin#tail o'oss%&.
.1/ $o(es9 !ic! ere introd%ced into A%stralia over 5II ,ears a#o9 ada'ted to
t!e A%stralian cli&ate less s%ccess"%ll, t!an did so&e ot!er "orei#n s'ecies.
.C/ T!e rin#tail o'oss%&s t!at ere raised in ca'tivit, ere "ed a diet si&ilar to
t!at !ic! rin#tail o'oss%&s t,'icall, eat in t!e ild.
.3/ $e o" t!e s'ecies t!at co&'ete it! t!e rin#tail o'oss%& "or "ood so%rces
are native to A%stralia.
.E/ Rin#tail o'oss%&s t!at #ro to ad%lt!ood in t!e ild de"end t!e&selves
a#ainst "o(es no &ore s%ccess"%ll, t!an do rin#tail o'oss%&s raised in
ca'tivit,.
5@. Jordan: I" a b%siness invests t!e &one, necessar, to i&'le&ent ecolo#icall,
so%nd 'ractices9 its &arket s!are ill decrease. 1%t i" it doesnt i&'le&ent t!ese
'ractices9 it 'oll%tes t!at environ&ent and astes reso%rces.
Terr,: 1%t i" cons%&ers de&and environ&ental res'onsibilit, o" all b%sinesses9
no 'artic%lar b%siness ill be es'eciall, !%rt.
In !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# e(c!an#es is t!e lo#ical relations!i' beteen
Jordans and Terr,s state&ents &ost si&ilar to t!e lo#ical relations!i' beteen
GMAT & LSAT CR BCC
t!eir state&ents above-
.A/ Jordan: Eit!er it ill rain and o%r 'lans "or a 'icnic ill be t!arted or it
ont rain and t!e #arden ill #o ,et anot!er da, it!o%t &%c!8needed
aterin#.
Terr,: 1%t i" it doesnt rain9 e can b%, a !ose and ater t!e #arden it! t!e
!ose.
.1/ Jordan: Eac! 'erson can !ave eit!er an en+o,able li"e or a lon# li"e9 "or one
&%st eat ve#etables and e(ercise contin%o%sl, to sta, !ealt!,.
Terr,: T!ats not tr%e: t!ere are &an, !a'', !ealt!8conscio%s 'eo'le.
.C/ Jordan: I" ta(es are raised9 &an, social 'roble&s co%ld be solved9 b%t i"
t!e,re loered9 t!e econo&, ill #ro a#ain. So e cant !ave bot! social
re"or& and a #roin# econo&,.
Terr,: 1%t i" ta(es re&ain at t!eir c%rrent level9 neit!er social 'roble&s nor
t!e econo&, ill #et orse.
.3/ Jordan: I" e re&odel t!e kitc!en9 t!e !o%se ill be &ore val%able9 b%t even
i" e do9 t!eres no #%arantee t!at ell act%all, #et &ore "or t!e !o%se
!en e sell it.
Terr,: 1%t i" e dont re&odel t!e kitc!en9 e &i#!t #et even less "or t!e
!o%se t!an e 'aid "or it.
.E/ Jordan: I" t!e da&s s'illa, is o'ened9 t!e river &i#!t "lood t!e eastern 'art
o" ton9 b%t i" t!e s'illa, is not o'ened9 t!e da& &i#!t b%rst.
Terr,: T!eres no real dan#er o" t!e da&s b%rstin#9 b%t i" e #et &ore !eav,
rain9 o'enin# t!e s'illa, is t!e &ost 'r%dent 'olic,.
5G. T!e &edia no devote &ore covera#e to cri&e t!an t!e, did ten ,ears a#o. *et
t!is is not beca%se t!e cri&e rate !as increased9 b%t rat!er beca%se t!e '%blic is
no &ore interested in readin# and !earin# abo%t cri&e. A"ter all9 a cr%cial "actor
in t!e &edias decisions abo%t !at iss%es to cover and to !at e(tent to cover
t!e& is t!e interests o" t!eir a%diences.
T!e 'ro'osition t!at t!e '%blic is no &ore interested in readin# and !earin#
abo%t cri&e 'la,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# roles in t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ It s%''orts t!e concl%sion t!at t!e &edia no devote &ore covera#e to cri&e
t!an t!e cri&e rate alone +%sti"ies.
.1/ It is 'resented as evidence t!at t!e &edia decide !at to cover and to !at
e(tent to cover it de'endin# on t!e interest o" t!e '%blic.
.C/ It is a co%ntere(a&'le to t!e clai& t!at t!e &edia devote &ore covera#e to
cri&e no t!an t!e, did ten ,ears a#o.
.3/ It is a #enerali)ation based on t!e clai& t!at t!e cri&e rate !as increased over
t!e 'ast ten ,ears.
.E/ It is o""ered as an alternative e('lanation o" !, t!e &edia devote &ore
covera#e to cri&e no t!an t!e, did ten ,ears a#o.
GMAT & LSAT CR BC@
TEST Oct 2001
SECTION I
1. So&e critics ar#%e t!at an o'eras sta#e directions are never re"lected in its &%sic.
Man, co&ic scenes in Mo)arts o'eras9 !oever9 o'en it! violin '!rases t!at
so%nd like t!e s0%eakin# o" c!an#in# scener,. Clearl, Mo)art intended t!e &%sic
to ec!o t!e so%nds occ%rrin# !ile sta#e directions are carried o%t. :ence9 a
c!an#e o" scener,Kt!e &ost basic and "re0%ent sta#e directionKcan be re"lected
in t!e &%sic9 !ic! &eans t!at ot!er o'eratic sta#e directions can be as ell.
In t!e ar#%&ent9 t!e state&ent t!at &an, co&ic scenes in Mo)arts o'eras o'en
it! violin '!rases t!at so%nd like t!e s0%eakin# o" c!an#in# scener, is o""ered
in s%''ort o" t!e clai& t!at
.A/ a c!an#e o" scener, is t!e sta#e direction &ost "re0%entl, re"lected in an
o'eras &%sic
.1/ an o'eras sta#e directions are never re"lected in its &%sic
.C/ an o'eras &%sic can !ave an e""ect on t!e o'eras sta#e directions
.3/ a variet, o" sta#e directions can be re"lected in an o'eras &%sic
.E/ t!e &ost "re0%ent relation beteen an o'eras &%sic and its sta#e directions
is one o" &%sical i&itation o" t!e so%nds t!at occ%r !en a direction is
carried o%t
5. Lect%re: Given o%r c%rrent state o" knoled#e and tec!nolo#,9 e can sa, t!at
t!e #enerali)ation t!at t!e entro', o" a closed s,ste& cannot decrease "or an,
s'ontaneo%s 'rocess !as not been "alsi"ied b, an, o" o%r tests o" t!at
#enerali)ation. So e concl%de it to be tr%e %niversall,. *et9 it &%st be ad&itted
t!at t!is #enerali)ation !as not been concl%sivel, veri"ied9 in t!e sense t!at it !as
not been tested in ever, corner o" t!e %niverse9 %nder ever, "easible condition.
2evert!eless9 t!is #enerali)ation is correctl, re#arded as a scienti"ic laD indeed9
it is re"erred to as t!e Second La o" T!er&od,na&ics.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 &ost +%sti"ies t!e lect%rers
classi"ication o" t!e #enerali)ation described above-
.A/ 6!atever is a scienti"ic la !as not been "alsi"ied.
.1/ I" a #enerali)ation is con"ir&ed onl, %nder a "e circ%&stances9 it s!o%ld not
be considered a scienti"ic la.
.C/ 6!atever is tr%e %niversall, ill event%all, be con"ir&ed to t!e e(tent
c%rrent science allos.
GMAT & LSAT CR BCG
.3/ I" a #enerali)ation is con"ir&ed to t!e e(tent c%rrent science allos9 t!en it is
considered a scienti"ic la.
.E/ 6!atever is re#arded as a scienti"ic la ill event%all, be concl%sivel,
veri"ied.
<. More o&en t!an &en s%""er "ro& Al)!ei&ers diseaseKa disease t!at is &ost
co&&onl, contracted b, elderl, 'ersons. T!is discre'anc, !as o"ten been
attrib%ted to o&ens lon#er li"e s'an9 b%t !is t!eor, &a, be ron#. A recent
st%d, !as s!on t!at 'rescribin# estro#en to o&en a"ter &eno'a%se9 !en
estro#en 'rod%ction in t!e bod, decreases9 &a, 'revent t!e& "ro& develo'in# t!e
disease. Mens s%''l, o" testosterone &a, !el' sa"e#%ard t!e& a#ainst
Al)!ei&ers disease beca%se &%c! o" it is converted b, t!e bod, to estro#en9 and
testosterone levels sta, relativel, stable into old a#e.
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses t!e &ain concl%sion o" t!e
ar#%&ent-
.A/ A decrease in estro#en9 rat!er t!an lon#er li"e s'an9 &a, e('lain t!e !i#!er
occ%rrence o" Al)!ei&ers disease in o&en relative to &en.
.1/ As one #ets older9 ones c!ances o" develo'in# Al)!i&ers disease increase.
.C/ 6o&en !o #o t!ro%#! &eno'a%se earlier in li"e t!an do &ost ot!er o&en
!ave an increased risk o" contractin# Al)!ei&ers disease.
.3/ T!e conversion o" testosterone into estro#en &a, !el' sa"e#%ard &en "ro&
Al)!ei&ers disease.
.E/ Testosterone is necessar, "or 'reventin# Al)!ei&ers disease in older &en.
C. Farent F: C!ildren ill need co&'%ter skills to deal it! to&orros orld.
Co&'%ters s!o%ld be introd%ced in kinder#arten9 and co&'%ter lan#%a#es s!o%ld
be re0%ired in !i#! sc!ool.
Farent 7: T!at o%ld be 'ointless. Tec!nolo#, advances so ra'idl, t!at t!e
co&'%ters %sed b, toda,s !i#! sc!ools o%ld beco&e obsolete b, t!e ti&e
t!ese c!ildren are ad%lts.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 is t!e stron#est lo#ical co%nter 'arent F can
&ake to 'arent Ns ob+ection-
.A/ 6!en tec!nolo#, is advancin# ra'idl,9 re#%lar trainin# is necessar, to kee'
ones skills at a level 'ro"icient eno%#! to deal it! t!e societ, in !ic! one
lives.
.1/ T!ro%#!o%t !istor, 'eo'le !ave ada'ted to c!an#e9 and t!ere is no reason to
believe t!at toda,s c!ildren are not e0%all, ca'able o" ada'tin# to
tec!nolo#, as it advances.
.C/ In t!e 'rocess o" learnin# to lan#%a#e9 c!ildren increase t!eir abilit, to
interact it! co&'%ter tec!nolo#,.
.3/ A%to&otive tec!nolo#, is contin%all, advancin# too9 b%t t!at does not res%lt
in ones !avin# to relearn to drive cars as t!e ne advances are incor'orated
GMAT & LSAT CR BCA
into ne a%to&obiles.
.E/ 7nce 'eo'le !ave #rad%ated "ro& !i#! sc!ool9 t!e, !ave less ti&e to learn
abo%t co&'%ters and tec!nolo#, t!an t!e, !ad d%rin# t!eir sc!oolin# ,ears.
Questions 5-&
Fro'onent: Irradiation o" "ood b, #a&&a ra,s o%ld kee' it "ro& s'oilin# be"ore it
reac!es t!e cons%&er in "ood stores. T!e 'rocess leaves no radiation be!ind9 and
vita&in losses are co&'arable to t!ose t!at occ%r in cookin#9 so t!ere is no reason to
re+ect irradiation on t!e #ro%nds o" n%trition or sa"et,. Indeed9 it kills !ar&"%l
/al,onella bacteria9 !ic! in conta&inated 'o%ltr, !ave ca%sed serio%s illness to
cons%&ers.
7''onent: T!e irradiation 'rocess !as no e""ect on t!e bacteria t!at ca%se bot%lis&9 a
ver, serio%s "or& o" "ood 'oisonin#9 !ile t!ose t!at ca%se bad odors t!at o%ld arn
cons%&ers o" bot%lis& are killed. Moreover9 /al,onella and t!e bacteria t!at ca%se
bot%lis& can easil, be killed in 'o%ltr, b, %sin# a sa"e c!e&ical di'.
@. T!e o''onents ar#%&ent 'roceeds b,
.A/ isolatin# an a&bi#%it, in a cr%cial ter& in t!e 'ro'onents ar#%&ent
.1/ s!oin# t!at clai&s &ade in t!e 'ro'onents ar#%&ent res%lt in a sel"8
contradiction
.C/ establis!in# t!at %ndesirable conse0%ences res%lt "ro& t!e ado'tion o" eit!er
one o" to 'ro'osed re&edies
.3/ s!i"tin# 'ers'ective "ro& sa"et, it! res'ect to cons%&ers to sa"et, it!
res'ect to 'rod%cers
.E/ 'ointin# o%t an alternative a, o" obtainin# an advanta#e clai&ed b, t!e
'ro'onent it!o%t riskin# a 'artic%lar disadvanta#e
G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# co%ld t!e o''onent 'ro'erl, cite as indicatin# a "la
in t!e 'ro'onents reasonin# concernin# vita&in losses-
.A/ A"ter irradiation9 "ood &i#!t still s'oil i" ke't in stora#e "or a lon# ti&e a"ter
bein# '%rc!ased b, t!e cons%&er.
.1/ Irradiated "ood o%ld still need cookin#9 or9 i" eaten ra9 it o%ld not !ave
t!e vita&in advanta#e o" ra "ood.
.C/ 4ita&in loss is a se'arate iss%e "ro& sa"et,.
.3/ 4ita&ins can be in#ested in 'ill "or& as ell as in "oods.
.E/ T!at "ood does not s'oil be"ore it can be o""ered to t!e cons%&er is 'ri&aril,
a bene"it to t!e seller9 not to t!e cons%&er.
A. 3%e to ider co&&ercial availabilit, o" a%dio recordin#s o" a%t!ors readin# t!eir
on books9 sales o" 'rinted books !ave dro''ed si#ni"icantl,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# con"or&s &ost closel, to t!e 'rinci'le ill%strated
above-
GMAT & LSAT CR BCB
.A/ 1eca%se o" t!e risin# cost o" "ar& labor9 "ar&ers be#an to &ake &ore
e(tensive %se o" &ac!ines.
.1/ 1eca%se o" t!e ide variet, o" ne co&'%ter #a&es on t!e &arket9 sales o"
!i#!80%alit, co&'%ter video screens !ave i&'roved.
.C/ 1eca%se a ne brand o" so"t drink entered t!e &arket9 cons%&ers red%ced
t!eir cons%&'tion o" an establis!ed brand o" so"t drink.
.3/ 1eca%se a c!ild as "orbidden to 'la, %ntil !o&eork as co&'leted9 t!at
c!ild did &%c! less da,drea&in# and "oc%sed on !o&eork.
.E/ 1eca%se neit!er o" t!e to leadin# ord 'rocessin# 'ro#ra&s !as all o" t!e
"eat%res cons%&ers ant9 neit!er !as been able to do&inate t!e &arket.
B. Lobsters and ot!er cr%staceans eaten b, !%&ans are &ore likel, to contract #ill
diseases !en sea#e conta&inates t!eir ater. =nder a recent 'ro'osal9 &illions
o" #allons o" local sea#e eac! da, o%ld be rero%ted &an, kilo&eters o""s!ore.
Alt!o%#! t!is o%ld s%bstantiall, red%ce t!e a&o%nt o" sea#e in t!e !arbor
!ere lobsters are ca%#!t9 t!e 'ro'osal is 'ointless9 beca%se !ardl, an, lobsters
live lon# eno%#! to be !ar&ed b, t!ose diseases.
.A/ Conta&inants in t!e !arbor ot!er t!an sea#e are e0%all, !ar&"%l to
lobsters.
.1/ Lobsters9 like ot!er cr%staceans9 live lon#er in t!e o'en ocean t!an in
ind%strial !arbors.
.C/ Lobsters breed as readil, in sea#e8conta&inated ater as in %n'oll%ted
ater.
.3/ Gill diseases cannot be detected b, e(a&inin# t!e s%r"ace o" t!e lobster.
.E/ :%&ans o"ten ill as a res%lt o" eatin# lobsters it! #ill diseases.
H. Researc!er: T!e rate o" 's,c!olo#ical 'roble&s is !i#!er a&on# c!ildren o"
divorced 'arents t!an a&on# ot!er c!ildren. 1%t it o%ld be a &istake to
concl%de t!at t!ese 'roble&s are ca%sed b, t!e di""ic%lt, t!e c!ildren !ave
ad+%stin# to divorce. It is +%st as reasonable to in"er t!at certain be!aviors t!at
increase t!e likeli!ood o" divorceK!ostilit,9 distr%st9 lack o" e&'at!,Kare
learned b, c!ildren "ro& t!eir 'arents9 and t!at it is t!ese learned be!aviors9
rat!er t!an t!e di""ic%lt, o" ad+%stin# to divorce9 t!at ca%se t!e c!ildrens
's,c!olo#ical 'roble&s.
T!e assertion t!at c!ildren o" divorced 'arents !ave a !i#!er rate o"
's,c!olo#ical 'roble&s t!an ot!er c!ildren "i#%res in t!e ar#%&ent in !ic! one
o" t!e "olloin# a,s-
.A/ It is t!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent.
.1/ It is t!e clai& t!at t!e ar#%&ent tries to re"%te.
.C/ It is o""ered as evidence "or t!e clai& t!at divorce is !ar&"%l to t!e c!ildren
o" t!e divorcin# 'arents.
GMAT & LSAT CR BCH
.3/ It is o""ered as evidence "or t!e clai& t!at certain be!aviors are o"ten
res'onsible "or divorce.
.E/ It is cited as an establis!ed "indin# "or !ic! t!e ar#%&ent 'ro'oses an
e('lanation.
1I. Alt!o%#! &arat!ons are 5G.5 &iles .C5.5 kilo&eters/ lon# and take even orld8
class &arat!oners over 5 !o%rs to r%n9 at!letes !o train b, r%nnin# HI &in%tes a
da, "are better in &arat!ons t!an do t!ose !o train b, r%nnin# 15I &in%tes or
&ore a da,.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 contrib%tes to an e('lanation o" t!e di""erence in
&arat!on 'er"or&ances described above EECEFT:
.A/ T!e lon#er t!e 'eriod o" ti&e t!at one r%ns dail,9 t!e #reater t!e c!ances o"
s%""erin# adverse !ealt! e""ects d%e to air 'oll%tion.
.1/ T!e lon#er t!e 'eriod o" ti&e t!at one r%ns dail,9 t!e easier it is to ad+%st to
di""erent race len#t!s.
.C/ T!e lon#er t!e r%n9 t!e &ore "re0%ent is t!e occ%rrence o" +oint in+%ries t!at
si#ni"icantl, inter"ere it! overall trainin#.
.3/ R%nners !o train over HI &in%tes 'er da, #ro bored it! r%nnin# and
beco&e less &otivated.
.E/ R%nners !o train over HI &in%tes 'er da, de'lete certain bioc!e&ical
ener#, reserves9 leavin# t!e& less ener#, "or &arat!ons.
11. Lin#%ist: So&e 'eo'le !ave %nderstood certain st%dies as s!oin# t!at bilin#%al
c!ildren !ave a red%ced >conce't%al &a'? beca%se bilin#%alis& overstresses t!e
c!ilds lin#%istic ca'acities. 4ocab%lar, tests taken b, bilin#%al c!ildren a''ear to
s!o t!at t!ese c!ildren tend to !ave a s&aller vocab%lar, t!an do &ost c!ildren
o" t!e sa&e a#e #ro%'. 1%t t!ese st%dies are dee'l, "laed9 since t!e tests ere
#iven in onl, one lan#%a#e. 3%al8lan#%a#e tests revealed t!at t!e c!ildren o"ten
e('ressed a #iven conce't it! a ord "ro& onl, one o" t!eir to lan#%a#es.
T!e lin#%ists ar#%&ent 'roceeds b,
.A/ o""erin# evidence "or t!e advanta#es o" bilin#%alis& over &onolin#%alis&
.1/ 'ointin# o%t an inconsistenc, in t!e vie t!at bilin#%alis& overstresses a
c!ilds lin#%istic ca'abilities
.C/ o""erin# evidence t!at %nder&ines t!e %se o" an, vocab%lar, test to 'rovide
in"or&ation abo%t a c!ilds conce't%al &a'
.3/ 'rovidin# a di""erent e('lanation "or t!e a''arent advanta#es o" bilin#%alis&
"ro& t!e e('lanation s%##ested b, t!e res%lts o" certain st%dies
.E/ 'ointin# o%t a &et!odolo#ical error in t!e tec!ni0%e %sed to obtain t!e
'%r'orted evidence o" a 'roble& it! bilin#%alis&
15. Gene s'licin# can #ive rise to ne varieties o" "ar& ani&als t!at !ave onl, a
'artiall, %nderstood #enetic &ake%'. In addition to introd%cin# t!e #enes "or
GMAT & LSAT CR B@I
!ic!ever trait is desired9 t!e tec!ni0%e can introd%ce #enes #overnin# t!e
'rod%ction o" to(ins or carcino#ens9 and t!ese latter %ndesirable traits &i#!t not
be easil, discoverable.
.A/ All to(in 'rod%ction is #eneticall, controlled.
.1/ Gene s'licin# to 'rod%ce ne varieties o" "ar& ani&als s!o%ld be %sed
ca%tio%sl,.
.C/ Gene s'licin# is not e""ective as a a, o" 'rod%cin# ne varieties o" "ar&
ani&als.
.3/ Most ne varieties o" "ar& ani&als 'rod%ced b, #ene s'licin# ill develo'
cancer.
.E/ Gene s'licin# ill advance to t!e 'oint !ere %n"oreseen conse0%ences are
no lon#er a 'roble&.
1<. Jo%rnal: In several 's,c!olo#ical st%dies9 s%b+ects ere #iven state&ents to read
t!at ca%sed t!e& to "or& ne belie"s. Later9 t!e s%b+ects ere told t!at t!e
ori#inal state&ents ere "alse. T!e st%dies re'ort9 !oever9 t!at &ost s%b+ects
'ersevered in t!eir nel, ac0%ired belie"s9 even a"ter bein# told t!at t!e ori#inal
state&ents ere "alse. T!is stron#l, s%##ests t!at !%&ans contin%e to !old onto
ac0%ired belie"s even in t!e absence o" an, credible evidence to s%''ort t!e&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost %nder&ines t!e +o%rnals ar#%&ent-
.A/ Re#ardless o" t!e tr%t! o" !at t!e s%b+ects ere later told9 t!e belie"s based
on t!e ori#inal state&ents ere9 "or t!e &ost 'art9 correct.
.1/ It is %nrealistic to e('ect 'eo'le to kee' track o" t!e ori#inal basis o" t!eir
belie"s9 and to revise a belie" !en its ori#inal basis is %nderc%t.
.C/ T!e state&ents ori#inall, #iven to t!e s%b+ects o%ld be !i#!l, &isleadin#
even i" tr%e.
.3/ Most o" t!e s%b+ects !ad ac0%ired con"ir&ation o" t!eir nel, ac0%ired
belie"s b, t!e ti&e t!e, ere told t!at t!e ori#inal state&ents ere "alse.
.E/ Most o" t!e s%b+ects ere initiall, ske'tical o" t!e state&ents ori#inall, #iven
to t!e&.
1C. 2ovelists cannot beco&e #reat as lon# as t!e, re&ain in acade&ia. Foers o"
observation and anal,sis9 !ic! sc!ools s%ccess"%ll, !one9 are %se"%l to t!e
novelist9 b%t an int%itive #ras' o" t!e e&otions o" ever,da, li"e can be obtained
onl, b, t!e kind o" i&&ersion in ever,da, li"e t!at is 'recl%ded b, bein# an
acade&ic.
.A/ 2ovelists re0%ire so&e i&'artialit, to #et an int%itive #ras' o" t!e e&otions
o" ever,da, li"e.
.1/ 2o #reat novelist lacks 'oers o" observation and anal,sis.
GMAT & LSAT CR B@1
.C/ Fartici'ation in li"e9 inters'ersed it! i&'artial observation o" li"e9 &akes
novelists #reat.
.3/ 2ovelists cannot be #reat it!o%t an int%itive #ras' o" t!e e&otions o"
ever,da, li"e.
.E/ Mnoled#e o" t!e e&otions o" ever,da, li"e cannot be ac0%ired b, &erel,
observin# and anal,)in# li"e.
1@. Statistician: A "inancial &a#a)ine clai&ed t!at its s%rve, o" its s%bscribers
s!oed t!at 2ort! A&ericans are &ore concerned abo%t t!eir 'ersonal "inances
t!an abo%t 'olitics. 7ne 0%estion as: >6!ic! do ,o% t!ink abo%t &ore: 'olitics
or t!e +o, o" earnin# &one,-? T!is 0%estion is clearl, biased. Also9 t!e readers o"
t!e &a#a)ine are a sel"8selectin# sa&'le. T!%s9 t!ere is reason to be ske'tical
abo%t t!e concl%sion dran in t!e &a#a)ines s%rve,.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 o%ld stren#t!en t!e statisticians ar#%&ent
EECEFT:
.A/ T!e credibilit, o" t!e &a#a)ine !as been called into 0%estion on a n%&ber o"
occasions.
.1/ T!e concl%sions dran in &ost &a#a)ine s%rve,s !ave event%all, been
dis'roved.
.C/ 7t!er s%rve,s s%##est t!at 2ort! A&ericans are +%st as concerned abo%t
'olitics as t!e, are abo%t "inances.
.3/ T!ere is reason to be ske'tical abo%t t!e res%lts o" s%rve,s t!at are biased
and %nre'resentative.
.E/ 7t!er s%rve,s s%##est t!at 2ort! A&ericans are concerned not onl, it!
'olitics and "inances9 b%t also it! social iss%es.
Questions 1&-1'
7n t!e basis o" t!e available evidence9 Antarctica !as #enerall, been t!o%#!t to !ave
been covered b, ice "or at least t!e 'ast 1C &illion ,ears. Recentl,9 !oever9 t!ree8
&illion8,ear8old "ossils o" a kind 'revio%sl, "o%nd onl, in ocean8"loor sedi&ents ere
discovered %nder t!e ice s!eet coverin# central Antarctica. Abo%t t!ree &illion ,ears
a#o9 t!ere"ore9 t!e Antarctic ice s!eet &%st te&'oraril, !ave &elted. A"ter all9 eit!er
severe cli&atic ar&in# or volcanic activit, in Antarcticas &o%ntains co%ld !ave
&elted t!e ice s!eet9 t!%s raisin# sea levels and s%b&er#in# t!e continent.
1G. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is t!e &ain concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Antarctica is no lon#er #enerall, t!o%#!t to !ave been covered b, ice "or t!e
'ast 1C &illion ,ears.
.1/ It is not t!e case t!at ancient "ossils o" t!e kind recentl, "o%nd in Antarctica
are "o%nd onl, in ocean8"loor sedi&ents.
.C/ T!e ice s!eet coverin# Antarctica !as not been contin%o%sl, 'resent
t!ro%#!o%t t!e 'ast 1C &illion ,ears.
GMAT & LSAT CR B@5
.3/ 6!at ca%sed Antarctica to be s%b&er#ed %nder t!e sea as t!e &eltin# o" t!e
ice s!eet t!at !ad 'revio%sl, covered t!e continent.
.E/ T!e ice s!eet coverin# Antarctica as &elted eit!er as a res%lt o" volcanic
activit, in Antarcticas &o%ntains or as a res%lt o" severe cli&atic ar&in#.
1A. T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent is &ost v%lnerable to !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
criticis&s-
.A/ T!at a #iven 'osition is idel, believed to be tr%e is taken to s!o t!at t!e
'osition in 0%estion &%st9 in "act9 be tr%e.
.1/ T!at eit!er o" to t!in#s co%ld inde'endentl, !ave 'rod%ced a #iven e""ect is
taken to s!o t!at t!ose to t!in#s co%ld not !ave o'erated in con+%nction
to 'rod%ce t!at e""ect.
.C/ Establis!in# t!at a certain event occ%rred is con"%sed it! !avin# establis!ed
t!e ca%se o" t!at event.
.3/ A clai& t!at !as a ver, #eneral a''lication is based entirel, on evidence
"ro& a narrol, restricted ran#e o" cases.
.E/ An inconsistenc, t!at9 as 'resented9 !as &ore t!an one 'ossible resol%tion is
treated as t!o%#! onl, one resol%tion is 'ossible.
1B. T!e c%rrent 'attern o" !%&an cons%&'tion o" reso%rces9 in !ic! e rel, on
nonreneable reso%rces9 "or e(a&'le &etal ore9 &%st event%all, c!an#e. Since
t!ere is onl, so &%c! &etal ore available9 %lti&atel, e &%st eit!er do it!o%t or
t%rn to reneable reso%rces to take its 'lace.
.A/ T!ere are reneable reso%rce re'lace&ents "or all o" t!e nonreneable
reso%rces c%rrentl, bein# cons%&ed.
.1/ 6e cannot inde"initel, re'lace e(!a%sted nonreneable reso%rces it! ot!er
nonreneable reso%rces.
.C/ A reneable reso%rce cannot be e(!a%sted b, !%&an cons%&'tion.
.3/ Cons%&'tion o" nonreneable reso%rces ill not contin%e to increase in t!e
"%t%re.
.E/ =lti&atel, e cannot do it!o%t nonreneable reso%rces.
1H. Lat!,ris&9 a debilitatin# ne%rolo#ical disorder ca%sed b, t!e cons%&'tion o" t!e
le#%&e )athyrus sati4us9 is ides'read a&on# t!e do&estic ani&als o" so&e
co%ntries. Atte&'ts to %se rats to st%d, Lat!,ris& !ave #enerall, "ailed. Rats t!at
in#ested )athyrus sati4us did not 'rod%ce t!e s,&'to&s associated it! t!e
disorder.
above-
.A/ T!e '!,siolo#, o" rats is radicall, di""erent "ro& t!at o" do&estic ani&als.
.1/ T!e rats did not cons%&e as &%c! )athyrus sati4us as did t!e do&estic
GMAT & LSAT CR B@<
ani&als t!at contracted Lat!,ris&.
.C/ 2ot all ani&al s'ecies are e0%all, s%sce'tible to Lat!,ris&.
.3/ Most o" t!e ani&als t!at can contract Lat!,ris& are do&estic.
.E/ Laborator, conditions are not cond%cive to t!e develo'&ent o" Lat!,ris&.
5I. Col%&nist: Al&ost an,one can be an e('ert9 "or t!ere are no o""icial #%idelines
deter&inin# !at an e('ert &%st kno. An,bod, !o &ana#es to convince so&e
'eo'le o" !is or !er 0%ali"ications in an areaK!atever t!ose &a, beKis an
e('ert.
T!e col%&nists concl%sion "ollos lo#icall, i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is
ass%&ed-
.A/ Al&ost an,one can convince so&e 'eo'le o" !is or !er 0%ali"ications in so&e
area.
.1/ So&e e('erts convince ever,one o" t!eir 0%ali"ication in al&ost ever, area.
.C/ Convincin# certain 'eo'le t!at one is 0%ali"ied in an area re0%ires t!at one
act%all, be 0%ali"ied in t!at area.
.3/ Ever, e('ert !as convinced so&e 'eo'le o" !is or !er 0%ali"ications in so&e
area.
.E/ So&e 'eo'le &ana#e to convince al&ost ever,one o" t!eir 0%ali"ications in
one or &ore areas.
51. A 'atient co&'lained o" "eelin# constantl, "ati#%ed. It as deter&ined t!at t!e
'atient avera#ed onl, "o%r to si( !o%rs o" slee' 'er ni#!t9 and t!is as deter&ined
to contrib%te to t!e 'atients condition. :oever9 t!e 'atient as not advised to
slee' &ore.
.A/ T!e s!orter ones slee' ti&e9 t!e easier it is to aaken "ro& slee'in#.
.1/ T!e "irst to !o%rs o" slee' do t!e &ost to alleviate "ati#%e.
.C/ So&e 'eo'le re0%ire less slee' t!an t!e ei#!t !o%rs re0%ired b, t!e avera#e
'erson.
.3/ Most 'eo'le !o s%""er "ro& ni#!t&ares e('erience t!e& in t!e last !o%r o"
slee' be"ore akin#.
.E/ 6orr, abo%t satis",in# t!e need "or s%""icient slee' can &ake it &ore di""ic%lt
to slee'.
55. 2o c!ordates are trac!eo'!,tes9 and all &e&bers o" Ftero'sida are trac!eo'!,tes.
So no &e&bers o" Ftero'sida belon# to t!e "a&il, :o&inidae.
ass%&ed-
.A/ All &e&bers o" t!e "a&il, :o&inidae are trac!eo'!,tes.
GMAT & LSAT CR B@C
.1/ All &e&bers o" t!e "a&il, :o&inidae are c!ordates.
.C/ All trac!eo'!,tes are &e&bers o" Ftero'sida.
.3/ 2o &e&bers o" t!e "a&il, :o&inidae are c!ordates.
.E/ 2o c!ordates are &e&bers o" Ftero'sida.
5<. So&e statisticians clai& t!at t!e s%rest a, to increase t!e overall correctness o"
t!e total set o" ones belie"s is: never c!an#e t!at set9 e(ce't b, re+ectin# a belie"
!en #iven ade0%ate evidence a#ainst it. :oever9 i" t!is ere t!e onl, r%le one
"olloed9 t!en !enever one ere 'resented it! an, kind o" evidence9 one
o%ld !ave to eit!er re+ect so&e o" ones belie"s or else leave ones belie"s
%nc!an#ed. 1%t t!en9 over ti&e9 one co%ld onl, !ave "eer and "eer belie"s.
Since e need &an, belie"s in order to s%rvive9 t!e statisticians clai& &%st be
&istaken.
.A/ 'res%&es9 it!o%t 'rovidin# an, +%sti"ication9 t!at t!e s%rest a, o"
increasin# t!e overall correctness o" t!e total set o" ones belie"s &%st not
!inder ones abilit, to s%rvive
.1/ ne#lects t!e 'ossibilit, t!at even !ile "olloin# t!e statisticians r%le9 one
&i#!t also acce't ne belie"s !en 'resented it! so&e kinds o" evidence
.C/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at so&e lar#e sets o" belie"s are &ore correct
overall t!an are so&e s&all sets o" belie"s
.3/ takes "or #ranted t!at one s!o%ld acce't so&e belie"s related to s%rvival even
!en #iven ade0%ate evidence a#ainst t!e&
.E/ takes "or #ranted t!at t!e belie"s e need in order to !ave &an, belie"s &%st
all be correct belie"s
5C. In ever, case o" 'olitical %nrest in a certain co%ntr,9 t!e 'olice !ave discovered
t!at so&e %nknon 'erson or 'ersons or#ani)ed and "o&ented t!at %nrest.
Clearl,9 t!ere"ore9 be!ind all t!e cases o" 'olitical %nrest in t!at co%ntr, t!ere !as
been a sin#le &aster&ind !o or#ani)ed and "o&ented t!e& all.
.A/ Ever, C!ica#o driver !as a n%&ber on !is or !er license9 so t!e n%&ber on
so&e C!ica#o drivers license is t!e e(act avera#e o" t!e n%&bers on all
C!ica#o drivers licenses.
.1/ Ever, tele'!one n%&ber in 2ort! A&erica !as an area code9 so t!ere &%st be
at least as &an, area codes as tele'!one n%&bers in 2ort! A&erica.
.C/ Ever, citi)en o" Ed&onton !as a social ins%rance n%&ber9 so t!ere &%st be
one n%&ber t!at is t!e social ins%rance n%&ber "or all citi)ens o" Ed&onton.
.3/ Ever, loss o" a sin#le !air is insi#ni"icant9 so no one !o !as a "%ll !ead o"
!air at tent, ever beco&es bald.
.E/ Ever, &o&ent in 4ladi&irs li"e is "olloed b, a later &o&ent in 4ladi&irs
GMAT & LSAT CR B@@
li"e9 so 4ladi&irs li"e ill never end.
5@. A co&'an, t!at 'rod%ces &ens colo#ne !ad been advertisin# t!e 'rod%ct in
#eneral8circ%lation &a#a)ines "or several ,ears. T!en one ,ear t!e co&'an,
decided to advertise its colo#ne e(cl%sivel, in t!ose s'orts &a#a)ines it! a
'redo&inantl, &ale readers!i'. T!at ,ear t!e co&'an, sold "eer bottles o"
colo#ne t!an it !ad in an, o" t!e t!ree i&&ediatel, 'recedin# ,ears.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 best !el's to e('lain !, t!e sale o" t!e
co&'an,s colo#ne dro''ed t!at ,ear-
.A/ Television advertisin# reac!es &ore 'eo'le t!an does &a#a)ine advertisin#9
b%t t!e co&'an, never advertised its colo#ne on television beca%se o" t!e
!i#! cost.
.1/ T!e #eneral8circ%lation &a#a)ines in !ic! t!e co&'an, !ad 'laced its
advertise&ents e('erienced a lar#e rise in circ%lation recentl,.
.C/ Most &en do not ear colo#ne on a re#%lar basis.
.3/ 6o&en o"ten b%, colo#ne as #i"ts "or &ale "riends or relatives.
.E/ S%ccess"%l advertise&ents "or &ens colo#ne o"ten "eat%re ell8knon
at!letes.
5G. Mi&: T!e ra'idl, #roin# orld 'o'%lation is increasin# de&ands on "ood
'rod%cers in a,s t!at t!reaten o%r nat%ral reso%rces. 6it! &ore land needed "or
bot! "ood 'rod%ction and %rban areas9 less land ill be available "or "orests and
ildli"e !abitats.
:a&'ton: *o% are overlookin# t!e 'ro&ises o" tec!nolo#,. I a& con"ident t!at
i&'rove&ents in a#ric%lt%re ill allo %s to "eed t!e orld 'o'%lation o" ten
billion 'redicted "or 5I@I it!o%t si#ni"icantl, increasin# t!e 'ercenta#e o" t!e
orlds land no devoted to a#ric%lt%re.
Mi&s and :a&'tons state&ents &ost stron#l, s%''ort t!e clai& t!at bot! o"
t!e& o%ld a#ree it! !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ E""orts s!o%ld be taken to slo t!e rate o" !%&an 'o'%lation #rot! and to
increase t!e a&o%nt o" land co&&itted to a#ric%lt%re.
.1/ Contin%ed researc! into &ore8e""icient a#ric%lt%ral 'ractices and innovative
biotec!nolo#, ai&ed at 'rod%cin# &ore "ood on less land o%ld be
bene"icial.
.C/ A#ric%lt%ral and ilderness areas need to be 'rotected "ro& %rban
encroac!&ent b, 're'arin# %rban areas "or #reater 'o'%lation densit,.
.3/ In t!e ne(t !al" cent%r,9 !%&an 'o'%lation #rot! ill contin%e to erode
ildli"e !abitats and di&inis! "orests.
.E/ T!e !%&an diet needs to be &odi"ied in t!e ne(t !al" cent%r, beca%se o" t!e
de'letion o" o%r nat%ral reso%rces d%e to over'o'%lation.
SECTI72 I4
GMAT & LSAT CR B@G
1. T!e #ra'!ical ill%strations &at!e&atics teac!ers %se enable st%dents to learn
#eo&etr, &ore easil, b, 'rovidin# t!e& it! an int%itive %nderstandin# o"
#eo&etric conce'ts9 !ic! &akes it easier to ac0%ire t!e abilit, to &ani'%late
s,&bols "or t!e '%r'ose o" calc%lation. Ill%stratin# al#ebraic conce'ts #ra'!icall,
o%ld be e0%all, e""ective 'eda#o#icall,9 even t!o%#! t!e dee'est &at!e&atical
%nderstandin# is abstract9 not i&a#istic.
T!e state&ents above 'rovide so&e s%''ort "or eac! o" t!e "olloin# EECEFT:
.A/ Fictorial %nderstandin# is not t!e "inal sta#e o" &at!e&atical %nderstandin#.
.1/ Feo'le !o are ver, #ood at &ani'%latin# s,&bols do not necessaril, !ave
an, &at!e&atical %nderstandin#.
.C/ Ill%stratin# #eo&etric conce'ts #ra'!icall, is an e""ective teac!in# &et!od.
.3/ Ac0%irin# t!e abilit, to &ani'%late s,&bols is 'art o" t!e 'rocess o" learnin#
#eo&etr,.
.E/ T!ere are strate#ies t!at can be e""ectivel, e&'lo,ed in t!e teac!in# bot! o"
al#ebra and o" #eo&etr,.
5. 1%rea%cratic &ec!anis&s are en#ineered to resist c!an#e. T!%s9 des'ite #roin#
dissatis"action it! co&'le( b%rea%cratic s,ste&s9 it is %nlikel, t!at
b%rea%cracies ill be si&'li"ied.
T!e clai& t!at b%rea%cratic &ec!anis&s are en#ineered to resist c!an#e 'la,s
.A/ It is a 're&ise o""ered in s%''ort o" t!e clai& t!at it is %nlikel, t!at
b%rea%cracies ill be si&'li"ied.
.1/ It is a concl%sion "or !ic! t!e onl, s%''ort o""ered is t!e clai& t!at
dissatis"action it! co&'le( b%rea%cratic s,ste&s is #roin#.
.C/ It is cited as evidence t!at b%rea%cratic s,ste&s are beco&in# &ore and &ore
co&'le(.
.3/ It is %sed to eaken t!e clai& t!at b%rea%cracies s!o%ld be si&'li"ied.
.E/ It is a concl%sion "or !ic! t!e clai& t!at b%rea%cracies are %nlikel, to be
si&'li"ied is o""ered as s%''ort.
<. In s'eec!9 !en ords or sentences are a&bi#%o%s9 #est%re and tone o" voice are
%sed to indicate t!e intended &eanin#. 6riters9 o" co%rse9 cannot %se #est%re or
tone o" voice and &%st rel, instead on st,leD t!e reader detects t!e riters
intention "ro& t!e arran#e&ent o" ords and sentences.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e
in"or&ation above-
.A/ T!e 'ri&ar, "%nction o" st,le in ritin# is to a%#&ent t!e literal &eanin#s o"
GMAT & LSAT CR B@A
t!e ords and sentences %sed.
.1/ T!e intended &eanin# o" a 'iece o" ritin# is indicated in 'art b, t!e riters
arran#e&ent o" ords and sentences.
.C/ It is easier "or a listener to detect t!e tone o" a s'eaker t!an "or a reader to
detect t!e st,le o" t!e riter.
.3/ A riters intention ill ala,s be inter'reted di""erentl, b, di""erent
readers.
.E/ T!e riters arran#e&ent o" ords and sentences co&'letel, deter&ines t!e
aest!etic val%e o" !is or !er ritin#.
C. Last ,ear a lar#e "ir& set a #oal o" decreasin# its ork"orce b, 5@ 'ercent. T!ree
divisions9 totalin# 5@ 'ercent o" its ork"orce at t!at ti&e9 ere to be eli&inated
and no ne 'eo'le !ired. T!ese divisions !ave since been eli&inated and no ne
'eo'le !ave +oined t!e "ir&9 b%t its ork"orce !as decreased b, onl, 1@ 'ercent.
di""erence in t!e 'lanned vers%s t!e act%al red%ction in t!e ork"orce-
.A/ T!e t!ree divisions t!at ere eli&inated ere ell r%n and !ad t!e 'otential
to earn 'ro"its.
.1/ 2or&al attrition in t!e retained divisions contin%ed to red%ce sta"" beca%se
no ne 'eo'le ere added to t!e "ir&.
.C/ So&e o" t!e e&'lo,ees in t!e eli&inated divisions ere eli#ible "or earl,
retire&ent and c!ose t!at o'tion.
.3/ As t!e divisions ere bein# eli&inated so&e o" t!eir e&'lo,ees ere
assi#ned to ot!er divisions.
.E/ E&'lo,ees in t!e retained divisions ere "orced to ork "aster to o""set t!e
loss o" t!e eli&inated divisions.
@. 7ne o" t!e advanta#es o" Ba$illus thuringiensls .1.t./ to(ins over c!e&ical
insecticides res%lts "ro& t!eir s'eci"icit, "or 'est insects. T!e to(ins !ave no
knon detri&ental e""ects on &a&&als or birds. In addition9 t!e li&ited ran#e o"
activit, o" t!e to(ins toard insects &eans t!at o"ten a 'artic%lar to(in ill kill
'est s'ecies b%t not a""ect insets t!at 're, %'on t!e s'ecies. T!is advanta#e &akes
1.t. to(ins 're"erable to c!e&ical insecticides "or %se as co&'onents o" insect
'est &ana#e&ent 'ro#ra&s.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 &ost eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ C!e&ical insecticides ca%se !ar& to a #reater n%&ber o" insect s'ecies t!an
do 1.t. to(ins.
.1/ 2o 'artic%lar 1.t. to(in is e""ective a#ainst all insects.
.C/ 1.t. to(ins do not !ar& eeds t!at do da&a#e to "ar& cro's.
.3/ Insects b%ild %' resistance &ore readil, to 1.t. to(ins t!an to c!e&ical
insecticides.
GMAT & LSAT CR B@B
.E/ 1irds and rodents o"ten do #reater da&a#e to "ar& cro's t!an do insects.
G. Man, 'eo'le are alar&ed abo%t t!e 'o'%lation e('losion. T!e, "ail to a''reciate
t!at t!e 'resent rise in 'o'%lation !as in "act been "olloed b, e0%all, 'otent
econo&ic #rot!. 1eca%se o" t!is connection beteen an increase in 'o'%lation
and an increase in econo&ic activit,9 'o'%lation control &eas%res s!o%ld not be
taken.
T!e 0%estionable 'attern o" reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar to
.A/ S%bscribers to nes&a#a)ines are concerned t!at increased 'osta#e costs
ill be 'assed on to t!e& in t!e "or& o" !i#!er s%bscri'tion rates. 1%t t!at
is a 'rice t!e, !ave to 'a, "or !avin# t!e &a#a)ines delivered. 2o #ro%' o"
%sers o" t!e 'ostal s,ste& s!o%ld be s%bsidi)ed at t!e e('ense o" ot!ers.
.1/ Most o" t!e sales'eo'le are concerned it! co&'laints abo%t t!e sales
&ana#ers a##ressive be!avior. T!e, need to consider t!at sales are
c%rrentl, increasin#. 3%e to t!is s%ccess9 no action s!o%ld be taken to
address t!e &ana#ers be!avior.
.C/ Farents are concerned abo%t t!eir c!ildren s'endin# too &%c! ti&e atc!in#
television. T!ose 'arents s!o%ld consider television ti&e as ti&e t!e, co%ld
s'end it! t!eir c!ildren. Let t!e c!ildren atc! television9 b%t atc! it
it! t!e&.
.3/ 2%tritionists arn 'eo'le not to eat %n!ealt!, "oods. T!ose "oods !ave been
in 'eo'les diets "or ,ears. 1e"ore c%ttin# all t!ose "oods o%t o" diets it
o%ld be ise to re&e&ber t!at 'eo'le en+o, c%linar, variet,.
.E/ So&e cons%&ers beco&e concerned !en t!e 'rice o" a 'rod%ct increases "or
several ,ears in a ro9 t!inkin# t!at t!e 'rice ill contin%e to increase. 1%t
t!ese cons%&ers are &istaken since a lon#8ter& trend o" 'rice increases
indicates t!at t!e 'rice ill 'robabl, decline in t!e "%t%re.
A. Attorne,: I ask ,o% to "ind Mr. S&it! #%ilt, o" assa%ltin# Mr. Jackson.
Re#rettabl,9 t!ere ere no e,eitnesses to t!e cri&e9 b%t Mr. S&it! !as a violent
c!aracter. Ms. Lo'e) testi"ied earlier t!at Mr. S&it!9 s!o%tin# lo%dl,9 !ad
t!reatened !er. S&it! never re"%ted t!is testi&on,.
T!e attorne,s ar#%&ent is "allacio%s beca%se it reasons t!at
.A/ a##ressive be!avior is not a s%re indicator o" a violent c!aracter
.1/ S&it!s testi&on, is %nreliable since !e is lo%d and a##ressive
.C/ since S&it! never dis'roved t!e clai& t!at !e t!reatened Lo'e)9 !e did in
"act t!reaten !er
.3/ Lo'e)s testi&on, is reliable since s!e is neit!er lo%d nor a##ressive
.E/ !avin# a violent c!aracter is not necessaril, associated it! t!e co&&ission
o" violent cri&es
B. It is idel, believed t!at b, a#e BI9 'erce'tion and &e&or, are eac! si#ni"icantl,
GMAT & LSAT CR B@H
red%ced "ro& t!eir "%nctionin# levels at a#e <I. :oever9 a recent st%d, s!oed
no di""erence in t!e abilities o" BI8,ear8olds and <I8,ear8olds to 'la, a card #a&e
devised to test 'erce'tion and &e&or,. T!ere"ore9 t!e belie" t!at 'erce'tion and
&e&or, are si#ni"icantl, red%ced b, a#e BI is "alse.
T!e reasonin# above is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at it "ails to
consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at
.A/ t!e st%d,s card #a&e does not test co#nitive abilities ot!er t!an 'erce'tion
and &e&or,
.1/ card #a&es are a&on# t!e &ost di""ic%lt co#nitive tasks one can atte&'t to
'er"or&
.C/ 'erce'tion and &e&or, are interrelated in a,s o" !ic! e are not
c%rrentl, aare
.3/ t!e belie" t!at BI8,ear8olds 'erce'tion and &e&or, are red%ced res%lts "ro&
're+%dice a#ainst senior citi)ens
.E/ 'la,in# t!e st%d,s card #a&e 'er"ectl, re0%ires "airl, lo levels o"
'erce'tion and &e&or,
H. Moralist: :%&ans !ave a nat%ral dis'osition to altr%is&Kt!at is9 to be!avior t!at
serves t!e needs o" ot!ers re#ardless o" ones on needsKb%t t!at ver,
dis'osition 'revents so&e acts o" altr%is& "ro& co%ntin# as &oral. Reason 'la,s
an essential role in an, &oral be!avior. 7nl, be!avior t!at is intended to be in
accordance it! a "or&al set o" r%les9 or &oral code9 can be considered &oral
be!avior.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, states t!e &ain concl%sion o" t!e
&oralists ar#%&ent-
.A/ All &oral codes 'ro!ibit sel"is!ness.
.1/ All &oral be!avior is &otivated b, altr%is&.
.C/ 1e!avior &%st serve t!e needs o" ot!ers in order to be &oral be!avior.
.3/ 2ot all altr%istic acts are &oral be!avior.
.E/ Altr%is& develo's t!ro%#! t!e %se o" reason.
1I. A recent st%d, s%##ests t!at Al)!ei&ers disease9 !ic! attacks t!e !%&an brain9
&a, be ca%sed b, a vir%s. In t!e st%d,9 blood "ro& 11 vol%nteers9 eac! o" !o&
!ad t!e disease9 as in+ected into rats. T!e rats event%all, e(!ibited s,&'to&s o"
anot!er de#enerative ne%rolo#ical disorder9 Cre%t)"eldt8Jakob disease9 !ic! is
ca%sed b, a vir%s. T!is led t!e scientist !o cond%cted t!e st%d, to concl%de t!at
Al)!ei&ers disease &i#!t be ca%sed b, a vir%s.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 o%ld &ost stren#t!en t!e
scientists !,'ot!esis t!at Al)!ei&ers disease is ca%sed b, a vir%s-
.A/ Al)!ei&ers disease in rats is not ca%sed b, a vir%s.
.1/ Cre%t)"eldt8Jakob disease a""ects onl, &otor nerves in rats li&bs9 not t!eir
brains.
GMAT & LSAT CR BGI
.C/ T!e vir%s t!at ca%ses Cre%t)"eldt8Jakob disease in rats !as no e""ect on
!%&ans.
.3/ T!e s,&'to&s knon9 res'ectivel,9 as Cre%t)"eldt8Jakob disease and
Al)!ei&ers disease are di""erent &ani"estations o" t!e sa&e disease.
.E/ 1lood "ro& rats it!o%t Cre%t)"eldt8Jakob disease 'rod%ced no s,&'to&s o"
t!e disease !en in+ected into ot!er e('eri&ental rats.
11. 7ne a''roac! to t!e 0%estion o" !ic! ob+ects disc%ssed b, a science are real is
to desi#nate as real all and onl, t!ose entities 'osited b, t!e &ost e('lanatoril,
'oer"%l t!eor, o" t!e science. 1%t since &ost scienti"ic t!eories contain entities
'osited solel, on t!eoretical #ro%nds9 t!is a''roac! is "laed.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 &ost !el's to +%sti", t!e
reasonin# above-
.A/ An, ob+ect t!at is 'osited b, a scienti"ic t!eor, and t!at en!ances t!e
e('lanator, 'oer o" t!at t!eor, s!o%ld be desi#nated as real.
.1/ 7b+ects 'osited "or t!eoretical reasons onl, s!o%ld never be desi#nated as
real.
.C/ A scienti"ic t!eor, s!o%ld not 'osit an, entit, t!at does no en!ance t!e
e('lanator, 'oer o" t!e t!eor,.
.3/ A scienti"ic t!eor, s!o%ld so&eti&es 'osit entities on #ro%nds ot!er t!an
t!eoretical ones.
.E/ 7nl, ob+ects 'osited b, e('lanatoril, 'oer"%l t!eories s!o%ld be desi#nated
as real.
15. Most doctors reco&&end t!at 're#nant o&en eat a n%tritio%s diet to 'ro&ote
t!e !ealt! o" t!eir babies. :oever9 &ost babies !o are born to o&en !o ate
n%tritio%s diets !ile 're#nant still develo' at least one &edical 'roble& in t!eir
"irst ,ear.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 does &ost to resolve t!e a''arent
.A/ 6o&en !o re#%larl, eat a n%tritio%s diet !ile 're#nant tend to eat a
n%tritio%s diet !ile breast8"eedin#.
.1/ Most o" t!e babies born to o&en !o did not eat n%tritio%s diet !ile
're#nant develo' no serio%s &edical 'roble&s later in c!ild!ood.
.C/ 1abies o" o&en !o did not eat n%tritio%s diets !ile 're#nant tend to !ave
&ore &edical 'roble&s in t!eir "irst ,ear t!an do ot!er babies.
.3/ Medical 'roble&s t!at develo' in t!e "irst ,ear o" li"e tend to be &ore serio%s
t!an t!ose t!at develo' later in c!ild!ood.
.E/ Man, o" t!e '!,sicians !o initiall, reco&&ended t!at 're#nant o&en
cons%&e n%tritio%s diets !ave onl, recentl, rea""ir&ed t!eir
reco&&endation.
GMAT & LSAT CR BG1
1<. Ma,or: T!e la 'ro!ibitin# 'edestrians "ro& crossin# a#ainst red li#!ts serves no
%se"%l '%r'ose. A"ter all9 in order to serve a %se"%l '%r'ose9 a la &%st deter t!e
kind o" be!avior it 'ro!ibits. 1%t 'edestrians !o invariabl, violate t!is la are
clearl, not diss%aded b, itD and t!ose !o co&'l, it! t!e la do not need it9
since t!e, o%ld never cross a#ainst red li#!t even i" t!ere ere no la
'ro!ibitin# 'edestrians "ro& crossin# a#ainst red li#!ts.
T!e &a,ors ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se it
.A/ takes "or #ranted t!at &ost a%to&obile drivers ill obe, t!e la t!at
'ro!ibits t!e& "ro& drivin# t!ro%#! red li#!ts
.1/ %ses t!e ord >la? in one sense in t!e 're&ises and in anot!er sense in t!e
concl%sion
.C/ i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at a la &i#!t not serve a %se"%l '%r'ose even i" it
does deter t!e kind o" be!avior it 'ro!ibits
.3/ "ails to consider !et!er t!e la ever diss%ades 'eo'le !o so&eti&es b%t
not ala,s cross a#ainst red li#!ts
.E/ 'rovides no evidence t!at crossin# a#ainst red li#!ts is &ore dan#ero%s t!an
crossin# on #reen li#!ts
1C. Marian Anderson9 t!e "a&o%s contralto9 did not take s%ccess "or #ranted. 6e
kno t!is beca%se Anderson !ad to str%##le earl, in li"e9 and an,one !o !as to
str%##le earl, in li"e is able to kee' a #ood 'ers'ective on t!e orld.
ass%&ed-
.A/ An,one !o s%cceeds takes s%ccess "or #ranted.
.1/ An,one !o is able to kee' a #ood 'ers'ective on t!e orld does not take
s%ccess "or #ranted.
.C/ An,one !o is able to kee' a #ood 'ers'ective on t!e orld !as to str%##le
earl, in li"e.
.3/ An,one !o does not take s%ccess "or #ranted !as to str%##le earl, in li"e.
.E/ An,one !o does not take s%ccess "or #ranted is able to kee' a #ood
'ers'ective on t!e orld.
1@. Geneticist: Et!icists !ave "ears9 &an, o" t!e& reasonable9 abo%t t!e 'ros'ect o"
clonin# !%&an bein#s9 t!at is9 'rod%cin# e(act #enetic d%'licates. 1%t t!e !orror8
&ovie i&a#e o" a ealt!, 'erson creatin# an ar&, o" e(act d%'licates is
co&'letel, %nrealistic. Clones &%st be raised and ed%cated9 a lon#8ter& 'rocess
t!at co%ld never 'rod%ce ad%lts identical to t!e ori#inal in ter&s o" o%tlook9
'ersonalit,9 or #oals. More realistic is t!e 'ossibilit, t!at ealt!, individ%als
&i#!t %se clones as livin# >or#an banks.?
T!e clai& t!at clonin# ill not 'rod%ce ad%lts it! identical 'ersonalities 'la,s
!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# roles in t!e #eneticists ar#%&ent-
.A/ It is a reason "or dis&issin# t!e vario%s "ears raised b, et!icists re#ardin# t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR BG5
clonin# o" !%&an bein#s.
.1/ It is evidence t!at #enetic clones ill never be 'rod%ced s%ccess"%ll,.
.C/ It ill%strates t!e clai& t!at onl, ealt!, 'eo'le o%ld be able to !ave #enetic
d%'licates &ade o" t!e&selves.
.3/ It is evidence "or t!e clai& t!at ealt!, 'eo'le &i#!t %se #enetic d%'licates
o" t!e&selves as so%rces o" co&'atible or#ans "or trans'lantation.
.E/ It is a reason "or disco%ntin# one 'ossible "ear concernin# t!e clonin# o"
!%&an bein#s.
1G. F%blicit, ca&'ai#ns "or endan#ered s'ecies are %nlikel, to !ave &%c! i&'act on
t!e &ost i&'ortant environ&ental 'roble&s9 "or !ile t!e ease o" attrib%tin#
"eelin#s to lar#e &a&&als "acilitates evokin# s,&'at!, "or t!e&9 it is &ore
di""ic%lt to elicit s,&'at!, "or ot!er kinds o" or#anis&s9 s%c! as t!e soil
&icroor#anis&s on !ic! lar#e ecos,ste&s and a#ric%lt%re de'end.
.A/ T!e &ost i&'ortant environ&ental 'roble&s involve endan#ered s'ecies
ot!er t!an lar#e &a&&als.
.1/ Microor#anis&s cannot e('erience 'ain or !ave ot!er "eelin#s.
.C/ F%blicit, ca&'ai#ns "or t!e environ&ent are t!e &ost e""ective !en t!e,
elicit s,&'at!, "or so&e or#anis&.
.3/ Feo'le i#nore environ&ental 'roble&s %nless t!e, believe t!e 'roble&s ill
a""ect creat%res it! !ic! t!e, s,&'at!i)e.
.E/ An or#anis& can be environ&entall, si#ni"icant onl, i" it a""ects lar#e
ecos,ste&s or a#ric%lt%re.
1A. Folitician: All nations t!at 'lace a !i#! ta( on inco&e 'rod%ce t!ereb, a ne#ative
incentive "or tec!nolo#ical innovation9 and all nations in !ic! tec!nolo#ical
innovation is !a&'ered inevitabl, "all be!ind in t!e international ar&s race.
T!ose nations t!at9 t!ro%#! !istorical accident or t!e "oolis!ness o" t!eir 'olitical
leaders!i'9 ind %' in a strate#icall, disadvanta#eo%s 'osition are destined to
lose t!eir voice in t!e orld a""airs. So i" a nation ants to &aintain its val%e
s,ste& and a, o" li"e9 it &%st not allo its !i#!est ta( bracket to e(ceed <I
'ercent o" inco&e.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 eakens t!e 'oliticians ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ T!e to' level o" ta(ation &%st reac! C@ 'ercent be"ore ta(ation be#ins to
deter inventors and ind%strialists "ro& introd%cin# ne tec!nolo#ies and
ind%stries.
.1/ Makin# a #reat deal o" &one, is an insi#ni"icant "actor in drivin#
tec!nolo#ical innovation.
.C/ $allin# be!ind in t!e international ar&s race does not necessaril, lead to a
strate#icall, less advanta#eo%s 'osition.
.3/ T!ose nations t!at lose in"l%ence in t!e orld co&&%nit, do not necessaril,
GMAT & LSAT CR BG<
s%""er "ro& a t!reat to t!eir val%e s,ste& or a, o" li"e.
.E/ Alloin# ones co%ntr, to lose its tec!nolo#ical ed#e9 es'eciall, as concerns
ea'onr,9 o%ld be "oolis! rat!er t!an &erel, a !istorical accident.
1B. F!iloso'!er: Scientists talk abo%t t!e '%rs%it o" tr%t!9 b%t like &ost 'eo'le9 t!e,
are sel"8interested. Accordin#l,9 t!e 'ro"essional activities o" &ost scientists are
directed toard 'ersonal career en!ance&ent9 and onl, incidentall, toard t!e
'%rs%it o" tr%t!. :ence9 t!e activities o" t!e scienti"ic co&&%nit, are lar#el,
directed toard en!ancin# t!e stat%s o" t!at co&&%nit, as a !ole9 and onl,
incidentall, toard t!e '%rs%it o" tr%t!.
T!e reasonin# in t!e '!iloso'!ers ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!e ar#%&ent
.A/ i&'ro'erl, in"ers t!at eac! and ever, scientist !as a certain c!aracteristic
"ro& 're&ise t!at &ost scientists !ave t!at c!aracteristic
.1/ i&'ro'erl, dras an in"erence abo%t t!e scienti"ic co&&%nit, as a !ole
"ro& a 're&ise abo%t individ%al scientists
.C/ 'res%&es9 it!o%t #ivin# +%sti"ication9 t!at t!e ai& o" 'ersonal career
en!ance&ent never advances t!e '%rs%it o" tr%t!
.3/ illicitl, takes advanta#e o" an a&bi#%it, in t!e &eanin# o" >sel"8interested?
.E/ i&'ro'erl, dras an in"erence abo%t a ca%se "ro& 're&ises abo%t its e""ects
1H. Several critics !ave clai&ed t!at an, conte&'orar, 'oet !o rites "or&al 'oetr,
K'oetr, t!at is r!,&ed and &eteredKis 'er"or&in# a 'oliticall, conservative
act. T!is is 'lainl, "alse. Consider Moll, Feacock and Maril,n :acker9 to
conte&'orar, 'oets !ose 'oetr, is al&ost e(cl%sivel, "or&al and ,et !o are
t!e&selves 'oliticall, 'ro#ressive "e&inists.
T!e concl%sion dran above "ollos lo#icall, i" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is
ass%&ed-
.A/ 2o one !o is a "e&inist is also 'oliticall, conservative.
.1/ 2o 'oet !o rites %nr!,&ed or %n&etered 'oetr, is 'oliticall,
conservative.
.C/ 2o one !o is 'oliticall, 'ro#ressive is ca'able o" 'er"or&in# a 'oliticall,
conservative act.
.3/ An,one !o so&eti&es rites 'oetr, t!at is not 'oliticall, conservative
never rites 'oetr, t!at is 'oliticall, conservative.
.E/ T!e content o" a 'oets ork9 not t!e orks "or&9 is t!e &ost decisive "actor
in deter&inin# !at 'olitical conse0%ences9 i" an,9 t!e ork ill !ave.
5I. Arc!aeolo#ist: A skeleton o" a 2ort! A&erican &astodon t!at beca&e e(tinct at
t!e 'eak o" t!e Ice A#e as recentl, discovered. It contains a !%&an8&ade
'ro+ectile dissi&ilar to an, "o%nd in t!at 'art o" E%rasia closest to 2ort! A&erica.
T!%s9 since E%rasians did not settle in 2ort! A&erica %ntil s!ortl, be"ore t!e 'eak
o" t!e Ice A#e9 t!e "irst E%rasian settlers in 2ort! A&erica 'robabl, ca&e "ro& a
GMAT & LSAT CR BGC
&ore distant 'art o" E%rasia.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e arc!aeolo#ists
ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e 'ro+ectile "o%nd in t!e &astodon does not rese&ble an, t!at ere %sed
in E%rasia be"ore or d%rin# t!e Ice A#e.
.1/ T!e 'eo'le !o occ%'ied t!e E%rasian area closest to 2ort! A&erica
re&ained no&adic t!ro%#!o%t t!e Ice A#e.
.C/ T!e skeleton o" a bear "ro& t!e sa&e 'lace and ti&e as t!e &astodon
skeleton contains a si&ilar 'ro+ectile.
.3/ 7t!er 2ort! A&erican arti"acts "ro& t!e 'eak o" t!e Ice A#e are si&ilar to
ones "ro& t!e sa&e ti&e "o%nd in &ore distant 'arts o" E%rasia.
.E/ Cli&atic conditions in 2ort! A&erica +%st be"ore t!e Ice A#e ere &ore
cond%cive to !%&an !abitation t!an ere t!ose in t!e 'art o" E%rasia closest
to 2ort! A&erica at t!at ti&e.
51. All social s,ste&s are based %'on a division o" econo&ic roles. T!e val%es o" a
social s,ste& are e&bodied in t!e 'resti#e accorded 'ersons !o "ill vario%s
econo&ic roles. It is t!ere"ore %ns%r'risin# t!at9 "or an, social s,ste&9 t!e
introd%ction o" labor8savin# tec!nolo#, t!at &akes certain econo&ic roles
obsolete ill tend to %nder&ine t!e val%es in t!at social s,ste&.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# can &ost reasonabl, be concl%ded on t!e basis o" t!e
in"or&ation above-
.A/ Social s,ste&s ill !ave %nc!an#in# val%es i" t!e, are s!ielded "ro&
tec!nolo#ical advance&ent.
.1/ 2o t,'e o" tec!nolo#, ill "ail to %nder&ine t!e val%es in a social s,ste&.
.C/ A social s,ste& !ose val%es are not s%sce'tible to c!an#e o%ld not be one
in !ic! tec!nolo#, can eli&inate econo&ic roles.
.3/ A tec!nolo#icall, advanced societ, ill 'lace little val%e on t!e 'resti#e
associated it! an econo&ic role.
.E/ A tec!nolo#ical innovation t!at is i&'le&ented in a social s,ste& "orei#n to
t!e one in !ic! it as develo'ed ill tend to %nder&ine t!e "orei#n social
s,ste&.
55. M%lti'le sclerosis is an a%toi&&%ne disease: !ite blood cells attack t!e &,elin
s!eat! t!at 'rotects nerve "ibers in t!e s'inal cord and brain. Medical science no
!as a dr%# t!at can be %sed to s%ccess"%ll, treat &%lti'le sclerosis9 b%t t!e 'at!
t!at led &edical researc!ers to t!is dr%# as !ardl, strai#!t"orard. Initiall,9
so&e scientists believed attacks c!aracteristic o" &%lti'le sclerosis &i#!t be
tri##ered b, c!ronic viral in"ections. So in 1HBC t!e, be#an testin# #a&&a
inter"eron9 one o" t!e bod,s on antiviral ea'ons. To t!eir !orror9 all t!e
&%lti'le sclerosis 'atients tested beca&e dra&aticall, orse. T!e "alse ste'
'roved to be instr%ctive !oever.
GMAT & LSAT CR BG@
6!ic! o" t!e "olloin# is LEAST co&'atible it! t!e res%lts o" t!e #a&&a
inter"eron e('eri&ent-
.A/ Ga&&a inter"eron sto's !ite blood cells "ro& 'rod%cin# &,elin8destro,in#
co&'o%nds.
.1/ Ad&inisterin# #a&&a inter"eron to t!ose it!o%t &%lti'le sclerosis ca%ses
an increase in t!e n%&ber o" !ite blood cells.
.C/ Medical researc!ers !ave discovered t!at t!e #a&&a inter"eron level in t!e
cerebros'inal "l%id sk,rocket +%st be"ore and d%rin# &%lti'le sclerosis
in"ections.
.3/ It !as no been establis!ed t!at &ost &%lti'le sclerosis s%""erers do not !ave
c!ronic viral in"ections.
.E/ T!e dr%# no %sed to treat &%lti'le sclerosis is knon to in!ibit t!e activit,
o" #a&&a.
5<. T!e !i#!er t!e altit%de9 t!e t!inner t!e air. Since Me(ico Cit,s altit%de is !i#!er
t!an t!at o" Fana&a Cit,9 t!e air &%st be t!inner in Me(ico Cit, t!an in Fana&a
Cit,.
ar#%&ent above-
.A/ As one #ets older one #ets iser. Since :enrietta is older t!an !er da%#!ter9
:enrietta &%st be iser t!an !er da%#!ter.
.1/ T!e &ore e## !ites %sed and t!e lon#er t!e, are beaten9 t!e "l%""ier t!e
&erin#%e. Since L,dia %sed &ore e## !ites in !er &erin#%e t!an Jose'!
%sed in !is9 L,dias &erin#%e &%st be "l%""ier t!an Jose'!s.
.C/ T!e 'eo'le !o r%n t!e "astest &arat!ons t!ese da,s are "aster t!an t!e
'eo'le !o ran t!e "astest &arat!ons ten ,ears a#o. C!arles is a &arat!on
r%nner. So C!arles &%st r%n "aster &arat!ons t!ese da,s t!an !e did ten
,ears a#o.
.3/ T!e older a tree9 t!e &ore rin#s it !as. T!e tree in Lo%s ,ard is older t!an t!e
tree in T!eresas ,ard. T!ere"ore9 t!e tree in Lo%s ,ard &%st !ave &ore
rin#s t!an does t!e tree in T!eresas ,ard.
.E/ T!e bi##er t!e vocab%lar, a lan#%a#e !as9 t!e !arder it is to learn. En#lis! is
!arder to learn t!an Italian. T!ere"ore9 En#lis! &%st !ave a bi##er
vocab%lar, t!an Italian.
5C. A recent st%d, o" G9CI< 'eo'le s!oed t!at t!ose treated it! t!e dr%#
'ravastatin9 one o" t!e e""ects o" !ic! is to red%ce c!olesterol9 !ad abo%t one8
t!ird "eer non"atal !eart attacks and one8t!ird "eer deat!s "ro& coronar,
disease t!an did t!ose not takin# t!e dr%#. T!is res%lt is consistent it! ot!er
st%dies9 !ic! s!o t!at t!ose !o !ave !eart disease o"ten !ave !i#!er t!an
avera#e c!olesterol levels. T!is s!os t!at loerin# c!olesterol levels red%ces
t!e risk o" !eart disease.
GMAT & LSAT CR BGG
.A/ ne#lects t!e 'ossibilit, t!at 'ravastatin &a, !ave severe side e""ects
.1/ "ails to consider t!at 'ravastatin &a, red%ce t!e risk o" !eart disease b%t not
as a conse0%ence o" its loerin# c!olesterol levels
.C/ relies on 'ast "indin#9 rat!er t!an drain# its 'rinci'al concl%sion "ro& t!e
data "o%nd in t!e s'eci"ic st%d, cited
.3/ dras a concl%sion re#ardin# t!e e""ects o" loerin# c!olesterol levels on
!eart disease9 !en in "act t!e concl%sion s!o%ld "oc%s on t!e relation
beteen 'ravastatin and c!olesterol levels
.E/ "ails to consider t!at 'ercenta#e o" t!e #eneral 'o'%lation &i#!t be takin#
'ravastatin
Questions !5-!&
Qac!ar,: T!e ter& >"resco? re"ers to 'aint t!at !as been a''lied to et 'laster. 7nce
dried9 a "resco indelibl, 'reserves t!e 'aint t!at a 'ainter !as a''lied in t!is a,.
=n"ort%natel,9 additions knon to !ave been &ade b, later 'ainters !ave obsc%red t!e
ori#inal "resco ork done b, Mic!elan#elo in t!e Sistine C!a'el. T!ere"ore9 in order
to restore Mic!elan#elos Sistine C!a'el 'aintin#s to t!e a''earance t!at
Mic!elan#elo intended t!e& to !ave9 ever,t!in# e(ce't t!e ori#inal "resco ork &%st
be stri''ed aa,.
Ste'!en: 1%t it as e(tre&el, co&&on "or 'ainters o" Mic!elan#elos era to add
'ainted details to t!eir on "resco ork a"ter t!e "rescos !ad dried.
5@. Ste'!ens res'onse to Qac!ar, 'roceeds b,
.A/ callin# into 0%estion an ass%&'tion on !ic! Qac!ar,s concl%sion de'ends
.1/ c!allen#in# t!e de"inition o" a ke, ter& in Qac!ar, reac!es
.C/ drain# a concl%sion ot!er t!an t!e one t!at Qac!ar, reac!es
.3/ den,in# t!e tr%t! o" one o" t!e stated 're&ises o" Qac!ar,s ar#%&ent
.E/ de&onstratin# t!at Qac!ar,s concl%sion is not consistent it! t!e 're&ises
!e %ses to s%''ort it
5G. Ste'!ens res'onse to Qac!ar,9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''orts !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ It is i&'ossible to distin#%is! t!e later 'ainted additions &ade to
Mic!elan#elos Sistine C!a'el 'aintin#s "ro& t!e ori#inal "resco ork.
.1/ Stri''in# aa, ever,t!in# e(ce't Mic!elan#elos ori#inal "resco ork "ro&
t!e Sistine C!a'el 'aintin#s o%ld be %nlikel, to restore t!e& to t!e
a''earance Mic!elan#elo intended t!e& to !ave.
.C/ T!e 'ainted details t!at 'ainters o" Mic!elan#elos era added to t!eir on
"resco ork ere not an inte#ral 'art o" t!e co&'leted 'aintin#s overall
desi#n.
GMAT & LSAT CR BGA
.3/ 2one o" t!e 'ainters o" Mic!elan#elos era !o &ade additions to t!e Sistine
C!a'el 'aintin#s as i&'ortant artist in !is or !er on ri#!t.
.E/ Mic!elan#elo as rarel, satis"ied it! t!e a''earance o" !is "inis!ed orks.
TEST Oct 2002
SECTI72 I
1. F!,sician: In itsel"9 e(ercise does not ca%se !eart attacksD rat!er9 a s%dden
increase in an e(ercise re#i&en can be a ca%se. 6!en 'eo'le o" an, '!,sical
condition s%ddenl, increase t!eir a&o%nt o" e(ercise9 t!e, also increase t!eir risk
o" !eart attack. As a res%lt9 t!ere ill be an increased risk o" !eart attack a&on#
e&'lo,ees o" t!is co&'an, d%e to t!e ne !ealt! 'ro#ra&.
T!e concl%sion dran b, t!e '!,sician "ollos lo#icall, i" !ic! one o" t!e
"loin# is ass%&ed-
.A/ E&'lo,ees ill abr%'tl, increase t!eir a&o%nt o" e(ercise as a res%lt o" t!e
ne !ealt! 'ro#ra&.
.1/ T!e e(ercised involved in t!e ne !ealt! 'ro#ra& are &ore stren%o%s t!an
t!ose in t!e 'revio%s !ealt! 'ro#ra&.
.C/ T!e ne !ealt! 'ro#ra& ill "orce e&'lo,ees o" all levels o" !ealt! to
e(ercise re#%larl,.
.3/ T!e ne !ealt! 'ro#ra& constit%tes a s%dden c!an#e in t!e co&'an,s
'olic,.
.E/ All e&'lo,ees9 no &atter !at t!eir '!,sical condition9 ill 'artici'ate in t!e
ne !ealt! 'ro#ra&.
5. Last &ont! 7C$9 Inc.9 anno%nced !at it described as a %ni0%e ne 'rod%ct: an
ad+%stable co&'%ter orkstation. T!ree da,s later Er#oTec! %nveiled an al&ost
identical 'rod%ct. T!e to co&'anies clai& t!at t!e si&ilarities are coincidental
and occ%rred beca%se t!e desi#ners inde'endentl, reac!ed t!e sa&e sol%tion to
t!e sa&e 'roble&. T!e si&ilarities are too "%nda&ental to be &ere coincidence9
!oever. T!e to 'rod%cts not onl, look alike9 b%t t!e, also ork alike. 1ot! are
oddl, s!a'ed it! identicall, 'laced control 'anels it! t!e sa&e t,'es o"
controls. 1ot! allo t!e sa&e t,'es o" ad+%st&ents and t!e sa&e t,'es o" o'tional
en!ance&ents.
.A/ T!e to 'rod%cts !ave &an, c!aracteristics in co&&on.
.1/ Er#oTec! &%st !ave co'ied t!e desi#n o" its ne 'rod%ct "ro& 7C$s
desi#n.
GMAT & LSAT CR BGB
.C/ T!e si&ilarities beteen t!e to 'rod%cts are not coincidental.
.3/ Frod%ct desi#ners so&eti&es reac! t!e sa&e sol%tion to a #iven 'roble&
it!o%t cons%ltin# eac! ot!er.
.E/ 2e 'rod%cts t!at at "irst a''ear to be %ni0%e are so&eti&es si&'l,
variations o" ot!er 'rod%cts.
Questions 3-4
An ant!ro'olo#ist !,'ot!esi)ed t!at a certain &edicinal 'oer contained a si#ni"icant
a&o%nt o" t!e deadl, to(in T. 6!en t!e test s!e 'er"or&ed "or t!e 'resence o" to(in T
as ne#ative9 t!e ant!ro'olo#ist did not re'ort t!e res%lts. A c!e&ist !o nevert!eless
learned abo%t t!e test res%lts c!ar#ed t!e ant!ro'olo#ist it! "ra%d. T!e
ant!ro'olo#ist9 !oever9 co%ntered t!at t!ose res%lts ere invalid beca%se t!e 'oer
!ad inadvertentl, been test in acidic sol%tion.
<. In t!e absence o" t!e ant!ro'olo#ists re'l,9 !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#
'rinci'les9 i" establis!ed9 o%ld &ost s%''ort t!e c!e&ists c!ar#e-
.A/ Re'ortin# res%lts "or an e('eri&ent t!at as not cond%cted and re'ortin# a
"alse res%lt "or an act%al e('eri&ent are bot! instances o" scienti"ic "ra%d.
.1/ Scientists can co&&it "ra%d and ,et re'ort so&e discon"ir&ations o" t!eir
!,'ot!esis.
.C/ Scientists can ne#lect to re'ort so&e discon"ir&ations o" t!eir !,'ot!eses
and ,et be innocent o" "ra%d.
.3/ Scientists co&&it "ra%d !enever t!e, re'ort as valid an, test res%lt t!e,
kno to be invalid.
.E/ Scientists !o ne#lect to re'ort an, e('eri&ent t!at co%ld be inter'reted as
discon"ir&in# t!eir !,'ot!esis !ave t!ereb, co&&itted "ra%d.
C. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost stren#t!ens t!e ant!ro'olo#ists
co%nterar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e ant!ro'olo#ist !ad evidence "ro& "ieldork t!at t!e &edicinal 'oder
as t,'icall, 're'ared %sin# to(in T.
.1/ T!e activit, level o" to(in T tends to decline i" t!e 'oder is stored "or a lon#
ti&e.
.C/ 6!en it is '%t into an acidic sol%tion9 to(in T beco&es %ndetectable.
.3/ A "res! batc! o" 'oder "or a re'eat anal,sis as available at t!e ti&e o" t!e
test.
.E/ T!e t,'e o" anal,sis %sed as insensitive to ver, s&all a&o%nts o" to(in T.
@. 2ai&a: T!e 'ro'osed ne co&'%ter s,ste&9 once e "%ll, i&'le&ented it9 o%ld
o'erate &ore s&oot!l, and e""icientl, t!an t!e c%rrent s,ste&. So e s!o%ld
devote t!e reso%rces necessar, to acco&'lis! t!e conversion as soon as 'ossible.
2akai: 6e s!o%ld kee' t!e c%rrent s,ste& "or as lon# as e can. T!e cost in ti&e
GMAT & LSAT CR BGH
and &one, o" convertin# to t!e ne s,ste& o%ld be #reater t!an an, 'redicted
bene"its.
.A/ T!e 'redicted bene"its o" t!e ne co&'%ter s,ste& ill be reali)ed.
.1/ It is essential to !ave t!e best co&'%ter s,ste& available.
.C/ Acco&'lis!in# t!e conversion is tec!nicall, i&'ossible.
.3/ T!e c%rrent co&'%ter s,ste& does not ork ell eno%#! to do !at it is
s%''osed to do.
.E/ T!e conversion to a ne co&'%ter s,ste& s!o%ld be dela,ed.
G. Ever, ,ear9 ne re'orts a''ear concernin# t!e !ealt! risks 'osed b, certain
s%bstances9 s%c! as co""ee and s%#ar. 7ne ,ear an article clai&ed t!at co""ee is
dan#ero%s to ones !ealt!. T!e ne(t ,ear9 anot!er article ar#%ed t!at co""ee !as
so&e bene"its "or ones !ealt!. $ro& t!ese contradictor, o'inions9 e see t!at
e('erts are %seless "or #%idin# ones decisions abo%t ones !ealt!.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, describes a "la in t!e ar#%&ent
above-
.A/ T!e ar#%&ent takes "or #ranted t!at co""ee is dan#ero%s to ones !ealt!.
.1/ T!e ar#%&ent 'res%&es9 it!o%t 'rovidin# arrant9 t!at one ala,s ants
e('ert #%idance in &akin# decisions abo%t ones !ealt!.
.C/ T!e ar#%&ent "ails to consider t!e nat%re o" e('ert o'inion in areas ot!er
t!an !ealt!.
.3/ T!e ar#%&ent 'res%&es9 it! o%t 'rovidin# +%sti"ication9 t!at beca%se e('ert
o'inion is tr%stort!, in one case9 it &%st t!ere"ore be tr%stort!, in all
cases.
.E/ T!e ar#%&ent "ails to consider t!at co""ee &a, be !ar&"%l to ones !ealt! in
so&e res'ects and bene"icial in ot!ers.
A. 1eca%se 'eo'le are #enerall, better at detectin# &istakes in ot!ers ork t!an in
t!eir on9 a 'r%dent 'rinci'le is t!at one s!o%ld ala,s !ave ones on ork
c!ecked b, so&eone else.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rovides t!e best ill%stration o" t!e 'rinci'le above-
.A/ T!e best ele&entar, sc!ool &at! teac!ers are not t!ose "or !o& &at! as
ala,s eas,. Teac!ers !o !ad to str%##le t!ro%#! &at! t!e&selves are
better able to e('lain &at! to st%dents.
.1/ 7ne &%st &ake a s'ecial e""ort to clearl, e('lain ones vies to so&eone
elseD 'eo'le nor&all, "ind it easier to %nderstand t!eir on vies t!an to
%nderstand ot!ers vies.
.C/ J%ries co&'osed o" le#al novices9 rat!er t!an 'anels o" la,ers9 s!o%ld be
t!e "inal arbiters in le#al 'roceedin#s. Feo'le !o are not le#al e('erts are
in a better 'osition to detect #ood le#al ar#%&ents b, la,ers t!an are ot!er
la,ers.
GMAT & LSAT CR BAI
.3/ Feo'le s!o%ld ala,s !ave t!eir ritin# 'roo"read b, so&eone else.
So&eone !o does not kno in advance !at is &eant to be said is in a
better 'osition to s'ot t,'o#ra'!ical errors.
.E/ To 'eo'le #oin# o%t "or dinner ill !ave a &ore en+o,able &eal i" t!e,
order "or eac! ot!er. 1, alloin# so&eone else to c!oose9 one o'ens onesel"
%' to ne and e(citin# dinin# e('erience.
B. F%ndit: T!e onl, airline 'rovidin# service "or o%r ton anno%nces t!at beca%se
t!e service is %n'ro"itable9 it ill discontin%e t!is service ne(t ,ear. Ton
o""icials !ave %r#ed t!e co&&%nit, to %se t!e airlines service &ore "re0%entl, so
t!at t!e airline ill c!an#e its decision. T!ere is no reason to co&'l, it! t!eir
reco&&endation9 !oever9 "or +%st last eek t!ese sa&e o""icials drove to an o%t8
o"8ton con"erence instead o" "l,in#.
T!e F%ndits reasonin# is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nds t!at it
'res%&es9 it!o%t 'rovidin# +%sti"ication9 t!at
.A/ Increasin# t!e n%&ber o" tickets sold it!o%t increasin# ticket 'rices ill be
s%""icient to &ake contin%ed air service econo&icall, "easible.
.1/ S%s'endin# service and losin# &one, b, contin%in# service are t!e airlines
onl, o'tions.
.C/ T!e ton o""icials 'aid "or t!eir tri' it! ta('a,ers &one, rat!er t!an t!eir
on &one,.
.3/ Gro%nd trans'ortation is %s%all, no less e('ensive t!an air'lane
trans'ortation.
.E/ I" t!e ton o""icials did not "ollo t!eir on advice9 t!en t!at advice is not
ort! "olloin#.
H. So&e scientists believe t!at G@ &illion ,ears a#o an asteroid str%ck !at is no
t!e *%catan Fenins%la9 t!ereb, ca%sin# e(tinction o" t!e dinosa%rs. T!ese
scientists !ave establis!ed t!at s%c! a strike co%ld !ave !%rled eno%#! debris into
t!e at&os'!ere to block s%nli#!t and cool t!e at&os'!ere. 6it!o%t ade0%ate
s%nli#!t9 "ood so%rces "or !erbivoro%s dinosa%rs o%ld !ave disa''eared9 and no
dinosa%rs co%ld !ave s%rvived a 'rolon#ed 'eriod o" lo te&'erat%res. T!ese
sa&e scientists9 !oever9 !ave also establis!ed t!at &ost debris la%nc!ed b, t!e
asteroid o%ld !ave settled to t!e #ro%nd it!in si( &ont!s9 too soon "or t!e
'lants to disa''ear or t!e dinosa%rs to "ree)e.
discre'anc, beteen t!e scientists belie"s and t!e scientists res%lts9 as described
above-
.A/ Loss o" t!e !erbivoro%s dinosa%rs o%ld !ave de'rived t!e carnivoro%s
dinosa%rs o" t!eir "ood so%rce.
.1/ 3inosa%rs in!abited &ost land&asses on t!e 'lanet b%t ere not es'eciall,
ab%ndant in t!e area o" t!e asteroid strike.
GMAT & LSAT CR BA1
.C/ A clo%d o" debris ca'able o" di&inis!in# s%nli#!t b, 5I 'ercent o%ld !ave
cooled t!e eart!s s%r"ace b, A to 1I de#rees Celsi%s.
.3/ T!e asteroid as at least H.G k& in dia&eter9 lar#e eno%#! "or &an,
dinosa%rs to be killed b, t!e strike itsel" and b, s%bse0%ent tidal aves.
.E/ 3inosa%rs ere s%sce'tible to "atal res'irator, 'roble&s ca%se b,
conta&ination o" t!e air b, asteroid debris.
1I. 1ernand: $or !ic! lan#%a#e9 and t!%s !ic! "re0%enc, distrib%tion o" letters
and letter se0%ences9 as t!e standard t,'eriter ke,board desi#ned-
Cora: To ask t!is 0%estion9 ,o% &%st be &akin# a &istaken ass%&'tion: t!at
t,'in# s'eed as to be &a(i&i)ed. T!e real dan#er it! earl, t,'eriters as
t!at o'erators o%ld !it s%ccessive ke,s too 0%ickl,9 t!ereb, cras!in# t,'ebars
into eac! ot!er9 bendin# connectin# ires and so on. So t!e idea as to slo t!e
o'erator don b, &akin# t!e &ost co&&on letter se0%ences akard to t,'e.
1ernand: T!is is s%rel, not ri#!tJ T!ese tec!nolo#ical li&itations !ave lon# since
vanis!ed9 ,et t!e ke,board is still as it as t!en.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 co%ld be %sed b, Cora to co%nter 1ernards
re+ection o" !er e('lanation-
.A/ T,'eriters and ord8'rocessin# e0%i'&ent are t,'icall, sold to 'eo'le !o
!ave learned to %se t!e standard ke,board and !o9 t!ere"ore9 de&and it in
e0%i'&ent t!e, b%,.
.1/ T,'eriters !ave been s%'erseded in &ost o""ices b, ord8'rocessin#
e0%i'&ent9 !ic! !as in!erited t!e standard ke,board "ro& t,'eriters.
.C/ T!e standard ke,board allos skilled o'erators to ac!iever considerable
t,'in# s'eeds9 t!o%#!t it &akes ac0%irin# s%c! skills relativel, di""ic%lt.
.3/ A 'erson !o !as learned one ke,board la,o%t can readil, learn to %se a
second one in 'lace o" t!e "irst9 b%t onl, it! di""ic%lt, learn to %se a
second one alon#side t!e "irst.
.E/ It is no 'ossible to constr%ct t,'eriter and ord8'rocessin# e0%i'&ent in
!ic! a sin#le ke,board can acco&&odate to or even &ore di""erent
ke,board la,o%ts9 eac! accessible to t!e o'erator at ill.
11. So&e teac!ers clai& t!at st%dents o%ld not learn c%rric%lar content it!o%t t!e
incentive o" #rades. 1%t st%dents it! intense interest in t!e &aterial o%ld learn
it it!o%t t!is incentive9 !ile t!e be!avior o" st%dents lackin# all interests in t!e
&aterial is %na""ected b, s%c! an incentive. T!e incentive o" #rades9 t!ere"ore9
serves no essential acade&ic '%r'ose.
.A/ take "or #ranted t!at t!e onl, '%r'ose o" sc!ool is to conve, a "i(ed bod, o"
in"or&ation to st%dents
.1/ takes "or #ranted t!at st%dents !o are indi""erent to t!e #rades t!e, receive
are #en%inel, interested in t!e c%rric%lar &aterial
GMAT & LSAT CR BA5
.C/ "ails to consider t!at t!e incentive o" #rades &a, serve so&e %se"%l
nonacade&ic '%r'ose
.3/ i#nore t!e 'ossibilit, t!at st%dents !o lack interest in t!e c%rric%lar &aterial
o%ld be 0%ite interested in it i" alloed to c!oose t!eir on c%rric%lar
&aterial
.E/ "ails to consider t!at so&e st%dents &a, be neit!er "ascinated b, nor
co&'letel, indi""erent to t!e s%b+ect bein# ta%#!t
15. Econo&ist: Tec!nolo#, no c!an#es so ra'idl, t!at orkers need 'eriodic
retrainin#. S%c! retrainin# can be e""icient onl, i" it allos individ%al co&'anies
to &eet t!eir on s!ort8ter& needs. :ence9 lar#e #overn&ental +ob retrainin#
'ro#ra&s are no lon#er a viable o'tion in t!e e""ort to retrain orkers e""icientl,.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# is an ass%&'tion re0%ired b, t!e econo&ists
ar#%&ent-
.A/ 6orkers did not need to be retrained !en t!e 'ace o" tec!nolo#ical c!an#e
as sloer t!an it is c%rrentl,.
.1/ Lar#e +ob retrainin# 'ro#ra&s ill be less e""icient t!an s&aller 'ro#ra&s i"
t!e 'ace o" tec!nolo#ical c!an#e slos.
.C/ 2o sin#le t,'e o" retrainin# 'ro#ra& is &ost e""icient at retrainin#
tec!nolo#ical orkers.
.3/ Lar#e #overn&ental +ob retrainin# 'ro#ra&s do not &eet t!e s!ort8ter&
needs o" di""erent individ%al co&'anies.
.E/ Tec!nolo#ical orkers are &ore likel, no t!an in t!e 'ast to &ove in order
to "ind ork "or !ic! t!e, are alread, trained.
1<. Recent researc! indicates t!at increased cons%&'tion o" "r%its and ve#etables b,
&iddle8a#ed 'eo'le red%ces t!eir s%sce'tibilit, to stroke in later ,ears. T!e
researc!ers s'ec%late t!at t!is &a, be beca%se "r%its and ve#etables are ric! in
"olic acid. Lo levels o" "olic acid are associated it! !i#! levels o"
!o&oc,steine9 an a&ino acid t!at contrib%tes to blocked arteries.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents is &ost stron#l, s%''orted b, t!e
in"or&ation above-
.A/ An increased risk o" stroke is correlated it! lo levels o" !o&oc,steine.
.1/ A decreased risk o" stroke is correlated it! increased levels o" "olic acid.
.C/ An increased 'ro'ensit, "or blocked arteries is correlated it! decreased
levels o" !o&oc,steine.
.3/ A decreased 'ro'ensit, "or blocked arteries is correlated it! lo levels o"
"olic acid.
.E/ Stroke is 'revented b, in#estion o" "olic acid in 0%antities s%""icient to
'revent a decline in t!e levels o" !o&oc,steine.
1C. T!irt, ,ears a#o9 t!e 'ercenta#e o" t!e 1ritis! 'eo'le !o vacationed in "orei#n
GMAT & LSAT CR BA<
co%ntries as ver, s&all co&'ared it! t!e lar#e 'ercenta#e o" t!e 1ritis!
'o'%lation !o travel abroad "or vacations no. $orei#n travel is9 and ala,s !as
been9 e('ensive "ro& 1ritain. T!ere"ore9 1ritis! 'eo'le &%st !ave9 on avera#e9
&ore &one, to s'end on vacations no t!an t!e, did <I ,ears a#o.
T!e ar#%&ent re0%ires ass%&in# !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ I" "orei#n travel !ad been less e('ensive <I ,ears a#o9 1ritis! 'eo'le o%ld
still not !ave !ad eno%#! &one, to take vacation abroad.
.1/ I" travel to 1ritain ere less e('ensive9 &ore 'eo'le o" ot!er co%ntries o%ld
travel to 1ritain "or t!eir vacations.
.C/ I" t!e 'ercenta#e o" 1ritis! 'eo'le vacationin# abroad as loer <I ,ears
a#o9 t!en t!e 1ritis! 'eo'le o" <I ,ears a#o &%st !ave s'ent &ore &one, on
do&estic vacations.
.3/ I" &ore o" t!e 1ritis! 'eo'le <I ,ears a#o !ad !ad eno%#! &one, to vacation
abroad9 &ore o%ld !ave done so.
.E/ I" 1ritis! 'eo'le are no ealt!ier t!an t!e, ere <I ,ears a#o9 t!en t!e,
&%st !ave &ore &one, to s'end on vacations no t!an t!e, did <I ,ears
a#o.
1@. M,ster, stories o"ten "eat%re a brilliant detective and t!e detectives d%ll
co&'anion. Cl%es are 'resented in t!e stor,9 and t!e co&'anion ron#l, in"ers an
inacc%rate sol%tion to t!e &,ster, %sin# t!e sa&e cl%es t!at t!e detective %ses to
ded%ce t!e correct sol%tion. T!%s9 t!e a%t!ors strate#, o" incl%din# t!e d%ll
co&'anion #ives readers a c!ance to solve t!e &,ster, !ile also divertin# t!e&
"ro& t!e correct sol%tion.
above-
.A/ Most &,ster, stories "eat%re a brilliant detective !o solves t!e &,ster,
'resented in t!e stor,.
.1/ M,ster, readers o"ten solve t!e &,ster, in a stor, si&'l, b, s'ottin# t!e
&istakes in t!e reasonin# o" t!e detectives d%ll co&'anion in t!at stor,.
.C/ So&e &,ster, stories #ive readers eno%#! cl%es to in"er t!e correct sol%tion
to t!e &,ster,.
.3/ T!e actions o" t!e brilliant detective in a &,ster, stor, rarel, divert readers
"ro& t!e actions o" t!e detectives d%ll co&'anion.
.E/ T!e detectives d%ll co&'anion in a &,ster, stor, #enerall, %ncovers t!e
&isleadin# cl%es t!at divert readers "ro& t!e &,ster,s correct sol%tion.
1G. Folic, anal,st: Increasin# t!e si)e o" a 'olice "orce is onl, a sto'#a' &et!od o"
cri&e 'revention. It does not #et at t!e root ca%ses o" cri&e. T!ere"ore9 cit,
o""icials s!o%ld not res'ond to risin# cri&e rates b, increasin# t!e si)e o" t!eir
cit,s 'olice "orce.
T!e "laed reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ar#%&ents &ost closel,
GMAT & LSAT CR BAC
rese&bles t!e "laed reasonin# in t!e 'olic, anal,sts ar#%&ent-
.A/ So&e 'eo'le t!ink t!at r%les it! !i#!er standards t!an 'eo'le can live %'
to9 s%c! as t!ose en+oinin# total !onest,9 'revent so&e i&&oral be!avior b,
#ivin# 'eo'le a #%ide to sel"8i&'rove&ent. 1%t s%c! r%les act%all, orsen
be!avior b, &ake 'eo'le c,nical abo%t r%les. T!%s9 societies s!o%ld not
instit%te overl, de&andin# r%les.
.1/ Sa&'s 'la, an i&'ortant role in alla,in# t!e !ars! e""ects o" "loods beca%se
t!e, absorb a #reat deal o" ater. Alt!o%#! da&s 'revent &an, "loods9 t!e,
orsen t!e e""ects o" t!e #reatest "loods b, dr,in# %' sa&'s. T!%s da&s
s!o%ld not be b%ilt.
.C/ Alt!o%#! less e""ective in 'reventin# t!e"t t!an sec%rit, #%ards9 b%r#lar alar&
s,ste&s are &ore a""ordable to &aintain. 1eca%se t!e #reater loss "ro& t!e"t
!en alar&s are %sed is o%tei#!ed b, t!eir loer cost9 co&'anies are
advised ala,s to %se b%r#lar alar& s,ste&s.
.3/ 1eca%se takin# t!is dr%# does not c%re t!e disease "or !ic! it is 'rescribed9
b%t onl, red%ces t!e diseases &ost !ar&"%l e""ects9 doctors s!o%ld not
contin%e to 'rescribe t!is dr%#.
.E/ 6e ill never "%ll, %nderstand !at ca%ses 'eo'le to en#a#e in cri&inal
activit,. T!ere"ore9 e s!o%ld investi#ate ot!er a,s to i&'rove societ,s
abilit, to co&bat cri&e.
Question 1'-18
In order to deter&ine a%to&obile ins%rance 're&i%&s "or a driver9 ins%rance
co&'anies calc%late vario%s risk "actorsD as t!e risk "actors increase9 so does t!e
're&i%&. Certain "actors9 s%c! as t!e drivers a#e and 'ast accident !istor,9 'la, an
i&'ortant role in t!ese calc%lations. *et t!ese 're&i%&s s!o%ld also increase drives.
A"ter all9 a 'ersons c!ance o" bein# involved in a &is!a' increases in 'ro'ortion to
t!e n%&ber o" ti&es t!at 'erson drives.
1A. 6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost %nder&ines t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ Feo'le !o drive in "re0%entl, are &ore likel, to be involved accidents t!at
occ%r on s&all roads t!an in !i#!a, accidents.
.1/ Feo'le !o drive in"re0%entl, are less likel, to "ollo r%les "or sa"e drivin#
t!an are 'eo'le !o drive "re0%entl,.
.C/ Feo'le !o drive in"re0%entl, are less likel, to violate local s'eed li&its
t!an are 'eo'le !o drive "re0%entl,.
.3/ Feo'le !o drive "re0%entl, are &ore likel, to &ake lon#8distance tri's in
t!e co%rse o" a ,ear t!an are 'eo'le !o drive in"re0%entl,.
.E/ Feo'le !o drive "re0%entl, are &ore likel, to beco&e distracted !ile
drivin# t!an are 'eo'le !o drive in"re0%entl,.
1B. T!e clai& t!at ins%rance 're&i%&s s!o%ld increase as t!e "re0%enc, it! !ic! a
driver drives increases 'la,s !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# roles in t!e ar#%&ent-
GMAT & LSAT CR BA@
.A/ a 're&ise o" t!e ar#%&ent
.1/ t!e concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent
.C/ evidence o""ered in s%''ort o" one o" t!e 're&ises
.3/ an assertion '!rased to 'recl%de an antici'ated ob+ection
.E/ a clari"ication o" a ke, ter& in t!e ar#%&ent
1H. Essa,ist: 7nl, !a''iness is intrinsicall, val%ableD ot!er t!in#s are val%able onl,
inso"ar as t!e, contrib%te to !a''iness. So&e '!iloso'!ers ar#%e t!at t!e "act t!at
e do not a''rove o" a bad 'ersons bein# !a'', s!os t!at e val%e !a''iness
onl, !en it is deserved. T!is s%''osedl, s!os t!at e "ind so&et!in# besides
!a''iness to be intrinsicall, val%able. 1%t t!e !a''iness 'eo'le deserve is
deter&ined b, t!e a&o%nt o" !a''iness t!e, brin# to ot!ers. T!ere"ore9 ;;;;;;
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost lo#icall, co&'letes t!e "inal sentence o" t!e
essa,ists ar#%&ent-
.A/ t!e notion t!at 'eo'le can be deservin# o" !a''iness is %lti&atel, inco!erent
.1/ 'eo'le do not act%all, val%e !a''iness as &%c! as t!e, t!ink t!e, do
.C/ t!e +%d#&ent t!at a 'erson deserves to be !a'', is itsel" to be %nderstood in
ter&s o" !a''iness
.3/ t!e onl, a, to be ass%red o" !a''iness is to brin# !a''iness to t!ose !o
!ave done so&et!in# to deserve it
.E/ a tr%l, bad 'erson cannot act%all, be ver, !a'',
5I. Sociolo#ist: Cli&ate and #eolo#, deter&ine !ere !%&an ind%str, can be
establis!ed . 3rastic s!i"ts in cli&ate ala,s res%lt in &i#rations9 and &i#rations
brin# abo%t t!e inter&in#lin# o" ideas necessar, "or ra'id advances in
civili)ation.
T!e sociolo#ists state&ents9 i" tr%e9 &ost stron#l, s%''ort !ic! one o" t!e
"olloin#-
.A/ Cli&ate is t!e 'ri&ar, ca%se o" &i#ration
.1/ All s!i"ts in cli&ate 'rod%ce a net #ain in !%&an 'ro#ress
.C/ A 'o'%lation re&ains settles onl, !ere t!e cli&ate is "airl, stable.
.3/ Fo'%lations settle in ever, 'lace !ere !%&an ind%str, can be establis!ed
.E/ Ever, &i#rations acco&'anies b, ra'id advances in civili)ation
51. So&e ed%cators clai& t!at it is best t!at sc!ool co%rses cover onl, basic s%b+ect
&atter9 b%t cover it in de't!. T!ese ed%cators ar#%e t!at i" st%dent ac!ieve a solid
#ras' o" t!e basic conce'ts and investi#ator, tec!ni0%es in a s%b+ect9 t!e, ill be
able to e('lore t!e breadt! o" t!at s%b+ect on t!eir on a"ter t!e co%rse is over.
1%t i" t!e, si&'l, learn a lot o" "act%al in"or&ation9 it!o%t tr%l, %nderstandin#
its si#ni"icance9 t!e, ill not be ell e0%i''ed "or "%rt!er st%d, on t!eir on.
T!e ed%cators reasonin# 'rovides #ro%nds "or acce'tin# !ic! one o" t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR BAG
"olloin# state&ents-
.A/ It is easier to %nderstand !o 'lants and ani&als are classi"ied a"ter learnin#
!o 'lants and ani&als can be %se"%l
.1/ It is &ore di""ic%lt to recall t!e details o" a d%ll and co&'licated lect%re t!an
o" a livel, and interestin# one.
.C/ It is easier to re&e&ber ne ideas e('lained 'ersonall, b, a teac!er t!an
ideas t!at one e('lores inde'endentl,.
.3/ It is easier to %nderstand an, Greek tra#ed, a"ter one !as anal,)ed a "e o"
t!e& in detail.
.E/ It is easier to learn &an, si&'le ideas ell t!an to learn a "e co&'licated
ideas ell.
55. 3a&&in# t!e Merv River o%ld 'rovide irri#ation "or t!e dr, land in its
%'strea& areasD %n"ort%natel,9 a da& o%ld red%ce a#ric%lt%ral 'rod%ctivit, in
t!e "ertile land donstrea& b, red%cin# t!e availabilit, and 0%alit, o" t!e ater
t!ere. T!e 'rod%ctivit, loss in t!e donstrea& area o%ld be #reater t!an t!e
'rod%ctivit, #ain %'strea& 9 so b%ildin# a da& o%ld ,ield no overall #ain in
a#ric%lt%ral 'rod%ctivit, in t!e re#ion as a !ole.
T!e reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above &ost closel, 'arallels t!at in !ic! one o"
t!e "olloin#-
.A/ disease8ca%sin# bacteria in e##s can be destro,ed b, overcookin# t!e e##s9
b%t t!e e##s t!en beco&e &%c! less a''eti)in#D !ealt! is &ore i&'ortant
t!an taste9 !oever9 so it is better to overcook e##s t!an not to do so.
.1/ Increasin# t!e 'rice o" transatlantic tele'!one calls ill disco%ra#e &an,
'rivate individ%als "ro& &akin# t!e&. 1%t since &ost transatlantic
tele'!one calls are &ade b, b%sinesses9 not b, 'rivate individ%als9 a rate
increase ill not red%ce tele'!one co&'an, 'ro"its.
.C/ A ne !i#!a, ill allo s%b%rban co&&%ters to reac! t!e cit, &ore
0%ickl,9 b%t not it!o%t ca%sin# increased dela,s it!in t!e cit, t!at ill
&ore t!an o""set an, ti&e saved on t!e !i#!a,. T!ere"ore9 t!e !i#!a,
ill not ed%ce s%b%rban co&&%ters overall co&&%tin# ti&e.
.3/ 3octors can 'rescribe antibiotics "ro &an, &inor illnesses9 b%t antibiotics are
e('ensive9 and t!ese illnesses can o"ten be c%red b, rest alone. T!ere"ore9 it
is better to rest at !o&e t!an to see a doctor "or t!ese illnesses.
.E/ A certain c!e&ical ill kill #arden 'est t!at da&a#e to&atoes9 b%t t!at
c!e&ical ill da&a#e certain ot!er 'lants &ore severel, t!an t!e 'ests
da&a#e t!e to&atoes9 so t!e onl, #arden t!at ill bene"it "ro& t!e %se o"
t!e c!e&ical are t!ose in !ic! onl, to&atoes are #ron.
5<. Activist: $ood 'rod%cers irradiate "ood in order to 'rolon# its s!el" li"e. $ive
ani&al st%dies ere recentl, cond%cted to investi#ate !et!er t!is 'rocess alters
"ood in a a, t!at co%ld be dan#ero%s to 'eo'le !o eat it. T!e st%dies concl%ded
GMAT & LSAT CR BAA
t!at irradiated "ood is sa"e "or !%&an to eat. :oever9 beca%se t!ese st%dies ere
s%bse0%entl, "o%nd b, a 'anel o" inde'endent scientists to be serio%sl, "laed in
t!eir &et!odolo#,9 it "ollos t!at irradiated "ood is not sa"e "or !%&an
cons%&'tion.
T!e reasonin# in t!e activists ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se t!at ar#%&ent
.A/ treats a "ail%re to 'rove a clai& as constit%tin# 'roo" o" t!e denial o" t!at
clai&
.1/ treat &et!odolo#ical "las in 'ast st%dies as 'roo" t!at it is c%rrentl, not
'ossible to devise &et!odolo#icall, ade0%ate alternatives
.C/ "ails to consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at even a st%d, !ose &et!odolo#, !as no
serio%s "las nonet!eless &i#!t 'rovide onl, eak s%''ort "or its
concl%sion
.3/ "ails to consider t!e 'ossibilit, t!at !at is sa"e "or ani&als &i#!t not ala,s
be sa"e "or !%&an bein#s
.E/ "ails to establis! t!at t!e inde'endent scientists kno &ore abo%t "ood
irradiation t!an do t!e 'eo'le !o 'rod%ced t!e "ive st%dies
5C. 7ne8,ear8olds ordinaril, 're"er t!e taste o" seet "ood to t!at o" salt, "ood. *et i"
one "eeds a one8,ear8old salt, "ood rat!er t!an seet "ood9 t!en over a 'eriod o"
abo%t a ,ear !e or s!e ill develo' a taste "or t!e salt, "lavor and c!oose to eat
salt, "ood rat!er t!an seet "ood. T!%s9 a ,o%n# c!ilds taste 're"erences can be
a""ected b, t!e t,'e o" "ood !e or s!e !as been e('osed to.
.A/ To8,ear8olds do not nat%rall, 're"er salt, "ood to seet "ood
.1/ A c!ilds taste 're"erences %s%all, c!an#es beteen a#e one and a#e to.
.C/ To8,ear8olds do not nat%rall, dislike salt, "ood so &%c! t!at t!e, o%ld
not c!oose it over so&e ot!er "oods.
.3/ T!e salt, "ood "ed to in"ants in order to c!an#e t!eir taste 're"erences &%st
taste 'leasant
.E/ Seet "ood is better "or in"ant develo'&ent t!an is salt, "ood.
SECTI72 I4
Time 35 minutes 2! Questions
Question 1-!
Ms. S&it!: I a& %'set t!at &, sons entire class lost to da,s o" recess beca%se so&e
o" t!e c!ildren ere t!roin# raisins in t!e ca"eteria. :e as not t!roin# raisins9 and
it as clear to ever,one +%st !o t!e c%l'rits ere.
Frinci'al: I& sorr, ,o%re %'set9 Ms. S&it!9 b%t ,o%r sons sit%ation is like bein#
ca%#!t in a tra""ic +a& ca%sed b, an accident. Feo'le !o arent involved in t!e
GMAT & LSAT CR BAB
accident nevert!eless !ave to s%""er b, sittin# t!ere in t!e &iddle o" it.
1. I" t!e 'rinci'al is s'eakin# sincerel,9 t!en it can be in"erred "ro& !at t!e
'rinci'al sa,s t!at t!e 'rinci'al believes t!at
.A/ &an, c!ildren ere t!roin# raisins in t!e ca"eteria
.1/ Ms. S&it!s son &i#!t not !ave t!ron raisins in t!e ca"eteria
.C/ A"ter an accident t!e res%ltin# tra""ic +a&s are #enerall, ca%sed b, 'olice
activit,.
.3/ Ms. S&it!s son kno !o it as t!at t!re raisins in t!e ca"eteria
.E/ Losin# to da,s o" recess ill deter "%t%re disr%'tions.
5. T!e 'rinci'als res'onse to Ms. S&it!s co&'laint is &ost v%lnerable to criticis&
on !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# #ro%nds-
.A/ it &akes a #enerali)ation abo%t all t!e c!ildren in t!e class !ic! is not
+%sti"ied b, t!e "acts.
.1/ It s%##ests t!at t!roin# raisins in t!e ca"eteria 'rod%ces as &%c!
inconvenience as does bein# ca%#!t in a tra""ic +a&.
.C/ It does not acknoled#e t!e "act t!at a tra""ic +a& "olloin# an accident is
%navoidable !ile t!e &ass '%nis!&ent as avoidable.
.3/ It ass%&es t!at Ms. S&it!s son is #%ilt, !en t!ere is evidence to t!e
contrar, !ic! t!e 'rinci'al !as disre#arded.
.E/ It atte&'ts to con"%se t!e 'oint at iss%e b, introd%cin# irrelevant "acts abo%t
t!e incident.
<. Jo%rnalist: 7bvio%sl,9 t!o%#! so&e ani&als are '%rel, carnivoro%s9 none o%ld
s%rvive it!o%t 'lants. 1%t e! de'endence is &%t%al. Man, 'lant s'ecies o%ld
never !ave co&e to be !ad t!ere been no ani&als to 'ollinate9 "ertili)e9 and
broadcast t!eir seeds. Also9 'lants '!otos,nt!etic activit, o%ld de'lete t!e
carbon dio(ide in Eart!s at&os'!ere ere it not constantl, bein# re'lenis!ed b,
t!e e(!alation o" ani&als9 en#ine "%&es9 and s&oke "ro& "ires9 &an, set b,
!%&an bein#s.
+o%rnalists ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e '!otos,nt!etic activit, o" 'lants is necessar, "or ani&al li"e9 b%t ani&al
li"e is also necessar, "or t!e occ%rrence o" '!otos,nt!esis in 'lants.
.1/ So&e '%rel, carnivoro%s ani&als o%ld not s%rvive it!o%t 'lants.
.C/ T!e c!e&ical co&'osition o" Eart! and its at&os'!ere de'ends9 at least to
so&e e(tent9 one t!e e(istence and activities o" t!e ani&als t!at 'o'%late
Eart!.
.3/ :%&an activit, is 'art o" !at 'revents 'lants "ro& de'letin# t!e o(,#en in
Eart!s at&os'!ere on !ic! 'lants and ani&als alike de'ends.
.E/ J%st as ani&als are de'endent on 'lants "or t!eir s%rvival9 'lants are
GMAT & LSAT CR BAH
de'endent on ani&als "or t!eirs.
C. T!e #overn&ent8oned #as co&'an, !as be#%n sellin# stoves and ot!er #as
a''liances to create a lar#er &arket "or its #as. Merc!ants !o sell s%c! 'rod%cts
co&'lain t!at t!e co&'etition ill !%rt t!eir b%sinesses. T!at &a, ell beD
!oever9 t!e #overn&ent8oned #as co&'an, is it!in its ri#!ts. A"ter all9 t!e
oner o" a 'rivate #as co&'an, &i#!t ill decide to sell s%c! a''liances and
s%rel, t!ere o%ld be not!in# ron# it! t!at.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# 'rinci'les9 i" valid9 &ost !el's +%sti", t!e reasonin#
above-
.A/ Govern&ent8oned co&'anies !ave t!e ri#!t to do !atever 'rivate
b%sinesses !ave t!e ri#!t to do.
.1/ A #overn&ent s!o%ld ala,s take serio%sl, t!e co&'laints o" &erc!ants.
.C/ Frivate b%sinesses !ave not ri#!t to co&'ete it! #overn&ent &ono'olies.
.3/ T!ere is not!in# ron# it! a #overn&ent8oned co&'an, sellin# 'rod%cts
so lon# as oners o" 'rivate co&'anies do not co&'lain.
.E/ T!ere is not!in# ron# it! 'rivate co&'anies co&'etin# a#ainst eac! ot!er.
@. To(icolo#ist: A s%rve, o" oil8re"iner, orkers !o ork it! M1TE9 an
in#redient c%rrentl, %sed in so&e s&o#8red%cin# #asoline9 "o%nd an alar&in#
incidence o" co&'laints abo%t !eadac!es9 "ati#%e9 and s!ortness o" breat!. Since
#asoline containin# M1TE ill soon be idel, %sed9 e can e('ect an increased
incidence o" !eadac!es9 "ati#%e9 and s!ortness o" breat!.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 stren#t!ens t!e to(icolo#ists ar#%&ent EECEFT:
.A/ Most oil8re"iner, orkers !o do not ork it! M1TE do not !ave serio%s
!ealt! 'roble&s involvin# !eadac!es9 "ati#%e9 and s!ortness o" breat!.
.1/ :eadac!es9 "ati#%e9 and s!ortness o" breat! are a&on# t!e s,&'to&s o"
several &edical conditions t!at are 'otentiall, serio%s t!reats to '%blic
!ealt!.
.C/ Since t!e ti&e !en #asoline containin# M1TE as "irst introd%ced in a "e
&etro'olitan areas9 t!ose areas re'orted an increase in t!e n%&ber o"
co&'laints abo%t !eadac!es9 "ati#%e9 and s!ortness o" breat!.
.3/ Re#ions in !ic! onl, #asoline containin# M1TE is %sed !ave a &%c!
#reater incidence o" !eadac!es9 "ati#%e9 and s!ortness o" breat! t!an do
si&ilar re#ions in !ic! onl, M1TE8"ree #asoline is %sed.
.E/ T!e oil8re"iner, orkers s%rve,ed ere care"%ll, selected to be
re'resentative o" t!e broader 'o'%lation in t!eir &edical !istories 'rior to
e('os%re to M1TE9 as ell as in ot!er relevant res'ects.
G. In an, "ield9 e('erience is re0%ired "or a 'ro"icient 'erson to beco&e an e('ert.
T!ro%#! e('erience9 a 'ro"icient 'erson #rad%all, develo's a re'ertor, o" &odel
sit%ations t!at allos an i&&ediate9 int%itive res'onse to eac! ne sit%ation. T!is
is t!e !all&ark o" e('ertise9 and or t!is reason co&'%teri)ed >e('ert s,ste&s?
GMAT & LSAT CR BBI
cannot be as #ood as !%&an e(erts. Alt!o%#! co&'%ters !ave t!e abilit, to store
&illions o" bits o" in"or&ation9 t!e knoled#e o" !%&an e('erts9 !o bene"it
"ro& t!e e('erience o" t!o%sands o" sit%ations9 is not stored it!in t!eir brains in
t!e "or& o" r%les and "acts.
T!e ar#%&ent re0%ires t!e ass%&'tion o" !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ Co&'%ters can s!o no &ore ori#inalit, in res'ondin# to a sit%ation t!an
t!at b%ilt into t!e& b, t!eir desi#ners.
.1/ T!e knoled#e o" !%&an e('erts cannot be ade0%atel, rendered into t!e
t,'e o" in"or&ation t!at a co&'%ter can store.
.C/ :%&an e('erts rel, on in"or&ation t!at can be e('ressed b, r%les and "acts
!en t!e, res'ond to ne sit%ations.
.3/ $%t%re advances in co&'%ter tec!nolo#, ill not render co&'%ters ca'able
o" sortin# t!ro%#! #reater a&o%nts o" in"or&ation.
.E/ :%&an e('erts rel, !eavil, on int%ition !ile t!e, are develo'in# a
re'ertor, o" &odel sit%ations.
A. 6!en drivers are de'rived o" slee' t!ere are de"inite be!avioral c!an#es9 s%c! as
sloer res'onses to sti&%li and a red%ced abilit, to concentrate9 b%t 'eo'les sel"8
aareness o" t!ese c!an#es is 'oor. Most drivers t!ink t!e, can tell !en t!e, are
abo%t to "all aslee'9 b%t t!e, cannot.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin# ill%strates t!e 'rinci'le t!at t!e 'assa#e ill%strates
EECEFT:
.A/ Feo'le !o !ave been drinkin# alco!ol are not #ood +%d#es o" !et!er t!e,
are too dr%nk to drive.
.1/ Ele&entar, sc!ool st%dents !o dislike arit!&etic are not #ood +%d#es o"
!et!er &%lti'lication tables s!o%ld be incl%ded in t!e sc!ools c%rric%l%&.
.C/ Ind%strial orkers !o !ave +%st been e('osed to no(io%s "%&es are not
#ood +%d#es o" !et!er t!e, s!o%ld kee' orkin#.
.3/ Feo'le !o !ave +%st donated blood and !ave beco&e "aint are not #ood
+%d#es o" !et!er t!e, are read, to alk o%t o" t!e "acilit,.
.E/ Feo'le !o are bein# treated "or sc!i)o'!renia are not #ood +%d#es o"
!et!er t!e, s!o%ld contin%e t!eir &edical treat&ents.
B. Folitician: M, o''onent sa,s o%r )onin# las too stron#l, 'ro&ote s%b%rban
sin#le8"a&il, dellin#s and s!o%ld be c!an#ed to enco%ra#e ot!er "or&s o"
!o%sin# like a'art&ent b%ildin#s. *et !e lives in a !o%se in t!e co%ntr,. :is
li"est,le contradicts !is on ar#%&ent9 !ic! s!o%ld t!ere"ore not be taken
serio%sl,.
T!e 'oliticians reasonin# is &ost v%lnerable to criticis& on t!e #ro%nd t!at
.A/ Its c!aracteri)ation o" t!e o''onents li"est,le reveals t!e 'oliticians on
're+%dice a#ainst constr%ctin# a'art&ent b%ildin#s.
.1/ It ne#lects t!e "act t!at a'art&ent b%ildin#s can be b%ilt in t!e s%b%rbs +%st as
GMAT & LSAT CR BB1
easil, as in t!e center o" t!e cit,.
.C/ It "ails to &ention t!e 'oliticians on livin# sit%ation
.3/ Its disc%ssion o" t!e o''onents li"est,le is irrelevant to t!e &erits o" t!e
o''onents ar#%&ent.
.E/ It i#nores t!e 'ossibilit, t!at t!e o''onent &a, !ave 'revio%sl, lived in an
a'art&ent b%ildin#.
H. Cons%&ers are dee'l, concerned abo%t t!e 0%antit, o" 'lastic 'acka#in# on t!e
&arket and !ave s'%rred &an%"act%rers to "ind a,s to rec,cle 'lastic &aterials.
3es'ite t!eir e""orts9 !oever9 onl, G.@ 'ercent o" 'lastic is not bein# rec,cled9 as
co&'ared to << 'ercent o" container #lass.
Eac! o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 !el's to e('lain t!e relativel, lo rate o" 'lastic
rec,clin# EECEFT:
.A/ Man, "actories are set %' to acce't and &ake econo&ical %se o" rec,cled
#lass9 !ereas t!ere are "e "actories t!at &ake 'rod%cts o%t o" rec,cled
'lastic.
.1/ Man, 'lastic 'rod%cts are inco&'atible and cannot be rec,cled to#et!er9
!ereas &ost containers &ade o" #lass are co&'atible.
.C/ T!e &an%"act%re o" ne 'lastic de'letes oil reserves9 !ereas t!e
&an%"act%re o" ne #lass %ses reneable reso%rces.
.3/ =nlike #lass9 !ic! can be !eated to t!o%sands o" de#rees d%rin# t!e
rec,clin# 'rocess to b%rn o"" conta&inants9 rec,cled 'lastic cannot be
!eated eno%#! to sterili)e it.
.E/ Flastic 'ol,&ers tend to break don d%rin# t!e rec,clin# 'rocess and
eaken t!e res%ltin# 'rod%ct9 !ereas #lass does not break don.
1I. Tec!nolo#ical 'ro#ress &akes econo&ic #rot! and ides'read 'ros'erit,
'ossibleD it also &akes a orkers 'artic%lar skills less cr%cial to 'rod%ction. *et
orkers satis"action in t!eir ork de'ends on t!eir believin# t!at t!eir ork is
di""ic%lt and re0%ires %nco&&on skills. Clearl,9 t!en9 tec!nolo#ical 'ro#ress
;;;;;;
.A/ deceases t!e 0%alit, o" &ost 'rod%cts
.1/ 'rovides bene"its onl, to t!ose !ose ork is not directl, a""ected b, it
.C/ is #enerall, o''osed b, t!e orkers !ose ork ill be directl, a""ected b,
it
.3/ ca%se orkers to "eel less satis"action in t!eir ork
.E/ eli&inates &an, orkers +obs
11. Environ&entalist: T!e co&'le( ecos,ste& o" t!e 2ort! A&erican 'rairie !as
lar#el, been destro,ed to 'rod%ce cattle "eed. 1%t t!e 'rairie ecos,ste& once
s%''orted <I to AI &illion bison9 !ereas 2ort! A&erican a#ric%lt%re no
GMAT & LSAT CR BB5
s%''orts abo%t @I &illion cattle. Since bison ,ield as &%c! &eat as cattle9 and t!e
nat%ral 'rairie re0%ired neit!er 'esticides9 &ac!iner,9 nor #overn&ent s%bsidies9
ret%rnin# as &%c! land as 'ossible to an %nc%ltivated state co%ld restore
biodiversit, it!o%t a &a+or decease in &eat 'rod%ction.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# &ost acc%ratel, e('resses t!e environ&entalists
&ain concl%sion-
.A/ I" earlier 2ort! A&erican a#ric%lt%ral tec!ni0%es ere reintrod%ced9 &eat
'rod%ction o%ld decrease onl, sli#!tl,.
.1/ Frotectin# t!e !abitat o" ild ani&als so t!at e can %tili)e t!ese ani&als as
a "ood so%rce is &ore cost e""ective t!an raisin# do&esticated ani&als.
.C/ T!e biodiversit, o" t!e 2ort! A&erican 'rairie ecos,ste& s!o%ld not be
restored i" doin# so ill !ave intolerable econo&ic conse0%ences.
.3/ Freservation o" t!e re&ainin# 2ort! A&erican bison o%ld be a sensible
'olic,.
.E/ T!e devastation o" t!e 2ort! A&erican 'rairie ecos,ste& co%ld be lar#el,
reversed it!o%t si#ni"icantl, decreasin# &eat 'rod%ction.
15. Ite& re&oved "ro& scorin#.
1<. A recent st%d, reveals t!at television advertisin# does not si#ni"icantl, a""ect
c!ildrens 're"erences "or break"ast cereals. T!e st%d, co&'ared to #ro%'s o"
c!ildren. 7ne #ro%' !ad atc!ed no television9 and t!e ot!er #ro%' !ad atc!ed
avera#e a&o%nts o" television and its advertisin#. 1ot! #ro%'s stron#l, 're"erred
t!e s%#ar, cereals !eavil, advertised on television.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# state&ents9 i" tr%e9 &ost eakens t!e ar#%&ent-
.A/ T!e 're"erences o" c!ildren !o do not atc! television advertisin# are
in"l%enced b, t!e 're"erences o" c!ildren !o atc! t!e advertisin#.
.1/ T!e 're"erence "or seets is not a %niversal trait in !%&an and can be
in"l%enced b, environ&ental "actors s%c! as television advertisin#.
.C/ Most o" t!e c!ildren in t!e #ro%' t!at !ad atc!ed television ere alread,
"a&iliar it! t!e advertise&ents "or t!ese cereals.
.3/ 1ot! #ro%'s re+ected cereals lo in s%#ar even !en t!ese cereal ere
!eavil, advertised on television.
.E/ Cereal 're"erences o" ad%lts !o atc! television are knon to be
si#ni"icantl, di""erent "ro& t!e cereal 're"erences o" ad%lts !o do not
atc! television.
1C. Red%cin# s'eed li&its neit!er saves lives nor 'rotects t!e environ&ent. T!is is
beca%se t!e &ore slol, a car is driven9 t!e &ore ti&e it s'ends on t!e road
s'ein# e(!a%st into t!e air and r%nnin# t!e risk o" collidin# it! ot!er ve!icles.
.A/ ne#lects t!e "act t!at so&e &otorists co&'letel, i#nore s'eed li&its.
GMAT & LSAT CR BB<
.1/ I#nore t!e 'ossibilit, o" bene"its "ro& loerin# s'eed li&its ot!er t!an
environ&ental and sa"et, bene"its.
.C/ $ails to consider t!at i" s'eed li&its are red%ced9 increased drivin# ti&es ill
increase t!e n%&ber o" cars on t!e road at an, #iven ti&e.
.3/ Fres%&es9 it!o%t 'rovidin# +%sti"ication9 t!at total e&issions "or a #iven
a%to&obile tri' are deter&ined 'ri&aril, b, t!e a&o%nt o" ti&e t!e tri'
takes
.E/ Fres%&es9 it!o%t 'rovidin# +%sti"ication9 t!at drivers r%n a si#ni"icant risk
o" collision onl, i" t!e, s'end a lot o" ti&e on t!e road.
1@. Lo##er!ead t%rtles live and breed in distinct #ro%'s9 o" !ic! so&e are in t!e
Faci"ic 7cean and so&e are in t!e Atlantic. 2e evidence s%##ests t!at +%venile
'aci"ic lo##er!eads t!at "eed near t!e 1a+a 'enins%la !atc! in Ja'anese aters
1I9III kilo&eters aa,. 2inet,8"ive 'ercent o" t!e 32A sa&'les taken "ro& t!e
1a+a t%rtles &atc! t!ose taken "ro& t%rtles at t!e Ja'anese nestin# sites.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin#9 i" tr%e9 &ost serio%sl, eakens t!e reasonin#
above-
.A/ 2estin# sites o" lo##er!ead t%rtles !ave been "o%nd o"" t!e Faci"ic coast o"
2ort! A&erica several t!o%sand kilo&eters nort! o" t!e 1a+a 'enins%la.
.1/ T!e distance beteen nestin# sites and "eedin# sites o" Atlantic lo##er!ead
t%rtles is less t!an @9III kilo&eters.
.C/ Lo##er!ead !atc!lin#s in Ja'anese aters !ave been declinin# in n%&ber "or
t!e last decade !ile t!e n%&ber o" nestin# sites near t!e 1a+a 'enins%la
!ad re&ained constant.
.3/ 2inet,8"ive 'ercent o" t!e 32A sa&'les taken "ro& t!e 1a+a t%rtles &atc!
t!ose taken "ro& Atlantic lo##er!ead t%rtles.
.E/ Co&&ercial a0%ari%&s !ave been s%ccess"%ll, breedin# Atlantic lo##er!eads
it! Faci"ic lo##er!eads "ro t!e last "ive ,ears.
1G. Feo'le !o do not believe t!at ot!ers distr%st t!e& are con"ident in t!eir on
abilities9 so 'eo'le !o tend to tr%st ot!ers t!ink o" a di""ic%lt task as a c!allen#e
rat!er t!an a t!reat9 since t!is is 'recisel, !o 'eo'le !o are con"ident in t!eir
on abilities re#ard s%c! tasks.
ass%&ed-
.A/ Feo'le !o believe t!at ot!ers distr%st t!e& tend to tr%st ot!ers.
.1/ Con"idence in ones on abilities #ives one con"idence in t!e tr%stort!iness
o" ot!ers.
.C/ Feo'le !o tend to tr%st ot!ers do not believe t!at ot!ers distr%st t!e&.
.3/ Feo'le !o are not t!reatened b, di""ic%lt tasks tend to "ind s%c! tasks
c!allen#in#.
.E/ Feo'le tend to distr%st t!ose !o t!e, believe lack sel"8con"idence.
GMAT & LSAT CR BBC
1A. M%llen !as 'ro'osed to raise ta(es on t!e ric!9 !o &ade so &%c! &one, d%rin#
t!e 'ast decade. *et M%llens ta( records s!o !eav, invest&ent in b%siness
d%rin# t!at ti&e and lar#e 'ro"itsD so M%llens 'ro'osal does not deserve o%r
consideration.
T!e "laed reasonin# in t!e ar#%&ent above is &ost si&ilar to t!e "laed
reasonin# in !ic! one o" t!e "olloin#-
.A/ 3o not vote "or S&it!s 'ro'osed le#islation to s%bsidi)e c!ild care "or
orkin# 'arentsD S&it! is a orkin# 'arent.
.1/ 3o not '%t an, credence in 3r. :ans recent 'ro'osal to ban s&okin# in all
'%blic 'lacesD 3r. :an is a !eav, s&oker.
.C/ T!e 'revio%s itnesss testi&on, o%#!t to be i#noredD !e !as been convicted
o" bot! "or#er, and &ail "ra%d.
.3/ 1oard &e&ber Ti&&s 'ro'osal to raise t!e salaries o" t!e co&'an,s
&iddle &ana#ers does not deserve to be consideredD Ti&&s da%#!ter is a
&iddle &ana#er at t!e co&'an,s !ead0%arters.
.E/ 3r. 6asos anal,sis o" t!e desi#n o" t!is brid#e s!o%ld not be taken
serio%sl,D a"ter all9 3r. 6aso !as 'revio%sl, onl, desi#ned "actor,
b%ildin#s.
Question 18919
Anders: T!e '!,sical str%ct%re o" t!e brain 'la,s an i&'ortant role in t!inkin#. So
researc!ers develo'in# >t!inkin# &ac!ines?Kco&'%ters t!at can &ake decisions
based on bot! co&&on sense and "act%al knoled#eKs!o%ld closel, &odel t!ose
&ac!ines on t!e str%ct%re o" t!e brain.
*an#: I&'ortant does not &ean essential. A"ter all9 no "l,in# &ac!ine closel, &odeled
on birds !as orkedD orkable aircra"t are str%ct%rall, ver, di""erent "ro& birds. So
t!inkin# &ac!ines closel, &odeled on t!e brain are also likel, to "ail. In develo'in# a
orkable t!inkin# &ac!ine9 researc!ers o%ld t!ere"ore increase t!eir c!ances o"
s%ccess i" t!e, "oc%s on t!e brains "%nction and si&'l, i#nore its '!,sical str%ct%re.
1B. T!e state&ent >t!inkin# &ac!ines closel, &odeled on t!e brain are also likel, to
"ail serves !ic! one o" t!e "olloin# roles in ,an#s ar#%&ent-
.A/ t!e &ain concl%sion o" t!e ar#%&ent
.1/ a s%bsidiar, concl%sion %sed in s%''ort o" t!e &ain concl%sion
.C/ a 'rinci'le o" researc! invoked in s%''ort o" t!e concl%sion
.3/ a 'artic%lar e(a&'le ill%stratin# a #eneral clai&
.E/ back#ro%nd in"or&ation 'rovidin# a conte(t "or t!e ar#%&ent
1H. In eval%atin# *an#s ar#%&ent it o%ld be &ost !el'"%l to kno !et!er
.A/ st%dies o" t!e '!,sical str%ct%re o" birds 'rovided in"or&ation cr%cial to t!e
develo'&ent o" orkable aircra"t
GMAT & LSAT CR BB@
.1/ researc!ers c%rrentl, orkin# on t!inkin# &ac!ines take all t!inkin# to
involve bot! co&&on sense and "act%al knoled#e
.C/ as &%c! ti&e !as been s'ent tr,in# to develo' a orkable t!inkin# &ac!ine
as !ad been s'ent in develo'in# t!e "irst orkable aircra"t
.3/ researc!ers !o s'eciali)e in t!e str%ct%re o" t!e brain are a&on# t!ose !o
are tr,in# to develo' t!inkin# &ac!ines
.E/ so&e "l,in# &ac!ines t!at ere not closel, &odeled on birds "ailed to ork
5I. S!, adolescents o"ten devote t!e&selves totall, to a !obb, to !el' distract t!e&
"ro& t!e loneliness bro%#!t on b, t!eir s!,ness. So&eti&es t!e, are able to
beco&e "riends it! ot!ers !o s!are t!eir !obb,. 1%t i" t!e, lose interest in t!at
!obb,9 t!eir loneliness &a, be e(acerbated. So develo'in# an all8cons%&in#
!obb, is not a s%ccess"%l strate#, "or overco&in# adolescent loneliness.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# ass%&'tions does t!e ar#%&ent de'end on-
.A/ Event%all,9 s!, adolescents are #oin# to ant a ider circle o" "riends t!an is
'rovided b, t!eir !obb,.
.1/ 2o s%ccess"%l strate#, "ro overco&in# adolescent loneliness ever intensi"ies
t!at loneliness.
.C/ S!, adolescents ill lose interest in t!eir !obbies i" t!e, do not &ake "riends
t!ro%#! t!eir en#a#e&ent in t!ose !obbies.
.3/ So&e ot!er strate#, "or overco&in# adolescent loneliness is #enerall, &ore
s%ccess"%l t!an is develo'in# an all8cons%&in# !obb,.
.E/ S!, adolescents devote t!e&selves to !obbies &ainl, beca%se t!e, ant to
&ake "riends.
51. Folitical scientist: As a 'olitical s,ste&9 de&ocrac, does not 'ro&ote 'olitical
"reedo&. T!ere are !istorical e(a&'les o" de&ocracies t!at %lti&atel, res%lted in
so&e o" t!e &ost o''ressive societies. Likeise9 t!ere !ave been enli#!tened
des'otis&s and oli#arc!ies t!at !ave 'rovided a re&arkable level o" 'olitical
"reedo& to t!eir s%b+ects.
T!e reasonin# in t!e 'olitical scientists ar#%&ent is "laed beca%se it
.A/ con"%ses t!e conditions necessar, "or 'olitical "reedo& it! t!e conditions
s%""icient to brin# it abo%t
.1/ "ail to consider t!at a s%bstantial increase in t!e level o" 'olitical "reedo&
&i#!t ca%se a societ, to beco&e &ore de&ocratic
.C/ a''eals to !istorical e(a&'les t!at are irrelevant to t!e ca%sal clai& bein#
&ade
.3/ overlooks t!e 'ossibilit, t!at de&ocrac, 'ro&otes 'olitical "reedo& it!o%t
bein# necessar, or s%""icient b, itsel" to 'rod%ce it
.E/ bases its !istorical case on a 'ersonal 'oint o" vie
55. In !%&ans9 in#ested 'rotein is broken don into a&ino acids9 all o" !ic! &%st
GMAT & LSAT CR BBG
co&'ete to enter t!e brain. S%bse0%ent in#estion o" s%#ars leads to t!e 'rod%ction
o" ins%lin9 a !or&one t!at breaks don t!e s%#ars and also rids t!e bloodstrea&
o" resid%al a&ino acids9 e(ce't "or tr,'to'!an9 Tr,'to'!an t!en sli's into t!e
brain %ncontested and is trans"or&ed into t!e c!e&ical serotonin9 increasin# !t
brains serotonin level. T!%s s%#ars can 'la, a &a+or role in &ood elevation9
!el'in# one to "eel rela(ed and an(iet,8"ree.
.A/ Elevation o" &ood and "reedo& "ro& an(iet, re0%ire increasin# t!e level o"
serotonin t!e brain.
.1/ $ail%re to cons%&e "oods ric! in s%#ars res%lts in an(iet, and a loerin# o"
&ood.
.C/ Serotonin can be 'rod%ced nat%rall, onl, i" tr,'to'!an is 'resented in t!e
bloodstrea&.
.3/ Increasin# t!e level o" serotonin in t!e brain 'ro&otes rela(ation and
"reedo& "ro& an(iet,.
.E/ T!e cons%&'tion o" 'rotein8ric! "oods res%lts in an(iet, and a loerin# o"
&ood.
5<. I" an act o" civil disobedienceKill"%ll, breakin# a s'eci"ic la in order to brin#
abo%t le#al re"or&Kis done o%t o" sel"8interest alone and not o%t o" a concern "or
ot!ers9 I t cannot be +%sti"ied. 1%t one is +%sti"ied in 'er"or&in# an act o" civil
disobedience i" ones conscience re0%ires one to do so.
6!ic! one o" t!e "olloin# +%d#&ents &ost closel, con"or&s to t!e 'rinci'les
stated above-
.A/ Meis!as 'rotest a#ainst !at s!e 'erceived to be a br%tal and re'ressive
dictators!i' in anot!er co%ntr, as an act o" +%sti"ied civil disobedience9
beca%se in or#ani)in# an ille#al b%t 'eace"%l de&onstration callin# "or a
ret%rn to de&ocratic leaders!i' in t!at co%ntr,9 s!e acted '%rel, o%t o"
concern "or t!e 'eo'le o" t!at co%ntr,.
.1/ Janices 'rotest a#ainst a la t!at "orbade labor strikes as &otivated solel,
b, a desire to !el' local &ine orkers obtain "air a#es. 1%t !er conscience
did not re0%ire !er to 'rotest t!is la9 so Janice didnt 'er"or& an act o"
+%sti"ied civil disobedience.
.C/ In or#ani)in# an ille#al 'rotest a#ainst t!e 'ractice in !er co%ntr, o" !avin#
'rison in&ates ork ei#!teen !o%rs 'er da,9 Geor#ette 'er"or&ed an act o"
+%sti"ied civil disobedience: t!o%#! s!e acted o%t o" concern "or !er "ello
in&ates rat!er t!an o%t o" concern "or !ersel".
.3/ Marias deliberate violation o" a la re0%irin# 're'%blication #overn&ent
a''roval o" all 'rinted &aterials as an act o" +%sti"ied civil disobedience:
t!o%#! !er interest as an oner o" a '%blis!in# co&'an, o%ld be served
b, re'eal o" t!e la9 s!e violated t!e la beca%se !er conscience re0%ired
doin# so on be!al" o" all '%blis!ers.
GMAT & LSAT CR BBA
.E/ In or#ani)in# a 'arade o" &otorc,clists ridin# it!o%t !el&ets t!ro%#! t!e
ca'ital cit,9 Lo%ises act as not one o" +%sti"ied civil disobedience: s!e as
ill"%ll, c!allen#in# a s'eci"ic la re0%irin# &otorc,clists to ear !el&ets9
b%t !er conscience did not re0%ire !er to or#ani)e t!e 'arade.
5C. Most land8dellin# vertebrates !ave rotatin# li&bs ter&inatin# in di#its9 a
c!aracteristic %se"%l "or land &ove&ent. 1iolo#ists !o ass%&e t!at t!is
c!aracteristic evolved onl, a"ter ani&als abandoned a0%atic environ&ents &%st
consider t!e Acant!oste#a9 a nel, discovered ancestor o" all land vertebrates. It
'ossessed rotatin# li&bs ter&inatin# in di#its9 b%t its skeleton as too "eeble "or
land &ove&ent. It also breat!ed %sin# onl, internal #ills9 indicatin# t!at it and its
'redecessors ere e(cl%sivel, a0%atic.
.A/ Man, anato&ical c!aracteristics co&&on to &ost land ani&als re'resent a
disadvanta#e "or s%rvival %nderater.
.1/ 2one o" t!e anato&ical c!aracteristics co&&on to &ost a0%atic ani&als
re'resent an advanta#e "or s%rvival on land.
.C/ Acant!oste#a ori#inated as a land8dellin# s'eciesD b%t evolved #ills onl,
a"ter &ovin# to an %nderater environ&ent.
.3/ All anato&ical c!aracteristics not %se"%l "or land &ove&ent b%t co&&on to
&ost land ani&als re'resent an advanta#e "or s%rvival %nderater.
.E/ Certain anato&ical c!aracteristics co&&on to so&e a0%atic ani&als re'resent
an advanta#e "or s%rvival on land.
5@. 7ne reason !, E%ro'ean &%sic !as !ad s%c! a stron# in"l%ence t!ro%#!o%t t!e
orld9 and !, it is a so'!isticated ac!ieve&ent9 is t!at over ti&e t!e ori#inal
"%nction o" t!e &%sicK!et!er rit%al9 dance9 or ors!i'K#rad%all, beca&e an
as'ect o" its st,le9 not its de"inin# "orce. 3ance &%sic co%ld stand inde'endent o"
dance9 "or e(a&'le9 and sacred &%sic inde'endent o" reli#io%s ors!i'9 beca%se
eac! co&'osition !as so &%c! internal co!erence t!at t!e &%sic %lti&atel,
de'ends on not!in# b%t itsel".
T!e clai&s &ade above are co&'atible it! eac! o" t!e "olloin# EECEFT:
.A/ A"rican &%sic !as !ad a &ore 'oer"%l i&'act on t!e orld t!an E%ro'ean
&%sic !as !ad.
.1/ E%ro'ean &ilitar, and econo&ic e('ansionis& 'artiall, e('lains t!e #lobal
in"l%ence o" E%ro'ean &%sic.
.C/ T!e ori#inal "%nctions o" &an, t,'es o" C!inese &%sic are no lon#er t!eir
de"inin# "orces.
.3/ M%sic t!at is %nintelli#ible !en it is 'resented inde'endentl, o" its ori#inal
"%nction tends to be t!e &ost so'!isticated &%sic.
.E/ So&e orks o" art lose t!eir a''eal !en t!e, are 'resented to serve a
"%nction ot!er t!an t!eir ori#inal one.
GMAT & LSAT CR BBB
5G. Ton,: A s!ort stor, is little &ore t!an a novelists sketc! 'ad. 7nl, novels !ave
narrative str%ct%res t!at allo riters to de'ict !%&an lives acc%ratel, b,
'ortra,in# c!aracters !ose 'ersonalities #rad%all, develo' t!ro%#! li"e
e('erience.
Rao%l: Li"e consists not o" a linear 'rocess o" 'ersonalit, develo'&ent9 b%t rat!er
o" a series o" co&'letel, dis+ointed vi#nettes9 "ro& &an, o" !ic! t!e discernin#
observer &a, catc! #li&'ses o" c!aracter. T!%s9 t!e s!ort stor, de'icts !%&an
lives &ore "ait!"%ll, t!an does t!e novel.
T!e dialo#%e &ost s%''orts t!e clai& t!at Ton, and Rao%l disa#ree abo%t
!et!er
.A/ !%&an lives are best %nderstood as series o" co&'letel, dis+ointed vi#nettes
.1/ novels and s!ort stories e&'lo, t!e sa&e strate#ies to de'ict !%&an lives
.C/ novels %s%all, de'ict #rad%al c!an#es in c!aracters 'ersonalities
.3/ onl, s!ort stories are %sed as novelists sketc! 'ads
.E/ s!ort stories 'rovide #li&'ses o" "acts o" c!aracter t!at are %s%all, ke't
!idden
GMAT & LSAT CR BBH
A"S#$%S
&MAT
TEST A
1. A 5. 3 <. 3 C. E @. 1
G. C A. C B. A H. A 1I. C
11. E 15. 3 1<. E 1C. 1 1@. C
1G. C 1A. 1 1B. 3 1H. A 5I. 3
TEST 1
1. 3 5. A <. E C. 1 @. C
G. 1 A. 3 B. 3 H. E 1I. C
11. 1 15. A 1<. E 1C. E 1@. A
1G. A 1A. 1 1B. C 1H. C 5I. 1
TEST C
1. A 5. C <. E C. A @. 3
G. 3 A. 3 B. E H. 3 1I. C
11. E 15. 1 1<. A 1C. C 1@. C
1G. 1 1A. 1 1B. A 1H. 1 5I. 1
TEST 3
1. A 5. 3 <. C C. E @. 1
G. A A. E B. E H. 3 1I. 1
11. A 15. C 1<. C 1C. 3 1@. E
1G. 1 1A. C 1B. 1 1H. A 5I. 3
TEST I
1. 1 5. C <. E C. E @. 3
G. C A. 1 B. 3 H. E 1I. A
11. 3 15. C 1<. E 1C. 1 1@. A
1G. C 1A. C 1B. A 1H. 3 5I. E
TEST II
1. 1 5. C <. E C. E @. C
G. A A. 3 B. 3 H. E 1I. 3
11. 1 15. 1 1<. 1 1C. E 1@. A
1G. 3 1A. C 1B. 3 1H. E 5I. E
TEST III
1. A 5. 1 <. E C. 1 @. A
G. 1 A. E B. C H. 1 1I. C
11. C 15. 3 1<. 1 1C. E 1@. 3
1G. 3 1A. E 1B. C 1H. C 5I. 3
TEST 1
1. 3 5. 1 <. E C. 3 @. A
G. C A. E B. E H. 3 1I. 3
11. C 15. E 1<. A 1C. C 1@. A
1G. 1 1A. 3 1B. C 1H. C 5I. A
TEST 5
GMAT & LSAT CR BHI
1. A 5. C <. 1 C. E @. 1
G. E A. 3 B. 1 H. 1 1I. 1
11. C 15. A 1<. 1 1C. A 1@. 3
1G. A 1A. A 1B. E 1H. A 5I. 3
TEST <
1. 1 5. 1 <. C C. E @. E
G. A A. C B. C H. C 1I. E
11. 3 15. 1 1<. 1 1C. 3 1@. A
1G. C 1A. C 1B. 3 1H. A 5I. E
TEST C
1. A 5. C <. 1 C. A @. 1
G. 1 A. 1 B. 3 H. 3 1I. E
11. C 15. E 1<. C 1C. 1 1@. C
1G. 3 1A. A 1B. C 1H. E 5I. 1
TEST @
1. 3 5. E <. E C. 3 @. C
G. 1 A. 1 B. 3 H. C 1I. E
11. 3 15. E 1<. C 1C. A 1@. A
1G. C 1A. C 1B. E 1H. A 5I. C
TEST G
1. 1 5. 1 <. 1 C. C @. E
G. C A. 1 B. C H. C 1I. 3
11. 3 15. E 1<. A 1C. A 1@. 3
1G. 3 1A. E 1B. E 1H. A 5I. C
TEST A
1. C 5. C <. E C. C @. A
G. 3 A. 3 B. C H. A 1I. A
11. 3 15. A 1<. 3 1C. 1 1@. E
1G. E 1A. 3 1B. 1 1H. E 5I. 1
TEST B
1. E 5. A <. 1 C. 3 @. C
G. A A. A B. 1 H. E 1I. 1
11. A 15. A 1<. E 1C. 1 1@. 1
1G. E 1A. 1 1B. C 1H. 3 5I. E
TEST H
1. A 5. 1 <. 3 C. 3 @. 1
G. E A. C B. 3 H. A 1I. E
11. 1 15. 3 1<. A 1C. C 1@. E
1G. 1 1A. 1 1B. A 1H. C 5I. A
TEST 1I
1. C 5. C <. E C. 3 @. A
G. 3 A. A B. 3 H. C 1I. A
11. 3 15. C 1<. 1 1C. 1 1@. 1
1G. E 1A. A 1B. 1 1H. 1 5I. 3
GMAT & LSAT CR BH1
TEST 11
1. A 5. 3 <. 1 C. C @. A
G. E A. 3 B. 1 H. E 1I. C
11. C 15. 3 1<. E 1C. A 1@. 1
1G. A 1A. C 1B. 1 1H. E 5I. 1
TEST 15
1. 3 5. 1 <. 3 C. C @. E
G. C A. E B. C H. A 1I. C
11. C 15. E 1<. C 1C. A 1@. 1
1G. E 1A. E 1B. 3 1H. 5I.
TEST 1<
1. 3 5. E <. C C. 1 @. A
G. 3 A. 3 B. E H. C 1I. C
11. A 15. E 1<. A 1C. E 1@. 3
TEST 1C
1. E 5. C <. A C. 1 @. A
G. 1 A. E B. 1 H. A 1I. E
11. C 15. 1 1<. 3 1C. 3 1@. A
1G. 1 1A. 1B. 1H. 5I.
TEST 1@
1. 3 5. E <. 3 C. A @. 1
G. 3 A. A B. 3 H. A 1I. C
11. C 15. E 1<. 1 1C. C 1@. 1
1G. 3 1A. 1B. 1H. 5I.
TEST 1G
1. 3 5. A <. 1 C. E @. 1
G. E A. C B. 3 H. 1 1I. 1
11. C 15. C 1<. C 1C. A 1@. C
1G. 1 1A. 1B. 1H. 5I.
TEST 1A
1. 1 5. E <. C C. C @. 1
G. A A. 3 B. 3 H. 1 1I. A
11. 1 15. 3 1<. E 1C. C 1@. E
1G. 3 1A. 1B. 1H. 5I.
TEST 1B
1. A 5. A <. E C. A @. 3
G. E A. 1 B. A H. E 1I. C
11. E 15. 3 1<. A 1C. 1 1@. C
1G. C 1A. 1B. 1H. 5I.
TEST 1H
1. C 5. A <. E C. E @. 1
G. A A. E B. 3 H. 1 1I. 3
11. 3 15. 1 1<. 3 1C. 1 1@. C
1G. 3 1A. 1B. 1H. 5I.
GMAT & LSAT CR BH5
TEST 5I
1. E 5. 1 <. E C. 3 @. A
G. 3 A. A B. A H. 3 1I. A
11. E 15. 1 1<. C 1C. 3 1@. 1
1G. A 1A. 1B. 1H. 5I.
LSAT
TEST 1
SECTI72 I
1. 3 5. E <. C C. E @. 3
G. 3 A. 3 B. 3 H. A 1I. E
11. E 15. E 1<. A 1C. 3 1@. E
1G. C 1A. A 1B. 1 1H. 3 5I. 1
51. 1 55. 3 5<. 3 5C. E 5@. 1
SECTI72 I4
1. E 5. 1 <. 3 C. C @. E
G. A A. A B. 3 H. 3 1I. C
11. 1 15. A 1<. 1 1C. C 1@. A
1G. A 1A. C 1B. E 1H. 3 5I. C
51. 1 55. A 5<. 1 5C. 3 5@. A
5G. 3 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 2
SECTI72 II
1. 3 5. E <. E C. 3 @. C
G. 1 A. A B. E H. 1 1I. C
11. 1 15. A 1<. C 1C. C 1@. 1
1G. E 1A. 1 1B. 1 1H. 3 5I. C
51. 3 55. A 5<. E 5C. E 5@.
SECTI72 I4
1. C 5. C <. E C. A @. 1
G. 1 A. 3 B. C H. 3 1I. 3
11. 1 15. A 1<. 1 1C. E 1@. A
1G. C 1A. A 1B. 3 1H. 3 5I. 3
51. E 55. 3 5<. C 5C. 3 5@. A
TEST 3
SECTI72 I
1. E 5. A <. E C. 3 @. C
G. E A. 3 B. 3 H. A 1I. E
11. C 15. E 1<. 3 1C. C 1@. 3
1G. A 1A. C 1B. 3 1H. 3 5I. 1
51. 1 55. C 5<. E 5C. 5@.
SECTI72 I4
1. 1 5. E <. C C. A @. 3
GMAT & LSAT CR BH<
G. A A. 3 B. 1 H. 1 1I. 3
11. 1 15. C 1<. 3 1C. E 1@. A
1G. C 1A. 1 1B. 1 1H. E 5I. 3
51. E 55. 3 5<. 1 5C. 3 5@. E
TEST 4
SECTI72 I
1. E 5. A <. 1 C. A @. 1
G. E A. A B. 1 H. A 1I. C
11. 3 15. 3 1<. E 1C. A 1@. A
1G. 1 1A. 3 1B. 1 1H. C 5I. 1
51. E 55. C 5<. 1 5C. C 5@. E
SECTI72 III
1. C 5. 1 <. E C. E @. 1
G. A A. E B. C H. C 1I. A
11. C 15. C 1<. 3 1C. 1 1@. C
1G. 1 1A. A 1B. A 1H. E 5I. 1
51. C 55. E 5<. 3 5C. 1 5@. E
TEST 5
SECTI72 II
1. C 5. E <. 3 C. 1 @. E
G. C A. A B. 1 H. 3 1I. E
11. 3 15. 3 1<. A 1C. 1 1@. 3
1G. C 1A. C 1B. C 1H. 1 5I. C
51. 1 55. A 5<. C 5C. A 5@. E
SECTI72 4I
1. 3 5. C <. C C. 3 @. C
G. A A. 1 B. E H. A 1I. E
11. E 15. E 1<. C 1C. 3 1@. E
1G. A 1A. 3 1B. E 1H. 3 5I. C
51. 1 55. 1 5<. A 5C. E 5@.
TEST 6
SECTI72 II
1. C 5. A <. 3 C. E @. 1
G. C A. E B. A H. C 1I. E
11. 1 15. E 1<. E 1C. 3 1@. C
1G. E 1A. 1 1B. E 1H. E 5I. C
51. 3 55. 3 5<. E 5C. C 5@. C
SECTI72 III
1. A 5. 1 <. 3 C. 1 @. 3
G. E A. A B. 3 H. A 1I. 3
11. A 15. C 1<. E 1C. 1 1@. 1
1G. E 1A. A 1B. A 1H. 3 5I. C
GMAT & LSAT CR BHC
51. E 55. A 5<. 3 5C. 1 5@. E
5G. C 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 7
SECTI72 I
1. C 5. C <. E C. E @. 1
G. E A. C B. A H. 3 1I. 1
11. C 15. A 1<. C 1C. E 1@. A
1G. 1 1A. 1 1B. C 1H. C 5I. 1
51. 1 55. E 5<. 3 5C. A 5@. 3
SECTI72 I4
1. 3 5. E <. 1 C. E @. A
G. C A. A B. E H. C 1I. 3
11. A 15. A 1<. 3 1C. 3 1@. E
1G. E 1A. 3 1B. A 1H. 1 5I. A
51. A 55. 3 5<. C 5C. 3 5@. E
TEST 8
SECTI72 II
1. 3 5. C <. A C. 3 @. 3
G. 1 A. 1 B. E H. E 1I. E
11. 1 15. 3 1<. C 1C. 3 1@. A
1G. 3 1A. C 1B. A 1H. 1 5I. A
51. A 55. 1 5<. E 5C. A 5@.
SECTI72 I4
1. 1 5. 1 <. E C. C @. C
G. 3 A. C B. C H. 1 1I. A
11. 3 15. C 1<. A 1C. 3 1@. A
1G. C 1A. A 1B. 3 1H. 1 5I. A
51. E 55. E 5<. 1 5C. 3 5@. E
TEST 9
SECTI72 I
1. 3 5. A <. A C. C @. C
G. C A. C B. 1 H. 3 1I. 1
11. 1 15. E 1<. 3 1C. 1 1@. A
1G. 1 1A. 1 1B. E 1H. E 5I. 1
51. 3 55. A 5<. E 5C. 1 5@. 1
SECTI72 I4
1. C 5. 3 <. 3 C. A @. C
G. C A. E B. C H. 1 1I. C
11. A 15. 3 1<. E 1C. A 1@. A
1G. C 1A. A 1B. 3 1H. 3 5I. 1
51. A 55. 3 5<. E 5C. C 5@. 1
GMAT & LSAT CR BH@
TEST 10
SECTI72 II
1. A 5. 3 <. 1 C. 1 @. 3
G. C A. 3 B. 3 H. A 1I. 1
11. E 15. A 1<. 3 1C. C 1@. 1
1G. A 1A. 1 1B. E 1H. 3 5I. A
51. 3 55. 3 5<. A 5C. 3 5@. A
SECTI72 I4
1. C 5. E <. C C. C @. E
G. C A. 3 B. C H. 1 1I. 1
11. 3 15. C 1<. A 1C. A 1@. 3
1G. E 1A. 1 1B. C 1H. A 5I. C
51. E 55. E 5<. E 5C. 3 5@. 3
TEST 11
SECTI72 I
1. 1 5. E <. E C. 3 @. 1
G. C A. A B. E H. 3 1I. E
11. C 15. 1 1<. 1 1C. E 1@. A
1G. E 1A. 1 1B. E 1H. 3 5I. 3
51. 1 55. C 5<. 3 5C. E 5@. E
SECTI72 I4
1. A 5. 1 <. C C. 3 @. 1
G. 3 A. A B. C H. 3 1I. A
11. A 15. 3 1<. 1 1C. 1 1@. 1
1G. 3 1A. E 1B. E 1H. A 5I. E
51. E 55. E 5<. 3 5C. C 5@. C
TEST 12
SECTI72 II
1. E 5. 3 <. C C. 1 @. E
G. E A. 3 B. 1 H. 3 1I. 3
11. 1 15. E 1<. A 1C. E 1@. 3
1G. C 1A. E 1B. 3 1H. A 5I. A
51. 1 55. A 5<. A 5C. A 5@. E
5G. E 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
SECTI72 I4
1. 3 5. C <. E C. 3 @. C
G. 1 A. C B. C H. E 1I. 3
11. 1 15. 3 1<. A 1C. A 1@. E
1G. A 1A. 1 1B. A 1H. A 5I. 3
51. E 55. 1 5<. 1 5C. A 5@.
TEST 13
SECTI72 I
GMAT & LSAT CR BHG
1. 3 5. C <. E C. 1 @. 3
G. A A. 1 B. C H. E 1I. 1
11. 3 15. 3 1<. 3 1C. 3 1@. 1
1G. 1 1A. C 1B. A 1H. 1 5I. 3
51. C 55. C 5<. C 5C. A 5@. 1
5G. E 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
SECTI72 I4
1. 3 5. E <. E C. 1 @. A
G. 1 A. 3 B. C H. 3 1I. A
11. A 15. A 1<. C 1C. 3 1@. 1
1G. E 1A. C 1B. E 1H. 1 5I. A
51. 3 55. C 5<. C 5C. A 5@.
TEST 14
SECTI72 II
1. 3 5. C <. C C. A @. A
G. E A. 1 B. A H. 3 1I. A
11. 3 15. 3 1<. A 1C. 3 1@. E
1G. C 1A. A 1B. A 1H. C 5I. A
51. C 55. 3 5<. 3 5C. E 5@. A
5G. 1 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
SECTI72 I4
1. A 5. C <. 3 C. E @. E
G. 1 A. E B. 3 H. C 1I. 3
11. C 15. 1 1<. 1 1C. E 1@. 1
1G. C 1A. 3 1B. 1 1H. 3 5I. E
51. 3 55. A 5<. E 5C. C 5@.
TEST 15
SECTI72 II
1. C 5. C <. 1 C. E @. 3
G. 3 A. 3 B. 1 H. C 1I. 1
11. 3 15. A 1<. 1 1C. C 1@. E
1G. 3 1A. C 1B. 3 1H. E 5I. 1
51. A 55. 3 5<. E 5C. 3 5@. E
SECTI72 I4
1. E 5. 3 <. C C. C @. 1
G. A A. C B. E H. 3 1I. A
11. E 15. E 1<. C 1C. 3 1@. C
1G. A 1A. E 1B. 3 1H. A 5I. E
51. 1 55. A 5<. C 5C. C 5@. 1
TEST 16
SECTI72 II
1. A 5. 3 <. E C. 3 @. A
GMAT & LSAT CR BHA
G. 1 A. 1 B. A H. E 1I. C
11. E 15. C 1<. E 1C. 1 1@. C
1G. E 1A. 3 1B. 1 1H. A 5I. A
51. E 55. E 5<. 1 5C. A 5@.
SECTI72 III
1. 1 5. E <. C C. A @. 1
G. E A. 1 B. A H. 1 1I. 1
11. C 15. E 1<. A 1C. C 1@. 1
1G. C 1A. A 1B. A 1H. A 5I. 1
51. 3 55. C 5<. E 5C. C 5@. 3
5G. E 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 17
SECTI72 III
1. A 5. 1 <. E C. 3 @. C
G. A A. A B. 1 H. A 1I. C
11. 1 15. 3 1<. C 1C. E 1@. 1
1G. C 1A. 3 1B. E 1H. C 5I. E
51. C 55. E 5<. C 5C. E 5@. A
SECTI72 I4
1. C 5. A <. C C. C @. 1
G. 3 A. 3 B. C H. E 1I. C
11. 1 15. A 1<. 1 1C. E 1@. E
1G. A 1A. 1 1B. E 1H. A 5I. 3
51. 3 55. 1 5<. C 5C. E 5@.
TEST 18
SECTI72 II
1. 1 5. E <. C C. 1 @. 1
G. C A. A B. 1 H. 3 1I. 3
11. 1 15. 3 1<. 3 1C. 1 1@. C
1G. E 1A. 1 1B. 3 1H. 3 5I. E
51. 3 55. E 5<. C 5C. A 5@. E
5G. E 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
SECTI72 I4
1. 1 5. 1 <. 3 C. A @. C
G. A A. A B. A H. E 1I. C
11. A 15. 3 1<. 1 1C. 1 1@. 3
1G. A 1A. A 1B. C 1H. 1 5I. C
51. A 55. 3 5<. 1 5C. A 5@. A
5G. C 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 19
SECTI72 II
1. 1 5. A <. 3 C. E @. C
GMAT & LSAT CR BHB
G. 3 A. C B. E H. C 1I. E
11. 3 15. 1 1<. 3 1C. 3 1@. E
1G. E 1A. 1 1B. A 1H. A 5I. E
51. A 55. E 5<. 3 5C. E 5@.
SECTI72 III
1. 3 5. 1 <. 1 C. C @. 3
G. C A. A B. 1 H. A 1I. A
11. E 15. A 1<. 1 1C. E 1@. C
1G. C 1A. A 1B. 3 1H. A 5I. 3
51. 3 55. 1 5<. 3 5C. 1 5@. C
5G. A 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 20
SECTI72 II
1. 1 5. C <. 1 C. 3 @. C
G. 1 A. 1 B. E H. E 1I. A
11. C 15. 1 1<. 3 1C. C 1@. A
1G. E 1A. C 1B. A 1H. C 5I. 3
51. A 55. E 5<. 1 5C. A 5@. E
SECTI72 III
1. E 5. A <. E C. A @. C
G. C A. 3 B. C H. 1 1I. 3
11. C 15. 1 1<. A 1C. 3 1@. E
1G. C 1A. 3 1B. 3 1H. 1 5I. 3
51. 1 55. C 5<. C 5C. E 5@. E
TEST 21
SECTI72 II
1. 1 5. 3 <. 1 C. C @. 3
G. C A. A B. 1 H. C 1I. E
11. E 15. C 1<. 3 1C. A 1@. A
1G. A 1A. 1 1B. E 1H. E 5I. 1
51. A 55. 3 5<. A 5C. E 5@. A
SECTI72 III
1. 1 5. E <. 3 C. E @. 3
G. 3 A. E B. C H. E 1I. 3
11. 1 15. 3 1<. 1 1C. C 1@. E
1G. A 1A. A 1B. A 1H. 3 5I. 1
51. A 55. C 5<. 1 5C. 3 5@. 3
5G. 1 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 22
SECTI72 II
1. 1 5. E <. C C. E @. 3
G. 3 A. C B. 1 H. A 1I. A
GMAT & LSAT CR BHH
11. E 15. C 1<. A 1C. C 1@. A
1G. 1 1A. 1 1B. 3 1H. E 5I. 1
51. C 55. 3 5<. C 5C. A 5@. 3
SECTI72 III
1. 1 5. 3 <. 3 C. 3 @. E
G. E A. C B. A H. 3 1I. 3
11. 1 15. 3 1<. 3 1C. E 1@. 1
1G. A 1A. 1 1B. E 1H. E 5I. A
51. A 55. E 5<. C 5C. E 5@. E
TEST 23
SECTI72 II
1. A 5. C <. 3 C. 3 @. 3
G. 1 A. 1 B. C H. 1 1I. 1
11. 1 15. 3 1<. A 1C. C 1@. 1
1G. C 1A. C 1B. E 1H. E 5I. 1
51. A 55. 3 5<. E 5C. A 5@.
SECTI72 I4
1. 3 5. A <. E C. 1 @. A
G. C A. E B. E H. 1 1I. A
11. 1 15. C 1<. E 1C. 1 1@. C
1G. C 1A. 1 1B. C 1H. C 5I. C
51. C 55. 3 5<. 3 5C. A 5@. 1
5G. 3 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 24
SECTI72 I
1. 1 5. A <. 1 C. 1 @. E
G. 3 A. E B. 1 H. C 1I. C
11. 3 15. 3 1<. 3 1C. C 1@. C
1G. A 1A. 3 1B. C 1H. 3 5I. C
51. A 55. E 5<. E 5C. 1 5@. 3
SECTI72 I4
1. 3 5. C <. 1 C. A @. 3
G. C A. E B. A H. 1 1I. C
11. 3 15. 1 1<. A 1C. C 1@. 1
1G. 3 1A. E 1B. A 1H. 3 5I. E
51. 3 55. A 5<. 3 5C. 1 5@. 3
5G. 1 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 25
SECTI72 II
1. C 5. 1 <. 3 C. 3 @. A
G. E A. E B. A H. C 1I. 1
11. E 15. 1 1<. C 1C. 3 1@. 3
GMAT & LSAT CR HII
1G. E 1A. 3 1B. 1 1H. A 5I. E
51. 3 55. 3 5<. E 5C. C 5@. 1
SECTI72 I4
1. A 5. C <. C C. A @. C
G. C A. C B. 3 H. A 1I. E
11. C 15. 1 1<. 3 1C. A 1@. C
1G. E 1A. 3 1B. 1 1H. 1 5I. 1
51. 3 55. 3 5<. 1 5C. E 5@. A
5G. 3 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 26
SECTI72 II
1. C 5. 1 <. E C. 3 @. C
G. 3 A. A B. 3 H. E 1I. C
11. C 15. 1 1<. A 1C. A 1@. 3
1G. C 1A. 3 1B. 1 1H. 1 5I. 1
51. E 55. 3 5<. E 5C. 3 5@. 1
5G. 3 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
SECTI72 III
1. C 5. A <. A C. A @. C
G. E A. 1 B. E H. 1 1I. 1
11. 1 15. E 1<. 3 1C. 1 1@. C
1G. C 1A. C 1B. 1 1H. E 5I. 3
51. E 55. 1 5<. 3 5C. C 5@.
TEST 27
SECTI72 II
1. A 5. C <. A C. A @. 1
G. C A. C B. A H. E 1I. E
11. 3 15. A 1<. 1 1C. A 1@. 3
1G. E 1A. 3 1B. E 1H. 1 5I. 3
51. E 55. A 5<. C 5C. E 5@. 3
SECTI72 I4
1. A 5. 1 <. E C. 1 @. A
G. 3 A. A B. A H. 1 1I. 1
11. 3 15. 3 1<. 1 1C. 3 1@. E
1G. 3 1A. 1 1B. 3 1H. A 5I. C
51. C 55. C 5<. 1 5C. 3 5@. E
5G. E 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 28
SECTI72 II
1. 1 5. 1 <. A C. C @. A
G. 3 A. C B. A H. 1 1I. C
11. A 15. 3 1<. A 1C. 3 1@. C
GMAT & LSAT CR HI1
1G. C 1A. 1 1B. C 1H. 1 5I. C
51. E 55. C 5<. C 5C. E 5@. E
SECTI72 III
1. 1 5. 1 <. 3 C. C @. C
G. E A. E B. E H. C 1I. 3
11. A 15. 3 1<. E 1C. A 1@. C
1G. 3 1A. 3 1B. A 1H. 3 5I. 1
51. C 55. 3 5<. 1 5C. E 5@. 1
TEST 2001.6
SECTI72 II
1. A 5. E <. E C. C @. 1
G. 1 A. A B. A H. 3 1I. 3
11. C 15. A 1<. 1 1C. C 1@. C
1G. 1 1A. A 1B. 1 1H. 3 5I. 3
51. 1 55. E 5<. E 5C. 1 5@. C
SECTI72 III
1. C 5. 3 <. 1 C. E @. 3
G. 1 A. E B. 1 H. A 1I. A
11. C 15. C 1<. 3 1C. 1 1@. 3
1G. E 1A. 3 1B. E 1H. 1 5I. A
51. C 55. E 5<. 3 5C. E 5@. A
5G. E 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 2001.10
SECTI72 I
1. 3 5. 3 <. A C. C @. E
G. 1 A. C B. E H. E 1I. 1
11. E 15. 1 1<. 3 1C. 3 1@. E
1G. C 1A. E 1B. 1 1H. C 5I. A
51. E 55. 1 5<. A 5C. C 5@. 3
5G. 1 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
SECTI72 I4
1. 1 5. A <. 1 C. 3 @. 3
G. 1 A. C B. E H. 3 1I. 3
11. 1 15. C 1<. 3 1C. 1 1@. E
1G. A 1A. E 1B. 1 1H. C 5I. A
51. C 55. A 5<. 3 5C. 1 5@. A
5G. 1 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.
TEST 2002.10
SECTI72 I
1. A 5. C <. E C. C @. E
G. E A. 3 B. E H. E 1I. A
11. E 15. 3 1<. 1 1C. 3 1@. C
GMAT & LSAT CR HI5
1G. 3 1A. 1 1B. 1 1H. C 5I. C
51. 3 55. C 5<. A 5C. A 5@.
SECTI72 I4
1. 1 5. C <. E C. A @. 1
G. 1 A. 1 B. 3 H. C 1I. 3
11. E 15. 2RA 1<. A 1C. 3 1@. 3
1G. C 1A. 1 1B. 1 1H. A 5I. 1
51. 3 55. 3 5<. 3 5C. E 5@. 3
5G. A 5A. 5B. 5H. <I.

1000 Critical Reasoning Questions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1000 Critical Reasoning Questions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GMAT & LSAT CR 1

You might also like