COLOR 4-11

ie7 would be more orange

ie9 more purple
he8 would be less pure (more white)
ke8 more pure (less white)
id8 would be more pure (less black)
if8 less pure (more black)
ha8 would be lighter (higher luminous reflectance)
kf8 would be darker (lower luminous reflectance)
The solid is divided logarithmically along its vertical axis according to
the Weber-Fechner law of equivalent sensation. Absolute white (luminous
reflectance 100 per cent) is at the top of the scale and absolute black is at
the bottom. It is also divided angularly into twenty-four "full-color"
wedges, each of these represented by an equilateral triangle in a vertical
plane through the axis covering an area of constant dominant wavelength.
Colors located in lines parallel to the vertical axis (isochromes) have
constant purity ; colors located in lines parallel to the bottom of the triangle
(isotints) have constant white content; and colors located in lines parallel
to the top of the wedge (isotones) have constant black content.
If the reflectance of any two or more Ostwald colors is equal, it is the
result of chance rather than of planning. However, I.C.I, (x,
y)
co-
ordinates for each chip in the Jacobson manual have been determined and
the Ostwald notations for this set of chips may be transposed through the
I.C.I, co-ordinates to Munsell notation or any other notation for which
I.C.I, data are available. These I.C.I, co-ordinates are not applicable to
any set of Ostwald chips
15
except those of the Jacobson manual.
Basic Systems of Color Specification
I.C.I, system. The I.C.I, standards for colorimetry consist of data
representative of a normal (standard) observer and three standard illumi-
nants (A, B, and C). The conditions of illuminating and viewing the test
sample are specified as 45 degrees and 90 degrees respectively. In this
system color is expressed in terms of three primaries.
16
Results of any spectrophotometric measurement may be reduced to the
terms of the I.C.I, observer and co-ordinate system. In I.C.I, form, the
data are expressed as the absolute (X, Y, Z) and fractional (x,
y,
z) amounts
of each primary which, for the standard observer, match a given sample
y
under a given illuminant. The fractional values x
=
^
:

tz

:
- and
Y
V
~
y
I
v
,
y
are called the trichromatic coefficients of a color. The
value of luminous reflectance or transmittance (r or t) equals the Y value
which carries all the luminosity. To avoid the use of negative numbers in
specifications, the three primaries have been assigned mathematical charac-
teristics which cannot be reproduced in any physical form, such as red,
green, or blue lights. However, since the specifications may be used con-
veniently and the primaries need never be used, the theoretical character of
the latter is not a practical obstacle.