Translated version of Carloline_Fukushima_sim.

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Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Avicularia
Lamarck 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae).
*Page 1* *Page 1*
Caroline Sayuri Fukushima Caroline Sayuri Fukushima
*Reviso taxonmica e anlise cladstica do gnero* *Taxonomic revision
and cladistic analysis of the genus*
/*Avicularia*/ Lamarck 1818 (Araneae, /*Avicularia*/ Lamarck 1818 (Araneae,
*Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae).* *Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae).*
*Taxonomical revision and cladistic analysis of* *Taxonomical revision
and cladistic analysis of*
/*Avicularia*/ Lamarck 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, /*Avicularia*/
Lamarck 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae,
*Aviculariinae).* *Aviculariinae).*
Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Thesis submitted to the Institute of
Biocincias da Universidade de So Biosciences, University of So
Paulo, para a obteno de Ttulo de Paul, to obtain the title
Doutor em Cincias, na rea de Doctor of Science in Area
Zoologia. Zoology.
Orientador(a): Paulo Nogueira-Neto Adviser (a): Paulo Nogueira-Neto
Verso corrigida Corrected version
So Paulo Sao Paulo
2011 2011
(a verso original encontra-se disponvel no Instituto de Biocincias da
USP) (The original version is available at the Institute of Biosciences
of USP)
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*Page 2* *Page 2*
Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri
Reviso taxonmica e anlise cladstica Taxonomic revision and cladistic
analysis
do gnero /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 the genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818
(Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). (Araneae, Theraphosidae,
Aviculariinae).
230 pginas 230 pages
Tese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Thesis (Ph.D.) - Institute of
Biocincias da Universidade de So Paulo. Biosciences, University of So
Paulo.
Departamento de Zoologia. Department of Zoology.
1. /Avicularia/ 2. 1. /Avicularia/ 2. Theraphosidae 3. Theraphosidae 3.
Araneae I. Araneae I. Universidade de So Paulo. University of So Paulo.
Instituto de Biocincias. Institute of Biosciences. Departamento de
Department
Zoologia. Zoology.
Comisso Julgadora: Jury:
________________________ ________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
Prof(a). Pr (a). Dr(a). Dr (a).
Prof(a). Pr (a). Dr(a). Dr (a).
_________________________ _________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
Prof(a). Pr (a). Dr(a). Dr (a).
Prof(a). Pr (a). Dr(a). Dr (a).
Prof(a). Pr (a). Dr(a). Dr (a).
Orientador(a) Adviser (a)
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*Page 3* *Page 3*
*RESUMO* *ABSTRACT*
O gnero /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 contm a espcie mais antiga de
aranha The genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 contains the oldest species
of spider
migalomorfa descrita. mygalomorph described. Esse gnero, de histrico e
taxonomia extremamente complexos, This genre, historical and extremely
complex taxonomy is
aqui revisado, e uma anlise cladstica, utilizando 70 caracteres e 43
txons terminais foi reviewed here, and a cladistic analysis using 70
characters and 43 terminal taxa was
efetuada. performed. O cladograma preferido, obtido com o programa
Pee-Wee e concavidade 6, The preferred cladogram obtained with the
Pee-Wee program and concavity 6,
apresentou a subfamlia Aviculariinae como grupo monofiltico contendo
os seguintes presented Aviculariinae subfamily as monophyletic group
containing the following
gneros: /Stromatopelma/ , /Heteroscodra/ , /Psalmopoeus/ ,
/Tapinauchenius/ , /Ephebopus/ , genres: /Stromatopelma, Heteroscodra,
Psalmopoeus, Tapinauchenius, Ephebopus,/
/Pachistopelma/ , /Iridopelma/ , /Avicularia/ e Gnero 1, alm de 4
novos gneros, todos /Pachistopelma, Iridopelma, Avicularia/ and Gender
1, plus 4 new genera, all
tambm monofilticos. also monophyletic.
O gnero /Avicularia/ apresenta como sinapomorfia presena de
protuberncia The /Avicularia/ genus presents as presence of
synapomorphy bulge
desenvolvida no tegulum e constitudo por 14 espcies: /A./ developed
in tegulum and consists of 14 species /A./ /avicularia/ (espcie-tipo),
/A./ /avicularia/ (type species), /A./
/juruensis/ , /A./ /juruensis, A./ /purpurea/ , /A./ /purpurea, A./
/taunayi/ , /A./ /taunayi, A./ /variegata/ status novo, /A./ /variegata/
new status, /A./ /velutina/ , /A./ /velutina, A./ /rufa/ , /A./ /rufa, A./
/aymara/ , /Avicularia/ sp. /Aymara, Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 1,
/Avicularia/ sp. 1 /Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 2, /Avicularia/ sp. 2
/Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 3, /Avicularia/ sp. 3 /Avicularia/ sp.
nov. November 4, /Avicularia/ sp. 4 /Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 5 e
/Avicularia/ sp. 5 and /Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 6. 6. As espcies
se distribuem do Caribe The species are distributed in the Caribbean
ao Peru, Equador, Colmbia, Venezuela, Guiana, Guiana Francesa, Suriname
e Brasil. Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana,
Suriname and Brazil.
So propostos 4 novos gneros: Gnero novo 1, composto por 3 espcies:
Gnero 4 new genera are proposed: new Genre 1 comprised 3 species: Genus
novo 1 /hirschii/ comb. /hirschii/ 1 new comb. nov. November
(espcie-tipo), Gnero novo 1 /minatrix/ comb. (Type species), New Genus
1 /minatrix/ comb. nov. November e Gnero and Gender
novo 1 sp. 1 new sp. nov. November 1. 1. Gnero novo 2 e Gnero novo 3,
monotpicos: Gnero novo 2 New genus and two new Genus 3, monotypic: New
Genre 2
/versicolor/ comb. /versicolor/ comb. nov. November e Gnero novo 3
/laeta/ comb. New and Genre 3 /laeta/ comb. nov. November Gnero novo 4
composto 3 New genus comprises 3 4
espcies: Gnero novo 4 /sooretama/ comb. species: 4 Genre /Sooretama/
new comb. nov. November (espcie-tipo), Gnero novo 4 /diversipes/ (Type
species), New Genus 4 /diversipes/
comb. comb. nov. November e Gnero novo 4 /gamba/ comb. Genre 4 and
/gamba/ new comb. nov. November
So propostas as seguintes alteraes taxonmicas: /Catumiri parvum/
(Keyserling The following taxonomic changes are proposed: /Catumiri
parvum/ (Keyserling
1878) comb. 1878) comb. nov., /Grammostola anthracina/ (CL Koch 1842)
comb. November, /anthracina Grammostola/ (CL Koch 1842) comb. nov.,
/Euathlus/ November, /Euathlus/
/affinis/ (Nicolet 1849) comb. /affinis/ (Nicolet 1849) comb. nov.
November As seguintes espcies so consideradas nomina dubia: The
following species are considered nomina dubia:
/Ischnocolus hirsutum/ (Ausserer 1875) nomen dubium, /Ischnocolus
alticeps/ Keyserling /Ischnocolus hirsutum/ (Ausserer 1875) nomen
dubium, /Ischnocolus alticeps/ Keyserling
1878 nomen dubium, /Pterinopelma tigrinum/ Pocock 1903 nomen dubium,
/Mygale/ Nomen dubium 1878, /Pterinopelma tigrinum/ Pocock 1903 nomen
dubium, /Mygale/
/detrita/ Koch 1842 nomen dubium, /Ischnocolus doleschalli/ (Ausserer
1871) nomen /detrita/ Koch 1842 nomen dubium, /Ischnocolus doleschalli/
(Ausserer 1871) nomen
dubium, /A./ dubium, /A./ /geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999 nomen dubium,
/Avicularia holmbergi/ Thorell 1890 /geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999 nomen
dubium, /Avicularia holmbergi/ Thorell 1890
nomen dubium, /Avicularia metallica/ Ausserer 1875 nomen dubium, /Mygale
ochraceae/ nomen dubium, /Avicularia metallica/ Ausserer 1875 nomen
dubium, /Mygale ochraceae/
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(Perty 1833) nomen dubium, /Eurypelma rapax/ Ausserer 1875 nomen dubium,
/Avicularia/ (Perty 1833) nomen dubium, /Eurypelma rapax/ Ausserer 1875
nomen dubium, /Avicularia/
/ulrichea/ Tesmoingt 1996 nomen dubium, /Mygale walckenaeri/ Perty 1833
nomen /ulrichea/ Tesmoingt 1996 nomen dubium, nomen /Mygale walckenaeri/
Perty 1833
dubium, /Avicularia exilis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium /, Avicularia
fasciculata/ Strand 1907 dubium, /Avicularia exilis/ Strand 1907 nomen
/dubium, Avicularia fasciculata/ Strand 1907
nomem dubium, /Avicularia fasciculata clara/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium,
/Avicularia/ nomem dubium, /clear Avicularia fasciculata/ Strand 1907
nomen dubium, /Avicularia/
/soratae/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium, /Avicularia subvulpina/ Strand 1906
nomen dubium, /soratae/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium, /subvulpina
Avicularia/ Strand 1906 nomen dubium,
/Avicularia surinamensis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium. /Avicularia
surinamensis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium. As seguintes espcies so The
following species are
consideradas species inquirendae: /Avicuscodra arabica/ Strand 1908
species inquirenda /,/ considered inquirendae species: /arabica/ Strand
/Avicuscodra/ 1908 inquirenda /species,/
/Avicularia ancylochyra/ Mello-Leito 1923 species inquirenda,
/Avicularia cuminami/ /Avicularia ancylochyra/ Mello-Leito 1923
inquirenda species, /Avicularia cuminami/
Mello-Leito 1930 species inquirenda, /Avicularia glauca/ Simon 1891
species inquirenda, Mello-Leito 1930 species inquirenda /glauca/
/Avicularia/ species inquirenda Simon 1891,
/Avicularia gracilis/ (Keyserling 1891) species inquirenda, /Mygale
leporina/ Koch 1842 /Avicularia gracilis/ (Keyserling 1891) inquirenda
species, /Mygale leporina/ Koch 1842
species inquirenda, /Avicularia nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito 1940 species
inquirenda, inquirenda species, /Avicularia nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito
1940 inquirenda species,
/Mygale plantaris/ Koch 1842 species inquirenda. /Mygale plantaris/ Koch
1842 inquirenda species.
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*Page 5* *Page 5*
/*ABSTRACT*/ /*ABSTRACT*/
The genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 contains the oldest mygalomorph
species The genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 contains the oldest species
mygalomorph
described. described. Its taxonomical history is very complex and for
the first time it has been Its taxonomical history is very complex and
is the first team it has been
revised. revised. A cladistic analysis with 70 characters and 43 taxa
were done. The cladistic analysis with 70 characters and 43 rate were
done. The preferred The preferred
cladogram was obtained using the computer program Pee Wee and concavity
6. cladogram was Obtained using the computer program Pee Wee and
concavity 6. The The
subfamily Aviculariinae contains the genus /Stromatopelma/ ,
/Heteroscodra/ , /Psalmopoeus/ , Aviculariinae subfamily contains the
genus /Stromatopelma, Heteroscodra, Psalmopoeus,/
/Tapinauchenius/ , /Ephebopus/ , /Pachistopelma/ , /Iridopelma/ ,
/Avicularia/ , Genus 1 and Gen. /Tapinauchenius, Ephebopus,
Pachistopelma, Iridopelma, Avicularia,/ Genus 1 and Gen.
nov. November 1, Gen. nov. 1, Gen. November 2, Gen. nov. 2, Gen.
November 3 and Gen. nov. And Gen. 3 November 4. 4. Aviculariinae is
monophyletic, sharing Aviculariinae is monophyletic, sharing
the presence of spatulated scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, juveniles
with a central the presence of spatulated scopulae on tarsi and
metatarsi, juveniles with a central
longitudinal stripe connected with lateral stripes on dorsal abdomen and
arboreal habit. longitudinal stripe connected with lateral stripes on
dorsal abdomen and arboreal habit.
The synapomorphy of /Avicularia/ is the presence of a moderately
developed The synapomorphy of /Avicularia/ is the presence of a
moderately developed
protuberance on tegulum. protuberance on tegulum. The genus is
constituted by 14 species: /A./ The genus is constituted by 14 species:
/A./ /avicularia/ (type /avicularia/ (type
species), /A./ species), /A./ /juruensis/ , /A./ /juruensis, A./
/purpurea/ , /A./ /purpurea, A./ /taunayi/ , /A./ /taunayi, A./
/variegata/ status nov., /A./ status nov /variegata., A./ /velutina/ ,
/A./ /velutina, A./
/rufa/ , /A./ /rufa, A./ /aymara/ , /Avicularia/ sp. /Aymara,
Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 1, /Avicularia/ sp. 1 /Avicularia/ sp.
nov. November 2, /Avicularia/ sp. 2 /Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 3, 3
/Avicularia/ sp. /Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 4, /Avicularia/ sp. 4
/Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 5 e /Avicularia/ sp. 5 and /Avicularia/
sp. nov. November 6. 6. They are found from They are found from
Caribbean island through Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
French Guiana, Caribbean island through Peru, Ecuador, Colombia,
Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana,
Suriname and Brazil. Suriname and Brazil.
Four new genera are proposed: Gen. nov. Four new genera are proposed:
Gen. November 1, with 3 species: Gen. nov. 1, with 3 species: Gen.
November 1 /hirschii/ 1 /hirschii/
comb. comb. nov. November (type species), Gen. nov. (Type species), Gen.
November 1 /minatrix/ comb. 1 /minatrix/ comb. nov. November e Gen. nov.
and Gen. November 1 sp. 1 sp. nov. November 1. 1. Gen. Gen.
nov. November 2 and Gen. nov. And Gen. 2 November 3 are monotypics: Gen.
nov. 3 are monotypics: Gen. November 2 /versicolor/ comb. 2 /versicolor/
comb. nov. November and Gen. nov. and Gen. November
3 /laeta/ comb. 3 /laeta/ comb. nov. November Gen. nov. Gen. November 4
has 3 species, Gen. nov. 4 has 3 species, Gen. November 4 /sooretama/
comb. 4 /Sooretama/ comb. nov. November (type (Type
species), Gen. nov. species), Gen. November 4 /diversipes/ comb. 4
/diversipes/ comb. nov. November and Gen. nov. and Gen. November 4
/gamba/ comb. 4 /gamba/ comb. nov. November
Other taxonomical changes are proposed: /Catumiri parvum/ (Keyserling
1878) Other taxonomical changes are proposed: /Catumiri parvum/
(Keyserling 1878)
comb. comb. nov., /Grammostola anthracina/ (CL Koch 1842) comb.
November, /anthracina Grammostola/ (CL Koch 1842) comb. nov., /Euathlus
affinis/ November, /Euathlus affinis/
(Nicolet 1849) comb. (Nicolet 1849) comb. nov. November The following
species are considered as nomina dubia: The Following species are
Considered the nomina dubia:
/Ischnocolus hirsutum/ (Ausserer 1875) nomen dubium, /Ischnocolus
alticeps/ Keyserling /Ischnocolus hirsutum/ (Ausserer 1875) nomen
dubium, /Ischnocolus alticeps/ Keyserling
1878 nomen dubium, /Pterinopelma tigrinum/ Pocock 1903 nomen dubium,
/Mygale/ Nomen dubium 1878, /Pterinopelma tigrinum/ Pocock 1903 nomen
dubium, /Mygale/
/detrita/ Koch 1842 nomen dubium, /Ischnocolus doleschalli/ (Ausserer
1871) nomen /detrita/ Koch 1842 nomen dubium, /Ischnocolus doleschalli/
(Ausserer 1871) nomen
dubium, /A./ dubium, /A./ /geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999 nomen dubium,
/Avicularia holmbergi/ Thorell 1890 /geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999 nomen
dubium, /Avicularia holmbergi/ Thorell 1890
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nomen dubium, /Avicularia metallica/ Ausserer 1875 nomen dubium, /Mygale
ochraceae/ nomen dubium, /Avicularia metallica/ Ausserer 1875 nomen
dubium, /Mygale ochraceae/
(Perty 1833) nomen dubium, /Eurypelma rapax/ Ausserer 1875 nomen dubium,
/Avicularia/ (Perty 1833) nomen dubium, /Eurypelma rapax/ Ausserer 1875
nomen dubium, /Avicularia/
/ulrichea/ Tesmoingt 1996 nomen dubium, /Mygale walckenaeri/ Perty 1833
nomen /ulrichea/ Tesmoingt 1996 nomen dubium, nomen /Mygale walckenaeri/
Perty 1833
dubium, /Avicularia exilis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium /, Avicularia
fasciculata/ Strand 1907 dubium, /Avicularia exilis/ Strand 1907 nomen
/dubium, Avicularia fasciculata/ Strand 1907
nomem dubium, /Avicularia fasciculata clara/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium,
/Avicularia/ nomem dubium, /clear Avicularia fasciculata/ Strand 1907
nomen dubium, /Avicularia/
/soratae/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium, /Avicularia subvulpina/ Strand 1906
nomen dubium, /soratae/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium, /subvulpina
Avicularia/ Strand 1906 nomen dubium,
/Avicularia surinamensis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium. /Avicularia
surinamensis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium. The folowing species were The
folowing species were
considered as species inquirendae: /Avicuscodra arabica/ Strand 1908
species inquirenda /,/ Considered the inquirendae species: /arabica/
Strand /Avicuscodra/ 1908 inquirenda /species,/
/Avicularia ancylochyra/ Mello-Leito 1923 species inquirenda,
/Avicularia cuminami/ /Avicularia ancylochyra/ Mello-Leito 1923
inquirenda species, /Avicularia cuminami/
Mello-Leito 1930 species inquirenda, /Avicularia glauca/ Simon 1891
species inquirenda, Mello-Leito 1930 species inquirenda /glauca/
/Avicularia/ species inquirenda Simon 1891,
/Avicularia gracilis/ (Keyserling 1891) species inquirenda, /Mygale
leporina/ Koch 1842 /Avicularia gracilis/ (Keyserling 1891) inquirenda
species, /Mygale leporina/ Koch 1842
species inquirenda, /Avicularia nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito 1940 species
inquirenda, inquirenda species, /Avicularia nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito
1940 inquirenda species,
/Mygale plantaris/ Koch 1842 species inquirenda. /Mygale plantaris/ Koch
1842 inquirenda species.
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*Page 7* *Page 7*
*INTRODUO* *INTRODUCTION*
As aranhas surgiram provavelmente no perodo Devoniano, h cerca de 400
The spiders probably arose in the Devonian period, about 400
milhes de anos atrs (Selden /et al/ ., 1991) e hoje esto distribudas
por todo planeta, million years ago (Selden /et al.,/ 1991) and are now
distributed all over the planet,
conquistando praticamente todos os ambientes, com exceo do mar aberto
(Foelix, conquering virtually all environments except the open sea (Foelix,
1996). 1996). So conhecidas atualmente 109 famlias, com 3802 gneros e
mais de 41 mil 109 families are currently known, with 3802 genera and
over 41,000
espcies (Platnick, 2011). species (Platnick, 2011).
A ordem Araneae, a qual pertencem esses animais, composta por 2
subordens The order Araneae, which these animals belong, consists of 2
suborders
(Platnick & Gertsch, 1976): Mesothele e Opisthothele. (Gertsch &
Platnick 1976) and Mesothele Opisthothele. A primeira abriga a
infraordem The first houses the infraorder
Liphistiomorphae, contendo as aranhas que retm caracteres mais
primitivos, como Liphistiomorphae containing spiders that retains more
primitive characters, such as
segmentao externa no abdmen. external segmentation in the abdomen. A
segunda se divide em duas infraordens: The second is divided into two
infraorders:
Mygalomorphae e Araneomorphae, nas quais as fiandeiras mdias anteriores
esto Mygalomorphae Araneomorphae and in which the above means are
spinnerets
ausentes e as demais se localizam mais posteriormente no abdmen do que
em Mesothele absent and the others are located more posteriorly in the
abdomen than in Mesothele
(Platnick & Gertsch, 1976). (Gertsch & Platnick, 1976).
As migalomorfas, ou aranhas-caranguejeiras, ocorrem em todos os
continentes The mygalomorph, or spiders, tarantulas, occurring on all
continents
com exceo da Antrtida. with the exception of Antarctica. Elas retm
algumas caractersticas plesiomrficas como a They retain some features
like plesiomrficas
presena de quatro pulmes foliceos e ferres das quelceras em posio
paraxial. presence of four book-lungs and stings of paraxial chelicerae
in position.
Apresentam como sinapomorfia a perda das fiandeiras medianas anteriores
ea reduo Feature as a synapomorphy loss of previous median spinnerets
and reduction
das fiandeiras laterais anteriores. side of the preceding spinners. Alm
disso, exibem uma combinao nica de Furthermore, they exhibit a unique
combination of
caracteres: presena de cspides nas maxilas, nmero reduzido de
escleritos nos bulbos characters: presence of cusps in the jaws, reduced
number of sclerites in the bulbs
copuladores dos machos, segmento basal das fiandeiras posteriores
subsegmentado e copulatory males, basal segment of posterior spinnerets
and subsegmentado
sigilas no esterno (Raven, 1985). sigilas the sternum (Raven, 1985).
A grande maioria dessas aranhas fossria ou semi-fossria (Brescovit
/et al/ ., The vast majority of these spiders is fossria or
semi-fossria (Brescovit /et al./
2002), j que se abrigam em cavidades naturais (Smith, 1990) ou
constroem tneis 2002), since they take shelter in natural cavities
(Smith, 1990) or build tunnels
(Prez-Miles /et al./ , 1993) com ou sem alapes (Brescovit /et al/ .,
2002). (Prez-Miles /et al.,/ 1993) with or without trapdoors (Brescovit
/et al./ 2002). H tambm There is also
espcies que constroem teias para a captura de presas - por exemplo,
espcies da famlia species build webs to catch prey - for example,
species of the family
Dipluridae (Coyle, 1988) - e espcies arborcolas na famlia
Theraphosidae, subfamlias Dipluridae (Coyle, 1988) - and arboreal
species in the family Theraphosidae, subfamilies
Aviculariinae (Stradling, 1994) e Selenocosminae (Valrio, 1979), que
constroem seus Aviculariinae (Stradling, 1994) and Selenocosminae
(Valerio, 1979), who build their
refgios em tipos diferentes de vegetao. refuges in different
vegetation types.
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*Page 8* *Page 8*
A famlia Theraphosidae The family Theraphosidae
Existem 15 famlias de migalomorfas, sendo 11 delas registradas para o
Brasil There are 15 families mygalomorph, 11 of them recorded in Brazil
(Platnick, 2011). (Platnick, 2011). A famlia Theraphosidae a maior da
infraordem, possuindo 933 The family Theraphosidae is the largest of the
infraorder, having 933
espcies distribudas em 118 gneros (Platnick, 2011). species in 118
genera (Platnick, 2011). Engloba as espcies que atingem o Includes
species that reach
maior tamanho dentre as aranhas: /Theraphosa blondi/ (Latreille, 1804),
espcie larger among spiders: /Theraphosa blondi/ (Latreille, 1804),
species
amaznica, chega a medir 26 cm (Marshall & Uetz, 1993). Amazon, measures
up to 26 cm (Marshall & Uetz, 1993). Apesar de a maioria ser Although
most are
terrestre, vivendo em tocas no solo ou debaixo de pedras e outras
cavidades naturais, h terrestrial, living in burrows in the ground or
under stones and other natural cavities, there
espcies arborcolas nas Amricas do Sul e Central, na sia e na frica
(Stradling, 1994; arboreal species in Central and South America, Asia
and Africa (Stradling, 1994;
Smith, 1990; Smith, 1995). Smith, 1990, Smith, 1995). Esto distribudas
em todos os continentes, em todas as reas Are distributed on all
continents, in all areas
tropicais e em muitas reas subtropicais (Bertani, 2001). in many
tropical and subtropical areas (Bertani, 2001). Pouco se sabe sobre a
biologia Little is known about the biology
desse grupo. this group. Grande parte do conhecimento nessa rea
derivada de estudos Much of the knowledge in this area is derived from
studies
provenientes de animais em cativeiro (Yaez /et al,/ 1999; Costa &
Prez-Miles, 2002). from animals in captivity (Yaez /et al,/ 1999;
Costa & Prez-Miles, 2002).
Das 7 subfamlias de Theraphosidae tradicionalmente aceitas (Raven,
1985), apenas 3 so 7 of Theraphosidae subfamilies traditionally
accepted (Raven, 1985), only 3 are
encontradas no Brasil: Aviculariinae, Ischnocolinae e Theraphosinae.
found in Brazil: Aviculariinae, Ischnocolinae and Theraphosinae.
Alm de cobiados por colecionadores devido a seu grande porte e
colorido Besides coveted by collectors due to its large and colorful
atraente, os terafosdeos vm despertando o interesse de bioqumicos.
attractive, the Theraphosids have attracted the interest of biochemists.
Recentemente, Recently,
gomesina, um peptdeo com atividade anti-microbiana, foi extrado da
hemolinfa de gomesin, a peptide with antimicrobial activity, was
extracted from the hemolymph of
/Acanthoscurria gomesiana/ Mello-Leito, 1923, e dever ter grande
aplicao na indstria /Gomesiana Acanthoscurria/ Mello-Leito, 1923 and
should have wide application in industry
farmacutica (Silva Junior /et al/ , 2000). pharmaceutical (Silva Junior
/et al,/ 2000). As toxinas das migalomorfas tambm so alvo de The
toxins of mygalomorph are also targets
pesquisas. research. Os resultados at agora obtidos indicam que elas
podem ser usadas como The results obtained so far indicate that they can
be used as
ferramentas farmacolgicas e teraputicas (King, 2004). pharmacological
and therapeutic tools (King, 2004). Atualmente, para as 14 espcies
Currently, for the 14 species
de aranhas-caranguejeiras j estudadas, so conhecidos mais de 30 tipos
diferentes de spiders, tarantulas have studied, there are over 30
different types of
toxinas, que atuam em diversas partes da clula, com grande variedade de
funes toxins that act on different parts of the cell, with wide range
of functions
biolgicas (Escoubas & Rash, 2004). biological (Escoubas & Rash, 2004).
Outra propriedade dos peptdeos provindos de Another property of the
peptides stemmed from
terafosdeos descoberta recentemente a de inibir a fibrilao atrial.
Theraphosids recently discovered is to inhibit atrial fibrillation. O
peptdeo obtido do The peptide obtained from
veneno de /Grammostola rosea/ Walckenaer 1837 pode ser til no estudo de
mecanismos /Grammostola rosea/ poison Walckenaer 1837 may be useful in
the study of mechanisms
de transduo em nvel molecular e no organismo como um todo, abrindo
portas para o transduction at the molecular level and in the organism as
a whole, opening doors to
desenvolvimento de novas classes de drogas (Bode /et al./ , 2001).
development of new classes of drugs (Bode /et al./ 2001).
Em termos taxonmicos, a famlia Theraphosidae catica (Raven, 1990),
no s In taxonomic terms, the family Theraphosidae is chaotic (Raven,
1990) not only
por causa de sua ampla distribuio e existncia de poucos
especialistas, mas tambm because of its wide distribution and existence
of a few specialists, but also
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*Page 9* *Page 9*
devido monotonia morfolgica do grupo (Bertani, 2001). due to
morphological monotony group (Bertani, 2001). Outro aspecto importante
que Another important aspect that
dificulta o trabalho com o txon o grande nmero de amadores que
descrevem espcies makes the work with the taxon is the large number of
amateurs that describe species
novas: como estas so normalmente descritas a partir de exemplares
levados new: as these are usually described from specimens taken
principalmente a Europa e Estados Unidos de forma ilegal e que muitas
vezes tm a sua particularly Europe and the United States illegally -
and they often have their
procedncia incorreta podem ocorrer erros referentes localidade do
exemplar at incorrect provenance - mistakes may occur relating to the
location of the specimen to
mesmo quanto ao continente de origem, induzindo, por exemplo, o autor a
inclu-la em even on the continent of origin, inducing, for example, the
author include it in
uma subfamlia errada (Bertani & Fukushima, 2004). an erroneous
subfamily (Fukushima & Bertani, 2004). A falta de material depositado em
The lack of material deposited in
colees cientficas para anlise e reviso (Bertani, 2001), a descrio
com poucas scientific collections for analysis and review (Bertani,
2001), the description with few
informaes sobre caracteres relevantes para a sistemtica e taxonomia
por parte dos information relevant to the systematics and taxonomy
characters by the
pesquisadores do incio do sculo passado e m conservao de alguns
holtipos researchers at the beginning of last century and poor
maintenance of some holotypes
contribuem para que a confuso taxonmica continue at os dias de hoje.
contribute to the taxonomic confusion continues to this day. Mesmo Same
sabendo-se da grande necessidade de revises taxonmicas nesta famlia
(Raven, 1990), knowing the great need for taxonomic revisions in this
family (Raven, 1990),
so poucos os trabalhos existentes sobre o assunto (Bertani, 2001;
Fukushima /et al/ ., are few studies of the subject (Bertani 2001 jobs;.
Fukushima /et al,/
2005), o que dificulta a realizao de trabalhos em outras reas da
biologia, j que 2005), which hinders the performance of work in other
areas of biology, since
impossibilita a identificao confivel dos indivduos (Escoubas & Rash,
2004). precludes reliable identification of individuals (Escoubas &
Rash, 2004).
O gnero /Avicularia/ Lamarck, 1818 The genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck, 1818
O gnero /Avicularia/ foi descrito por Lamarck (1818) e acomodou a
espcie The /Avicularia/ genus was described by Lamarck (1818) and
settled the species
descrita por Linnaeus (1758) como /Aranea avicularia/ na 10 edio de
seu livro Systema described by Linnaeus (1758) as /Aranea avicularia/ at
the 10th edition of his book Systema
Naturae, a espcie mais antiga de aranha migalomorfa. Naturae, the
oldest species of spider mygalomorph. O histrico do gnero complexo
The history of the genus is complex
e reflete o estado do conhecimento da aracnologia desde seus primrdios
at os dias de and reflects the state of knowledge of aracnologia from
its beginnings to the days of
hoje. today.
A opinio de diversos autores sobre as espcies que deveriam constar no
gnero The opinion of several authors about the species that should be
included in the genus
divergiu muito ao longo dos anos. diverged greatly over the years.
Devido a esse fato, muitas espcies j foram includas Due to this fact,
many species have been included
em /Avicularia/ , sinonimizadas, ou transferidas. in /Avicularia,/
synonymized, or transferred. Mesmo o conceito do gnero foi Even the
concept of gender was
constantemente alterado: j foi considerado sinnimo-jnior por alguns
autores, vlido constantly modified, was once considered a junior
synonym by some authors, valid
por outros; restrito a algumas espcies por uns, amplo por outros. by
others; restricted to some species by some, by others broad. Isso
resultou em uma This resulted in a
grande confuso taxonmica, agravada pelo fato de que muitos tipos esto
perdidos ou great taxonomic confusion, compounded by the fact that many
types are lost or
foram destrudos principalmente durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. were
mostly destroyed during the Second World War.
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*Page 10* *Page 10*
A descrio do gnero feita por Lamarck em 1818 um tanto vaga, o que
gerou The description of the genus taken by Lamarck in 1818 is somewhat
vague, which generated
discordncias sobre as espcies que deveriam constar no gnero ao longo
desses anos. disagreements about the species that should be included in
the genre over the years. O The
autor descreveu as aranhas pertencentes ao gnero como sendo de porte
grande, com oito author described the spiders belonging to the genus as
large, with eight
pernas, oito olhos em forma de cruz de Santo Andr (ou seja, em forma de
X) e legs, eight eyes in the form of St. Andrew's cross (ie, X-shaped) and
possuindo metatarsos com uma escova aveludada. having metatarsals with a
velvet brush. Lamarck incluiu nesse gnero as Lamarck included in the genus
espcies /Avicularia canceridea/ Lamarck 1818 (sinnimo jnior de
/Aranea avicularia/ /Avicularia/ species /canceridea/ Lamarck 1818
(junior synonym of /Aranea avicularia/
Linnaeus 1758), /Avicularia blondii/ Latreille 1804 e /Avicularia
fasciata/ Latreille 1804. Linnaeus 1758), /Avicularia Avicularia
Blondii/ Latreille /fasciata/ Latreille 1804 and 1804.
Mesmo depois de Lamarck ter descrito o gnero /Avicularia/ em 1818,
muitos Even after Lamarck have described the genus /Avicularia/ in 1818,
many
aracnlogos continuaram a se referir e mesmo a descrever vrias espcies
de arachnologists and continued to refer even to describe several
species of
migalomorfas em /Mygale/ Latreille 1802. /Mygale/ era termo no
cientfico em francs mygalomorph /Mygale/ Latreille in 1802. /Mygale/
was unscientific term in French
cunhado por Walckenaer e que designava as aranhas de modo geral (Bonnet,
1957). coined by Walckenaer and designating the spiders in general
(Bonnet, 1957). Mais More
tarde, esse nome foi utilizado por Latreille para designar um gnero,
cuja primeira later, this name was used by Latreille to designate a
genre whose first
espcie citada era /Mygale avicularia/ (Bonnet, 1957). species cited was
/Mygale avicularia/ (Bonnet, 1957).
Cuvier (1800) j havia descrito um gnero de mamferos com esse nome,
estando, Cuvier (1800) had already described a genus of mammals of that
name, being,
portanto, o nome pr-ocupado. so pre-occupied name. Mas mesmo assim,
como dito anteriormente, o nome But still, as stated earlier, the name
ainda era utilizado para descrever espcies de aranhas. was also used to
describe species of spiders. Prova disso que de 1837 at Proof of this
is that from 1837 until
1883, sete espcies de que esto atualmente no gnero /Avicularia/ foram
descritas como 1883 seven species that are currently in the genus
/Avicularia/ were described as
pertencendo ao gnero /Mygale/ : /Mygale versicolor/ Walckenaer 1837,
/Mygale leporina/ C. belonging to the genus /Mygale: Mygale versicolor/
Walckenaer 1837 /Mygale leporina/ C.
L. L. Koch 1841, /Mygale caesia/ CL Koch 1842, /Mygale detrita/ CL Koch
1842, /Mygale/ Koch 1841 /Mygale caesia/ CL Koch 1842 /detrita Mygale/
CL Koch 1842 /Mygale/
/laeta/ CL Koch 1842, /Mygale affinis/ Nicolet 1849 e /Mygale
walckenaeri/ Perty 1883. /laeta/ CL Koch 1842 /Mygale affinis/ Nicolet
1849 and /Mygale walckenaeri/ Perty 1883.
Aparentemente, houve uma aceitao gradual do nome /Avicularia/ , eo
reconhecimento de Apparently, there was a gradual acceptance of the name
/Avicularia,/ and recognition of
que o nome /Mygale/ no deveria ser mais aplicado a essas aranhas,
deixando de ser /Mygale/ the name should not be applied more to these
spiders, no longer
utilizado. used.
A relutncia em aceitar o nome proposto por Lamarck parece ter tido
razes The reluctance to accept the name proposed by Lamarck seems to
have had roots
culturais. cultural. Segundo Smith (2000a), o nome /Avicularia/ dado ao
gnero por Lamarck According to Smith (2000a), the name given to the
genus by /Avicularia/ Lamarck is
derivado do uso que Linnaeus fez da palavra ao descrever a espcie
/Araneae avicularia/ derived from the use that Linnaeus had used the
word to describe the kind /Araneae avicularia/
(segundo Beechhold, 1997, do latim /avicula/ , pequena ave + /aria/ ,
que tem referncia ). (According Beechhold, 1997 of /avicula/ latin
small bird + /aria,/ which has reference to).
Esse nome, segundo Smith, uma referncia direta que Linnaeus fez
famosa ilustrao This name, according to Smith, is a direct reference
to Linnaeus made famous illustration
de Maria Sibylla Merian (1705) em Metamorphosis Insectorum
Surinamensium, obra Maria Sibylla Merian (1705) in Metamorphosis
Insectorum Surinamensium, work
citada na descrio da espcie. mentioned in the description of the
species. Nessa ilustrao, Merian desenha uma caranguejeira se In this
illustration, Merian draws a tarantula if
alimentando de uma ave (fig. 1). feeding a bird (Fig. 1). Entretanto, a
existncia de uma aranha de grande porte However, the existence of a
large spider
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*Page 11* *Page 11*
capaz de comer uma ave, dentro da nova era da cincia racionalista do
sculo 19, s able to eat a bird, in the new era of rationalistic
science of the 19th century, only
poderia ser fruto de uma mente feminina histrica, impregnada de
mitos, fantasias e could be the result of a "hysterical female mind",
steeped in myths, fantasies and
lendas, como comenta Smith (2000a). legends, as commented Smith (2000a).
A idia de uma aranha comedora de aves foi The idea of a bird eating
spider was
ridicularizada por muitos naturalistas, inclusive por grandes nomes como
Langsdorff ridiculed by many naturalists, including by greats like
Langsdorff
(Smith 2000b). (Smith 2000b). Sendo assim, o uso do nome /Avicularia/
seria um retrocesso cincia Thus, the use of the name /Avicularia/
would be a setback to science
permeada de mitologia e lendas, inconcebvel para um cientista da poca,
e, portanto, no permeated with mythology and legends, inconceivable for
a scientist of the time, and therefore not
deveria ser utilizado. should be used. Somente cerca de cinqenta anos
depois, com os estudos de Only about fifty years later, with studies
Ausserer (1871), que o nome voltou a ser usado. Ausserer (1871), is
that the name came to be used.
Grandes nomes da aracnologia estudaram o gnero /Avicularia/ ao longo do
sculo Big names in the genus /Avicularia/ aracnologia studied
throughout the century
19 e incio do sculo 20: Ausserer (1875) descreveu duas novas espcies,
/Avicularia/ 19th and early 20th century: Ausserer (1875) described two
new species, /Avicularia/
/rutilans/ Ausserer 1875 para a Colmbia e /Avicularia metallica/
Ausserer 1875, para o /rutilans/ Ausserer 1875 for Colombia and
/Avicularia metallica/ Ausserer 1875, for
Suriname; Thorell (1890) descreveu /Avicularia holmbergi/ Thorell 1890
para a Guiana Suriname; Thorell (1890) described /Avicularia holmbergi/
Thorell 1890 for Guyana
Francesa; Simon (1889) descreveu /Avicularia velutina/ Simon 1889 para a
Venezuela e French, Simon (1889) described /Avicularia velutina/ Simon
in 1889 to Venezuela and
logo depois /Avicularia glauca/ Simon 1891 para o Panam (Simon, 1891);
FO Pickard- soon after /glauca Avicularia/ Simon 1891 to Panama (Simon,
1891); FO Pickard-
Cambridge (1896) descreveu /Avicularia avicularia variegata/
FOP-Cambridge 1896 Cambridge (1896) described /Avicularia avicularia
variegata/ FOP-Cambridge 1896
para o Brasil; Pocock (1903), outro grande aracnlogo, descreveu
/Avicularia minatrix/ to Brazil; Pocock (1903), another great
arachnologist described /Avicularia minatrix/
Pocock 1903 para a Venezuela; e Strand (1906, 1907a,b,c,d), no perodo
de dois anos, Pocock 1903 to Venezuela, and Strand (1906, 1907A, b, c,
d), the two-year period,
descreveu mais seis espcies /Avicularia subvulpina/ Strand 1906;
/Avicularia exilis/ described six species - /subvulpina Avicularia/
Strand 1906; /Avicularia exilis/
Strand 1907, /Avicularia fasciculata/ Strand 1907, /Avicularia
fasciculata clara/ Strand Strand 1907 Strand /Avicularia fasciculata/
1907 /Avicularia fasciculata clear/ Strand
1907 (todas com localidade tipo Amrica do Sul); /Avicularia soratae/
Strand 1907 para 1907 (all with type locality "South America"); /soratae
Avicularia/ Strand for 1907
a Bolvia e /Avicularia surinamensis/ Strand 1907 para o Suriname.
Bolivia and /Avicularia surinamensis/ Strand in 1907 for Suriname.
Dentre esses autores, somente FO Pickard-Cambridge (1896) e Simon (1903)
Among these authors, only FO Pickard-Cambridge (1896) and Simon (1903)
propuseram uma dignose para o gnero. proposed a dignose to the genre.
FO Pickard-Cambridge (1896) diagnosticou FO Pickard-Cambridge (1896)
diagnosed
/Avicularia/ como tendo fila anterior de olhos fortemente procurva;
primeiro par de /Avicularia/ as having "previous row of eyes strongly
procurva; first pair of
pernas mais curto do que o quarto; quatro pares de sigilas visveis no
esterno; par de legs shorter than the fourth, four pairs of visible
sigilas the sternum; pair of
fiandeiras posteriores mais longo do que a largura do esterno; carapaa
quase reta vista Subsequent spinnerets longer than the width of the
sternum; shell view nearly straight
em perfil; patela e tbia IV mais longos que a carapaa; metatarsos
largos, espatuliformes; in profile, patella and tibia IV longer than the
carapace, broad metatarsals, espatuliformes;
arboreal. arboreal. " J Simon (1903) fez uma diagnose diferente da de
FO Pickard-Cambridge Have Simon (1903) made a different diagnosis of
FO Pickard-Cambridge
(1896). (1896). Dentre as caractersticas usadas para descrever o gnero
esto a presena de olhos Among the characteristics used to describe the
genus are the presence of eyes
laterais posteriores bem menores que os anteriores; fileira de olhos
anteriores muito lateral posterior much smaller than the previous;
previous row of eyes very
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*Page 12* *Page 12*
procurva e machos com apfise tibial oblqua, obtusa, com pequenos
espinhos. procurva and males with tibial apophysis oblique, obtuse, with
small spines. Essa That
descrio vem a ser quase que traduzida fielmente anos depois por
Mello-Leito (1923). description has to be translated faithfully almost
years later by Mello-Leito (1923).
Esse aracnlogo brasileiro tambm estudou o gnero /Avicularia/ ,
especialmente This Brazilian arachnologist also studied the genus
/Avicularia,/ especially
entre as dcadas de 20 e 40. between the 20s and 40s. Somente na sua
reviso dos "terafosideas" do Brasil, de Only in its review of
"terafosideas" in Brazil,
1923, Mello-Leito descreveu trs espcies: /Avicularia ancylochira/
Mello-Leito 1923 /,/ 1923 Mello-Leito described three species:
/ancylochira Avicularia/ Mello-Leito /1923/
/Avicularia bicegoi/ Mello-Leito 1923 e /Avicularia juruensis/
Mello-Leito 1923. Mello-Leito /bicegoi Avicularia Avicularia
juruensis/ 1923 and Mello-Leito 1923. Em In
1930, Mello-Leito descreveu uma nova espcie para o Brasil: /Avicularia
cuminami/ 1930 Mello-Leito described a new species from Brazil:
/Avicularia cuminami/
Mello-Leito 1930. Mello-Leito 1930. Anos mais tarde, o mesmo autor
descreveu mais algumas novas Years later, the same author described some
more new
espcies do gnero: /Avicularia pulchra/ Mello-Leito 1933, para o
Brasil; /Avicularia/ species of the genus: /pulchra Avicularia/
Mello-Leito, 1933, to Brazil; /Avicularia/
/nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito 1940, para a Guiana e /Avicularia
palmicola/ Mello-Leito /nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito 1940 for Guyana and
/Avicularia palmicola/ Mello-Leito
1945, novamente para o Brasil. 1945 back to Brazil. Tambm nesse
perodo, as aracnlogas argentinas Also during this period, the
Argentine aracnlogas
Schiapelli e Gerschamn (1945) descreveram uma nova espcie para o
Brasil, denominada Schiapelli and Gerschamn (1945) described a new
species from Brazil, called
/Avicularia rufa/ Schiapelli & Gerschman 1945. /Rufa Avicularia/
Schiapelli & Gerschman 1945.
Em 1955, Roewer contabilizava 30 espcies e mais 2 subespcies
diferentes In 1955, Roewer accounted for 30 species and 2 subspecies more
pertencentes a /Avicularia/ , que eram encontradas desde as ilhas de
Trinidad e Martinica, belonging to /Avicularia,/ which were found from
the islands of Trinidad and Martinique,
ao Norte da Amrica do Sul, at o Brasil. to northern South America to
Brazil.
Durante muitos anos, as contribuies taxonomia do gnero /Avicularia/
se For many years, the contributions to the taxonomy of the genus
/Avicularia/ is
referiram apenas descrio de novas espcies (Ausserer, 1875; Thorell,
1890; Simon, reported only to the description of new species (Ausserer
1875; Thorell, 1890; Simon,
1891; FO Pickard-Cambridge, 1896; Pocock, 1903; Strand, 1906 e
1907a,b,c,d; Mello- 1891; FO Pickard-Cambridge, 1896; Pocock, 1903;
Strand, 1906 and 1907A, b, c, d;-Mello
Leito, 1923, 1930, 1933 e 1945; Schiapelli & Gerschmann, 1945), a
breves diagnoses do Leito, 1923, 1930, 1933 and 1945; Schiapelli &
Gerschmann, 1945), the brief diagnoses of
gnero (Ausserer, 1871; Simon, 1892; FO Pickard-Cambridge, 1896;
Mello-Leito, gender (Ausserer 1871, Simon, 1892; FO Pickard-Cambridge,
1896; Mello-Leito,
1923; Valrio, 1979) ea catlogos listando as espcies que eram
consideradas do gnero 1923; Valerius, 1979) and catalogs listing the
species that were considered the genus
(Roewer, 1955; Bonnet, 1957). (Roewer 1955, Bonnet, 1957).
Uma alterao mais significativa do gnero s viria a ocorrer em 1985,
quando A more significant gender change would only occur in 1985, when
Raven (1985) considerou o gnero /Eurypelma/ CL Koch 1850 sinnimo
jnior de Raven (1985) considered the genus /Eurypelma/ CL Koch 1850
junior synonym of
/Avicularia/ . /Avicularia./ Dessa forma, mais de 20 espcies foram
transferidas para /Avicularia/ : Thus, more than 20 species were
transferred to /Avicularia:/
/Eurypelma aberrans/ Chamberlin 1917, /Eurypelma affine/ (Nicolet 1849),
/Eurypelma/ /Eurypelma aberrans/ Chamberlin 1917 /Eurypelma affine/
(Nicolet 1849), /Eurypelma/
/alticeps/ (Keyserling 1877), /Eurypelma anthracinum/ (CL Koch 1842),
/Eurypelma/ /alticeps/ (Keyserling 1877), /Eurypelma Anthracinum/ (CL
Koch 1842), /Eurypelma/
/aureoceps/ Chamberlin 1917, /Eurypelma aymarum/ Chamberlin 1916,
/Eurypelma borelli/ /aureoceps/ Chamberlin 1917 /Eurypelma aymarum/
Chamberlin 1916 /Eurypelma borelli/
Simon 1897, /Eurypelma caniceps/ Simon 1890, /Eurypelma cyaneopubescens/
Strand Simon 1897 Simon /Eurypelma caniceps/ 1890 /Eurypelma
cyaneopubescens/ Strand
1907, /Eurypelma diversipes/ (CL Koch 1842), /Eurypelkma doleschalli/
(Ausserer 1871), 1907 /Eurypelma diversipes/ (CL Koch 1842), /Eurypelkma
doleschalli/ (Ausserer 1871)
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*Page 13* *Page 13*
/Eurypelma duplex/ Chamberlin 1925, /Eurypelma embrithes/ Chamberlin &
Ivie 1936, /Eurypelma duplex/ Chamberlin 1925 Chamberlin & Ivie
/Eurypelma embrithes/ 1936
/Eurypelma emilia/ (White 1856), /Eurypelma epicureanum/ Chamberlin
1925, /Eurypelma/ /Eurypelma emilia/ (White 1856), /Eurypelma
epicureanum/ Chamberlin 1925 /Eurypelma/
/geotoma/ Chamberling 1937, /Eurypelma gracile/ (Keyserling 1891),
/Eurypelma guyanum/ /geotoma/ Chamberling 1937 /Eurypelma gracilis/
(Keyserling 1891), /Eurypelma guyanum/
(Simon 1892), /Eurypelma hageni/ (Strand 1906), /Eurypelma sericeum/
(Ausserer 1875), (Simon 1892), /Eurypelma hageni/ (Strand 1906),
/Eurypelma sericeum/ (Ausserer 1875),
/Eurypelma serratum/ Simon 1890, /Eurypelma smithi/ F. /Eurypelma
serratum/ Simon 1890 /Eurypelma/ F. /smithi/ Cambridge 1897, /Eurypelma/
Cambridge 1897 /Eurypelma/
/spinicrus/ (Latreille 1819), /Eurypelma stoicum/ Chamberlin Pocok 1903,
/Eurypelma/ /spinicrus/ (Latreille 1819), /Eurypelma stoicum/ Chamberlin
Pocok 1903 /Eurypelma/
/tamaulipecum/ Chamberlin 1937, /Eurypelma tigrinum/ Pocock 1903,
/Eurypelma/ /tamaulipecum/ Chamberlin 1937 /Eurypelma tigrinum/ Pocock
1903 /Eurypelma/
/truncatum/ F. /truncatum/ F. Cambridge 1897. Cambridge 1897. Com esta
sinonmia aumentou-se consideravelmente o With this synonymy was
increased considerably
nmero de espcies do gnero /Avicularia/ . number of species of the
genus /Avicularia./
Na poca, Raven no analisou espcie por espcie de /Eurypelma/ . At the
time, Raven has not examined species by species of /Eurypelma./ Porm,
However,
principalmente depois dos trabalhos de Schmidt (1993) e Smith (1995),
verificou-se que especially after work Schmidt (1993) and Smith (1995),
it was found that
muitas delas pertenciam a outros gneros, especialmente /Aphonopelma/
Pocock, 1901, many of them belong to other genres, especially
/Aphonopelma/ Pocock, 1901
sendo ento transferidas. then being transferred. Ainda assim, restaram
16 espcies em /Avicularia/ : /Avicularia/ Still remaining 16 species
/Avicularia: Avicularia/
/alticeps/ (Keyserling 1878), /Avicularia anthracina/ (CL Koch 1842),
/Avicularia aymara/ /alticeps/ (Keyserling 1878), /anthracina
Avicularia/ (CL Koch 1842), /Aymara Avicularia/
(Chamberlin 1916), /Avicularia borelli/ (Simon 1897), /Avicularia
diversipes/ (CL Koch (Chamberlin 1916), /Avicularia borelli/ (Simon
1897), /Avicularia diversipes/ (CL Koch
1842), /Avicularia doleschalli/ (Ausserer 1871), /Avicularia gracilis/
(Keyserling 1891), 1842), /Avicularia doleschalli/ (Ausserer 1871),
/Avicularia gracilis/ (Keyserling 1891),
/Avicularia guyana/ (Simon 1892), /Avicularia hirsuta/ (Ausserer 1875),
/Avicularia obscura/ /Guyana Avicularia/ (Simon 1892), /Avicularia
hirsuta/ (Ausserer 1875), /obscure Avicularia/
(Ausserer 1875), /Avicularia ochracea/ (Perty 1833), /Avicularia
panamensis/ (Simon (Ausserer 1875), /Avicularia ochracea/ (Perty 1833)
/Avicularia panamensis/ (Simon
1891), /Avicularia parva/ (Keyserling 1878), /Avicularia plantaris/ (CL
Koch 1842), 1891), /Silly Avicularia/ (Keyserling 1878), /plantaris
Avicularia/ (CL Koch 1842),
/Avicularia rapax/ (Ausserer 1875) e /Avicularia tigrina/ (Pocock 1903).
/Avicularia rapax/ (Ausserer 1875) and /Avicularia tigrina/ (Pocock 1903).
Logo, como /Eurypelma/ j acomodava uma srie de espcies
morfologicamente So how /Eurypelma/ already settled a number of species
morphologically
muito diferentes entre si, essa confuso taxonmica foi transferida para
/Avicularia/ com a very different, this taxonomic confusion was
transferred to /Avicularia/ with
sinonmia proposta por Raven. synonymy proposed by Raven.
Tambm em 1985, Raven sinonimizou o gnero /Ancylochirus/ , com sua
nica Also in 1985, Raven sinonimizou /Ancylochirus/ the genre with its
unique
espcie /Ancylochirus taunayi/ Mello-Leito, 1920, com o gnero
/Avicularia/ , resultando species /Ancylochirus taunayi/ Mello-Leito,
1920 with the /Avicularia/ genus, resulting
na nova combinao /Avicularia taunayi/ (Mello-Leito 1920). the new
combination /Avicularia taunayi/ (Mello-Leito 1920).
Somente nos anos 90 que uma nova espcie de /Avicularia/ foi descrita:
Only in the 90s is that a new species of /Avicularia/ was described:
/Avicularia purpurea/ Kirk 1990, para o Equador (Kirk, 1990).
/Avicularia purpurea/ Kirk 1990 for Ecuador (Kirk, 1990). A partir de
ento, muitas Since then, many
novas espcies foram sendo acrescentadas ao gnero, quase todas
descritas por amadores: new species were being added to the genus,
described by almost all amateurs:
/Avicularia urticans/ Schmidt 1994, /Avicularia aurantiaca/ Bauer 1996 e
/Avicularia/ /Urticans Avicularia/ Schmidt 1994 /aurantiaca Avicularia
Avicularia/ Bauer 1996 and
/azuraklaasi/ Tesmoingt 1996, todas para o Peru (Schmidt, 1994; Bauer,
1996; Tesmoingt, /azuraklaasi/ Tesmoingt 1996 all for Peru (Schmidt,
1994; Bauer, 1996; Tesmoingt,
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Page 14* *Page 14*
1996a); /Avicularia recifensis/ Struchen & Brndle 1996 e /Avicularia
ulrichea/ Tesmoingt 1996a); /recifensis/ Struchen /Avicularia
Avicularia/ & Brndle 1996 and /ulrichea/ Tesmoingt
1996, ambas para o Brasil (Struchen & Brndle, 1996; Tesmoingt, 1996b);
/Avicularia/ 1996 both for Brazil (Struchen & Brndle, 1996; Tesmoingt,
1996b); /Avicularia/
/huriana/ Tesmoingt 1996, para o Equador (Tesmoingt, 1996c); /Avicularia
braunshauseni/ /huriana/ Tesmoingt 1996 for Ecuador (Tesmoingt, 1996c);
/braunshauseni Avicularia/
Tesmoingt 1999 e /Avicularia geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999, tambm para o
Brasil (Tesmoingt, Tesmoingt /Avicularia geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999 and
1999 also for Brazil (Tesmoingt,
1999a,b). 1999a, b). Tambm nesse perodo, Lucas, Silva & Bertani (1992)
transferiram /Ephebopus/ Also in that period, Lucas, Silva & Bertani
(1992) transferred /Ephebopus/
/violacea/ Mello-Leito 1930 para o gnero /Avicularia/ , criando a nova
combinao /violacea/ Mello-Leito 1930 for the genus /Avicularia,/
creating the new combination
/Avicularia violacea/ (Mello-Leito 1930) /Avicularia violacea/
(Mello-Leito 1930)
J no sculo XXI, foram feitas mais algumas descries e alteraes
taxonmicas. You XXI century some more descriptions and taxonomic
changes were made.
Em 2006, foi descrita /Avicularia hirschii/ Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz &
Schmidt 2006, para o In 2006 it was described /Avicularia hirschii/
Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006, for
Equador (Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006); em 2008, /Avicularia
violacea/ Mello- Ecuador (Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006), in
2008 /violacea Avicularia/ Mello-
Leito 1930 foi transferida para o gnero /Tapinauchenius/ Ausserer 1871
(subfamlia Leito 1930 he was transferred to the genus /Tapinauchenius/
Ausserer 1871 (subfamily
Aviculariinae) por West e colaboradores (West /et al/ . /,/ 2008), /A./
Aviculariinae) by West and colleagues (West /et al.,/ 2008), /A./
/obscura/ (Ausserer 1875) /obscure/ (Ausserer 1875)
foi transferida pra o novo gnero /Ami/ Prez-Miles 2008 (Prez-Miles
/et al./ , 2008) e was transferred to the new genus /Ami/ Prez-Miles
2008 (Prez-Miles /et al.,/ 2008) and
Gallon (2008) considerou /Avicuscodra/ Strand 1908 (Strand, 1908)
sinnimo jnior de Gallon (2008) considered /Avicuscodra/ Strand 1908
(Strand, 1908) a junior synonym of
/Avicularia/ , criando assim a nova combinao /Avicularia arabica/
(Strand 1908). /Avicularia,/ thereby creating the new combination
/Avicularia arabica/ (Strand 1908). Em In
2009, /Avicularia borelli/ Simon 1897 foi transferida para o gnero
/Grammostola/ Simon 2009 /Avicularia borelli/ Simon in 1897 was
transferred to the genus /Grammostola/ Simon
1892 (subfamlia Theraphosinae) (Gabriel, 2009a), /Avicularia guyana/
(Simon 1892) foi 1892 (subfamily Theraphosinae) (Gabriel, 2009a),
/Guyana Avicularia/ (Simon 1892) was
transferida para /Eupalaestrus/ (Gabriel, 2009b) e /Avicularia
panamenis/ transferida para transferred to /Eupalaestrus/ (Gabriel,
2009b) and transferred to /Avicularia panamenis/
/Sericopelma/ (Gabriel, 2009b) e duas novas espcies foram descritas:
/Avicularia/ /Sericopelma/ (Gabriel, 2009b) and two new species are
described: /Avicularia/
/sooretama/ Bertani & Fukushima 2009 e /Avicularia gamba/ Bertani &
Fukushima 2009, /Sooretama/ Fukushima Bertani & Bertani 2009 and
/Avicularia gamba/ & Fukushima 2009
ambas para o Brasil (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009). both for Brazil
(Bertani & Fukushima, 2009).
A mais recente dignose do gnero foi publicada nesse perodo, proposta
por The latest dignose the genus was published in this period, proposed by
Gallon (2008). Gallon (2008). O autor caracterizou /Avicularia/ como um
gnero diferente dos outros The author characterized as a different
genus /Avicularia/ the other
terafosdeos, exceto de /Pachistopelma/ e de /Iridopelma/ (gneros que,
junto com Theraphosids, except /Pachistopelma/ and /Iridopelma/ (genres,
along with
/Avicularia/ , comporiam a subfamlia Aviculariinae segundo o autor)
devido presena de /Avicularia,/ compose the subfamily Aviculariinae
according to the author) due to the presence of
cerdas urticantes do tipo II no dorso do abdmen. stinging hairs of type
II on the back of the abdomen. Os machos de /Avicularia/ se Males are
/Avicularia/
distinguiriam dos de /Iridopelma/ pela ausncia de apfise tibial na
perna II e as fmeas distinguish /Iridopelma/ of the absence of tibial
apophysis on leg II and females
pela ausncia de lbulos nas espermatecas. lobes in the absence of
spermathecae. Alm disso, ambos os sexos de /Avicularia/ se Moreover,
both sexes are /Avicularia/
distinguiriam de /Iridopelma/ por possuir pernas IV mais longas que as
pernas I (o /Iridopelma/ to distinguish by having legs IV longer than
the legs I (
contrrio do que ocorre em /Iridopelma/ ). Contrary to what occurs in
/Iridopelma)./ De /Pachistopelma/ , ambos os sexos se /Pachistopelma/ of
both sexes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Page 15* *Page 15*
diferenciariam por possuirem a fila anterior de olhos fortemente
procurva, e no quase differentiate by having the previous line of
heavily procurva eyes, and not nearly
reta. straight.
Apesar do gnero possuir um grande nmero de espcies e ter enorme
importncia Although the genre has a large number of species and have
huge importance
histrica, ele nunca foi revisado. History, he was never revised. Apenas
trabalhos mais restritos foram publicados, Just restricted jobs were
posted,
transferindo algumas espcies de /Avicularia/ para /Aphonopelma/ ,
/Brachypelma/ e transferring some species to /Aphonopelma Avicularia,
Brachypelma/ and
/Iridopelma/ , dentre outros gneros de terafosdeos, bem como para
gneros pertencentes a /Iridopelma,/ among other genres of Theraphosids
as well as genera from
outras famlias completamente diferentes em termos morfolgicos, como
Idiopidae, other completely different families in morphological terms as
Idiopidae,
Nemesiidae e at mesmo para Filistatidae (Araneomorphae) (Platnick,
2011). Nemesiidae and even Filistatidae (Araneomorphae) (Platnick,
2011). A presena The presence
de 29 espcies como nomina dubia e trs espcies como nomina nuda
(Platnick, 2011), 29 species as nomina dubia and nomina nuda as three
species (Platnick, 2011),
alm da constatao de que muitas espcies consideradas vlidas no
foram Apart from the fact that many species were not considered valid
razoavelmente estudadas reforam a grande necessidade de se revisar esse
gnero. reasonably large study reinforce the need to revise this genre.
At o momento, o gnero /Avicularia/ conta com 55 espcies e
registrado desde o So far, the /Avicularia/ genus has 55 species and is
recorded from the
Mxico e Panam, passando pelas Ilhas de Trinidad, Cuba, Porto Rico e
Martinica, alm Mexico and Panama, from the islands of Trinidad, Cuba,
Puerto Rico and Martinique, plus
de Venezuela, Colmbia, Peru, Equador, Guiana, Guiana Francesa,
Suriname, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Guyana, French
Guiana, Suriname, Chile,
Uruguai e Brasil (Platnick, 2011). Uruguay and Brazil (Platnick, 2011).
Quanto a seus aspectos ecolgicos, as aviculrias so animais
arborcolas, As for its ecological aspects, the aviculrias are arboreal
animals,
construindo seus refgios de seda tanto na vegetao como em habitaes
e outras building their shelters silk both in vegetation and in housing
and other
estruturas humanas (Stradling, 1994). human structures (Stradling,
1994). Estudos com a espcie que foi chamada de Studies with species was
named
/Avicularia avicularia/ demonstraram que, apesar de ser sedentria, essa
espcie possui um /Avicularia Avicularia/ demonstrated that, although
sedentary, this species has a
padro bem definido de atividades dirias: durante o dia permanecia
dentro de seu well-defined pattern of daily activities: during the day
remained within its
refgio, enquanto de noite emergiam e adotavam a postura caracterstica
das pernas refuge, while in the evening emerged and adopted the posture
characteristic of him
completamente extendidas, que facilita a captao de estmulos
vibratrios do substrato fully extended, which facilitates the uptake of
vibration stimulus substrate
provocado pelas potenciais presas (Stradling, 1994). caused by potential
prey (Stradling, 1994).
Um interessante mecanismo de defesa foi observado por Bertani & Marques
An interesting defense mechanism was observed by Bertani & Marques
(1996) em uma espcie de /Avicularia/ . (1996) in a species of
/Avicularia./ Os autores verificaram que as cerdas urticantes do The
authors found that the stinging bristles
tipo II presentes em seu abdmen eram transferidas por contato direto
quando as aranhas type II in his abdomen were transferred by direct
contact when the spiders
eram incomodadas e no ativamente lanadas, como acontece com outros
tipos de cerdas were not disturbed actively released, as with other
types of bristle
presentes em outras espcies de terafosdeos. present in other species
of Theraphosids. Foi verificado que, quando perturbadas, as It was found
that, when disturbed, the
aviculrias moviam o abdmen em direo ao estmulo, esfregando-o e
introduzindo as aviculrias moved the abdomen toward the stimulus,
rubbing it and introducing the
cerdas na pele do possvel predador. bristles on the skin as possible
predator. Em 2003, Bertani /et al./ observaram que a espcie In 2003
Bertani /et al./ Noted that the species
/Avicularia versicolor/ Walckenaer 1837, diferentemente de outros
avicularineos, jogava /Avicularia versicolor/ Walckenaer 1837, unlike
other avicularineos, played
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Page 16* *Page 16*
ativamente cerdas urticantes do tipo II com as pontas dos tarsos IV,
demonstrando que a actively stinging hairs of type II with the tips of
tarsi IV, demonstrating that
modificao estrutural do plo est relacionada com a variedade
comportamental dessas Structural modification of hair is related to the
variety of these behavioral
aranhas. spiders.
Estudos cuidadosos e mais detalhados sobre os hbitos, ciclo de vida,
reproduo, Further details on the habits, life cycle, reproduction and
careful studies,
aspectos comportamentais, biogeografia e conservao so praticamente
inexistentes. behavioral, biogeography and conservation aspects are
virtually nonexistent. Os The
dados que existem, principalmente sobre reproduo, no esto publicados
em revistas data exist, mainly reproduction, are not published in journals
cientficas reconhecidas e so em grande parte obtidos por amadores.
recognized scientific and are largely obtained by amateurs. Eles
utilizam They use
exemplares em cativeiro, provenientes do grande comrcio de
aranhas-caranguejeiras que specimens in captivity from the great
trade-tarantula spiders that
existe na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, no qual as espcies de
/Avicularia/ esto entre as exists in Europe and the United States, in
which the species are among the /Avicularia/
favoritas. favorite.
A reviso taxonmica do gnero /Avicularia/ permitir que uma boa parte
do A taxonomic revision of the genus /Avicularia/ allow a good deal of
conhecimento sobre a fauna de terafosdeos neotropicais (uma vez que o
gnero muito knowledge of the fauna of neotropical Theraphosids (since
the genus is very
conhecido, mas com espcies que no podem ser corretamente identificadas
devido ao known, but with species that can not be correctly identified
due to
caos taxonmico atual) esteja organizada e atualizada, facilitando
estudos futuros nas Current taxonomic chaos) is organized and updated,
facilitating future studies on
reas de ecologia, sistemtica, conservao e comportamento do grupo,
alm de permitir areas of ecology, systematics, conservation and
behavior of the group, besides allowing
a utilizao desse gnero que contm tantas espcies em pesquisas que
envolvam tanto a the use of this genus containing many species in
research involving both
criao de novos frmacos como outros produtos biotecnolgicos, como vm
ocorrendo creation of new drugs like other biotechnological products,
such as have occurred
com outras espcies de aranhas-caranguejeiras (Scoubas & Rash, 2004;
Bode /et al./ , with other species of spiders spiders (Scoubas & Rash,
/2004;./ Bode /et al,/
2001). 2001).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Page 17* *Page 17*
*CONCLUSES* *CONCLUSIONS*
1) O gnero /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 considerado monofiltico, tendo
como 1) The genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 is considered monophyletic,
with the
sinapomorfia a presena de protuberncia desenvolvida no tegulum. the
presence of synapomorphy lump developed in tegulum.
2) O gnero /Avicularia/ constitudo por 14 espcies morfologicamente
muito 2) /Avicularia/ genus includes 14 species morphologically very
semelhantes: /A./ similar: /A./ /avicularia/ (espcie-tipo), /A./
/avicularia/ (type species), /A./ /juruensis/ , /A./ /juruensis, A./
/purpurea/ , /A./ /purpurea, A./ /rufa, A./ /rufa, A./ /taunayi/ ,
/taunayi,/
/A./ /A./ /variegata/ status novo, /A./ /variegata/ new status, /A./
/velutina/ , /A./ /velutina, A./ /aymara/ , /Avicularia/ sp. /Aymara,
Avicularia/ sp. nova 1, /Avicularia/ sp. new 1, /Avicularia/ sp.
nova 2, /Avicularia/ sp. 2 new, /Avicularia/ sp. nova 3, /Avicularia/
sp. 3 new, /Avicularia/ sp. nova 4, /Avicularia/ sp. 4 new, /Avicularia/
sp. nova 5 e /Avicularia/ 5 new and /Avicularia/
sp. sp. nova 6, que ocorrem do Caribe ao Peru, Equador, Colmbia,
Venezuela, Guiana, new 6, which occur in the Caribbean to Peru, Ecuador,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
Guiana Francesa, Suriname e Brasil. French Guiana, Suriname and Brazil.
3) A subfamlia Aviculariinae se apresentou monofiltica e tem como
sinapomorfias a 3) The Aviculariinae subfamily is monophyletic and has
presented as the synapomorphies
presena de escpula dos tarsos e metatarsos bem desenvolvidas, dando
aspecto escopula presence of tarsal and metatarsal well developed,
giving aspect
espatulado; a presena de faixa longitudinal conectada a faixas laterais
no abdmen dos spatulate; connected to the presence of sidebands
longitudinal stripe on the abdomen of
juvenis e hbito arborcola. juvenile and arboreal habit.
4) A subfamlia Aviculariinae composta pelos seguintes gneros:
/Stromatopelma/ , 4) The Aviculariinae subfamily contains the following
genera: /Stromatopelma,/
/Heteroscodra/ , /Psalmopoeus/ , /Tapinauchenius/ , /Ephebopus/ ,
/Pachistopelma/ , /Iridopelma/ , /Heteroscodra, Psalmopoeus,
Tapinauchenius, Ephebopus, Pachistopelma, Iridopelma,/
/Avicularia/ , Gnero 1, Gnero novo 1, Gnero novo 2, Gnero novo 3 e
Gnero novo 4. /Avicularia,/ Genre 1 new Genus 1 Genus 2 new, new Genus
Genus 3 and 4 again.
5) O Gnero novo 1 ocorre na Venezuela, Equador, Peru e Brasil, e
composto por 3 5) The new Genre 1 occurs in Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and
Brazil, and is composed of 3
espcies: Gnero novo 1 /hirschii/ comb. species: 1 Genre /hirschii/ new
comb. nov. November (espcie-tipo), Gnero novo 1 /minatrix/ (Type
species), New Genus 1 /minatrix/
comb. comb. nov. November e Gnero novo 1 sp. New and Genre 1 sp. nova
1. new 1. O Gnero novo 2 e Gnero novo 3 so The new Genus Genus 2 and
3 are new
compostos por uma nica espcie, Gnero novo 2 /versicolor/ comb.
composed of a single species, new 2 Genre /versicolor/ comb. nov.
November (que ocorre na (Which occurs in
Martinica e Cuba) e Gnero novo 3 /laeta/ comb. Martinique and Cuba) and
new 3 Genre /laeta/ comb. nov. November (que ocorre em Porto Rico, Ilhas
(Which occurs in Puerto Rico, Islands
Virgens e em Cuba). Virgin and Cuba). O Gnero novo 4 composto por
Gnero novo 4 /sooretama/ comb. The new Genus 4 consists of 4 new Genre
/Sooretama/ comb.
nov. November (espcie-tipo), Gnero novo 4 /diversipes/ comb. (Type
species), New Genus 4 /diversipes/ comb. nov. November e Gnero novo 4
/gamba/ comb. Genre 4 and /gamba/ new comb.
nov., e ocorre da Bahia at o sudoeste do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
November, and occurs from Bahia to the southwest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Page 18* *Page 18*
*REFERNCIAS* *REFERENCES*
AUSSERER, A. Ausserer, A. 1871. 1871. Beitrge zur Kenntniss der
Arachniden-Familie der Territelariae Beitrge zur Kenntniss der Familie
der Arachniden-Territelariae
Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). /Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen
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AUSSERER, A. Ausserer, A. 1875. 1875. Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss der
Arachniden-Familie der Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss Arachniden der
Familie der-
Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). /Verhandlungen der
Zoologisch-Botanischen/ Territelariae Thorell (Author Mygalidae).
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BAUER, S. BAUER, S. 1996. 1996. Eine verkannte Vogelspinne aus Nord-Peru
/Avicularia aurantiaca/ Verkannte Vogelspinne eine aus Nord-Peru
/Avicularia aurantiaca/
spec. spec. n. n. (Araneida: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae).
/Arachnologische Magazine/ 4(8): (Araneida: Theraphosidae:
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1 8. 1 8.
BEECHHOLD, HF 1997. BEECHHOLD, HF 1997. A key to the pronunciation and
meaning of scientific names The key to the pronunciation and meaning of
scientific names
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BERTANI, R. BERTANI, R. 2000. 2000. Male palpal bulbs and homologous
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Page 19* *Page 19*
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ICZN 2000 International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
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Simon 1892 and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus
/Ephebopus/ Simon 1892
(Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae. /Zootaxa,/
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/Zootaxa 1849:./ 35 58.
WORM, O. WORM, O. 1655. /Museum Wormianum./ 1655. /Wormianum Museum./
/Seu historia rerum rariorum, tam naturalium,/ /His story rariorum
rerum, tam naturalium,/
/quam artificialium, tam domesticarum, quam exoticarum, quae Hafniae
Danorum in/ /quam artificialium tam domesticarum, quam exoticarum, quae
in Hafniae Danorum/
/aedibus authoris servantur/ . /aedibus authoris servantur./ Elzevier,
Leiden. Elzevier, Leiden.
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*Page 35* *Page 35*
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/Arachnology/ , 27: 165 170. /Arachnology,/ 27: 165 170.