ARTICLES UNFINISHED

First edition

Is about the gift of the fsica celestial number 3

Jose luis armenta
16/11/2013


1
1.-quantic webs and pauli matrix.................................................................4,5
2.-faa di bruno formula have 3 m 3 n and 2 j and 2 g.............................................6
3.-the force of young or young module............................................................7
4.-the first vector is stand up and the second is bent over......................................8
5.-the electric current density is a function of the area........................................9
6.-the quantum power.............................................................................10
7.-relative error as i-j/i.......................................................................11
7.-first came the electricity later the magnetism................................................12
8.-the nemotecnics of christoffel symbols........................................................13
9.-contracted of two index in dalembertian......................................................14
10.-metric tensor is not degenerate if is not a circle function..................................15
11.-the gibbs was helmholtz and later gibbs......................................................16
12.-achx10-bc is the mnemotecnic of boltzmann constant.........................................17
13.-potential dwell in alternating current.......................................................18
14.-direct current is a constant.................................................................19
15.-beta minus decreasing the protons............................................................20
16.-beta minus increasing protons................................................................21
17.-the magic numbers are odds...................................................................22
18.-crash of uv particles........................................................................23
19.-cofactors and the big bang theory............................................................24
20.-hyperbolic sine is tha past and the future is hyperbolic cosine..............................25
21.-pauli matrix are dilpotents..................................................................26
22.-Gamma function depends of z, t ,e ,-1 ,0,infinite............................................27
23.-Beta function depends of 1,0,x,t,-1,y.......................................................28
24.-mgsintetha is for pendulums..................................................................29
25.-mgcosinetehta is for plane...................................................................30
26.-acceleration of a pendulum ..................................................................31

2
27.-each summand have a constant.................................................................32
28.-luminous signals and parabolas...............................................................33
29.-dirac delta and variance simettries..........................................................34
30.-cauchy schwartz inequality as a product......................................................35
31.-triangle inequality and the sum of everything................................................36
32.-the covariant derivative goes alphabetically.................................................37
33.-the coriolis force have 3 croice products....................................................38
34.-Single-dimensional approximation and quantum energy..........................................39
35.-mean value theorem and slopes................................................................40
36.-bolzano and mean theorem.....................................................................41
36.-hessian matrix goes like covariant multiple tensor...........................................42
37.-observables hamiltonians.....................................................................43
38.-taylor polynomial and dirac delta function simetrie..........................................44
39.-relative error as inverse of the capacitance.................................................45
40.-concave is goes to down coordinates axis.....................................................46
41.-convex is goes to up coordinates axis........................................................47
42.-lipschitz inequality are inverse to triangle inequality......................................48
43.-seismograph in one floor.....................................................................49
44.-the quantum pipet............................................................................50
45.-two derivatives is two characteristic equations..............................................51
46.-the minus one plus two trick................................................................52
47.-hiperboloyd of one sheet at the beginnig of the universe.....................................53
48.-lagrangian of gravity as 2 spheres...........................................................54
49.-the components of the metric are covariants..................................................55
50.-lie bracket is only for positives bosons.....................................................56
51.-dark matter and dark energy have a lot of hot but we only perceive the color.................57
52.-abelian product is biunivoc..................................................................58

3
53.-the grade from w is i+1 of the k/m in angular frequency for the armonic oscillator...........59
54.-sturm liouville and the rect line as the second and third factors in linear acelerators.....60
55.-monotonic barrer in -1 spinors...............................................................61
56.-material derivative not use croice product...................................................62
57.-Helmholtz descomposition not use dot product.................................................63
58.-lie algebra and fractals.....................................................................64
59.-three lines in jacobi identity...............................................................65
60.-biharmonique funcions as double integrals in wirtinger analysis..............................66
61,-the cauchy sequence goes to infinite.........................................................67
62.-for n=0 the degree of freedom is one fermion in euclidean group..............................68
63.-for spin-foam the multiplication goes like his own matrix....................................69
64.-current density in casimir effect............................................................70
65.-the christoffel symbol number 4 goes in the gamma ..........................................71
66.-the beta function and the fourier bessel function............................................72
67.-debye model in cubic stray...................................................................73

4
Quantum webs and Pauli matrices

The Pauli matrices are:

For a spin 1/2 particle, the spin operator is given by J = /2. It is possible to form generalization of Pauli
matrices in order to describe higher spin systems in three spatial dimensions. For arbitrarily large j, the Pauli
matrices can be calculated using the spin operator and ladder operators The spin matrices for spin 1 and
spin 3/2 are given below:
:



:






5
And the quantum webs are:




6
Faa di Bruno have 3 ns 2 ms 2 js and 2 gs





7
Young module as young force


Were rro is a pressure I mean force between area


8
The first vector in a matrix is stand up and the second is bent over





9
The current density is a function of the area

Electric current density J is simply the electric current I (SI unit: A) per unit area A (SI unit: m
2
). Its magnitude
is given by the limit:



10
Quantum potency

A potency is One watt is the rate at which work is done when an object's velocity is held constant at one
meter per second against constant opposing force of one newton.

But quantically is w=/s having the units:
1.054571726(47)10
34
j.s/s = armentas =a


11
Relative error as i-j/i

where the vertical bars denote the absolute value If the relative error is





12
In the big bang first came the electricity later the magnetism

electric field (see electrostatics): an especially simple type of electromagnetic field produced by an
electric charge even when it is not moving (i.e., there is no electric current). The electric field produces
a force on other charges in its vicinity. Moving charges additionally produce a magnetic field
due to Faraday law need to exist a paralell electric field first of all


13
the christoffel symbols and nemotecnics
The Christoffel symbols of the first kind can be derived either from the Christoffel symbols of the second
kind and the metric,
[3]


The last index in the metric tensor and the upper chrystoffel symbol are i=I or 1=1


14


Contraction of two index in dalembertian

In special relativity, electromagnetism and wave theory, the d'Alembert operator (represented by a box:
), also called the d'Alembertian or thewave operator, is the Laplace operator of Minkowski space. The
operator is named for French mathematician and physicist Jean le Rond d'Alembert In Minkowski space in
standard coordinates (t, x, y, z) it has the form:

The index contracted are miu and niu


15
Metric tensor non degenerate is have a constant x_p
g
p
is nondegenerate. A bilinear function is nondegenerate provided that, for every tangent
vector X
p
0, the function

So the constant x
p
is a constant different of zero in that case will be a circle function


16
First was helmholtz later gibbs

First was helmholtz
The Helmholtz energy is defined as:



Later was cause the adding of one term I mean pv the Gibbs free energy is defined as:
G(p,T) = U + pV TS


17
Boltzman constant mnemotecnic

1.3806488(13)10
23
achx10
-bc
each letter means a ordinal number I mean a=1 b=2 c=3 d=4 e=5 f=6 g=7 h=8

18
potential dwell as alternating current

In alternating current (AC, also ac), the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction. In direct
current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction.
The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as when they
modifycurrent or voltage

We have 2 potentials dwells one above and one under




19
Direct current is a constant

Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by sources such
as batteries, thermocouples solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamotype. Direct
current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors,insulators, or
even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The electric current flows in a constant direction,
distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). A term formerly used for direct current was galvanic current.





20
Beta decay negative if the protons are increasing

In nuclear physics beta decay ( decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or
a positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus. Beta decay is a process which allows the atom to obtain the
optimal ratio of protons and neutrons
Beta decay is mediated by the weak force. There are two types: beta minus and beta plus. In the case of
beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus (

An example of

decay is shown when carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14

21
Beta plus decay decreasing protons

In nuclear physics, beta decay ( decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or
a positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus. Beta decay is a process which allows the atom to obtain the
optimal ratio of protons and neutrons
Beta decay is mediated by the weak force in the case of a positron emission as beta plus (
+
).
An example of positron (
+
decay) is shown with magnesium-23 decaying into sodium-23

22
magic numbers are odds

In nuclear physics, a magic number is a number of nucleons (either protons or neutrons) such that they are
arranged into complete shells within the atomic nucleus. The seven most widely recognised magic numbers
as of 2007 are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126 (sequence A018226 in OEIS). Atomic nuclei consisting of such a
magic number of nucleons have a higher average binding energy per nucleon than one would expect based
upon predictions such as the semi-empirical mass formula and are hence more stable against nuclear decay.






23
Ultraviolet colitions

is having a device of condensate ultraviolet particles and made explote under a soup of ultraviolet lamp or
crash particles ultraviolet versus ultraviolets particles
this is the device


This is the device of the accelerator of uv rays



Ultraviolet UV 400 100 nm 3.10 12.4 eV



24
Cofactors and big bang theory

Cause in a line of time we have minus 1 zero plus one here is the cofactor definition:
If A is a square matrix, then the minor of the entry in the i-th row and j-th column (also called the (i,j) minor,
or a first minor) is the determinant of the submatrix formed by deleting the i-th row and j-th column. This
number is often denoted M
i,j
. The (i,j) cofactor is obtained by multiplying the minor by .


25
Hyperbolic sine is the past and cosine is future in the bigbang theory

The hyperbolic functions are:
Hyperbolic sine:

Hyperbolic cosine:


As we see the past have two sign minus and the cosine have one plus in this form


-1 0 +1


26
Pauli matrix are idempotent

When an idempotent matrix is subtracted from the identity matrix, the result is also idempotent. This holds
since [I M][I M] = I M M + M
2
= I M M + M = I M.

In mathematical physics and mathematics, the Pauli matrices are a set of three 2
2 complex matrices which are Hermitian and unitary Usually indicated by the Greek letter sigma (), they
are occasionally denoted with a tau () when used in connection with isospin symmetries. They are:




27
Gamma function depends of f(z, t ,e ,-1 ,0 )

The gamma function is defined for all complex numbers except the negative integers and zero. For complex
numbers with a positive real part, it is defined via a convergent improper integral:



28
Beta function depends of 1,0,x,t,-1,y

In mathematics, the beta function, also called the Euler integral of the first kind, is a special function defined
by

for


29
pendulum is function of sine tetha




30
Incline plane is cosine theta


Instead of the pendulum we use a incline plane for cosine is very useful to think as a pendulum or incline
plane


31
Acceleration in pendulums

A so-called "simple pendulum" is an idealization of a "real pendulum" but in an isolated
system using the following assumptions:
The rod or cord on which the bob swings is massless, inextensible and always remains taut;
Motion occurs only in two dimensions i.e. the bob does not trace an ellipse but an arc.
The motion does not lose energy to friction or air resistance.
The differential equation which represents the motion of a simple pendulum is






where is acceleration due to gravity, is the length of the pendulum, and is the angular
displacement.


32
each summand have a constant

a + b = b + a.
i mean that is it: ka+kb=kb+ka were k is a constant directly proportional


33
parabolas and luminous signals




34
Variance and dirac delta

This is the variance:
If the random variable X is continuous with probability density function f(x), then the variance is
given by


And this is the dirac delta is:
The integral of the time-delayed Dirac delta is given by:

As we see there is a rest or a minus sign between boths


35
Cauchy Schwartz inequality is a dot product

The CauchySchwarz inequality states that for all vectors x and y of an inner product space it is
true that

where is the inner product also known as dot product. Equivalently, by taking the square
root of both sides, and referring to the norms of the vectors, the inequality is written as



36
The sum of everything is not the sum over z in triangle inequality




37
The derivative covariant goes alphabetically

.
See goes ijkl i mean 1234 is the same


38
The coriolis force have 3 croice products

The apparent motion of a distant star as seen from Earth is dominated by the Coriolis and
centrifugal forces. Consider such a star (with mass m) located at position r, with declination , so
r = |r| sin(), where is the Earth's rotation vector. The star is observed to rotate about the
Earth's axis with a period of one sidereal day in the opposite direction to that of the Earth's rotation,
making its velocity v = r. The fictitious force, consisting of Coriolis and centrifugal forces, is:



39
Single-dimensional approximation and quantum energy


So far, one usually considers the single-dimensional case of this phenomenon, that is when the
potential has translational symmetry in two directions (say and ), such that only a single
coordinate (say ) is important. In this case one can examine the specular reflection of a slow
neutral atom from a solid state surface . Where one has an atom in a region of free space close to a
material capable of being polarized, a combination of the pure van der Waals interaction, and the
related Casimir-Polder interaction attracts the atom to the surface of the material. The latter force
dominates when the atom is comparatively far from the surface, and the former when the atom
comes closer to the surface. The intermediate region is controversial as it is dependent upon the
specific nature and quantum state of the incident atom.
The condition for a reflection to occur as the atom experiences the attractive potential can be given
by the presence of regions of space where the WKB approximation to the atomic wave-function
breaks down. If, in accordance with this approximation we write the wavelength of the gross motion
of the atom system toward the surface as a quantity local to every region along the axis,

Clearing E=/h



Since the kinetic energy is p
2
/2m





40
Mean value theorem and slopes

In calculus the mean value theorem states, roughly: that given a planar arc between two
endpoints, there is at least one point at which the tangent to the arc is parallel to the secant through
its endpoints.
The theorem is used to prove global statements about a function on an interval starting from local
hypotheses about derivatives at points of the interval.
More precisely, if a function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], where a < b, and
differentiable on the open interval (a, b), then there exists a point c in (a, b) such that



41
Bolzano theorem and mean value theorem

The mean value theorem says:
In calculus, the mean value theorem states, roughly: that given a planar arc between two
endpoints, there is at least one point at which the tangent to the arc is parallel to the secant through
its endpoints.
The theorem is used to prove global statements about a function on an interval starting from local
hypotheses about derivatives at points of the interval.
More precisely, if a function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], where a < b, and
differentiable on the open interval (a, b), then there exists a point c in (a, b) such that


And the Bolzano theorem says:
In mathematics, specifically in real analysis, the BolzanoWeierstrass theorem, named
after Bernard Bolzano and Karl Weierstrass, is a fundamental result about convergence in a finite-
dimensional Euclidean space R
n
. The theorem states that each bounded sequence in R
n
has
aconvergent subsequence. An equivalent formulation is that a subset of R
n
is sequentially
compact if and only if it is closed and bounded


42
Hessian matrix goes that covariant multiple tensors

In mathematics, the Hessian matrix or Hessian is a square matrix of second-order partial
derivatives of a function. It describes the local curvature of a function of many variables. The
Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematician Ludwig Otto
Hesse and later named after him. Hesse originally used the term "functional determinants".
Given the real-valued function

if all second partial derivatives of f exist and are continuous over the domain of the function, then
the Hessian matrix of f is

where x = (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) and D
i
is the differentiation operator with respect to the ith argument. Thus





43
Observables as unitaries or hermitian matrices

Physical observables are represented by Hermitian matrices on H.
See the following example:

The diagonal elements must be real, as they must be their own complex conjugate.





44
Taylor polynomial and dirac equation

The taylor polynomial is:

If a real-valued function f is differentiable at the point a then it has a linear approximation at the
point a. This means that there exists a function h
1
such that


and the dirac delta is:

The integral of the time-delayed Dirac delta is given by:

This is sometimes referred to as the sifting property

or the sampling property. The delta function
is said to "sift out" the value at t = T.
It follows that the effect of convolving a function f(t) with the time-delayed Dirac delta is to time-
delay f(t) by the same amount:



(using (4):
)








45
Relative error and capacitance simetries

where the vertical bars denote the absolute value. If the relative error is

Capacitance is the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. Any object that can be electrically
charged exhibits capacitance. A common form of energy storage device is a parallel-plate capacitor.
In a parallel plate capacitor, capacitance is directly proportional to the surface area of the conductor
plates and inversely proportional to the separation distance between the plates. If the charges on
the plates are +q and q, and V gives the voltage between the plates, then the capacitance C is
given by

Capacitance is qi-qj/vj and in relative error is the inverse


46
Concave is goes to down axis coordenates





47
Convex is goes to up coordinates axis




48
Lipschitz condition and triangule inequality

Given two metric spaces (X, d
X
) and (Y, d
Y
), where d
X
denotes the metric on the set X and d
Y
is the
metric on set Y (for example, Y might be the set of real numbers R with the metric d
Y
(x, y) = |x y|,
and X might be a subset of R), a function f : X Y is called Lipschitz continuous if there exists a
real constant K 0 such that, for all x
1
and x
2
in X,

In a normed vector space V, one of the defining properties of the norm is the triangle inequality:

As we can see are inverse one to another nuff said


49
Seismograph in one floor

Need to be in one floor cause the waves of the steps persons will crate a noise of waves here is a picture of
one kinematics seismograph




50
Quantum pipet





A wave potential have a limit to an asintot madding a quantum pipet for give inks to atoms


51
Every characteristic equation is one derivative

If we have 2 characteristic equations we have 2 characteristic equations.
In mathematics, the characteristic equation (or auxiliary equation) is an algebraic equation
of degree on which depends the solutions of a given
th
-order differential equation The
characteristic equation can only be formed when the differential equation is linear,homogeneous,
and has constant coefficients Such a differential equation, with as the dependent
variable and as constants

will have a characteristic equation of the form

where are the roots from which the general solution can be formed.This
method of integrating linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients was discovered
by Leonhard Euler, who found that the solutions depended on an algebraic 'characteristic'
equation. The qualities of the Euler's characteristic equation were later considered in greater detail
by French mathematicians Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Gaspard Monge


52
the -1+2 = numerator

-1+2/1=1 is a old trick to made two divitions is useful in limits partial fractions


53
Hyperboloid of one sheet at the beginning of the universe






This is because in the beginning of the universe there was a tunnel effect like says efrain rojas marcial


54
Gravitational lagrangian as 2 spheres

The Lagrangian (density) is in Jm
3
. The interaction term m is replaced by a term involving a
continuous mass density in kgm
3
. This is necessary because using a point source for a field
would result in mathematical difficulties. The resulting Lagrangian for the classical gravitational field
is:

As we have a rea of a sphere in 4r
2
so we have 8 so we have 2 spheres


55
The metric components are covariants

The components of the metric in any basis of vector fields, or frame, f = (X
1
, , X
n
) are given by






56
Lie bracket only useful for positive bosons

A Lie algebra is a vector space over some field F together with a bynary operation
called the Lie bracket, which satisfies the following axioms:
Bilinearity

for all scalars a, b in F and all elements x, y, z in .
Alternating on :

for all x in .
The Jacobi identity:

for all x, y, z in .



Will be more clear In this graphic





57
Dark energy and dark mattery are so hot in other dimension but we only perceive the color

In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates
all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe Dark energy is the most
accepted hypothesis to explain observations since the 1990s that indicate that the universe
is expanding at anaccelerating rate According to the Planck mission team, and based on
the standard model of cosmology the total massenergy of the universe contains 4.9% ordinary
matter 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy.


Dark matter is a type of matter hypothesized in astronomy and cosmology to account for a large
part of the total mass in the universe. Dark matter cannot be seen directly with telescopes; evidently
it neithermits nor absorbs light or other electromagnetic radiation at any significant level. Instead, its
existence and properties are inferred from its gravitational effects on visible matter, radiation, and
the large-scale structure of the universe. According to the Planck mission team, and based on
the standard model of cosmology, the total massenergy of the known universe contains
4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy Thus, dark matter is estimated to
constitute 84.5% of the total matter in the universe and 26.8% of the total content of the universe.


58
Abelian product as a biunivoc relation

The product of an abelian variety A of dimension m, and an abelian variety B of dimension n, over
the same field, is an abelian variety of dimensionm + n. An abelian variety is simple if it is
not isogenous to a product of abelian varieties of lower dimension. Any abelian variety is isogenous
to a product of simple abelian varieties.




59
The i+1 in the angular frequency in the harmonic oscillator

An object attached to a spring will oscillate. Assuming that the spring is ideal and massless with no
damping then the motion will be simple and harmonic with an angular frequency given by:

where
k is the spring constant
m is the mass of the object.


60
the last 2 terms on sturm liouville and the light trayectory In a line




the last 2 terms I mean the second and third element are a line in a Cartesian plane so is a
rect line in a lineal accelerator or laser beam and the fotomultiplier at the sight


61
monotonic barrer in -1 spinors

Some simple examples of spinors in low dimensions arise from considering the even-graded
subalgebras of the Clifford algebra C
p,q
(R). This is an algebra built up from an orthonormal basis
of n = p+q mutually orthogonal vectors under addition and multiplication, p of which have norm +1
and q of which have norm 1, with the product rule for the basis vectors


is a monotonic barrer cause in +1 is from 1..2 but for 2+1 goes only for 3..3 so is less its acts like a barrier


62
material derivative not use croice product

The material derivatives of a scalar field ( x, t ) and a vector field u( x, t ) are defined respectively
as:





63
Helmholtz descomposition not use dot product

Let F be a vector field on a bounded domain V in R
3
, which is twice continuously differentiable.
Then F can be decomposed into a curl-free component and a divergence-free component:
[11]




64
Lie algebra and fractals

A Lie algebra is a vector space over some field F together with a binary
operation called the Lie bracket, which satisfies the following axioms:
Bilinearity:

for all scalars a, b in F and all elements x, y, z in .
Alternating on :

for all x in .
The Jacobi identity:



65
Three lines in jacobi integral

One for each bracket
In a Lie algebra, the objects that obey the Jacobi identity are infinitesimal motions. When acting on
an operator with an infinitesimal motion, the change in the operator is the commutator.
The Jacobi Identity

which can be changed into the following form by Bilinearity and Alternating

This formula can be expatiated with plain words: "the infinitesimal motion of B followed by the
infinitesimal motion of A ([A,[B,]]), minus the infinitesimal motion of A followed by the infinitesimal
motion of B ([B,[A,]]), is the infinitesimal motion of [A,B] ([[A,B],]), when acting on any arbitrary
infinitesimal motion C (thus, these are equal)".


66
Biharmonique derivatives as double derivatives in wirtinger analysis

Then he writes the equation defining the functions he calls biharmonique, previously written
using partial derivatives with respect to the real variables , with , ranging from 1 to ,
exactly in the following way



67
A Cauchy sequence goes to infinite

To define Cauchy sequences in any metric space X, the absolute value is replaced by
the distance (where d : X X R with some specific properties, see Metric (mathematics))
between and .
Formally, given a metric space (X, d), a sequence

is Cauchy, if for every positive real number > 0 there is a positive integer N such that for all positive
integers m,n > N, the distance

Roughly speaking, the terms of the sequence are getting closer and closer together in a way that suggests that
the sequence ought to have a limit in X. Nonetheless, such a limit does not always exist within X.



68
for n=0 the degree of freedom is one fermion in euclidean group

The number of degrees of freedom for E(n) is
n(n + 1)/2,
which gives 3 in case n = 2, and 6 for n = 3. Of these, n can be attributed to available translational
symmetry, and the remaining n(n 1)/2 to rotational symmetry


69
spin foam how the multilplication goes behind each matrix

The partition function for a spin foam model is, in general,

So for mulplication over f the matrix is sub f and for multilplication c the matrix goes sub c , for the
multlplication for v goes for matrix sub v


70
Current density goes like casimir effect

Electric current density J is simply the electric current I (SI unit: A) per unit area A (SI unit: m
2
). Its
magnitude is given by the limit

When the area goes to limit equal too zero is like casimir effect cause the vacuum waves
surrounded





71
The first kind christoffel symbol and the number 4 in the gamma variable

The Christoffel symbols of the first kind can be derived either from the Christoffel symbols of the
second kind and the metric,

Where a=1 b=2 c=3 and d=4


72
Debye model in 3 d
The Debye model is a solid-state equivalent of Planck's law of black body radiation, where one
treats electromagnetic radiation as a gas of photons in a box. The Debye model treats atomic
vibrations as phonons in a box (the box being the solid). Most of the calculation steps are identical.
Consider a cube of side . From the particle in a box article, the resonating modes of the sonic
disturbances inside the box (considering for now only those aligned with one axis) have
wavelengths given by

where is an integer. The energy of a phonon is

where is Planck's constant and is the frequency of the phonon. Making the
approximation that the frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength, we have:

in which is the speed of sound inside the solid. In three dimensions we will use:

Sustituing 2L by 3L we have:

)
2
(

)

73
The Bessel-fourier function and beta function

Because said, differently scaled Bessel Functions are orthogonal with respect to the inner product

according to
,
the coefficients can be obtained from projecting the function f(x) onto the respective Bessel
functions:

where the plus or minus sign is equally valid.

And the beta function is:
In mathematics, the beta function, also called the Euler integral of the first kind, is a special
function defined by

for
The beta function was studied by Euler and Legendre and was given its name by Jacques
Binet; its symbol is a Greek capital rather than the similar Latin capital B.

Conclution:
If we are clever we see that the limit of the integral is going from zero to 1 like the beta function