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Intermediate 1 Physics

Movement
Learning Outcomes
and
Summary Notes
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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic you should know
!orces
Describe how to use a Newton balance to measure force.
State that weight is a force and is the Earths pull on an object.
Calculate weight using: weight = mass x !
State that the force of friction can oppose the motion of an
object.
Describe one wa" in which the force of friction can be increased.
Describe one wa" in which the force of friction can be decreased.
State that streamlining reduces the effect of air friction on an
object.
Describe two features of a car which impro#e streamlining.
State that e$ual forces acting in opposite directions on an object
are called balanced forces.
%dentif" situations where the forces acting on an object are
&a' balanced
&b' not balanced.
State that when the forces acting on an object are balanced the
mo#ement of the object does not change.
State that when the forces acting on an object are not balanced
the speed and( or direction of mo#ement of the object changes.
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Speed and acceleration
Describe how to measure a#erage speed.
Calculate a#erage speed using: a#erage. speed = distance(time
Describe how to measure instantaneous speed.
Describe the term )acceleration.
Moving o"#ects
Describe how the effect of a collision increases with the mass and
speed of the objects in#ol#ed.
State that the change in speed of an object increases with:
&a' the si*e of the force acting
&b' the time the force acts.
State that the range of a ball thrown at an angle is affected b":
&a' the speed of the throw
&b' the angle of the throw.
State that the height a ball rebounds on hitting a surface is
affected b":
&a' the speed on impact
&b ' the material of the surface
&c' the material of the ball.
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!O$%&S
Measuring !orce
+ force can change the direction speed and(or shape of an object.
,orce is measured using a ---------- ---------.
.he unit of force is the ------------ &N'.
'eight
/eight is a force. /eight is the pull of the ---------- on an object.
0ass is the amount of matter in an object it is measured in 1ilograms.
2ou can find the weight of an object if "ou 1now the objects mass.
'eight ( 1) mass
Example: ,ind the weight of a 3! 1g child.
/eight = ------ mass
=
= ------ N
.he weight of a 3! 1g child is -------- Newtons.
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!riction
,riction is a force that opposes motion. %t acts in the opposite direction
to the mo#ement of an object. .he forces of friction can ---------
down or --------- a mo#ing object.
,riction acts when surfaces are in contact with each other.
.wo wa"s in which friction can be reduced are:
. --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
3. --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
.wo wa"s in which friction can be increased are:
. --------------------------------------------------
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3. --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
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Streamlining
/hen an object mo#es through the air4 the air rubs against the object
causing friction5 this air friction is called ------ ---------------.
Streamlining is when "ou change the ---------- of an object to reduce
air resistance.
/ind tunnels are used to impro#e the streamlining of cars. .he shape can
be made li1e a teardrop or an aeroplane wing to reduce air resistance.
.hree features of streamlining are:
. --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
3. --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
6. --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
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Balanced !orces
/hen two forces are the same si*e as each other and act on the same
object but in opposite directions4 the" balance each other. .he" are
called -------------- forces.
7n each of the diagrams below draw in an arrow and state its #alue4 so
the forces on each are balanced.
8N
3!N 6!N
Examples of balanced forces
/hen two tug9of9war teams are pulling against each other but neither is
ma1ing an" progress4 the forces applied b" each team must be
---------------.
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:efore s1"di#ers open their parachute the" fall at a
constant speed called their terminal #elocit". .his is
because their weight is balanced b" air resistance.
/hen the" open their parachute the" still fall at a
constant speed but much ---------- than before
because the ----- ---------- is much greater
with the parachute open.
/hen an aeroplane is tra#elling forwards4 the air rushing o#er the wings
creates an upward force. /hen the plane is fl"ing le#el4 this upward
force balances the ---------- of the plane
/hat would happen if the upthrust is greater than the weight;
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/hat would happen if the upthrust is less than the weight of the plane;
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SP&&* +N* +%%&L&$+,ION
Measuring average speed
/e can measure the speed of an object b" measuring the ---------- it
tra#els and the --------- it ta1es to tra#el that distance.
+#erage speeds are usuall" measured o#er ---------- distances or
-------- times.
.he a#erage speed can then be found using the following e$uation:
+#erage speed = ---------------
%n this e$uation4 distance must be measured in -----------
and time must be measured in --------------
.his gi#es a#erage speed in ----------- per ------------
.he distance can be measured using a tape4 trundle wheel or metrestic1.
.ime is measured using a stopwatch or sometimes b" an electronic timer.
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Electronic timers are often operated b" light gates. /hen a mo#ing
object cuts the beam of light gate 4 the timer starts timing. /hen the
object cuts the beam of light gate 34 the timer stops timing.
%n the space below4 explain wh" an electronic timer measures more
accuratel" than using a stopwatch.
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Examples
. + car tra#els a distance of <8m in 6!s. Calculate its a#erage speed.
+#erage speed = --------- = ----- = m(s.

3. + trolle" passes through two light gates 3.8m apart. .he timer
displa" is shown below. /hat is the a#erage speed of the trolle";
+#erage speed = -------- = ----- = m(s.
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Measuring instantaneous speed
2our speed at an" particular point is called the instantaneous speed.
.o measure the instantaneous speed of a mo#ing trolle" a light gate is
used. .he timer starts when the trolle" cuts the beam and stops when
the trolle" has passed4
.he instantaneous speed is calculated using the --------- of the
trolle" as the distance tra#elled and the reading on the timer as the
time. .his gi#es the e$uation:
%nstantaneous speed = ---------------------
Example:
+ trolle" is fitted with a card !.!m in length. %f this card passes a light
gate in !.!38s4 what is the instantaneous speed of the trolle";
%nstantaneous speed = ------------ = ------- = m(s
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+cceleration
+cceleration is the change in ---------- of an object in one -------.
%f an object is getting faster4 its speed increases = it is ------------.
%f an object is getting slower4 its speed decreases = it is -----------.
%ar Performance
Car manufacturers often state a #alue for their cars acceleration to
indicate its performance. .he usual performance figure $uoted is the
time in seconds it ta1es for the car to increase its speed for ! to >!
m.p.h. .he shorter the time4 the higher the acceleration.
.he table below shows some performance #alues.
0a1e of car %ncrease in speed .ime &s'
0ini
?ol#o
,ord
@aguar
! = >! mph
! = >! mph
! = >! mph
! = >! mph
!.8
A.>
B.
>.
/hich of these cars has the greatest acceleration; ---------------
Explain "our choice
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MO-IN. BO*I&S
+ B
%ollisions
/hen an object has its speed changed b" another object we sa" the two
objects -----------.
Suppose object + is mo#ing and collides with object :.
.he speeds of both mo#ing objects will be change b" this collision.
.he change in speed of the colliding objects is greater when:
a' .he objects are mo#ing ----------- before the collision
b' .he objects ha#e a ---------- mass.
c' .he forces between the objects act for a ------- time.
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,he range of a "all
/hen an object is thrown or fired hori*ontall"4 it follow a
cur#ed path due to the force of -------------. .he
hori*ontal distance tra#elled is called the
-------------.
.he range of a ball is increased b":
a' -------------- the speed the ball is thrown
b' -------------- the angle of the throw.
/eight of re"ound
/hen a ball bounces it loses some of its energ" so it ne#er rebounds to
the same height. + ball dropped from B!cm ma" rebound to 8!cm4 but it
will ne#er rebound to B!cm again.
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Cebound height of an object will be greater if
a' the speed on impact is -------------
b' the surface it hits is --------------
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