11.

5 Explain the material normally used in the main components in the above objectives (the first 4
objectives ).
STEERING GEAR CYLINDERS, The steering cylinders have chrome-plated cylinder bores and
chrome-plated stainless steel piston rods.
ROTARY /RADIAL VANE GEAR/MOTOR, Externals (head, casing) - Cast iron, ductile iron, steel, and
stainless steel.Vane, Pushrods - Carbon graphite, PEEK.End Plates - Carbon graphite. Shaft Seal -
Component mechanical seals, industry-standard cartridge mechanical seals, and * magnetically driven
pumps.Packing - Available from some vendors, but not usually recommended for thin liquid service
RAMS are made of a strong steel.
RUDDERS, simple plates have been superseded by plates welded to cast or fabricated frame.

12. Understand the hydraulic power rotary pump.
Hydraulic power rotary pumps are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be hydrostatic or
hydrodynamic. A hydraulic pump is a mechanical source of power that converts mechanical power into
hydraulic energy (hydrostatic energy i.e. flow, pressure). It generates flow with enough power to
overcome pressure induced by the load at the pump outlet. When a hydraulic pump operates, creates a
vacuum at the pump inlet, which forces liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump and by
mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the hydraulic system.
Hydrostatic pumps are positive displacement pumps while hydrodynamic pumps can be fixed
displacement pumps, in which the displacement (flow through the pump per rotation of the pump) cannot
be adjusted, or variable displacement pumps, which have a more complicated construction that allows the
displacement to be adjusted.

12.1 Explain that positive displacement pump is used to obtain displacement of fluid and produce
movement of the rudder.
12.2 Explain that the pump in the above objective is driven by an electric motor.
12.3 Explain and perform the principle operation of a radial cylinder pumps.
Hele-Shaw Pump the Hele-Shaw variable
stroke pump having radial cylinders. Hele-shaw
pump is a radial cylinder pump.
Left shows the construction and operation of
this type of pump which is normally driven by a
constant speed electric motor. The pistons are
fitted in a row of radial cylinders and through
the outer end of each piston is a gudgeon pin ,
which attaches the slippers to the piston. The
slippers are free to oscillate on their gudgeon
pins and fit into circular grooves in the circular
floating ring . This ring is free to rotate being
mounted on ball bearings , which are housed in
guide blocks , this reduces oil churning and
friction losses. The latter bear on tracks are
controlled by the actuating spindles, which
passes through the pump casing. The
movement of the floating ring by the actuating
control spindle (operated by,


say, the telemotor receiver) from the
central position causes pistons to
reciprocate in the
radial cylinders so that a pumping action
takes place. The direction of the pumping
depends upon whether the movement is to
the left or right of the central or neutral
position.
The action of the pump is shown above.
It should be noted that an advantage with
this system is that in reversing the direction
of the flow of fluid, the pump moves from
maximum delivery in one direction across
to zero delivery then through zero delivery
to maximum delivery in the opposite
direction. The build up in fluid pressure
taking place without shock loading of pipe
lines supplying fluid to the main steering
unit.
The pump is usually provided with an odd
number of cylinders, usually seven or nine,
which produces more even hydraulic flow
and a better balanced pump.
12.4 Explain and perform the principle operation of a swash-plate pump.
Variable Stroke Reversible Swashplate Pump
This pump is sometimes called the variable
stroke gear pump (V.S.G), it runs in the flooded
condition, the make up tank being above the
level of the pump so that all the working parts
are immersed in oil. It is driven by a constant
speed electric motor the volume and direction of
the oil flow being controlled by means of a stroke
control lever.
The VSG pump is stated to have some
advantages over the Hele-Shaw , this is due to
the fact that the c of g of the Hele Shaw plungers
is a relatively large distance from the centre of rotation operating relatively large centrifugal forces . The VSG plunges
have a c of g close to the centre of rotation creating relatively small centrifugal forces, this means that the VSG
system can be run at much higher speeds and therefore can be much smaller whilst doing the same work as the Hele-
Shaw. Due to centrifugal forces acting, the wear on the
V.S.G. pump pistons can be greater than that for the
radial type pistons There is a small clearance between
the valve and cylinder blocks when running off load.
When the unit comes on stroke the hydraulic pressure
forces the two faces together.
External pipes connect ports to steering gear.
VSG pumps and Hele-Shaw pumps have an odd number
of cylinders since calculation shows that this gives
better hydrodynamic balancing (and a better starting
torque when used in a pump driving hydraulic motor).

12.5 Demonstrate how the pumping action is controlled:
12.5.1 By linkage to the telemotor receiver and
12.5.2 by linkage to the rudder, for feedback control.
12.6 Explain with the aid of a single line sketch, how the pump is controlled to move the rudder from
one position to another.
12.7 Explain that the fluid in the fluid system must be in the correct mineral base oil w/c is clean and
free from moisture.
12.8 Explain how the reserve of fluid in the system is checked and how make-up is achieved.
12.9 Explain how shocks to the system for wave action on the rudder are absorbed.