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MME 241 Fuels and Combustion

Date: 08 October 2011 Lecture: 10
August 2011 Term
Toic: Li!uid Fuels "T#es$ %etroleum$ %roducts o&
Dr' (' M' Mamun Al )as*ed
Deartment o& MME
+eb: *tt:,,teac*er'buet'ac'bd,*ras*ed,
-anglades* .ni/ersit# o& Engineering and Tec*nolog#0 D*a1a 2 1000
Toic: Li!uid Fuels "T#es$ %etroleum$ %roducts o&
%etroleum$ Origin0 3torage and (andling4
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Li!uid Fuel
De&inition Ob/ious5
Almost all internal combustion engines deend on t*em'
Type
%etroleumma6or sta1e
Coal tar and crude ben7ol
3#nt*etic &uel &rom coal0 s*ale oil and alco*ol
Oil &rom tar sand Oil &rom tar sand
Origin of Petroleum
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Di&&erent t*eories
9norganic Origin
Organic Origin
Carbide t*eor# "OPG4
C( resent in etroleum &ormed b# action o& :ater on
inorganic carbides inorganic carbides
9norganic carbides are &ormed b# t*e reaction o& metal and
carbon under *ig* temerature and ressure inside eart*'
Ca ; 2C Cac2 "under *ig* T and %4
4Al ; 8C Al4C8
Cac2 ; 2(2O Ca"O(42 ;C2(2 "Acet#lene4
Al4C8 ; 12 (2O 4Al"O(48 ; 8C(8 "met*ane4
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4
T*ese lo:er C(s t*en undergo *#drogenation and ol#merisation to #ield
more C(s'
C2(2 ; (2 C2(4 "et*#lene4
C2(4 ; (2 C2(< "et*ane4
8C2(2 C<(< "ben7ene4
8C2(4 C<(12 "c#clo*e=ane4
Problem of this theory
%resence o& > and 3 comounds
%resence o& c*loro*#ll and *aemin
%resence o& oticall# acti/e comounds
%ol#merisation
%resence o& oticall# acti/e comounds
T*is t*eor# is also 1no:n as Dee seated terrestrial *#ot*esis'
From as earl# as 18??0 Dmitri Mendele@e/0 a )ussian :*o de/eloed t*e
eriodic table0 ostulated an inorganic origin :*en it became aarent t*at
t*ere :ere :idesread deosits o& etroleum t*roug*out t*e :orld' (e
reasoned t*at metallic carbides dee :it*in Eart* reacted :it* :ater at *ig*
temeratures to &orm acet#lene "C2(24' T*is acet#lene condensed to &orm
*ea/ier *#drocarbons'
According to t*e t*eor#0 t*e mantle o& t*e eart* contained iron carbide :*ic*
:ould react :it* ercolating :ater to &orm met*ane'
T*e roblem :it* t*is t*eor# is t*e lac1 o& e/idence &or t*e e=istence o& iron
carbide in t*e mantle'
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A
Engler theory (1900) (OPG)
Animal origin
3O2 gas &rom /olcanoes near sea2side 1ills &is*es and ot*er sea animals'
T*e# get stac1ed ile b# ile near sea2side'
A&ter man# #ears0 etroleum &ormed b# deca# and decomosition and
marine animals under *ig* ressure and temerature'
This theory is favoured for:
%resence o& brine in etroleum %resence o& brine in etroleum
%resence o& > and 3 comounds
%resence o& oticall# acti/e comounds
%resence o& &ossils
E=eriments on decomosition o& &is* oil and animal &ats under *ig* ressure and
temerature gi/es !uite similar roducts'
Problem
Cannot e=lain resence o& c*loro*#ll
Cannot e=lain resence o& coal deosits near oil &ields
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Modern Theory
Deca# and decomosition o& bot* marine animals and lants
T*e# mig*t get buried due to some disrutions suc* as eart*!ua1es
T*ere are &our *ases o& in oil &ormation
Embedment o& organic matter in source beds
Con/ersion to &luid
Migration o& oil into t*e reser/oir roc1
3econdar# trans&ormation o& oil in t*e reser/oir roc1
"i4 T*e source o& oil is: lan1ton0 marine algae0 sear grass and larger marine
animals animals
Fis* ma# be absent since oil contains lo: amount o& %'
T*e dead matters settle do:n in t*e bottom o& sea or lagoons'
T*e rocess is accelerated b# t*e resence o& mineral comounds
transorted b# t*e current o& :ater'
T*e deosits are attac1ed b# anaerobic "can li/e in t*e absence o&
atmos*eric o=#gen4 bacteria'
Most o& t*e organic comounds are destro#ed and lost'
.nsaturated &att# oils and &att# acids0 sur/i/ing t*e bacterial attac10 undergo
ol#merisation to gi/e insoluble solids'
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T*e# are getting continuousl# buried and comacted'
During comaction0 :ater content is reduced to 10B or less'
.nder t*e reducing condition0 decarbo=#lation and ot*er reduction
rocesses occur and comosition becomes more li1e etroleum'
"ii4 t*e comacted bed o& organic matters &orm &luid t*roug*
considerable amount o& degradation'
%resence o& oticall# acti/e matters "or*#rines4 *ints t*at *ig*
tem "C200C4 ma# not be in/ol/ed0 since or*#rines are
%resence o& oticall# acti/e matters "or*#rines4 *ints t*at *ig*
tem "C200C4 ma# not be in/ol/ed0 since or*#rines are
destro#ed abo/e t*is temerature'
T*e degradation occurs b#
Anaerobic bacterial action
Lo: tem crac1ing in resence o& cla# and mineral catal#sts t*is is t*e
ma6or rocess &or oil &ormation &rom comacted la#ers
9rradiation b# radioacti/e materials
"iii4 +it* time0 t*e li!uids migrate to di&&erent areas o& suitable
roc1s'
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During migration0 comosition o& oil ma# c*ange b# &iltration0
solution or absortion'
Oil reser/oirs are built b# migration o& oils &rom se/eral comacted
beds'
"9D4 Furt*er c*ange in comosition in reser/oirs ma# occur
deending on *istor# o& oil and nature o& reser/oir roc1s'
T*is secondar# trans&ormation occurs b# radioacti/it#0 bacterial
action and catal#tic in&luence o& roc1s'
>o direct ran1ing s#stem
Coal &rom older era are lig*ter and more simle in structure'
Eields more distillates
ifferen!e bet"een origins of petroleum and !oal
Oil sea lants and animals deca#ing under strong reducing atm$
Coal land lants deca#ing under mild reducing atm
Oil migrates &rom t*eir original sources$
Coal seams remain static :*ere deosited,&ormed'
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F
%etroleum
9t means oil obtained &rom eart*'
Also 1no:n as mineral oil0 crude etroleum0 crude oil0 crude or oil
9t ma# be stra:2coloured0 blac1 or dar12coloured'
9t ma# contain gas and solid'
Gas ma# be searated and &orm a searated reser/oir o& gas'
+*en gas and li!uid are remo/ed0 t*e solid le&t are e=osed to sur&ace
and a natural deosit o& as*alt occurs'
T#icall# etroleum is &ound in reser/oir roc1s *a/ing &luid *olding T#icall# etroleum is &ound in reser/oir roc1s *a/ing &luid *olding
caacit#0 orosit# and &luid transmitting caacit# and ermeabilit#'
T*e roc1s are usuall# sedimentar# roc1s o& coarse2grained minerals0
suc* as sand0 sandstone0 grit0 limestone and dolomite'
.:ard migration o& &luid &rom t*e reser/oir is re/ented b# Hca
roc1I or sealing &ormation'
Ca roc1 *as /er# &ine ores and lo: ermeabilit#' cla#s and s*ales
Migration in ot*er directions are re/ented b# ca roc1s and geometr#
o& reser/oirs' &ormation o& oil tra
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Comosition o& %etroleum
.nli1e coal0 ultimate anal#sis o& crude etroleum
/aries'
C: 8828?B
(: 11214B
3: 0'A28B
>: 0'1B
O: 228B O: 228B
As* content is t#icall# J0'1B'
Almost all metals are &ound in as*
3i0 Fe0 Al0 Ca0 Mg0 >i and >a
Crude etroleum is a mi=ture o& C(
%ara&&ins0 na*t*enes0 aromatics0 *ig*er mol :eig*t C(
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Classi&ication o& %etroleum
%ara&&in2baseresidue ":a=; as*alt4
As*alt2base residue "as*alt4
Mi=ed2base residue ":a=; as*alt4 F0B o&
current oil roduction
%ara&&in2based #ields 1erosene0 diesel &uels0 %ara&&in2based #ields 1erosene0 diesel &uels0
lubricants and :a=es
As*alt2based #ields gasoline and as*alts
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.ses o& %etroleum "OPG4
L%G Li!ue&ied be&ore use$ Domestic and industrial &uel
9s a mi=ture o& roane and butane
Gasoline "%etrol4 Fuel &or ignition o& 9C engines
Dr# cleaning o& clot*es
>a*t*a 3ol/ent0 aint t*inner0 (2 roduction in &ertiliser &actories0
&uel gas in steel lants
Ket Fuel Fuel gas &or a/iation
Lerosene Domestic
Diesel Fuel &or diesel engines Diesel Fuel &or diesel engines
Gas Oil Gasi&ied oil0 industrial &urnace
Lubricating Oil
%etrolatumbase material &or grease roduction
Lig*t Fuel Oil &uel in industrial &urnaces
(ea/# Fuel Oil &urnace &uel$ can be crac1ed to roduce gasoline0
diesel0 lig*t oils
-itumen,Tar -inder in road ma1ing and coating
+a= candles0 :a=ed aers0 matc* coatings
)esidue %itc* road ma1ing0 industrial &uel
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%roduction o& %etroleum
A&ter scienti&ic studies indicate t*e ossible resence o& oil0
an oil coman# selects a :ell site and
installs a derri!#Ma to:er2li1e steel
structureMto suort t*e drilling e!uiment'
A *ole is drilled dee into t*e eart* until oil
or gas is &ound0 or t*e coman# abandons t*e
e&&ort'
9n rotary drilling0 a rotating bit attac*ed
to a lengt* o& *ollo: drill ie bores a *ole to a lengt* o& *ollo: drill ie bores a *ole
in t*e ground b# c*iing and cutting roc1'
As t*e bit cuts deeer0 more ie is added'
A stream o& drilling HmudIMa mi=ture o& cla#0 c*emicals0 and :aterMis
continuousl# umed t*roug* t*e drill ie and t*roug* *oles in t*e drill
bit'
9ts urose is to cool t*e drill bit0 laster t*e :alls o& t*e *ole to re/ent
ca/e2ins0 carr# crus*ed roc1 to t*e sur&ace0 and re/ent Hblo:outsI b#
e!uali7ing ressure inside t*e *ole'
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+*en oil or gas is &ound0
t*e drill ie and bit are ulled &rom t*e :ell0
and metal ie "casing4 is lo:ered into t*e *ole and cemented in lace'
T*e casingNs uer end is &astened to a s#stem o& ies and /al/es called a
:ell*ead0 or HC*ristmas Tree0I t*roug* :*ic* natural ressure &orces t*e
oil or gas into searation and storage tan1s'
9& natural ressure is not great enoug* to &orce t*e oil to t*e sur&ace0
ums ma# be used' ums ma# be used'
9n some cases0 :ater0 steam0 or gas ma# be in6ected into t*e oil2roducing
&ormation to imro/e reco/er#'
Most common ractice o& oil e=traction rotary drilling
Derric1
Drill Column
)otating Mec*anism
Mud Circulating 3#stem
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Must )ead 33 &or details
3ection A'2'2 "1A821AA4
$ideos
1A
1A
1<
3torage and (andling
Li!uid &uels o& lo: &las* oints are stored in tan1s &itted :it*
roo&s &loating on t*e li!uid sur&ace'
To reduce resence o& air
To re/ent &ire *a7ards and e/aoration losses
T*e# are trans&erred b# ielines or tan1ers'
3torage tan1ers are underground'
Li!uid &uels :it* *ig*er &las* oints "1erosene0 diesels4 are
stored in tan1s :it* &i=ed roo&s'
(eating coils are sometimes added &or *ea/ier grades o& oils &or eas# (eating coils are sometimes added &or *ea/ier grades o& oils &or eas#
uming'
Fuel oils contain some :ater :*ic* is deosited at t*e bottom
and is collected t*roug* a drain coc1'
Lig*ter oils are umed to burners :it*out re*eating'
(ea/ier oils are re*eated t:ice in store and during deli/er#
(eating in t*e tan1 is ac*ie/ed b# lo: ressure steam coils laced at t*e
bottom o& tan1s'
Temerature s*ould be &i=ed based on /iscosit#'
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Li!uid &uels are sulied to t*e &urnaces b#
Gra/it# &eed s#stem
O/er*ead &eed tan1 or ground le/el &eed tan1 :it* a um &itted in t*e
deli/er# s#stem
.sed &or &e: burners onl#
Lig*t oils are &a/oured'
)ing main s#stem
Medium and *ea/# oils
-atteries o& oil burners
(els to reduce temerature and ressure di&&erences bet:een burners
%or#ing Prin!iple
Oil is circulated t*roug* a ring main round mains at a seed 2,8 times t*e
actual burner &eed seed'
-ranc* lines are used &ir &eeding burners'
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T*ere are oil &ilters bot* at suction ad disc*arge sides o&
um &ilter'
T*ere is a oil *eater in t*e mains'
Figure A'11 33
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%roerties and Testing o& %etroleum
Discosit#
%er&ormance o& diesel &uels deend on /iscosit#'
Lo: /iscosit# causes e=cessi/e lea1age at t*e in6ection istons and
*ig*er /iscosit# causes coarse drolets o& oils :*ic* results in
engine deosits due to incomlete combustion'
%er&ormance o& lubricating oils also deend on /iscosit#'
9& t*e lubricant is sub6ected to di&&erent temerature be#ond
tolerance limit0 er&ormance o& lubricant is reduced'
%ara&&in2based *as lo: deendence on tem and na*t*enic2based %ara&&in2based *as lo: deendence on tem and na*t*enic2based
*as *ig*er deendenc# on temerature'
Discosit#2Temerature relations*i can be e=ressed b# /iscosit#
inde= "D94'
(ig*l# ara&&inic %enns#l/ania oil *as 100D9 and na*t*enic Gul& oil
*as 0D9'
D9 o& an oil at 100F O P"L2.4,"L2(4Q R100
(ig*er D9 oil is re&erred :*en temerature /ariation is greater'
1F
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Flas* %oint and Fire %oint
+*ic* one is *ig*erS
Gasolines J28C *ig*l# &lammable
Lerosenes 282<<C
Fuel Oils and Gas Oils C<<C
%our %oint and Cloud %oint
%our oint is t*e temerature 2'8C *ig*er t*an t*e tem at :*ic* oil ceases
to &lo: in cold atm to &lo: in cold atm
Flo: is ceased due to increase in /iscosit# or cr#stallisation o& :a= &rom oil'
(ea/# &uels *a/e *ig*er our tem and *eating measures are sometimes
necessar#'
As*altic materials our oint deressants re/ent cr#stallisation and
gro:t* o& cr#stals
-# increasing roortion o& lig*ter C( our oint can be reduced
A,<C ; %our %oint Cloud %oint
Cloud# because o& cr#stallisation o& :a=
Cloud oint is imortant &or diesels since cr#stals ma# bloc1 t*e &ilters o& &uel
in6ection s#stems and *amers &lo:'
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3
E/en a&ter uri&ication some 3 remain
Lerosine 0'0A20'2B
Diesel 0'821'AB
Moisture
Ma= 1B'
3earated b# re*eating
As* As*
Der# lo:
J0'1B
O!tane &umber
Fuel gi/es ma=imum o:er :*en it burns silentl# and slo:l#'
.nder certain condition0 :*ole unburnt &uel ma# burn !uic1l# :it* &ormation
o& ressure :a/es'
T*is leads to 1noc1ing o& engine "is a sound t*at is made :*en t*e &uel ignites
too earl#4'
%o:er is :asted and engine li&e is reduced'
3e/ere 1noc1 causes se/ere engine damage0 suc* as bro1en connecting rods0 melted
istons0 melted or bro1en /al/es and ot*er comonents' 21
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Anti21noc1ing !ualit# o& &uel is measured in a standard engine in
terms o& relati/e er&ormance o& t:o standard &uels e=ressed
as Octane >umber
Octane number o& gasoline is e!ual to t*e ercentage b# /olume o&
iso2octane in a mi=ture o& n2*etane and iso2octane'
n2*etane *as oor anti21noc1ing !ualit# ""easil# ignites under ressure4
and is 0 octane number'
iso2octane *as e=cellent anti21noc1ing !ualit# "minimal ignition under
ressure4 and is 100 octane number'
9& a gasoline matc*es :it* 80,20 mi=ture o& abo/e0 its octane number is
80'
Anti21noc1ing !ualit# deends on t#e o& C(' Aromatics good ones' Anti21noc1ing !ualit# deends on t#e o& C(' Aromatics good ones'
During re&ining0 one aim is to con/ersion o& C( to aromatics'
Octane number can be increased b# additi/es tetraet*#l lead "TEL4
:it* *alides
(alides are added to re/ent lead deosition'
Octane rating decreases :it* an increase in t*e carbon c*ain
lengt*'
Octane ratings increase :it* carbon c*ain branc*ing'
Octane ratings increase in aromatics :it* same number o& carbons'
A/iation gasoline *as octane number C100'
T*e *ig*er t*e number0 t*e less li1el# an engine is to re2ignite and
su&&er damage'
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