Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 and died in 1939.

He was a leading thinker

as far as psyhology is onerned. !o this moment" many psyhologists refer to
his line of thinking when making onlusions about a psyhologial aspet. !he
theories he de#eloped and his work played an important role in shaping the #iews
of personality" hildhood" memory" therapy and se$uality %Freud" 19&9'. (t is
important to note that other thinkers ha#e ontributed to the growth of Freud)s
legay while others ha#e de#eloped new theories in opposition to the work of
Freud. (n this paper" ( shall e$plain why Freud)s work was so in*uential" ( shall also
disuss on how theorists in the psyhoanalyti theory followed Freud dissent from
his #iewpoint. +lso ( shall state what links the theorists in this group" and also
state some of the onepts that are still rele#ant in today)s ulture.
Why Freuds Work So Infuential
Freud)s works are said to be in*uential beause of the approah and tehni,ues
that he uses in oming up with theory. He has tried as muh as possible to
illustrate and illuminate #arious aspets that he talks about" inluding religion.
-espite t he fat that muh of his writings being met with hostility" they were not
disregarded" a fator that enourages other psyhoanalysts. His works are also
in*uential in the sense that they produe great knowledge though e$hausti#e
e$planations" meant to re#eal the mental fores that tend to underlie them" and
those that ha#e not been dealt with by any other intelletual disipline.
Freud tried to his best ability to inrease psyhologial understanding. He did this
through pro#ision of illustrations and e$planations of partially omprehensi#e
phenomena. !his was ahie#ed through the e.orts he made in making sure that
he re#ealed meaningful moti#ations as well as on*its at the base of irrational
and meaningless material. !he methods he used are what many of the
psyhoanalysts admire %(nfoplease" /011'. !hese inlude skills in obser#ation"
speulation as well as formulation of what has already been obser#ed as far as
general theories are onerned. (t is also important to note that the diso#ery
made were of origin" mental life as well as proesses.
Analysts That Followed Freud Dissent From His Viewpoint
+dler and Horney were people that had been working with Freud before"but
beause of some di.erent agreements" they broke with Freud and went against
him. +dler reated the indi#idual psyhology. He desribed the 1inferiority
omple$2" whih helps people to o#erome feelings of inferiority. !he reason
+dler left Freud beause he sees that he has obsession with se$ and death" who
put too muh onern with the past as himself " he sees it in future with
e$petations rather than the past to e$plain our beha#iors. +s Horney also left
Freud beause she has her own belie#es on the basi +n$iety that are from the
hostile world" whih man has good and e#il that are depended on the
en#ironments. 3ne +dler and Honey were against Freud they beame as 14eo5
Freudians2. !hey still ha#e some ommonalities with Freud)s #iews on the human
beha#iors" role of instints" but emphasi6ed the possibility of self5impro#ement.
!he ommonalities that they ha#e with Freud)s ha#e been the based
methodology and still studying on the unonsious of the Human 7syhes. 8#en
they ha#e ommons9 they ha#e more di#ergene on Freud. Freud)s #iew of man is
e#eryone is sel:sh" se$ually minded and aggressi#e di#ined. +s on 14eo5
Freudians2" they belie#e people ha#e the potential for good and bad. Freud)s on
Human 7syhe was instintual and uni#ersal" whih are opposite of 4eo5Freudians
that they depends on learning and on the en#ironment or situational that are
from its relati#e. Ha#ing similar methodologies or 8thnis between Freud)s and
the 14eo5Freudian)s" it had been spread out and in#ol#ed with most of the
psyhodynami
theories.
Freuds on the free association view is seen as Bias, that they associates from the
support preconceived ideas and takes the greatest leaps. It is based on Biological Determism.
On the other hand, neo Freudians free association was improved from the patients that reports
with the articles in the situation they worked as back ward in systematically. s !"to Ob#ect$
relations theorists, other people are important sources of attachment.% &'avris ()ade, *+++,
and !"to some ob#ect$relations analysts, the real origin of moral values lies in the infants
early relationship to the mother long before the emergence of the superego, and it is me who
have more limited moral capacity.% &'avris ()ade, *+++, -ot only ob#ect$relation uses
methodology, but also .rik .rikson too. /e studies the psyche social in contact from na
Freud. !0sychoanalysis assumes the early process of differentiation between inside and
outside to be the origin of pro#ection and intro#ections which remain some of our deepest and
most dangerous defense mechanisms &.rikson, 1233,. In .riksons eight stages or social
stages the methodology use was !a favorable ratio of basic trust over mistrust is the first step
in psychosocial adaptation, a favorable ratio of autonomous will over shame and
doubt"%&.rikson, 1233,.
4hame and doubt is the ne5t stage of the trust and mistrust. s all of us know that
psychology was never a !pure psychology%, but is a comple5 psychobiology, which is an
aspect that increased being cryptic now. In the history of psychoanalysis of Freud, it
mentioned that ! supreme irony lies in Freuds development of concepts like censorship and
repression and his clinical attempts to overcome their supposedly pathogenic affects through
psychotherapy% &4ulloway, 122*, 'his happened when Freud began to study, he felt pressured
to show the world of his psychoanalysis until once he had became famous because he treated
the !rat man% of one of his patient and that is how when Freud started his methodology
studies from. 6any studies on methodology came from the past of childhood developments
too.
Theorists connections In The Psychoanalytic Theory Group
'he influences of childhood developments had been studied by Freud, /orney,
dler, .rikson and ob#ect$relation. s 7ung he sees it only one way, which means its one path
of the childhood road not like .riksons who made it into a eight stages path of childhood
development. In one of the Freud study on childhood would be fi5ation, which means that
being stuck or !fi5ed% in a development stage of an early childhood life or even adulthood.
Freud thinks that !first love relation of the child is doomed to e5tinction for the very reason
that it is the first, for these early ob#ect$cathe5es are always ambivalent to a very high degree8
alongside the childs intense love there is always a strong aggressive tendency present, and the
more passionately the child loves an ob#ect, the more sensitive it will be to disappointments
and frustration coming from it. In the end, the love is bound to capitulate to the accumulated
hostility.% &Freud, 1299,
:ooking at this point of view from Freud is it most likely similar to the theories of
.riksons and Ob#ect relations. In .riksons view in his first stage the Basic 'rust and Basic
6istrust, is similar to Freuds., like the beginning of the breast feeding the baby for providing
the sense of ego identity. 'he trust does not come from the e5perience that depend on food or
love its about the maternal relationship. 'he mother gives the sense of trust for what a baby
needs so then later the sense will be all right when is being oneself. Basically if the babies
have the trust in their mothers, the fewer frustrations will form in the following stages of the
life cycle. !;hildren become neurotic not from frustrations, but from the lack or loss of
societal meaning in these frustrations.% &/opcke, 12<2, s in !ob#ect relations theorists hold
that the infants first two years are the most critical for development of the analysts core of
personality. Freud emphasi=ed the childs fear of the father and ob#ect$relations analysts
emphasi=e the childs need for the powerful mother.%&'avris ( )ade, *+++,
'he ob#ect relation works in three steps. 1, Depends on how you relate to an ob#ect,
which means how you will be developed in your life later on. *, Depends if youre raised in
good condition or bad condition that will lead your later life. 9, !4plitting means the
separating of the opposites> good and bad, right and wrong, weak and strong, pleasure and
pain.% !'he key issue in life is the constantly changing balance between independence and
connection to others. 4uch as ?irls, who are the same se5 as the mother, do not need to
separate from her, the mother treats a daughter as an e5tension of herself. But boys, if they are
to develop a male identity must break away from the mother.% &'avris ( )ade, *+++, 'he last
based on childhood studies is dler and /orney, the !-eo$Freudians% the studies in the back
work ways to understand the problems caused from the childhood development view.
Psychoanalytic Concepts in Todays Culture
)estern 6ilieus dependent psychology has to do a part from the ;ulture and ?enders
point of view in the psychodynamic. In )estern view is that men and women are about shape
by patriadical society, division between se5es influenced by economic and rela5ing of gender
role. 'he social milieu has detracted from enhancing the potential development of life in men
and women society, they try be living in a best environment and be against the characters
forces. Basically this study is for balancing out the struggles from men and women society in
a peaceful life. In culture and gender roles, all the psychodynamic aspects in every theorist are
involved in. !'he original components of the id, the se5ual drives with which we are born, are
impervious to social and historical change.% &De Berg, *++9,
Freud, as all you know that he is really into se5 drives and death issues. /e believes that
everyone is all born selfishness, which causes the social and antisocial. For his solution to this
he said !)e need both id$drives and super$ego drives8 only when there is a balance between
the two can we live happily as social beings. 'he fit between the individual and
society will therefore never be perfect.% &De Berg, *++9, In 7ung believes, he mentions that it
refers to everyones self that is being uni@ue, universal and eternal. !"the one e5pressing
mans essence, and the other being a ?od$image, an archetypal symbol% &6oacanin, 12<3, /e
called the female comple5 in man the anima and male comple5 in woman the animus. It is
also !psychologically through their enmeshment with or distance from the cluster of
archetypal images, which is 6other within all of us.% &/opcke, 12<2,
'he most influenced in culture view would be .riksons. Based on the social conte5t,
!his aim is to detect the key psychological dimensions which characteri=e the culture$$$its
particular integrated pattern of values, beliefs, behaviors and relationship.% /e then tries and
e5plains in his own studies on the culture of white and 4iou5 between the two tribes. /e then
understood and !recogni=ed that cultural and economic factors affect these stages of
psychological development. 4ome societies, for e5ample, make the transition from one stage
to another relatively easy. If you know you are going to be a farmer like your mother and
father and you have no alternative, then moving from adolescence into young adulthood is not
a terribly painful step &unless you hate farming,.% &'avris ( )ade, *+++,
;onclusion
s the matter of fact, most of Freuds followers and friends were all based on his under
studies once you put all the psychodynamic theories together in one piece. !0sychodynamic%
is a group of theories that emphasi=ed or influenced on the instinct drives and forces. 'he
most important is the development e5periences in shaping a persons personality. Focusing on
the childhood it is what influenced the unconscious drives and forces but it also got critici=ed
!psychodynamic psychology has been produced widespread controversy for having new ideas
and more researches. Over all in summary, the conscious and unconscious studies, free
association methodology &.thic,, childhood, ;ulture and gender in psychodynamic views is
that theres no absolute femininity or masculinity. )oman and men are e@ual8 it doesnt
depend on biological ways but more dependent in our society It is universal and we gain and
lose of our skills throughout our lives. .ven though, that psychology can never be proved that
theres no answer to it, everything is #us a consideration or in theory that we called it
Fesifiability.