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Solutions Manual

for
Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Yunus A. Cengel
2
nd
Edition, 2008
Chapter
!ECHA"I#!# $% HEAT T&A"#%E&
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL
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*-+
Heat Transfer !echanisms
-+.C The house with the lower rate of heat transfer throu"h the walls will !e more ener"y efficient. Heat
conuction is proportional to thermal conucti,ity (which is '.-& ./m.C for !ric0 an '.+- ./m.C for
woo, Ta!le *-+) an in,ersely proportional to thic0ness. The woo house is more ener"y efficient since
the woo wall is twice as thic0 !ut it has a!out one-fourth the conucti,ity of !ric0 wall.
-+/C The thermal conucti,ity of a material is the rate of heat transfer throu"h a unit thic0ness of the
material per unit area an per unit temperature ifference. The thermal conucti,ity of a material is a
measure of how fast heat will !e conucte in that material.
-+0C The mechanisms of heat transfer are conuction, con,ection an raiation. Conuction is the
transfer of ener"y from the more ener"etic particles of a su!stance to the a1acent less ener"etic ones as a
result of interactions !etween the particles. Con,ection is the moe of ener"y transfer !etween a soli
surface an the a1acent li2ui or "as which is in motion, an it in,ol,es com!ine effects of conuction
an flui motion. 3aiation is ener"y emitte !y matter in the form of electroma"netic wa,es (or photons)
as a result of the chan"es in the electronic confi"urations of the atoms or molecules.
-+1C In solis, conuction is ue to the com!ination of the ,i!rations of the molecules in a lattice an the
ener"y transport !y free electrons. In "ases an li2uis, it is ue to the collisions of the molecules urin"
their ranom motion.
-+2C The parameters that effect the rate of heat conuction throu"h a winowless wall are the "eometry
an surface area of wall, its thic0ness, the material of the wall, an the temperature ifference across the
wall.
-+3C Conuction is e4presse !y 5ourier6s law of conuction as
dx
dT
kA Q =
con

where dT/dx is the


temperature "raient, k is the thermal conucti,ity, an A is the area which is normal to the irection of
heat transfer.
Con,ection is e4presse !y 7ewton6s law of coolin" as ) (
con,
= T T hA Q
s s

where h is the
con,ection heat transfer coefficient, As is the surface area throu"h which con,ection heat transfer ta0es
place, Ts is the surface temperature an T

is the temperature of the flui sufficiently far from the surface.


3aiation is e4presse !y 8tefan-#olt9man law as ) (
:
surr
:
ra
T T A Q
s s
=

where

is the
emissi,ity of surface, As is the surface area, Ts is the surface temperature, Tsurr is the a,era"e surrounin"
surface temperature an
: & (
; ./m +' <- . = =

is the 8tefan-#olt9man constant.


-+4C Con,ection in,ol,es flui motion, conuction oes not. In a soli we can ha,e only conuction.
-+5C 7o. It is purely !y raiation.
-+-C In force con,ection the flui is force to mo,e !y e4ternal means such as a fan, pump, or the win.
The flui motion in natural con,ection is ue to !uoyancy effects only.
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*-&
-+.6C >missi,ity is the ratio of the raiation emitte !y a surface to the raiation emitte !y a !lac0!oy
at the same temperature. ?!sorpti,ity is the fraction of raiation incient on a surface that is a!sor!e !y
the surface. The ;irchhoff6s law of raiation states that the emissi,ity an the a!sorpti,ity of a surface are
e2ual at the same temperature an wa,elen"th.
-+..C ? !lac0!oy is an ieali9e !oy which emits the ma4imum amount of raiation at a "i,en
temperature an which a!sor!s all the raiation incient on it. 3eal !oies emit an a!sor! less raiation
than a !lac0!oy at the same temperature.
-+./C 7o. 8uch a efinition will imply that ou!lin" the thic0ness will ou!le the heat transfer rate. The
e2ui,alent !ut more correct unit of thermal conucti,ity is .m/m
&
C that inicates prouct of heat
transfer rate an thic0ness per unit surface area per unit temperature ifference.
-+.0C In a typical house, heat loss throu"h the wall with "lass winow will !e lar"er since the "lass is
much thinner than a wall, an its thermal conucti,ity is hi"her than the a,era"e conucti,ity of a wall.
-+.1C @iamon is a !etter heat conuctor.
-+.2C The rate of heat transfer throu"h !oth walls can !e e4presse as
) ( (( . &
m &= . '
) C ./m -& . ' (
) ( < . +
m + . '
) C ./m +< . ' (
& +
& +
!ric0
& +
!ric0 !ric0
& +
& +
woo
& +
woo woo
T T A
T T
A
L
T T
A k Q
T T A
T T
A
L
T T
A k Q
=

=
=

Therefore, heat transfer throu"h the !ric0 wall will !e lar"er espite its hi"her thic0ness.
-+.3C The thermal conucti,ity of "ases is proportional to the s2uare root of a!solute temperature. The
thermal conucti,ity of most li2uis, howe,er, ecreases with increasin" temperature, with water !ein" a
nota!le e4ception.
-+.4C 8uperinsulations are o!taine !y usin" layers of hi"hly reflecti,e sheets separate !y "lass fi!ers in
an e,acuate space. 3aiation heat transfer !etween two surfaces is in,ersely proportional to the num!er
of sheets use an thus heat loss !y raiation will !e ,ery low !y usin" this hi"hly reflecti,e sheets. ?t the
same time, e,acuatin" the space !etween the layers forms a ,acuum uner '.'''''+ atm pressure which
minimi9e conuction or con,ection throu"h the air space !etween the layers.
-+.5C Most orinary insulations are o!taine !y mi4in" fi!ers, powers, or fla0es of insulatin" materials
with air. Heat transfer throu"h such insulations is !y conuction throu"h the soli material, an
conuction or con,ection throu"h the air space as well as raiation. 8uch systems are characteri9e !y
apparent thermal conucti,ity instea of the orinary thermal conucti,ity in orer to incorporate these
con,ection an raiation effects.
-+.-C The thermal conucti,ity of an alloy of two metals will most li0ely !e less than the thermal
conucti,ities of !oth metals.
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*-A
-+/6 The inner an outer surfaces of a !ric0 wall are maintaine at specifie temperatures. The rate of
heat transfer throu"h the wall is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the surface
temperatures of the wall remain constant at the specifie ,alues. /
Thermal properties of the wall are constant.
Properties The thermal conucti,ity of the wall is "i,en to
!e k B '.<* ./mC.
Analysis Cner steay conitions, the rate of heat
transfer throu"h the wall is

' (( =

=

=
m '.A
C =) (&'
) m - C)(: ./m ('.<*
&
con
L
T
kA Q

-+/. The inner an outer surfaces of a winow "lass are maintaine at specifie temperatures. The amount
of heat transfer throu"h the "lass in = h is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the surface temperatures of the "lass remain
constant at the specifie ,alues. / Thermal properties of the "lass are constant.
Properties The thermal conucti,ity of the "lass is "i,en to !e k B '.-( ./mC.
Analysis Cner steay conitions, the rate of heat transfer
throu"h the "lass !y conuction is

. :A<(
m '.''=
C A) (+'
) m & C)(& ./m ('.-(
&
con
=

=

=
L
T
kA Q

Then the amount of heat transfer o,er a perio of = h !ecomes


%7 45(3/6 = = = s) A<'' 0D/s)(= (:.A<(
con
t Q Q

If the thic0ness of the "lass ou!le to + cm, then the amount of heat
transfer will "o own !y half to 0-(0.6 %7.
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*-:
Glass
AC
+'C
'.= cm
&'C =C
#ric0 wall
'.A m
-+// EE8 Ero!. *-&+ is reconsiere. The amount of heat loss throu"h the "lass as a function of the
winow "lass thic0ness is to !e plotte.
Analysis The pro!lem is sol,e usin" >>8, an the solution is "i,en !elow.
"GIVEN"
L=0.005 [m]
A=2*2 [m^2]
T_1=10 [C]
T_2=3 [C]
k=0.78 [W/m-C]
tm!=5*3"00 [#]
"ANAL$%I%"
&_'(t_)(*'=k*A*+T_,-T_2-/L
&_)(*'=&_'(t_)(*'*tm!*C(*.!/t+01 k0-
L 9': ;#ond 9%7:
'.''+ A*A+&'
'.''& +*<=<'
'.''A +A+':'
'.'': *(&('
'.''= -(<&:
'.''< <==&'
'.''- =<+<'
'.''( :*+:'
'.''* :A<('
'.'+ A*A+&

0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
) *m+
,
c
o
n
d


*
-
.
+

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*-=
-+/0 Heat is transferre steaily to !oilin" water in the pan throu"h its !ottom. The inner surface
temperature of the !ottom of the pan is "i,en. The temperature of the outer surface is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the surface temperatures of the pan remain
constant at the specifie ,alues. / Thermal properties of the aluminum pan are constant.
Properties The thermal conucti,ity of the aluminum is "i,en to !e k B &A- ./mC.
Analysis The heat transfer area is
A = r
&
B ('.'-= m)
&
B '.'+-- m
&
Cner steay conitions, the rate of heat transfer throu"h the !ottom of the pan !y conuction is
L
T T
kA
L
T
kA Q
+ &

=

8u!stitutin",
m '.'':
C +'=
) m C)('.'+-- ./m (&A- . (''
& &

=
T
which "i,es
T& B .62&43C
-+/1E The inner an outer surface temperatures of the wall of an electrically heate home urin" a winter
ni"ht are measure. The rate of heat loss throu"h the wall that ni"ht an its cost are to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the surface temperatures of the wall remain
constant at the specifie ,alues urin" the entire ni"ht. / Thermal properties of the wall are constant.
Properties The thermal conucti,ity of the !ric0 wall is "i,en to !e k B '.:& #tu/hft5.
Analysis (a) 7otin" that the heat transfer throu"h the wall is !y conuction an the surface area of the
wall is
&
ft &'' B ft +' ft &' = A
, the steay rate of heat transfer throu"h the wall can !e etermine
from
<u=h 0.65 =

=

=
ft +
5 ) &= <& (
) ft 5)(&'' #tu/h.ft. :& . ' (
& & +
L
T T
kA Q

or '.*++ 0. since + 0. B A:+& #tu/h.


(b) The amount of heat lost urin" an ( hour perio an its cost are
0.h -.&(( h) 0.)(( *++ . ' ( = = = t Q Q

>6&2. B
/0.h) 0.h)(F'.'- (-.&(( B
ener"y) of cost it ener"y)(Cn of (?mount B Cost
Therefore, the cost of the heat loss throu"h the wall to the home owner that ni"ht is F'.=+.
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*-<
+'=C
('' .
'.: cm
Q
. "
<&5 &=5
<ri#% ?all
-+/2 The thermal conucti,ity of a material is to !e etermine !y ensurin" one-imensional heat
conuction, an !y measurin" temperatures when steay operatin" conitions are reache.
Assu'pions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the temperature reain"s o not chan"e with time.
/ Heat losses throu"h the lateral surfaces of the apparatus are ne"li"i!le since those surfaces are well-
insulate, an thus the entire heat "enerate !y the heater is conucte throu"h the samples. 0 The
apparatus possesses thermal symmetry.
Analysis The electrical power consume !y the heater an con,erte to heat is
. << ) ? < . ' )( G ++' ( = = = I W
e
@

The rate of heat flow throu"h each sample is



. AA
&
. <<
&
= = =
e
W
Q

Then the thermal conucti,ity of the sample !ecomes


C ?='& 45&5 =

= = =
) C +' )( m ''+&=- . ' (
m) .)('.'A AA (
B
m ''+&=- . '
:
) m ': . ' (
:
&
&
& &
T A
L Q
k
L
T
kA Q
D
A


-+/3 The thermal conucti,ity of a material is to !e etermine !y ensurin" one-imensional heat
conuction, an !y measurin" temperatures when steay operatin" conitions are reache.
Assu'pions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the temperature reain"s o not chan"e with time.
/ Heat losses throu"h the lateral surfaces of the apparatus are ne"li"i!le since those surfaces are well-
insulate, an thus the entire heat "enerate !y the heater is conucte throu"h the samples. 0 The
apparatus possesses thermal symmetry.
Analysis 5or each sample we ha,e
C ( -: (&
m '+ . ' m) + . ' m)( + . ' (
. = . +& & / &=
&
= =
= =
= =
T
A
Q

Then the thermal conucti,ity of the material !ecomes



C ?='& 6&45. =

=
) C ( )( m '+ . ' (
m) .)('.''= = . +& (
&
T A
L Q
k
L
T
kA Q

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*--
A cm
A cm
Q
Q
Q

L L
A
-+/4 The thermal conucti,ity of a material is to !e etermine !y ensurin" one-imensional heat
conuction, an !y measurin" temperatures when steay operatin" conitions are reache.
Assu'pions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the temperature reain"s o not chan"e with time.
/ Heat losses throu"h the lateral surfaces of the apparatus are ne"li"i!le since those surfaces are well-
insulate, an thus the entire heat "enerate !y the heater is conucte throu"h the samples. 0 The
apparatus possesses thermal symmetry.
Analysis 5or each sample we ha,e
C ( -: (&
m '+ . ' m) + . ' m)( + . ' (
. +' & / &'
&
= =
= =
= =
T
A
Q

Then the thermal conucti,ity of the material !ecomes



C ?=' 6&3/2 =

=
) C ( )( m '+ . ' (
m) .)('.''= +' (
&
T A
L Q
k
L
T
kA Q

-+/5 The thermal conucti,ity of a refri"erator oor is to !e etermine !y


measurin" the surface temperatures an heat flu4 when steay operatin"
conitions are reache.
Assu'pions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist when measurements are
ta0en. / Heat transfer throu"h the oor is one imensional since the
thic0ness of the oor is small relati,e to other imensions.
Analysis The thermal conucti,ity of the oor material is etermine
irectly from 5ourierHs relation to !e
C ?=' 6&6-042 =

=

=
C ) - += (
m) )('.'A ./m &= (
&
T
L q
k
L
T
k q


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*-(
@oor
ass
-C +=C
L B A cm
q

L L
A
-+/- The rate of raiation heat transfer !etween a person an the surrounin" surfaces at specifie
temperatures is to !e etermine in summer an in winter.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat transfer !y con,ection is not consiere. 0 The
person is completely surroune !y the interior surfaces of the room. 1 The surrounin" surfaces are at a
uniform temperature.
Properties The emissi,ity of a person is "i,en to !e B '.*=
Analysis 7otin" that the person is completely enclose !y the surrounin" surfaces, the net rates of
raiation heat transfer from the !oy to the surrounin" walls, ceilin", an the floor in !oth cases are$
(a) 8ummer$ Tsurr B &AI&-AB&*<
? 51&/ B
J; ;) (&*< &-A) I )K(A& m )(+.< .; ./m +' <- . = )( *= . ' (
) (
: : : & : & (
:
surr
:
ra
=
=

T T A Q
s s

(b) .inter$ Tsurr B +&I&-AB &(= ;


? .44&/ B
J; ;) (&(= &-A) I )K(A& m )(+.< .; ./m +' <- . = )( *= . ' (
) (
: : : & : & (
:
surr
:
ra
=
=

T T A Q
s s

Discussion 7ote that the raiation heat transfer from the person more than ou!les in winter.
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*-*
T
surr
Q
ra
-+06 EE8 Ero!. *-&* is reconsiere. The rate of raiation heat transfer in winter as a function of the
temperature of the inner surface of the room is to !e plotte.
Analysis The pro!lem is sol,e usin" >>8, an the solution is "i,en !elow.
"GIVEN"
T_*2*t3=+204273- [5]
T_#6//_7*t!/=+124273- [5]
T_#6//_#6mm!/=+234273- [5]
A=1." [m^2]
!8#9(*=0.,5
T_#=+324273- [5]
"ANAL$%I%"
#:m;=5."7E-8 [W/m^2-5^<] "%t!=;*->(9t?m;* )(*#t;*t"
&_'(t_/;'_#6mm!/=!8#9(**#:m;*A*+T_#^<-T_#6//_#6mm!/^<-
&_'(t_/;'_7*t!/=!8#9(**#:m;*A*+T_#^<-T_#6//_7*t!/^<-
Tsurr( )iner 9A: ;rad( )iner 9?:
&(+ &'(.=
&(& &''.(
&(A +*A
&(: +(=.+
&(= +--.&
&(< +<*.&
&(- +<+.+
&(( +=&.*
&(* +::.<
&*' +A<.&
&*+ +&-.(
281 283 285 287 289 291
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
T
surr,/inter
*0+
,
r
a
d
,
/
i
n
t
e
r


*
'
+

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*-+'
-+0. ? person is stanin" in a room at a specifie temperature. The rate of heat transfer !etween a person
an the surrounin" air !y con,ection is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat
transfer !y raiation is not consiere. 0 The en,ironment is at
a uniform temperature.
Analysis The heat transfer surface area of the person is
As = DLB ('.A m)(+.-' m) B +.<'& m
&
Cner steay conitions, the rate of heat transfer !y con,ection is
' 123 = = = C ) +( )(A: m C)(+.<'& ./m (&'
& &
con,
T hA Q
s


-+0/ Hot air is !lown o,er a flat surface at a specifie temperature. The rate of heat transfer from the air
to the plate is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat
transfer !y raiation is not consiere. 0 The con,ection heat
transfer coefficient is constant an uniform o,er the surface.
Analysis Cner steay conitions, the rate of heat transfer !y
con,ection is
? //(666 C A') )((' m : C)(& ./m (==
& &
con,
= = = T hA Q
s

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*-++
('C
?ir
06C
T
air
Q
con,
3oom
air
-+00 EE8 Ero!. *-A& is reconsiere. The rate of heat transfer as a function of the heat transfer coefficient
is to !e plotte.
Analysis The pro!lem is sol,e usin" >>8, an the solution is "i,en !elow.

"GIVEN"
T_*2*t3=80 [C]
A=2*< [m^2]
T_#=30 [C]
@=55 [W/m^2-C]
"ANAL$%I%"
&_'(t_)(*.=@*A*+T_*2*t3-T_#-
h 9?='
/
&C: ;#onv 9?:
&' ('''
A' +&'''
:' +<'''
=' &''''
<' &:'''
-' &('''
(' A&'''
*' A<'''
+'' :''''
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
h *'4m
2
5C+
,
c
o
n
6


*
'
+

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*-+&
-+01 The heat "enerate in the circuitry on the surface of a A-. silicon chip is conucte to the ceramic
su!strate. The temperature ifference across the chip in steay operation is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Thermal properties of the chip are constant.
Properties The thermal conucti,ity of the silicon chip
is "i,en to !e k B +A' ./mC.
Analysis The temperature ifference !etween the front
an !ac0 surfaces of the chip is
&
m ''''A< . ' m) m)('.''< ''< . ' ( = = A
C 0.32 =

= =

=
) m < C)('.''''A ./m +A' (
m) '''= . ' .)( A (
&
kA
L Q
T
L
T
kA Q

-+02 ?n electric resistance heatin" element is immerse in water initially at &'LC. The time it will ta0e
for this heater to raise the water temperature to ('LC as well as the con,ection heat transfer coefficients at
the !e"innin" an at the en of the heatin" process are to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist an thus the rate of heat loss from the wire e2uals the
rate of heat "eneration in the wire as a result of resistance heatin". / Thermal properties of water are
constant. 0 Heat losses from the water in the tan0 are ne"li"i!le.
Properties The specific heat of water at room temperature is c B :.+( 0D/0"C (Ta!le ?-+=).
Analysis .hen steay operatin" conitions are reache, we ha,e
. (''
"enerate
= = E Q

. This is also
e2ual to the rate of heat "ain !y water. 7otin" that this is the only mechanism of ener"y transfer, the time
it ta0es to raise the water temperature from &'C to ('C is etermine to !e
h 3&20 = =

=

=
=
=
s =+' , &A
D/s (''
C &') C)((' D/0" 0")(:+(' (-= ) (
) (
) (
in
+ &
+ & in
+ & in
Q
T T mc
t
T T mc t Q
T T mc Q

The surface area of the wire is


&
m '.''<&( B m) m)('.: ''= . ' ( = = DL A
s
The 7ewton6s law of coolin" for con,ection heat transfer is e4presse as ) (

= T T hA Q
s s

.
@isre"arin" any heat transfer !y raiation an thus assumin" all the heat loss from the wire to occur !y
con,ection, the con,ection heat transfer coefficients at the !e"innin" an at the en of the process are
etermine to !e

C ?=' 0.52
C ?=' ./41
/
/
=

=

=
=

=

C ) (' +&' )( m ('.''<&(


. (''
) (
C ) &' +&' )( m ('.''<&(
. (''
) (
&
&
&
&
+
+
T T A
Q
h
T T A
Q
h
s s
s s

Discussion 7ote that a lar"er heat transfer coefficient is neee to issipate heat throu"h a smaller
temperature ifference for a specifie heat transfer rate.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. % &''( The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. )imite istri!ution permitte only to teachers an
eucators for course preparation. If you are a stuent usin" this Manual, you are usin" it without permission.
*-+A
A .
Chip
< < '.= mm
Ceramic
su!strate
Q

+&'C
)aer
566 ?
-+03 ? hot water pipe at ('LC is losin" heat to the surrounin" air at =LC !y natural con,ection with a
heat transfer coefficient of &= ./m
&
LC. The rate of heat loss from the pipe !y con,ection is to !e
etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat
transfer !y raiation is not consiere. 0 The con,ection heat
transfer coefficient is constant an uniform o,er the surface.
Analysis The heat transfer surface area is
As = DL B ('.'= m)(+' m) B +.=-+ m
&
Cner steay conitions, the rate of heat transfer
!y con,ection is
? /-12 C =) )((' m C)(+.=-+ ./m (&=
& &
con,
= = = T hA Q
s


-+04 ? hollow spherical iron container is fille with ice water at 'LC. The rate of heat loss from the
sphere an the rate at which ice melts in the container are to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the surface temperatures of the wall remain
constant at the specifie ,alues. / Heat transfer throu"h the shell is one-imensional. 0 Thermal
properties of the iron shell are constant. 1 The inner surface of the shell is at the same temperature as the
ice water, 'LC.
Properties The thermal conucti,ity of iron is k B ('.& ./mC (Ta!le ?-&:). The heat of fusion of water
is "i,en to !e AAA.- 0D/0".
Analysis This spherical shell can !e appro4imate as a plate of thic0ness '.: cm an area
A = D
&
B ('.& m)
&
B '.+&< m
&
Then the rate of heat transfer throu"h the shell !y conuction is

. +&,<A&
m '.'':
C ') (=
) m C)('.+&< ./m (('.&
&
con
=

=

=
L
T
kA Q

Consierin" that it ta0es AAA.- 0D of ener"y to melt + 0" of ice at 'LC,


the rate at which ice melts in the container can !e etermine from
%g=s 6&605
0D/0" AAA.-
0D/s +&.<A&
ice
= = =
if
h
Q
m

Discussion .e shoul point out that this result is sli"htly in error for appro4imatin" a cur,e wall as a
plain wall. The error in this case is ,ery small !ecause of the lar"e iameter to thic0ness ratio. 5or !etter
accuracy, we coul use the inner surface area (D B +*.& cm) or the mean surface area (D B +*.< cm) in the
calculations.
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*-+:
'.: cm
=C
I#ed
)aer
6C
D B= cm
('C
L B +' m Q
?ir, =C
-+05 EE8 Ero!. *-A- is reconsiere. The rate at which ice melts as a function of the container thic0ness
is to !e plotte.
Analysis The pro!lem is sol,e usin" >>8, an the solution is "i,en !elow.
"GIVEN"
A=0.2 [m]
L=0.< [)m]
T_1=0 [C]
T_2=5 [C]
"BCDBECTIE%"
@_==333.7 [k0/k:]
k=k_+EI/(*E1 25-
"ANAL$%I%"
A=8*A^2
&_'(t_)(*'=k*A*+T_2-T_1-/+L*C(*.!/t+)m1 m--
m_'(t_)!=+&_'(t_)(*'*C(*.!/t+W1 kW--/@_=
L 9#': 'i#e 9%g=s:
'.& '.'-=-:
'.: '.'A-(-
'.< '.'&=&=
'.( '.'+(*:
+ '.'+=+=
+.& '.'+&<&
+.: '.'+'(&
+.< '.''*:<(
+.( '.''(:+<
& '.''-=-:
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
) *cm+
m
i
c
e


*
-
g
4
s
+

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. % &''( The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. )imite istri!ution permitte only to teachers an
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*-+=
-+0-E The inner an outer "lasses of a ou!le pane winow with a '.=-in air space are at specifie
temperatures. The rate of heat transfer throu"h the winow is to !e etermine
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the
surface temperatures of the "lass remain constant at the
specifie ,alues. / Heat transfer throu"h the winow is one-
imensional. 0 Thermal properties of the air are constant.
Properties The thermal conucti,ity of air at the a,era"e
temperature of (<'I:()/& B =:5 is k B '.'+:+* #tu/hft5
(Ta!le ?-&&>).
Analysis The area of the winow an the rate of heat loss
throu"h it are
&
m +< ft) : ( ft) : ( = = A
<u=h .0. =

=

=
ft +& / &= . '
5 ) :( <' (
) ft 5)(+< #tu/h.ft. '+:+* . ' (
& & +
L
T T
kA Q

-+16 Two surfaces of a flat plate are maintaine at specifie temperatures, an the rate of heat transfer
throu"h the plate is measure. The thermal conucti,ity of the plate material is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the surface
temperatures of the plate remain constant at the specifie ,alues. / Heat
transfer throu"h the plate is one-imensional. 0 Thermal properties of
the plate are constant.
Analysis The thermal conucti,ity is etermine irectly from the steay
one-imensional heat conuction relation to !e
C ?=' 6&./2 =

=

=
C ') (('
m) ('.'& ) ./m ='' (
) (
) / (

&
& +
& +
T T
L A Q
k
L
T T
kA Q

-+1. 5our power transistors are mounte on a thin ,ertical aluminum plate that is coole !y a fan. The
temperature of the aluminum plate is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / The entire plate is nearly isothermal. 0 Thermal
properties of the wall are constant. 1 The e4pose surface area of the transistor can !e ta0en to !e e2ual to
its !ase area. 2 Heat transfer !y raiation is isre"are. 3 The con,ection heat transfer coefficient is
constant an uniform o,er the surface.
Analysis The total rate of heat issipation from the aluminum plate an the total heat transfer area are

&
m ':(: . ' m) m)('.&& && . ' (
. <' . += :
= =
= =
s
A
Q

@isre"arin" any raiation effects, the


temperature of the aluminum plate is
etermine to !e
C 41&3 =

+ = + = =

) m ':(: . ' )( C ./m &= (
. <'
C &= ) (
& &
s
s s s
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

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*-+<
Elate
Q
'C
('C
T
s
+= .
?ir
Glass
<'5
:(5
Q

-+1/ ? styrofoam ice chest is initially fille with :' 0" of ice at 'C. The time it ta0es for the ice in the
chest to melt completely is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / The inner an outer surface temperatures of the ice
chest remain constant at 'C an (C, respecti,ely, at all times. 0 Thermal properties of the chest are
constant. 1 Heat transfer from the !ase of the ice chest is ne"li"i!le.
Properties The thermal conucti,ity of the styrofoam is "i,en to !e k B '.'AA ./mC. The heat of fusion
of ice at 'C is AAA.- 0D/0".
Analysis @isre"arin" any heat loss throu"h the !ottom of the ice chest an usin" the a,era"e thic0nesses,
the total heat transfer area !ecomes

& &
m =A<= . ' cm =A<= ) A A' )( A :' ( : ) A :' )( A :' ( = = + = A
The rate of heat transfer to the ice chest !ecomes
. -& . :
m 'A . '
C ') ((
) m =A<= . ' ( C) ./m 'AA . ' (
&
=

=

=
L
T
kA Q

The total amount of heat neee to melt the ice completely is


0D : *A: 0D/0") 0")(AAA.- &( ( = = =
if
mh Q
Then transferrin" this much heat to the cooler to melt the ice completely will ta0e
days //&- = = = = s +' *( . +
D/s -& . :
D ''' , *A::
<
Q
Q
t

-+10 ? transistor mounte on a circuit !oar is coole !y air flowin" o,er it. The transistor case
temperature is not to e4cee -'C when the air temperature is ==C. The amount of power this transistor
can issipate safely is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat
transfer !y raiation is isre"are. 0 The con,ection heat
transfer coefficient is constant an uniform o,er the surface. 1
Heat transfer from the !ase of the transistor is ne"li"i!le.
Analysis @isre"arin" the !ase area, the total heat transfer
area of the transistor is

& :
& &
&
m +' 'A- . +
cm 'A- . + : / ) cm < . ' ( cm) cm)('.: < . ' (
: /

=
= + =
+ =

D DL A
s
Then the rate of heat transfer from the power transistor
at specifie conitions is
? 6&614 = = =

C ) == -' )( m +' C)(+.'A- ./m A' ( ) (
& -: &
T T hA Q
s s

Therefore, the amount of power this transistor can issipate safely is '.':- ..
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*-+-
Ice chest,
'C
A cm
Q

?ir,
==C
Eower
transistor
-+11 EE8 Ero!. *-:A is reconsiere. The amount of power the transistor can issipate safely as a function
of the ma4imum case temperature is to !e plotte.
Analysis The pro!lem is sol,e usin" >>8, an the solution is "i,en !elow.
"GIVEN"
L=0.00< [m]
A=0.00" [m]
@=30 [W/m^2-C]
T_*2*t3=55 [C]
T_);#!_m;F=70 [C]
"ANAL$%I%"
A=8*A*L48*A^2/<
&_'(t=@*A*+T_);#!_m;F-T_*2*t3-
T#ase( 'a$ 9C: ; 9?:
<' '.'+===
<&.= '.'&AAA
<= '.'A++
<-.= '.'A(((
-' '.':<<=
-&.= '.'=::A
-= '.'<&&
--.= '.'<**(
(' '.'---=
(&.= '.'(==A
(= '.'*AA+
(-.= '.+'++
*' '.+'(*
60 65 70 75 80 85 90
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
T
case,ma7
*C+
,


*
'
+

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*-+(
-+12E ? &''-ft lon" section of a steam pipe passes throu"h an open space at a specifie temperature. The
rate of heat loss from the steam pipe an the annual cost of this ener"y lost are to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat
transfer !y raiation is isre"are. 0 The con,ection heat
transfer coefficient is constant an uniform o,er the
surface.
Analysis (a) The rate of heat loss from the steam pipe is

&
ft : . &'* ft) &'' ( ft) +& / : ( = = = DL A
s

<u=h /5-(666 B
5 ) =' &(' )( ft : . &'* ( 5) ft #tu/h < ( ) (
& &
air pipe
= = T T hA Q
s s

(b) The amount of heat loss per year is


#tu/yr +' =A+ . & h/yr) &: #tu/h)(A<= ''' , &(* (
*
= = = t Q Q

The amount of "as consumption per year in the furnace that has an efficiency of (<M is
therms/yr :A= , &*
#tu +'','''
therm +
(< . '
#tu/yr +' =A+ . &
)oss >ner"y ?nnual
*
=


=
Then the annual cost of the ener"y lost !ecomes
>0/(056=yr =
=
therm) / +' . + (F ) therms/yr (&*,:A= B
ener"y) of cost loss)(Cnit ener"y ?nnual ( cost >ner"y
-+13 ? :-m iameter spherical tan0 fille with li2ui nitro"en at + atm an -+*<C is e4pose to
con,ection with am!ient air. The rate of e,aporation of li2ui nitro"en in the tan0 as a result of the heat
transfer from the am!ient air is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat transfer !y raiation is isre"are. 0 The
con,ection heat transfer coefficient is constant an uniform o,er the surface. 1 The temperature of the
thin-shelle spherical tan0 is nearly e2ual to the temperature of the nitro"en insie.
Properties The heat of ,apori9ation an ensity of li2ui nitro"en at + atm are "i,en to !e +*( 0D/0" an
(+' 0"/m
A
, respecti,ely.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer to the nitro"en tan0 is

& & &
m &- . =' m) : ( = = = D A
s

? /4.(106 =
= = C )J +*< ( &' )K m &- . =' ( C) ./m &= ( ) (
& &
air
T T hA Q
s s

Then the rate of e,aporation of li2ui nitro"en in the tan0 is


etermine to !e
%g=s .&04 = = = =
0D/0" +*(
0D/s :A' . &-+
fg
fg
h
Q
m h m Q

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*-+*
D B: in
&('5
LB&'' ft
;
?ir,='5
+ atm
)i2ui 7
&
-+*<C
Q

Gapor
?ir
&'C
-+14 ? :-m iameter spherical tan0 fille with li2ui o4y"en at + atm an -+(AC is e4pose to
con,ection with am!ient air. The rate of e,aporation of li2ui o4y"en in the tan0 as a result of the heat
transfer from the am!ient air is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat transfer !y raiation is isre"are. 0 The
con,ection heat transfer coefficient is constant an uniform o,er the surface. 1 The temperature of the
thin-shelle spherical tan0 is nearly e2ual to the temperature of the o4y"en insie.
Properties The heat of ,apori9ation an ensity of li2ui o4y"en at + atm are "i,en to !e &+A 0D/0" an
++:' 0"/m
A
, respecti,ely.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer to the o4y"en tan0 is

& & &
m &- . =' m) : ( = = = D A
s

? /22(./6 =
= = C )J +(A ( &' )K m &- . =' ( C) . ./m &= ( ) (
& &
air
T T hA Q
s s

Then the rate of e,aporation of li2ui o4y"en in the tan0 is etermine to !e


%g=s .&/6 = = = =
0D/0" &+A
0D/s +&' . &==
fg
fg
h
Q
m h m Q

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*-&'
+ atm
)i2ui N
&
-+(AC
Q

Gapor
?ir
&'C
-+15 EE8 Ero!. *-:< is reconsiere. The rate of e,aporation of li2ui nitro"en as a function of the
am!ient air temperature is to !e plotte.
Analysis The pro!lem is sol,e usin" >>8, an the solution is "i,en !elow.
"GIVEN"
A=< [m]
T_#=-1," [C]
T_;/=20 [C]
@=25 [W/m^2-C]
"BCDBECTIE%"
@_=:=1,8 [k0/k:]
"ANAL$%I%"
A=8*A^2
&_'(t=@*A*+T_;/-T_#-
m_'(t_!.;8=+&_'(t*C(*.!/t+0/#1 k0/#--/@_=:
Tair 9C: 'evap 9%g=s:
' +.&::
&.= +.&<
= +.&-<
-.= +.&*&
+' +.A'-
+&.= +.A&A
+= +.AA*
+-.= +.A==
&' +.A-+
&&.= +.A(-
&= +.:'A
&-.= +.:+(
A' +.:A:
A&.= +.:=
A= +.:<<
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
T
air
*C+
m
e
6
a
p


*
-
g
4
s
+

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*-&+
-+1- ? person with a specifie surface temperature is su!1ecte to raiation heat transfer in a room at
specifie wall temperatures. The rate of raiation heat loss from the person is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat transfer !y con,ection is isre"are. 0 The
emissi,ity of the person is constant an uniform o,er the e4pose surface.
Properties The a,era"e emissi,ity of the person is "i,en to !e '.=.
Analysis 7otin" that the person is completely enclose !y the surrounin" surfaces, the net rates of
raiation heat transfer from the !oy to the surrounin" walls, ceilin", an the floor in !oth cases are
(a) Tsurr B A'' ;

? /3&4 B
J; ;) (A'' &-A) I )K(A& m )(+.- .; ./m +' <- . = )( = . ' (
) (
: : : & : & (
:
surr
:
ra
=
=

T T A Q
s s

(b) Tsurr B &(' ;



? ./. B
J; ;) (&(' &-A) I )K(A& m )(+.- .; ./m +' <- . = )( = . ' (
) (
: : : & : & (
:
surr
:
ra
=
=

T T A Q
s s

Discussion 7ote that the raiation heat transfer "oes up !y


more than : times as the temperature of the surrounin"
surfaces rops from A'' ; to &(' ;.
-+26 ? circuit !oar houses (' closely space lo"ic chips on one sie, each issipatin" '.'< .. ?ll the
heat "enerate in the chips is conucte across the circuit !oar. The temperature ifference !etween the
two sies of the circuit !oar is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Thermal properties of the !oar are constant. 0 ?ll the
heat "enerate in the chips is conucte across the circuit !oar.
Properties The effecti,e thermal conucti,ity of the !oar is
"i,en to !e k B +< ./mC.
Analysis The total rate of heat issipate !y the chips is
. ( . : .) '< . ' ( (' = = Q

Then the temperature ifference !etween the front an !ac0 surfaces of the !oar is
&
m '&+< . ' m) m)('.+( +& . ' ( = = A
C 6&61/ =

= =

=
) m C)('.'&+< ./m +< (
m) ''A . ' .)( ( . : (
&
kA
L Q
T
L
T
kA Q

Discussion 7ote that the circuit !oar is nearly isothermal.


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*-&&
Chips
Q

T
surr
Q
ra
A&C
-+2. ? seale electronic !o4 issipatin" a total of +'' . of power is place in a ,acuum cham!er. If this
!o4 is to !e coole !y raiation alone an the outer surface temperature of the !o4 is not to e4cee ==C,
the temperature the surrounin" surfaces must !e 0ept is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat transfer !y con,ection is isre"are. 0 The
emissi,ity of the !o4 is constant an uniform o,er the e4pose surface. 1 Heat transfer from the !ottom
surface of the !o4 to the stan is ne"li"i!le.
Properties The emissi,ity of the outer surface of the !o4 is "i,en to !e '.*=.
Analysis @isre"arin" the !ase area, the total heat transfer area of the electronic !o4 is

&
m :( . ' ) m : . ' )( m & . ' ( : m) m)('.: : . ' ( = + =
s
A
The raiation heat transfer from the !o4 can !e e4presse as

[ ]
:
surr
: & : & (
:
surr
:
ra
) ; &-A == ( ) m :( . ' )( ; ./m +' <- . = )( *= . ' ( . +''
) (
T
T T A Q
s s
+ =
=

which "i,es Tsurr B /-3&0 A B /0&0C. Therefore, the temperature of the surrounin" surfaces must !e
less than &A.AC.
-+2/E Csin" the con,ersion factors !etween . an #tu/h, m an ft, an ; an 3, the 8tefan-#olt9mann
constant
: & (
; ./m +' <- . = =

is to !e e4presse in the >n"lish unit,


: &
3 ft #tu/h
.
Analysis The con,ersion factors for ., m, an ; are "i,en in con,ersion ta!les to !e
3 +.( B ; +
ft A.&('( B m +
#tu/h A.:+&+: B . +
8u!stitutin" "i,es the 8tefan-#olt9mann constant in the esire units,
1 /
R " <u=h 6&.4. = =
: &
: &
3) (+.( ft) &('( . A (
#tu/h A.:+&+:
=.<- B ; ./m <- . =
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*-&A
+'' .
B '.*=
T
s
B==C
-+20E Csin" the con,ersion factors !etween . an #tu/h, m an ft, an C an 5, the con,ection
coefficient in 8I units is to !e e4presse in #tu/hft
&
5.
Analysis The con,ersion factors for . an m are strai"htforwar, an are "i,en in con,ersion ta!les to !e
ft A.&('( B m +
#tu/h A.:+&+: B . +
The proper con,ersion factor !etween C into 5 in this case is
5 +.( B C +
since the C in the unit ./m
&
C represents per C change in temperature, an +C chan"e in temperature
correspons to a chan"e of +.(5. 8u!stitutin", we "et
5 ft #tu/h +-<+ . '
5) (+.( ft) &('( . A (
#tu/h A.:+&+:
B C ./m +
&
&
&
=


which is the esire con,ersion factor. Therefore, the "i,en con,ection heat transfer coefficient in >n"lish
units is
F " <u=h /&14
/
= = 5 ft #tu/h '.+-<+ +: B C ./m +:
& &
h
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*-&:
-+21 ? cylinrical sample of a material is use to etermine its thermal conucti,ity. The temperatures
measure alon" the sample are ta!ulate. The ,ariation of temperature alon" the sample is to !e plotte
an the thermal conucti,ity of the sample material is to !e calculate.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat transfer is one-imensional (a4ial irection).
Analysis The followin" ta!le "i,es the results of the calculations. The plot of temperatures is also "i,en
!elow. ? sample calculation for the thermal conucti,ity is as follows$

&
& &
m ''':* . '
:
m) '&= . ' (
:
= = =
D
A

C) ./m ( . &--
) C +A . < )( m ''':* . ' (
m) '+' . ' .)( := . (A (
) (
&
& +
+&
=

=
T T A
L Q
k

@istance from
left face, cm
Temperature,
LC
Temperature
ifference
(OC)
Thermal
conucti,ity
(./mOC)
' T+B (*.A( T*-T&B <.+A &--.(
+ T&B (A.&= T&-TAB :.*- A:&.-
& TAB -(.&( TA-T:B :.+( :'-.:
A T:B -:.+' T:-T=B =.(= &*+.+
: T=B <(.&= T=-T<B :.=& A-<.(
= T<B<A.-A T<-T-B +:.'( +&'.*
< T-B :*.<= T--T(B =.&= A&:.:
- T(B ::.:' T(-T*B :.:' A(-.+
( T*B :'.'' T*-T&B <.+A &--.(
0 2 2 3 8 1 ( 9 8
80
10
(0
90
80
0
:istance *cm+
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e


*
C
+

Discussion It is o!ser,e from the calculations in the ta!le an the plot of temperatures that the
temperature reain" corresponin" to the calculate thermal conucti,ity of +&'.* is pro!a!ly not ri"ht,
an it shoul !e iscare.
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*-&=
Q

' + & A : = < - ( x cm


-+22 ?n aircraft flyin" uner icin" conitions is consiere. The temperature of the win"s to pre,ent ice
from formin" on them is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat transfer coefficient is constant.
Properties The heat of fusion an the ensity of ice are "i,en to !e AAA.- 0D/0" an *&' 0"/m
A
,
respecti,ely.
Analysis The temperature of the win"s to pre,ent ice from formin" on them is etermine to !e
C 38.2 =

+ = + =
C ./m +='
D/0") '' m/s)(AAA,- )('.''+/<' 0"/m *&' (
C '
&
A
ice win"
h
!h
T T
if

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*-&<
#imultaneous Heat Transfer !echanisms
-+23C ?ll three moes of heat transfer can not occur simultaneously in a meium. ? meium may
in,ol,e two of them simultaneously.
-+24C (a) Conuction an con,ection$ 7o. (b) Conuction an raiation$ Pes. >4ample$ ? hot surface on
the ceilin". (c) Con,ection an raiation$ Pes. >4ample$ Heat transfer from the human !oy.
-+25C The human !oy loses heat !y con,ection, raiation, an e,aporation in !oth summer an winter.
In summer, we can 0eep cool !y ressin" li"htly, stayin" in cooler en,ironments, turnin" a fan on,
a,oiin" humi places an irect e4posure to the sun. In winter, we can 0eep warm !y ressin" hea,ily,
stayin" in a warmer en,ironment, an a,oiin" rafts.
-+2-C The fan increases the air motion aroun the !oy an thus the con,ection heat transfer coefficient,
which increases the rate of heat transfer from the !oy !y con,ection an e,aporation. In rooms with hi"h
ceilin"s, ceilin" fans are use in winter to force the warm air at the top ownwar to increase the air
temperature at the !oy le,el. This is usually one !y forcin" the air up which hits the ceilin" an mo,es
ownwar in a "ently manner to a,oi rafts.
-+36 The total rate of heat transfer from a person !y !oth con,ection an raiation to the surrounin" air
an surfaces at specifie temperatures is to !e etermine.
Assu'pions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / The person is
completely surroune !y the interior surfaces of the room. 0 The
surrounin" surfaces are at the same temperature as the air in the
room. 1 Heat conuction to the floor throu"h the feet is ne"li"i!le.
2 The con,ection coefficient is constant an uniform o,er the
entire surface of the person.
Properies The emissi,ity of a person is "i,en to !e B '.*.
Analysis The person is completely enclose !y the surrounin"
surfaces, an he or she will lose heat to the surrounin" air !y
con,ection an to the surrounin" surfaces !y raiation. The total
rate of heat loss from the person is etermine from

. (:.( B J; &-A) I (&A &-A) I )K(A& m )(+.- .; ./m +' <- . = )( *' . ' ( ) (
: : : & : & ( :
surr
:
ra
= =

T T A Q
s s

. = . -< C ) &A A& ( ) m ;)(+.- ./m (=


& &
con,
= = = T hA Q
s

an ? .3.&0 = . -< ( . (:
ra con, total
= + = + = Q Q Q

Discussion 7ote that heat transfer from the person !y e,aporation, which is of compara!le ma"nitue, is
not consiere in this pro!lem.
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*-&-
T
surr
Q
ra
A&C
B'.*
&AC
Q
con,
-+3. Two lar"e plates at specifie temperatures are hel parallel to each other. The rate of heat transfer
!etween the plates is to !e etermine for the cases of still air, e,acuation, re"ular insulation, an super
insulation !etween the plates.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the plate temperatures remain constant. / Heat
transfer is one-imensional since the plates are lar"e. 0 The surfaces are !lac0 an thus B +. 1 There are
no con,ection currents in the air space !etween the plates.
Properties The thermal conucti,ities are k B '.'''+= ./mC for super insulation, k B '.'+*-* ./mC
at -='C (Ta!le ?-&&) for air, an k B '.'A< ./mC for fi!er"lass insulation.
Analysis (a) @isre"arin" any natural con,ection currents, the rates
of conuction an raiation heat transfer
[ ]
? 2.. = + = + =
= =
=
=

A-& +A*
. A-& ) ; +=' ( ) ; &*' ( ) m + )( ; ./m +' <- . = ( +
) (
. +A*
m '.'&
; ) +=' &*' (
) m C)(+ ./m '+*-* . ' (
ra con total
: : & : & (
:
&
:
+ ra
& & & +
con
Q Q Q
T T A Q
L
T T
kA Q
s

(b) .hen the air space !etween the plates is e,acuate, there will !e
raiation heat transfer only. Therefore,
? 04/ = =
ra total
Q Q

(c) In this case there will !e conuction heat transfer throu"h the
fi!er"lass insulation only,
? /2/ =

= =
m '.'&
; ) +=' &*' (
) m C)(+ ./m 'A< . ' (
& o & +
con total
L
T T
kA Q Q

(d) In the case of superinsulation, the rate of heat transfer will !e
? .&62 =

= =
m '.'&
; ) +=' &*' (
) m C)(+ ./m '''+= . ' (
& & +
con total
L
T T
kA Q Q

Discussion 7ote that superinsulators are ,ery effecti,e in reucin" heat transfer !etween to surfaces.
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*-&(
Q
Q
T
+
T
&
& cm
-+3/ The outer surface of a wall is e4pose to solar raiation. The effecti,e thermal conucti,ity of the
wall is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / The heat
transfer coefficient is constant an uniform o,er the surface.
Properties #oth the solar a!sorpti,ity an emissi,ity of the wall
surface are "i,en to !e '.(.
Analysis The heat transfer throu"h the wall !y conuction is
e2ual to net heat transfer to the outer wall surface$
[ ]
) ./m +=' )( ( . ' (
) ; &-A :: ( ) ; &-A :' ( ) ; ./m +' ('.()(=.<- C ) :: C)(:' ./m ((
m '.&=
C &-) - (::
) ( ) (
&
: : : & ( - &
solar
:
&
:
surr &
+ &
solar ra con, con
+
+ + + =

+ + =

+ + =
k
q T T T T h
L
T T
k
q q q q
s "


8ol,in" for k "i,es
C '4m 0.(2 = k
-+30 The con,ection heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer from an electrically heate wire to air is to
!e etermine !y measurin" temperatures when steay operatin" conitions are reache an the electric
power consume.
Assu'pions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the temperature reain"s o not chan"e with time.
/ 3aiation heat transfer is ne"li"i!le.
Analysis In steay operation, the rate of heat loss from the wire e2uals the rate of heat "eneration in the
wire as a result of resistance heatin". That is,
. AA' B ?) G)(A ++' (
"enerate
= = = I E Q @

The surface area of the wire is
&
m '.''((' B m) m)(+.: ''& . ' ( = = DL A
s
The 7ewton6s law of coolin" for con,ection heat
transfer is e4presse as
) (

= T T hA Q
s s

@isre"arin" any heat transfer !y raiation, the con,ection heat transfer coefficient is etermine to !e

C ?=' .46&2
/
=

=

C ) &' &:' )( m ('.''(('


. AA'
) (
&
+
T T A
Q
h
s

Discussion If the temperature of the surrounin" surfaces is e2ual to the air temperature in the room, the
,alue o!taine a!o,e actually represents the com!ine con,ection an raiation heat transfer coefficient.
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*-&*
@ B'.& cm
&:'C
L B +.: m Q
?ir, &'C
+=' ./m
&

s
B B '.(
air, :'C
h
#
Q
ra
&-OC
::OC
-+31 EE8 Ero!. *-<A is reconsiere. The con,ection heat transfer coefficient as a function of the wire
surface temperature is to !e plotte.
Analysis The pro!lem is sol,e usin" >>8, an the solution is "i,en !elow.
"GIVEN"
L=1.< [m]
A=0.002 [m]
T_*2*t3=20 [C]
T_#=2<0 [C]
V=110 [V(9t]
I=3 [Am8!/!]
"ANAL$%I%"
&_'(t=V*I
A=8*A*L
&_'(t=@*A*+T_#-T_*2*t3-
Ts 9C: h 9?='
/
&C:
+'' :<(.*
+&' A-=.&
+:' A+&.<
+<' &<(
+(' &A:.=
&'' &'(.:
&&' +(-.<
&:' +-'.=
&<' +=<.A
&(' +::.A
A'' +A:
100 140 180 220 260 300
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
T
s
*C+
h


*
'
4
m
2
5
C
+

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*-A'
-+32E ? spherical !all whose surface is maintaine at a temperature of +-'L5 is suspene in the mile
of a room at -'L5. The total rate of heat transfer from the !all is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the !all
surface an the surrounin" air an surfaces remain at constant
temperatures. / The thermal properties of the !all an the
con,ection heat transfer coefficient are constant an uniform.
Properties The emissi,ity of the !all surface is "i,en to !e B '.(.
Analysis The heat transfer surface area is
As B D
&
B (&/+& ft)
&
B '.'(-&- ft
&
Cner steay conitions, the rates of con,ection an
raiation heat transfer are
#tu/h *.:
J 3) :<' I (-' 3) :<' I )K(+-' 3 ft #tu/h +' )('.+-+: ft - '.(('.'(-&
) (
#tu/h * . +A' 5 -') )(+-' ft 5)('.'(-&- ft #tu/h (+=
: : : & ( &
: :
ra
& &
con,
=
=
=
= = =

" s s
s
T T A Q
T hA Q

Therefore, <u=h .16&0 = + = + = : . * * . +A'


ra con, total
Q Q Q

Discussion 7ote that heat loss !y con,ection is se,eral times that of heat loss !y raiation. The raiation
heat loss can further !e reuce !y coatin" the !all with a low-emissi,ity material.
-+33 CD EE8 ? +'''-. iron is left on the iron !oar with its !ase e4pose to the air at &'LC. The
temperature of the !ase of the iron is to !e etermine in steay operation.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / The thermal
properties of the iron !ase an the con,ection heat transfer
coefficient are constant an uniform. 0 The temperature of the
surrounin" surfaces is the same as the temperature of the
surrounin" air.
Properties The emissi,ity of the !ase surface is "i,en to !e
B '.<.
Analysis ?t steay conitions, the +''' . ener"y supplie
to the iron will !e issipate to the surrounin"s !y
con,ection an raiation heat transfer. Therefore,
. +'''
ra con, total
= + = Q Q Q

where ;) &*A ( '.- ;) &*A ( ) m ;)('.'& ./m (A=
& &
con,
= = =
s s s
T T T hA Q

an
J ;) (&*A K +' '.'<(':
J ;) (&*A )K ; ./m +' )(=.<- m '.<('.'& ) (
: : (
: : : & ( & : :
ra
=
= =

s
s " s s
T
T T T A Q

8u!stitutin", J ;) (&*A K +' '<(': . ' ) ; &*A ( - . ' . +'''


: : (
+ =

s s
T T
8ol,in" !y trial an error "i,es
C 341 A -14 = =
s
T
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*-A+
D B & in
?ir
-'5
+-'5
R
Iron
+''' .
Discussion .e note that the iron will issipate all the ener"y it recei,es !y con,ection an raiation when
its surface temperature reaches *:- ;.
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*-A&
-+34 ? spacecraft in space a!sor!s solar raiation while losin" heat to eep space !y thermal raiation.
The surface temperature of the spacecraft is to !e etermine when steay conitions are reache.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the surface temperatures of the wall remain
constant at the specifie ,alues. / Thermal properties of the wall are constant.
Properties The outer surface of a spacecraft has an emissi,ity of '.( an an a!sorpti,ity of '.A.
Analysis .hen the heat loss from the outer surface of the spacecraft
!y raiation e2uals the solar raiation a!sor!e, the surface
temperature can !e etermine from
J ;) (' )K ; ./m +' (=.<- '.( ) ./m *=' ( A . '
) (
: : : & ( &
:
space
:
solar
ra a!sor!e solar
=
=
=

s s s
s s
T A A
T T A Q
Q Q



Cancelin" the surface area A an sol,in" for Ts "i,es
T
s
= /5.&2 A
-+35 ? spherical tan0 locate outoors is use to store ice water at 'C. The rate of heat transfer to the
ice water in the tan0 an the amount of ice at 'C that melts urin" a &:-h perio are to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the surface temperatures of the wall remain
constant at the specifie ,alues. / Thermal properties of the tan0 an the con,ection heat transfer
coefficient is constant an uniform. 0 The a,era"e surrounin" surface temperature for raiation e4chan"e
is +=C. 1 The thermal resistance of the tan0 is ne"li"i!le, an the entire steel tan0 is at 'C.
Properties The heat of fusion of water at atmospheric pressure
is
0D/0" - . AAA =
if
h
. The emissi,ity of the outer surface of
the tan0 is '.-=.
Analysis (a) The outer surface area of the spherical tan0 is
& & &
m <= . &( m) '& . A ( = = = D A
s
Then the rates of heat transfer to the tan0 !y con,ection an
raiation !ecome
-' 23.2 = = + = + =
= = =
= = =

. +'& , &A +<+: :(( , &+
. +<+: J ) ; &-A ( ;) &(( )K( ; ./m +' )(=.<- m <= . &( )( -= . ' ( ) (
. :(( , &+ C ) ' &= )( m C)(&(.<= ./m A' ( ) (
ra con, total
: : : & ( - & : :
surr ra
& &
con,
Q Q Q
T T A Q
T T hA Q
s s
s s


(!) The amount of heat transfer urin" a &:-hour perio is
0D ''' , **< , + s) A<'' 0D/s)(&: +'& . &A ( = = = t Q Q

Then the amount of ice that melts urin" this perio !ecomes
%g 2-56 = = = =
0D/0" - . AAA
0D ''' , **< , +
if
if
h
Q
m mh Q
Discussion The amount of ice that melts can !e reuce to a small fraction !y insulatin" the tan0.
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*-AA
*=' ./m
&
B '.A
B '.(
#
Q
ra
+ cm
'C
Ice
water
'C
Q

?ir
&=C
-+3- CD EE8 The roof of a house with a "as furnace consists of a +=-cm thic0 concrete that is losin" heat
to the outoors !y raiation an con,ection. The rate of heat transfer throu"h the roof an the money lost
throu"h the roof that ni"ht urin" a +: hour perio are to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / The emissi,ity an thermal conucti,ity of the roof
are constant.
Properties The thermal conucti,ity of the concrete is "i,en to !e k B & ./mC. The emissi,ity of the
outer surface of the roof is "i,en to !e '.*.
Analysis In steay operation, heat transfer from the outer surface of the roof to the surrounin"s !y
con,ection an raiation must !e e2ual to the heat transfer throu"h the roof !y conuction. That is,
ra I con, "s, surrounin to roof con roof,
Q Q Q

= =
The inner surface temperature of the roof is "i,en to !e Ts,in B +=C. )ettin" Ts,out enote the outer surface
temperatures of the roof, the ener"y !alance a!o,e can !e e4presse as
) ( ) (
:
surr
:
out s, surr out s,
out s, in s,
T T A T T A h
L
T T
kA Q
"
+ =

[ ]
: :
out s,
: & ( &
out s,
& &
out s,
&
;) &== ( ;) &-A ( ) ; ./m +' <- . = )( m A'' )( * . ' (
C ) +' )( m C)(A'' . ./m += (
m += . '
C +=
) m A'' )( C ./m & (
+ +
=

=

T
T
T
Q

8ol,in" the e2uations a!o,e usin" an e2uation sol,er (or !y trial an error) "i,es
C 5&31 ? /2(126 = =
out s,
an T Q

Then the amount of natural "as consumption urin" a *-hour perio is


therms A . +:
0D +'=,=''
therm +
(= . '
) s A<'' +: )( 0D/s :=' . &= (
(= . ' (= . '
total
"as
=

= =
t Q Q
E

5inally, the money lost throu"h the roof urin" that perio is
>5&25 = = ) therm / <' . ' F therms)( A . +: ( lost Money
-+46E ? flat plate solar collector is place hori9ontally on the roof of a house. The rate of heat loss from
the collector !y con,ection an raiation urin" a calm ay are to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / The emissi,ity an con,ection heat transfer coefficient
are constant an uniform. 0 The e4pose surface, am!ient, an s0y temperatures remain constant.
Properties The emissi,ity of the outer surface of the collector is "i,en to !e '.*.
Analysis The e4pose surface area of the collector is
&
ft -= ft) ft)(+= = ( = =
s
A
7otin" that the e4pose surface temperature of the
collector is +''5, the total rate of heat loss from the
collector to the en,ironment !y con,ection an
raiation !ecomes
#tu/h A==+
J ) 3 :<' =' ( 3) :<' +'' )K( 3 ft #tu/h +' )('.+-+: ft -= )( * . ' ( ) (
#tu/h =<&= 5 ) -' +'' )( ft 5)(-= #tu/h.ft = . & ( ) (
: : : & ( - & : :
surr ra
& &
con,
=
+ + = =
= = =

s s
s s
T T A Q
T T hA Q

an <u=h -.43 = + = + = A==+ =<&=


ra con, total
Q Q Q

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*-A:
Q
T
s0y
B &== ;
Q

8olar
collector
T
s0y
B ='5
?ir, -'5
&e6ie/ ;ro<lems
-+4. ? stanin" man is su!1ecte to hi"h wins an thus hi"h con,ection coefficients. The rate of heat
loss from this man !y con,ection in still air at &'LC, in winy air, an the win-chill factor are to !e
etermine.
Assumptions . ? stanin" man can !e moele as a A'-cm iameter, +-'-cm lon" ,ertical cyliner with
!oth the top an !ottom surfaces insulate. / The e4pose surface temperature of the person an the
con,ection heat transfer coefficient is constant an uniform. 0 Heat loss !y raiation is ne"li"i!le.
Analysis The heat transfer surface area of the person is
As = DL B ('.A m)(+.-' m) B +.<' m
&
The rate of heat loss from this man !y con,ection in still air is
Qstill air = hAsT B (+= ./m
&
QC)(+.<' m
&
)(A: - &')C B 003 ?
In winy air it woul !e
Qwiny air B hAsT B (=' ./m
&
QC)(+.<' m
&
)(A: - &')C B ../6 ?
To lose heat at this rate in still air, the air temperature must !e
++&' . B (hAsT)still air B (+= ./mSQC)(+.<' mS)(A: - Teffecti,e)C
which "i,es
Teffecti,e B -+&.-C
That is, the winy air at &'C feels as col as still air at -+&.-C as a result of the win-chill effect.
Therefore, the win-chill factor in this case is
$win-chill B &' - (-+&.-) B 0/&4C
-+4/ The !ac0sie of the thin metal plate is insulate an the front sie is e4pose to solar raiation. The
surface temperature of the plate is to !e etermine when it sta!ili9es.
Assu'pions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat transfer throu"h the insulate sie of the plate is
ne"li"i!le. 0 The heat transfer coefficient is constant an uniform o,er the plate. 1 3aiation heat transfer
is ne"li"i!le.
Properies The solar a!sorpti,ity of the plate is "i,en to !e B '.-.
Analysis .hen the heat loss from the plate !y con,ection e2uals
the solar raiation a!sor!e, the surface temperature of the plate
can !e etermine from
) +' ( C) ./m (&= ./m ' == - . '
) (
& &
solar
con, a!sor!e solar
=
=
=
s s
" s s
T A A
T T hA Q
Q Q

Cancelin" the surface area As an sol,in" for Ts "i,es


C 21.8 =
s
T
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*-A=
.iny weather
==' ./m
&
B '.-
air, +'C
#
Q
ra
-+40 ? room is to !e heate !y + ton of hot water containe in a tan0 place in the room. The minimum
initial temperature of the water is to !e etermine if it to meet the heatin" re2uirements of this room for a
&:-h perio.
Assumptions . .ater is an incompressi!le su!stance with constant specific heats. / ?ir is an ieal "as
with constant specific heats. 0 The ener"y store in the container itself is ne"li"i!le relati,e to the ener"y
store in water. 1 The room is maintaine at &'LC at all times. 2 The hot water is to meet the heatin"
re2uirements of this room for a &:-h perio.
Properties The specific heat of water at room temperature is c B :.+( 0D/0"QLC (Ta!le ?-+=).
Analysis Heat loss from the room urin" a &:-h perio is
Qloss B (+',''' 0D/h)(&: h) B &:',''' 0D
Ta0in" the contents of the room, incluin" the water, as our system, the ener"y !alance can !e written as
( ) ( )
'
air water out
ener"ies etc. potential,
0inetic, internal, in Chan"e
system
mass an wor0, heat, !y
nsfer ener"y tra 7et

% % % Q E E E
"ut in
+ = = =


or
-Qout B Kmc(T& - T+)Jwater
8u!stitutin",
-&:',''' 0D B (+''' 0")(:.+( 0D/0"QC)(&' - T+)
It "i,es
T+ B 44&1C
where T+ is the temperature of the water when it is first !rou"ht into the room.
-+41 The !ase surface of a cu!ical furnace is surroune !y !lac0 surfaces at a specifie temperature. The
net rate of raiation heat transfer to the !ase surface from the top an sie surfaces is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / The top an sie surfaces of the furnace closely
appro4imate !lac0 surfaces. 0 The properties of the surfaces are constant.
Properties The emissi,ity of the !ase surface is B '.-.
Analysis The !ase surface is completely surroune !y the top an
sie surfaces. Then usin" the raiation relation for a surface
completely surroune !y another lar"e (or !lac0) surface, the net
rate of raiation heat transfer from the top an sie surfaces to the
!ase is etermine to !e
%? 2-1 = =
=
=
. =*:,:''
J ) ; ('' ( ;) +&'' )K( ; . ./m +' )(=.<- m A A )( - . ' (
) (
: : : & ( - &
:
surr
:
!ase !ase ra,
T T A Q

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*-A<
&'C
+',''' 0D/h
water
#ase, ('' ;
#lac0 furnace
+&'' ;
-+42 ? refri"erator consumes <'' . of power when operatin", an its motor remains on for = min an
then off for += min perioically. The a,era"e thermal conucti,ity of the refri"erator walls an the
annual cost of operatin" this refri"erator are to !e etermine.
Assumptions . Ruasi-steay operatin" conitions e4ist. / The inner an outer surface temperatures of the
refri"erator remain constant.
Analysis The total surface area of the refri"erator where heat transfer ta0es place is
[ ]
&
total
m +& . * ) ( . ' & . + ( ) ( . ' ( . + ( ) & . + ( . + ( & = + + = A
8ince the refri"erator has a CNE of +.=, the rate of heat remo,al from the
refri"erate space, which is e2ual to the rate of heat "ain in steay operation, is
. *'' = . + .) <'' ( CNE = = =
e
W Q

#ut the refri"erator operates a 2uarter of the time (= min on, += min off).
Therefore, the a,era"e rate of heat "ain is
. &&= B .)/: *'' ( : /
a,e
= = Q Q

Then the thermal conucti,ity of refri"erator walls is etermine to !e
C ?=' 6&6340 =

=

=
C ) < +- )( m +& . * (
m) .)('.'A &&= (
&
a,"
a,"
a,e
a,e
T A
L Q
k
L
T
kA Q

The total num!er of hours this refri"erator remains on per year is


h &+*' : / &: A<= = = t
Then the total amount of electricity consume urin" a one-year perio an the annular cost of operatin"
this refri"erator are
>.62&.=yr = =
= = =
) 0.h / '( . ' )(F 0.h/yr +A+: ( cost ?nnual
0.h/yr +A+: ) h/yr &+*' )( 0. < . ' ( y Csa"e >lectricit ?nnual t W
e

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*-A-
-+43 >n"ine ,al,es are to !e heate in a heat treatment section. The amount of heat transfer, the a,era"e
rate of heat transfer, the a,era"e heat flu4, an the num!er of ,al,es that can !e heat treate aily are to
!e etermine.
Assumptions Constant properties "i,en in the pro!lem can !e use.
Properties The a,era"e specific heat an ensity of ,al,es are "i,en to !e cp B ::' D/0".C an B -(:'
0"/m
A
.
Analysis (a) The amount of heat transferre to the ,al,e is simply the chan"e in its internal ener"y, an is
etermine from
%7 /3&02 B C :') C)(('' 0D/0" 0")('.::' '-(( . ' (
) (
+ &
=
= = T T mc % Q
p
(b) The a,era"e rate of heat transfer can !e etermine from
? 54&5 = =

= 0. '(-( . '
s <' =
0D A= . &<
a,"
t
Q
Q

(c) The a,era"e heat flu4 is etermine from


/ 1
?=' .6 .&42 = = = =
m) m)('.+ ''( . ' ( &
. ( . (-
T &
a," a,"
a,e
DL
Q
A
Q
q
s

(d) The num!er of ,al,es that can !e heat treate aily is


valves 0666 =

=
min =
,al,es) min)(&= <' +' (
,al,es of 7um!er
-+44 The "lass co,er of a flat plate solar collector with specifie inner an outer surface temperatures is
consiere. The fraction of heat lost from the "lass co,er !y raiation is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist since the surface temperatures of the "lass remain
constant at the specifie ,alues. / Thermal properties of the "lass are constant.
Properties The thermal conucti,ity of the "lass is "i,en to !e k B '.- ./mC.
Analysis Cner steay conitions, the rate of heat transfer throu"h the "lass !y conuction is

. (-=
m '.''<
C ) &= (&(
) m C)(&.= ./m ('.-
&
con
=

=

=
L
T
kA Q

The rate of heat transfer from the "lass !y con,ection is


. &=' C ) += )(&= m C)(&.= ./m (+'
& &
con,
= = = T hA Q

Cner steay conitions, the heat transferre throu"h the


co,er !y conuction shoul !e transferre from the outer
surface !y con,ection an raiation. That is,
. <&= &=' (-=
con, con ra
= = = Q Q Q

Then the fraction of heat transferre !y raiation !ecomes
6&4.1 = = =
(-=
<&=
con
ra
Q
Q
f

(or -+.:M)
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*-A(
>n"ine ,al,e
T
+
B :'C
T
&
B (''C
D B '.( cm
L B +' cm
&=C &(C
LB'.< cm
? B &.= m
&
Q

?ir, +=C
hB+' ./m
&
.C
-+45 The ran"e of C-factors for winows are "i,en. The ran"e for the rate of heat loss throu"h the winow
of a house is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat losses
associate with the infiltration of air throu"h the crac0s/openin"s are not
consiere.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer throu"h the winow can !e etermine from
) (
winow o,erall winow " i
T T A % Q =

where Ti an To are the inoor an outoor air temperatures,


respecti,ely, %o,erall is the C-factor (the o,erall heat transfer coefficient)
of the winow, an Awinow is the winow area. 8u!stitutin",
Ma4imum heat loss$
? 045 = = C )J ( ( &' )K m ( . + C)(+.& ./m &= . < (
& &
ma4 winow,
Q

Minimum heat loss$


? 43 = = C )J ( ( &' )K m ( . + C)(+.& ./m &= . + (
& &
min winow,
Q

Discussion 7ote that the rate of heat loss throu"h winows of ientical si9e may iffer !y a factor of =,
epenin" on how the winows are constructe.
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eucators for course preparation. If you are a stuent usin" this Manual, you are usin" it without permission.
*-A*
Q

.inow
&'C
-(C
-+4- EE8 Ero!. *--( is reconsiere. The rate of heat loss throu"h the winow as a function of the %-
factor is to !e plotte.
Analysis The pro!lem is sol,e usin" >>8, an the solution is "i,en !elow.
"GIVEN"
A=1.2*1.8 [m^2]
T_1=20 [C]
T_2=-8 [C]
G=1.25 [W/m^2-C]
"ANAL$%I%"
&_'(t_7*'(7=G*A*+T_,-T_2-
C 9?='
/
&C: ;)indo) 9?:
+.&= -=.<
+.-= +'=.(
&.&= +A<.+
&.-= +<<.A
A.&= +*<.<
A.-= &&<.(
:.&= &=-
:.-= &(-.A
=.&= A+-.=
=.-= A:-.(
<.&= A-(
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
= *'4m
2
5C+
,
/
i
n
d
o
/


*
'
+

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*-:'
-+56 The winows of a house in ?tlanta are of ou!le oor type with woo frames an metal spacers. The
a,era"e rate of heat loss throu"h the winows in winter is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat losses associate with the infiltration of air
throu"h the crac0s/openin"s are not consiere.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer throu"h the winow can !e etermine from
) (
o i winow o,erall a," winow,
T T A % Q =

where Ti an To are the inoor an outoor air temperatures,


respecti,ely, %o,erall is the %-factor (the o,erall heat transfer coefficient)
of the winow, an Awinow is the winow area. 8u!stitutin",

? 202 = = C ) A . ++ && )( m C)(&' ./m =' . & (
& &
a," winow,
Q

Discussion This is the a,era"e rate of heat transfer throu"h the winow in winter in the a!sence of any
infiltration.
-+5. #oilin" e4periments are conucte !y heatin" water at + atm pressure with an electric resistance
wire, an measurin" the power consume !y the wire as well as temperatures. The !oilin" heat transfer
coefficient is to !e etermine.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin" conitions e4ist. / Heat losses
from the water container are ne"li"i!le.
Analysis The heat transfer area of the heater wire is
&
m ''A+:& . ' m) m)('.=' ''& . ' ( = = = DL A
7otin" that :+'' . of electric power is consume when the heater
surface temperature is +A'C, the !oilin" heat transfer coefficient
is etermine from 7ewtonHs law of coolin" ) (
sat
T T hA Q
s
=


to !e

C ?=' 10(266
/
=

=

=
C ) +'' )(+A' m ('.''A+:&
. :+''
) (
&
sat
T T A
Q
h
s

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. % &''( The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. )imite istri!ution permitte only to teachers an
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*-:+
.ater
+''C
Heater
+A'C
Q

.inow
&&C
++.AC
-+5/ ?n electric heater place in a room consumes ='' . power when its surfaces are at +&'C. The
surface temperature when the heater consumes -'' . is to !e etermine without an with the
consieration of raiation.
Assumptions . 8teay operatin"
conitions e4ist. / The temperature is
uniform o,er the surface.
Analysis (a) 7e"lectin" raiation, the
con,ection heat transfer coefficient is
etermine from
( )
C ./m ' &
C &' +&' ) m &= . ' (
. =''
) (
&
&
=

=

T T A
Q
h
s

The surface temperature when the heater consumes -'' . is


C 2(0 =

+ = + =

) m &= . ' ( C) ./m ' & (
. -''
C &'
& &
hA
Q
T T
s

(b) Consierin" raiation, the con,ection heat transfer coefficient is etermine from
[ ]
( )
C ./m =( . +&
C &' +&' ) m &= . ' (
;) &(A ( ;) A*A ( ) ; ./m +' <- . = )( m = ('.-=)('.& - . =''
) (
) (
&
&
: : : & ( &
:
surr
:
=


=

T T A
T T A Q
h
s
s

Then the surface temperature !ecomes


( )
[ ]
C 212. = =
+ =
+ =

; * . :&=
;) &(A ( ) +' <- . = )( = ('.-=)('.& ) &*A )( &= . ' )( =( . +& ( -''
) (
: : (
:
surr
:
s
s s
s s
T
T T
T T A T T hA Q

Discussion 7e"lectin" raiation chan"e Ts !y more than -C, so assumption is not correct in this case.
583 . . . 581 :esign and Essay ;ro<lems

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eucators for course preparation. If you are a stuent usin" this Manual, you are usin" it without permission.
*-:&
A,
T
s
q
con,
q
ra
T

h
T
&
e
W

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