RENAISSANCE IN ITALY

THE CATHOLIC REACTION

In Two Parts

BY

JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS

NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1887 AUTHOR'S EDITION

PART I
PREFACE
CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
CHAPTER_I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
FOOTNOTES

PART II
CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XI
CHAPTER XII
CHAPTER XIII
CHAPTER XIV
INDEX
FOOTNOTES

PREFACE
At the end of the second volume of my 'Renaissance in Italy' I indulged the hope that I might live to describe
the phase of culture which closed that brilliant epoch. It was in truth demanded that a work pretending to
display the manifold activity of the Italian genius during the 15th century and the first quarter of the 16th,
should also deal with the causes which interrupted its further development upon the same lines.

RENAISSANCE IN ITALY 1
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Renaissance In Italy in Two Parts, by John Addington Symonds.

This study, forming a logically-necessitated supplement to the five former volumes of 'Renaissance in Italy,' I
have been permitted to complete. The results are now offered to the public in these two parts.

So far as it was possible, I have conducted my treatment of the Catholic Revival on a method analogous to
that adopted for the Renaissance. I found it, however, needful to enter more minutely into details regarding
facts and institutions connected with the main theme of national culture.

The Catholic Revival was by its nature reactionary. In order to explain its influences, I have been compelled
to analyze the position of Spain in the Italian peninsula, the conduct of the Tridentine Council, the specific
organization of the Holy Office and the Company of Jesus, and the state of society upon which those forces
were brought to bear.

In the list of books which follows these prefatory remarks, I have indicated the most important of the sources
used by me. Special references will be made in their proper places to works of a subordinate value for the
purposes of my inquiry.

DAVOS PLATZ: July 1886.

WORKS COMMONLY REFERRED TO IN THE TWO SUCCEEDING VOLUMES OF THIS BOOK

SISMONDI.—Histoire des Republiques Italiennes du Moyen Age.

RANKE.—History of the Popes. 3 vols. English edition: Bohn.
CREIGHTON.—History of the Papacy during the Reformation. 2
vols. Macmillan.
BOTTA.—Storia d'Italia. Continuata da quella del Guicciardini
sino al 1789.
FERRARI.—Rivoluzioni d'Italia. 3 vols.
QUINET.—Les Revolutions d'Italie.
GALLUZZI.—Storia del Granducato di Toscana.
PALLAVICINI.—Storia del Concilio Tridentino.
SARPI.—Storia del Concilio. Vols. 1 and 2 of Sarpi's Opere.
DENNISTOUN'S Dukes of Urbino. 3 vols.
ALBERI.—Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti.
MUTINELLI.—Storia Arcana ed Aneddotica d'Italia. Raccontata
dai Veneti Ambasciatori. 4 vols. Venice. 1858.
MUTINELLI.—Annali Urbani di Venezia.
LITTA.—Famiglie Celebri Italiane.
PHIUPPSON.—La Contre-Révolution Religieuse au XVIme Siècle
Bruxelles. 1884.
DEJOB.—De l'Influence du Concile de Trente. Paris. 1884.
GIORDANI.—Delia Venuta e Dimora in Bologna del Sommo Pontefice
Clemente VII. per la Coronazione di Carlo V., Imperatore. Bologna. 1832.
BALBI.—Sommario della Storia d'Italia.
CANTÙ.—Gli Eretici d'Italia. 3 vols. Torino. 1866.
LLORENTE.—Histoire Critique de I'Inquisition d'Espagne. 4 vols.
Paris. 1818.
LAVALLÉE.—Histoire des Inquisitions Religieuses. 2 vols. Paris.
1808.
MCCRIE.—History of the Reformation in Italy. Edinburgh. 1827.
TIRABOSCHI.—Storia della Letteratura Italiana.
DE SANCTIS.—Storia della Letteratura Italiana. 2 vols.

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 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Renaissance In Italy in Two Parts, by John Addington Symonds.
SETTEMBRINI.—Storia della Letteratura Italiana. 3 vols.
CANTÙ.—Storia della Letteratura Italiana. Decreta, etc.,
Societatis Jesu. Avignon. 1827.
CANTÙ.—Storia della Diocesi di Como. 2 vols.
DANDOLO.—La Signora di Monza e le Streghe del Tirolo. Milano.
1855.
BONGHI.—Storia di Lucrezia Buonvisi. Lucca. 1864.
Archivio Storico Italiano.
BANDI LUCCHESI.—Bologna: Romagnoli. 1863.
BERTOLOTTI.—Francesco Cenci e la sua Famiglia. Firenze. 1877.
GNOLI.—Vittoria Accoramboni. Firenze: Le Monnier. 1870.
DAELLI.—Lorenzino de'Medici. Milano. 1862.
DE STENDHAL.—Chroniques et Nouvelles. Paris. 1855.
GIORDANO BRUNO.—Opere Italiane (Wagner). 2 vols. Leipzig. 1830.
JORDANUS BRUNUS.—Opera Latina. 2 vols. Neapoli. 1879.
BRUNO.—Scripta Latina (Gförer). Stuttgart. 1836.
BERTI.—Vita di Giordano Bruno. Firenze, Torino, Milano. 1868.
BRUNNHOFER.—Giordano Bruno's Weltanschauung und Verhangniss.
Leipzig. 1882.
PAOLO SARPI.—Opere. 6 vols. Helmstat. 1765.
FRA FULGENZIO MICANZI—Vita del Sarpi.
BIANCHI GIOVINI.—Biografia di Fra Paolo Sarpi. 2 vols. Bruxelles. 1836.
Lettere di Fra Paolo Sarpi. 2 vols. Firenze. 1863.
CAMPBELL.—Life of Fra Paolo Sarpi. London: Molini and Green. 1869
DEJOB.—Marc-Antoine Muret. Paris: Thorin. 1881.
CHRISTIE.—Etienne Dolet. London: Macmillan. 1880.
RENOUARD.—Imprimerie des Aides.
TORQUATO TASSO.—Opere. Ed. Rosini. 33 vols. Pisa. 1822
and on.

WORKS REFERRED TO IN THIS BOOK

TASSO.—Le Lettere. Ed. Guasti. 5 vols. Firenze. 1855.

CECCHI.—T. Tasso e la Vita Italiana. Firenze. 1877.
CECCHI.—T. Tasso. Il Pensiero e le Belle Lettere, etc. Firenze. 1877.
D'OVIDIO.—Saggi Critici. Napoli. 1878.
MANSO.—Vita di T. Tasso, in Rosini's edition, vol. 33.
ROSINI.—Saggio sugli Amori di T. Tasso, in edition cited
above, vol. 33.
GUARINI.—Il Pastor Fido. Ed. Casella. Firenze: Barbèra. 1866.
MARINO.—Adone, etc. Napoli. 1861.
CHIABRERA.—Ed. Polidori. Firenze: Barbèra. 1865.
TASSONI.—La Secchia Rapita. Ed. Carducci. Firenze: Barbèra 1861.
Il Parnaso Italiano.
BAINI.—Vita di G. P. L. Palestrina.
FELSINA PITTRICE.—2 vols. Bologna. 1841.
LANZI.—History of Painting in Italy. English Edition.
London. Bohn. Vol. 3.

PREFACE 3
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Renaissance In Italy in Two Parts, by John Addington Symonds.

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME

CHAPTER I

THE SPANISH HEGEMONY

Italy in the Renaissance—The Five Great Powers—The Kingdom of Naples—The

Papacy—The Duchy of Milan—Venice—The Florentine Republic—Wars of
Invasion closed by the Sack of Rome in 1527—Concordat between Clement VII. and Charles
V.—Treaty of Barcelona and Paix des Dames—Charles lands at Genoa—His Journey to
Bologna—Entrance into Bologna and Reception by Clement—Mustering of Italian
Princes—Franceso Sforza replaced in the Duchy of Milan—Venetian Embassy—Italian
League signed on Christmas Eve 1529—Florence alone excluded—The Siege of Florence
pressed by the Prince of Orange—Charles's Coronation as King of Italy and Holy Roman
Emperor—The Significance of this Ceremony at Bologna—Ceremony in S.
Petronio—Settlement of the Duchy of Ferrara—Men of Letters and Arts at Bologna—The
Emperor's Use of the Spanish Habit—Charles and Clement leave Bologna in March
1530—Review of the Settlement of Italy affected by Emperor and Pope—Extinction of
Republics—Subsequent Absorption of Ferrara and Urbino into the Papal States—Savoy
becomes an Italian Power—Period between Charles's Coronation and the Peace of Cateau Cambresis in
1559—Economical and Social Condition of the Italians under Spanish Hegemony—The Nation
still exists in Separate Communities—Intellectual Conditions—Predominance of Spain and
Rome—Both Cosmopolitan Powers—Leveling down of the Component Portions of the Nation
in a Common Servitude—The Evils of Spanish Rule

CHAPTER II

THE PAPACY AND THE TRIDENTINE COUNCIL

The Counter-Reformation—Its Intellectual and Moral Character—Causes of the Gradual

Extinction of Renaissance Energy—Transition from the Renaissance to the Catholic
Revival—New Religious Spirit in Italy—Attitude of Italians toward German
Reformation—Oratory of Divine Love—Gasparo Contarini and the Moderate
Reformers—New Religious Orders—Paul III.—His early History and
Education—Political Attitude between France and Spain—Creation of the Duchy of
Parma—Imminence of a General Council—Review of previous Councils—Paul's
Uneasiness—Opens a Council at Trent in 1542—Protestants virtually excluded, and Catholic
Dogmas confirmed in the first Sessions—Death of Paul in 1549—Julius III.—Paul
IV.—Character and Ruling Passions of G. P. Caraffa—His Futile Opposition to
Spain—Tyranny of His Nephews—Their Downfall—Paul devotes himself to Church
Reform and the Inquisition—Pius IV.—His Minister Morone—Diplomatic Temper of this
Pope—His Management of the Council—Assistance rendered by his Nephew Carlo
Borromeo—Alarming State of Northern Europe—The Council reopened at Trent in
1562—Subsequent History of the Council—It closes with a complete Papal Triumph in
1563—Place of Pius IV. in History—Pius V.—The Inquisitor Pope—Population of
Rome—Social Corruption—Sale of Offices and Justice—Tridentine Reforms depress
Wealth—Ascetic Purity of Manners becomes fashionable—Catholic Reaction generates the
Counter-Reformation—Battle of Lepanto—Gregory XIII.—His Relatives—Policy
of enriching the Church at Expense of the Barons—Brigandage in States of the Church—Sixtus

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME 4

 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Renaissance In Italy in Two Parts, by John Addington Symonds.

V.—His Stern Justice—Rigid Economy—Great Public

Works—Taxation—The City of Rome assumes its present form—Nepotism in the
Counter-Reformation Period—Various Estimates of the Wealth accumulated by Papal
Nephews—Rise of Princely Roman Families

CHAPTER III

THE INQUISITION AND THE INDEX

Different Spirit in the Holy Office and the Company of Jesus—Both needed by the
Counter-Reformation—Heresy in the Early Church—First Origins of the Inquisition in
1203—S. Dominic—The Holy Office becomes a Dominican Institution—Recognized by
the Empire—Its early Organization—The Spanish Inquisition—Founded in
1484—How it differed from the earlier Apostolical Inquisition—Jews, Moors, New
Christians—Organization and History of the Holy Office in Spain—Torquemada and his
Successors—The Spanish Inquisition never introduced into Italy—How the Roman Inquisition
organized by Caraffa differed from it—Autos da fé in Rome—Proscription of suspected
Lutherans—The Calabrian Waldenses—Protestants at Locarno and Venice—Digression
on the Venetian Holy Office—Persecution of Free Thought in Literature—Growth of the Index
Librorum Prohibitorum—Sanction given to it by the Council of Trent—The Roman
Congregation of the Index—Final Form of the Censorship of Books under Clement
VIII.—Analysis of its Regulations—Proscription of Heretical Books—Correction of
Texts—Purgation and Castration—Inquisitorial and Episcopal Licenses—Working of the
System of this Censorship in Italy—Its long Delays—Hostility to Sound
Learning—Ignorance of the Censors—Interference with Scholars in their
Work—Terrorism of Booksellers—Vatican Scheme for the Restoration of Christian
Erudition—Frustrated by the Tyranny of the Index—Dishonesty of the Vatican
Scholars—Biblical Studies rendered nugatory by the Tridentine Decree on the Vulgate—Decline
of Learning in Universities—Miserable Servitude of Professors—Greek dies
out—Muretus and Manutius in Rome—The Index and its Treatment of Political
Works—Machiavelli—Ratio Status—Encouragement of Literature on Papal
Absolutism—Sarpi's Attitude—Comparative Indifference of Rome to Books of Obscene or
Immoral Tendency—Bandello and Boccaccio—Papal Attempts to control Intercourse of Italians
with Heretics

CHAPTER IV

THE COMPANY OF JESUS

Vast Importance of the Jesuits in the Counter-Reformation—Ignatius Loyola—His

Youth—Retreat at Manresa—Journey to Jerusalem—Studies in Spain and
Paris—First Formation of his Order at Sainte Barbe—Sojourn at Venice—Settlement at
Rome—Papal Recognition of the Order—Its Military Character—Absolutism of the
General—Devotion to the Roman Church—Choice of Members—Practical and Positive
Aims of the Founder—Exclusion of the Ascetic, Acceptance of the Worldly Spirit—Review of
the Order's Rapid Extension over Europe—Loyola's Dealings with his Chief
Lieutenants—Propaganda—The Virtue of Obedience—The Exercitia
Spiritualia—Materialistic Imagination—Intensity and Superficiality of Religious
Training—The Status of the Novice—Temporal
Coadjutors—Scholastics—Professed of the Three Vows—Professed of the Four

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 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Renaissance In Italy in Two Parts, by John Addington Symonds.
Vows—The General—Control exercised over him by his Assistants—His Relation to the
General Congregation—Espionage a Part of the Jesuit System—Advantageous Position of a
Contented Jesuit—The Vow of Poverty—Houses of the Professed and Colleges—The
Constitutions and Declarations—Problem of the Monita Secreta—Reciprocal Relations of Rome
and the Company—Characteristics of Jesuit Education—Direction of
Consciences—Moral Laxity—Sarpi's Critique—Casuistry—Interference in Affairs
of State—Instigation to Regicide and Political Conspiracy—Theories of Church
Supremacy—Insurgence of the European Nations against the Company

CHAPTER V

SOCIAL AND DOMESTIC MORALS I PART I

How did the Catholic Revival affect Italian Society?—Difficulty of Answering this
Question—Frequency of Private Crimes of Violence—Homicides and Bandits—Savage
Criminal Justice—Paid Assassins—Toleration of Outlaws—Honorable
Murder—Example of the Lucchese Army—State of the Convents—The History of
Virginia de Leyva—Lucrezia Buonvisi—The True Tale of the Cenci—The Brothers of
the House of Massimo—Vittoria Accoramboni—The Duchess of
Palliano—Wife-Murders—The Family of Medici

CHAPTER VI

SOCIAL AND DOMESTIC MORALS: PART II

Tales illustrative of Bravi and Banditti—Cecco Bibboni—Ambrogio

Tremazzi—Lodovico dall'Armi—Brigandage—Piracy—Plagues—The
Plagues of Milan, Venice, Piedmont—Persecution of the Untori—Moral State of the
Proletariate—Witchcraft—Its Italian Features—History of Giacomo Centini

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

CHAPTER VII

TORQUATO TASSO

Tasso's Relation to his Age—Balbi on that Period—The Life of Bernardo

Tasso—Torquato's Boyhood—Sorrento, Naples, Rome, Urbino—His first Glimpse of the
Court—Student Life at Padua and Bologna—The Rinaldo—Dialogues on Epic
Poetry—Enters the Service of Cardinal d'Este—The Court of Ferrara—Alfonso II. and the
Princesses—Problem of Tasso's Love—Goes to France with Cardinal d'Este—Enters the
Service of Duke Alfonso—The Aminta—Tasso at Urbino—Return to
Ferrara—Revision of the Gerusalemme—Jealousies at Court—Tasso's Sense of His own
Importance—Plans a Change from Ferrara to Florence—First Symptoms of Mental

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Disorder—Persecutions of the Ferrarese Courtiers—Tasso confined as a
Semi-madman—Goes with Duke Alfonso to Belriguardo—Flies in Disguise from Ferrara to
Sorrento—Returns to Court Life at Ferrara—Problem of his Madness—Flies
again—Mantua, Venice, Urbino, Turin—Returns once more to Ferrara—Alfonso's Third
Marriage—Tasso's Discontent—Imprisoned for Seven Years in the Madhouse of S.
Anna—Character of Tasso—Character of Duke Alfonso—Nature of the Poet's
Malady—His Course of Life in Prison—Released at the Intercession of Vincenzo
Gonzaga—Goes to Mantua—The Torrismondo—An Odyssey of Nine
Years—Death at Sant Onofrio in Rome—Constantini's Sonnet

CHAPTER VIII

THE "GERUSALEMME LIBERATA"

Problem of Creating Heroic Poetry—The Preface to Tasso's Rinaldo—Subject of

Rinaldo—Blending of Romantic Motives with Heroic Style—Imitation of
Virgil—Melody and Sentiment—Choice of Theme for the Gerusalemme—It becomes a
Romantic Poem after all—Tancredi the real Hero—Nobility of Tone—Virgilian
Imitation—Borrowings from Dante—Involved Diction—Employment of Sonorous
Polysyllabic Words—Quality of Religious Emotion in this
Poem—Rhetoric—Similes—The Grand Style of Pathos—Verbal
Music—The Chant d'Amour—Armida—Tasso's Favorite Phrase, Un non so
che—His Power over Melody and Tender Feeling—Critique of Tasso's Later
Poems—General Survey of his Character

CHAPTER IX

GIORDANO BRUNO

Scientific Bias of the Italians checked by Catholic Revival—Boyhood of Bruno—Enters Order

of S. Dominic at Naples—Early Accusations of Heresy—Escapes to Rome—Teaches the
Sphere at Noli—Visits Venice—At Geneva—At Toulouse—At Paris—His
Intercourse with Henri III.—Visits England—The French Ambassador in
London—Oxford—Bruno's Literary Work in England—Returns to
Paris—Journeys into Germany—Wittenberg, Helmstädt, Frankfort—Invitation to Venice
from Giovanni Mocenigo—His Life in Venice—Mocenigo denounces him to the
Inquisition—His Trial at Venice—Removal to Rome—Death by Burning in
1600—Bruno's Relation to the Thought of his Age and to the Thought of Modern
Europe—Outlines of his Philosophy

CHAPTER X

FRA PAOLO SARPI

Sarpi's Position in the History of Venice—Parents and Boyhood—Entrance into the Order of the
Servites—His Personal Qualities—Achievements as a Scholar and a Man of
Science—His Life among the Servites—In Bad Odor at Rome—Paul V. places Venice
under Interdict—Sarpi elected Theologian and Counselor of the Republic—His Polemical
Writings—Views on Church and State—The Interdict Removed—Roman

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Vengeance—Sarpi attacked by Bravi—His Wounds, Illness, Recovery—Subsequent
History of the Assassins—Further Attempts on Sarpi's Life—Sarpi's Political and Historical
Works—History of the Council of Trent—Sarpi's Attitude towards Protestantism His Judgment
of the Jesuits—Sarpi's Death—The Christian Stoic

CHAPTER XI

GUARINI, MARINO, CHIABRERA, TASSONI

Dearth of Great Men—Guarini a Link between Tasso and the Seventeenth Century—His
Biography—The Pastor Fido—Qualities of Guarini as Poet—Marino the Dictator of
Letters—His Riotous Youth at Naples—Life at Rome, Turin, Paris—Publishes the
Adone—The Epic of Voluptuousness—Character and Action of Adonis—Marino's
Hypocrisy—Sentimental Sweetness—Brutal Violence—Violation of Artistic
Taste—Great Powers of the Poet—Structure of the Adone—Musical
Fluency—Marinism—Marino's Patriotic Verses—Contrast between Chiabrera and
Marino—An Aspirant after Pindar—Chiabrera's Biography—His Court
Life—Efforts of Poets in the Seventeenth Century to attain to Novelty—Chiabrera's
Failure—Tassoni's Life—His Thirst to Innovate—Origin of the Secchia
Rapita—Mock-Heroic Poetiy—The Plot of this Poem—Its Peculiar Humor—Irony
and Satire—Novelty of the Species—Lyrical Interbreathings—Sustained Contrast of
Parody and Pathos—The Poet Testi

CHAPTER XII

PALESTRINA AND THE ORIGINS OF MODERN MUSIC

Italy in Renaissance produces no National School of Music—Flemish Composers in

Rome—Singers and Orchestra—The Chaotic, Indecency of this Contrapuntal
Style—Palestrina's Birth and Early History—Decrees of the Tridentine Council upon Church
Music—The Mass of Pope Marcello—Palestrina Satisfies the Cardinals with his New Style of
Sacred Music—Pius IV. and his Partiality for Music—Palestrina and Filippo Neri—His
Motetts—The Song of Solomon set to Melody—Palestrina, the Saviour of Music—The
Founder of the Modern Style—Florentine Essays in the Oratorio

CHAPTER XIII

THE BOLOGNESE SCHOOL OF PAINTERS

Decline of Plastic Art—Dates of the Eclectic Masters—The

Mannerists—Baroccio—Reaction started by Lodovico Caracci—His Cousins Annibale
and Agostino—Their Studies—Their Academy at Bologna—Their Artistic
Aims—Dionysius Calvaert—Guido Reni—The Man and his
Art—Domenichino—Ruskin's Criticism—Relation of Domenichino to the Piety of his
Age—Caravaggio and the Realists—Ribera—Lo Spagna—Guercino—His
Qualities as Colorist—His Terribleness—Private Life—Digression upon
Criticism—Reasons why the Bolognese Painters, are justly now Neglected

FRA PAOLO SARPI 8

 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Renaissance In Italy in Two Parts, by John Addington Symonds.

CHAPTER XIV

CONCLUSION

The Main Events of European History—Italy in the Renaissance—Germany and

Reformation—Catholic Reaction—Its Antagonism to Renaissance and
Reformation—Profound Identity of Renaissance and Reformation—Place of Italy in European
Civilization—Want of Sympathy between Latin and Teutonic Races—Relation of Rome to
Italy—Macaulay on the Roman Church—On Protestantism—Early Decline of
Renaissance Enthusiasms—Italy's Present and Future

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