Department of Mechanical Engineering

An Annotated Bibliography
On the topic
Some Studies on Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Non Ferrous
Materials
They mentioned that obtaining an efficient weld of dissimilar materials is a challenging
research task and a matter of concern for the engineers and scientists. The necessity to
develop the machines/parts/systems that culminate in weight reduction, high strength, high
corrosion resistance, improved thermal/electrical properties at the interface etc. is
continuously increasing. The need of such properties in a single component has resulted in
the use of different materials in a single structure.
They defined that FSW is an innovative solid-state oining technology, which has great
potential for oining materials with high chemical affinity and completely different physical,
chemical and mechanical properties such as aluminium and copper alloys. They reported that
many parameters, such as tool offset, rotation rate, traverse speed and weld strategy etc.
influences the weld properties of the dissimilar FSW oints.
They suggested that the FSW tool has two basic parts as shoulder and pin, which heats the
work piece material by friction. Shoulder part of the tool heats the portion of the work piece
due to friction and induces the a!ial downward force re"uired for welding. Flat, conve!,
concave are the three types of normally used shoulder end surfaces. Shoulder end surfaces
may consist features like scrolls, ridges, knurling, grooves and concentric circles in order to
increase the weld "uality and material mi!ing. #robe is the e!tended part of the tool, it is
inserted in to the work piece by a!ial force which shears the material in front of the tool and
moves the same behind the tool. #robe end shape may be made flat or domed. Flat surface
increases forge force during plunging, whereas domed one helps to reduce the forge force.
#robe outer shape may be made as cylindrical and tapered with or without threads, flutes.
They mentioned that from oining point of view, aluminium and copper are incompatible
materials, because they have a high affinity for each other at temperatures higher than $%&
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and they produce hard, brittle, low strength and high electrical resistant inter-metallic
compounds ()*'s+ or intermetallics at their interface.
They suggested that the tool geometry, oint design and other weld strategies e!ert significant
effect on the material flow pattern and temperature distribution thereby influences the
microstructural evolution of the oint. They also mentioned that when the materials with
widely different mechanical properties such as ,l and 'u are oined they encounter a very
large difference in the flow stress because the flow stress for ,l and 'u are different at a
uniform welding temperature. This difference is mainly because of a wide difference in their
softening temperature and strengths so they are being deformed under different flow
conditions occurring by the same welding parameters.