01 System Principle

Technical Manual System Principle
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Table of Contents

Huawei Technologies Proprietary
i
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Getting Started............................................................................................................. 1-1
Chapter 2 Common Subsystem................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Overview............................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2 TMU................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2.2 Architecture and Principle ....................................................................................... 2-1
2.3 TDU.................................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-4
2.3.2 Functions................................................................................................................. 2-4
2.4 ASU.................................................................................................................................... 2-5
2.4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-5
2.4.2 Functions................................................................................................................. 2-5
2.4.3 Interfaces................................................................................................................. 2-5
2.5 PAT.................................................................................................................................... 2-6
2.5.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.5.2 Functions................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.5.3 Interfaces................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.6 TES.................................................................................................................................... 2-6
2.6.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.6.2 Functions................................................................................................................. 2-7
2.7 ABB.................................................................................................................................... 2-8
2.7.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-8
2.7.2 Functions................................................................................................................. 2-8
2.7.3 Board Location........................................................................................................ 2-9
2.8 ABA.................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.9 PSU.................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.9.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-9
2.9.2 AC/DC Module ...................................................................................................... 2-10
2.9.3 DC/DC Module...................................................................................................... 2-10
2.10 PMU............................................................................................................................... 2-11
2.10.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 2-11
2.10.2 Functions............................................................................................................. 2-11
2.11 FMU............................................................................................................................... 2-12
2.11.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 2-12
2.11.2 Functions............................................................................................................. 2-12

ii
Chapter 3 Signal Processing Subsystem................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Overview............................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.2 TRX.................................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 3-3
3.3 EDGE Transceiver (ETR) .................................................................................................. 3-6
3.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 3-6
3.3.2 Principle of Structure............................................................................................... 3-7
3.4 PBU.................................................................................................................................. 3-10
3.4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 3-10
3.4.2 Architecture and Principle ..................................................................................... 3-10
3.5 CDU................................................................................................................................. 3-11
3.5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 3-11
3.6 ECDU............................................................................................................................... 3-13
3.7 EDU ................................................................................................................................. 3-13
3.7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 3-13
3.8 MDU................................................................................................................................. 3-14
3.8.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 3-14
3.9 RCDU............................................................................................................................... 3-15
3.10 REDU............................................................................................................................. 3-15
3.11 SCU ............................................................................................................................... 3-16
3.11.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 3-16
3.11.2 Architecture and Principle ................................................................................... 3-16
3.12 ESCU............................................................................................................................. 3-16
Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem.................................................................................... 4-1
4.1 Overview............................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.2 Antenna.............................................................................................................................. 4-2
4.2.1 Classification ........................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.2 Gain......................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.3 Directional Diagram................................................................................................. 4-2
4.2.4 Polarization.............................................................................................................. 4-2
4.2.5 Diversity Technology............................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.6 Antennas Isolation................................................................................................... 4-3
4.3 Feeder................................................................................................................................ 4-3
4.4 Lightning Arrester .............................................................................................................. 4-3
4.5 TTA.................................................................................................................................... 4-4
4.5.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 4-4
4.5.3 Functions................................................................................................................. 4-5

iii
Chapter 5 System Bus Structure ................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1 Bus Classification............................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Bus Structure ..................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.3 DBUS................................................................................................................................. 5-3
5.4 CBUS................................................................................................................................. 5-4
5.4.1 CBUS1 .................................................................................................................... 5-4
5.4.2 CBUS2 .................................................................................................................... 5-5
5.4.3 CBUS3 .................................................................................................................... 5-5
5.5 Clock Bus........................................................................................................................... 5-6
5.6 FHBUS............................................................................................................................... 5-8
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 1 Getting Started

1-1
Chapter 1 Getting Started
The BTS3X is composed of:
Common subsystem
Signal processing subsystem
Antenna & feeder subsystem
Each unit of the common subsystem and the signal processing subsystem is shown in
Table 1-1.
Table 1-1 Units of the common subsystem and the signal processing subsystem
Subsystem
Unit
(abbreviation)
Unit (full name) Remarks
TMU Timing/Transmission and Management
Unit

TDU
Time Distribution Unit
In BTS3006A and
BTS3012A, TCU replaces
TDU
ASU
Access network SDH transmission Unit
BTS3006A and BTS3012A
do not support ASU
PAT
Passive Transmission Board
do not support PAT
TES Transmission Extension Power Supply
Unit
do not support TES
ABB Abis Bypass Board
ABA
Abis Bypass Assistant Board
do not support ABA
PSU Power Supply Unit
PMU Power Monitor Unit
FMU Fan Monitor Unit
TCU
Temperature Control Unit
BTS30 and BTS312 do not
support TCU
TEU
Transmission Extension Unit
do not support TEU
Common
subsystem
EMU Environment Monitor Unit
TRX Transceiver Unit Signal
processing
ETR EDGE Transceiver
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 1 Getting Started

1-2
Subsystem
Unit
(abbreviation)
Unit (full name) Remarks
PBU Power Boost Unit
CDU Combining and Distribution Unit
ECDU Enhanced Combining and Distribution
Unit

EDU Enhanced Duplexer Unit
MDU Multi-channel Combining and
Distribution Unit

RCDU Railway Combining and Distribution
Unit
Supports GSM-R
REDU Railway Enhanced Duplexer Unit Supports GSM-R
SCU Simple Combining Unit
subsystem
ESCU Enhanced Simple Combining Unit

M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 2 Common Subsystem

2-1
Chapter 2 Common Subsystem
2.1 Overview
The common subsystem, by providing reference clock, power supply, transmission
interface, maintenance interface and external alarm collecting interface, realizes the
management of the BTS. This chapter introduces the working principle of the boards in
the common subsystem.
2.2 TMU
2.2.1 Overview
The timing/transmission and management unit (TMU) is the entity in charge of BTS
timing, transmission and management. It has the following functions:
Supporting multi-channel multiplexing, which furthers the utilization of the limited
transmission resources;
Supporting flexible networking modes, including star networking, tree networking
and chain networking of BTS;
Providing MMI and O&M link, and realizing software downloading, fault
management, configuration management, performance management and security
management;
Providing the centralized provisioning and hot backup of the clock;
Providing the input port for external alarm signal and collecting the external alarm.
2.2.2 Architecture and Principle
The system architecture of TMU includes such modules as BIU, OMU, MCK and EAC,
as shown in Figure 2-1.

2-2
MCK
OMU
BIU
EAC
DBUS
CBUS
MMI
BSC
MCK
Active TMU
Environment
monitoring instrument
Abis
TCU
Standby TMU
BIU
TBUS,CBUS,DBUS
Local Maintenance
Console
RS485
External clock

BSC: Base Station Controller TMU: Timing/Transmission and Management Unit
BIU: BTS Interface Unit OMU: Operation and Maintenance Unit
TCU: Temperature Control Unit EAC: External Alarm Collection Module
MCK: Main Clock Module DBUS: Internal Data Bus
CBUS: Internal Control Bus TBUS: Internal Timing Bus
Figure 2-1 TMU functional architecture
1) BIU
The BIU has the following functions:
Realizing the conversion and reverse conversion from digital signal (on BTS
internal HW) to HDB3 code (on E1 transmission link);
Exchanging the timeslots on HW to realize the flexible configuration of timeslots;
Extracting clock signals from the upper level, supporting the input of external clock,
outputting accurate clock through phase-locking and frequency dividing;
synchronizing data transmission of the internal bus, generating free run clock in
case of no upper-level clock available due to the failure in E1 or BSC,
synchronizing the data transmission of internal bus, and generating alarms to be
reported to OMU;
A BIU can provide up to four channels of E1. In a single cabinet, the BIUs of two
TMUs are the extension of each other. Eight channels of mutually extended E1
data can realize full exchange.
The interfaces of E1 cable on BIU can be used to connect BSC or BTS at the
upper or lower level. It supports star, tree, chain and ring connections of BTS.
2) OMU
The OMU is the core control and processing unit of TMU. It can be used to configure
the performance parameters of various units of BIU and MCK, receive fault alarms, and
implement alarm management. With the internal control bus and the communication
between TRX, CDU, PMU and TES), it is possible to realize the O&M operation on the
entire system, centralize the downloading and saving of the software loaded to various
units, and support the connection to the MMI at a PC.

2-3
The Flash Memory of OMU can store two different versions of BTS software. One is
under current use. The OMU can load one of the two versions to each board according
to the request of BSC as the current operation software. If the software of BTS is to be
upgraded, BSC can load the new software to OMU for saving via O&M Link (OML). The
new software is used as the substitute of the previous version. At the same time, the
previous version is also backed up in OMU in case of upgrading failure.
3) MCK
The MCK has an OCXO complying with the AAA standard and a phase-locked
frequency dividing circuit. The OCXO output standard 13 MHz system reference clock.
According to the system configuration, the MCK can work in free run mode or software
phase-locking mode. Through the frequency dividing of the reference clock, it can
output the reference clock (SREF) with the stability higher than 5 % 10
-8
ppm, and
provides the frame clock (FCLK), 1/8 bit clock (OBCLK) and frame number (FN), etc.
The clock is the "calendar" and "pulse" of TDMA system. Therefore, its reliability is very
crucial. The clock source of a synchronous cell is provided by the MCK on TMU in the
main cabinet. The MCKs of two boards are the hot backup of each other. When the
main board is faulty, the switchover will be implemented to activate the standard board,
and report it to OMU.
The frequency, period and duty ratio of various system clocks are listed below:
13 M: 13 MHz, duty ratio: 50%;
SREF: 13 MHz/4 = 3.25 MHz, period: 307.7 ns, duty ratio: 50%;
OBCLK: 13 MHz/6 = 2.167 MHz, period: 461.5 ns, duty ratio: 50%;
FCLK: 13 MHz/6/10000 = 216.7 Hz, period 4.615 ms, duty ratio: 50%;
The FN increases by 1 after each frame clock period.
The time sequence of clock signal is shown in Figure 2-2.
13MHz
OBCLK
FCLK
D31 D30 FN

Figure 2-2 Time sequence of clock signal
4) EAC
This module collects the external alarm signals, and reports the signals to OMU.

2-4
2.3 TDU
2.3.1 Overview
BTS3006A and BTS3012A do not support TDU.
The major function of the timing distribution unit (TDU) is to receive the clock signals
from TMU: SREF (3.25 MHz), OBCLK (2.16 MHz), FCLK (216.7 Hz) and FN, and
transfer them to each TRX in the cabinet and each unit in other cabinets. TDU also
transfers other signals, such as alarm signal.
In the BTS3006A and BTS3012A, the clock of extension cabinet is driven by TCU
(Temperature Control Unit). For the detailed theory, refer to M900/M1800 BTS3012A
Base Transceiver Station Technical Manual Auxiliary System.
2.3.2 Functions
TDU has the following major function:
1) Providing the clock signal channel in a synchronous cell
Each cabinet is configured with a TDU. The clock signals generated from the main
cabinet (SREF, OBCLK, FCLK and FN) is sent to the TDU in each cabinet. After driving
the clock signal, TDU sends the signal to the TRX in the local cabinet. Figure 2-3 shows
the transmission structure of clock signal.

Figure 2-3 Transmission structure of clock signal
2) Transferring the 120-ohm E1 signal for the local cabinet
TMU provides eight trunk signal interfaces, including four E1 interfaces and the four E1
interfaces available from the standby TMU. The interfaces are connected to the cabinet
top through coaxial cables. The data signal from BSC is sent to TDU via the 120-ohm
E1 interface on the cabinet top, and then transferred to TMU via TMU.
3) Providing alarm channels

2-5
TDU provides 24 channels of Boolean value alarm input, 8 channels of analog variable
input and 8 channels of control variable output signal. It also supports the connection
between RS_485 bus and external equipment, such as environment monitoring
equipment.
4) Providing bus connections
TDU provides inter-cabinet data bus DBUS (DBUS1 and DBUS2) in a synchronous cell
and the connection between control bus CBUS (CBUS1, CBUS2 and CBUS3) and
frequency hopping bus FHBUS. The signals from uplink cabinet are transferred by TDU
through the signal bus to each TRX in the cabinets.
2.4 ASU
2.4.1 Overview
BTS3006A and BTS3012A do not support ASU.
Apart from E1 transmission, BTS30/312 also provides the built-in transmission system
that supports external optical transmission interfaces, such as the 155 M SDH optical
interface and PON optical interface. The SDH transmission mode is realized with
Huawei's OptiX 155/622 access SDH unit (ASU).
2.4.2 Functions
The ASU has the following functions:
Providing photoelectric conversion function
It can be configured as a terminal mulitplexer (TM), add/drop multiplexer (ADM) or
regenerator (REG) according to networking demands.
It can be configured as a ring network, chain network and point-to-point (P2P)
network topology. With OptiX 155/622H and OptiX 155/622B, it can also be
configured as one of the following complex network structures, such as star,
tangent ring, dual ring or chain in ring.
Providing the 64 kbit/s sub-rate crossing function for the first four inter-E1.
Providing four E1 interfaces with the re-timing function
2.4.3 Interfaces
The external interfaces of the ASU include:
2 line optical interfaces: interface type, SC/PC
4 to 8 2-Mbit/s electrical interfaces: interface type, E1
1 order wire interface
1 Ethernet interface

2-6
1 P2P user RS232 interface
NM interface: Ethernet/RS232
2.5 PAT
2.5.1 Overview
In addition to E1 transmission, BTS30/312 also provides the built-in transmission
system that supports external optical transmission interfaces, such as the 155 M SDH
optical interface, and PON optical interface. The PON transmission mode is realized
with PAT, a type of Huawei access network product.
BTS3006A and BTS3012A shall be configured with external optical transmission
equipment. It does not support PAT.
2.5.2 Functions
The PAT has the following functions:
Realizing order wire communication together with local transmission equipment.
Realizing the far end photoelectric conversion, multiplexing and de-multiplexing of
data and 1 to 4 channels of 2 Mbit/s services, including free upload or download,
processing and reporting of order wire.
Realizing far end delay control and ranging.
Providing various loopback functions. There are two segments of loopbacks: E1
loopback and 2M loopback. Each segment of loopback has two directions: near
end loopback and far end loopback.
2.5.3 Interfaces
The external interfaces of PAT include:
Four 2-Mbit/s electric interfaces: interface type, E1
1 order wire interface
1 P2P user RS232 interface
1 maintenance serial port
1 print serial port
2.6 TES
2.6.1 Overview
BTS3006A do not support TES.

2-7
The transmission extended power supply unit (TES) provides various working power
and communication transference for TEU. The power supply provided includes +5 V
DC, 5 V DC and 75 V AC ringing current to ensure the normal operations of TEU and
the built-in transmission of BTS. TES can communicate with TEU and TMU. It is a
bridge for TEU to report messages to TMU.
2.6.2 Functions
The TES has the following functions:
One TES can provide power supply and communication transference to at most
two TEUs.
Providing DC power supply to TEU, including +5 V DC and 5 V DC
Realizing the communication between TMU and TEU
Providing ringing current to TEU. The ringing signal is a type of 75 V AC/25 Hz
sinusoidal wave AC signal.
Figure 2-4 shows the functional architecture of TES.
To TEU communication serial port
To TMU communication serial port
Communication
module
Power supply
module
+24 V DC input
1st +5 V DC output
75 V AC ringing current output
-5 V DC output
For first TEU
For second TEU
For both TEUs
2nd +5 V DC output
For both TEUs
TES

Figure 2-4 TES functional architecture
I. Power Supply Module
The power supply module of TES includes DC/DC conversion circuit and DC/AC
conversion circuit. The DC/DC conversion circuit converts the +24 V DC to 2 channels
of +5 V DC power and 1 channel of 5 V DC power. The DC/AC conversion circuit
converts the +24 V DC power to 1 channel of 75 V AC ringing signal.

2-8
II. Communication Module
The communication module realizes the communication between TES and TMU, and
the communication between TES and TEU. It also obtains the PCB version No. of TES
and cabinet No.
The serial port communication between TES and TMU conforms to RS485 standard. It
is connected to the CBUS3 of TMU. TES is connected to CBUS via the level conversion
circuit. The parallel communication mode between TES and TEU adopts the P2P mode.
The parallel level is TTL.
2.7 ABB
2.7.1 Overview
In practice, chain networking is usually adopted at BSS. This networking mode features
simple structure and lower cost. However, when power failure occurs at a site, all
services of the downstream sites are interrupted. The Abis transmission bypass board
(ABB) provides the Abis interface bypass function as a solution to the problem above.
2.7.2 Functions
ABB is applied in the BTS chain networking. It is in charge of the BTS transmission
trunk. When power failure occurs at a certain level (middle level) of BTS in the chain
networking, ABB bypasses the Abis transmission line off this site, and directly connect
it to the downstream BTS. In this way, even if power failure occurs at a middle-level site
in the chain networking, the services of the downstream site will not be affected. See
Figure 2-5.
BSC
ABB
TMU
ABB
TMU
ABB
TMU
Site1 Site2 Site3

Figure 2-5 ABB working principle
ABB can also perform loopback at the transmission line, so that ABB can loopback the
E1 signal for BSC to detect the quality of the entire transmission link in the case of
power failure at the end-level BTS.

2-9
2.7.3 Board Location
The ABB shares the same slot as that of the TEU. Therefore, the size of the board and
the interface definition of ABB are consistent with those of TEU. Because BTS30 has
only one TEU slot, ABB is to take the slot of TEU. BTS312 has two TEU slots, but ABB
can only select slot 0 that hosts the TEU. In BTS3012A, there is a fixed slot for the ABB.

Warning:
For the links configured with ABB board, if the ABB board powers off or is replaced, the
E1 link is interrupted.

2.8 ABA
I. Overview
The Abis bypass assistant board (ABA) realizes the communication between ABB and
TMU, so it shall be used to cooperate with ABB. ABB communicates with TMU via
CBUS3. But the slot of ABB does not provide the connection with CBUS3. Therefore,
ABA is used to provide the connection between them. Via ABA, part of the signals from
ABB (e.g. the signals indicating that the ABA is in position) can be transmitted to
CBUS3 on the backplane of the common resource frame.
BTS3006A and BTS3012A do not support ABA
II. Board Location
ABA shares the slot with TES both in BTS30 and BTS312 cabinet. Therefore, the size
of the board and the interface definition are consistent with those of the TES.
This method of bus communication is unfit for BTS3006A and BTS3012A, so there is
no need to configure ABA on BTS3006A and BTS3012A.
2.9 PSU
2.9.1 Overview
The power supply unit (PSU) is a built-in power supply module. BTS3X supports
multiple power input modes, so PSU is divided into AC/DC unit and DC/DC unit

2-10
accordingly. Different power supply modes can be configured for BTS3X according to
different power supply module:
In the 220 V AC power mode, the AC/DC unit is configured.
In the -48V V DC power mode, the DC/DC unit is configured.
In the +24 V DC power mode, there is no need to configure a PSU.
One PSU provides power supply for two TRXs. The configuration of power supply
module adopts N + 1 current equalizing hot backup.
2.9.2 AC/DC Module
The input power of the AC/DC unit is 220 V AC, and the output power is +26 V DC
The 220 V AC power is input through AC lightning protection board, and then to the AC
EMI filter at the cabinet top. The power cable is led along the cabling trough to the 220
V AC input bus bar on the motherboard. Figure 2-6 shows the principle framework of
AC/DC power supply system.
AC input anti-lightning power distribution
unit
PSU PSU PSU PSU
220VAC Input
Input busbar
Output busbar
26VDC Output
DC distribution copper bar
PMU

Figure 2-6 Power distribution of AC/DC power supply module
2.9.3 DC/DC Module
The input power of the DC/DC module is 48 V, and the output power is +26 V.
The 48 V DC power is input through the AC EMI filter at the cabinet top. The power
cable is led along the cabling trough to the -48 V DC input bus bar on the motherboard.
Figure 2-7 shows the principle framework of AC/DC power supply.

2-11
PSU PSU PSU PSU
-48V DC input
Input busbar
Output busbar
26V DC output
DC distribution copper bar
PMU

Figure 2-7 Power distribution of DC/DC power supply module
2.10 PMU
2.10.1 Overview
The power supply management unit (PMU) is close to the power supply module group.
The PMU mainly performs power supply management and alarm collection. If the
AC/DC unit is configured for PSU, the PMU supports the power supply management
function. If the DC/DC unit is configured, it is necessary to set the capacity of PMU
battery to 0, that is, the battery management function is not used.
2.10.2 Functions
The PMU monitors the control variable signal, Boolean value, current, voltage analog
variable in real-time.
1) Control variable signal
Even and float charging management and current limited control of battery
Control over the switching of the protection load for batteries
2) Boolean value signal
AC mains signal and over/under voltage signal (12 V DC/10 mA)
N % AC/DC module(s) provides N % fault status variables (12 V DC/10 mA) for
PMU. (N is the number of PSU configured. For example, if four PSUs are
configured for BTS30, then four fault status variables will be provided for PMU.)
Fan monitoring status variable (normally 12 V DC/10 mA)
Cabinet internal smoke detection (alarm: 24 V/10 mA), water proof (alarm: 12 V/10
mA), access control (normal; 12 V/10 mA)

2-12
Switching status variable of the battery fuse (0.3 V DC < normal voltage
difference < 0.3 V DC)
3) Current and voltage analog variable signal
Battery group current (A)
Total load current (A)
Main bar voltage (V)
4) Environment variable analog signal
Cabinet internal temperature (with a sensor) (C)
Cabinet internal humidity (with a sensor) (RH%)
Figure 2-8 shows the monitoring principle of PMU.
AC power supply
AC/DC AC/DC
AC/DC
AC/DC
Load
FMU PMU
Smoke
Temprature
& Humidity
Waterlogging Access
Batteries
FUSE
External alarm collection

Figure 2-8 PMU monitoring
2.11 FMU
2.11.1 Overview
The fan monitoring unit (FMU) is located in the fan box. It manages and controls the
fans in the fan box to guarantee satisfactory heat dissipation of the BTS.
2.11.2 Functions
The FMU has the following functions:
1) Feeding fans
This part of circuit consists of two parts: power supply filter and voltage reduction. It
processes the working power needed from system power supply to fan, and provides
the feeding to the fan.
2) Controlling the fan speed

2-13
The voltage-controlled mode is used to control the fan speed, so that the fan will
maintain the rotation at a constant speed within the variation range of voltage to satisfy
the needs of heat dissipation of the system.
3) Alarm monitoring
There are two types of fan failure: stalled and short circuited. The symptom of these two
cases is that the fan stops running. The FMU monitors the speed of the fan to decide
the working status of the fan. If the fan is faulty, the alarm signal is sent to PMU.

M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 3 Signal Processing Subsystem

3-1
Chapter 3 Signal Processing Subsystem
3.1 Overview
The signal processing subsystem includes such boards as TRX, PBU, CDU, ECDU,
EDU, MDU, RCDU, REDU, SCU, and ESCU. The system realizes the conversion from
digital signal to RF signal, including:
Baseband processing
RF processing
Signal combining before transmitting
Signal dividing after receiving
Figure 3-1 shows the signal transmit process of the BTS.
TMU
TRX Antenna CDU
Abis

Figure 3-1 Signal transmit process of BTS
Figure 3-2 shows the signal receive process of BTS.
TMU TRX Antenna CDU
Abis

Figure 3-2 Signal receive process of BTS
There are many optional boards in signal processing subsystem. For the functions and
slots of each board, see Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Functions of optional boards
Optional
board
Slot Feature of configuration
ETR TRX slot
To support the EDGE function, the ETR shall be
configured.

3-2
Optional
board
Slot Feature of configuration
PBU TRX slot
For increasing the transmitting power;
It is possible to configure PBU to TRX.
One PBU can amplify the power of only one TRX.
The PBU only supports the power amplification of a
40W TRX at GSM900, GSM1800, EGSM and RGSM
frequency bands.
BTS supports the configuration of PBU to some
TRXs.
EDU CDU slot
For enlarging coverage and lowering combining loss;
The following conditions shall be satisfied:
Number of TRXs in each sector 2
No need for large capacity upgrading
ECDU CDU slot
Meets the requirements in combining and dividing
when configured with PBU
MDU CDU slot
Used together with EDU capacity expansion;
Supports smooth capacity expansion from 1 TRX to
8 TRXs.
RCDU CDU slot
When the BTS works in the EGSM band, the RCDU
is optional.
REDU CDU slot
For the BTS working in the EGSM band and
requiring lower combining loss, the REDU is
optional.
The following conditions shall be satisfied:
Number of TRXs in each sector 2
No need for large capacity upgrading
SCU CDU slot
For lowering the consumption of feeders when there
are too many TRXs configured for a cell.
This condition shall be satisfied: number of TRXs in a
cell 4.
ESCU CDU slot
Can be used with PBU, CDU, ECDU, EDU, RCDU,
and REDU.
This condition shall be satisfied: number of TRXs in a
cell 4.


3-3
3.2 TRX
3.2.1 Overview
The transceiver unit (TRX) adopts a modularized structure. It includes base band
processing unit and RF processing unit. The TRX receives signals from an MS via the
antenna, and then demodulates the signals received into signaling information and
voice information for sending forward. The downlink signaling information and voice
information are sent to the antenna after being processed by the TRX, and then are
transmitted to the MS.
The TRX also receives various management and configuration information from TMU,
and reports its own status and alarm information to TMU.
Figure 3-3 shows the functional architecture of TRX, which includes a baseband signal
processing unit (TBPU) and a RF signal processing unit (RPU).
SCP DSP CUI
TDP PAU
RCU
RPU
DBUS
FH_BUS
CBUS
TIMING_BUS
TBPU
Transmitting
Main receiving
Diversity receiving
Clock processing part

SCP: Signaling Processing Part DSP: Digital Signal Processor
CUI: Carrier Unit Interface Controller TDP: Transmitter Driver and PLL unit
PAU: Power Amplifier Unit RCU: Receiver Unit
TBPU: Transceiver Baseband Processing Unit RPU: Radio frequency Process Unit
DBUS: Data bus CBUS: Control bus
FHBUS: Frequency Hopping bus TBUS: Clock bus
Figure 3-3 TRX logical structure

3-4
I. TBPU
The TBPU includes the following parts:
Signaling processing part (SCP)
Digital signal processor (DSP)
Carrier unit interface controller (CUI)
Because the GSM adopts the TDM system, the operation of TRX relies on various
clocks. This is the purpose of clock processing part in TRX.
1) SCP
The SCP processes the signaling protocols of various interfaces of BTS, including:
L2 protocol LAPDm between BTS and MS
L2 protocol LAPD between BTS and BSC
L2 protocol DCL between BTS and OMU
The SCP also processes the L3 non-transparent messages. SCP also loads programs
to DSP and processes the alarms from the entire TRX module.
2) DSP
The DSP realizes the following functions:
Signal coding
Signal decoding
Interleaving
De-interleaving
Voice/data communication with TRAU of BSC
The DSP sends the signaling from the MS to SCP, receives the signaling from SCP, and
implements the corresponding coding/decoding according to the relative protocol. The
downlink data are sent to RF signal processing unit RPU via CUI.
3) CUI
The CUI is the interface module between DSP and RPU. It is used to realize the FH
function of TRX. FH by CUI can be decided in the system configuration. If the system is
operating under RF FH mode, CUI operates under non-FH mode, and FH is
implemented by RPU; if system operating under base band FH mode, FH will be
implemented by CUI. In addition, CUI also samples and filters the uplink intermediate
frequency signals from RPU, and then sends them to DSP for demodulation and
diversity combining.
4) Clock Processing Part
The clock of TRX is from the clock bus of TMU. To ensure high reliability, the clock bus
operates in active/standby mode. These clocks include frame clock, 1/8-bit clock and
FN. The clock processing part of TRX first selects the active or standby clock, and then
generates the TS NO. and bit clock necessary for TRX through frequency dividing
counter.

3-5
II. RPU
RPU includes the receiver unit (RCU), transmitter driver and PLL unit (TDP) and power
amplifier unit (PAU).
1) RCU
The RCU provides the diversity receiving function. The receiver consists of two
channels of fully independent paths. The input signal of the two channels mainly comes
from the antenna in the main and diversity modes. When the signals received from one
channel is in poor quality due to complicated radio transmission condition, there will be
different signal qualities if the other channel receives signals from other paths. BTS
receives signals from two channels: main set and diversity. It is possible to provide 3 dB
to 5 dB of diversity gain to improve communication quality after demodulation with
combining algorithm.
Each channel of receiving path is made up of a primary down-conversion circuit. The
receiving signal is sent to frequency mixer to generate an intermediate-frequency (IF)
signal. After being amplified to a certain level, the IF signal is sent to the base band part
for digital demodulation.
2) TDP
The TDP includes the transmitting excitation unit, frequency synthesizer and loop test
unit.
Transmitting excitation unit
The transmitting process is in direct modulation mode. The transmitting excitation unit
modulates the I and Q signals sent from TBPU into the RF signals needed for
transmitting with the quadrature modulator. The modulated signal provides PAU with a
certain power level. Transmitting excitation unit also provides the dynamic and static
power control for BTS. The static power control is defined during network planning to
decide the maximum transmitting power of BTS. Dynamic power control is
implemented during the process of communication. The static power levels are Level 0
to 9, among which, Level 0 is 46 dBm, and the decrease step is 2 dBm. The levels of
dynamic power control are Level 0 to 15, and the decrease step is 2 dBm. To lower the
noise level in radio environment, and improve network capacity and QoS, it is
necessary to lower the transmitting power of BTS as much as possible without harming
the QoS, so that each TCH is at the lowest dynamic power level, and the transmitting
power of idle channels is closed. Transmitting excitation unit also supports PA
over-power alarm signal. An alarm will be generated when the output power of PA
exceeds the set level by 3 dB.
Frequency synthesizer
The frequency synthesizer is crucial to the entire transceiver. It generates various local
oscillation of transceiving up/down-conversion, such as transmitting oscillation,

3-6
receiving oscillation and loop test local oscillation. Both transmitting local oscillation
and receiving local oscillation have two loops for FH loop switching.
Loop test unit
Loop test unit is designed for TRX loop test. It attenuates part of the signals coupled at
the output terminal of PAU to the receiving band, and then sends them to the receiver
after coupling. Its major function is to test the operation of TRX transmitting channel
and receiving channel.
3) PAU
The PAU amplifies RF signals. TRX supports two kinds of PAU. Their maximum output
power levels are 46 dBm and 47 dBm respectively. The PAU also provides the
feedback sampling signals controlled by transmitting APC and the following alarm
signals:
Over temperature alarm: When the temperature of PA is over 85 C, the PAU
reports the over temperature alarm via base band unit, and automatically closes
the PAU.
Over-standing wave alarm: When the output standing wave exceeds 3.5, the
PAU reports this alarm to base band unit.
3.3 EDGE Transceiver (ETR)
3.3.1 Overview
ETR adopts modularized structure. It includes base band processing unit and RF
processing unit. ETR receives signal from MS via antenna, and then demodulates the
signal received into signaling information and voice information for sending forward.
The downlink signaling information and voice information is sent to antenna after ETR
processing, and then transmitted to MS.
ETR also receives various management and configuration information issued from
TMU, and reports its own status and alarm information to TMU.
The ETR supports multiple frequency bands:
GSM850
GSM900/EGSM/RGSM
GSM1800
GSM1900

3-7
3.3.2 Principle of Structure
Figure 3-4 shows the structure of ETR, including EDGE Baseband Radio-frequency
Unit (EBRU), Edge Power Amplifier Unit (EPAU) and Edge ETR Power Supply Unit
(ETPS).
SCP DSP CUI
TDP EPAU
RCU
DBUS
FH _ BUS
CBUS
TIMING_BUS
Clock
processing unit
Transmitting
Main receiving
Diversity receiving
EBPU

SCP: Signaling Processing Part DSP: Digital Signal Processor
CUI: Carrier Unit Interface Controller TDP: Transmitter Driver and PLL unit
EPAU: EDGE Power Amplifier Unit RCU: Receiver Unit
TBPU: Transceiver Baseband
Processing Unit
RPU: Radio frequency Process Unit
DBUS: Data bus CBUS: Control bus
FHBUS: Frequency Hopping bus EBRU: EDGE Baseband Radio-frequency Unit
Figure 3-4 ETR logical structure
EBRU includes signaling processing part (SCP), digital signal processor (DSP), carrier
unit interface controller (CUI), receiver unit (RCU) and transmitter driver and PLL unit
(TDP). Since GSM adopts TDM system, the operation of ETR relies on various clocks.
This is the purpose of the presence of the clock processing part in ETR.
I. SCP
SCP processes the signaling protocols of various interfaces of BTS, including the L2
protocol LAPDm between BTS and MS, L2 protocol LAPD between BTS and BSC and
L2 protocol DCL between BTS and OMU. It also processes the L3 non-transparent
messages. SCP also loads programs to DSP and processes the alarms from the entire
ETR module.

3-8
II. DSP
DSP realizes the functions such as signal coding/decoding, interleaving/de-interleaving,
and voice/data communication with TRAU of BSC. It sends the signaling from the MS to
SCP, receives the signaling from SCP, and implements the corresponding
coding/decoding according to the relative protocol. The downlink data are sent to RF
signal processing unit RPU via CUI.
III. CUI
CUI is the interface module between DSP and RPU. It is used to realize the FH function
of ETR. FH by CUI can be decided in the system configuration. If the system is
operating under RF FH mode, CUI operates under non-FH mode, and FH is
implemented by RPU. If system operating under base band FH mode, FH will be
implemented by CUI. In addition, CUI also samples and filters the uplink intermediate
frequency signals from RPU, and then sends them to DSP for demodulation and
main/diversity combining.
IV. RCU
RCU provides main/diversity receiving function. The receiver consists of two channels
of full-independent paths. The input signal of the two channels mainly comes from main
set and diversity antenna. When the signal received from one channel is in poor quality
due to complicated radio transmission condition, there will be different signal qualities if
the other channel receives signals from other paths. BTS receives signals from two
channels: main set and diversity. It is possible to provide 3~5 dB of diversity gain to
improve communication quality after demodulation with combining algorithm.
Each channel of receiving path is made up of a primary down-conversion circuit. The
receiving signal is sent to frequency mixer to generate a mid-frequency signal. After
being amplified to a certain level, it is sent to the base band part for digital
demodulation.
V. TDP
TDP includes transmitting excitation unit, frequency synthesizer and loop test unit.
Transmitting excitation unit
Transmitting is in direct modulation mode. Transmitting excitation unit modulates the I
and Q signals sent from TBPU into the RF signals needed for transmitting with the
quadrature modulator. The modulated signal provides PAU with a certain power level.
Transmitting excitation unit also provides the dynamic and static power control for BTS.
The static power control is defined during network planning to decide the maximum
transmitting power of BTS. Dynamic power control is implemented during the process

3-9
of communication. The static power levels are Level 0~9, among which, Level 0 is 46
dBm, and the decrease step is 2 dBm. The levels of dynamic power control are Level 0
~ 15, and the decrease step is 2 dBm. To lower the noise level in radio environment,
and improve network capacity and QoS, it is necessary to lower the transmitting power
of BTS as much as possible without harming the QoS, so that each TCH is at the lowest
dynamic power level, and the transmitting power of idle channels is closed.
Transmitting excitation unit also supports PA over-power and under-power alarm signal.
An alarm will be generated when the output power of PA exceeds the set level by 3 dB.
Frequency synthesizer
Frequency synthesizer is crucial to the entire transceiver. It generates various local
oscillation of transceiving up/down-conversion and some oscillation reference, such as
transmitting oscillation, receiving oscillation, loop test local oscillation. Both transmitting
local oscillation and receiving local oscillation have two loops for FH loop switching.
Loop test unit
Loop test unit is designed for ETR loop test. It attenuates part of the signals coupled at
the output terminal of PAU to the receiving band, and then sends them to the receiver
after coupling. Its major function is to test the operation of ETR transmitting channel
and receiving channel.
VI. Clock Processing Part
Clocks of the ETR are derived from the clock bus of the TMU. To ensure higher
reliability, clock bus adopts active/standby work mode. The clocks include frame clocks,
1/8 bit clocks and FN. The clock processing part in the ETR first selects master clocks
or slave clocks, and then generates the timeslot number and bit clocks required by the
ETR through frequency divider counting.
VII. EPAU
EPAU amplifies RF signals. Its maximum output power level is 47.8 dBm when the ETR
works in the GSMK mode. Its maximum output power level is 46 dBm when the ETR
works in the 8PSK mode. It also provides the feedback sampling signals controlled by
transmitting APC and the following alarm signals:
Over-heat alarm: when the temperature of PA is over 85 C, PAU reports the
over-heat alarm via base band unit, and automatically closes PAU.
Over-standing wave alarm: when the output standing wave exceeds 3.5, PAU
reports this alarm to base band unit.

3-10
3.4 PBU
3.4.1 Overview
The power boost unit (PBU) is the TRX output power amplifier designed for wide
coverage. The PBU can increase the effective radiation power of the antenna and the
coverage of BTS. The maximum output power is 49 ! 1 dBm. It consists of PA
synthesizing module, alarm management module and power supply module. It can
amplify one channel output power of 40 W TRX working at GSM900, GSM1800, EGSM
and RGSM frequency bands.
Figure 3-5 shows the functional architecture of the PBU.
Coupling and delay filter
Range and phase
control
60W PA
Power
synthesizing
and test
PA Synthiesizing Module
Alarm collection
and output
PA control signal
generating
Alarm Management Module
26V
26V
8V
8V
Alarm collection PA control
Alarm output
26V
RF signal input
PBU
Power
supply
module
RF signal
output

Figure 3-5 PBU functional architecture
The PBU couples the 40 W power signal output from TRX as main channel signal and
coupling channel signal. The main channel signal is input into power synthesizing unit
after delay filtering, and the coupling channel signal is input into power synthesizing unit
after 60 W PA. To get the final synthesizing signal, it is necessary to control the range
and phase of these two channels of input synthesizing signals. The generation of
control signal and collection/reporting of alarm are implemented by alarm management
module. The coupling, control and synthesizing of power signal is implemented by the
network.
1) PA synthesizing module
Under the control of alarm collection and management module, the PA synthesizing
module amplifies the TRX output signal. It also provides PA control and alarm
information (positive input power and positive output power demodulation signal),

3-11
alarm signal (over-temperature, over-standing wave alarm) to alarm collection and
management module so that it can perform PA test and alarm reporting.
The PA synthesizing module includes:
Input coupling
Delay filter/range/phase control
60 W PA
Power synthesizing and test
The input coupling and delay filter will couple the 40 W signal output from TRX as main
channel signal and coupling channel signal (main channel signal counts for most part of
the energy). The main channel signal is sent to an entrance of power synthesizing and
test unit after adjusting delay processing at the filter.
The range and phase adjusting of coupling channel signal necessary for power
synthesizing is done by alarm collection and management module, and then is
amplified to 60 W to be sent to another entrance of the power synthesizing and test unit.
The two channels of input signals can obtain the final PBU output power after power
synthesizing, and is ready for output.
2) Alarm management module
The alarm management module receives the PA control (positive input power and
positive output power demodulation signal) and alarm signal (over-temperature and
over-standing wave alarm) to test PA and control the phase and range of the PA
synthesized network, as well as reports the alarms of positive output power too low, PA
output standing wave and PA over-temperature.
3) Power supply module
This module provides the power supply signals for PA and synthesized network, alarm
collection and management module.
3.5 CDU
3.5.1 Overview
The combiner and divider unit (CDU) realizes the following functions:
Combining and filtering of transceiving duplex
Transmitting signal
Filtering of receiving signals
Low-noise amplification
Dividing of receiving signals
Provides TTA feeding.

3-12
The CDU uses the bridge combiner (broadband combiner) at 3 dB power loss to enable
multiple transmitting signals and receiving signals to share the same antenna unit. In
practice, the mode of transmitting 2-in-1 or receiving dual channel 1-into-4 (or single
channel 1-into-8) can be adopted. In addition, CDU also has a diversity receiving
tributary.
The CDU supports the GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, and GSM850 frequency bands.
The maximum input power of its single port is 60 W.
Figure 3-6 shows the functional architecture of CDU.
Test coupler TA feeder
Divider
Duplexer
Low noise amplifier Receiving fiter
Alarm and control unit
Combiner
Transmitting input
Receiving output
Divider
Receiving output
Low noise amplifier
TA feeder
CDU

Figure 3-6 CDU functional architecture
Besides the basic combining and dividing function, the CDU also has the following
functions for alarm test:
1) Standing wave test: monitors the status of the antenna and feeder system.
When finding that the standing wave exceeds the preset threshold 1.5:1, the CDU
reports a minor alarm, and the corresponding indicator on the front panel is in the
ON" status.
When finding that the standing wave exceeds the preset threshold of 2.5:1, the
CDU reports a critical alarm, and the corresponding indicator on the front panel is
in the ON" status, then the transmitting signal will be closed one minute later.
2) Low-noise amplifier faulty alarm: The fault signal is from the power supply current
of low-noise amplifier. The alarm is generated when the current exceeds a certain
range or no current detected.
3) TTA alarm: When TTA is operating, CDU judges the working status of TTA
according to its working current. The alarm is generated when the current exceeds
a certain range or no current is detected.
4) Control function: The CDU performs power attenuation control of the main
receiving channel and diversity receiving channel (dynamic range: 15 dB, step: 1

3-13
dB). It realizes the function of TTA feeding switch, which automatically closes TTA
feeding upon TTA alarm.
3.6 ECDU
The functions and external interfaces (including dimensions) of ECDU are the same as
those of CDU. It implements combination of transmitted signals, dividing of received
signals, and duplex functions.
The ECDU supports multiple frequency bands:
GSM850
GSM900
GSM1800
GSM1900
3.7 EDU
3.7.1 Overview
The enhanced duplex unit (EDU) is designed for wide coverage and low loss. It realizes
the following functions:
Combining and filtering of transceiving duplex and transmitting signal
Filtering of receiving signals
Low-noise amplification
Dividing of receiving signal for TRXs
It also provides TTA feeding. Each TRX uses independent antenna, and transmitting
combiner is not needed. The receiving mode is 1-into-2.
EDU supports the following frequency bands:
GSM850
GSM900
GSM1800
GSM1900
Figure 3-7 shows the functional architecture of the EDU.

3-14
TA
feeder
Divider
Duplexer
Alarm and control
unit
Transmitting
input
Receiving
output Low noise amplifier
EDU
Test
coupler
TA
feeder
Divider
Duplexer
Receiving
output
Transmitting
input
Low noise amplifier
Test
coupler

Figure 3-7 EDU functional architecture
Besides the basic combining and dividing function, CDU also has the following
functions for alarm test:
Standing wave test: monitors the status of antenna feeder. When finding that the
standing wave exceeds the preset threshold of 2.5:1, the CDU reports minor alarm,
and the corresponding indicator on the front panel is on.
Low-noise amplifier faulty alarm: Fault signal is from the power supply current of
low-noise amplifier. The alarm is generated when the current exceeds a certain
range or no current is detected.
TTA alarm: When TTA is operating, the CDU judges the working status of TTA
according to its working current. The alarm is generated when the current exceeds
a certain range or no current is detected.
Control function: The EDU performs power attenuation control of the main
receiving channel and diversity receiving channel (dynamic range: 15 dB, step: 1
dB). It realizes the function of TTA feeding switch, which automatically closes TTA
feeding upon TTA alarm.
3.8 MDU
3.8.1 Overview
The MDU is a multi-channel combining and distribution unit to realize smooth capacity
expansion from 1 TRX to 8 TRX even when the EDU is configured. The MDU is a
passive component, supporting the following frequency bands:
GSM850
GSM900 (RGSM)
GSM1800
GSM1900

3-15
RGSM
Figure 3-8 shows the functional architecture of MDU.
Combiner
Divider
Divider
IN1
IN2
COM
3
RX5
RX6
RX7
RX8
RX1
RX2
RX3
RX4
RXIN1
RXIN2
Combiner
TX1
TX2
COM
1
Combiner
TX3
TX4
COM2

Figure 3-8 MDU functional architecture
3.9 RCDU
The RCDU is the same as ECDU in terms of structure, functions, peripheral interfaces,
peripheral interface dimensions, and maximum input power. It can also combine
transmitted RF signals, divide received RF signals and implement reception and
transmission duplex. The difference between RCDU and ECDU lies in the bands
supported. The bands supported by RCDU ranges from 876 MHz to 901 MHz (uplink)
and 921 MHz to 946 MHz (downlink). For the BTS working at the EGSM band with the
frequency range of 880 MHz to 890 MHz (uplink) and 925 MHz to 935 MHz (downlink),
The RCDU is optional.
3.10 REDU
The REDU is the same as EDU in terms of structure, functions, peripheral interfaces,
peripheral interface dimensions, and maximum input power. It can also implement
1-to-2 division of received signals and implement reception and transmission duplex.

3-16
The difference between REDU and EDU lies in the bands supported. The band
supported by REDU ranges from 876 MHz to 901 MHz (uplink) and 921 MHz to 946
MHz (downlink). If the BTS works in the EGSM band with the frequency range as 880
MHz to 890 MHz (uplink) and 925 MHz to 935 MHz (downlink) and it is required to
achieve low loss, REDU is optional.
3.11 SCU
3.11.1 Overview
The simple combiner unit (SCU) is a transmitting unit of four carriers in one (4-in-1). It
realizes broadband combining with 3 dB power loss bridge. The cooperation of SCU
and CDU can realize the combining transmitting of multi-carriers, thus realizing number
of CDUs and lowering cost.
The SCU supports the following frequency bands:
GSM900
GSM1800
Figure 3-9 shows the functional architecture of SCU.
Transmitting input
SCU
Transmitting output
1
2
Combiner
3
4
Combiner
Combiner

Figure 3-9 SCU functional architecture
3.12 ESCU
The ESCU is the same as SCU in terms of structure, functions, peripheral interfaces
and peripheral interface dimensions. It can also implement 4-in-1 combination of
transmitted signals. The differences between ESCU and SCU lie in:

3-17
Bands supported: The band supported by ESCU ranges from 921 MHz to 960
MHz (900M ESCU) and 1805 MHz to 1880 MHz (1800M ESCU).
Maximum input power supported at a single port: The single port of ESCU
supports the maximum input power of 100 W.
The 900M ESCU can be used with 900M CDU, ECDU, EDU, RCDU and REDU,
while the 1800M ESCU can be used with 1800M CDU, ECDU and EDU. When
ESCU works with the ECDU, it can implement more than four carriers, which thus
improves the BTS transmit power and effective radiated power of antenna ports
and enlarges the coverage of BTS.

M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem

4-1
Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
4.1 Overview
The antenna & feeder subsystem includes:
Antenna
Feeder
Jumpers
Lightning arrester
Tower top amplifier (TTA)
Figure 4-1 shows the cable connections between these parts.
Antenna
TTA
Antenna
support
Jumper from
antenna to TTA
Jumper from
TTA to feeder
Feeder
Lightning
arrester
Jumper from
lightning arrester
to cabinet top
BTS3X
cabinet

Figure 4-1 Cable connections of antenna & feeder subsystem
The antenna & feeder subsystem transmits the modulated RF signals, and receives the
signals from MSs.

4-2
4.2 Antenna
The antenna is the originating point of transmission and the terminating point of
receiving. The type, gain, directional diagram and front-to-rear ratio of the antenna
have great effect on system performance. These elements shall be planned on the
basis of subscriber number and coverage. The following will detail on the key indices of
antenna.
4.2.1 Classification
Antennas can be classified into the omni-directional antenna, unipolarized directional
antenna and dual polarized directional antenna. The dual polarized directional antenna
is usually used to substitute unipolarized directional antenna to reduce the number of
antennas. A dual polarized directional antenna equals to two unipolarized directional
antennas.
4.2.2 Gain
Gain of an antenna indicates the capability of the antenna in focusing and radiating the
power to a certain direction. Usually the higher the gain of the antenna is, the stronger
the field strength will be along the wave radiation direction and the wider the antenna
will cover. But there may be blind spot nearby.
4.2.3 Directional Diagram
The directional diagram of antenna describes the radiation strength on different
directions. In the telecom field, it is normally described with horizontal azimuth angle
and declination angle as the coordinate. BTS antenna is described with azimuth angle.
Usually there are situations: omni-directional antenna and directional antenna. The
coverage of omni-directional antenna is horizontal round coverage. The main lobe
width of directional antenna is 120, 90, or 65. The declination angle of antenna is
normally realized with mechanical or electrical adjusting. The currently applied
declination angles for BTS directional antenna are 0 and 2, etc. It is possible to realize
large scale angle adjustment with pitch controller (such as 0 to 10).
4.2.4 Polarization
Polarization is used to describe the direction of the electric field radiated by the antenna.
Antennas used in mobile communication system include unitpolarized antennas and
dual polarization antennas. The two polarization directions of the dual polarization
antenna are vertical to each other. The dual polarization antenna can reduce the
number of antennas hoisted.

4-3
4.2.5 Diversity Technology
The electric wave transmission in a city has the following features:
1) The strength mid-value slightly varies with the change of place and time. The rule
of changing conforms to lognormal distribution, which is called slow fading.
2) Due to multi-path transmission, the instantaneous value of field strength features
selective fading along transmission path. The fading rule conforms to Rayleigh
distribution, which is called fast fading.
Both fast and slow fading has negative effect on mobile communication quality. In some
cases, they may even cause communication interruption. Diversity technology is a
measure to settle the problem of fading. If the correlation between two channels of
fading signals is low, the suitable diversity receiving and combining technology can be
adopted to eliminate the fading effect of signal transmission. Diversity can be classified
into polarization diversity and space diversity, etc.
Two antennas are used at BTS to realize diversity receiving. Two directional antennas
or two unipolarized directional antennas can be used to realize space diversity
receiving. One dual polarized directional antenna can realize polarization diversity
receiving.
4.2.6 Antennas Isolation
To avoid the negative effect of transmitter on receiver, different antennas shall be
properly isolated and the two polarization directions of dual polarized antenna shall be
properly isolated. In GSM system, the antenna isolation shall be more than 30 dB.
4.3 Feeder
A transceiving path is mainly made up of one feeder. There are two selections: 7/8"
feeder and 5/4" feeder. A unipolarized directional antenna or omni-directional antenna
needs a feeder. A dual polarized directional antenna needs two feeders.
Since feeder insertion loss has a great impact on the noise factor of receiver and the
transmitting power of BTS, it is required to reduce the insertion loss of feeder as much
as possible. The low loss RF feeder is usually adopted for BTS. If the length of the
feeder is smaller than 60 m, the 7/8" feeder can be used. If the length is greater than 60
m, 5/4" shall be considered to lower the feeder loss.
4.4 Lightning Arrester
Lightning arrester is used to avoid damaging the equipment caused by the influence
current through the conductor in the feeder. A feeder shall be configured with a lightning

4-4
arrester. There are usually two types of arrester: one directs the current to the ground
according to microwave principle, and the one is discharge tube arrester, which will
become a conductor when the voltage between both ends of the discharge tube
reaches a certain value. BTS3X adopts the latter one. The arrester of BTS30 and that
of BTS312 are usually installed near the cabinet, while that of BTS3012A and that of
BTS3006A are installed in the cable inlet of the auxiliary equipment cabinet
4.5 TTA
4.5.1 Overview
The tower top amplifier (TTA) is a low-noise amplification module installed on the tower.
Its function is to amplify the uplink signal from MS before the transmission loss occurs
along the feeder. This helps improve the receiving sensibility of the BTS system and the
uplink coverage of the system while lowering the transmitting power of MS and
improving the session quality.
TTA is optional. Usually, the triplex TTA is configured. It is installed close to the antenna.
This type of TTA consists of triplex filter, low-noise amplifier and feeder. The triplex filter
is actually the combination of two duplex filters. The signal from the antenna is first
filtered off the external interference at the triplex filter, and then is amplified by the
low-noise amplifier, and finally sent to the indoor unit.
Figure 4-2 shows the functional architecture of a triplex TTA.
DC
BTS
Triplex TTA
Transmitting filter
TTA feeder
By pass
Low noise
amplifier
Receiving
filter
Receiving
filter

Figure 4-2 Triplex TTA functional architecture

4-5
4.5.3 Functions
The TTA has the following functions:
The noise factor of TTA is very low.
TTA has a wide dynamic range, which is full adaptable to the change of strength of
signal received by antenna caused by different distance between MS and BTS.
TTA has the alarm bypass function.
TTA is fed with feeder, so it has the feeding detection device.
TTA adopts strict water-proof sealing and is adaptable to a wide range of working
temperature (40C to 70C).
TTA can sustain strong lightning strikes.
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 5 System Bus Structure

5-1
Chapter 5 System Bus Structure
5.1 Bus Classification
BTS3X adopts the advanced bus management mode to allocate the resources for BTS
so that the cooperative efficiency between boards and components can be higher. The
inter-cabinet bus is used to transmit the following signals:
Clock signal
Control signal
Data signal
Status signal between cabinets
Logically, BTS buses include the following types:
Data bus
Control bus
Clock bus
FH bus
Physically, there are only two types of bus cables:
Clock cable: has 25 PIN DB connectors. It contains clock bus and CBUS1.
Data cable: has 37 PIN DB connectors. It contains CBUS2, CBUS3, DBUS1,
DBUS2 and FHBUS.
5.2 Bus Structure
Figure 5-1 shows the bus connection of BTS30.

5-2
Clock bus
CBUS1
CBUS2
DBUS1,2
FHBUS
CBUS3
TMU0
TRX0 TRX17
CDU
0~ 8
PMU
0~2

TES

Clock bus
CBUS1
CBUS2
DBUS1,2
FHBUS
CBUS3
TMU0
TRX0 TRX17
CDU
0~ 8
PMU
0~2

TES

BTS30 main cabinet group
(1)
TMU1 TMU0
TRX0
TRX17
CDU
0~ 8
PMU
0~2

BTS30 extension cabinet group
TMU0
TRX0
TRX17
CDU
0~ 8
PMU
0~2

CBUS2
DBUS1,2
FHBUS
CBUS3
CBUS2
DBUS1,2
FHBUS
CBUS3
(1)
TMU1 TMU0
TRX0
TRX17
CDU
0~ 8
PMU
0~2

TMU0
TRX0
TRX17
CDU
0~ 8
PMU
0~2

CBUS2
DBUS1,2
FHBUS
CBUS3
CBUS2
DBUS1,2
FHBUS
CBUS3

(1) Environmental monitoring instrument
Figure 5-1 BTS30 system bus connection
Figure 5-2 shows the bus connection of BTS312.
Clock bus
CBUS1
CBUS2
DBUS1,2
FHBUS
CBUS3
TMU0
TRX0
TRX23
CDU
0~ 11
PMU
0~1

TES

(1)
TMU1 TMU0
TRX0
TRX23
CDU
0~ 11
PMU
0~1

TMU0
TRX0
TRX23
CDU
0~ 11
PMU
0~1

CBUS2
DBUS1,2
FHBUS
CBUS3
CBUS2
DBUS1,2
FHBUS
CBUS3

(1) Environmental monitoring unit
Figure 5-2 BTS312 system bus connection
Figure 5-3 shows the bus connection of BTS3012A.

5-3
TMU
TRX0
TRX11
CDU
0~ 2
PMU

Clock bus
CBUS1
CBUS2
DBUS1,2
FHBUS
CBUS3
BTS3012A cabinet

Figure 5-3 BTS3012A system bus connection
The following section takes BTS30 as an example to introduce various buses in detail.
The principle of data buses of BTS312 is similar to that of BTS30 and BTS3012A. The
buses of BTS3012 are connected through their backplanes instead of TDUs.
5.3 DBUS
The data bus (DBUS) is for the data connection between TMU and TRX. Each TMU
provides 2 full duplex DBUS link and TRX connection, called DBUS1 and DBUS2.
The physical feature of DBUS is differential RS485, TDMA synchronous bus and
distribution of 32 timeslots is similar to that of PCM.
The active TMU has DBUS connections to each TRX in the same cabinet. The active
and standby links are led from the main cabinet to the 18 TRXs in the local cabinet
group. There is no DBUS connection between cabinet groups. For BTS3012A, DBUS
connection only exists between TMU and TRX in a single cabinet.
Figure 5-4 shows the signal connection between BTS30 cabinets.

5-4

Figure 5-4 DBUS connection between BTS30 cabinets
Figure 5-5 shows the intra-cabinet signal connection of BTS30.
Upper cabinet
TDU
JP6
TDU
JP5
Cable
transfer
Inner cable
distribution
CMB J25
(connect with TMU)
Inner cable
distribution
TRB
JC3
TRB
JC1
TDU
JP7
TDU
JP8
Inner cable
distribution
Cable
transfer
Lower cabinet
Inner cable
distribution
(connect with 6 TRXs)

Figure 5-5 DBUS connection flow
For the cabinet at the uppermost level, JP6 shall be configured with connector. For the
cabinet at the lowermost level, JP8 shall be configured with connector.
5.4 CBUS
5.4.1 CBUS1
The control bus 1 (CBUS1) is for the communication between the TMUs of this same
site. It adopts RS485 semi-duplex bus and asynchronous transmission. The link layer
conforms to HDLC protocol. The bus rate is 256 kbit/s.
Because only the PCM link in main cabinet group has the operation and maintenance
signaling of BTS, the master TMU in main cabinet group is to send the operation and
maintenance signaling to the slave TMUs in the two extension cabinet groups, as
shown in Figure 5-6.

5-5

Figure 5-6 CBUS1 connection between BTS30 cabinets
Figure 5-7 shows the connection of the intra-cabinet signal of BTS30.
Upper cabinet
TDU
JP3
Cable
transfer
TDU
JP2
Inner cable
distribution
CMB J24
(connect with TMU)
TDU
JP4
TDU
JP2
CMB
J24
Inner cable
distribution
Cable
transfer
Lower cabinet

Figure 5-7 CBUS1 connection flow
5.4.2 CBUS2
The CBUS2 is for the control link between TMU and TRX.
Physically, it conforms to the differential RS485 interface and semi-duplex bus. The link
layer conforms to the HDLC protocol. The bus rate is 2 M. The 2 M clock of DBUS is
used as the clock of CBUS2. There is no CBUS2 connection between cabinet groups.
The connection between CBUS2 cabinet groups and the connection paths are similar
to that of DBUS.
5.4.3 CBUS3
CBUS3 is for the connection between TMU and some low rate control parts, such as
CDU, PMU and environmental monitoring units.
Physically, it conforms to the differential RS485 interface. The link layer conforms to the
DLC protocol, differential transmission and master/slave communication. The bus rate
is 9.6 kbit/s. There is no CBUS3 connection between cabinet groups.

5-6

Figure 5-8 CBUS3 connection between BTS30 cabinets
Figure 5-9 shows the connection of the intra-cabinet signal of BTS30.
Upper cabinet
TDU
JP6
TDU
JP18
TDU
JP5
Cable
transfer
Cable
transfer
Alarm
box
CMB J25
(connect with TMU and PMU)
TRB
JC3
Inner cable
distribution
TRB
JP1
TRB
JP2
TRB
JP3
Cable
transfer
CDU
Inner cable
distribution
CDU
Inner cable
distribution
CDU
Inner cable
distribution
TRB
JC1
TDU
JP7
Inner cable
distribution
Cable
transfer
Inner cable
distribution
TDU
JP8
Cable
transfer
Lower cabinet

Figure 5-9 CBUS3 connection flow
For the cabinet at the uppermost level, JP6 shall be configured with a connector. For
the cabinet at the lowermost level, JP8 shall be configured with a connector.
5.5 Clock Bus
The bus is used to transmit the scheduling of GSM system. System scheduling is
generated at the master TMU in the main cabinet group, and is transmitted to each
TRX in the same site via clock bus, so that all TRXs of the same site achieve
synchronization at the same system reference clock.
To avoid the interference of the clocks generated from TMUs in other cabinet groups to
the clock bus between cabinets, BTS30/312 cabinet adopts the control realized with
TDU DIP switch setting. For the main cabinet of the main cabinet group, the S1 and S2
on the TDU DIP are both set to ON. The TMU clock is sent via the inter-cabinet clock
bus with the drive of TDU. For other cabinets, the S1 and S2 of TDU DIP are both set to
OFF to cut the connection between the TMU of local cabinet and inter-cabinet clock
bus. The clock of local cabinet adopts the one from the inter-cabinet clock bus. Figure
5-10 shows the clock signal process.

5-7
TMU TDU
Boards in the main
cabinet
Boards in the
extension cabinet
A-bis

Figure 5-10 BTS clock signal process
Figure 5-11shows the clock bus connection.

Figure 5-11 Clock bus connection between BTS30 cabinets
Figure 5-12shows the connection of intra-cabinet signal of BTS30.
Upper cabinet
TDU
JP3
TDU
JP1
TRB
JC2
Cable
transfer
Inner cable
distribution (Connect with 6 TRXs)
Matching
Lower cabinet
TDU
JP4
TDU
JP2
CMB
J24
Inner cable
distribution
Cable
transfer
Cable
transfer
Inner cable
distribution

Figure 5-12 Clock bus connection flow

5-8
5.6 FHBUS
The frequency hopping bus (FHBUS) is used for baseband FH. Physically, FHBUS
shares the cable with CBUS2, CBUS3 and DBUS. The difference is that FHBUS
connects only to TRX.
FHBUS is an 8 bit parallel bus, semi-duplex, and conforms to RS-485 standard.
FHBUS is used for the connection between all TRXs in the same cabinet group (for
BTS30, at most 18; for BTS312, at most 24). There is no FHBUS connection between
cabinet groups.
Main cabinet Extension cabinet
C
D
U
T
R
X
C
D
U
C
D
U
T
R
X
T
R
X
T
R
X
T
R
X
T
R
X
P
S
U
P
M
U
T
M
U
T
M
U
Extension cabinet
C
D
U
T
R
X
C
D
U
C
D
U
T
R
X
T
R
X
T
R
X
T
R
X
T
R
X
P
S
U
P
M
U
C
D
U
T
R
X
C
D
U
C
D
U
T
R
X
T
R
X
T
R
X
T
R
X
T
R
X
P
S
U
P
M
U

Figure 5-13 FH bus connection between BTS30 cabinets
Figure 5-14 shows the connection of intra-cabinet signals of BTS30.
Upper cabinet
TDU
JP6
Cable
transfer
TDU
JP5
CMB
J25
Inner cable
distribution
TRB
JC3
TRB
JC1
TDU
JP7
TDU
JP8
Inner cable
distribution
Cable
transfer
Lower cabinet
Inner cable
distribution
Inner cable
distribution
(connect with 6 TRXs)

Figure 5-14 FH bus connection flow

01 System Principle

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01 System Principle

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Technical Manual System Principle

M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Table of Contents

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