Overview

Physics 10: Lecture 8

Entropy
Paul Leonard Atchong C. Hilario, M.Sc.
National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Email: philario@nip.up.eu.ph

Conservation of Energy

Entropy
2
Physics 10: Lecture 8
Tractor beams
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actor!eam.&pg
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
Optical tweezers
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http://www.physics.nyu.e'u/,'g8#/figures/twee-er.png
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
Optical tweezers
Light has momentum
If propagation of light changes direction
then the momentum changed
If the momentum of light changed then a
net force is exerted on the light by the
particle
Light also exerts a force on the particle
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
Last time
Objects continously move because they
have energy
Energy comes in many forms
Energy can never be created nor destroyed
Energy can only be transformed
Conservation of energy
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
Seven ideas that shoo the universe
.!he earth i" not the center o#
the uni$er"e.
2.!he uni$er"e i" a %echani"%
run &y rule".
3.Energy %a'e" it go.
4.Entropy tell" it (here to go.
5.!he truth" are relati$e &ut
the la( i" a&"olute.
6.)ou can not 'no( or predict
e$erything.
*.+unda%entally, thing" ne$er
change!
Spielberg" #nderson" !even Ieas that !hoo" the Universe, $%%&!
Energy %a'e" it ,uni$er"e- go.
Conservation of energy
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
The energy problem
Conservation of energy
.
Physics 10: Lecture 8
Seven ideas that shoo the universe
.!he earth i" not the center o#
the uni$er"e.
2.!he uni$er"e i" a %echani"%
run &y rule".
3.Energy %a'e" it go.
4.Entropy tell" it (here to go.
5.!he truth" are relati$e &ut
the la( i" a&"olute.
6.)ou can not 'no( or predict
e$erything.
*.+unda%entally, thing" ne$er
change!
Spielberg" #nderson" !even Ieas that !hoo" the Universe, $%%&!
Entropy tell" it ,uni$er"e-
(here to go.
Entropy
/
Physics 10: Lecture 8
The Laws of thermodynamics
'eroth Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics
The third law of thermodynamics
Entropy
0
Physics 10: Lecture 8
The Laws of thermodynamics
'eroth Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics
Entropy

Physics 10: Lecture 8

(eat versus temperature
(eat is a #or% o# energy and is described
in terms of the change" in the total
energy of the molecules
Temperature is the concentration of the
internal energy and is described in terms
of the a$erage energy of the molecules
)hen two systems are allowed to exchange
heat" they are said to be in ther%al
contact and &oth of their temperature
changes
Entropy
2
Physics 10: Lecture 8
(eat versus temperature
)hen in thermal contact" the two systems
exhange energy until their te%perature
i" the "a%e
)hen this happens" they are said to be in
ther%al e1uili&riu%
Entropy
3
Physics 10: Lecture 8
Entropy
'eroth law of thermodynamics
#lso nown as the
thermometer law
If a third object C is in
thermal e*uilibrium
with both # and $
then # and $ are in
thermal e*uilibrium
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
+evisit, conservation of energy
Entropy
-or an isolated system" energy is conserved
To completely mae sense of this concept" we
must determine,
)hich is the system and which are parts of
the system
)hich is not part of the system but is part of
the environment
)e must then tae into account,
(ow much energy went in.
(ow much energy went out.
(ow much wor was done to the system
(ow much wor was done by the system
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
The $
st
law of thermodynamics
Essentially" a statement of the conservation
of energy in a thermodynamic system
The change in the internal energy is
e*ual to the energy a&"or&ed or
relea"ed
/hysics textboos
International union for pure and applied
chemistry 0I1/#23
Entropy
U=QW
U=Q+W
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
The e*uation of state
One can use anything as a thermometer as
long as a de#inite relation"hip between
te%perature and other para%eter"
exists!
These are called the e1uation o# "tate!
Example, Ideal gas law 4 P% & n'(
Entropy
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
Thermodynamic processes
)hen the process does not in$ol$e heat
tran"#er" it is said to be adia&atic.
)hen the process is under con"tant
te%perature" the process is i"other%al.
#diabatic processes are not isothermal
)hen the process is under con"tant
pre""ure" the process is i"o&aric.
)hen the process is under con"tant
$olu%e" the process is i"ochoric.
Entropy
.
Physics 10: Lecture 8
Thermodynamic processes
Entropy

isotherms
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
5
nd
Law of thermodynamics
In an i"olated "y"te%" it is i%po""i&le to
re$er"e the #lo( o# heat from from
higher temperature to lower temperature
(eat flows spontaneously from a hot to cold
On its own" heat will not flow from cold to hot
Entropy
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
6ore on engines
Entropy
Engines convert heat
into mechanical
energy
Steam engines uses
steam to do this
(eat flows from a
hot re"er$oir to a
cold re"er$oir
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
+efrigerators and aircons
Entropy
(eat flows from a
cold re"er$oir to
a hot re"er$oir
7ot spontaneous
2or' i" re1uired
0done by a
compressor3
22
Physics 10: Lecture 8
The perfect heat engine
Entropy
#ssume all of the
heat is converted
to wor
)e can use that
wor to bring heat
from cold to hot"
essentially a
worless ref
8iolate the 5
nd
law of
thermodynamics
. perfect engine
does not exist
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
Entropy
Is a measure of the amount of disorder in
the system
Entropy is a relative value hence absolute
measurement is difficult! )e are however
more concerned of the change
2hange is measured by amount of heat
change per a&"olute te%perature
Entropy
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Physics 10: Lecture 8
Entropy
#luminum at $9 degree 2elsius is in thermal
contact with water at $99 degrees!
#luminum will get hotter and water
becomes cooler
2hange in entropy of aluminum will be
roughly :.)* +,- while that of water is
roughly ./.)) +,- 0you may consult for the
details3
Total change is ;!%: +,-
Entropy
25
Physics 10: Lecture 8
Entropy
)ater at 5; degree 2elsius is in thermal
contact with water at $99 degrees!
2ool water will get hotter and warm water
becomes cooler
2hange are e*ual in magnitude but reverse
in signs
Total change is 9 +,-
Entropy
26
Physics 10: Lecture 8
Entropy
-or re$er"i&le proce""e"" the change in
entropy i" al(ay" 3ero
-or irre$er"i&le proce""e"" the change in
entropy i" al(ay" po"iti$e
-or non4"pontaneou" processes change
in entropy i" negati$e
Entropy in general is increa"ing
The uni$er"e" on it" o(n" will move
to(ard" increa"ing entropy
Entropy
2*
Physics 10: Lecture 8
Seven ideas that shoo the universe
.!he earth i" not the center o#
the uni$er"e.
2.!he uni$er"e i" a %echani"%
run &y rule".
3.Energy %a'e" it go.
4.Entropy tell" it (here to go.
5.!he truth" are relati$e &ut
the la( i" a&"olute.
6.)ou can not 'no( or predict
e$erything.
*.+unda%entally, thing" ne$er
change!
Spielberg" #nderson" !even Ieas that !hoo" the Universe, $%%&!
Entropy tell" it ,uni$er"e-
(here to go.
Entropy